NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
6
good result as a preventive amongst ponies in. the heavily infected
stables.
Glanders.—Glanders was reported from Comilla, Mymensingh and
Rajshahi districts where 17 ponies were seized under the Glanders and
Farcy Act and subjected to the Mallein test. Three suspected cases
succumbed in the segregation camps, while the 3 reactors were destroyed
and owners were adequately compensated.
Other diseases.—In addition to Glanders and Surra, other diseases
of equines were chronicled and 84 ponies were intimated to have
succumbed.
Bovine diseases.
Rinderpest.—As usual East Bengal provided the bulk of outbreaks
of cattle plague. Of the 949 outbreaks recorded 510 were in the
Eastern Range whilst the pest was not so common in the other two
ranges. The number of outbreaks reported and diagnosed is probably
not a true indication of the prevalence of the disease, but may be taken
as a fair indication of the degree of infection in the various parts of
the Province. For years it has been recognised that this formidable
malady is introduced in many cases from adjoining territories by
peripatetic cattle dealers who move with their herds indiscriminately
from one end of the Province to another and are responsible for the
dissemination of various infections. It is therefore contemplated to
re-open the question of introduction of legislation and to devise a
scheme by which a series of quarantine stations could be arranged on
the frontiers and the imports of livestock and livestock products
controlled.
One very disheartening feature of the Rinderpest problem was the
ineffectiveness and variability in the immunological action of the Goat
Tissue Vaccine amongst certain herds during outbreaks in some
localities. The product had not only caused severe reaction which
proved fatal but there was evidence of the introduction of infection in
apparently healthy herds leading to the outbreak of Rinderpest. It
attracted interest of the research workers including the Disease
Investigation Officer and the Superintendent, Veterinary Vaccine
Section, who studied the reactions produced in different localities, the
value of Goat Virus in the control of outbreaks, resuscitation of proto-
zoan diseases like piroplasmosis, Theileriasis Coccidiosis and their
control. Consequently the inoculations against Rinderpest by the
Goat Virus method had to be restricted here and there and the Serum
and the Sero-Vaccine inoculations encouraged in direct proportion.
The comparative details of the operations are catalogued as under: —
Goat Virus Vaccination ..
Serum inoculations ..
Sero-Vaccine method ..
1937-38.
400,536
1,837
331
1938-39.
197,503
2,397
23,731
Foot and mouth disease.—Foot and mouth disease was not so
common during the year under report. There were 395 casualties
amongst cattle and buffaloes recorded as against 1,939 of last year.
4
Haemorrhagio Septicaemia.-—This disease prevailed in a severe form
in the districts of 24-Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly, Burdwan, Mymen-
singh and Bakarganj. In other parts of the province where it occurred
the mortality was not so high, and the district of Faridpur where the
infection was centralised in the past, also experienced a comparatively
healthier season.
During the year about 117 outbreaks with approximately 3,907
deaths brought on record against 98 outbreaks and 4,562 deaths in the
previous year. The animals protected with the Serum and Vaccine in
the affected villages numbered 12,034 and 4,597 respectively. It
is proposed to undertake preventive vaccination against Hæmorrhagic
Septicæmia in the districts where the malady has assumed an enzootic
form during the past few decades before the onset of rains when it is
most common.
Anthrax.—The outbreaks of Anthrax show a considerable decline in
number, only 76 being reported as compared with 103 in the previous
year. Dacca, Bakarganj and Mymensingh suffered the most and 713
victims out of an aggregate of 1,138 in the province were reported
from these districts. The number of inoculations performed was as
follows: —
Spore Vaccine ... ... ...
Serum alone ... ... ...
8,226
5,274
Blackquarter.—This claimed a toll of 234 heads of cattle chiefly in
24-Parganas and Bankura where it assumed an acute form.
Five
hundred and eighty-eight animals were immunised against Blackquarter
at the scene of the outbreaks.
Other contagious diseases.—The deaths under this amounted to
3,484 and were on the decline.
Ovine and caprine diseases.
Anthrax prevailed amongst sheep and goats in Dacca district and
victimised 2 sheep and 29 goats whilst 48 deaths in goats were noticed
in Jessore due to virulent attacks of Variola.
Canine diseases.
A greater mortality on account of canine diseases has been sustained
than usual in all parts of Bengal (466 deaths against 402 during 1937-38).
Rabies alone was responsible for 241 deaths specially in the north,
but unfortunately no effective measures to stamp out the disease from
towns were taken by any of the Municipalities and until this is done
the infection will probably be on the increase. Twenty-four dogs were
given preventive vaccination in Darjeeling.
5
Poultry diseases.
