NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
43
noticed, exactly corresponding in colour with their host, and undoubtedly modi
fied, both in colour and in form, to suit their habitat. In Calypterinus allmani
the polyps are arranged in whorls, hanging head downwards and protected by
wing-like calcareous shields. The whorls are so close set along the stem that
the lateral shields of the successive series form by their overlapping a sort of
tube, and in this tube the worm is securely impacted, as in a shell of its own.
The following are some of the papers that have been published on Coelenterate com-
mensals and parasites. For other papers see the lists appended to the other sections of
this paper.
Agassiz, in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, 1861, p. 24 (Sea-anemone Bicidium
parasitic on Medusa Cyanea ) . Hodge, in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) IX, 1862, p. 33
(Pycnogon in sacks in colonies of a Hydromedusa).
Macdonald, in Wiegmann's Archiv f. Naturges. XXX. 1864, p. 140 (Sipunculoid worm
in corallum of Heterocyathus) .
Verrill, in Silliman's Amer. Fourn. Sci.and Arts XLIX, 1870, p. 370 ( Heteropsammia
and Sipunculoid worm).
Semper, in Zeits. f. wiss. Zool. XXII, 1872 ( Heterocyathus and Heteropsammia
harbouring Sipunculoid worms).
Mereschkowsky, in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) XX, 1877, p. 220 ( Hydromedusæ and
Lamellibranch Mollusk).
Schulze, in Archives de Zool. Expérim. VII, 1878, p. ix ( Hydromedusæ in sponges).
Ciamician, in Zeits. f. wiss. Zool. XXXIII. 1879, p. 673 (Two Hydrozoa living
together).
Moseley, Challenger Madreporaria, p. 167 ( Heteropsammia and Sipunculoid
worm).
Fewkes, in American Naturalist XVII, 1883, p. 595 (coral and Annelid) : also Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) I, 1888, p . 362 (Hydromedusa parasitic on Fish : one Medusa living
in the stomach of another).
Haswell, in Proc. Linn. Soc., N. S. Wales, VII, 1883, p. 608 (Actinid lodged in a
Bryozoon colony).
McIntosh, in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) XX, 1887, p. 101 (commensalistic habits of
larva of Peachia).
Haddon, in Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc. 1887, p. 473 ; and Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) II,
1888, p. 256 (Larval Actiniaria parasitic on Hydromedusæ : and bibliographical note).
Dendy, in Proc. Roy.Soc. Victoria, Vol. XV. 1888 (on some Actiniarian larvæ para-
-sitic on a Medusa).
Bouvier, in Comptes Rendus CXIX. 1894, p. 96 ; and Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (7) XX,
1895 ( Heteropsammia and Heterocyathus with Sipunculoid worms : Parapagurus with
Sea-anemones, etc).
Alcock, in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) X, 1892, p. 207 (Hydromedusoid and Fish.
Also references to published observations of Van Beneden, Ailmann, Haeckel, Korotneff,
Ussow, Fewkes) : and Fourn. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1893, pt. 2, pp. 142,145 (Heterocyathus
and Heteropsammia with Sipunculoids).
M
44
Scientific Memoirs by
The following are some of the papers relating to the commensalism of Polyps and
Crustaceans :—
Quatrefages, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (2) XX, 1843, p. 230 : Wortley Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. (3) XII, 1863, p. 388 : Semper, Zeits. wiss. Zool. XIII, 1863, p. 560 : Chevreux.
Compt. Rend. Assoc. France pour l'Avance des Sciences , XIII, p. 316 : Des Moulins, Act.
Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, XXVIII, 1871, p. 325 : Hesse, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (6) 1876 :
Faurot, Compt. Rend. CI, 1885, p. 173 : Aurivillius, Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. XXIV,
1890-91, No. 9 : Milne Edwards and Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, (8) III, 1890-91,
pp. 102,151 : Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris. (8) 1V, 1891-92, p. 5 : Fowler, Fourn.
Marine Biol. Ass. II, 1891-92, p. 75 : Henderson, Fourn. Asiatic. Soc. Beng. 1896, pt.
2 , p . 5 1 6 : H i c k s o n ,
S t u d i e s i n B i o l . O w e n s C o l l . M a n c h .I
V , 1 8 9 9 , p . 1 4 7 : A l c o c k ,
Fourn. Asiatic Soc. Beng. 1899, p. 111.
In many of the above papers further references, not here quoted, will be found.
3. Commensalism among Echinoderms.
Among Echinoderms we have not on the " Investigator " encountered any
cases of association with other animals in which a reciprocity of benefits is
apparent.
