NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
3
Table No. I.
Number.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Circles.
Presidency .. ..
Central .. ..
Southern .. ..
Western .. ..
Eastern Guzerat ..
Western Guzerat .
Sind
..
..
..
Baroda .. ..
Cutch .. ..
Aden .. ..
Military Stations ..
Total..
Area in Square Miles.
19
28,286
25,569
28,361
15,939
30,224
49,306
10,767
6,500
11
..
194,982
Population.
644,405
4,866,162
4,762,457
3,109,370
3,147,853
3,642,969
2,328,765
2,000,225
487,305
19,289
158,134
25,167,234
1875-76.
Superintendent General.
1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1
Superintendents.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
..
..
9
Assistant Superintendents.
..
6
5
5
4
3
5
1
1
..
..
30
Clerks.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
..
..
..
15
Number of Vaccinators.
Govern-
ment.
Civil.
..
..
..
..
..
2
..
..
..
..
..
2
Military.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
4
4
Municipal.
16
9
7
4
3
5
5
..
..
1
..
50
Local Funds.
..
48
41
43
25
8
42
..
..
..
..
207
Native States.
..
6
26
4
18
39
2
23
12
..
..
130
Total.
16
63
74
51
46
54
49
23
12
1
4
393
Number of Peons.
Government.
4
10
8
9
8
9
9
..
..
..
..
57
Municipal.
5
9
5
3
3
5
3
..
..
..
..
33
Local Funds.
..
48
41
43
25
8
42
..
..
..
..
207
Native States.
..
6
30
1
15
39
2
24
9
..
..
126
Total.
9
73
84
56
51
61
56
24
9
..
..
423
Total Strength.
29
145
166
115
104
121
113
50
23
1
4
871
1874-75.
Superintendent General.
1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1
Superintendents.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
..
..
9
Assistant Superintendents.
..
6
5
5
4
3
6
1
1
..
..
31
Clerks.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
..
..
..
15
Number of Vaccinators.
Govern-
ment.
Civil.
..
..
..
..
..
2
..
..
..
..
..
2
Military.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
4
4
Municipal.
16
9
8
4
3
5
6
..
..
1
..
51
Local Funds.
..
48
38
42
25
7
43
..
..
..
..
203
Native States.
..
6
26
4
18
39
2
23
11
..
..
129
Total.
16
63
72
50
46
53
50
23
11
1
4
389
Number of Peons.
Government.
4
10
8
9
8
9
10
..
..
..
..
58
Municipal.
5
9
7
3
3
5
3
..
..
..
..
35
Local Funds.
..
48
38
42
25
7
43
..
..
..
..
203
Native States.
..
6
29
1
15
39
2
25
6
..
..
123*
Total.
9
73
82
55
51
60
58
25
6
..
..
419
Total Strength.
29
145
162
113
104
119
117
51
19
1
4
864
4
Increases and
Decreases in
Establish-
ments.
6. All the vaccinators, except the 6 in Government employ-
ment, are paid by municipalities, local fund committees, and native
states. The municipalities maintained 50, or 1 less than in 1874-75;
the local funds 207, or 4 more; the native states 130, or 1 more ; and
Government 6—total 393, being an increase over the preceding year
of 4. The Gokák municipal vaccinator was abolished in May : 3
additional local fund vaccinators were at work in Belgaum, 1
more in Ahmedabad Zillah, and 1 more in Násik Zillah : and 1
less than the sanctioned establishment was employed in the
Upper Sind Frontier District. In native states Cutch has added
1 to the establishment, and another has been sanctioned for
Rájpipla.
A few more
vaccinators
required.
7. A few more local fund vaccinators are still required, espe-
cially in the more populous talukas of the zillahs of Poona and
Ratnágiri, and we will get them gradually as the local fund com-
mittees can afford to give higher grants for vaccination.
Number vac-
cinated.
8. During the year there have been increases in the number
of persons vaccinated and re-vaccinated in all branches of the de-
partment, as shown below in Table No. II. The total increase is
75,729 :—
Table No. II.
1875-76..