The Assistant Director, South Western Range, reported Ranikhet
disease from Murshidabad and Hooghly with losses of 358 birds. Fowl
Cholera, Diphtheria, and other fowl plagues were not so common.
Epizootics of disease in the poultry industry continued to involve
heavy monetary loss which has been augmented enormously on some
farms or in villages where unscientific methods of management are in
vogue. But it is pleasing to note that there has been an increased
tendency on the part of poultry breeders in general to seek veterinary
advice and in many cases severe loss has been prevented.
Preventive inoculations.
Reference has already been made to the protection of cattle with
Sera and Vaccines under various disease heads and it is not necessary
to put further the statistical details. The entire operations of the staff
may, however, be abridged as under: —
Rinderpest.
Goat Tissue Vaccine .. ..
Serum alone .. .. ..
Sero-Vaccine Inoculations .. ..
197,503
2,397
23,731
Anthrax.
Spore Vaccine .. .. ..
Anti-Anthrax Serum .. ..
8,226
5,274
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia.
Serum alone method .. ..
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia Vaccination ..
12,034
4,597
Blackquarter.
Black Quarter Vaccine .. ..
Black Quarter Serum .. ..
394
194
The prophylactic utility of the biological products was excellent
but for the occasional anomalies manifested in the behaviour of Goat
Tissue Vaccine discussed elsewhere in the body of the report.
Non-contagious.
Table IV.—The number of cases treated by the Veterinary Assistant
Surgeons on tour was 104,159 in 24,387 villages visited by them during
the year as compared with 80,481 in 21,942 villages in the preceding
year. Seven thousand eight hundred and forty-nine castrations were
6
performed against 12,534 the reduction is attributable to the fact that
these operations now constitute a major item of the activities of the
Livestock Department and were undertaken by them on a larger scale.
Tables IV and V.—The outpatients at the hospitals and dispensaries
amounted to 106,420 and the inpatients 2,691.
There was great strain on the Veterinary Assistant Surgeon in
Bankura, Rajshahi, Jalpaiguri and Calcutta districts. To cope with
the intensification in demands for veterinary aid, additional posts were
created by the department and the local bodies and the new men were
stationed at Gangajal-Ghati (in Bankura),
Rajshahi,
Veterinary
Vaccine Section, Jalpaiguri, and Calcutta.
Appointment of a dresser compounder was sanctioned by the Bhowal
Raj Court of Wards Estate for the Veterinary Dispensary at Sripur.
This was a great asset to the institution.
A compound wall was erected for the Mymensingh Hospital and the
District Board of Mymensingh were also pleased to allot a grant of
Rs. 100 for the feeding of the inpatients belonging to the poor.
The District Board, Dinajpur, have provided a pucca enclosure for
the hospital at the district headquarter and have also started the
construction of a dispensary and the Veterinary Assistant Surgeons
quarters at Thakurgaon.
The Coach Behar State has constructed a travelling dispensary cart
and has also established a dairy farm.
Part III.—Breeding operations.
The cattle breeding farms and the problems relating to Animal
Husbandry continued to be managed by the Live-Stock Department and
the officers of this department rendered assistance and fully co-operated
with them whenever called upon to do so.
Fairs and shows.
Five pony shows and 61 cattle fairs and shows were organised
during 1938-39 at different centres in Bengal as shown in Tables XIII
and XIV attached. The departmental staff attended most of these
fairs, opened temporary dispensaries and arranged lectures on veteri-
nary science supplemented by practical demonstrations of veterinary
operations with the help of models, posters, and magic lantern slides
when at hand.
There is always a huge gathering of the raiyats on these occasions
and it would be beneficial if Propaganda Veterinary Officers, well
equipped with articles of interest were present at every fair and show
in the Province. This work contributes substantially towards rural
reconstruction and the education of the masses; but the paucity of the
staff referred to in previous years has been a serious set-back to progress
on these lines.
Horse and pony stallions.
There is no horse or pony stallion in Bengal.
7
Establishment.
Besides the recruitment of the Deputy Director who assumed charge
of his duties on the 25th of July 1938, the appointment of the three
Assistant Directors Messrs. H. C. Das Gupta, Golam Rahman, and P. C.
Banerjee who joined at Jalpaiguri in the Northern Range, Dacca in
the Eastern Range, and Calcutta in the South-Western Range on the
21st March 1938, 28th November 1938 and 3rd January 1939,
respectively, and the posting of M. C. Mitra as Assistant Superintendent,
Veterinary Vaccine Sub-section, Chittagong, there were no material
changes in the strength and personnel of the establishment of the
department. The full cadre of the staff employed is evident from
Table VII and may be summarised as shown below: —
Superior Officers.
