NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
3
The issue of sera purchased and stored in the Refrigerator is shown in
table IV.
TABLE IV.
No.
Name of serum.
Stock on
hand on
1st Jan. 1921.
Received
during the
first quarter
1921.
Sent out
during
the quarter.
Balance on
hand on
31st Mar.
1921.
1 Anti-streptococcus serum ...
...
...
...
...
182
...
91
91
2 Anti-tetanic serum
...
...
...
...
...
260
...
226
34
3 Anti-diphtheritic serum
...
...
...
...
...
105
...
26
79
4 Anti-dysenteric serum
...
...
76
...
9
67
5 Anti-venomous serum
...
..
...
...
...
10
...
8
2
6 Coley's fluid ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
19
...
...
19
Total ...
652
...
360
292
(2) Bacteriological examination of specimens.
There was a proportionate increase of 18 per cent in the number of specimens
received and examined during the quarter (vide table V). This increase
occurs chiefly under the headings "Widal's test" and "Wasserman tests."
There has been a big fall in the number of specimens received for examination
for malarial parasites. This is probably due to the fact that the examina-
tion, being a simple one, has been carried out by the local Medical officers
themselves.
TABLE V.
Details of specimens received for examination (first quarter, 1921).
Serial
number.
Description of specimens.
Number of
positive
results.
Number of
negative
results.
Total
number
examined.
—
1
Blood for Widal's test
...
119
145
264
2
"
Malta fever ...
...
19
19
3
"
Wasserman reaction.
299
449
748
4
"
malarial parasites .
2
16
18
5
,,
filaria
...
...
...
3
3
.
6
"
differential count ...
...
...
5
7
,,
Bala-Azar ...
...
7
7
8
"
agglutination
test
with dysentery ..
...
3
3
9
Sputum for tubercle bacilli ...
7
18
25
10
"
pneumococci
...
5
...
5
11.
Smears for plague (human)
.
18
12
30
12
"
"
(animal) ...
7
18
25
18
"
gonococci ...
...
11
22
33
14
"
spirochætes
...
3
3
6
15
"
bacillus lepræ
... ...
2
2
16
Culture for B. typhosus
...
7
42
49
17
"
Kala-Azar
...
...
1
1
18
"
diphtheria
...
4
10
14
19
"
from spinal fluid
...
...
...
3
20
" pleural fluid
...
...
...
1
21
"
for identification of
organisms ...
...
...
...
11
22
Section for spirochætes
...
1
6
7
23
Water for cholera vibrios
...
...
4
4
24
Stools for cholera vibrios
..
1
...
1
25
"
ova
... ...
...
...
5
5
26
"
amœbæ
...
...
2
60
62
27
"
dysentery bacilli
...
1
5
6
28
" organisms of typhoid
group
...
...
...
...
3
29
Urine for B. coli
...
...
6
4
10
30
"
B. typhosus ..
...
3
5
8
31
"
tubercle bacili
...
...
3
3
32
" gonococci. ...
...
5
5
33
Urine for chemical and bacterio-
logical examination ...
...
...
...
19
34
Discharge from conjunctiva ...
...
...
1
35
Culture for oriental sore
..
...
...
1
Total ...
496
867
1,407
TABLE VI.
S e r i a l n u m b e r .
Description of specimens.
Total
number
examined.
1
Bleaching powder for available chlorine
...
...
...
...
7
2 Milk analysis, chemical and bacteriological ..
...
... ...
3
3 Boiler scales
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
4 Bleach solution for anti-cholera work
20,000 c. cs.
4
(3) Assistance to other departments.
Veterinary sera and products have been stocked for the Civil Veterinary
Department in the cold room of the Institute. These were issued on receipt of
indents from that department.
The plague inoculation class, started in 1918 under G.O. Mis. No. 285,
Medical, dated 18th June 1918, was held three times during the quarter and
26 medical men attended the class.
Sub-Assistant Surgeon Chandy of Travancore Darbar underwent a course of
training in Laboratory work at the Institute.
(4) Research work.
The research work done during the period under report will be considered in
the report for the whole year 1921-22.
PART II.
Public Health.
The work carried out during the quarter is set forth in tables VI and VII.
