NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
xxxi
STATEMENT A.
Statement showing the results of Vaseline Vaccine supplied by the Civil Surgeon, Ráwalpindi.
1
Names.
Surgeon-Major Dennys, Civil
Surgeon, Delhi.
Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Pal-
mer, Senior Medical Officer,
Ráwalpindi.
Medical Officer, Station Hospital,
Attock.
Medical Officer, 5th Bengal
Cavalry.
Medical Officer, Station Hospital,
Ráwalpindi.
Medical Officer, 27th Punjab
Infantry, Ráwalpindi.
Medical Officer, 33rd Punjab
Infantry, Ráwalpindi.
Civil Surgeon, Hoshiárpur ...
Ditto,
Pesháwar ...
Ditto,
Lahore ...
Ditto,
Jhang ...
Ditto,
Umballa ...
Ditto,
Muzaffargarh ...
Ditto,
Amritsar ...
Ditto,
Ludhiána ...
Ditto,
Jullundur ...
Ditto,
Jhelum ...
Ditto, Siálkot ...
Ditto,
Mooltan ...
Ditto, Kasauli ...
Surgeon-Captain James and his
Vaccinators.
Ditto
ditto ...
Ditto
ditto ...
Civil Surgeon, Ráwalpindi ...
Assistant Surgeons and Hospital
Assistants, &c.
Bhái Jai Singh, late Native Super-
visor of Vaccination.
District Vaccination Staff ...
Cantonment Vaccinator, Ráwal-
pindi.
Total
...
...
2
Total number of persons vaccinated.
24
73
9
77
73
164
45
20
23
11
70
6
12
20
5
6
47
80
80
33
696
1,548
114
101
802
74
31,543
818
36,574
3
PRIMARY.
Successful.
24
36
8
...
30
24
15
14
17
11
69
1
8
...
5
2
25
59
79
1
573
935
3
62
407
32
13,992
204
16,640
Unsuccessful.
...
...
1
...
2
1
...
6 3
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
...
1
1
1 6
8
...
...
10
...
155
...
197
Unknown.
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
2
20
...
...
62
42
...
1
...
...
514
4
648
4
RE-VACCINATION.
Successful.
...
18
...
68
35
70
25
...
2
...
1
5
3
20
...
...
11
...
...
20
36
347
75
37
280
32
13,584
535
15,204
Unsuccessful.
...
2
...
9
5
10
5
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
...
7
...
...
10
8
110
19
1
53
...
1,051
12
1,303
Unknown.
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
...
...
1
11
106
17
...
52
10
2,247
59
2,507
5
PERSONS
VACCINATED
WHO HAVE
MARKS OF
PREVIOUS
SMALL-POX.
Successful.
...
16
...
...
...
54
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
70
Unsuccessful.
...
1
...
...
...
4
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
5
Unknown.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
6
PERCENTAGE OF
SUCCESSFUL CASES
EXCLUDING UN-
KNOWN FROM THE
TOTAL.
Primary.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
98.83
Re-vaccination.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
92.11
Small-pox (column
5).
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
93.33
xxxii
STATEMENT B.
Comparative statement showing the cost and number of buffalo and vaseline vaccinations performed by the District Vaccination Staff in the Ráwalpindi
District.
PARTICULARS.
Buffalo vaccination ... ... ... ... ...
Vaseline vaccine ... ... ... ... ...
Total number of persons vaccinated.
29,713
31,617
RESULTS.
Primary.
Total number vaccinated.
9,263
14,693
Successful cases.
8,797
14,024
Re-vaccination.
Total number vaccinated.
20,450
16,924
Successful cases.
15,013
13,616
Total number of successful cases.
23,810
27,640
Total cost.
Rs.
1,001
577
AVERAGE COST.
Each successful case.
Pies.
8
4
Each case vaccinated.
Pies.
6
3
REMARKS.
From 1st October 1895 to 24th January
1896.
From 25tb January to 31st March 1896.
xxxiii
STATEMENT C.
Statement showing difference between the cost of Buffalo and Vaseline Vaccine per each successful case.
PARTICULARS.
Buffalo vaccination for 1894-95 ...
Vaseline vaccine ... ... ...
Total number of persons vaccinated.
25,228
36,574
RESULTS.
Primary.
Total number vacci-
nated.
