NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
9
OF MADRAS. 9
repeatedly in the same way as other stimulants are under similar
circumstances. Although M. Champaca is met with in many places of
Southern India, it is very scarce in some localities. Madras is an
example of the latter, and there are not more than two or three plants
in the whole of this city. The dry flowers, however, are common and
abundant in the bazaar, as already mentioned.
MENISPERMACEÆ.
*Anamirta cocculus, W. et A. 14.
Habitat.—In many parts of India.
Part Used.—The fruit.
Synonyms.—Cocculus Indicus, Eng. Coque du Levant, Fr. Kok-
kels Koorner, Ger. Kákmári-ké-bínj, Hind. and DUk. Kákkáy-kolli-
virai, Tam. Kākmári-vittulu, Tel. Kárinta-kattin-káya, Káka-
mári-bíja, Can.
Local Sources.—One of the commonest drugs in the Indian bazaars.
Price.—Wholesale, Rs. 4 per maund; retail or bazaar, As. 2 per
pound.
Physiological Actions.—Used externally as an insecticide.
Therapeutic Uses.—Useful for destroying pediculi and curing scabies,
ring-worm, and a few other skin diseases.
Preparations.—Ointment and oil.
European Drugs for which they may be substituted.—Ung. hydrarg.
and Ung. hydrarg. nitratis.
Remarks.—The fruits are an active poison in large doses, but not
in small ones. I have taken the drug myself up to five grains, three
times a day, without any effect, good or bad. The cheapest and most
convenient way of using it externally is in the form of an oily mixture
with cocoanut oil, in the proportion of one drachm of the former to
one ounce of the latter. The meaning of all the vernacular synonyms
of the drug is "Crowkiller," because it is used sometimes in this
country for that purpose. The berries are also mixed up with the flour
of wheat or crumb of bread and thrown in water to stupify fish so that
they may be easily taken. The active principle of the seed is piepotoxin.
Tinospora cordifolia, Miers. (Cocculus cordifolius, DC.)
15, 16, 17, and 18.
Habitat.—Common all over India.
Parts Used.—The roots, stems, and a watery extract.
Synonyms.—Of the plant or stem (No. 15)—Gul-bél, Duk. and
Pers. Gulánchá, Hind. and Beng. Shíndil-kodi, Tam. Tippatíge,
Tel. Amrúta-valli, Malyal. Amrúta-balli, Can. Gula-véli,
Gulvél, Guz. Sóma-valli, Sans. Rasa-kinda, Cing. Sinza-manne, Bur.
Giló, Arab. Of the root (No. 16)—Gul-bél-kí-jar, Duk. Gulan-
chákí-jar, Hind. and Beng. Shíndil-kodi-vér, Tam. Tippa-tége-véru,
B
the roots of T. cordifolia, and greenish-white or greenish-brown, if from
the stems. It occurs in powder or loose and flat cake-like pieces. It
is prepared easily by cutting the fresh stem into small pieces, which are
bruised in a stone or wooden mortar and soaked in water from six to
twelve hours. The mass is then rubbed, squeezed and separated from
the fluid by straining the latter through cloth. The fluid being evapo
-rated to dryness in the sun, the residue is the satte-giló. The last
process is generally repeated several times with a view to make the
drug whiter; but such repetitions, in my opinion, are not only un-
-necessary, but detrimental to its effects. The thicker the gul-bél or its
root is, the better for the preparation of satte-giló; and the plant is
known to attain sometimes the thickness of a man's arm. A transverse
section of the stem and root shows the wood to consist of a very porous
tissue, traversed by conspicuous medullary rays, with or without con--
centric zones. The specimens of the satte-giló in my Collection (Nos.
17 and 18) are genuine, being prepared by myself for the Calcutta
International Exhibition; the former from the stems, and the latter
from the roots. Flückiger has found the alkaloid berberine and a
glucoside to be the sources of the bitterness.
† Coscinium fenestratum, Colebr. 19.
H a b i t a t . — C e y l o n
a n d M a l a b a r .
Part Used.—The wood.
Synonyms.—Jhár-kí-haldí, Duk. Mara-manjal, Tam. and Malyal.
Mánu-puspu, Tel. Maráda-arishna, Can. Jhádí-haladé, Mah. Venivel,
Cing.
Local Sources.—Common in large bazaars in Southern India.
