NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
Description of the Plates.
[Except where otherwise noted all x 350.]
PLATE I.–Photographs, natural size.
1. Cupressus torulosa with teleutospore beds as seen in dry weather.
2. Ditto ditto
ditto as seen in rainy weather.
PLATE II.—1. Under surface of leaf with æcidia, natural size.
2. Upper surface
ditto.
3. Germinating teleutospore: two promycelia.
4. Promycelium showing one sporidium.
5. Teleutospore shortly after immersion in water.
6. (a) Outline of terminal end of promycelium.
(b)
R i p e s p o r i d i u m .
(
c
) G e r m i n a t i n g s p o r i d i u m .
7. Germinating sporidium: three days in water.
8. Abnormal division of promycelium into cells, instead of forming sporidia:
48 hours in water.
9. Outline of teleutospore showing disc at base, x 900.
10. Abnormal germination of ends of terminal cells of promycelia into
sporidial germ tubes.
11. Peridial cells, (a) as seen flat, (b) as seen in optic section, showing mode
of union to one another.
12. Germinating æcidiospore.
13. Peridial cells and æcidiospores of æcidium from Almora (drawn by
Dr. D. D. Cunningham).
PLATE III.—1. Photograph, natural size, of a shoot attacked in my garden.
2. Figure illustrating æcidium from Almora (by Dr. D. D. Cunningham).
3. Photograph of transverse section of leaf through an æcidium (photo
-graph by Dr. D. D. Cunningham).
PLATE I
Survey of India Offices.Calcutta. October 1889.
Photo-etching.
GYMNOSPORANGIUM CUNNINGHAMIANUM.
From photographs by A.Barclay.
Barclay.
PLATE II.
GYMNOSPORANGIUM CUNNINGHAMIANUM.
No. 2692. Sa n. —27- 11- 89. —350.
Litho., S. I. 0., Cal cut t a. .
GYMNOSP<illegible>
PLATE III
<illegible> GYMNOSPORANGIUM CUNNINGHAMIANUM.
A. Barclay
On a Chrysomyxa on Rhododendron arboreum, SM.
( CHRYSOMYXA HIMALENSE, NOV. SP.)
BY
SURGEON-MAJOR A. BARCLAY, M.B.
BENGAL MEDICAL SERVICE.
This is an extremely conspicuous, and very widely distributed Uredine in
the Simla region, where Rhododendron arboreum is most common. The
mycelium is, for the most part, perennial, and attacked shoots are, year after
year, so arrested in growth that a conspicuous clump of leaves ("witches'
broom" or "Hexenbesen") is produced, by which attacked trees are readily
distinguished at any time of the year. Were it not for this the presence of
the parasite in any tree would be recognizable only from early spring to the end
of May, during which time the remarkably striking fructification has com-
menced and ended. This has its seat especially on the petioles, and along the
midrib a short distance into the leaf blade. When ripe, the fruit bodies clothe
the petioles so densely as to hide it completely (Fig. 2, Plate I). Each separate
fruit body is very prominently club-shaped, or mushroom-shaped. The ex-
panded upper part measures on an average 2 m.m. in diameter, and the whole
body about 1.5 m.m. in length from its base on the petiole. Some are, of
course, a little larger and some smaller. But, although the fruit bodies are
characteristically situated on the petioles and on the lower portions of the
midribs, they are also occasionally found on the main axis of the shoot (Fig. I,
Plate I), and as isolated groups on the leaf blade. During dry weather, or if
they be kept a few hours in a moist atmosphere, they become pure yellow, due
to rapid sporidial formation. This change in colour is very striking.