23,594
17,485
Successful cases.
20,973
16,640
Revaccination.
Total number vacci-
nated.
1,634
19,014
Successful cases.
866
15,204
Persons vaccinated, who
have marks of pre-
vious small-pox.
Total number vacci¬
nated.
...
75
Successful cases.
...
70
Total number of successful cases.
21,839
31,914
Lymph expenses.
Rs.
101
63
AVERAGE COST PER.
Each successful case.
Pie.
0.88
0.33
Each case vaccinated.
Pie.
0.77
0.33
REMARKS.
xxxix
APPENDIX D.
Statement showing the results of vaccinations seen by each Divisional Inspector during
the year 1895-96.
DIVISONS.
Delhi
...
...
Jullundur ... ...
Kángraand Hoshiár¬
pur District.
Ráwalpindi ...
Pesháwar ... ...
Deraját
...
...
Delhi
...
...
Jullundur ... ...
Kángraand Hoshiár¬
pur District.
Ráwalpiudi ...
Pesháwar
...
...
Deraját
...
...
Inspectors.
Nihál Chand
...
...
Sultán Ahmad ... ...
Pundit Bál Kishen ...
Nizám Dín ... ...
Ghulám Mohai-ud-d i n
Basant Rárn ... ...
Total ... ...
Percentage of marks to
total number inspected.
Nibál Chand
...
...
Sultán Ahmad ... ...
Pundit Bál Kirshen ...
Nizám Dín ...
Ghulám Mohai-ud-dín ...
Basant Rám
...
...
Total
...
...
Percentage of marks to
total number inspected
Total.
NUMBER OF MARKS.
6
5
PRIMARY.
23,387
19,617
12,656
21,052
9,133
18,548
104,393
...
18,542
16,515
10,906
15,884
6,408
14,579
82,834
79
1,874
1,353
796
1,917
727
1,305
7,972
8
RE-VACCINATIONS.
2,066
3,431
1,079
1,626
298
160
8,660
...
471
524
...
495
20
16
1,526
18
169
177
...
75
4
3
428
5
4
1,139
715
451
1,514
473
1,054
5,346
5
145
412
...
84
4
14
659
8
3
786
473
272
776
714
613
3,634
3
231
439
483
138
148
10
1,449
17
2
398
236
99
398
302
383
1,816
2
155
282
285
118
22
10
872
10
One distinct or
two indis-
tinct
326
161
71
32
264
188
1,042
1
104
192
144
55
25
7
527
6
No mark.
322
164
61
531
245
420
1,749
2
791
1,405
167
661
75
100
3,199
36
Percentage of
success.
97
98
99
97
94
97
...
...
57
53
71
56
66
33
...
...
xi
APPENDIX E.
Statement showing detail of vaccination work inspected by Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, Punjab, during 1895-96 in the districts noted below.
By whom inspected.
SPECIAL STAFF WORK.
Surgeon-Captain H. J. Dyson ...
„
Major M. O' Dwyer ...
„
Captain C. H. James, I.M.S.
„
Major M. O'Dwyer ...
„
Capt. C. H. James, I.M.S. ...
„ „ „ „ „
„ „ „ „ „
„ „ „ „ „
DISTRICT STAFF WORK.
Surgeon-Major M. O'Dwyer
„
Capt. C. H. James, I.M.S. ...
„ „ „ „
„ „ „ „
„
„ „ „
GRAND TOTAL OF BOTH STAFFS ...
District.
Mandi State ...
...
Ráwalpindi District ...
„
„
...
Hazára
„ ...
„ „
...
Ferozepore
„ ...
Gujránwála
„ ...
Jhelum
„
...
TOTAL OF SPECIAL STAFF
WORK INSPECTED.
Hazára District
...
„ „
...
Ráwalpindi „ ...
Ferozepore „ ...
Jhelum
„
...
TOTAL OF DISTRICT STAFF
WORK INSPECTED.
... ...
Number of vill-
ages inspected.
1
8
20
8
24
54
29
26
170
3
1
197
1
23
225
395
PRIMARY.
Cicatrices.
6
96
114
175
315
392
826
675
406
2,999
230
52
1,170
67
224
1,743
4,742
5
19
14
22
11
18
65
63
25
237
8
1
57
4
38
108
345
4
10
7
20
3
7
46
28
21
142
1
...