On a common species of Comatula , in which the arms and pinnules are
banded alternately yellow and purple, we have found a Polychaete worm and a
Galatheid crustacean, both coloured like their host, and, as it would seem, en-
tirely to their own advantage.
A star-fish, Dictyaster xenophilus , several times dredged in the Andaman
Sea, at 170 to 290 fathoms, almost always has a (non-parasitic) Polychaete
worm firmly adherent to its broad actinal inter-radial areas, where also the eggs
of the worm are often found.
The well known association between the Holothurian Stichopus and the
Ophidioid fish Fierasfer homei, has twice been verified : once at Kiltan Island,
in the Laccadive group, where I saw the fish dart out of, and again into, the
cloaca of a Stichopus, which I then captured ; and once in the Andamans, where
I found the fish inside the body-cavity of a Stichopus that I was dissecting.
The similar association between Holothurians and Crustacea has also been
verified. Esconced in the cloaca of a species of Mulleria I once found a species
of Finnoteres.
The following are some of the papers in which Echinoderm commensals are referred
to :—
J. Muller, in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) IX, 1852, pp. 22,103; and (3) X, 1862, p. 216
(Mollusks developing in the genital glands of a Holothurian).
J. Müller, Archiv f. Anat. u . Physiol. 1858, p. 323 (commensals and parasites of
Holothurians).
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
45
F. Müller, in Wiegmann's Archiv. f. Naturges. XXVIII, 1862, i. p. 19 (Crustacean
and star-fish).
Semper, in Zeits. wiss. Zool. XI, 1862, p. 104 (Fish and Crab in Holothurian).
Verrill, in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) XX, 1867, p. 230 (Crab embedded in Echinoderm).
Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII, 1877, p. 110 (Crab in Holothurian).
Haswell, Cat. Australian Crust. p. 189 (Crustacean and Crinoid).
Cuenot, Rev. Biol, du Nord France, 1892 (commensals and parasites of Echinoderms).
4. Commensalism among Crustacea.
Several instances of definite partnerships between Crustacea and Sponges,
Crustacea and Zoophytes, and Crustacea and Echinoderms have already been
noticed : a few cases in which Crustacea have been found commensal with
Mollusca, have to be mentioned.
The alliance, known from the time of Aristotle, between crabs of the genus
Pinnoteres and various species of bivalve mollusks, is frequently illustrated in
these seas.
From a living individual of Lima indica , dredged off the coast of Travancore,
in 450 fathoms, Captain A. R. S. Anderson took a Pinnoteres (P. abyssicola ),
the first to be found in deep water.
Pinnoteres purpureus (a new species) has been found in an Andaman spe-
cies of oyster ; and Pinnoteres mactricola (another new species) in the common
Mactra violacea.
The equally well known league that exists between Pontonia and bivalve
mollusks is exemplified in the Laccadive Islands, where I found a male and egg-
laden female of this little crustacean harbouring in the mantle-chamber of a
common species of Tridacna, verifying the observations of Dana, Peters, Hender-
son and others.
I imagine that the association of certain tubicolous Annelids of the Serpulid
family with certain defenceless and sluggish crabs is a genuine case of commen-
salism, for the calcareous tubes of the Annelids must be a protection and disguise
to the crab, while the attachment to a locomotive host must benefit the
sedentary worm. The Oxyrhynch crab Encephaloides Armstrongi, which is one
of the characteristic inhabitants of the 100 fathom contour-line, in these seas,
furnishes a very good instance of this commensalism, for old adults are almost
always copiously encrusted with worm-tubes, although naturally these are not
to be seen on younger individuals that are still liable to moult.
Besides the papers previously cited, the following contain references to Crustacean
commensals :—
Ortmann in Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, V, ii. Arthropoda pp.
1236-1240, 1254-56.
46
Scient i fic Memoirs by
Richard, Sur les Parasites et 'les Commencaux des crustacés, in Arch. de Parasitol
II. No. 4, pp. 548—595.
Peters, in Wiegmann's Archiv, f. Naturges. XVIII, 1852, i. p. 283 (Crustacea in
Mollusks).
Semper, in Zeits. Wiss. Zool. XI, 1862, p. 105 (Crustacea and Mollusks).
F. Müller, in Weigmanns Archiv f. Naturges. XXVIII, 1862, i. p. 194 (Crustacean
and star-fish).
Graffe, in Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien, XVI, 1866, pp. 586, 588 (Crabs and Corals
Crabs and Mollusks).
