NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
25
During the year 15 ponies and 48 cattle were remanded
by the Presidency Magistrate, of which only one was sent to
Pinjrapole.
(c) The Shoeing Forge.—The forge attached to the Col-
lege continued to be popular, but the slight decrease in the
number of horses shod during the year is due to the general
decline in horse-drawn vehicles. The forge afforded material
for the practical instruction in shoeing. The receipts from
the forge as per table given below showed a net profit of
Rs. 519-9-0 during the year :—
Number shod.
1929-30.
978
1930-31.
905
Number of shoes
repaired.
1929-30.
291
1930-31.
320
Fees realized.
1929-30.
Rs.
2,233
A.
5
P.
0
1930-31.
Rs.
2,042
A.
0
P.
0
(d) Fees.—The scale of fees was the same as that of last
year.
The statement below shows the number of cases treated
at the hospital and the fees collected during the years 1929—
30 and 1930-31:—
1929-30 .. ..
1930-31 .. ..
Total number
of cases
treated.
3,558
3,794
Total receipts of
the hospital.
Rs.
6,633
4,875
A.
13
12
P
6
6
The fall in the hospital receipts is due to cases belonging
to people who are in receipt of an income of less than Rs. 200
being treated free, as per revised rules introduced in the year
1928.
Through strenuous efforts the outstandings which were
large at the beginning of the year were reduced to
Rs. 345-15-0 as against Rs. 1,137-5-0 outstanding at the end
of previous year.
2. Rayapuram Dispensary.
The dispensary continued to be under the supervision of
the Principal. Veterinary Assistant Surgeon A. Raja Rao
Nayudu held charge of the dispensary from the beginning of
the year till 8th July 1930 when Veterinary Assistant Surgeon
M. Noor Ahmed took over and continued till the close of the
year. The institution had to move into a rented building
No. 2/34, Cemetery Road, Washermanpet, on 1st November
1930 as the Old Jail Buildings in which it was located since
4
26
its inception was to be demolished and utilized for some other
purpose. The figures furnished below will testify to the
increasing popularity and usefulness of the institution although
it continued to be a part-time dispensary. In addition to
providing materials for the clinical instruction of the students
of the College for which it is intended, it has been a real boon
to the owners of cattle and other animals in the neighbour-
hood :—
1929-31 ..
1930-31 ..
Equines.
53
36
Bovines.
330
621
Others.
986
1,468
Total.
1,369
2,125
Average daily
attendance
23.00
31.3
The following operations, major and minor, and castra-
tions were also performed during the year :—
Major operations
Minor operations
Castrations
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
53
103
5
One hundred and forty-seven specimens consisting of blood
smears, scrapings, dung, tumours, and pus were sent to the
College by this dispensary. It sent thirteen canines for obser-
vation for rabies and fifteen animals of various species for
operation and treatment.
IV.—LABORATORY.
(a) Pathology and Bacteriology.
M.R.Ry. K. Kailasam Ayyar Avargal was in charge of the
section from the beginning of the year till 4th July 1930 when
Mr. G. A. Ajwani took charge as Acting Lecturer in Pathology
and Bacteriology. In the re-arrangement of work, the rinder-
pest virus production section was constituted and continued
to be under the supervision and charge of M.R.Ry. K. Kaila-
sam Ayyar Avargal with two veterinary assistant surgeons.
During the year under report 1,077 specimens and other
morbid materials were received for examination, of which 390
were of pathological interest. This number does not include
the number examined in connexion with the items of research
27
work. The number of specimens received and examined is
shown below :—
Serial
number.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Particulars.
From the staff of the Civil Veterinary
Department .. .. ..
From the different wards of the
College .. .. .. .. ..
From the Corporation of Madras ..
From the Coimbatore Agricultural
College and Agricultural Farms in
the Presidency .. .. ..
From the Forest Department ..
From the States (Coorg, Cochin, and
Jeypore) .. .. .. ..
From the Hunt Club .. ..
From the Madras Medical College ..
From the Tasker Veterinary Insti-
tute, Bangalore .. .. ..
1929-30.
603
235
12
135
..
..
3
1
1
1930-31.
749
175
12
136
2
3
..
..
..
The total number of specimens confirmed by microscopical
examination and biological test for the several diseases is 549.
