NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
( xiii )
CENTRAL CIRCLE—(contd.)
SOUTHERN CIRCLE ...........
NORTHERN CIRCLE .........
SIND CIRCLE ...................
WESTERN CIRCLE ............
Brought over ......
Bagulkote
Kulladghee
Indapoor
Khanapoor
Moon ............................
Kurrar
Koregaon
Walwa ..............................
Malseerus
Belgaum
Hooblee
Gudduk and Battegerry
Veerumgaum ..........................
Dholka
Ahmedabad
Kotree ...................................
Tanna ....................................
Panwell ..................................
Oorun ....................................
Total......
10
1
1
1
13
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
1
1
2
4
1
1
1
1
1
3
30
This is 6 more than in the preceding year, for although 25 were then
reported, only 24 existed, for there never was a Municipal Vaccinator in
Vingorla, and one of the 24 was only temporarily employed, and has now
ceased to exist; so virtually this is an increase of 7. The whole of the ex-
penditure on account of these Vaccinators is borne by the Municipalities.
22. I would beg to suggest that henceforth Native States' and Munici-
palities' Vaccinators should not be either engaged or discharged without the
approval of the Superintendents of Circles. It seldom happens that the
Superintendents are not consulted, but still I think it would be well for
Government to sanction this arrangement. I am also of opinion that the pay
of Municipalities' Vaccinators should not be fixed or altered without my ap-
proval, because, disparity of pay creates discontent; not that I would put
them all on a dead level, but some method should be observed, and at pre-
sent some of the Municipalities' Vaccinators receive a greater pay than do the
Vaccinators serving under Civil Surgeons and Superintendents of Vaccination.
( xiv )
Local establishment.
23. The local establishment of vaccination in Sind has maintained its
position for usefulness. There was an increase
of 1,758 in 1868, which is about the number of
the decrease in the year preceding. The establishment consists of 13 Vac-
cinators, and is the only one paid out of local funds. As soon as the new
Local Fund Act comes into operation, I think it would be advisable for each
collectorate to give an annual grant to increase the number of Vaccinators,
and in other ways increase the efficiency of the Department, by the appoint-
ment of Native Assistant Superintendents, to aid the European officers in
guiding, supervising, testing, and controlling the work of the Vaccinators.
Truthfulness of returns.
24. It affords me great pleasure to be able to state that the Superin-
tendents have pronounced the returns to be
generally free from any false names; some
other kinds of errors have been, in several instances, noticed: as was stated
in last annual report, one reason for no longer finding false names is the
facilities afforded by capillary tubes for commencing work: but I am inclined
to think the chief and best reason is that the Superintendents test Vac-
cinators' work closely by calling over, from the registers, in the villages, the
names of vaccinated children ; falsification cannot escape such a test. Only
one Vaccinator was discovered in falsifying his returns, and he was in
Kattiawar Circle, but the Superintendent does not say whether he was a
Government or Chiefs' Vaccinator.
Small-pox.
25. Small-pox occurred both sporadically and epidemically in all Circles
except in Kattiawar, and the reason why Kat-
tiawar escaped, may be owing to the prevalence
of the disease in that Province in 1867. I have no exact information before
me on the subject of small-pox, nor do I believe that such information is
obtainable from any source whatsoever at the present time; years hence,
when registration shall have been continued regularly, we may hope to obtain
exact information. All the information I have is of the most general kind, and
is of such little use that I think it barely worth recording. Still in order to
complete, as far as I can, this report, I will briefly summarize the information
contained in the reports received from Superintendents and others. In the
Central Circle there were 47,236 cases of small-pox reported, of whom 1,848
had been previously vaccinated; of the vaccinated 8.7 and of the unvaccinated
9.5 died; but I apprehend that these figures are of little or no value, as other
eruptive diseases must have been included, for such a low death rate among
the unprotected is quite unknown, where exact information has been ob-
tained. In those instances in which I have myself collected information, the
( xv )
death rate among unprotected has been from 20 to 25 per centum, and
here it is only 9.5. In the Southern Circle the disease was epidemic in
Beedee talooka in Belgaum collectorate, regarding which the Superintendent,
from personal observation, says that the introduction of vaccination into Beedee
talooka " is attended with the greatest difficulty, owing to the prejudices and
non-belief in its efficacy." The disease was also epidemic in some parts of
Canara collectorate, but "was not of long duration, nor has the mortality been
reported as any way severe." Assistant Surgeon Raby, in his report, gives an
instance where the inhabitants of a village noticed the protecting power of
vaccination and eagerly brought their children to be vaccinated. He desired the
inhabitants to mention the circumstances to all their neighbouring villagers.
