NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
13
Bengal, Sundribuns ; Andamans ; Malay Peninsula from Perak to Singapore.
This the writer feels inclined to treat merely as a variety of Intsia bijuga.
3. INTSIA CAMBODIENSIS Prain. Afzelia cambodiensis Hance in Journ.
Bot. xiv, 258 (1876).
Cambodia.
The writer knows this only from its description. It must also be very, per-
haps too, nearly related to Intsia bijuga.
4. INTSIA BAKERI Prain. Afzelia Bakeri Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
lxvi. 2. 209 (1897). .4. bijuga Kurz, For. Flor. Brit. Burm. i 412 (1877) saltem
in parte : nec A. Gray, nec Spreng. A. palembanica Bak. in Hook. f. Flor. Brit.
Ind. ii. 275 (1878) : nec Intsia palembanica Miq.
Andamans, rare ; Siam ; Malay Peninsula, general.
5. INTSIA PALEMBANICA Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 289 (1860).
Sumatra.
The writer, who has had an opportunity of examining one of the original
specimens, of . Teysmann's collecting, on which Miquel's species Intsia
p a l e m - b a n i c a
w a s f o u n d e d , f i n d s t h a t t h e M a l a y P e n i n s u l a t r e e n a m e dA
f z e l i a p a l m -
banica by Baker is not the same as this Sumatra one.
[6. INTSIA MŒLERI Vieill. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. ix. 339 (1865).
N. Caledonia.
Of this the writer has neither been able to see a specimen nor to consult
the description. Kuntze (Rev. Gen. Pl. i. 192) refers to an Intsia MœlileiV i e i l l
. ,
which is possibly the same thing.]
Pahudia Miq.
FLOR. IND. BAT. i . 1 . 8 5 ( 1 8 5 5 ) .
Calycis tubus discifer elongatus ; segmenta 4, valde decussatim imbricata,
coriacea, interioribus 2 parum majoribus. Petalum I, unguiculatum, inferiorum
rudimenta minuta vel o. Stamina 9, perfecta 7; rarissime 7, perfecta 5, sum-
mum vexillare o, superiora 2 libera brevissima, ananthera, reliquis plus minus
obliquis elongatis nunc longe nunc breviter connatis vel omnino liberis fertilibus
antheræ ovatæ vel oblongæ, loculis longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium
stipitatum, stipite calycis tubo hinc adnato, ovulis paucis vel numerosis ; stylus
filiformis elongatus stigmate parvo terminali. Legumen oblongum crassum
lignosum 2-valve dehiscens, inter semina transverse septatum. Semina ovata,
oblonga vel suborbiculata, ossea, basi arillata ; albumen o ; cotyledones crassæ
duræ rarius plus minus compressæ, radicula brevis recta inclusa.—Arbores
in-ermes. Folia abrupte pinnata, foliolis tenuiter coriaceis, paucijugis. Stipulæ
D
Scientific Memoirs by
minutæ, connatæ, intrapetiolares, caducæ. Flores racemosiracemis in panicu-
as terminales dispositis.
A f z e l i a [ S m i t h , T r a n s . L i n n . S o c . i v . 2 2 1 ( 1 7 9 8 ) ; D C . P r o d r . i i . 5 0 7 ;
Meissner, Gen. 97 (1836) ; forsan, vix tamen certissime] ; Guill.
Perr. et Rich. Flor. Seneg. Tent. 267, t. 57 (1833) ; Endlich.
Gen. Plant. n. 6796 (1840).
Afzelia § Euafzelia Benth. in Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Plant. i. 581
(1865).
Intsia § Afrointsia Taub. in Engl. et Prantl, Naturlich. Pflanzenfam.
iii. 3. 140 (1891).
§ EUPAHUDIA. Petalum breviter unguiculatum, lamina orbiculata integra.
Stamina perfecta in vaginam declinatam supra fissam alte connata, superne
tamen libera. Stigma ante anthesin inter antheras nidulans. Pahudia Miq.
Flor. Ind. Bat. i. I 86 (1855).
1. PAHUDIA JAVANICA Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. i.
I. 86 (1855) ; Walp. Ann. iv.
608 (1851) ; Kurz, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xlv 2. 289 (1876) ; Koord. et Valet.