Price.—Wholesale, Rs. 1½ per maund; retail or bazaar, As. 2 per
pound.
Physiological Actions.—Antipyretic, antiperiodic, tonic and
stomachic.
Therapeutic Uses.—Serviceable in slight cases of continued and
intermittent fevers, in debility and certain forms of dyspepsia.
Active Principle.—The alkaloid berberine.
Preparations and Doses.— The same as those of the root of Berberis
aristata and other species.
European Drugs for which ít may be substituted.—For cinchona
bark, gentian and calumba.
Remarks.—This drug is yellow like turmeric, but much larger,
hence the meaning of all the vernacular names "tree turmeric." It is
wrongly sold in all the bazaars of Southern India as dár-hald, which is
properly the name of the wood and root of Berberis aristata and a few
other species of Berberis. The wood of C. fenestratum, however, is
easily distinguished by the appearance of its cut end, which displays
the wood to be very porous, and is traversed by peculiar medullary rays
without any concentric circles; whilst that of the wood or root of all
the species of Berberis presents no particular structure, but is very hard
and woody.
12
MATERIA MEDICA
†C
o c c u l u s v i l l o s u s ,
D C .2
0 .
Habitat.—In most parts of India.
Parts Used.—The leaves and roots.
Synonyms.—Kattuk-kodi-ilai, Tam. Dúsari-tége-áku, Tel.
Chóti-dángrí-ká-pattá, Jamtí-ká-pattá, Duk.
Local Sources and Price.—Not sold in the bazaar, but can be col-
lected for the mere cost.
Physiological Actions.—Demulcent and refrigerant.
Therapeutic Uses.—Of great use in gonorrhœa, strangury, and irri-
tation of the bladder. The beneficial influence it exercises over the
mucous membrane of the genito-urinary organs is generally more than
expected from it as a mere demulcent and refrigerant. The activity of
the drug is probably dependent upon one or more alkaloids.
Preparations.—The cold water rendered thick and mucilaginous
by agitating briskly the fresh leaves, and sweetened with sugar, is a
very cool and tasteful drink ; and the powder of the dry leaves mixed
with water and sugar possesses also the same properties.
Dose.—Of the mucilage, from four to eight ounces ; and of the
powdered leaves, from one to two drachms.
European Drugs , for which it may be substituted.—Pareira brava,
sarsaparilla and copaiba.
‡ Cissampelos Pareira, Linn. 21.
Habitat.—Tropical and sub-tropical India from Seinde to Ceylon.
Part Used.—The root.
Synonyms.—False or East Indian Pareira root, Eng. Poon
mooshtie, Tam.
Local Sources and Price.—Not sold in the bazaar. The root in my
Collection of Drugs (No. 21) is from a hedge in Madras.
Physiological Actions.—Demulcent, sedative, and slightly diuretic.
Therapeutic Uses.—Has a beneficial influence over all the diseases
of the bladder, &c., in which Pareira Brava is useful.
Active Principle.—A bitter alkaloid identical with bebeerine.
Preparation.—Decoction : Take of the root, cut into small pieces
and slightly bruised, two ounces and a half ; water one pint and a half ;
boil on a slow fire till the liquid is reduced to one pint, cool, strain,
and keep it in a corked bottle.
Dose.—From one to three fluid ounces.
European Drugs Mfor which it may be substituted.—For the Pareira
root imported from Europe.
Remarks.—The True Pareira Brava is derived from Chondodendron
tomentosum, a plant of this natural order growing in South America.
The roots in the Collection (No. 21) possess almost all the characters
of the true Pareira root described in the Pharmacographia, p. 27, except
the thickness, which is not more than half or three-quarters of an inch,
owing, in my opinion, to the young age of the plant. When dug out
OF MADRAS.
13
about a few years ago, they were long and branching, tortuous or
serpentine, but were cut afterwards into small pieces. The bark is
brown or greyish-brown, wrinkled longitudinally and crossed trans-
versely by annular elevations ; interior woody, porous, and yellowish-
white. The root breaks with a coarse fibrous fracture, and a transverse
section of it exhibits more or less concentric rings and medullary rays.
The taste is bitter. The plant was first noticed growing in Madras by
T. Abboy Naidoo, Herbarium Keeper under Dr. G. Bidie, M.B.& C.I.E.,
in the Government Central Museum.
BERB
ERIDEÆ.