(I) One Director.
(77) One Deputy Director.
(777) One Superintendent in charge of the Veterinary Vaccine
Section.
(IV) One Disease Investigation Officer.
(V) Three Assistant Directors.
Subordinate establishment.
(1) Veterinary Inspectors 11 (including two Assistant Superinten-
dents attached to the Veterinary Vaccine Section and its sub-section at
Chittagong and the Propaganda Veterinary Inspector).
(2) Veterinary Assistant Surgeons 158 (including Itinerant—89,
Stationary-cum-Itinerant—15, Stationary—16, Temporary—14, Staff—
12, Reserve—12). Eleven Veterinary Assistant Surgeons joined the
department during the year and Babu Sarveswar Chowdhury retired
from service.
Vaccine Depots.
The Veterinary Vaccine Section and its sub-section at Chittagong
carried on their function as centres for the production of Rinderpest
Vaccine. The work was carried on, on a larger scale during the year
and 999,200 doses of Goat Virus Vaccine were manufactured and
distributed in Bengal, Orissa and Assam: —
1.
2.
3.
4.
Province.
Bengal
.. ..
Assam .. ..
Orissa .. ..
Discarded as out of date
Total
No. of doses.
.. 357,400
.. 388,200
.. 235,600
.. 18,000
.. 999,200
The sale proceeds of the vaccine supplied to the other provinces
amounted to Rs. 3,508.
8
The section also issued sera and other vaccines to the field staff
and undertook the examinations of pathological specimens including
blood smears, urine, fæces, scrapings, growths, etc., for diagnosis of
diseases. The data of these examinations may be abbreviated as
under: —
Specimens examined.
Anthrax .. .. ..
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia ..
Black Quarter .. ..
Tuberculosis .. ..
Surra .. ..
Piroplasmosis .. ..
Theileria mutans .. ..
Piroplasma gibsoni .. ..
Coccidiosis .. ..
Worm Ova .. ..
Negative .. ..
Total ..
54
72
8
1
14
3
1
1
3
12
481
650
Twenty-two Veterinary Assistant Surgeons including 11 new
graduates received a brief course of training in laboratory work at the
section during the year.
Mr. Menon remained in charge of the section and the sub-section
at Chittagong. He toured in East Bengal for 22 days to inspect the
work of the sub-section and to investigate into the irregularities of the
action of Goat Tissue Vaccine in an outbreak of Rinderpest, which
occurred at Dacca.
General remarks.
Of the many problems which confront us at present and consequently
require immediate solution, the most important is the control and
suppression of contagious and infectious disease specially Rinderpest.
It is not difficult to probe into the causes of dissemination of any
particular infection and nip the pest in the bud; but veterinary aid is
subjected to a great many handicaps. There are no laws regulating the
movement of cattle in epidemic areas, the village officials are not
always prompt in reporting the incidence of disease, and it is often
impossible for the veterinary staff to enforce prophylactic measures
because of lack of co-operation from ignorance on the part of the
cultivators. The appointment of additional officers for propaganda
work would be of great benefit in this direction and the question of
introducing legislation to control movement of cattle requires serious
attention.
It is a matter of great satisfaction that the abnormal decline in
cattle mortality during the year is largely due to the fact that the
9
local executive officers in general and the Commissioners and Collectors
in particular took a very keen interest in the control of cattle diseases.
It would also be unfair not to acknowledge the services of the veterinary
staff as a whole for their enthusiastic contributions and willingness to
shoulder additional burdens in attempts to present a healthier season.
The assistance rendered by the Chairmen of the various local bodies in
matters concerning the work of the department and the general welfare
of the live-stock has been commendable and must be gratefully
acknowledged.
A mention must also be made of the good work done by the office
staff of the Civil Veterinary Department who rendered valuable assis-
tance throughout the year.
In conclusion, the department owes its grateful thanks to Mr. A. D.
MacGregor, Veterinary Adviser to Government, for his guidance and
advice for his indefatigable labour in promoting the activities of the
department.
S. M. ALI, B.SC, M.R.C.V.S.,
Director, Civil Veterinary Department,
Bengal.
APPENDIX A.
Summary of work of the Disease Investigation Officer, Bengal, during
the year 1938-39.
I. Bovine infectious abortion.—This infection was introduced into
the herd at Edward Keventer's Farm, Ghoom, through the import of
infected Cows from Australia during the year 1934.
The disease
rapidly spread amongst the dairy cattle and about twelve per cent of
the cows aborted during that year. In the following year (1935) the
infection was at its climax and about thirty-six per cent of the cows
aborted. Subsequently the infection showed a definite decline and
was reduced to four per cent.