Very early in spring (March) the petioles of the leaves which were
unfolded in the previous spring, but which are usually much smaller in size than
normal leaves on healthy shoots, are seen to be uniformly orange red, while as
yet there is no swelling or distortion of any kind. Although smaller, the leaves
are not in any other respect different from normal leaves. Later, small wart-
like projections are formed on the petioles, and these grow gradually until,
towards the latter part of April and early May, they attain their maximum
size and shape. While this maturation of the fruit bodies is proceeding,
the Rhododendron trees are putting forth their new shoots and leaves, and
the shoots which are invaded by the parasite, and on whose old leaves the
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Scientific Memoirs by
fruit bodies are maturing, form no exception. The only difference is that,
whilst normally the new shoots are elongated, and bear large leaves, those
arising from an attacked shoot remain stunted, and put forth smaller leaves.
Now, it is a significant fact that these newly unfolded leaves, whether on healthy
shoots or not, although unfolded during the scattering of sporidia from the
neighbouring fruit bodies of Chrysomyxa, never present any outward sign
whatever of attack: they remain perfectly natural in appearance, though, as I
have already observed, those arising from infected stems are usually smaller
(Fig. 1, Plate I). This fact, of which I have convinced myself by repeated observ
-ation during the last three years, appears to render it extremely improbable
that the fungus is autœcious, and it is not therefore comparable with Chryso
-myxa Abietis. To this point I will, however, return. Another general point to
which I may draw attention before proceeding to a detailed description of the
fungus itself is that, although I have often searched for uredospores, I have
never found any trace of them.
A.—Microscopic Characters of Fungus.
A.—On the Leaf-blade. —As already stated, localized affections of the leaf-
blade are not common. When found, they are always on the older leaves of the
preceding year's growth, and never on the newly unfolded leaves. In such
cases there is usually but one group of fruit bodies (about 25 in number on an
average) on the blade, distant from the midrib, and always on the lower surface.
The position is indicated above on the upper surface by a reddish-brown patch
of discolouration. The fruit bodies here are identical in shape and structure
with those on the petiole, but are a little smaller.
The tissue of the leaf-blade is not much thickened at the sites of mycelial
invasion. Whilst the whole depth of tissue in the blade of a normal leaf is about
0.315 m.m., at attacked places it is about 0.346 m.m. The mycelium is,
however, very abundant in attacked areas, extending from midway between
the inner of the two palisade layers of cells, which normally exist in these leaves,
to the epidermis of the lower surface (Fig. 2, Plate II). The hyphæ, which
measure on an average 5µ in diameter, are of the usual characters, but contain
an abundance of orange-red oil globules; they ramify among the cells, sometimes
destroying them, but never in this place penetrating them to form haustoria.
The intercellular spaces in the spongy tissue are entirely filled up with myceli
-um. Indeed, in passing from natural tissue to the margin of attacked areas,
the first noticeable variation consists in the obliteration of these air spaces,
partly through their occupation by mycelium, and partly by cell proliferation
(Fig. 3, Plate II). Immediately below the young fruit bodies which have just
come to the surface, most of the spongy cells are disintegrated, but the palisade
cells remain normal in appearance. The first commencement (inception) of
80
82
Scientific Memoirs by
The cells composing the stalk of the body are long, narrow and septate. Higher
up, in the expanded head, these primary stalk cells give rise to a series of large
cells, three to four in number, which are usually branched or forked (Fig. 1 b ,
Plate II). The cells of this series, which practically make up the expanded
head of the sporophore, are about 25 x 13µ, but vary considerably in size.
These large cells again give rise, apparently successively, from above down
-wards, to narrow tubular prolongations towards the upper surface of the fruit
body. These are about 80µ long and 4µ in diameter. When the end of this
projection reaches the surface, it expands slightly, and then divides into four
cells by transverse septa, forming a regular promycelium (Fig. 1a ,
P l a t e I I ) .