In the Northern Circle epidemic small-pox broke out at the end of 1867, and
continued till the following rains.
There is a table in the Superinten-
dent's report showing when and where the disease existed, from which it ap-
pears that this Circle was only free of small-pox during the months of
August and October. It appears from reports that the disease did not pre-
vail to any great extent except in the collectorate of Surat, and the Super-
intendent attributes its continued prevalence there to the ignorant opposi-
tion of the people to vaccination, and to the continued practice of variolous
inoculation. He thinks small-pox not at all an evil, inasmuch as an outbreak
of it does more to convince the people of the good of vaccination than anything
else, and he gives the following instance in point. The town of Sarode is
divided by a deep ravine, one side of which is inhabitated by Mussulmans, who
had never accepted vaccination ; the other side is inhabited by Hindoos,
who had availed themselves of it. When the disease appeared the unpro-
tected Mussulmans suffered severely, while the protected Hindoos did not;
this opened their eyes and the Mussulmans eagerly sought for vaccination,
but so troublesome were they, that they would seldom allow of an inspection
of the vesicles on the eighth day, or permit lymph to be taken from them. In
Sind the disease has been sporadic throughout the year, but except in the
towns of Roree and Sukkur it has not spread or caused much mortality.
The disease was introduced into Roree from Bahawulpoor territory, and it
appears that it was propagated in and around Roree by inoculation. The
total cases were 300, and the deaths 31. It is very probable that a consider-
able portion of the 300 were protected by vaccination, as vaccination has been
steadily practised for 10 or 12 years back in both Roree and Sukkur, hence
the small mortality. Dr. Butler, Superintendent of the Kattiawar Circle, says :
"I have neither heard of nor seen an outbreak of small-pox, although I have
travelled 1,110 miles, and visited 132 villages;" but he saw two children who
( xvi )
had been well vaccinated and had both subsequently suffered from severe
small-pox a few years ago. Had they not been vaccinated, they would pro-
bably not have lived for him to see them. In Rewa Kanta Circle an epidemic
occurred in Halole in October and November, which caused several deaths.
The disease was brought from the Guicowar's territory, where it was then
prevalent.
In the city of Bombay small-pox is always prevalent, and I can see
no help for this while vaccination is not compulsory. In such a large city,
into which strangers from all parts of Asia and Africa come, it must in the
very nature of things exist as a permanent evil.
Small-pox existed more or less at the following Civil Stations :—
Poona, a few cases in cold season.
Bagulkote, 30 cases in March, April, and May.
Hooblee, a few isolated cases in January.
Dhurrumgaum, 30 cases in Bheel Corps in May; all had been vaccinated
and all mild.
Tatta, in November and December to some extent.
Vingorla, small extent in April and May.
Lymph.
26. Throughout the Presidency the lymph has been reported generally
good, and in those instances in which it was
observed to be degenerated, it was renewed as
soon as practicable. Whenever a Vaccinator's lymph in any way deteriorates,
he should at once ask for a fresh supply in tubes from his Superintendent;
and I think it would be well for Superintendents regularly to exchange, with
each other, supplies of lymph in tubes. It has been observed that exchang-
ing lymph actually improves its power. No Vaccinator should ever work
with deteriorated lymph, and every instance of a Vaccinator doing so should
be reported to me; it would be far better for a Vaccinator to remain idle
than vaccinate badly, for he not only gives a false security, but he brings
good vaccination into disrepute.
Inoculation.
27. The Government have resolved not to make inoculation penal for
the present; and I fear very much that this
evil practice will never cease until it be made
penal. In Sind, where the moral influence of all officials for years has been
brought to bear against it, the practice still continues, to a small extent only
it is true; and again in the Surat collectorate it seems to be almost continually
practised. No instance has been noticed in any of the other Circles. It
( xvii )
would be unbecoming of me to again urge on the Government the advisa-
bility of making inoculation penal, so shortly after their recent decision on the
subject.