Bijdr. ii. 28 (1895) ; Prain, Ind. For. xxvi. 312 (1900). Intsia puberula
Miq Flor. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 290 (1860).
Java, Sumatra.
The tree collected by Diepenhorst in Sumatra and published by Miquel as
Intsia puber , la, of which the writer has not seen any specimen, cannot, from
Miquel's own description, be an Intsia, because the pods are woody and the
seeds are arillate. The fact that Miquel indicates that the arillus extends further
up one side of the seed than the other and that the leaves are puberulous, coupled
with the description given of the shape of the leaves, makes it almost certain,
that the tree is Miquel's own Pahudia javanica and not a hitherto uncharac--
terised species of Pahudia.
2. PAHUDIA MARTABANICA Prain, Ind. For. xxvi. 312 (1900).
Tenasserim.
3. PAHUDIA XYLOCARPA Kurz, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xlv. 2. 290 (1876) ;
Kurz, For. Flor. Brit. Burm. i 413 (1877) ; Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi.
2. 494 (1897) ; Prain, Ind. For. xxvi. 312 (1900).
Shan Hills ; Siam.
4. PAHUDIA ? RHOMBOIDEA.
Blanco 's Philippine tree, the Balayon or Tindalo, which he first identified
with Aublet's .Eperua talcata but afterwards distinguished as E. rhomboidea, has
been accepted of late years as an Afzelia by Vidal and an Intsia by Kuntze. As
it has arillate seeds and woody pods it must be a Pahudia not an Intsia, if it
is Leguminous at all. Blanco's Original description of the flowers certainly
does not accord with a plant of this natural family. The citations are:—
Eperua falcata Blanco Flor. Filipin. 369 (1837): non Aubl. E. rhomboidea
Blanco Flor Filipin. ed. ii. 260(1845). Afzelia rhomboidea Vidal, Phaner.
Cuming. Philip. 26, 1 10 (1884) ; Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filipin. 117 (1886). Intsia
rhomboidea O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. i. 192 (1891).
Philippines.
The reference to Intsia i s
a p u r e l y b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l o n e a n d i s t h e r e f o r e o f n o
importance. Vidal's reference of the tree to Afzelia is, however, on a
different footing, for Vidal's work is painstaking. The woody pod, "Legumbre
leñosa," and the 2-7 arillate seeds, " ceñidas con arilo carnoso y amarillo," show
that, ifrelated to the plants of which this paper treats, it is not to Intsia that
the species can be referred. Yet it is equally difficult to refer it to P a h u d i a
proper. The condition of the filaments is not clear ; Blanco thinks they m u s t
be free because he made no note when writing his description that they are joined.
However, neglecting the stamens, the calyx does not agree. Its 4 minutely
toothed sepals, "calizde cuatro hojuelas, con dientecillos mui menudos en el
borde " is very unlike the calyx of Afzelia, Pahudia or Intsiaw h i c h B l a n c o
himself, as regards Intsia, describes as " de figura de turbo, en cuatro partes
grandes, revueltas acia abajo." The one or two minute clawed petals, the
stamens varying in number from 8-12, the anthers at times three on some of
the filaments " a veces tres en algunos filamentos," finally the 1-3 carpels
" pistilo desde uno hasta tres." are characters that indicate the possibility of a
mistake as to the natural family to which the tree belongs. These references
are from the first edition of' the Flor. Filipin. ; there is no copy of the second
or of the third at Calcutta.
There is always of course the possibility that two trees of similar appearance
and foliage have been confused in Blanco's account and that the flowers des-
cribed do notb e l o n g t o t h e f r u i t d e s c r i b e d . T h e r e i s n o t h i n g i nt
h e
a c c o u n t
of the leases discordant with the characteristic features of the Natural Family
Sapindaceae; the anthers sometimes 3 on one filament and the presence of 2 or
3 free carpels do not, however, agree. The account of the ripe fruit, which is
always formed from one carpel, so Blanco says, and of the seeds, conforms
very well witht h e n a t u r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o fa
P a h u d i a
o r t r u e
A f z e l i a .
T h e
mistake of referring a Sapindaceous tree to Leguminosœ, and indeed to our
present genus, has already been made in the case of Afzelia? Pancovia. DC.
(A. bijuga Spreng., non A. Gray).