Berberis aristata, DC. (B. tinctoria, Lesch). 22 and 23.
Habitat.—Himalayas, Nílgiris, Shevaroy Hills and Ceylon.
Parts Used.—The root (No. 22), root-bark and wood.
Synonyms.—Of the root—Nepal Barberry root, Eng. Epine
vinette, Fr. Berberitze, Ger. Dár-hald, Arab., Pers. and Hind.
Local So urces and Price.—Not sold in the bazaar, but can be obtained
from the Nílgiris at the cost of collection and transmission.
Physiological Actions.—Diaphoretic, antipyretic, antiperiodic and
tonic.
Therapeutic Uses.—The root is highly useful in all forms of idio-
pathic and uncomplicated fevers, whether continued or periodical.
Preparations.—Of the root—Decoction, Tincture and watery extract.
Decoction : Take of the root, in shavings (No. 23) or coarse powder,
six ounces ; water two pints and a half ; boil on a slow fire till the
liquid is reduced to one pint. Tincture : Take of the root, in shavings
or coarse powder, six ounces ; proof spirit one pint ; macerate for seven
days with occasional agitation, strain and add more proof spirit to make
one pint. Extract : Take the shavings or coarse powder of the root in
any quantity, boil with water till the liquor becomes somewhat thick,
strain and evaporate on a sand-bath to the consistence of an extract.
Doses.—Of the decoction, from two to six fluid ounces ; of the
tincture, from two to six fluid drachms ; and of the extract, from one
to two drachms.
European Medicines for which they may be substituted.—For Warburg's
tincture and James' powder, as a diaphoretic and antipyretic ; for
quinine and other alkaloids of cinchona, as an antiperiodic ; and for
gentian and calumba, as a tonic.
Remarks.—Instead of the root-bark of B. aristata I have used the
root itself in my practice and found it to be equal, if not superior, to
the former. Its advantages over the root-bark are that it is about fifty
times cheaper and more abundant. The root occurs in pieces varying
in length from 6 to 12 inches, and in thickness from 2 or 3 to 8 inches ;
it is yellow internally, bitter in taste, and rapidly imparts its color and
taste to water if soaked. It is very hard, heavy, odorless, and there is
nothing particular in its structure. The pieces are covered. sometimes
with a very thin dark-brown or yellowish-brown bark, but generally
deprived of it. The root is one of the few best medicines in India, and
deserves a special attention of the medical profession. I shall, therefore,
OF MADRAS.
15
Local Sources.—The watery extract and berries are found in the
bazaars of Southern India, but not the wood and root. The latter
are common in the bazaars of Central and Northern India, and whether
sold together or separately, their native names are the same, The wood
and root (No. 24) in my Collection are from Lucknow.
Price.—Of Rasvat—Wholesale, Rs. 35 per maund; retail or bazaar,
Rs. 2¼ per pound. Of the berries—Wholesale, Rs. 6 per maund; retail
or bazaar, As. 6 per pound.
Physiological Actions.—The wood and root are diaphoretic, anti-
pyretic, antiperiodic and tonic; the watery extract is a local remedy in
ophthalmia; and the berries are refrigerant and astringent.
Therapeutic Uses.—The root is very efficient in all kinds of simple
idiopathic and uncomplicated fevers, whether continued or periodical;
and the wood is less so. Applied externally around the eye, the
watery extract sold in the bazaar (Rasvat) effects a cure in ordinary
cases of ophthalmia. The berries are useful in chronic diarrhœa and
in passive hæmorrhage from the bowels and stomach, particularly in
combination with. diluted sulphuric acid. They are also of use in some
febrile affections, and relieve thirst and remove dryness if they be kept
in the mouth.
Preparations and Doses.— The preparations and doses of the wood
and root of the plants under consideration are the same as those of the
root of Berberis aristata. The berries are generally used in the form
of a draught, prepared by rubbing and mixing them with water and
straining the liquid through cloth. Their dose is from thirty grains to
one drachm.
European Drugs , for which they may be substituted.—The wood and.
root for Warburg's tincture and Pulv. Jacobi vera, as a diaphoretic and
antipyretic; for quinine and other alkaloids of cinchona, as an anti-
periodic; and for gentian and calumba, as a tonic. The berries, for
acidum phosphoricum dilutum, as a remedy for quenching thirst; and
for acidtun sulphuricum dilutum and acidum gallicum, as an astringent.