Samples of industrial materials such as hides, skins and
goat hair were examined in twelve cases in the year of which
anthrax infection were found to be present in two cases.
In the course of the examination of the different materials
received in the laboratory as well as of carcasses for post-
mortem examination, special mention deserves to be made of
the following :—
1. A case of the rupture of the wall of the right
auricle of the heart in a horse belonging to the Madras City
Police.
2. In the course of the routine post-mortem examina-
tions a case of puepural of sepsis in a bitch, and pleurisy and
pyaemic nephritis in a dog were noticed.
Post-mortem examination.—The total number of post-
mortem examinations conducted on requisition was 84.
Vaccines.—During the year under report vaccines were
prepared and supplied for 105 cases. The results after inocu-
lation reported so far are satisfactory.
In addition to the above, 727 doses of pseudo-fowl-pest
vaccine were issued.
Contagious abortion.—Cases of abortion continued to occur
in Chintaldevi and Hosur. Materials from nine suspected
cases were received, but agglutination tests conducted with
the sera of suspected animals did not give positive reaction
to B. abortus (Bang).
28
Bovine lymphangitis.—Stock cultures were maintained.
During the year 25 cases were confirmed microscopically for
bovine lymphangitis and vaccine supplied for 49 clinical cases.
The results reported were satisfactory. A strain of the
organism of bovine lymphangitis isolated by M.R.Ry.
V. Krishnamurti Ayyar Avargal, Professor of Pathology and
Bacteriology, and morbid materials pertaining to an experi-
mental case were sent by him to the Director, Lister Institute,
London, for opinion and he identified the organism as B,
pseudotuberculosis rodentium type III. Cultures of the above
type were also received from Lister Institute, London, which
are being maintained.
Nasal granuloma in cattle.—Nine cases of nasal granuloma
in bovines due to streptothrix and three specimens of rhino-
sporidium were confirmed microscopically.
Leptospira ictero hæmorrhagica.—One case of leptospira
ictero hæmonhagica was recorded this year.
Rabies.—Eighty-four specimens were examined in this
laboratory for rabies and 60 were found to be positive on
microscopical examination. Out of the 60 cases confirmed
four are bovines.
Johne's disease.—Five smears suspected for Johne's
disease were sent by the Veterinary Assistant Surgeon, in
charge of the Veterinary Hospital, Agricultural College,
Coimbatore. Three of them relate to cow No. 92 and two to
cow No. 21 and all of them were positive for this disease.
Actinomycosis.—One specimen of a growth from the inside
of the left cheek of a bullock was received from the Veteri-
nary Assistant Surgeon in charge of the Veterinary Dispen-
sary, Nuzvid, and was confirmed microscopically. Another
specimen smear from a heifer was received from the Veteri-
nary Assistant Surgeon in charge of the Veterinary Dispen-
sary, Guruzala, which also showed bodies suspicious of ray
fungus, but no growth could be obtained.
Botriomycosis.—It is interesting to record a case of botrio-
mycosis in a piece of scrotal growth received from the Veteri-
nary Assistant Surgeon in charge of the Veterinary Hospital,
Berhampur.
Villous papilloma —Was found to be common amongst
animals in the Nilgiris, the symptoms observed during life
being hæmaturia. Three specimens were received from the
Veterinary Assistant Surgeon in charge of the Veterinary
Hospital, Coonoor, and two from the Veterinary Hospital,
Ootacamund. Those received from Ootacamund were from
29
two bullocks suffering from hæmaturia for a considerable
time. Out of the three specimens received from the Veteri-
nary Hospital, Coonoor, two were from cows and one from
a bullock ; of the two cows, one was of Ayrshire breed. All
the above specimens were confirmed microscopically for
villous papilloma of the bladder.
(b) Parasitology.
M.R.Ry. M. R. V. Panikkar Avargal was in charge of this
section till 2nd July 1930 on which date M.R.Ry. M. Ananta-
narayana Rao Avargal took over and continued to remain in
charge.
The numbers of specimens received and examined in this
section including those which were received in the clinical
laboratory are shown below :—
(1) From the staff of the Civil Veteri-
nary Department ... ...
(2) From the Corporation of Madras.
(3) From the Wards of the College.
(4) From the Forest Department ...
(5) From the Agricultural Department.
(6) From the Coorg Government ...
Total ...
1929-30.
465
161
1,463
2
21
2
2,114
1930-31.