Primary
Vaccinations.
664,030
19,954
683,984
Re-vaccina¬
tions.
112,272
3,790
116,062
800,046
8,307
808,353
In Civil Life.
Itinerant Establishment.
Dispensary Establishment.
Civil Life Total.
Army Total.
Total vaccinations in Bombay
Presidency.
1874-75.
Primary
Vaccinations.
646,574
19,393
665,967
Re-vaccina-
tions.
57,578
1,799
59,377
725,344
7,280
732,624
Work by Cir-
cles.
9. Table No. III. shows the amount of work done in each
circle, as well as the increase and decrease. The army returns
are excluded :—
5
Table No. III.
Circles.
1. Presidency ...
2. Central ...
3. Southern ...
4. Western ...
5. Eastern Guzerat.
6. Western do. ...
7. Sind
...
...
8. Baroda ... ...
9. Cutch
...
...
Aden
...
...
Muscat...
...
Total number of
persons vaccinated and
re-vaccinated.
1870-76
35,658
141,813
126,535
85,442
88,113
121,379
155,043
38,639
5,242
2,182
...
800,046
1874-75
14,707
130,347
112,551
83,723
90,644
116,535
142,767
29,795
3,034
1,097
144
725,344
Deduct Decrease...
Net Increase...
Compared with the
preceding year.
Increase.
20,951
11,466
13,984
1,719
...
4,844
12,276
8,844
2,208
1,085
...
77,377
2,675
74,702
Decrease.
...
...
...
...
2,531
...
...
...
...
...
144
2,675
Increase in all
circles except
one.
10. There is an increase in all circles except one, but the
greatest advance has been made in the Presidency and Southern
circles, where there is most room for it ; there are also very good
increases in the Central and Sind circles, but in the latter the
increase is wholly due to the number of re-vaccinations, as there is
an actual decrease in the primary vaccinations.
Increase in
each Estab-
lishment.
Table No. IV.
207 Vaccinators, Local Fund
...
...
130
„
Native States
...
...
50
„
Municipal
...
...
... Dispensaries ... ... ...
4 Vaccinators, Army
...
...
...
Increase ...
Deduct—Decrease.
2 Vaccinators, Government
...
...
Net Increase ...
34,662
15,797
21,766
2,552
1,027
75,804
75
75,729
11. In Table No. IV. is shown the increase obtained by each
establishment, and
from the total is
deducted the small
decrease of 75 in
the
Government
establishment. The
greatest increase is
noticed in the local
fund establishment,
but there is very
good progress indi-
cated by the muni-
cipal and native
states' vaccinators.
Although the net
increase is not quite as high as it was in the year preceding, still
it is very satisfactory. There must be, of course, a limit to the
annual increase.
6
12. In the British army returns no distinction is made be¬
tween primary and re-vaccinations ; I shall consider them all
primary.
Primary vac-
cinations.
Table No. V.
Itinerant Establishment ...
Dispensary
do. ...
British Army
...
...
Native do. ... ... ...
Total primary vaccinations...
664,030
19,954
825
5,830
690,639
13. The total number of persons primarily vaccinated was
690,639, being an increase of
18,822 over the year 1874-75.
Table No. V. shows the number
by each establishment.
It
could hardly be expected that
the increase in primary vacci-
nations would be great, seeing
it was estimated in last report
that they had amounted to
eight-tenths of the available children in the year 1874-75. Future
extension must now be very slow and gradual.
Excess of
operations
over the
number of
persons vac-
cinated.
14. There were 4,699 operations more than persons; that is to
say, so many secondary operations were performed on persons who
had been unsuccessfully vaccinated. I wish more of the 20,351 un-
successful cases had been operated on a second time, but I know
that many mothers object to a second operation immediately after
a failure.
Re-vaccina¬
tions.
Table No. VI.
Sind
...
...
...
...
Presidency ... ... ...
Southern ... ... ...
Central ... ... ...
Eastern Guzerat ... ...
Western do. ... ...
Native Army... ... ...
Western ... ... ...
Cutch ...
...
...
...