Each cell of the promycelium then gives rise to a long narrow sterigma, bear
-ing an oval or round sporidium at its end, orange red in colour, and measuring
from 9 x 9 to 12 x 10µ. The sporidia are thrown off forcibly by some mecha
-nism probably like that of Coprinus, just as they are said by de Bary to be
thrown off in C. Rhododendri. The force by which this is accomplished is,
however, feeble. Hence four sporidia are formed by each promycelium. Thus,
four distinct parts may be distinguished in the sporophore, ( a ) the primary
lowermost stalk cells, (b) the large central cells which give rise to the promy
-celia, (c) the secondary stalk cells, of the promycelia, and ( d) the promycelia
proper, with sterigmata and sporidia. The sporidia germinate at once, throw
-ing out the usual germ tube, and this may give rise to a secondary sporidium
(Fig. 4, Plate II). The promycelia measure about 50µ in length by 10µ in
breadth.
B.—General Remarks.
Having thus concluded a description of this parasite, I will pass on to more
speculative ground and consider the relation of this Himalayan form to the
European species, and to its possible connection with the æcidial forms which
occur on the Coniferæ in this region, for, despite many and prolonged attempts
to discover what becomes of the sporidia so abundantly shed every year, I have
never succeeded in following its history. From the very clear description of the
European species given by de Bary, 1 i t w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t t h i s H i m a l a y a n s p e c i e s
differs considerably from Chrysomyxa Rhododendri (D.C.) The most striking
difference consists in the truly perennial habit of the mycelium in the Himalayan
species, and in the usual seat of the eruption of spore beds, two characters which
give it a very peculiar appearance. The mycelium of C. Rhododendri is men
-tioned as occurring only in localized areas of the leaf-blade, and as disappearing
therefore with the fall of the annual leaves bearing them. In this respect there
is as much difference between these two species as exists between the Æcidium of
P. Graminis and Æcidium Magelhaenicum, Berk, on the Barberry. Another im
-portant difference consists in the absence of uredospores in the Himalayan species,
1 Æ c i d i u m a b i e t i n u m ,
B o t a n i s c h e Z e i t u n g , N o s . 4 8 t o 5 2 , 1 8 7 9 .
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
85
already given reasons for excluding the idea that the fungus is autœcious. On
the one hand, it is probable that so widely diffused a teleutosporic form is con-
nected with a widely distributed Æcidium, but, on the other hand, considering
the advantage gained by the teleutosporic form in having a resistant perennial
mycelium, it is quite possible that it may be connected with a very rare Æcidium;
and that immense numbers of sporidia are formed to ensure an occasional com-
pletion of life-history. With this possibility in view I have applied the sporidia
to several hosts bearing æcidia in this neighbourhood, but always without result.
With regard to the geographical distribution of this parasite I have no in-
formation. From some information very kindly given me by Mr. Gamble, Con-
servator of Forests, Madras, I infer the possible existence of a Chrysomyxa at
Ootacamund in the Nilghiris on R. arboreum, var. nilagirica. Some fungus on
this tree produces clumps of "witches' broom," and in all probability this is a
Chrysomyxa; but I have not yet been able to examine it. There are no native
Coniferæ in this place, and Mr. Gamble has not looked for any æcidia on the
cultivated trees. He has, however, kindly promised to look for any such in the
coming season.
Description of the Plates.
PLATE I.—1. Photograph, natural size, of a stunted shoot, showing the stem and
petioles of the older leaves covered with fruit-bodies, and the
younger leaves, just unfolded, quite free.
2. Photograph, natural size, showing two separated older leaves with
petioles covered with fruit-bodies.
PLATE II—1. Promycelia: ( a) x 350, showing promycelium divided into four cells,
each with a sterigma from which the sporidia have fallen off: ( b)
x 150, showing two promycelia, with their stalks and the central
cells giving rise to them.
2.Transverse section of leaf showing inception of fruit-bodies, x 150.
3.Ditto at margin of area of invasion. At ( a) the intercelluiar spaces
are filled with mycelium: at (b) the tissue is normal, x 150.
4.Sporidia showing germination, and formation of secondary sporidia,
x 580.
5.Photograph of transverse section of petiole, by Dr. D. D. Cunningham,
showing mature fruit-body (compare with DeBary's figure of
C. Rhododendri).
6. Photograph of cortical tissue of petiole by Dr. D. D. Cunningham,
showing aggregations of mycelium in intercellular spaces.