35
2
16
54
196
3
6
10
26
3
7
44
30
18
144
14
3
15
3
24
59
203
2
5
5
9
3
2
19
15
12
70
3
...
4
...
13
20
90
1
3
1
...
1
3
11
13
32
1
...
4
1
12
18
50
0
3
...
2
36
15
4
15
72
147
1
...
10
...
5
16
163
SECONDARY.
Cicatrices.
6
...
...
...
...
1
2
10
7
20
...
...
1,315
...
...
1,315
1,335
5
...
...
...
...
...
...
3
...
3
...
...
445
...
1
446
449
4
...
...
...
...
1
1
2
...
4
...
...
345
...
...
345
349
3
...
...
...
...
2
1
7
140
150
...
...
327
...
...
327
477
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
7
28
35
...
...
255
...
...
255
290
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
6
8
14
...
...
201
...
...
201
215
0
...
...
...
...
3
...
22
33
58
...
...
462
...
...
462
520
Males.
...
...
135
...
236
508
509
428
...
...
35
...
51
168
...
...
Females.
...
...
119
...
212
503
385
355
...
...
21
...
26
165
...
...
Total.
142
151
254
372
448
1,011
894
783
4,055
258
56
4,645
77
333
5,369
*9,424
REMARKS.
* Surgeon-Captain C. H. James, I.M.S. ...
„
Major M. O'Dwyer
...
...
„
Captain H. J. Dyson ... ...
Total
...
...
8,501
781
142
9,424
xlii
APPENDI X G.
Table showing the Vaccination work done under the Compulsory Vaccina
years 1891- 92 to 1895- 96.
Na me of Muni ci pal i t i es.
Roht ak ... ... ...
Ber i ... ... ... ...
Umbal l
a ... ... ...
Si ml a ... ... ...
Jul l
undur ... ... ...
J hang- cum- Maghi ána ...
Lahor e ... ... ...
Amr i
t
s ar ... ... ...
Mur r
ee ... ... ...
Edwar des abad ... ...
Popul at i on
accordi ng t o t he Census of 1891.
16, 191
9, 825
26, 856
13, 279
50, 375
22, 342
159, 597
135, 401
1, 459
6, 095
Number of chi l dren i n t he regi st er si nce t he
Act has been i n force.
4, 036
2, 377
6, 285
1, 832
4, 570
2, 140
9, 682
81, 784
78
596
NUMBER OF VACCI NATI ONS.
1891- 92.
Tot al number.
1, 378
. . .
...
667
. . .
...
. . .
9, 882
. . .
. . .
Number successful l y vacci n-
at ed.
1, 299
. . .
...
486
. . .
. . .
. . .
9, 283
. . .
. . .
1892- 93.
Tot al number.
598
. . .
. . .
732
. . .
. . .
. . .
13, 052
. . .
. . .
Number successful l y vacci n-
at ed.
574
. . .
...
450
. . .
. . .
. . .
11, 882
. . .
...
1893- 94.
Tot al number.
488
174
. . .
406
...
. . .
. . .
12, 674
205
. . .
Number successful l y vacci n-
at ed.
488
161
. . .
360
. . .
. . .
. . .
11, 498
160
. . .
1894- 95.
Tot al number.
623
832
. . .
1, 992
1, 671
1, 366
9, 756
11, 735
408
294
Number successful l y vacci n-
at ed.
609
705
. . .
1, 101
1, 204
1, 291
8, 200
10, 953
270
269
1895- 96.
Tot al number.
778
675
1, 962
1, 493
2, 051
1, 237
10, 534
11, 602
180
202
Number successful l y vacci n-
at ed.
693
532
1, 308
692
1, 097
1, 142
8, 228
9, 114
118
193
1895- 96.
Number of not i ces i ssued.
211
603
1, 970
12
. . .
1, 306
1, 075
92
. . .
2
Number of prosecut i ons.
12
17
51
. . .
. . .
70
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
Number of puni shment s.
4
12
...
...
...
. . .
. . .
...
. . .
...
MORTALITY F ROM S MALL-
--- DURING THE FI VE
YEARS 1891 t
o 1895.
Average annual number of deat hs
from smal l -pox.
27
26
3
3
15
5
50
...
...
...
Deat h rat e per 1, 000 of popul at i on
from smal l -pox.
