NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
13
1891.
No.
533
Breed.
Australian
Sex.
Gelding
Age.
8
Date of
purchase.
D.
10
m.
4
y.
88
Date of
attack.
D.
13
m.
9
y.
91
Date of
death.
D.
13
m.
9
y.
91
Time
elapsing
between
purchase
and attack.
Yrs.
3
days.
156
Time
elapsing
between
attack and
death.
REMARKS.
Destroyed.
1892.
No.
491
504
73
747
403
451
285
462
328
325
446
390
370
197
800
Breed.
Australian
Do.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Arab
Australian
Persian
Australian
Do.
Do
Herati
Australian
Sex.
Geiding
Do.
Do.
Do.
Mare
Gelding
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Mare
Gelding
Mare ...
Do.
Do.
Age.
7
14
19
9
7
7
7
14
11
13
9
12
11
9
8
Date of
purchase.
D.
27
14
31
8
31
25
17
0
8
26
23
22
22
6
22
m.
11
1
1
10
12
11
4
0
10
11
1
11
11
3
12
y.
91
84
80
88
90
91
92
88
88
86
90
86
86
89
88
Date of
attack.
D.
12
12
14
23
23
7
30
7
25
27
6
6
10
18
18
m.
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
y.
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
Date of
death.
D.
12
12
14
19
27
21
17
15
4
31
18
22
25
28
26
m.
9
9
9
10
10
11
1
12
1
1
12
12
1
1
2
y.
92
92
92
92
92
92
93
92
93
93
92
92
93
93
93
Time
elapsing
between
purchase
and attack.
Yrs. d
0
8
12
3
1
0
0
.....
4
5
2
6
6
3
3
ays.
290
243
228
351
267
317
196
48
1
318
14
18
287
362
Time
elapsing
between
attack and
death.
26 days.
34 „
45 „
110 „
38 „
40 „
65 „
12 „
16 „
46 „
41 „
70 „
REMARKS.
Destroyed.
Do.
Do.
Sent to Dr
Lingard.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Meteorological Charts of the City of Bombay, showing the climatic conditions from the
years 1888-92 inclusive, during which the previous Surra cases occurred.
1888.
Month,
January ...
February
March
..
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December...
Barometer
reduced to
32°.
Mean.
29.974
29.951
29.890
29.812
29.760
29.667
29.686
29.721
29.831
29.866
29.884
29.960
Temperature of Air.
Mean.
Maximum.
81.0
83.0
86.8
88.9
90.0
87.4
84.6
83.5
85.8
90.1
88.2
86.0
68.8
70.1
75.0
78.2
80.3
79.7
77.8
76.6
77.2
77.3
75.4
71.3
Temperature of
Radiation.
Hours
Sunshine.
272.2
300.1
304.1
301.3
308.2
163.3
42.5
40.2
185.4
287.3
246.6
290.4
In Sun.
130.9
139.0
141.2
145.0
147.8
139.6
128.2
133.6
143.2
144.5
141.0
139.2
Temperature of
Evaporation.
Mean.
68.5
69.8
74.2
76.6
77.9
79.0
78.0
76.6
76.8
76.8
74.1
69.5
Minimum.
64.9
67.8
70.7
73.7
75.4
76.4
75.2
74.2
74.4
73.0
70.0
64.9
Computed
Vapour
Tension.
Mean° F.
.613
.639
.760
.826
.860
.931
.910
.868
.855
.827
.747
.612
Relative
Humidity.
Meanº F.
73
72
74
74
73
83
85
86
81
73
71
66
Rainfall.
Inches.
1.85
0.02
0.10
0.00
0.00
15.76
22.47
11.43
4.92
0.11
1.16
0.00
B 1086—4
14
1889.
Month.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August ...
September
October ...
November...
December
Barometer
reduced to
33º.
Mean..
29.970
29.967
29.923
29.811
29.782
29.669
29.649
29.702
29.744
29.801
29.883
29.929
Temperature of Air.
Mean.
Maximum.
83.6
83.7
86.1
88.2
91.6
87.7
84.8
84.9
87.1
86.5
84.9
84.3
Minimum.