Aden ... ... ... ...
Baroda... ... ... ...
Total re-vaccinations...
87,092
17,027
3,425
3,317
2,191
2,152
1,652
678
83
72
25
117,714
15. The total number of persons re-vaccinated was 117,714,
or 56,907 more than in the
preceding year. In this table
is shown the number in each
circle. There is a large
increase in the Sind and
Presidency circles, and con-
siderable progress in the
Southern, Central, and Gu¬
zerat circles. Re-vaccination
is making quite as much pro-
gress as can be expected.
While there is a great increase
in Sind in respect to re-vac-
cinations, there is a consider-
able decrease in primary vaccinations, due, Dr. Williams says, to
want of subjects and much attention having been given to re-
vaccination. There were 960 operations more than persons ; that
is to say, so many persons were operated on more than once. In
the two talukas of Badin and Bago Tando, in Hyderabad Zillah,
there were 12,001 persons re-vaccinated, or 120 per mille of
population. Dr. Williams says :—" The more or less constant
" presence of small-pox in these two talukas throughout the year
" accounts for the large amount of work done. * * * But I
" think they (the two taluka vaccinators) re-vaccinated a consider-
-able number, quite unnecessarily, of children under 10 years of
" age." This is a difficult point to settle. In presence of small-pox I
would not discourage a parent from re-vaccinating his child at any
age, provided the primary vaccination had taken place at least
7
3 years previously; but if the vaccine marks be not good, I think
a child in the presence of small-pox is all the safer for being
re-vaccinated. In Bombay city the desire for re-vaccination dur-
ing the epidemic became very great, especially among the Euro-
pean and Parsi communities. Mr. Ananta Chandroba says that
children were brought to be re-vaccinated who had been vaccinat-
ed only 6 months before, and whose good marks plainly showed
the protection was complete. The strain on the establishment
was very heavy, as may be readily understood when I mention
that the crews of 58 ships in harbour, the employés in 27 public
offices and work-shops, the residents in 5 hotels, the clerks, peons,
and coolies in 32 private offices and banks, and the scholars in 14
schools and colleges were re-vaccinated. If the work had been
done at public vaccine stations, it would have given little or no
trouble; but it was done at the dockyard, at public and private
offices, schools, &c., and caused an immense amount of hard
work to the establishment. I think Mr. Ananta Chandroba de-
serves the thanks of Government for the excellent manner he has
carried on his duties during the epidemic, for the zeal he has dis-
played, and for the great labour he has undergone in meeting the
demands of an alarmed community. Mr. Ananta Chandroba
speaks very highly of the exertions of his Head Vaccinator, Sada¬
sheo Balshet, and of the rest of his establishment, who did their
very utmost from early morning till evening every day—not
excepting Sundays—to vaccinate the crowds who sought their
services.
There were re-vaccinations, to the extent of 1,488, performed
in the jails of Kurrachee, Shikarpur, Aden, and in H. M.'s 29th Re-
giment N. I. ; but, as I am not sure whether they were returned in
the regular monthly returns, I have excluded them from the tables.
The success was 82.3.
16. The sex, caste, and age are not recorded for re-vaccina-
tions; my remarks on those heads,therefore, will only have reference
to primary vaccinations. The returns for the British troops are
excluded.
Sex.
Table No, VII.
Aden ...
...
...
Presidency ... ...
Baroda ... ...
Sind ...
...
...
Dispensaries ... ...
Cutch
...
...
...
Native Army ...
Eastern Guzerat ...
Western do. ...
Southern ... ...
Central
...
...
Western ... ...
Males.
64.36
58.41
53.99
53.85
52.88
52.04
51.86
51.76
51.56
51.33
50.63
50.61
Females.
35.64
41.59
46.01
46.15
47.12
47.96
48.14
48.24
48.44
48.67
49.37
49.39
Excess
of
Males.
28.72
16.82
7.98
7.70
5.76
4.08
3.72
3.52
3.12
2.66
1.26
1.22
17. There were 357,847 males to 331,967 females ; in percent-
ages 51.87 to 48.13, or a disparity of only 3.74, which is 1.22 less
than in the preceding year. This is very satisfactory, but the table
here shows there is still
a considerable disparity in.