Remarks.—The remarks I have made on the preceding article (B.
aristata) as to its medical properties, uses, preparations, doses, &c., are
applicable to the drugs under examination. Dár-hald is the correct
Arabic synonym of the wood and root of B. asiatica, B. Lycium, and
a few other species of Berberis, and is applied to the real drugs in
Central and Northern India. In Southern India, however, it is occa-
sionally misapplied to the wood of Coscinium fenestratum. See remarks
under the last-named plant.
N Y M P H Æ A C E Æ .
‡Nymphæa Lotus, Linn. (N. edulis, DC.) 27, 28 and 29.
The red, pink or crimson variety of this species is more commonly
known as N. rubra of Roxburgh.
Habitat.—One of the common aquatic plants in India.
Parts Used,—The flowers (27), seeds (28) and roots (29).
16
MATERIA MEDICA
Synonyms.—Of the flowers—Lál-paphúl, Hind.
Lál-chhóté-kanval-ké-phúl or Lál-chhóté-nílufar-ké-phúl. Duk. Shivappu-alli-pú
Tam. Erra-alli-támara-puvvu, Tel. Of the seeds—Lál-paphúl-ké-
bínj, Hind. Lál-chhóté-kanval-ké -bínj or Lál -chhóté-nílúfar-ké -bínj ,
Deck. Shivappu-alli-virai, Tam. Erra-alli-támara-vittulu, Tel. Of the
ar, H ind. Lál-chhóte-kanval- kí -j ar or Lál-
chhóté-nílúlfar-kí-jar, Duk. Shivappu-alli-vér, Tam.
E r r a - a l l i - t á m a r a - v e r u ,
T e l .
Local Sources.—Found in some large bazaars of Southern India.
Price.—Of the flowers—Wholesale, Rs. 5 per maund ; retail or
bazaar, As. 4 per pound. Of the seeds—Wholesale, Es. 8 per maund ;
retail or bazaar, As. 7 per pound. Of the roots—Wholesale, Es. 6
per maund ; retail or bazaar, As. 6 per pound.
Physiological Actions.—The flowers or rather petals are cardiac tonic,
refrigerant and diuretic ; the seeds, demulcent and nutrient ; and the
roots, stomachic, demulcent and astringent.
TherapeuticUses.—The flowers are useful in nervous debility,
functional palpitation, and some slight and chronic cases of low and
hectic fevers ; the seeds, in some cases of debility and dyspepsia ; and
the roots, in dysentery, diarrhœa and dyspepsia. The first good effect
of the root in dysentery is the rapid disappearance of blood under its use.
Preparations.—The best and most useful preparation of the flowers
is the syrup, prepared as follows :—Take of the petals, 6 ounces if dry,
and 12 ounces if fresh ; water 21 pints ; boil on a slow fire till the
liquid is reduced to 1¼ pints. When cool, rub and squeeze the flowers
and strain the liquid through ", cloth. Add to this liquid 12 ounces of
refined sugar and boil it again on a very slow fire till the syrup is
reduced to 1 pint. The most convenient way of using the seeds and
roots is in simple powder.
Doses.—Of the syrup of flowers, from two to four drachms ; of the
powder of the seeds, from forty grains to one drachm ; and of the
powder of the root, from thirty to fifty grains ; to be repeated three or
four times in the 24 hours.
European Drugs . for which they may be substituted.—The flowers for
digitalis ; the seeds for Iceland moss, tragacanth and. pepsine ; and the
roots for sub-nitrate of bismuth, pepsine and gallic acid.
Remarks.—The day petals of N. rub ea are from 2 to 3 inches long,
broad at the base and lanceolate towards the end, and of pink, crimson
or reddish-brown color without any distinct smell or taste. The seeds
are small, round, about twice the size of the mustard seeds, pale brown
in color, devoid of smell and somewhat mucilaginous in taste. The
root is sold in the bazaar in round and flat slices, varying from 1 to 2
or 2 inches in diameter, pale or dirty white in color, odorless, and
almost insipid with an uneven or irregular and more or less hairy
edge.
‡ N y m p h æ a L o t u s ,
L i n n .
( N .
e d u l i s ,
D C . )
3 0 , 3 1 a n d 3 2 .
The white-flowered variety.
Habitat.—One of the commonest aquatic plants in India.
Parts Used.—The flowers (30), seeds (31) and roots (32),
OF MADRAS.