1. 67
2. 65
0. 11
0. 23
0. 30
0. 22
0. 31
0. 14
. . .
2. 30
Dat e on whi ch t he
Compul s or y Vacci na-
t i on Act c a me i nt o
f or ce.
22nd Jul y 1890.
31s t Jul y 1893.
1st Oct ober 1895.
7t h Augus t 1889.
9t h Jul y 1894.
20t h Ma r
c h 1894.
Augus t 1894.
29t h Ma r
c h 1887.
14t h De c e mbe r 1894.
Nove mbe r 1894.
REPORT
ON
VACCINATION
IN THE PUNJAB
FOR THE YEAR 1895-96.
BY
BDE.-SURGEON-LIEUT.-COL. W. A. CRAWFORD ROE, F.R.C.S., D.PH., CAMB.,
Sanitary Commissioner, Punjab.
Price—Rs. 1-4-0
Lahore:
THE "CIVIL AND MILITARY GAZETTE" PRESS,
Contractors to the Punjab Government.
1896.
REPORT
ON
CERTAIN FEATURES OF
MALARIA
IN THE ISLAND OF SALSETTE
BY
MAJOR J. L. MARJORIBANKS, M.D., D.P.H., I.M.S.,
Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, Western Registration District.
BOMBAY
PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS
1913
[Price—Rs. 3-6-0 or 5s.]
OFFICIAL AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF INDIAN
OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS,
In England.
Constable & Co., 10, Orange Street, Leicester Square, W. C., London.
Grindlay & Co., 54, Parliament Street, S. W., London.
Henry S. King & Co., 65, Cornhill, E. C., London.
P. S. King & Son, 2 & 4, Great Smith Street, Westminster, S. W.,
London.
Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 68-74, Carter Lane, E. C.,
London.
B. Quaritch, 11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, W., London.
W. Thacker & Co., 2, Creed Lane, London, E. C.
Luzac & Co., 46, Great Russel Street, London, W. C.
B. H. Blackwell, 50 & 51, Broad Street, Oxford.
Deighton Bell & Co., Cambridge.
On the Continent.
Friedlander & Sohn, 11, Carlstrasse, Berlin.
Otto Harrassowitz, Leipzig.
Karl W. Hiersemann, Leipzig.
Ernest Leroux, 28, Ru6 Bonaparte, Paris.
Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague.
In India.
Higginbotham & Co., Madras.
V. Kalyanarama Iyer & Co., Madras.
P. R. Rama lyar & Co., Madras.
Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta.
W. Newman & Co., Calcutta.
S. K. Lahiri & Co., Calcutta.
R. Cambray & Co., Calcutta.
Thacker & Co. (Ld.), Bombay.
A. J. Combridge & Co., Bombay.
Superintendent, Government Central Press, Bombay.
D. B. Taraporevala, Sons & Co., Bombay.
Sunder Pandurang, Bookseller, etc., Bombay.
Gopal Narayen & Co., Booksellers, etc., Bombay.
N. M. Tripathi & Co., Booksellers, etc., Bombay.
Mrs. Radhabai Atmaram Sagoon, Bookseller, etc., Bombay.
Ramchandra Govind & Son, Booksellers, etc., Bombay.
N. B. Mathur, N. K. H. Press, Allahabad.
REPORT
ON
CERTAIN FEATURES OF
MALARIA
IN THE ISLAND OF SALSETTE
BY
MAJOR J. L. MARJORIBANKS, M.D., D.P.H., I. M. S.,
Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, Western Registration District.
BOMBAY
PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS
1913
PUEFACE
Government Resolution, General Department, No. 4008 of 26th June 1912,
runs as follows:—
" His Excellency the Governor in Council is pleased to direct that Major
J. L, Marjoribanks, I. M. S., Deputy Sanitary Commissioner, Western Registra-
tion District, be deputed to investigate the malarial conditions prevailing in
the Island of Salsette with a view to ascertaining and defining the dangerous
malarious tracts of the táluka and indicating the direction in which and the
limits within which residential development should proceed. Major Marjori-
banks should also enquire and consider what measures are possible for the
removal or abatement of the causes and conditions which give rise to Malaria
in the tracts affected. He should carry out the enquiry during the months
of September and October when the incidence of the disease will be at its
height, and report the result to Government through the Sanitary Commissioner.