PLATE I.
Survey of India Offices. Calcutta, November
CHRYS OMYXA HIMALENSE.
PLATE II.
Photo-etching.
CHRYSOMYXA HIMALENSE.
A. Barclay.
Survey of India Offices. Calcutta, January 1890.
On the Life-history of a Uredine on Rubia cordifolia, Linn.
(PUCCINIA COLLETTIANA, NOV. SP. )
BY
SURGEON-MAJOR A. BARCLAY, M.B.
BENGAL MEDICAL SERVICE.
In this species we have an interesting, and experimentally proved example
of the complete exclusion of æcidial fructification. The natural history of the
fungus led me long ago to believe that it was a complete autœcious species;
but, in the absence of experimental evidence, I was obliged to disregard my
conviction, and in my descriptive list of the Uredinea of the Simla region,1 I
named it provisionally P. helvetica, Schröter, noting my hesitation whether
i t w a s c o r r e c t l y s o n a m e d . S i n c e t h e n I h a v e f o u n d b y e x p e r i m e n t t h a t t h e
species is, indeed, complete without any æcidial fructification; and it must, there
- f o r e , b e a n e w s p e c i e s , a s I c a n f i n d n o e v i d e n c e t h a t S c h r ö t e r ' sP
. h e l v e t i c a
i s
a complete species.
Although a few new shoots and leaves may be found on this host in certain
favourable localities as early as April, yet these are never found attacked in
nature. The host is not really in full vegetative activity until moist weather
sets in, from July to October, and it is then that it is attacked by this fungus.
Thereafter the plant dries up, and the persistent leaves remain for the most
part attached to the apparently dry stems throughout the winter, and until the
next period of vegetative activity recurs. These dried leaves may often be
seen bearing immense numbers of round black Puccinia pustules, frequently
with a markedly circinate arrangement, both on the upper and on the lower sur
-face of the leaf, but mostly on the upper. The petioles and stems also bear
them, the pustules here being usually elongated. The teleutospores from
these pustules do not germinate at once, but only after a period of rest, i e. not
until the following spring. In nature they do not, as a rule, germinate until
July, but I have observed them germinating in my laboratory as early as April.
This they do in the usual manner (Figs. 2 and 6, Plate I). The promycelia divide
into four strikingly regular cells, and each produces a sporidium at the end of
a long finger-like sterigma (Fig. 2, Plate I). The sporidia are oval, measuring
from 12.5 X 10µ to 14 X 8µ. They germinate at once upon becoming
detached, in the usual way (Fig. 5, Plate I).
1 J o u r n a l o f t h e A s i a t i c S o c i e t y o f B e n g a l , 1 8 8 9 , V o l . L V I I I , P a r t I I .
2 Coloured illustrations of the natural appearance of the fungus are given in the Journal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal above referred to.
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
10th July, the plant ( a) displayed 25 leaves covered with spermogonial patches,
whilst plant ( b), though also very largely attacked, was not so greatly involved
as plant (a ). The latter was in a moister atmosphere, which must account for
the slight difference. These plants produced later an abundant crop of ure
-dospores, and on the 25th July, exactly a month after the primary inoculation,
I took off some uredospores, and, placing them in water, found that they
germinated freely and normally (Fig. 1, Plate I).
I then made inoculation experiments with primary uredospores on healthy
leaves. For example, on the 22nd August, I placed some uredospores upon
some drops of water which I had previously placed on young healthy leaves. I
then placed the inoculated plants (which were cut twigs with their ends in water)
in a glass box outside, within which the air is always very moist. On the 2nd
September, I noticed several pustules just breaking through the epidermis, and
although I searched both then and later carefully for spermogonia, I could find
no trace of them. Spermogonia appear therefore to be formed only by the
mycelia produced by sporidia, and not by the mycelia produced by uredo
-spores.