17
Synonyms.—Of the flowers—Suféd-paphúl, H ind. Suféd- chhóté-
kanval-ké-phúl or Suféd-chhóté-nílúfar-ké-phúl, Duk. Vellai-alli-pú,
Tam. Tella-alli-támara-puvvu, Tel. Of the seeds—Suféd-paphúd-ké-
bínj, Hind. Suféd-chhóté-kanval-ké-bínj or Suféd-chhóté-nílúfar-ké--
bínj, Duk. Vellai-alli-virai, Tam. Tella-alli-támara-vittulu, Tel. Of
the roots—Suféd-paphúl-kí-jar, H ind. Suféd-chhóté-kanval-kí-jar or
Suféd-chhóté-nílúfar-kí-jar, Duk, Vellai-alli-vér, Tam, Tella-alli--
támara-véru, Tel.
Local Sources, Price, Physiological Actions, Therapeutic Uses, Doses
and European Drugs for which they may be substituted.—The same as
those detailed in the preceding article.
Remarks.—The white-flowered variety of N. Lotus is more common
•
in Madras than the one with red flowers (N. rubra, Raxb.). The
chief differences between these varieties are as follow :—The flowers,
including the stamens, of N. rubra, are red, pink, crimson or rosy ;
and the leaves, particularly their upper surface, is pinkish brown ;
while the flowers of the white variety are white or pinkish white with
yellow stamens, and the upper surface of the leaves is green. The
flowers and leaves of the latter are also about one-third smaller than
those of the former.
The white-flowered variety under immediate consideration is differ-
ent from N. alba, Linn., which is not a variety but a separate species
of Nymphœa.
The dry flowers or petals of the white variety of N. Lotus are pale
or dirty white in their color, from 1½ to 2 or 2½ inches long, insipid and
odorless. There is no difference whatever between the seeds and roots
of all the varieties of N. Lotus.
‡ Nelumbium speciosum, willd. 33, 34 and 35. The red, pink,
crimson or rose-colored variety.
Habitat.—A very common aquatic plant in India.
Parts Used.—The flowers (No. 33), seeds (No, 34) and roots
(No. 35).
Synonyms.—Of the flowers—Flowers of the red variety of the
Egyptian or Pythagorean Bean, En g. Lál-kanval-ké-phúl or Lál-
ní1ú-far-ké-phúl, Hind. and Duk. Shivappu-támara-pú, Tam. Erra-
támara-puvvu, Tel. Of the seeds—Lál-kanval-ké-bínd or Lál-nílú-far--
ké-bínj, H ind. and Duk. Shivappu-támara-virai, Tam. Erra-támara-
vittulu, Tel. Of the roots—Lál-kanval-kí-jar or Lál-ní1ú-far-kí-jar,
Hind. and Duk. Shivappu-támara-vér, Tam. Erra-támara-véru, Tel.
Local Sources.—Met with in many large bazaars of India.
Price.—Of the flowers—Wholesale, Rs. 5 per maund ; retail or
bazaar, As. 4 per pound. Of the seeds—Wholesale, Rs. 6 per maund ;
retail or bazaar, As. 6 per pound. Of the roots—Wholesale, Rs. 7 per
maund ; retail or bazaar, As. 6 per pound.
18
MATERIA MEDICA
Physiological Actions, Therapeutic Uses, Preparations, Doses and
European Drugs for which they may be substituted.—The same as those
of the corresponding parts of Nymphœa Lotus.
Remarks.—The dry petals of the red variety of Nelumbium specio-
sum are from 2½ to 3½ inches long, elliptical, pink, crimson or reddish-
brown and possess no distinct smell or taste. The seeds or nuts are hard
and dark brown, round, oval or oblong, about the size of the seeds
of soap-nut tree, with a white, albuminous and slightly sweetish kernel.
The root occurs in the bazaar in small and circular pieces, varying in
diameter from 3 or 4 lines to 1 inch, with several holes arranged
in a circular form with a solitary and generally smaller one in the
centre odorless and slightly mucilaginous in taste. The holes are the
result of the cut ends of the spiral tubes. See the last para. in the
remarks under the white variety of N. speciosum.
‡ Nelumbium speciosum, Willd. 36, 37 and 38. The white
variety.
Habitat.—A very common aquatic plant in India.
Parts Used.—The flowers (No. 36), seeds (No. 37) and roots
(No. 38).