As the period is too short to permit of even one complete series of examinations
of the Presidency water-supplies being carried out, no conclusions of value can be
drawn and the tables are given without comment. The results will be considered
in conjunction with those for the whole year 1921-22.
TABLE VII.
Water samples examined between 1st January and 31st March 1921.
Nature of examination.
Routine and
intermit-
tent.
Special
filters.
Total.
Bacteriological and chemical ...
...
...
92
90
182
Bacteriological only ...
...
...
...
32
. . .
32
Chemical only ...
...
...
...
...
4
. . .
4
Total ...
128
90
218
THE KING INSTITUTE, GUINDY,
J. CUNNINGHAM, MAJOR, I.M.S.,
Dated 5th October 1922
Director.
REPORT ON THE WORKING OF THE KING INSTITUTE OF PREVENTIVE.
MEDICINE, GUINDY, FOR THE OFFICIAL YEAR 1921-22.
LIST OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Introduction
...
...
...
...
...
...
. . .
5—6
I. General
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
. . . 6—7
II. Financial
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
7—8
III. Scientific
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
. . .
8—17
A. Vaccine section ...... 8—13
Est i mat i on of vacci nat i on rat es. . .
1 3
B. Bacteriological section
...
...
...
...
...
... 14—16
Preparation and supply of bacterial vaccine
...
...
...
14
Examination of specimens ...
...
...
...
...
. . . 14—15
Anti-toxic sera
...
...
...
...
...
...
. . .
16
C. Public Health
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
. . . 16—17
Municipal water-supplies
...
...
...
...
...
... 16—17
Jails
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
. . .
17
Railway stations..
...
...
...
...
...
. . .
1 7
IV. Assistance to other departments
17—18
V. Educational ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
... 18—19
VI. Research work
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
. . . 19—20
VII. Conclusion
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
20
INTRODUCTION.
The annual report of the King Institute again calls for different treatment.
Up to the present two annual reports have been called for, one for the
Vaccine section and one for the Microbiological section. Both of these sections
have always been treated as entirely separate entities with separate systems of
accounts, because it has been the custom to charge the actual cost of the manu
-facture of the vaccine lymph to the different local bodies concerned. Government
in their G.0. No. 493, Financial, dated 11th May 1921, has now waived their claim
to the recovery of this charge and the necessity for a hard and fast distinction
between the two sections no longer exists. A single report giving an account of
the activities of the whole Institute has thus been rendered possible for the first
time.
Although officially divided into two sections, the King Institute in reality
functions in a variety of different ways—
(1) As a vaccine lymph manufacturing depot for the Madras Presidency.
(2) As a bacteriological laboratory for the manufacture of bacterial
vaccines.
(3) As a laboratory for the examination of clinical material for the Madras
hospitals and the medical profession of the Madras Presidency in general.
(4) As the Presidency Public Health Laboratory.
(5) As a Research Laboratory for the investigation of problems connected
with medicine and public health.
These various functions are undertaken in most other provinces by two or more
separate institutions. The Madras policy of concentration under one roof,
however, presents many advantages especially in the direction of economy and
no objection can be taken to it so long as full opportunity for expansion is given
in every direction.
2
CHART I
Showing the Monthwar Success Rate for Lanoline and. Glycerine Vaccine Lymph for the year 1921-22 issued from the
King Institute and the Lanoline Lymph Success Rate for 1920-21.
SUCCESS RATE
PER CENT.
APR
MAY
JUNE JULY.
AUG.
SEP.
OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR.
CHART II
Showing the Success Rate obtained with Lanoline and Glycerine Lymph according to DISTRICTS. The districts have been arranged according to the type of monsoon prevalent in them.
12
REPORT ON THE WORKING OF THE KING INSTITUTE, GUINDY
It is of interest to note that a satisfactory success rate is far more wide spread
with glycerine lymph than with lanoline. No less than 14 districts out of 25 have
recorded a success rate of over 90 per cent. The Madras Corporation heads the
list with a success rate of 95.19 per cent. In the mufassal, as far as the glycerine
lymph is concerned the Nilgiris (91.61 per cent) no longer heads the list,
Chingleput (92.39 per cent), South Arcot (93.12 per cent), Kistna (92.23 per cent),
North Arcot (94.68 per cent), Chittoor (94.04 per cent), Madura (94.06 per cent),
Tanjore (93.95 per cent) and R āmnād (94.31 per cent), the majority of them hot
districts, all give better results.