In the Native States of Bansda and Dhurmpoor to the south of the
Northern Circle, vaccination has never been regularly introduced, nor are any
Vaccinators kept up in them. From these States inoculators enter the Surat
collectorate and carry on their deadly work. Endeavours will be made to
induce these States to employ Vaccinators. I have already communicated
with the Governor's Agent on the subject, and perhaps he may be able to
prevent inoculators intruding themselves into our territory, as well as be able
to convince these two small States that it would be better to maintain Vac-
cinators than foster inoculators.
Total Vaccinations.
28. The number of vaccinations in civil life was .............
and in the Army ...................
Total in Bombay Presidency...
426,253
5,931
432,184
but I will omit the army returns from the following calculations, as I have no
previous returns to compare with those now submitted.
Success.
29. There is an increase of 34,838 vaccinations in civil life as compared
with the year 1867; this I consider highly satis-
factory, and it is very creditable to the whole
department. Of the 426,253 operations 398,988 were successful, 12,789
unsuccessful, and 14,476 doubtful,or in other words, 93.5 per cent. of successful,
and 6.5 of unsuccessful and doubtful; this is about the same as last year.
Sex.
30. There were 230,343 of males and 195,910 of females vaccinated, or
56 of the former to 44 of the latter. This dis-
parity of the sexes exists in all Circles, and is
about the same as in previous years. It is difficult to explain why the dis-
parity is so great, and it is certain that the actual disparity of the sexes in the
general population cannot be so great. I trust Superintendents, when test-
ing records, will see that no errors are made in the columns for the sexes.
Caste.
31. In table VII. the number of each caste shown and expressed in
percentages is 0.5 Christians, 73.7 Hindoos,
20.5 Mussulmans, 0.3 Parsees, and 4.9 other
castes.
Age.
32 There were 177,276 under one year old and 243,978 above one
year old vaccinated, or 41.1 of the former to
58.9 of the latter. This is nearly the same as
3 vac
( xviii )
in the previous year. It is of much importance to vaccinate as early in life
as possible, but I do not think that a much higher proportion of infantile
vaccinations than this can be obtained. It is probable that about 70 in
every hundred persons vaccinated were under two years old.
Cost.
33. I make out the total cost of vaccination in civil life to be in 1868
about Rupees 1,11,524, which gives Annas 4
and Pies 2 for each vaccination. In next report
the expenditure will probably be larger, because Superintendents have in the
current year held their appointments and the pay of the Vaccinators has been
increased. In 1867 the average cost of each vaccination was stated to be
Annas 5 and Pies 7, or 1 Anna and 5 Pies more than in 1868; this expenditure
includes all establishments, Government, Native States, Local, and Municipal.
Assistance from Civil Authorities.
34. The Superintendents warmly acknowledge the assistance that they
and the Vaccinators have received from the
Civil authorities, and to their aid is due in a
great measure the increase of operations in the past year.
35. I think there is every reason to be pleased with the result of the
year's operations. I would beg to commend to the favourable notice of Govern-
ment the zealous exertions of Drs. Butler and Colah, and although Assistant
Surgeons Ffolliott and Raby have not been long in the department, yet their
exertions are also very praiseworthy. Mr. Anunta Chandroba has also
been most active and zealous at the Presidency, where he has many difficulties
to contend with. I regret the temporary loss of the able services of the Senior
Superintendent, Dr. Turnbull, who has been obliged to go to Europe for the
benefit of his health.
36. With reference to myself, I have not much to say. During the
rains I was in Bombay employed in revising the pay, &c. of the depart-
ment, which though not difficult, was laborious. At the commencement of
the cold season I visited Sattara, with the view of making inquiries in re-
ference to a recommendation made by Dr. Turnbull to transfer Sattara
Zillah to the Central Circle, and Kulladghee Zillah to the Southern Circle.