770
304
2,606
2
2
4
3,688
The above figures do not include the number of specimens
collected by the staff of this section. The total number of
blood smears examined was 859 and it was found that many
of them revealed the small and large piroplasms of cattle and
some showed trypanosomes. Eight hundred and eighty-seven
samples of fæces were examined and it is interesting to record
that ova of schistosoma indicum have been found in the fæces
of sheep from near Anantapur where these animals were
reported to be dying. These ova have not been recorded
hitherto in this part of the Presidency. Three hundred and
eight samples of scrapings from the skins of various animals
were examined and it is noted that sarcoptic and demodectic
mange seem to be common in this Presidency.
Helminthes.—Sixty-seven bottles containing specimens of
helminthes were received from different parts of the Presi-
dency. Besides these 92 bottles of worms were collected by
the staff of this section from different animals. Twenty-two
specimens of parasites have been added to the collection m the
museum this year. It appears that syngamus trachælis in
30
the chicken has not been recorded in this Presidency till now.
The specimens came from the Veterinary Assistant Surgeon
in charge of the Veterinary Dispensary, Tellicherry. It is
interesting to record that a tumour of spirocerca sanguinolenta
was recovered from the hip joint of a dog. This specimen
was received from the Veterinary Assistant Surgeon in charge
of the Veterinary Hospital, Vizianagaram. Specimens of
gastrodiscus species have been collected from an elephant
and these have not been recorded from that animal hitherto.
(c) Entomology.
A survey of ticks on cattle in this Presidency was under-
taken. One. hundred and thirty-two tubes containing ticks
and a few other ceteroparasites were received from various
parts of the Presidency. Besides these 20 tubes were collected
by the staff of this section. It is observed that ticks belong-
ing to the Genera hæmaphysalis, hyalomma and margaropus
seem to be very common. Occasionally a species of Rhiphi-
cephalus was met with in cattle. For want of time it has
not been possible to classify all these ticks into respective
species. A few ticks were obtained from a panther and they
were found to be hæmaphysalis bispinosa and hæmaphysalis
leachi. On one occasion a species of Amblyoma was obtained
from a cow. Some good specimens of Argus persicus were
collected and added to the collection of the College Museum.
It was found that hæmaphysalis bispinosa was not selective
in choosing its host.
From Palghat a few larvæ of œstrus ovis were obtained
and flies hatched in the laboratory and kept in the museum.
Some African biting flies, viz. :—Glossina, Cordylobia,
Auchmeromia, etc., were obtained by M.R.Ry. M. Ananta-
narayana Rao Avargal through the courtesy of Dr. P. A. Box-
ton of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,
London. These have been presented to the College for
demonstration purposes.
Larvæ of some unknown fly which seem to produce intes-
tinal myiasis in the dog have been collected from the fæces
of a hound that died in the kennels belonging to the Raja
of Khallikote.
(d) Clinical Laboratory.
This laboratory continued to examine materials such as
blood fæces, urine, scrapings, etc., received from the wards,
etc., during the hospital hours, and the final year students
were given the opportunity to acquire practical knowledge
in the methods employed in the examination of materials sent
for diagnosis.
31
M.R.Ry. L. S. Parameswara Ayyar was in charge of this
laboratory from 1st April 1930 to 29th July 1930 when
M.R.Ry. G. R. Viswanathan took over and continued to the
end of the year under report.
(e) Rinderpest virus Section.
The work in this section continued to be done under the
immediate supervision of M.R.Ry. K. Kailasam Ayyar Avargal.
Two Veterinary Assistant Surgeons were attached to this sec-
tion to assist the officer in charge. The other staff consisted
of an attender and three cattlemen.
The animals used for rinderpest virus production consist-
ed of heifer, bull and buffalo calves and the virulence of the
virus was maintained by the alteration of passages between
hull and buffalo. Experiments on the result of the passage
of rinderpest virus through sheep and goats were conducted
during the early part of the year under report. Twenty-six
goats and 17 sheep were used for the purpose. Although the
number of animals used in this experimental work does not
warrant general conclusions being drawn as to the results, yet
it appears reasonable to infer from the reactions observed in
these animals that repeated passage of rinderpest virus through
sheep exalts the virulence for bovines and similar passage of
the virus through goats attenuates the virulence for bovines.