This observation is very encouraging, for it shows that it should be possible
to obtain good success rates in other districts which are cooler.
The curve for the lanoline lymph shows much greater variations. This
coincides with our own experience in the Saidapet range where we found that the
results obtained with this type of lymph were very uncertain. The lanoline lymph,
however, has given much better results this year than last.
Another point becomes evident (see chart II). The success rates for
glycerine lymph in the districts visited by the north-east monsoon taken as a
whole are not only higher but also more uniform than those which receive the
south-west monsoon. Leaving out Nellore and Chittoor which are influenced in
both cases, of the north-east monsoon districts 9 give a success rate over 90 per
cent and only 2 below. In the " south-west monsoon " districts the position is
reversed. The success rates in 3 only are above 90 per cent, the remaining 8
are less than 90. The lanoline lymph also shows the same tendency but to a
lesser extent.
Each set of districts may again be divided into two according to the time the
vaccination operations were stopped during the hot weather, certain districts
stopping for two months, others for 4. The accompanying tables each shows the
results obtained in this way :—
South-west monsoon.
Vaccination stopped.
Two months.
Four months.
Over 90 per cent.
Under 90 per cent. Over 90 per cent.
Under 90 per cent.
3
6
0
2
North-east monsoon.
Vaccination stopped.
Two months.
Four mouths.
Over 90 per cent.
Under 90 per cent.
Over 90 per cent.
Under 90 per cent.
3
2
6
0
In my report and subsequent letter No. 6048-59/V., dated 21st February
1921, advocating the cessation of vaccination during the hotter months, I
suggested a stoppage for six months in all districts. A maximum of four months
was however considered sufficient and in those districts which were visited by the
south-west monsoon, and in which there was presumably a drop in the tempera
- t u r e , t h e s t o p p a g e w a s l i m i t e d t o t w o m o n t h s .
The figures given above show that the south-west monsoon has little, if any,
beneficial influence on the vaccination rates and that the results in those districts
which have stopped vaccination for two months are, in general, w orse than those
REPORT ON THE WORKING OF THE KING INSTITUTE, GUINDY
4. In answer to the application of the Director for the services of an Assist-
ant Surgeon to carry out an investigation into the causation of undiagnosed fevers
in Madras, Government in G.O. No. 1511, P.H., dated 12th November 1921,
sanctioned the appointment of Assistant Surgeon Theodore, I.M.D., on special.
duty. Dr. Theodore started upon his inquiry on 7th January 1922 and carried it
on for one month and twenty days. The urgent demand for a laboratory at the
Bellary Jail caused the temporary cessation of this research in Madras.
5. Experiments on rapid filtration of water with sand filters as a preliminary
to suitable chemical treatment have been carried out with the experimental filter
plant as opportunity offered under the direction of the Committee on Water
Filtration. These experiments are still in progress. A detailed report on the
results will therefore be left over until the investigation has been completed.
6. A systematic investigation of the fæcal organisms both in fæces, water
and other situations is also being made with a view to increasing our knowledge
of the relationship of these organisms to each other and the significance of their
presence in water. This inquiry is still in progress.
VII.—CONCLUSION.
The year under report has seen a considerable expansion of the activities of
the Institute.
Before closing this report, the Director desires to thank the staff for their
loyal co-operation and assistance. Without their willing support the satisfactory
progress which has been made would not have been possible.
20
THE KING INSTITUTE OF PREVENTIVE
MEDICINE, GUINDY, NOV . 1922.
J. CUNNINGHAM, M.D.,
MAJOR, I.M.S.,
Director.
21
REPORT ON THE WORKING OF THE KING INSTITUTE, GUINDY
STATEMENTS I TO XI.
STATEMENT I
Showing the quantity of vaccine supplied to various bodies from 1917-18 to 1921-22.
To whom supplied.
1917-18.
1918-19.