The following conclusions were arrived at as a result of the Biologi-
cal Tests conducted by the Disease Investigation Officer at the affected
farms: —
(a) Animals which aborted proved positive to the agglutination
test.
(b) Animals which did not abort proved negative throughout the
period of five years when the disease appeared in the herd.
(c) A few animals proved negative to the test in spite of abortion.
(d) A few proved positive though they never suffered from the
disease.
II. Bovine lymphangitis.—Few outbreaks of this disease were
reported and investigated. The microscopical examination of the
material showed presence of Pasterurella Pseudo Tuberculosis. Vac-
cination against the affection met with a failure. The surgical treat-
ment was applied with satisfactory results.
III. Hump sore.—The disease was studied in various districts in
Bengal and it was observed that the incidence of sore was comparatively
higher in the southern districts. Examinations of the peripheral blood
vessel for the presence of larvae of microfilaria from apparently healthy
and affected animals was carried out. The presence of microfilaria in
the circulatory system had apparently very little bearing on the deve-
lopment and abatement of sore.
As regards chemotherapy of the disease a trial with Sodium
Antimony Tartrate M—10 solution and local application of Tartar
Emetic (1 and 16) ointment was found to be inefficacious.
IV. Foot and mouth disease.—Few outbreaks of this disease were
attended during the year. The findings were almost the same as
reported in the previous year's report.
V. Tuberculosis and Johne's disease.—One hundred and thirty-six
cattle were submitted to the double intradermal tuberculin test.
Results of these reports indicate a small incidence of the disease
but considerable more work has to be done to finally interpret the
incidence of these diseases in Bengal.
12
VI. Verminous pneumonia in goats.—This disease was commonly
prevalent in the hill districts and was responsible for heavy mortality
in goats. The cause of the. disease was found to be helminth parasite
Vares strongylus
pneumonicus:
A batch of goats was treated with vermicide mixture with
encouraging results.
Transmission experiments proved negative for the bacterial origin
of the disease.
VII. Rinderpest.—Various tests in regard to the viability of Goat
Tissue Vaccine while in transit were carried out.
Experiments on the estimation of susceptibility of cattle and
buffaloes at Mathbaria was also conducted.
VIII. Miscellaneous.—Survey on rabies, piroplasmosis in cattle,
nasal granuloma, warbles were also carried out during the year.
Survey on the diseases of sheep and goats, parasitic survey in the
province, local investigations in the abattoirs and study into the ail-
ments and diseases of wild animals and birds in captivity were also
carried out. Details of these have been given in the full report sub-
mitted to the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research.
Appendix B.
Expansion of the Civil Veterinary Department, Bengal, since 1920-21,
with special reference to the augmentation in the strength and
personnel of the staff.
14
TABLE
Statement showing the number of deaths from contagious
District.
1
24-Parganas ..
Howrah .. ..
Midnapore .. ..
Nadia .. ..
Murshidabad ..
Jessore .. ..
Khulna .. ..
Hooghly .. ..
Burdwan .. ..
Birbhum .. ..
Bankura .. ..
Darjeeling .. ..
Jalpaiguri .. ..
Rangpur .. ..
Coach Behar ..
Rajshahi .. ..
..Pabna .. ..
Bogra .. ..
Dinajpur .. ..
Malda .. ..
Dacca
Mymensingh ..
Bakarganj .. ..
Faridpur .. ..
Chittagong .. ..
Chittagong Hill Tracts ..
Noakhali .. ..
Tippera .. ..
Calcutta and its suburbs
comprising the following
municipalities:—Cal-
cutta, North and South
Barrackpore, Tittagarh,
Panihati,
Kamarhati,
North and South Dum
Dum, Tollygunge, South
Suburban,
Garden
Reach and Howrah.
Total
Equines.
Glanders.
2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2
..
..
..
..
..
1
..
..
..
..
..
7
2
12
Surra.
3
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
98
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
98
Dourine.
4
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Anthrax.
5
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Other diseases.
6
..
..
..
16
3
9
..
..
..
..
..
8
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2
..
..
..
6
..
2
..
..
46
Other causes.
7
1
..
5
4
..
..
..
..
1
..
..
6
..
15
..
..
..
..
..
..
4
..
..
..
2
..
..
..
..
38
Total.
8
1
..
5
20
3
9
..
..
1
..
..
14
..
15
..
2
..
..
..
..
104
1
..
..
8
..
2
7
2
194
Cattle.
Rinderpest.
9
572
..
375
216
310
49
365
40
335
190
60
..