During this time he will remain in charge of his ordinary duties. "
In a subsequent resolution the period allowed for the inveatigatioa was
extended by a month.
The examination of a representative number of blood-films to determine
the endemic index, and the dissection of mosquitos caught in houses, to ascertain
which species are the local carriers of Malaria, could only have been undertaken
by a full-time Malaria Officer, especially over so large an area as that of Sal-
sette. Accordingly, the present investigation was limited to an examination
of the Vital Statistics of Salsette, to collection of larvæ and adult anopheline
mosquitos throughout the island, and their identification at a temporary head-
quarters, and to the taking of a Spleen Census of the children in the villages
and hamlets.
For the collection of larvæ and adult mosquitos four compilers of the
Sanitary Department were employed on a scale of pay similar to that of the
Malaria Sub-Inspectors of the Health Department of Bombay Municipality,
and two of them received preliminary training under the Malaria Assistant to
the Health Officer. Each was given a cooly, paid at the Bombay rate.
The identification of specimens and the Spleen Census were carried out in
person by the writer.
He acknowledges heartily the assistance rendered to him and the inform-
ation given, by the Revenue, Educational and Meteorological Departments,
and also the help he received from the parish priests and other clergy of Sal-
sette.
If this report is read from the point of view of town-planning in Salsette
it is assumed that the report" On the possibilities of development of Salsette
as a residential area", by Mr. P. J. Mead, I. C. S., is available for
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.— GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SALSETTE
CHAPTER II.— VITAL STATISTICS
CHAPTER III. — THE ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOS OF SALSETTE
...
CHAPTER IV.— THE SPLEEN CENSUS
CHAPTER V.— RECOMMENDATIONS
APPENDIX I.— TABLE OF ANOPHELINES BY SPECIES
APPENDIX II. — TABLE OF ANOPHELINES BY VILLAGES
...
APPENDIX III,— APPARATUS USED FOR THE CAPTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF
LARVÆ
Page.
I
5
9
13
21
27
32
35
Govt.
Photozinco:
Office,
Poona,
1913.
4
their villages have at times been severely visited by Plague, which has consider-
ably reduced the population in some of them. Moreover, they are fond of show-
ing their independence of the Brahmin official, and one manifestation of this
tendency, consisting of frequent refusal of the services of the vaccinator, renders
them peculiarly liable to Small-pox.
The Bándra-Dánda Peninsula, and especially the ridge known as Pali
Hill, has for long had a considerable European population, consisting mostly
of Bombay business men, who go in daily to their offices.. Especially since
Plague established itself in Bombay their example has been largely followed
by well-to-do Indian business men, who have built villas round every railway
station in Salsette where Malaria is not sufficiently bad to make residence quit©
impossible. Except in the case of some of the stations nearer Bombay, such as
Ghátkopar, those villas are Dot inhabited in the rainy season, nor in the cold
weather till it is drawing to a close, the fear of Plague, and the desire for fresh
air being the main inducements to a semi-suburban or rural life in the hot
season.
The matter of these groups of villas, and the desirability of control-
ling building by the introduction of the principle of town-planning, are fully
dealt with in Mr. Mead's Report, and town-planning is now being regulated by
a Special Officer appointed for the purpose by Government.
SALSETTE TALUKA
CHART. No. I.
SHOWING
The mean annual death
rate per mille of population
for the ten years 1901-1910
for each month (black curve)
The same rafe minus the
death rates from Small-pox
Plague, Cholera and Dysentery
tery & Diarrhoea (green curve)
and
The mean annual death
rate of children under one
year per mille of Mean
Annual births for the ten
years 1901-1910 for each
month (red curve)
(CORRECTED FOR THE
NUMBER OF DAYS IN THE
MONTH)
ALSO
Normal mean wind direction at Bombay Observatory (Black letters)
Normal mean wind steadiness at Bombay Observatory (Black figures)
Mean wind velocity in miles per hour at Bombay Observatory
(for one year only)-(Red figures)
1
shown, by a study of mortality figures, to have occurred in the Punjab. This
is best shown by taking the mean of the deaths recorded throughout the
decennium for some month which seems to have been free from special
epidemic conditions, treating this figure as one, and subjecting the mortality
figures for the different months of the different years to division by it, in order
to see whether a high multiple of one is anywhere obtained.