Verrill, in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) XX, 1867, p. 230 (Crab embedded in Sea-urchin).
Streets, Bull U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. 1877, p. 110 (Crab in cloaca of Holothurian. The
same genus of crabs— Lissocarcinus- Asecla—is found in Indian waters, but its exact
habitat has not been noted).
Lucas, Ann Soc. Entom. France (5) X, 1880, Bull. p. cxvi. (Crabs in Oysters).
Joliet, in Arch. de Zool. Experim. X, 1882, p. 118 (Pontonia in an Ascidian).
Haacke, Zool. Garten, XXVI, 1885, p. 37 (Dromia and Ascidian).
Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 177 (Crab and Pearl oyster).
Kingsley, American Naturalist, Vol. XXII, p. 894 (in " Something about Crabs")
Henderson, Contribution to Indian Carcinology, in Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V.1893.
Coupin, Compt. Rend. CXIX, 1894, p. 542 (Crustaceans with Bivalves).
Coutière, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool (8) IX, 1899 (Alpheidæ).
5. Commensalism among Mollusca.
Some instances of the well known association of Crustacea with Bivalve
Mollusks have already been mentioned, namely Pontonia with Tridacna as has
been noted by numerous observers—and Pinnoteres in various Bivalves, as
has been known since the days of Aristotle.
The following cases may also, possibly, be illustrations of commensalism:—
The gastropod mollusk Pleurotoma symbiotes has been dredged in deep
water, in three different places, off Ceylon. The animal in every case was alive,
and its shell copiously encrusted by one and the same species of Palythoa. The
obvious advantages that would accrue, both to the mollusk and to the sea-anem-
one, from this association, and the apparent constancy of the association,
must not, however, lead us to forget that other species of Palythoa are sometimes
found attached to dead shells etc., and are commonly adherent to the anchor-
ropes of Hexactinellid sponges.
The living Shells of Turbo indicus, which is another gastropod inhabitant
of the depths of these seas, frequently give attachment to a sponge, and also
to a Cirripede crustacean of the genus Scalpellum.
The small species of Gastropod Mollusca that one constantly finds deeply
anchored in the sea-urchin Astropyga radiata are more probably parasites than
commensals.
Medical Officers of the Army of India. 47
Besides the papers already cited, references to Mollusks as commensals occur in the
following papers :—
Edgar A. Smith, in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) III, 1889, p. 270 (Commensal and
parasitic Mollusca).
Norman, in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) VII. 1891, p. 276, p. 388 (Bivalve mollusk
living in the burrows of a crustacean of the species Gebia stellata ).
See also the Cambridge Natural History, Mollusca, by A. H. Cooke, pp. 74—82.
6. Commensalism among Fishes.
The excellent instance of Minous inermis and the gymnoblastic Hydroid
Stylactis minoi, and the more obscure alliance of Fierasfer homei with the
Holothurian Stichopus have already been noticed.
When on the " Investigator," I frequently verified the observation that
certain small fishes, apparently belonging to the Carangoid family, constantly
sheltered themselves in the umbrella-cavity of certain Scyphomedusæ. I was
never able to catch specimens.
When working off the Orissa coast in 1889 we frequently encountered fleets
of a species of Porpita, each individual of which was accompanied by a young
fish, the fish taking refuge among the polyps of the Porpita -colony .
Besides the papers already cited (see under Coelenterata) the following relate to Fishes
as commensals :—
Maslowski in Bull Soc. Imp. Moscow, 1863, i, p. 269 (young fish in gills of fresh
-water mussel).
Collingwood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) XX, 1867, p. 311 (fish and Physalia : and
(4) I. 1868, p, 31 (fish and sea-anemone).
Wallich, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) III, 1869, p. 8. (fish and Physalia).
Van Beneden, Mem. Acad. Roy. Belgique, XXXVIII, 1871.
Owsjannikow, Bull. Acad. Petersburg, XVI, 1871, p. 104 (Hydra parasitic on eggs
of fish).
Putnam, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. XVI, 1874, p. 344 (Fierasfer and pearl oyster).
Day, Fourn. Linn. Soc. Zool. XV. 1880, pp. 51-52 (Amphiprion in sea-anemone
Therapon in Medusæ).
Emery, Fauna u. flora des Golfes von Neapel, Vol. II (Fierasfer and Holothurian).
Lunel, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) XII, 1883, p. 265 (Caranx in Scyphomedusa) and
p. 270 (Dorychthys in a Holothurian).
Macleay, in Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, VIII, 1883—84, p. 533 (fishes and Me-
dusæ).