1919-20.
1920-21.
1921-22.
Government officers, including jails . . .
24,309
27,375
31,460
31,095
41,820
Agency Tracts . . .
28,455
28,275
26,250
24,750
26,300
Military Department . . .
44,655
90,375
52,660
19,920
16,980
District Boards . . .
1,657,695
1,657,695
1,707,455
1,705,500
1,468,800
Municipalities . . .
248,590
235,310
192,885
178,755
175,345
Superintendent of Vaccination, Secun
-derabad
9,560
10,160
11,340
9,920
10,480
Vaccinator, Bolarum . . .
1,030
1,050
1,825
1,565
1,560
Private bodies . . .
80,765
78,350
64,810
82,570
88,715
Total . . .
2,090,999
2,128,590
2,088,685
2,054,075
1,830,000
STATEMENT II
Showing the Financial statement of the King Institute, Guindy, for the year 1921-22.
—
Receipts.
Expendi -
ture.
Profit.
VACCINE SECTION.
RS.
RS.
RS.
Vaccine lymph .
No. of cases
supplied.
Value at Government
rates for private
bodies.
1,830,000
Rs. 1,14,375
Total receipts . . .
Rs. 1,14,375
1,14,375
. . .
. . .
Approximate expenditure of the Vaccine section . . .
. . .
71,520
. . .
Profit on the working of the Vaccine section . . .
. . .
. . .
42,855
BACTERIOLOGICAL SECTION.
Specimens, etc.
Details.
No.
Value at Government
rates for private
bodies.
Examinations made . . .
6, 291 . . .
Rs. 1,72,513
1,72,513
. . .
. . .
Doses of bacterial vaccines supplied . . .
61,562 . . .
" 18,318
23,596
Autovaccines made . . .
261 . . .
" 5,278
. . .
. . .
Total receipts . . .
" 1,96,109
Approximate expenditure of the Bacteriological section . . .
. . .
1,28,684
. . .
Profit on the working of the Bacteriological section . . .
. . .
. . .
67,425
Total, King Institute . . .
3,10,484
2,00,204
1,10,280
6
23
REPORT ON THE WORKING OF THE KING INSTITUTE, GUINDY
STATEMENT V
Showing the average yield of pulp per calf according to the months of the year 1921-22.
S e r i a l n u m b e r .
Months.
Grammes.
Average yield of
lymph per calf
during 1921-22.
Average.
1
April 1921 . . .
22.9
20.2 grammes.
2
May
" . . .
No work.
3
June " . . .
4
July " . . .
5
August " . . .
6
September " . . .
15.8
7
October " . . .
18.6
8
November " . . .
2 4 . 4
9
December " . . .
21.5
10
January 1922 . . .
21.7
11
February " . . .
19.9
12
March " . . .
18.2
Calves operated 1920-21 :1,360
Average yield per calf in grammes : 14.6.
Calves operated 1921-22 : 997.
Average yield per calf in grammes : 20.2.
STATEMENT VI
Showing the number of doses of Bacterial vaccines prepared and issued during the last 5 years.
Number of doses sent out.
1917.
1918.
1919.
1920.
1921-22.
Autogenous vaccines . . .
979
1,718
1,095
2,309
1,634
Other vaccines . . .
34,473
56,398
97,172
66,739
59,928
Total . . .
35,452
58,116
98,267
69,048
61,562
STATEMENT VII
Showing Bacterial vaccines supplied during 1921-22.
S e r i a l n u m b e r .
N a t u r e o f v a c c i n e s .
N u m b e r o f d o s e s o f a n t o g e n o u s v a c c i n e .
N u m b e r o f d o s e s o f s t o c k v a c c i n e .
T o t a l .
1
Staphylococcus . . .
5 3 5
1 , 6 5 5
2 , 1 9 0
2
Streptococcus . . .
5 1 3
1 , 0 6 5
1,578
3
Acne Bacillus . . .
. . .
1 0 2
1 0 2
4
Pemphigns streptococcus . . .
1 2
8 1
9 3
5
Gonococcus . . .
. . .
4 , 2 5 2
4 , 2 5 2
6
Pneumococcus . . .