Sind, though nothing like
as high as in the pre-
ceding year, when it was
13.94. Dr. Williams says,
withreference to this, that
he called on the vaccina-
tors to record the sexes
with greater care. Aden
again stands very high,
but shows only half the
disparity of last year. Dr.
Hay, who sent in the re-
port for Aden, thinks there
8
is some objection to vaccinate grown-up girls, while there is none
for boys. The disparity in the Western Circle is very small,
and Dr. Cody says in some talukas the females exceed the males
in his returns. The disparity in the Presidency Circle is due to the
epidemic causing many more adult males to seek vaccination than
grown-up girls, who cannot go out in public so easily as their
brothers.
Caste.
18. There were primarily vaccinated 4,094 Christians, 535,230
Hindus, 100,110 Musalmans, 2,848 Parsis, and 47,532 of other
castes. The percentages on the total are :—for Christians .59, Hin-
dus 77.59, Musalmans 14.51, Parsis .41, and 6.90 for other castes.
As compared with the preceding year, there is an increase of 771
Christians, which is almost entirely in the Presidency Circle. There
is a large increase in Hindus, a considerable decrease in Musalmans,
chiefly noticed in Sind. The number of Parsis is fully double the
number in the previous report, owing to the epidemic of small-pox
in Bombay having aroused this section of the community to a
sense of imminent danger.
Age.
19. There were 317,414 infants vaccinated under one year
old and 372,400 persons above that age. In percentages 46.01
to 53.99. The increase in the infantile vaccinations is 22,573
over the year 1874-75, and the percentage is also higher by
about 3. This is very satisfactory.
Percentages
of infantile
vaccinations.
Table No. VIII.
In the Native Army
...
...
„ Presidency Circle ...
„ Eastern Guzerat do. ...
„ Dispensaries ... ...
„ Western Guzerat Circle
„ Sind Circle ... ...
„ Western Circle ... ...
„ Central
„ ... ...
„ Baroda
„ ... ...
„ Cutch
„
... ...
„ Southern „ ... ...
„ Aden ... ...
83.3
55.2
51.1
51.0
50.9
50.6
47.0
44.1
37.4
37.1
36.0
17.5
20. In this table is shown the percentages of infantile vac-
cinations in each circle. The
increase over 1874-75 is distri-
buted through several circles ;
in the Presidency and Baroda
circles and also in dispensa-
ries there was some decrease
in the relative number of in-
fants to persons above one
year old. The native army
again stands highest, which is
owing to all children in the
lines of regiments being vac-
cinated under compulsion to a
certain extent. On the whole the progress of infantile vaccina-
tions is everywhere very good, except in Aden, where there are, no
doubt, special reasons for those above one year being so much
greater than infants.
Result.
21. The British army returns make no distinction between
primary and re-vaccinations; and, as they do not return unsuccess-
ful cases, I will exclude them altogether from my remarks on the
results of the operations. The table below shows the percentage
of success in all circles :—
9
Table No. IX.
Sind
...
...
...
...
Central ... ... ...
Eastern Guzerat ... ...
Southern ... ... ...
Western ... ... ...
Western Guzerat ... ...
Baroda ... ... ...
Dispensaries ... ...
Cutch
...
...
...
Presidency ... ... ...
Aden ... ... ...
Native Army ... ...
In primary
vaccinations.
98.7
98.3
97.8
97.4
96.6
96.6
93.5
93.3
93.0
92.9
91.9
91.2
Average
97.0
In re-vaccina-
tions.
89.5
80.6
75.5
61.4
64.0
79.6
86.3
77.9
72.7
74.5
72.7
64.1
Average
85.2.
In primary vaccinations Sind circle stands first, but the differ-
ence in the first six circles is very small. I am afraid the per-
centage in re-vaccinations cannot be considered of much value, as
it is difficult often to say whether the result in a re-vaccination
should be considered successful or not. Very few of the re-vac-
cinations which I have seen, have been successful in the sense of
having well-shaped vesicles, and running the course a primary
vaccination does ; but in most cases which are reckoned success-
ful a kind of vesicle was formed, and the course of it was irregu-
lar, generally maturing much quicker than in primary vaccination.