Unfortunately all my experiments were made upon cut twigs, and none of
them survived long enough to produce teleutospores. But the evidence already
given is quite sufficient to establish the fact that the species is complete, as I
have described it. I marked numerous leaves in nature in the secondary credo
stage, and found them bearing teleutospores towards the end of August.
This fungus would come under Schröter's group Brachypuccinia, and is
allied to such forms as P. suaveolens (Pers.), P. Oreoselini (Strauss), P. Vincœ
(D. C.), P. fusca (Relhan), P. Taraxaci (Plow.), P. bullata( P e r s . ) ,
P . H i e r a c i i
(Schum.), and P. Centaureœ, (Mart.). In P. suaveolens and P. fusca the mycelium
is perennial, or at any rate not localised. In P. Vincœ spermogonia are some
- t i m e s f o r m e d , a n d s o m e t i m e s n o t . I nP
. f u s c a
s p e r m o g o n i a a c c o m p a n y t h e
teleutospores, and æcidial fructification is rare in England according to Plow-
right.1 In P. Taraxaci spermogonia and uredo pustules are first formed, as in
the species under description, and teleutospore pustules later: and, while Plow-
right states that he has never seen any associated Aecidium, Grove asserts that
it does occur.2
This species would appear to lend strong support to the view now generally
gaining ground, especially on the authority of Brefeld, that spermogonia are not
sexual organs, but that the so-called spermatia are a form of conidia, like
sporidia. The only explanation that can be given in a case like the present in
favour of the older view is, either that the spermogonia are in course of being
suppressed, as in the case of P. Vincœ, or that, although the æcidial fructifica
-tion is usually dropped out of the cycle of development, it may occasionally
1
B r i t i s h U r e d i n e æ a n d U s t i l a g i n e æ , p . 1 8 2 .
2 Plowright, loc. cit., p. 187.
89
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Scientific Memoirs by
re-appear, and that on the assumption that this fructification is a sexually de
-veloped one, the male organs are retained for occasional sexual reproduction, as
in P. fusca, and perhaps also in P. Taraxaci. There is, however, no sign of im
-maturity as yet in the development of spermogonia; on the contrary, they form
a prominently characteristic feature; and during the four years I have watched
the fungus, I have never seen an occasional æcidium. On the other hand, this
fungus also negatives the view that the spermatia may exercise a sexual function
in the production of teleutospores, as most, if not all, of these are formed by
mycelia produced by primary uredospores, which bear no spermogonia, and even
the teleutospores that may be borne by mycelia producing spermatia are formed
long after the spermogonia have withered. (I must confess that I only assume
that the mycelia produced by sporidia bear teleutospores after a sufficient
number of uredospores have been shed; I have no direct evidence that this is
actually the case, as I unfortunately did not think of the matter in time. My
impression is that teleutospores are not borne by mycelia bearing uredospores
and spermogonia.) Lastly, it is obvious also that the spermatia have no causal
connection with the production of uredospores. The secondary uredospores
are morphologically undistinguishable from the primary, and the latter alone are
accompanied by spermogonia.
The sporidium differs from the uredospore physiologically in producing a
mycelium, which bears spermatia as well as uredospores.
The cycles of development may be shown graphically thus—
The diagnostic characters of this fungus, which I propose naming Puccinia
Collettiana, after my friend Colonel Collett, who is as accomplished a bota
- n i s t a s h e i s a d i s t i n g u i s h e d s o l d i e r , a r e b r i e f l y a s f o l l o w s : —
SPERMOGONIA: appearing earliest on mycelia produced by sporidia; mainly
hypophyllous; a tuft of paraphyses protruding through the mouth; spermatia
round to oval, 3 µ in diameter to 6×2 or 3µ
90
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
91
UREDOSPORES: (a) the primary on mycelia produced by sporidia; pustules
mainly hypophyllous, mostly circinate: ( b ) the secondary on mycelia produced
by uredospores; pustules mostly hypophyllous, not circinate. Both brown, be
- s e t w i t h p r o m i n e n t s p i n e s , n o t h o w e v e r v e r y c l o s e l y a g g r e g a t e d ; r o u n d t o o v a l ,
varying considerably in size, from 22 μ in diameter to 30 X 21 to 33 X 25μ on an
average 27 X 22μ ; each spore with two germ pores.