2 6 1
2 0 3
4 6 4
7
Bacillus Influenza (curative) . . .
6 0
6 1
1 2 1
8
Influenza (prophylactic) . . .
. . .
1 9 , 0 7 7
1 9 , 0 7 7
9
Compound Catarrhal . . .
7 2
2 0 6
2 7 8
10
Tuberculin . . .
. . .
2 6 5
2 6 5
11
Bacillus coli . . .
1 0 9
9 1
2 0 0
12
Choleræ (prophylactic) . . .
. . .
2 9 , 6 4 3
2 9 , 6 4 3
13
Combined typhoid and Paratyphoid (T.A . B . ) ( P r o p h y l a c t i c ) . . .
. . .
3 , 2 2 7
3 , 2 2 7
14
Other vaccines . . .
7 2
. . .
7 2
T o t a l . . .
1 , 6 3 4
5 9 , 9 2 8
6 1 , 5 6 2
24
REPORT ON THE WORKING OF THE KING INSTITUTE, GUINDY
STATEMENT VIII
Details of specimens received for examination, 1921-22.
Number. Description of specimens.
Number
of positive
results.
N u m b e r o f
negative
results.
Total
number
examined.
Remarks.
1 Blood films for malarial
parasites . . .
35
142
177
2 Blood films for filaria . . .
. . .
8
8
3
Do. leucocytosis . . .
2
4
6
4
Do. differential count . . .
. . .
. . .
26
5
Do. Kala-azar . . .
1
18
19
6
Do. Relapsing fever . . .
. . .
1
1
7 Sputum for tubercle bacilli . . .
16
68
84
8
Do. pneumococci . . .
10
1
11
9
Do. Influenza . . .
5
3
8
10 Smears for plague (Human) . . .
17
20
37
11
Do.
(Animal) . . .
29
7 2
101
12 Smears for gonococci . . .
16
59
75
13
Do. for Spirochaetes . . .
10
61
71
14
Do. for B. Lapræ . . .
4
13
17
15 Stools for ova . . .
. . .
20
20
16
Do. for amaeba . . .
6
39
45
17 Scrapings for Orient; 1 sore . . .
. . .
. . .
2 (B. Typhosus alone . . . 226
18 Blood for agglutination test for
typhoid group . . .
356
457
813 B. paratyphosus A alone . . . Nil.
B. Paratyphosus B alone . . . Nil.
19 Blood for malta fever . . .
. . .
. . .
7
Combined . . . 130
20 Blood for Wassermann re-
action . . .
1,428
1,538
2,966
21 Urine for Chemical and
Bacteriological examination.
. . .
. . .
31
22 Culture blood for B. Typhosus.
7
170
177
23
Do.
for Kala-azar . . .
5
10
15
24 Culture and swabs for Diph -
theria . . .
14
47
61
25 Culture and swabs for Anthrax.
1
2
3
26
Do
Cerebro-
spinal fluid . . .
. . .
. . .
26
27 Culture and knee joint fluid
. . .
5
5
28
Do. fluid from pleural cavity . . .
. . .
. . .
7
29 Culture for identification of
organisms . . .
. . .
. . .
93
30 Stools for choleræ vibrios . . .
1
5
6
31 Stools for dysentery bacilli . . .
3
20
23
32 Stools for organisms of typhoid
group . . .
. . .
6
6
33 Urine for B. Coli . . .
10
3
13
34
Do. for B. Typhosus . . .
1
13
14
35
Do. for tubercle bacilli . . .
. . .
1 4
14
36
Do. f o r G o n o c o c c i . . .
. . .
17
17
37 Discharge from Conjunctiva . . .
. . .
. . .
3
38 Catgut for sterility . . .
. . .
. . .
6 1 not sterile.
39 Field dressings for sterility . . .
. . .
. . .
3
40 Tissues for section for Spi ro-chaet es, et c. . . .
. . .
. . .
5 3
Total . . .
. . .
. . .
5,070
STATEMENT IX
Showing the quantity of types of serum bought and distributed by King Institute during 1921-22.
Name of serum.
Stock on
hand on 1st
Apr. 1922.
Received
during
1921-22.
Issued
during
1921-22.