Lunel, Recueil Zool. Suisse, I, 1884 (fish and Zoophyte).
Gunther, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 318 (Fierasfer in Pearl Oyster).
McIntosh, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) XVIII, 1886, p. 311 (fish and Medusa).
Giglioli, Nature , Vol. XXXIV, 1886, p. 313 (fish and Ascidian).
F. and P. Sarasin, Zool. Anzeiger, 1886, p. 82 (fish and Echinoid).
N
48
Scientific Memoirs by
Sluiter, Zool. Anzeiger, 1888 p. 240 (fish and sea-anemone).
Other references will be found in some of the above papers.
II.—Some Notes on Sexual Characters, Pairing, and Viviparity
among Marine Animals.
It has been remarked that the one final end of the individual existence is the
upkeep of the species, and that most of what we are accustomed to regard as
the purpose of life is merely the outcome of the sustained effort to fulfil this end.
If from this broad standpoint we compare the activities of animals that live
in the sea with those of animals that live on land, it often seems as if—especially
in respect of those direct efforts involved in courtship and parental care—the
lives of sea-animals are the simpler and the less purposive.
Any observations, therefore, which tend to show that the behaviour
—especially the sexual and parental behaviour—of marine-animals is not very dif-
ferent from that of land-animals, will be of interest to the evolutionist.
1. On Pairing and Parental Care among Echinoderms.
Darwin ( Descent of Man, 2nd edition, page 260) states definitely that
secondary sexual characters do not occur in this phylum.
As to pairing among Echinoderms, the only reference that I can find is that
of Jickeli in Zoolog. Anzeiger 1884, page 448 (translated in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 5, vol., xiv, 1834, page 367). My own observations on the reefs of these
seas had led me to believe that among both Ophiuroids and Asteroids pairing
takes place, and in January 1890 I obtained actual proof of the pairing of Ophio-
campsis pellicula.
When dredging off the Orissa coast in 11 fathoms, two individuals of this
species were found woven together in the closest embrace in the recesses of a
Pennatulid colony. One of them had the disk greatly distended with what under
the microscope proved to be ova, the other was a male, much less tensely charged
with spermatozoa.
With regard to the care of eggs and young, including viviparity, although
this is well known to occur in all classes of Echinoderms, except Crinoids, yet on
the " Investigator " we have made no observations on this point, except to verify
the fact that the star-fish Marsipaster carries about its eggs in an abactinal
brood-pouch. From the fact, however, that Pluteus and other free-swimming
larvæ of Echinoderms are not nearly so abundant as one would expect in these
seas, it is reasonable to suppose that viviparous and nutricant species, w i l l b e
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
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found here. In this hope I append some references to the literature of this
interesting subject :—
Sar; in Müller's Archiv f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1842 p. foll. 329 ; and in Wiegmann's
Archiv f. Naturges. X. 1844, i. p. 169.
Krohn, in Müller's Archiv f. Anat. 1851, p. 338.
Max Schultze, in Müller's Archiv f. Anat 1852, p. 37.
Leuckart, in Wiegmann's Archiv f. Nat. XX, 1854, ii. p. 387.
Grube, in Monatsber. K. Akad Berl. 1868, p. 178, and Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) II,
1868, p. 168.
A. Agassiz, in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. (Boston) 1876, p. 231 ; and Ann. des
Sci. Nat., Zool., (6) v. 1877.
Studer, in Monatsber. K. Akad. Berl., 1876, p. 452 ; and in Zool. Anzeiger 1880, p.
523 and p. 543; and in Abhand. K. Akad. Berl., 1832, p. 13 ; and in J ahrb. Hamb. Wiss.
Anstalten, 1885, p. 157.
Wyville Thomson in The Atlantic (Voy. H. M. S. "Challenger ") Vol. II, p. 213; and
in J ourn. Linn. Soc., Zool., XIII. 1878, p. 55.
Koren and Danielssen, in Fauna Littoralis Norvegiæ III, 1877, p. 68.
Ludwig, in Beneden and Bambeke's Archiv. de Biol. II, 1881, p. 41; and in Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) XX, 1897, p. 327 and p. 487.
Perrier, in Compt. Rend. CII. 1886, p. 1146.
Recorder in Wiegmann's Archiv f. Nat. LIII. 1887, ii. pt. 3, p. 193.
Mortensen, in Zeits. Wiss. Zool. LVII, 1894, p. 704.