In fact it was found to be not possible to propagate the virus
in the goat after the fourth or fifth passage.
The virus producers were housed in the existing temporary
thatched sheds. It has been decided not to renovate or re-
build these sheds in view of the proposed Serum Institute in
Madras to which this virus section will be transferred.
From 1st April 1930 to 31st March 1931, 380,575 c. cs.
of virus were prepared covering 531 brews of which the
quantity issued to the staff was 308,500 c.cs. The issue of
virus included the indents from Hyderabad State for 4,155 c.c.
of virus. The potency of the virus was quite satisfactory.
Statement showing the quantity of rinderpest virus pre-
pared and issued during the past three years :—
1928-29 (5 months) ..
1929-30 .. ..
1930-31 .. ..
Quantity of
virus prepared.
154,045 c. c.
467,675 „
380,575 „
Quantity of
virus issued.
119,175 c.c.
383,700 „
308,500 „
32
The decrease in the quantity of virus prepared in the year
under report is due to the demand being less as compared with
the previous year.
Theileria mutans was detected in 156 calves out of 454
examined, either alone or with other intercurrent affections.
No restrictions were imposed on the issue of Theileria-infect-
ed virus as in the previous years.
Other protozoon infections such as resuscitation of piro-
plasma begeminum either alone or associated with theileria
mutans were found in 68 cases. Trypanosomiasis was detect-
ed in three and microfilaria in ten cases and these were not
utilized for virus production.
The total number of microscopical specimens examined
in the rinderpest section during the year amounted to 11,156
as against 10,444 of the previous year and 346 post mortem
examinations were conducted on the carcasses of calves used
for virus production.
Animal supplies.—The number of calves purchased for
virus production from 1st April 1930 to 31st March 1931 was
454 of which 101 were buffalo calves. Twenty-six goats and
17 sheep were also purchased for experimental purposes. The
number of calves that remained on the roll on 1st April 1931
was 17.
Anti-rinderpest serum—Experiments on the preparation
of.—During the year under report Government sanctioned
the proposal to manufacture anti-rinderpest serum locally as
an experimental measure with a view to find out whether anti-
rinderpest serum of the required potency can be made in
Madras during the hot and cold weather, the scheme being
to manufacture and issue after laboratory tests serum suffi-
cient to immunize at least 1,000 cattle by the simultaneous
method in the different parts of the Presidency under ordinary
field conditions. M.R.Ry. K. Kailasam Ayyar Avargal was
put in charge of this work of serum production in addition
to his other duties.
The work began on 1st January 1931 and at the end of
the official year the total quantity of serum issued for use in
the various parts of the Presidency was 43,500 c.c. sufficient
to immunize by the S.S. method about 1,200 head of cattle.
The reports of inoculation so far received from the field offi-
cers indicate that the serum has stood the test under ordinary
field conditions. It is hoped that by the end of six months,
the period for which the experimental scheme was sanctioned,
the local serum will have been used on about 3,500 cattle.
33
V.—CONTAGIOUS DISEASES IN MADRAS CITY.
During the year under review, the following held charge
of the office of the Glanders Inspector for the periods shown
against their names :—
M.R.Ry. K. S. Natesa Ayyar—From 1st April 1930 to
1st May 1930.
M.R.Ry. P. A. Parthasarathi Nayudu—From 2nd May
1930 to 8th May 1930.
M.R.Ry. K. Seshagiri Rao Nayudu—From 9th May
1930 to 8th August 1930.
Mr. M. Noor Ahmed—From 9th August 1930 to 3rd
September 1930.
M.R.Ry. T. Raghavan—From 4th September 1930 on-
wards.
The Glanders Inspector, Madras City, did systematic tour
in the City and attended to the outbreaks of contagious
diseases. During his tour, 1,274 horses and 1,691 head of
cattle were inspected by him. He also inspected 177 horses
that arrived in Madras either by rail or boat.
Glanders.—He tested 204 horses in all for glanders and
farcy and none proved positive.
Rinderpest.—Rinderpest was prevalent in some parts of
the City and he inspected 224 cattle-yards and conducted serum
virus inoculations on 1,660 head of cattle and serum alone
inoculation on 508 head of cattle, including Corporation bul-
locks. He treated 35 cases of foot-and-mouth disease and
115 cases of rinderpest.