68.9
69 3
73.8
77.3
81.3
80.0
77.9
77.9
78.2
75.5
69.8
68.4
Temperature of
Radiation.
Hours
Sunshine.
303.4
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
In Sun.
137.3
138.7
140.5
143.6
145.8
135.9
129.6
133.5
142.8
139.6
137.7
136.5
Temperature of
Evaporation.
Mean.
68.8
69.0
73.1
76.5
79.7
79 3
78.1
77.6
78.9
75.6
69.9
68.2
Minimum.
63.6
63.5
69.0
73.2
76.7
76.3
75.5
75.1
75.6
72.4
65.2
63.2
Computed
Vapour
Tension.
Meanº F.
.605
.607
.719
.825
.924
.940
.918
.892
.899
.821
.637
.589
Relative
Humidity.
Meanº F.
69
69
72
76
75
83
86
84
83
80
71
69
Rainfall.
Inches.
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.67
19.89
30.45
10.32
2.71
3.80
0.00
0.00
1890..
Month.
January
February
March
April
May ...
June
July
August
September ...
October
November ...
December ..,
Barometer
reduced to
33.°
Mean.
29.910
29.910
29.843
29.787
29.757
29.635
29.669
29.759
29.785
29.856
29.918
29.946
Temperature of Air.
Mean.
Maximum.
84.7
85.2
85.8
88.4
89.7
85.4
83.4
83.2
84.3
86.6
85.7
83.6
Minimum.
68.6
70.6
74.3
78.0
80.0
77.6
76.2
75.2
76.2
75.6
73.3
70.5
Temperature
of Radia-
tion.
Temperature
in Sun.
136.4
137.3
139.7
141.0
143.2
132.3
127.2
132.3
136.9
137.6
134.0
131.8
Temperature of
Evaporation.
Mean.
67.9
70.1
72.7
76.6
77.8
78.1
76.7
75.4
75.5
75.4
72.2
69.7
Minimum.
62.9
64 2
70.1
73.2
75.0
74.8
74.0
73.0
73.4
72.1
68.8
65.4
Computed
Vapour
Tension.
Meanº F.
.573
.624
.710
.824
.858
.911
.875
.825
.822
.805
.704
.625
Relative
Humidity.
Meanº F.
66
67
71
75
74
85
86
84
82
78
72
70
Rainfall.
Inches.
0.00
0:00
0.00
0.01
0.06
24.55
21.34
10.61
6.45
0.58
1.25
0.13
15
1891.
Month.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Barometer
reduced to
32°
Mean.
29.952
29.941
29.867
29.836
29.768
29.737
29.656
29.751
29.793
29.858
29.898
29.959
Temperature of Air.
Mean.
Maximum.
83.4
82.3
84.6
87.2
89.9
90.5
84.4
84.7
84.7
88.8
88.3
86.8
Minimum.
67.5
66.9
72.0
76.5
80.1
81.6
77.8
77.6
76.3
76.4
73.6
70.5
Temperature of
Radiation.
Temperature
in Sun.
...
...
...
...
...
...
.....
...
...
...
...
...
133.4
133.1
136.7
140.2
141.5
140.0
122.4
131.3
133.7
138.4
137.6
134.0
Temperature of
Evaporation.
Mean.
66.9
66.4
70.5
75.6
77.9
79.2
77.7
77.0
76.7
75.9
71.2
68.2
Minimum.
59.8
60.1
66.3
72.2
75.8
77.1
75.3
74.9
74.0
72.7
67.5
63.4
Computed
Vapour
Tension.
Meanº F.
.555
.540
.634
.797
.864
.911
.905
.874
.866
.810
.646
.568
Relative
Humidity.
Meanº F.
66
64
67
75
75
76
86
84
85
76
65
62
Rainfall..
Inches.
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.00
0.00
13.99
32.48
6.94
22.53
1.04
0.00
0.00
1892.
Month.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Barometer
reduced to
32°.
Mean.
29.929
29.863
29.812
29:761
29.754
29.660
29.610
29.694
29.741
29.796
29.898
...
Temperature of Air.