§ AFZELIA. Petalum longe unguiculatum, lamina late 2-loba. Stamina
perfecta libera vel basi tantum plus minus connata. Stigma ante anthesin petali
lamina obtectum et ab antheris separatum.A f z e l i a
[ S m i t h ] G u i l l . P e r r . e t
Rich. Flor. Seneg. Tent. 267 (1833).
16
Scientific Memoirs by
5. PAHUDIA AFRICANA Prain. Afzelia africana [Smith ex Persoon,
Synops. i. 455 (1805) ; Spreng. Syst. Veget. ii. 345 (1825) ; DC. Prodr. ii.
5 0 7 ( 1 8 2 5 ) f o r s a n ] ; G u i l l . P e r r . e t R i c h . F l o r . S e n e g . T e n t . 2 6 3 , t . 5 7(
1 8 3 3 )
Oliv. Flor. Trop. Afr, ii. 302 (1871). Intsia africana O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen.
Plant. i 192 (1891) ;. Hiern, Cat. PI. Welw. i. 299 (1896).
Senegambia ; Upper Guinea ; Lower Guinea.
6. PAHUDIA BRACTEATA Prain. Afzelia bracteata Vog. ex Hook. f. in
Hook. Flor. Nigrit. 325 , t. 34. 35 (1849) ; Oliv. Flor. Trop. Afr. ii. 301 (1871).
Intsia bracteata O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Plant. i. 192 (1891).
Senegambia ; Sierra Leone.
7. PAHUDIA QUANZENSIS Prain. Afzelia quanzenis Welw. Apont.
Phyto-geogr. 586 (1859). A. Petersiana Klotzsch in Peters Mosamb. Bot. i 19 (1864)
fide Oliver. A. cuanzensis Oliv. Flor. Trop. Afr.
302 (1871). Intsia
cuanzensis O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. i 192 (1891) ; Hiern in Cal. PI. Welw. i
299 (1896).
Angola ; Batoka ; Mozambique.
8. PAHUDIA ATTENUATA Prain. Afzelia attenuata Klotzsch in Peters
Mosamb. Bot. 20 (1864).
Mozambique.
Sindora Miq.
FLOR. IND. BAT. SUPPL. 286 (1860).
Calycis tubus discifer subnullus ; segmenta 4, postico majore supra lateralia
minopere imbricato, cæteris inter se valvatis subæquilatis. Petalum I, sessile,
inferiorum rudimenta minuta vel o. Stamina IO , perfecta saltem 2 ; summum
vexillare liberum anantherum vel anthera parva cassa instructum, reliquis breviter
oblique monadelphis, quorum superiora perfecta filamentis elongatis antherisque
majusculis ovatis fertilibus loculis longitudinaliter dehiscentibus, cætera 7
alterne brevissima ananthera vel antheris cassis et breviora antheris sæpius cassis
nonnunquam tamen fertilibus instructa. Ovarium breviter stipitatum, liberum,
pauci-ovulatum, stylus filiformis, stigmate parvo terminali. Legumen ovatum vel
orbiculatum sæpe obliquum coriaceum valde compressum inerme vel distanter
echinatum sutura dorsali folliculatim dehiscens. Semina ovata vel suborbiculata
ossea, basi arillata ; albumen o ; cotyledones crassæ, duræ, plus minus
c o r m - p r e s s æ ; r a d i c u l a b r e v i s , r e c t a , i n c l u s a . — A r b o r e s i n e r m e s . F o l i a a b r u p t e p i n n a t a ,
foliolis coriaceis paucijugis. Stipulæ 2 , liberæ parvæ vel symmetricæ
vel subsymmetricæ, sæpe deciduæ. Flores racemosi, racemis in paniculas termi--
nales dispositis.
Galedupa Rump. Herb. Amboin. ii. t. 13 (1750).
Guilandina Grah. in Wall. Cat. 5805 (1830) : non Linn.
Echinocalyx Benth. in Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Plant. i. 584 (1865).
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
17
§GALEDUPA. Legumen inerme.
1. SINDORA GALEDUPA Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. 2. 483 (1897).
Caju Galedupa Rumph. Herb. Amboin.ii. 59 t. 13 (1750). Galedupa indica
Lamk Encyc. Meth. ii. 594 partim et quoad syn. Rumph. (1790). Sindora
sumatrana var. javanica Koord. et Val. Bijdr. ii 45 forsan (1895).