On my tour I went through both Zillahs, and I met the Acting Collector of
Sattara, Mr. Bosanquet, and also Mr. Havelock, Acting Revenue Commis-
sioner Southern Division, who both agree with Dr. Turnbull's geographical
and lingual reasons for recommending the transfer. The people of Sattara
Zillah speak the language of the Central Circle, Maratha; the greater portion
of the people in Kulladghee Zillah speak Canarese like a greater portion of
the Southern Circle. The position of Sattara Zillah connects it closer with
( xix )
the Central than the Southern Circle, and the position of Kulladghee Zillah
is closer to the Southern than the Central Circle. Dr. Turnbull says that the
language alone should be a sufficient reason for the transfer, because it is
unknown to himself and his office people, and documents have to be often
translated by the Collector of Kulladghee into English or Maratha. After
having visited both Zillahs and having seen the Superintendents of both Cir-
cles, I would beg to recommend that on the 1st of next January, Sattara
Zillah be tranferred from the Southern to the Central Circle, and that Kullad-
ghee Zillah be transferred from the Central to the Southern Circle.
37. I marched through Sattara Zillah to Sholapoor, and on my way I
examined the village registers at all my camping places, and saw some vac-
cinated children here and there. These registers are of immense use in show-
ing the Vaccinators where there are unprotected children, and their usefulness
will increase year by year. Dr. Turnbull in his report shows how he makes
use of them ; I commend his example to the other Superintendents. When
at Sholapoor, I met Dr. Turnbull, who was laid up there with fever, which has
since compelled him to proceed to Europe. From Sholapoor I marched
through Kulladghee to Belgaum, where I met Mr. Raby, Superintendent of
the Southern Circle, and there saw some vaccinations in the neighbourhood.
Here the year closed, and I will, I hope, in my next annual report, be able
to give a better account of my travels. I may say I had only two travelling
months in 1868.
38. During the rains I occasionally visited the vaccine stations in Bom-
bay, and 1 feel satisfied that nothing short of a Vaccination Act will ever do
much to improve the state of vaccination in Bombay, but I need not say more
on this subject, as it has already been laid before Government.
39. In table VIII. I have shown the number of vaccinations in the
Bombay Army for 1868, for which information I am indebted to the Secre-
tary to the Inspector General Indian Medical Department. This is the first
time they have ever been incorporated with the annual report; hitherto an
annual return has been submitted to the Commander-in-Chief only.
There was somewhat less vaccination in Regiments, Lines and Depart-
ments, but an increase in the operations in Cantonments and Bazaars.
J. PINKERTON, M.D., Surgeon,
Superintendent General of Vaccination, Bombay Presidency.
Bombay, 17th May 1869.
INDEX TO THE FOLLOWING REPORTS.
VACCINATION UNDER SUPERINTENDENTS.
Central Circle .........................
Southern do. .............................
Western do. ........................
Northern do. ...........................
PAGE
1
7
16
20
Sind Circle
Kattiawar do. ..........................
Rewa Kanta do. ...................
Presidency Division
PAGE
32
36
43
46
VACCINATION UNDER CIVIL SURGEONS.
Tanna ...............................
Bandora ...........................
Alibagh ............................
Bhewndy ...........................
Rutnagherry ..........................
Vingorla .............................
Karwar ................................
Surat ...................................
Broach ...............................
Poona ..................................
Dapoolee .............................
Ahmednuggur ...........................
Sattara ................................
Sholapoor .............................
Dhoolia ................................
Nassick .................................
Belgaum ...............................
Dharwar .............................
Hooblee ................................
Kolapoor ................................
PAGE
48
48
49
50
51
52
53
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
62
63
64
Ahmedabad
Khaira
Rajkote ........ .........................
Veerumgaum
Dhurrumgaum
Dakore
Kurrachee
Hydrabad
Shikarpoor
Kotree
Shewan
Jacobabad
Sukkur
Boola Khan's Tanda
Tatta
Kulladghee
Bagulkote
.....................................
Aden ......................................
PAGE
65
66
C8
68
69
70
70
72
73
73
74
75
75
76
76
77
78
79
79
APPENDIX.
Vaccination under Superintendents in British Territory ...................
Vaccination under Superintendents and others in Native Territory .......
Vaccination under Civil Surgeons and others ...............................
General Abstract of Vaccination for the year 1868 ................................
Table of Ages .........................................................................
Employment Return of Superintendents of Vaccination ......................
Castes in which Vaccination was performed ................................
Table of Vaccinations in the Bombay Army for the year 1868 ...........
Table No. 1
„
No. 2
„
No. 3
„
No. 4
„ No. 5
„
No. 6
„
No. 7
„ No. 8
VACCINATION UNDER SUPERINTENDENTS.