22. I here show the result by establishments :—
Table No. X.
1st,
2nd,
3rd,
4th,
5th,
6th,
2 Government civil vaccinators obtained
50 Municipal
do.
do.
207 Local Fund
do.
do.
130 Native States
do.
do.
In the Dispensary returns
...
...
In the Native Army ...
...
...
Primary
vaccinations.
97.7 ...
95.7 ...
97.8
...
96.3
...
93.3 ...
91.2 ...
Re-vacci-
nations.
50.9
76.4
88.4
75.3
77.9
64.1
The local fund establishment and the 2 Government vaccinators
stand highest in primary vaccination, and the native army lowest,
which is owing to some of the vaccinations having been done from
tube lymph ; but those who are unsuccessfully vaccinated in the
army are operated on again until success is obtained in nearly all
cases.
Rate per mille
protected.
23. Table No. XI. shows the number of successful primary vac-
cinations were 660,556 in a population of 25,167,234, or 26.2 per
mille, which is 0.9 higher than in the preceding year :—
B 106—b
10
Table No. XI.
Circles.
Aden ... ... ...
British Army ... ...
Native Army ... ...
Western Guzerat ... ...
Sind
...
...
...
...
Central
...
...
...
Presidency... ... ...
Eastern Guzerat ... ...
Western ...
...
...
Southern ... ... ...
Baroda
...
...
...
Cutch
...
...
...
Total number
of persons
primarily
vaccinated
successfully.
1,716
825
5,506
112,241
65,954
135,892
17,166
83,906
80,881
116,985
34,770
4,714
660,556
Populations.
19,289
13,688
144,746
3,642,969
2,328,765
4,866,162
644,405
3,147,853
3,109,370
4,762,457
2,000,225
487,305
25,167,234
Number of
primary
successful
vaccinations
per 1,000 of
population.
88.9
60.2
38.0
30.7
28.3
27.9
26.6
26.6
26.0
24.5
17.3
9.6
26.2
In British territory there were 27.1 per mille of population suc-
cessfully vaccinated during the year, and in native states 24.4.
These figures show an increase of 0.2 and 2.1 respectively as com-
pared with those of 1874-75.
Lymph.
24. No lymph was received from England during the past
year. That in use has been generally reported as good and
efficient. In the Presidency circle animal lymph was chiefly
used, and it was of good quality; but at the beginning of the
epidemic of small-pox it was difficult to get enough of calves to
supply sufficient lymph to vaccinate the crowds of people who
flocked to the vaccine stations. Mr. Pedder and Dr. Weir promptly
stepped in with their aid, and supplied as many calves as were
necessary by purchasing them at the slaughter-house. I trust
Government will be pleased to acknowledge this aid. In the Central
and Western circles the lymph was everywhere good throughout
the year. In the Southern, Eastern Guzerat, and Western Guzerat
circles it was generally good, but in some instances it had to be
renewed. In Sind circle it was better than usual. In Cutch
it was generally good, but was renewed in October by lymph
sent from Kattywar by Dr. Blomfield. I need only add that,
whenever the lymph of a vaccinator is in an unsatisfactory state,
it is immediately replaced by virus of unquestionable quality.
English
lymph ; an-
--al supply
desirable.
25. I regret that the annual two supplies of English lymph
were not received, because it is a good thing to have new lymph
at the beginning of the cold season to replace any which may have
deteriorated. I would beg to suggest that Government call the
attention of Her Majesty's Secretary of State for India to the
omission of the annual supplies last November and January, and
11
that a request be made to continue them ; and, if possible, each of
the two supplies should contain 45 tubes, which would enable me
to distribute 5 to each superintendent. They should be despatch-
ed from England in October and November.
Animal vac-
cination.