Malayan Archipelago.
2. SINDORA CORIACEA Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. 2. 206 and 482
(1897). Afzelia ? coriacea Bak. in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. ii. 275 (1878). I n t s i a
coriacea Maing.; O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. P1. i. 192 (1891).
Malay Peninsula.
§EUSINDORA. Legurnen distanter echinatum.
3. SINDORA SUMATRANA Miq. Flor, Ind. Bat. Suppl. 288 (1860); Prain,
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. 2. 482 (1897).
Sumatra ; Moluccas, cultivated.
4. SINDORA SIAM ENSIS Teysm. ex Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. iii. 86
(1867) ; Kurz, For. Flor. Brit. Burm. i. 413 (1877) ; Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
lxvi. 2.481 (I897). S. Wallichii var. siamensis Bak. in Hook. f. Flor. Brit.
Ind. ii. 268 (1878).
Siam.
5. SINDORA COCHINCHINENSIS Baill., Adansonia x. 104 (1871) ; Prain,
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. 2. 482 (1897). Grandiera . cochinchinensisL e f é v r e
ex Baill. 1. c. (1871).
Cochin-China.
6. SINDORA VELUTINA Bak. in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. ii. 269 (1878) ;
Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. 2. 482 (1897).
Malay Peninsula.
7. SINDORA ECHINOCALYX Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. 2. 203 and
481 (1897). S. Wallichii Benth. Icon. Plant. t. 1017 (1867) : nec t. 1018.
S. Wallichii var. ovalifolia Maing. ex Prain I. c. (1897). Echinocalyx Benth. in
Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Plant. i. 584 (1865).
Malay Peninsula.
8. SINDORA WALLICHIANA Benth. ex Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. 2.
203 (1897); Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. 2. 481 (1897). S. Wallichii Benth.
in Hook. Icon. Plant. t. 1018 (1867) : nec t. 1017; Bak. in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind.
ii. 268 (1878) var. ambabus et syn. Echinocalyx exclus. Guilandina Wallichiana
Grah. in Wall. Cat. 5805 (1830).
Malay Peninsula ; Singapore.
9. SINDORA INTERMEDIA Bak. ex Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. 2. 204.
(1897); Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. 2. 482 (1897). S. Wallichii Scort. ex
Prain, I. c. (1897).S.W a l l i c h i i
v a r .
i n t e r m e d i a
B a k . i n H o o k . f . F l o r . B r i t . I n d .
ii. 268 (1878).
Malay Peninsula. E
PLATE I
PLATE I.
FIG. I.
Anopheles—Male.
Colour—Fawn.
Measurements :—
Head
Breadth
. . .
. 8 9 mm.
Antennæ
... 1 87—19 mm.
Length
. . . .51 , ,
Pa1pi
. . .
.9 , ,
Thorax
... 1.25 ,,
Legs
. . .
6
„
Abdomen
... 2.5
, ,
Head—As in the female.
Palpi-13 segments, the last two being long, covered with hairs at the joints.
Antennæ—3 joints, the end of last segment being clubbed. They are covered with
bristly hairs.
Librum —Bifurcated with joint (?) at the point and small hypopharyngeal tube.
Thorax—Orange coloured, few scales and hairs on back.
Abdomen —Fawn coloured, eight segments, last segment bifurcated.
Wings —Transparent, much the same as in the female. The middle spots are longer
than in the female.
PLATE I.
FIG. 2.
Anopheles—Female.
Colour—Fawn with four spots on wings.
Measurements :—
Head
...
5 mm.
Legs 1st pair
... 6.5 mm.
Thorax
... 2
, ,
2nd „
. . .
5
„
Abdomen
...3-4
, ,
3rd „
... 8
, ,
Antenna
... 2
,,
Wins
. . . 3
, ,
Head —Dark brown, or phosphorescent ; a few hairs studded on the back.
Antennæ —Has 4 segments, considerable number of scales on the first and second seg-
ment. Hairy at the point.
Palpi—Has 13 segments with hair at the joints in whorls.
Thorax—Arched on upper surface, orange coloured and studded with a few hairs.
Abdomen —Segments 7 in number, colour yellow : tail slightly bifurcated, with three
brown ovoid bodies situated externally on each side. In some the bifur-
cation is extremely limited and forms only a depression.