Mean.
Maximum.
83.5
84.8
85.4
905
91.2
86.3
84.6
82.3
82.5
87.0
86.2
...
Minimum.
69.3
71.6
74.1
81.0
82.2
78.9
78.5
76.2
75.5
77.0
71.8
...
Temperature of
Radiation.
Temperature in
sun.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
131.1
134.2
134.3
140.0
140.8
140.3
133.4
127.2
129.6
138.3
136.8
...
Temperature of
Evaporation,
Mean.
68.9
70.0
736
78.7
78.3
78.7
78.1
76.6
761
77.4
70.4
...
Minimum.
63.6
65 2
69.8
76.0
76.1
76.0
75.7
74.5
73.8
74.2
66.1
...
Computed
Vapour
Tension.
Meanº F.
.606
.625
.747
.885
.857
.922
.913
.875
.857
.875
.640
...
Relative
Humidity.
Meanº F.
68
66
75
74
70
83
85
88
87
82
67
...
Rainfall.
Inches.
0.00
0.00
000
0 00
0.11
13.30
23'86
36.56
18.73
1.89
0 67
0.00
SECTION IV.
GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE.
The geographical range of this disease is much wider than it was once
imagined, and is one of the most important diseases affecting equines met with
in India. According to Evans, the natives of Dera Ismail Khan on the north-
western frontier east of the Indus have known this disease for several genera-
tions as an occasional scourge. It has now been recognized all along the low
country bordering the Indus. In the seventies at Asni near Rajanpore, one
41
15th, a second subcutaneous injection of 10 c.c. of urine from the same Horse
was administered, with less result than observed after the previous one. October
1892. The animal is still alive and healthy.
PERICARDIAL FLUID.—Two Guinea-pigs were each subcutaneously
inoculated on the 28th December 1891 with 1.0 c.c. of pericardial fluid taken
from Horse No. LVI, thirteen hours post mortem.
No. 1.—The latent period occupied ten days. There was a rise of temper-
ature from 38.4°C. to 40.1°C. on the day previous to the appearance of the
hæmatozoon in the blood. During the whole course of the disease there were
many remissions touching the normal standard with evening exacerbations.
Death occurred on 25th February 1892, the 50th day of the disease.
Autopsy. —Body emaciated. Lungs, localized emphysema at the apices,
oedema of the posterior lobes. Liver enlarged. Spleen enlarged to several
times its normal size. The other organs presented a healthy appearance.
No, 2.—The latent period occupied ten days. A continued fever with
morning remissions and evening exacerbations throughout the case. Death
occurred on the 22nd February 1892, the 47th day of the disease.
Autopsy.—Body emaciated. Lungs.—Apices the seat of a localized emphy-
sema. Liver and Spleen enlarged ; other organs presented a healthy appearance.
CEREBRO-SPINAL FLUID.—Guinea-pig was subcutaneously inoculated
on 15th August 1891, with 0.5 c.c. of clear fluid removed from the lateral
ventricles of the brain of Horse No. XXXIV, two hours post mortem. The latent
period occupied eleven days. In this case there was continued fever accompanied
by daily remissions and exacerbations for a period of fifty-five days, and intermis-
sions lasting a short time on the first, ninth, and fourteenth days of the disease.
Autopsy.—Lungs.—Consolidation of both anterior lobes. Spleen enlarged to
several times the normal size. The other organs presented a healthy appearance.
B 1086—11
TABLE I
NATURALLY ACQUIRED SURRA CASES.
Number.
I ...
II ...
III ...
X ...
LVI ...
LXV ..
LXX ...
LXXI ...
LXXII ...
LXXIII ...
LXXIV ...
LXXVI ...
LXXVII ...
LXXVIII ...
LXXIX ...
LXXX ...
LXXXI ...
LXXXII ...
LXXXIV ...
Kind of Animal inoculated.
Arab entire ...
„ Gelding...
„ „ ...
C. B. Mare ...
Arab entire ...
Aust. Marc ...
„ Gelding...
., Marc ...
„ Golding...
„ ...
Arab Gelding...
Australian Geld-
ing.