26. Animal vaccination was practised throughout the year
in the city of Bombay, and the lymph taken from the calves pro-
duced excellent vesicles in children ; but I regret to observe the
resulting percentage of success is 2.1 lower than in the preceding
year, which is accounted for by the percentage of success falling
to 88.93 in February, when the epidemic of small-pox was causing
people to crowd to the vaccine stations, and the supply of calves
was then insufficient. I drew the superintendent's attention to
the probability of the vaccinators being induced, by entreating
crowds of people, to vaccinate too many persons from one vesicle,
and told him to guard carefully against this ; but the figures show
that the pressure caused, to some extent, what I feared. In March
the percentage rose to 91.06, when the calves were sufficient in num-
ber to supply any amount of demands for vaccination. Mr. Ananta
Chandroba says in his report:—" Animal vaccination continues to
" be in a satisfactory condition. Owing to the terrible epidemic of
" small-pox we have had, the number of applicants for vaccination
" was unprecedentedly large. The number of heifers inoculated
" during the year was 372, and 11 only were unsuccessful, as
" shown in the following figures :—
Table No. XII.
Heifers inoculated
..
..
..
Operations successful .. .. ..
Do.
unsuccessful .. ..
April 1875.
21
18
3
May.
23
20
3
June.
24
24
...
July.
26
25
1
August.
24
22
2
September.
22
21
1
October.
21
21
..
November.
20
20
..
December.
25
25
..
January 1876.
28
27
1
February.
52
52
..
March.
86
86
..
Total.
372
364
11
" Of 19,259 primary operations, 16,853 were performed with
" lymph taken from the calves, and the result gave 92.65 per cent. of
" success. All the re-vaccinations, except 11, were also done from
" animal lymph." Animal vaccination has also been practised in
Poona with much benefit in the way of supplying good and pure
lymph. In Bársi animal vaccination ceased in December for
want of funds, but I did not regret it much, because there the per-
centage of success has always been very low, much lower than
from human lymph.
Supplies from
Belgium of
cow lymph.
27. Cow-lymph from Belgium was received several times
during the year, and part of the lymph proved successful here in
the calves.
12
Expenditure.
28. The total expenditure was Rs. 2,22,802, or an increase
of Rs. 2,138 over the preceding year. The following table shows
the sums expended by each establishment:—
Table No. XIII.
Establishments.
Imperial
...
...
Municipal ... ...
Local Fund ... ...
Native Chiefs ...
Total..
Total expenditure.
1875-76.
Rs.
1,05,570
16,123
60,685
40,422
2,22,802
a.
5
2
10
14
1
p.
7
5
11
9
8
1874-75.
Rs.
1,07,444
15,686
59,753
37,778
2,20,663
a.
12
14
8
2
5
p.
3
0
11
7
9
Deduct Decrease, Rs....
Net Increase, Rs...
Compared with the preceding
year.
Incrcase.
Rs. a. p.
......
436
932
2,644
4,013
1,874
2,138
4
2
12
2
6
11
5
0
2
7
8
11
Decrease.
Rs.
1,874
a.
6
p.
8
......
......
......
1,874 6 8
Decrease of
Expenditure.
29. The decrease in the Government expenditure is owing to
my having held charge of the Central Circle in addition to my own
office of Superintendent General: had there been a superintendent
in that circle, there would have been an increase of about Rs. 9,000
instead of this decrease.
Increase of
Expenditure.
30. The increased expenditure is highest in native states'
establishment, and is chiefly due to an increase of 1 vaccinator
and 3 peons. The increase in municipal expenditure is chiefly due
to the cost of the extra calves purchased during the epidemic of
small-pox in the city of Bombay.
A fair share
of expen-
diture should
be debited to
general sani-
tation.
31. I am of opinion that a portion of the pay and allowances
of superintendents and assistant superintendents of vaccination of
circles should be debited to general sanitation, because these offi-
cers are now health officers in their circles. Unless this be done,
vaccination will appear to cost more than it really does, and Bom-
bay Presidency will compare unfavourably with other provinces.
32. In the table below I show the cost of each successful
vaccination after excluding the pay of the superintendents :—