Surra.—Two ponies were found to be suffering from this
disease. One of them died and the other was destroyed under
the Act and compensation given.
Anthrax.—Four deaths were reported in January 1931
from the Corporation Cattle Depot at Choolai.
VI.—RESEARCH.
(a) Pathology Section.
Pseudo-fowl-pest.—Further study on pseudo-fowl-pest was
undertaken during the year by M.R.Ry K. Kailasam Ayyar
Avargal with a view to determine the infectivity of materials
such as nervous tissue, swabs from throat and cultures from
heart, blood, etc., of infected birds. The experiments, con-
ducted so far appears to justify the conclusion that the above
materials are equally as infective as the liver and spleen which
5
34
have already been dealt with. Since the post-m
in fowls so closely simulated those met with in
rinderpest in bovines, a preliminary study of c
undertaken.
Cross tests.—Two calves were inoculated w
from fowls which died of the disease, to ascerta
if any, on bovines. These calves, though ino
with the virus from fowls, failed to show any
subsequently reacted to rinderpest.
With a view to find out whether heating the
effect upon its virulence or infectivity and also
its pathogenic effect on other species of birds, t
two pigeons were inoculated subcutaneously w
and spleen emulsion from an infected fowl, on
pigeon being given the virus heated to 60 degre
for one hour. Both pigeons and one fowl, N
received the non-heated virus succumbed to t
intervals of six, seven and nine days respective
which received the heated virus survived and it
lated with several strains of not-heated virus
these inoculations and it was subsequently dest
preparation of a prophylactic vaccine.
As the available literature on the subject ma
of any prophylactic or curative agent of any value
with this disease, a prophylactic vaccine was
the liver and spleen of fowls that had recove
attack of pseudo-fowl-pest.
A series of controlled immunity tests was
the vaccine and the results were found to be
warrant the issue of the vaccine for use in the
the year, 727 doses of vaccine were issued to the
indents and the reports received so far have be<
the mortality following the vaccination of bird
gible.
The investigation conducted so far has sh
virus of pseudo-fowl-pest is of
a filtr
Culture tubes inoculated with virulent r
shown no visible growth of pathogenic c
could any specific organism be demonstrated
or other tissues of affected birds. The period
as observed varied from 24 hours to 5 days,
over five days. From the tests which have
far, it has been found that besides the saliva, a
tents and heart blood the tissues such as liv
35
brain tissue appear to be suitable as material for vaccine. As
regards immunity following the use of the vaccine, it is pre-
mature to say how long the immunity lasts. It would appear
that at least a week must elapse after vaccination for birds
to resist infection.
Owing to the widespread outbreak of the disease in the
City and in the districts, it was rather difficult to secure healthy
fowls for experimental purposes, but all possible precautions
were however taken in selecting healthy birds for the experi-
ment. These were kept under observation whenever possible.
Virulent materials from bovines infected with rinderpest
were injected into nine fowls and in all the post-mortem find-
ings were confirmed
for pseudo-fowl-pest. So far it
has not been possible to infect bovines with virus from
fowls infected with the disease, but lesions simulating
those of pseudo-fowl-pest were produced among fowls when
injected with virulent materials from cases of rinderpest in
bovines.
An anti-serum from recovered birds was prepared, but it
failed to protect the tested birds against infection.
A paper on this disease was read at the All-India Veterinary
Conference held during the year at Bangalore.
Mr. G. A. Ajwani was in charge of the experiments in
connexion with rinderpest vaccine, sarcoma and carcinoma.
Rinderpest vaccine.—Attempts were made to conduct this
work on lines similar to those adopted by previous
workers, viz., G. Curasson and Delphy, J. Walker, R. A. Kelser
and Boynton. The observations noted in the course of this
short experiment are given below. It may, however, be
mentioned at the outset that this work had to be discontinued
owing to an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease before any
conclusions could be arrived at :—
Four kinds of vaccines were employed, viz.—
1. Curasson and Delphy's,
2. Walker's,
3. Kelser's, and
4. Boynton's.
Seven calves were employed to test Curasson and Delphy's
vaccine, one to test Walker's vaccine, three for Kelser's and
three for Boynton's vaccine. Out of seven calves employed
for Curasson and Delphy's vaccine, three calves did not show
any evidence of rinderpest infection, three calves were
destroyed owing to the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease,
and one calf died of piroplasmosis.