Persian Geld-
ing.
Australian Marc.
Australian Geld-
ing.
Australian Mare.
Herati Mare ...
Australian Mare.
Persian Geld-
ing.
Fluid used lor the purpose
of Inoculation.
...
...
...
?
?
Polluted
water.
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Quantity used for the pur.
pose of Inoculation.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Fluid used taken from what
Animal.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Date of Inoculation.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
How administered.
Naturally acquired
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Inoculation with fluid taken
ante mortem.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Number of Hæmatozoa pre-
sent in fluid ante mortem.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Inoculation with fluid taken
post mortem.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
....
...
...
...
Fluid taken number of hours
post mortem.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Number of Hæmatozoa
present in fluid taken post
mortem.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Result of Inoculation, Posi-
tive or Negative.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Date of 1st appearance of
Hæmatozoa
in the blood.
14th Sep. 1890...
16th Sep. 1890...
14th Oct. 1800...
......
20th Nov. 1801..
23rd May 1802 ..
23rd Sep. 1892...
Do.
7th Oct. 1892...
30th Oct. 1892...
7th Nov. 1892...
25th Nov. 1892...
27th Nov. 1892...
6th Dec. 1892...
Do.
10th Dec. 1892...
18th Dec. 1892...
Do.
23rd Jan. 1893...
Number of days between In.
oculation and 1st appear-
ance of Hæmatozoa
in the
blood.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Result of Inoculation.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Date of death.
31st Oct. 1890...
4th Nov. 1890...
10th Dec. 1890...
1st Jan. 1891...
27th Dec. 1891...
29th July 1892...
19th Oct. 1892...
27th Oct. 1892...
21st Nov. 1892...
17th Feb. 1893...
15th Dec. 1892...
4th Jan. 1893...
31st Jan. 1893...
18th Dec 1892...
22nd Dec. 1892...
25th Jan. 1893...
28th Jan. 1893 ...
26th Feb. 1893...
9th Feb. 1893...
Days between Inoculation
and Death.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Days between 1st appearance
of Hæmatozoa
in the blood
and death.
47
49
57
...
37
67
26
34
45
110
38
40
65
12
16
46
41
70
17
REMARKS.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
42
44
TABLE III.
EXPERIMENTAL CASES.
Number.
XVIII
...
XIX
XXVII ...
LVIII
...
XXIII
...
XLVI
...
XI ...
...
XXXII ...
VII
XXIII ...
XXXIV ...
XXXVIII...
XLI
XL
XXXI
...
L
Kind of Animal inoculated.
Horse ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Fluid used for the purpose
of Inoculation.
Blood
Do
Do
Do. ...
Do
...
Do
Do.
Do
Serum
Serous
fluid
tunica vagi-
nalis testis.
Blood
Do
Do
Do
Do
Blood serum...
Quantity used for the pur-
pose of Inoculation.
2.0cc
2.0cc
2.0cc
1.0cc
1.0cc
1.0cc
1.0cc
0.3cc
1.0cc
1.0cc
1.0cc
1.0cc
1.0cc
0.6cc
0.3cc
2.0cc
Fluid used taken from what
Animal.
Horse No. XV ...
Do.
XV ...
Do.
XXX
...
Do.
XLVII ...
Do.
XXI ...
Do.
XLVIII ..
Do.
VIII
...
Do.
XXIII ...
Do. III ...
Goat No.
III
Horse No. XXXI ...
Do.
XL ...
Do.
XL ...
Do.
XXXIV ...
Do.
XXXIII ...
Do.
XXXVIII.
Date of Inoculation.
12th March 1801.
Do.
16th July 1891 ...
29th March 1891.
4th June 1891...
23rd Nov. 1891...
11th Jan. 1891 ...
11th July 1891 ...
10th Deo. 1890 ...
25th July 1891 ...
2nd August 1891.
26th August 1891.
Do.
loth August 1891.
11th July 1891 ...
15th Oct. 1891 ...
How administered.
Subcutaneously in-
oculated.
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Inoculated with fluid taken
ante mortem.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
A.M.
A.M.
...
...
...
...
...