328
654
325
372
39
65
274
207
678
423
2,582
290
1,865
249
741
1,802
136
13,542
Hæmorrhagic sep-
ticæmia.
10
286
388
166
60
177
59
127
298
334
112
32
8
28
180
5
70
33
40
127
3
181
280
215
96
122
..
40
116
..
3,533
Foot and mouth
disease.
11
2
..
4
17
43
..
..
..
73
6
68
11
47
5
..
..
29
10
25
29
2
2
..
..
2
13
4
3
..
395
15
I.
diseases and other causes among animals during the year 1938-39.
Cattle.
Black quarter.
12
53
..
..
..
4
12
5
9
25
14
51
..
12
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
17
5
..
..
8
..
18
..
1
234
Anthrax.
13
21
..
69
..
36
..
..
..
43
..
4
6
27
9
12
3
47
..
1
..
346
108
259
..
23
..
43
47
..
1,104
Surra.
14
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Other diseases.
15
24
100
45
166
160
177
81
..
93
..
236
22
159
37
25
..
..
..
..
..
306
30
482
155
100
47
149
313
..
2,907
Other causes.
16
15
70
161
80
9
68
40
..
..
..
241
22
..
344
..
18
4
69
46
..
157
296
16
..
14
..
1,048
96
..
2,814
Total.
17
973
558
820
539
739
365
618
347
903
322
692
69
601
1,229
367
463
152
184
473
239
1,687
1,144
3,554
541
2,134
309
2,043
2,377
137
24,579
Buffaloes.
Rinderpest.
18
..
..
15
42
8
..
48
..
48
..
4
..
28
..
..
12
..
41
96
8
..
5
67
..
95
104
11
..
..
632
Hæmorrhagic
septicæmia.
19
..
..
..
13
..
..
15
..
34
..
..
4
6
..
..
5
..
45
7
..
..
..
3
..
183
..
9
..
..
32
Foot and mouth
disease.
20
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Black quarter.
21
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Anthrax.
22
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2
..
..
3
Surra.
23
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Other diseases.
24
..
..
..
25
13
..
..
..
..
..
..
6
62
2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
3
..
..
8
..
7
..
..
126
Other causes.
25
..
..
18
21
..
..
..
..
..
..
2
6
..
77
..
2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2
..
246
..
..
374
Total.
26
..
..
33
101
21
..
63
..
83
..
6
16
96
79
..
19
..
86
103
8
..
8
70
..
288
104
275
..
..
1,459
16
TABLE
Statement showing the number of deaths from contagious
District.
1
24-Parganas ..
Howrah .. ..
Midnapore .. ..
Nadia .. ..
Murshidabad ..
Jessore .. ..
Khulna .. ..
Hooghly .. ..
Burdwan .. ..
Birbhum .. ..
Bankura .. ..
Darjeeling .. ..
Jalpaiguri .. ..
Rangpur .. ..
Coach Behar ..
Rajshahi .. ..
Pabna .. ..
Bogra .. ..
Dinajpur .. ..
Malda .. ..
Dacca
Mymensingh ..
Bakarganj .. ..
Faridpur .. ..
Chittagong ..
Chittagong Hill Tracts ..
Noakhali .. ..
Tippera .. ..
Calcutta and its suburbs
comprising the follow-
ing
municipalities:—
Calcutta, North and
South Barrackpore, Titta
garh, Panihati, Kamar-
hati, North and South
Dum Dum, Tollygunge,
South Suburban, Garden
Reach and Howrah.
Total
Sheep.
Anthrax.
27
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2
Sheep pox.
28
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Pleuro Pneumonia.
29
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Foot and mouth
disease.
30
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Scab.
31
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Other diseases.
32
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
4
..
22
..
1
..
7
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1
..
4
..
..
1
..
40
Other causes.
33
..
..
12
..
..
...
..
..
..
..
..
2
12
5
..
..
..
..
2
..
3
..
3
..
..
2
..
41
Total.
34
..
..
12
..
..
..
..
..
4
..
22
2
1
12
7
5
..
..
..
..
4
..
4
..
7
..
..
3
..
83
Goats.
Anthrax.
35
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
29
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
29
Sheep pox.
36
..
..
..
..
..
48
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
48
Pleuro Pneumonia.
37
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
There was mortality recorded amongst poultry and pigs, as detailed below :—
1. Poultry
..
..
358
2. Pigs
..
..
13
Total
..
..
371
Total carried over
.. 26,949
Grand total
..
.. 27,320
deaths due to Ranikhet disease.
deaths on account of Foot and Mouth disease.
deaths.
deaths.
deaths.