CENTRAL CIRCLE.
Superintendent.—Assistant
Surgeon P. S. TURNBULL, M.D.
Acting Superintendent.—Assistant
Surgeon E. H. R. LANGLEY, B.A.
Do.
Do.
Surgeon T. MILLER, M.D.
Establishment.—Twenty-nine
Vaccinators under Government, two under Native
Chiefs, and twelve under Municipalities.
Population, 3,600,000. Total cost, Rs. 13,671-11-9. Average cost of each
Vaccination, 4 Annas and 5 Pies.
Establishment.
Government
Native Chiefs ...
Municipalities ...
Years.
1857
1868
1867
1868
1867
1868
Total
Vaccinat-
ed.
52,462
52,957
1,668
1,602
4,120
5,953
Compared with the
preceding year.
Increase.
......
495
......
......
......
1,833
Decrease.
......
......
.......
66
......
......
Successfully
Vaccinated.
50,109
51,001
1,417
1,495
3,508
5,241
Percentage
of Success.
95.5
96.1
84.9
93.3
85.1
87.3
Assistant Surgeon Turnbull, Superintendent of Vaccination Central Circle, having
been reported sick on 21st November, I took over charge of his Office, as a temporary
measure, and have no personal knowledge of the working of the establishment. From
the above table it will be seen, however, that an increase in the number of operations
has taken place over those for 1867, viz., in the Government establishment, an increase
of 495 operations; in the Native States, a decrease of 66; and in the Municipalities, an
increase of 1,833. The total increase in all being 2,262 for 1868.
2. On account of the Western Circle being formed, the Tannah Collectorate, and
Sub-collectorate of Colaba were taken out of the Central Circle, and on that account the
number of vaccinations seem considerably less than for 1867, the total for that year
being 71,037, and including the operations in the Tannah Collectorate, against 52,957
for 1868 without the Tannah Collectorate. On that account also the number of
Government Vaccinators is less by 7, that number having been transferred from the
1 v
2
Central to the Western Circle. Under the Municipalities there is an increase of 4
Vaccinators; 1 for Nassick, 1 for Kulladghee, 1 for Bhagulkote, and 1 for Indapoor.
The Native States remain as last year, 2.
3. The percentage of success, as will also be seen from the table, is increased in the
Government establishment, being 961, against 95.5 per centum for 1867 ; in Native
States 93.3 per centum, against 84.9 for 1867 ; and in Municipalities 87.3, against
85.1 per centum for 1867.
4. Small-pox.—The following table shows the number of small-pox cases and
recoveries, &c., which have occurred in the Central Circle during the past year. The
total number of cases has been 47,234, of whom 45,388 were unprotected, and the total
number of deaths was 4,431. Of the total, 390 were vaccinated in infancy, and 1,458
in after-life.
Statistics of Small-pox during the year 1868 in the Central Circle of Vaccination.
No.
1
2
3
4
Collectorate.
Poona ............
Ahmednuggur ...
Khandeish ........
Kullandghee ........
Total......
Total num-
ber of
cases of
Small-pox
during the
year 1868.
17,845
13,115
13,263
3,011
47,234
Of the total num-
ber were Vacci-
nated.
In
Infancy.
116
10
115
55
390
In
after-
life.
440
526
472
20
1,458
Of these died of
Small-pox who
were Vaccinated.
In
Infancy.
5
4
4
3
16
In
after
life.
36
32
26
7
101
Of the total
number
were un-
protected.
17,293
12,483
12,676
2,936
45,388
Of these
died of
Small-
pox.
1,729
1,056
1,004
525
4,314
Total
deaths
from
Small-
pox out
of the
total
number
of Cases.
1,770
1,092
1,034
535
4,431
REMARKS.
Inoculation.—As far as I can learn inoculation has not been practised to any
extent in this Circle.
5. Vaccination in Collectorates :—
Collectorats.
Poona ............................
Ahmednuggur
Khandeish
kulladghee ....................
1867.
12,358
18,748
15,056
6,300
1868.
13,824
17,315
15,110
6,708
Compared with 1867.
Increase.
1,466
...
54
408
Decrease.
....
1,433
...
...
The above table shows an increase in Poona, Khandeish, and Kulladghee, and in
Ahmednuggur a decrease. I do not know the reason of this decrease.