Number of Hæmatozoa pre-
sent in fluid ante mortem.
N.
N.
V. N.
S.
S.
N.
V. N.
V. N.
N.
N.
N.
V. N.
V. N.
V. N.
S.
S.
Inoculated with fluid taken
post mortem.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
...
...
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
Fluid taken number of
hours post mortem.
10 hrs. ...
10 hrs. ...
16 hrs. ...
5 hrs. ...
5.5 hrs. ...
8.5 hrs. ...
10.5 hrs. .
8 hrs. ...
2 hrs. ...
...
...
9.5 hrs....
9.5 hrs. ...
1.25 hrs..
8 hrs. ...
0.75 hrs. ...
Number of Hæmatozoa pre-
sent in fluid taken post
mortem.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
...
...
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
Result of Inoculation, Po-
sitive or Negative.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
Date of 1st appearance of
Hæmatozoa
in the blood.
25th March 1891 .
21st March 1891..
27th July 1891 ...
7th April 1891 ...
12th June 1891...
1st Dec. 1891 ...
22nd Jan. 1891 ...
20th July 1891 ...
18th Dec. 1890 ...
30th July 1891 ...
14th August 1891.
4th Sept. 1891 ...
2nd Sept. 1891 ...
21st August 1891.
20th July 1891 ...
24th Oct. 1891 ...
Number of days between
Inoculation.
and 1st ap-
pearance of Hæmatozoa
in
the blood.
Days.
13
9
11
9
8
8
11
9
8
5
12
9
7
6
9
9
Result of Inoculation.
Death ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Date of Death.
22nd April 1891...
15th May 1891 ...
29th July 1891 ..
3rd May 1891 ...
11th July 1891 ...
7th Dec. 1891 ...
25th Feb. 1891 ...
21st July 1891 ..
27th Dec. 1890 ...
16th August 1891.
15th August 1891.
16th Oct. 1891 ...
3rd Sep. 1891 ...
26th August 1891.
2nd August 1891.
12th Nov. 1891...
Days between Inoculation
and Death.
Days.
41
64
13
35
37
14
45
10
17
22
13
51
8
11
22
28
REMARKS.
46
TABLE V.
EXPERIMENTAL CASES.
Number.
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
I
I
I
Kind of Animal inoculated.
Rat. (M.Dec.)...
Do. ( do. )...
Do. ( do. )...
Rat. (Nes.pro.)
Do. ( do. ).
Do. ( do. ).
Guinea-Pig ...
Do.
Guinea-Pig ...
Guinea-Pig ...
Rabbit ...
Fluid used for the purpose
of Inoculation.
Blood
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do. ...
Pericardial ...
Do.
Cerebro-spinal
fluid.
Urine ...
Do
Quantity used for the pur-
pose of Inoculation.
0.2cc
0.1cc
0.1cc
0 2cc
0.2cc
0*2cc
1.0cc
1.0cc
0.5cc
10.0cc
20.0cc
Fluid used taken from what
Animal.
Horse No.
VII..
„ „ ...
„ „ ...
„
„
...
VI..
„ „ ...
LVI...
„
„
...
XXXIV...
XXXVIII...
„ „ ...
Date of Inoculation.
10th Dec. 1890 ...
23rd Dec. 1890 ...
Do.
20th Dec. 1890...
7th January 1891.
Do.
28th Dec. 1891...
Do.
10th Aug. 1891 ...
14th Oct 1891 ...
Do.
How administered.
Subcutaneously in-
oculated.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Inoculation with fluid taken
ante mortem.
A. M.
A. M.
A. M.
A. M.
A. M.
A.M.
...
...
A. M.
A. M.
Number of Hæmatozoa pre-
sent in fluid ante mortem.
V. N.
F.
F.
N.
N.
K.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
Inoculation with fluid taken
post mortem.
...
...
...
...
...
...
P. M.
P. M.
P. M.
..
...
Fluid taken number of
hours post mortem.
...
...
...
...
...
...
13 hours.
Do.
2 hours.
...
...
Number of Hæmatozon
present in fluid taken post
mortem.
...
...
...
...
...
...
A.