Legs —Consist of 7 segments ; sharp tiny hairs at the tips.
Wings —Ribs eight in number which bifurcate towards the distal extremity of the
wing. Membraneous and clear, scantily covered with scales except at
the four spots. The inner margin of the wing has a row of fine hairs.
In some there are only three spots.
Spots on wings measure
(1) .12 mm.
(2)
. 3 6 „
(3) .46 , ,
(4) . 18 , ,
Female—Abdomen contains ova.
Inoculation of Malaria by Anopheles ,
BY
C. F. FEARNSIDE, CAPTAIN, I.M.S.,
Superintendent, Central Prison, Rajahmundri, Madras Presidency.
The Central Prison of Rajahmundri is one of the most " malarious " jails in
India, and from the years 1880—1897, 60 per cent. of admissions for malarial
fever in all the larger jails of this Presidency were accounted for by this prison.
In no less than seven years, between the above mentioned dates, the admission-
rate from this cause exceeded 1,000 per mille. The cold weather months
(November to February) are particularly feverish and the reason of this is not
easy to find. Two explanations for the greater prevalence of ague during the
cold weather may be put forward. First, that the majority of the cases are due
to relapses from former attacks, i.e., that the malarial sporozoon, either as Plehn's
Karyochromatophile granules," or some form of encysted spores, bursts into
activity owing to the lowered vitality of the inhabitants who wear the same cloth-
ing in winter as in summer. Secondly, it may be that the lower temperature of
the atmosphere (70—85° F.) is more suited for the exogenous development of the
malarial parasite in the intermediate host, the anopheles mosquito. The excessive
numbers suffering from malaria in the cold months cannot be explained on the
superiority in numbers of the anopheles species, because this variety of mosquito
is as common in July as at Christmas.
In November last I dissected 40 free anopheles, which had at some time or
other been feeding on the blood of the prisoners, and I found malarial sporozoites
in one. This of course gives a fairly high percentage : nevertheless I feel con-
vinced that a considerable number of the febrile attacks in the colder months
of the year is the result of a relapse from former infection. A day may yet arrive
when the plasmodist will be able to differentiate between the hæmamœba of the
relapse and that of the fresh inoculation.
The prevalence of malaria in Rajahmundri and its prison makes the experi-
mental inoculation by anopheles a difficult matter, and this point must be borne
in mind in dealing with the question. In October last Dr. Patrick Manson suc-
cessfully inoculated his son, Mr. Thorbum Manson, and Mr. Warren with malaria
20
Scientific Memoirs by
by anopheles which had been fed in Rome on the blood of a patient which con-
tained benign spring-tertian parasites. These two gentlemen developed tertian
ague, and the experiment gives absolute proof of mosquito-malaria infection,
because neither of those persons had had ague previously or been exposed to it.
We cannot hope for such clear proof of the malarial-bearing properties of the
anopheles, because in India few, either European or Native, have escaped malaria.
The possibility of relapse, or collateral contagion, cannot therefore be excluded
when dealing with anopheles infection in India. Care was taken to select persons
in good health and those who had not had fever for a long time.
METHOD OF FEEDING THE ANOPHELES.
The anopheles are hatched in the usual way in a glass bottle, the larvæ
having been collected from some puddle. From this bottle the requisite number
of mosquitoes is taken and placed in a Bohemian beaker, the mouth of which is
covered with a piece of thin muslin. Provided the mosquitoes are fed daily or
every second day by apposing the moistened muslin to the forearm, the mosquitoes
will live for weeks in this cage. This kind of mosquito, whether newly
hatched or a few days old, whether in the middle of the day or in the dusk, is
always greedy for blood. For " obstedric " reasons the female anopheles, like all
other lady mosquitoes, requires water wherein to complete or ease her " confine
ment." For this purpose a dish, such as the ones used for washing photographic
negatives, is employed, and into it is poured a little fresh water. The beaker
containing the mosquitoes; is placed with the mouth resting in the water and the
other end on the edge of the dish. There will thus be a little pool at the edge
of the beaker in which her ladyship can deposit her ova.
To inoculate anyone who volunteers to be bitten and risk malarial fever, the
moistened muslin has only to be applied to the forearm on or after the ninth day
and the anopheles will do the rest
.