TEELEUTOSPORES: in pustules often circinate; mainly epiphyllous; dark
brown, two-celled (sometimes an occasional three-celled spore may be seen as re
- p r e s e n t e d i n F i g . 4 , P l a t e I ) ; c o n s t r i c t e d a t t h e s e p t u m ; w e l l m a r k e d a p i c a l
thickening; surface smooth; total length 49 to 54 μ by 13 to 15μ a t t h e s e p t u m ;
sporidia oval, 12.5 X 10μ to 14 X 8
μ
ÆCIDIOSPORES: absent.
Government of India Central Printing Office,—No. 6 S. C.—11.1.90.—300.—F.J. B.
Description of the Plate.
1. Primary uredospore germinating, x 350.
2. Upper end of promycelium, x 350.
3. Typical teleutospore, x 350.
4. Three-celled teleutospore in outline, x 350.
5. Germinating sporidium, x 350.
6. Germinating teleutospore showing curiously regular septation, x 350.
A. Barclay.
PUCCINIA COLLETTIANA.
PLATE I.
Reg. No. 2692, San.—37-11-89—350.
Litho. S. I. O., Calcutta.
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
MEDICAL OFFICERS OF THE ARMY OF INDIA.
EDITED BY
SIR BENJAMIN SIMPOSON, M.D., K.C.I.E.,
SURGEON-GENERAL WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA,
PART V.
1890.
1.—On Milk as a Medium for Choleraic Comma-Bacilli.—Surgeon-Major
D. D. Cunningham, M.B., F.R.S. (Page 1.)
2.—On the pathological histology of Rhinoscleroma.—Surgeon-Major
G. Bomford, M.D. (Page 41)
3.
—
A List of Laccadive Plants.—Surgeon David P rain, M.A., M.B.
(Page 47.)
4.—On the Life-history of a Himalayan Gymnosporangium (G. Cunning-
haminum, Nov. Sp.)—Surgeon-Major A. Barclay, M.B. (Page 71)
5.—On a Chrysomyxa on Rhododendron arboreum, Sm. (Chrysomyxa Hima
-
lense, Nov. Sp.)—surgeon-Major A. Barclay, M.B. (Page 79)
6.—On the Life-history of a Uredine on Rubia cordifolia, Linn. (Puccinia
Collettiana, Nov. Sp.)—surgeon-Major A. Barclay, M.B. (page 87) .
CALCUTTA:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1890.
Price Three Rupees.
Price Three Rupees.
ARMY REGULATIONS, INDIA.
VOLUME VIII.
VETERINARY.
Government of India
Military Department, 1904.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1904.
Price Ten Annas, or One Shilling.
PREFACE.
THIS volume contains the orders of the Government of India on veterinary
matters and is intended principally for the use of officers of the veterinary
service. Such subsidiary instructions as may be necessary will be issued in
pursuance of these orders under the orders of the Commander-in-Chief.
Officers
are expected to interpret these regulations reasonably and intelligently with due
regard to the interests of the service. No attempt has been made to prescribe for
necessary and self-evident exceptions, nor for such matters of detail as should be
provided for by local authorities.
The other volumes of regulations with which the veterinary service is con-
cerned are—
Army Regulations, India, Vol. I, "Pay and Allowances."
„ „ „ „
„ „ „ „
„ „ „ „
„ „ „ „
„ „ „ „
II, "Regulations and Orders for the
Army."
III, "Financial Instructions."
VII, "Dress."
X, "Passages."
XI, "Clothing."
King's Regulations, Army Act, and Indian Articles of War.
Field Service Regulations.
Field Service Manual, Veterinary.
(Corrected up to 1st January 1904.)