A.
A.
...
...
Result of Inoculation, Posi-
tive or Negative.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
N.
N.
Date of 1st appearance of
Hæmatozoa
in the blood.
20th Dec. 1890 ...
25th Dec. 1890 ...
Do.
2Sth Dec. 1890 ...
12th, Jan. 1891 ...
Do.
7th January 1892.
Do.
20th August 1891.
Number of days between In-
oculation and 1st appear-
ance of Hæmatozoa
m the
blood.
Days.
11
2
2
2
6
5
10
10
11
...
...
Result of Inoculation.
Death ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
...
...
Date of Death.
26th Dec. 1890 ...
31st Dec. 1890 ...
Do.
6th January 1891.
18th Jan. 1891 ...
19th Jan. 1891 ...
25th Feb. 1892 ...
23rd Feb. 1892 ...
19th October 1891
.....
Days between Inoculation
and Death.
Days.
7
8
6
11
11
12
59
57
65
...
...
REMARKS.
47
SECTION VI.
ETIOLOGY OF SURRA.
A.—PREDISPOSING CAUSES.
(i) Intrinsic.
1. Sex—Neither sex in themselves predispose to " Surra". Of 85 cases of
naturally contracted Surra recorded, 59 were horses and 26 mares. The difference
in the number referred to is attributable to the fact, that many more horses are
worked than mares:—
TABLE VI.
Year.
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
... {
.... {
{
{
{
Places.
Bombay Tramway Company
Bacteriological Laboratory ...
...
Bombay Tramway Company
Bacteriological Laboratory
Bombay Tramway Company
Bacteriological Laboratory
Bombay Tramway Company
Bacteriological Laboratory
Bombay Tramway Company
Bacteriological Laboratory
Total ..
Horses.
9
...
34
...
1
3
1
1
10
...
59
Mares.
5
...
13
...
1
1
...
...
5
1
26
Total.
14
...
47
...
2
4
1
1
15
1
85
2. Age.—Table VII shows the ages of 85 oases of naturally acquired Surra
which have occurred in the Bombay Presidency during the past five years. It
will be seen that 39 or 45.882 per cent. occurred in animals between the ages
of 5 and 9 years ; that 31 or 36.470 per cent. in animals between 10 and
14 years, 13 or 15.294 per cent. between 15 and 19 years, and that 2 or 2.352
per cent. between 20 and 24 years :—
TABLE VII.
Age.
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
NUMBER OF CASES.
Horses.
...
25
23
9
2
59
Mares.
...
14
8
4
...
26
Total.
...
39
31
13
2
85
Percentage.
......
45.882
36.470
15.294
2.352
99.998
48
3. Breed.—Table VIII shows the breed of 85 horses, the subjects of natu-
rally acquired Surra, from which it will be seen, that out of the above number
attacked, 68 or 80 per cent. were Australians, and 17 or 20 per cent. were Asiatics,
the latter number being made up of 6 Arabs, 5 Persians, 3 country-breds,
2 Cabulis, and one Herati. The statistics of the Bombay Tramway Company show,
that Australian horses are much more subject to contract the disease than
Asiatics In 1889 the percentage attacked at the Parel stables, where most of
the cases occurred, was in the case of Australians 31 per cent. and of the Asiatics
12¾ per cent.
TABLE VIII.
Year.
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
...{
...{
...{
...{
Places*
Bombay Tramway Company
Bacteriological Laboratory
Bombay Tramway Company
Bacteriological Laboratory
...
Bombay Tramway Company . ...
Bacteriological Laboratory
Bombay Tramway Company
Bacteriological Laboratory
Bombay Tramway Company
Bacteriological Laboratory
Total ...
Percentage of each kind of breed ...
Austra-
lian.
13
39
2
1
12
1
68
80.0
Arab.
...
1
...
...
3
... l
1
6
7.058
Persian.
1
3
...
...
...
... 1
5
5.883
Country
bred.
...
2
...
1
...
...
...
3
3.529
Cabuli.
2
...
...
... ...
2
2352
Herati.
...
...
...
... 1
1
1.176
Total.