SPECIES OF ANOPHELES EMPLOYED.
There are six varieties of anopheles in Rajahmundri, and of these I have used
one which is commonly found all the year round. The accompanying-sketch,
Pláte I, with the description opposite, gives a fairly good idea of . what it is like.
They travel long distances, whether by flight or by other means of conveyance.
In October, 1899, while proceeding from Madras to Rajahmundri by rail,
two of
this species located themselves inside my solah topi and travelled all the
way
PLATE II.
O B S E R V A T I O N R A J A H M U N O R I J A N R Y 1 9 0 1 .
C.F.F
PLATE II.
Extra-corporeal and intra-corporeal phases of the benign spring-
Tertian parasite (Rajahmundri, January 1901).
Fig.1.— Film of blood (C. F. Fearnside) containing young plasmodia, pigmented spheres
and a flagellate (microgamete).
Fig. 2.—Taken from same film, shewing, macrogamete and nuclear body, also pigment-
ed spherules.
Fig. 3.—Microgamete (flagellate body) and preflagellate sphere.
Exogenous evolution in stomach of anopheles.
Fig. 4 .— (a) Conjugation of macrogamete and microgamete, and young impregnated
zygote lying between the epithelial cells of the stomach (anopheles).
(b-c-d-e) Various stages of growth of the zygote from second to eighth day.
(f) Ninth or tenth day shewing the zygotoblasts in unburst cyst.
Endogenous evolution in blood of man.
Fig. 5.
—
Cycle in red corpuscle.
(a) Spore free.
(b) Spore in red cell,
(c-d) Amœboid plasmodium, absorbing hæmoglobin and depositing melanin,
(f) Striation prior to sporulation.
(g) Sporocyst containing spores.
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
21
with me here. If these two were infected with zygotoblasts from Black Town,
Madras, some of the local inhabitants must have been the sufferers.
THE DIMORPHIC EVOLUTION OF THE MALARIAL PARASITE.
The malarial hæmamœba, discovered by Laveran in 1880, belongs to the
Gymnosporidia of the sporozoa. Its evolution is dimorphic : (1) endogenous, for,
reproduction in the individual ; (2) exogenous, intended for reproduction outside
the individual, thereby securing the continuation of the species.
I .—Endogenous phase—Plate II, fig. 5.
The cyclical development of the malarial parasite in the blood of man is so well
known that it calls for no remark. Suffice it to say that the spore having entered
a red corpuscle, gradually consumes the hæmoglobin of the erythrocyte, appearing
as a clear hyaline hæmamœba with granules of pigment—melanin—dancing about.
When the hæmamœba has reached maturity, all amæboid movements cease and
it deposits a number of spores in the form of a sporocyst. On the rupture of
the cyst the spores escape into the serum, attack fresh corpuscles and complete
another cycle in the same manner as described above—vide Plate II, fig. 5.
II.—Exogenous phase—Plate II, fig. 4.
This phase was discovered by Ross in 1897, although he did not at the time
trace the whole evolution. His first complete description of this phase was
made in regard to the Proteosoma (Labbé) in the stomach of Culex pipiens. The
exogenous evolution of the malarial hæmamœba is exactly the same as that of
the proteosoma of birds, but the intermediate host is different, namely, the ano-
pheles species of mosquito.
Among the. Cocci di a (such, for exampl e, as t he C. sal amandræ) whi ch
grows in the epithelial cells of. the intestinal canal, P. L. Simond proved that
the coccidium intended for reproduction outside the animal's body (exogenous
cyst) was the result of the conjugation of a chrormatozoid (male element) and a
young coccidium.
A young coccidium, which has not been so fertilised by a chromatozoid,
produces spores (endogenous) for development inside the body (i.e., in the
epithelial cells of the alimentary canal) of the host. This analagous condition
actually exists, as shown by Ross, MacCallum, Grassi and others, in the case,
of the malarial hæmatozoon of man and the proteosoma of birds. The only
difference being that whereas fectilisation takes place amongst the coccidia in
the body of the host itself,
e . g . ,
t h e s a l a m a n d e r , t h e f e r t i l i z a t i o n o f p r o t e o s o m a
and malarial hæmamœba takes place not in the blood of birds and man, but
in the stomach of Culex pipiens and anopheles respectively.