Synonyms.—Of the flowers—Flowers of the white variety of the
Egyptian or Pythagorean Bean, Eng. Suféd-kanval-ké-phúl or
Suféd-nílú-far-ké-phúl, Hind. and Duk. Vellai-támara-pú, Tam.
Tella-támara-puvvu, Tel. Of the seeds—Suféd-kanval-ké-binj or
Suféd-nílú-far-ké-binj, Hind. and Duk. Vellai-támara-virai, Tam. Tella-támara-
vittulu, Tel. Of the roots—Suféd-kanval-ki-jar or Suféd-nílú-
jar, Hind. and Duk. Vellai-támara-vér, Tam. Tella-támara-véru, Tel.
Local Sources, Price, Physiological Actions, Therapeutic Uses, Pre-
parations, Doses, and European Drugs for which they may be substituted.—
The same as those of the corresponding products of Nymphœa Lotus.
Remarks.—The color of the dry petals of this variety of Nelum-
bium speciosum is pale or dirty white, and this is the only difference
between them and those of the red variety. The seeds and roots of
both varieties are quite identical.
Although there is no difference between the flowers of the red and
the white varieties, except the color, the therapeutic uses of the syrup
is not quite satisfactory unless it is prepared from the petals of either
of them separately, without their admixture.
PAPAVERACEÆ.
* Papaver somniferum, Linn. 39, 40, 41, 42 and 43, White
or opium poppy.
Habitat.—The white poppy was cultivated in some places of South-
ern India, as Mysore, Bangalore, &c., until a few years ago, but its
cultivation has been since prohibited. Its culture, however, is still
2 4
MATERIA MEDICA
FUMARIACEÆ.
‡ Fumaria officinalis, Linn. 47 .
‡ Fumaria parviflora, Lam. 48.
Habitat.—Generally found in paddy-fields in many parts of India.
Part Used.—The whole plant except the root (Nos. 47 and. 48).
Synonyms.—Shátrá, Duk. Pitpápará, Hind. Sháhtrah, Pers. Sháh-
traj or Baqlatul-malik, Arab. Turá, Tam.
Local Sources.—Found in many large bazaars of India.
Price.—Wholesale, Rs. 7 to 9 per maund; retail or bazaar, As. 6 to
8 per pound.
Physiological Actions.—Alterative tonic, diaphoretic and febrifuge.
Active Principle.—The plant contains fumaric acid and fumarine.
Its physiological action is due to the latter.
Therapeutic Uses.—Useful in many slight cases of simple, idiopathic
and uncomplicated fever, and in acute rheumatism, skin diseases and
secondary syphilis.
Preparation.—Decoction, prepared as follows:—Take of the leaves
and thin branches, three ounces; water one pint and a half; boil on
a very slow fire till the liquid is reduced to one pint, and strain when
cool.
Dose.
—
From two to three ounces, three times a day.
European Drugs for which it may be substituted.—Sassafras, Jamaica
sarsaparilla, guaiacum wood, mezereon root and Pulv. Jacobi vera.
Remarks.—This drug generally acts more satisfactorily when used
together with other medicines of the same class, and is therefore an
ingredient in some prescriptions which will be mentioned hereafter
under Viola odorata, &c.
CRUCIFERÆ.
* Brassica alba, H. f and T. (Sinapis alba, Linn.) 49.
Habitat.—Cultivated in some parts of India.
Part Used.—The seeds.
Synonyms.—White mustard, Eng. Suféd-ráí or Suféd-ráyán, Hind.
and Duk. Vellai-kadugu, Tam. Tella-áválu, Tel. Vella- katuka,
Malyal. Bili-sásave, Can.
Dhóp-rái, Beng.
Shvéta-sarshaphaha,
Sans. Pandhoramoharé, Mah. Ujlo-ráyí, Guz. Suddu- abbé, Cing.
Sipandáne-supíd, Pers. Khardale-abyaz, Arab.
Local Sources.—Met with in some large bazaars of Southern India.
Price.
—
Wholesale, Rs. 7 per maund; retail or bazaar, As. 7 per
pound. Of the mustard-flour imported from Europe—Wholesale, Rs. 5
per dozen bottles; retail or bazaar, As. 10 per bottle.
Physiological Actions.—Internally, emetic and carminative; exter-
nally, rubefacient and vesicant.