In the following table the deaths for the different months of the
different years of the decennium, less the deaths from the Special Diseases, are
given, those figures which are less than ten per cent, above the mean of their
particular month having been expunged, to show up the others more clearly :—
Years.
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1903
1909
1910
January.
432
445
...
...
...
Febru-
ary.
420
391
360
...
March.
425
...
439
April.
359
332
361
May.
...
295
337
June.
250
249
258
288
July.
...
...
...
333
August.
...
...
...
386
351
Septem-
ber.
344
..
...
...
Octo-
ber.
364
...
350
351
Novem-
ber.
389
407
409
De-
cember
449
...
384
384
Years.
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
June being the month in which the Death-rate minus the rate for
Special Diseases is lowest, its mean for the decennium may be taken as one.
In the next table the figures for the first table have been corrected so as to be
figures for months of thirty days. They have then been divided by the mean
of the figures for June, and the result is as shown. The figures for the rainfall
at Thána for the years of the decennium have been inserted at the left hand
side of the table, the rainfall for 1899 and 1900 also being given:—
Rainfall
at Thána
in inches.
41'87
86•61
100•74
81•17
126-97
91•98
58•32
84•48
105•38
87•65
113•06
82•88
Years.
3899
3901
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
Jan-
uary.
1•8
1•9
...
...
Febru-
ary.
2
1•9
1•7
...
March.
1•8
...
1•9
April.
1•6
1•5
1•6
May.
...
1•3
1•4
June.
1•1
1•1
...
1•3
July.
...
...
1•4
August.
...
1•7
1•5
Septem-
ber.
1•5
...
...
Octo-
ber.
1•6
1•5
1•5
Novem-
ber.
1•7
1•8
1•8
De-
cember
1•9
1•6
1•6
Years.
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
Nothing that could be called an actual Epidemic Eigure is to be seen,
and it may be concluded that, although variations in the intensity of Malaria
did occur, Malaria did not visit Salsette in Epidemic form during the de-
cennium.
8
It will be observed that the highest mortality occurs early in 1901,
the effect of the failure of the rains in 1899 haying been to make the Malaria
season of 1900-01 an unusually severe one.
THE BIETH-RATE.—The seasonal birth-rate curves for all the nine
tálukas of the Thána District show the same variations for different months.
Although rural Salsette so much resembles the average táluka of the Thána
District its curve shows those seasonal variations to a much less degree than
the others, probably on account of its being almost the only táluka with any-
thing of an urban population. Accordingly the birth-rate curve of Salsette
Táluka is not shown in either of the two charts. The seasonal birth-rate of
rural Salsette is probably really better represented by the curves for the other
tálukas. In Captain Higham's charts for the decennium 1901—1910 those all
show a continuous rise from between 24 and 84 per thousand per annum in
February to between 44 and 68 in May. This high birth-rate is maintained in
June, but there is a rapid and a uniform decline to between 32 and 39 in July.
There is some further almost uniform decline in September, nearly all. the
tálukas having then a birth-rate of 28 to 32 pep thousand per annum. With
a slight but nearly uniform rise in November, and an exactly corresponding
fall in December, the rates remain about the same level till the beginning of
the rise after February. The Peint Táluka of the Násik District, which is
geographically a part of Thána District, shows this same peculiar curve, which
is not that of the other tálukas of the Deccan district of Násik, and which is not
accounted for by any seasonal migration of the population, for none takes
place in Thána District.
This relatively great height of a birth-rate, the mean of which, 34•21
per 1,000 for the decennium, is not high for an Indian district, in the months
of March to June, would appear to connote a relatively increased virility in the
months of June to September. As the phenomenon is not observed in the
Deccan it must depend on something which influences the Konkani to a much
greater extent than the Deccani.
There is one thing that the inhabitant of the Deccan knows little of,
and that is the extraordinary difference which the presence or absence of the sea-
breeze makes to the vitality of the inhabitant of the Konkan. If a reference
is made to the meteorological figures at the foot of chart No, 1 it will be seen
how closely this period of relative virility coincides with the monsoon, how it
suddenly begins with the access of velocity in the sea-breeze in June, and the
appearance of the southerly element, and how it ends as abruptly in October
when the wind shifts round from the West to the North and the Malaria
season sets in.