14
47
2
4
1
1
15
1
85
Percent-
age.
16470
55:294
2.352
4.705
1.176
1.176
17.647
1.176
99.996
99.997
(ii) Extrinsic causes depending on surrounding conditions—
Climate.
Residence in a locality where the disease is endemic.
Months of year.
Food.
Drink.
Overcrowding,
Work.
"Wounds,
1. Climate.—The different situations where outbreaks of " Surra" are known
to have occurred, in several of them on many occasions, are alluded to under
the heading of Geographical range ; but it may be as well to particularize more
fully, and give details concerning the air, temperature, humidity and rainfall of
each locality.
The island of Bombay and the neighbouring district on the mainland, the
Konkan, are two localities in India where Surra is endemic. These two localities
from their adjacent position vary but little with regard to their climatic statis-
tics. The average mean temperature of each is 80° F.; the average rainfall in
Bombay is 75 inches, but this year, 1892, it was however the largest for forty
years, viz., (123 inches), that of the Konkan 141 inches, but the relative humidity
varies little, especially between June and the end of December, during which
time most cases of this disease occur, when the average humidity is as high as
80.5 per cent.
In Burmah, we have Rangoon with an elevation of 41 feet, and Tounghoo
(elevation 181 feet) with a relative humidity of 78 and 76 respectively, but that
existing between June and January is as high as 85 and 83 per cent ; the mean
maximum temperature of the year being 104° F. with an average just under 80°
F. whilst the rainfall is 99 and 78 inches respectively,
55
From the foregoing evidence it would appear that Surra is not com-
municable by the sick to healthy animals, except under certain conditions
hereafter mentioned. From our present knowledge we should say, that the
'materies morbi' of the disease appears to be governed by the following laws :—
(a). Surra in certain parts of India and Burma is an endemic disease,
or its epidemics are circumscribed.
(b). It is most prevalent between the months of September and De-
cember inclusive, commencing soon after the beginning of the rains.
(c). It is independent of overcrowding, and attacks all horses, Aus-
tralian and Asiatics, but a greater percentage of the former.
(d). It is generated independently of a previous case.
(e). The contagium of Surra is neither conveyed by the air, nor by
the sick to the healthy, but gains an entrance into the system, either
by the mouth with the food and water, or is introduced by some form
of superficial inoculation (be it by direct contact of blood, or secretion
containing blood on an abraded surface, or by the bite of certain flies);
and it is necessary for one or other of these two forms of inoculation to
take place, in order that the disease be successfully transmitted. So that
this disease is not contagious in the ordinary sense of the term, but is the
result of local causes endemic in the different parts of the East, where the
disease presents itself.
(f). The blood of an affected animal when introduced subcutaneously
into a healthy one, possesses the power of reproducing the same disease,
whether the hæmatozoon at the time of its withdrawal from the circula-
tion of the affected animal be capable of demonstration or not by micro-
scopical means. As regards the quantity required, it has been found that
a fraction of a minim of the soiled blood, containing the hæmatozoon,
taken from one horse and placed betwen the edges of a minute wound in
the cuticle of a sound, healthy horse, was sufficient to reproduce the disease
in the animal so treated within 7 days.
(g).—The latent period of Surra, or in other words, the time which
elapses between the introduction of the materies morbi into the system, and
the first appearance of the hæmatozoon in the blood of the general circulation,
will be found to vary considerably according to certain circumstances. The
chief conditions which influence it will be found under the following
headings:—
I.—The species of animal inoculated.
II.—The means used for inoculating the animal.
III.—The kind of fluid used for inoculation, viz:—
(a).—Blood.
(b). —Serum.
(c).—Fluid taken from the Tunica Vaginalis Testis.
(d).—
Do.
Pericardial Sac.
(e).—Cerebro-spinal fluid.
IV.— Whether the fluid used for inoculation was drawn ante or post
mortem from the animal affected with Surra :—
(a) Ante mortem.
(i) If during a paroxysm.
The number of hæmatozoa present at the time of inocu-
lation.
(ii) If during an intermission or an apyrexial period, the
presence or absence of anything on microscopical exami-
nation.