Balance on
hand on 1st
Apr. 1922.
Antitetanic serum . . .
34
1,800
1,458
376
Antistreptococcus serum . . .
91
895
762
224
Antidiphtheritic serum . . .
79
149
161
67
Antidysenteric serum . . .
67
83
138
12
Antivenomous serum . . .
2
78
42
38
Coleys fluid . . .
19
6
3
22
Antimeningococcus serum . . .
. . .
107
96
11
Antianthrax serum . . .
. . .
24
4
20
Total . . .
292
3,142
2,664
770
25
REPORT ON THE WORKING OF THE KING INSTITUTE, GUINDY
STATEMENT X
Specimens (excluding water) examined in the Public Health department during 1921-22.
Number.
Description of specimens.
Total number
dealt with.
1
Milk for analysis—Chemical and Bacteriological . . .
28
2
Milk for tuberculosis . . .
18
3
Butter for analysis—Chemical and Bacteriological . . .
1
4
Suet . . .
1
5
Ærated drinks for potability . . .
8
6
Milk for Pasteurization . . .
233 bottles.
7
Bleaching powder for available chlorine . . .
3
8
Brominated lime for available bromine and disinfect-
ing properties . . .
1
9
Preparation of Bleach solution for cholera prevention.
30,000 c.cs.
10
Boiler scales . . .
1
STATEMENT XI
Samples of water examined during 1921-22.
Nature of examination.
Routine
and
Intermittent.
Experimental
filters.
Total.
Bacteriological and Chemical . . .
356
268
624
Bacteriological only . . .
103
191
294
Chemical only . . .
22
220
242
Total . . .
481
679
1,160
28
REPORT ON THE WORKING OF THE KING INSTITUTE, GUINDY
Guntakal. —The water-supply to this station was not so good as it was on the last
occasion.
Jolarpet.—The supply to this railway junction was in fair order, the effect of the
improvements carried out since last examination was evident.
Kātpādi.—The well in this station yielded a fair supply.
Madura.—The water to this station is drawn from the municipal main, but the storage
reservior was found to produce contamination.
Naupada.—In June the supply was definitely unfit for drinking purposes. Nitrites were
present indicating recent and dangerous pollution. In December the water had improved.
Pākāla.—This supply was examined three times during the period under report. In
February 1921 the supply was fair, but there was a falling off at the two subsequent examina-
tions.
Pōdanūr.—The untreated water supplied to the passengers showed evidence of excessive
bacterial pollution. The chlorinated water supplied to the troops was good.
Rēnigunta. —The water-supply to this station was found passable at all the three
examinations.
Samalkōt.—The bore-hole yielded a fair supply, but a slight deterioration was noticed in
the November examination.
Tanjore.—Although not quite as good as it ought to be, the water-supply to this station
was still passable.
Trichinopoly.—The municipal supply to this railway junction was in fair order.
Villupuram. —The water-supply to this station continued to yield satisfactory results.
Vizianagram.—The municipal supply from which this station derives its water was
satisfactory.
Waltair.—The water as supplied to the passengers on the platform just passed muster.
Improvements to the wells were suggested.
APPENDIX II.
SYNOPSIS OF PAPERS READ BY THE MEMBERS OF THE KING INSTITUTE
AT THE MEDICAL RESEARCH SECTION OF THE INDIAN
SCIENCE CONGRESS.
THE NECESSITY FOR A STANDARD FOR VACCINE LYMPH
By
Major J. CUNNINGHAM, B.A., M.D., I.M.S.,
and
Major J. A. CRUICKSHANK, M.C., M.D., I.M.S.
(From the King Institute of Preventive Medicine).
Various standards have been introduced from time to time, but none of these have come
into common use. Vaccine lymph has been considered satisfactory so long as continuous
vesiculation has been obtained. Variations in potency and the possibility of deterioration
cannot be judged to any extent by this means. A more exact determination of the value of
a lymph is thus required.
The authors describe a method which depends upon the dilution of the lymph to various
strengths until discrete vesiculation is obtained. The results are recorded in terms of the
number of vesicles and the yield of pulp per linear inch shown. The comparative value of
various samples of lymph can thus be recorded.