Clark, in John Hopkins Univ. Circulars, Vol. XVII. No. 132; and in J ournal
J amaica Inst. July 1896; and in Zool. Anzeiger, 1895, p. 398; and in Mem. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist. V, 1898, No. 3, p. 53.
2 . On Secondary Sexual Characters and Pairing among Higher Crustacea.
Among the Decapod Crustacea, although there are numerous species—even
remarkably endowed species such as those of the genus Ocypoda—in which the
sexes are quite alike, yet it is very common to find the male possessed of
chelipeds one or both of which differ very greatly in size, and often also in form,
from those of the female.
It appears probable that in some cases the large cheliped is useful for
holding the female : in other cases it is used by rival males as a weapon, especially
at the breeding season. In Gelasimus annulipes, one of the common Fiddler-
crabs of Indian estuaries—as will be found described in the section headed Miscel-
laneous Notes on Stalk-eyed Crustacea—the enormous cheliped of the male is not
only used both as a weapon of attack and as a shield, but also, being beautifully
and conspicuously coloured, is obtrusively displayed to attract the female.
There are other differences between the sexes in the higher Crustacea—such
for instance, as the numerous appliances possessed by the males of certain
50
Scientific Memoirs by
species for holding the female, and the more developed olfactory organs of the
males of certain species—which seem to be on the boundary-line between charac-
ters of primary, or fundamental, and secondary importance.
Several such sexual differences have been newly noted, or verified on board
the " Investigator."
We have constantly verified the observation that in many species of Caridea
the olfactory flagellum of the antennules is thicker in the male than in the female,—
an arrangement which probably, as in the Tanais mentioned by Fritz Müller,
assists the male in the search for the female. In forms like Polycheles, which live
in abyssal darkness and have no eyes, such a sexual difference can hardly be
regarded as of secondary importance.
In several of the bathybial and nectic species of Peneidæ taken by the
" Investigator" the sexes differ in the size of the rostrum, in the form of the
antennal scale, in the form of one of the antennular flagella, and even in the form
of the external maxillipeds ; but except in the case of the rostrum, it is hard to
judge whether the differences are of primary or secondary importance in the
reproduction of the species.
In all the Indian species of the nectic Aristœus, the rostrum is much shorter
in the male than it is in the female. In Aristæus crassipes the difference is very
great, the rostrum of the female being, relatively to the size of the body, about
four times as long as it is in the male. In this, as in the other species, the females
are larger and more numerous than the males.
Sexual differences in the form of the antennular flagella were remarked by
Spence Bate in Aristœus and by Wood-Mason and myself in Metapenæus.
In Aristœus virilis (= Hemipenæus virilis Spence Bate), we have verified
Spence Bate's account of the curious modification of the base of the inner flagellum
of the antennules in the male sex. The region mentioned is compressed and curved
so that the curvatures of the flagella of opposite sides form by their opposition a
sort of forceps, which is probably prehensile in function.
In the males alone of Metapenœus coniger—another Indian species—the base
of the inner flagellum of the antennules, though very slightly curved, is thickened
and indurated and is armed at the end of the thickened rigid portion with a spine.
The whole forms, when the flagella are opposed, a sort of prehensile apparatus,
even more perfect than that of Aristæus.
In Metapenœus rectacutus we have found, in every male of a large series,
that the base of the inner antennular flagellum is curved in a vertical plane, the
curve being rigid and forming nearly a semi-circle, and ending in a recurved
thickening. In the female the flagellum is perfectly straight.
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
51
Similar prehensile modifications of the male antennules have been observed
in sergestes, and Wood-Mason has confirmed these observations from an Indian
species taken by the " Investigator."— S. rubroguttatus.
In Aristœopsis Edwardsiana,- which is a fairly common nectic species of
prawn in these seas, the adult males alone have the antennal scale produced as a
cylindrical fleshy process as long as, or longer than, the scale itself. It is worthy
of note that in this species there are no prehensile modifications either of the
antennules or of the external maxillipeds.
In Aristœus virilis and semidentatus, but not in Aristœus crassipes, the
outer edge of the tip of the antennal scale is, in the males alone, thickened and
fleshy but is not produced to form an independent process.
Another sexual difference found in the three Indian species, Aristæus virilis,
Aristœus semidentatus and Aristœus crassipes, is exhibited in the external
maxillipeds. In the females these appendages are of the ordinary slender form,
and their only peculiarity is in the dactylus, the base of which is distinctly
notched on the inside. But in the males the three terminal segments are much
thickened and broadened, the propodite ends either in a serrated spine or in a
stout tuft of hairs, and the dactylus is truncated—sometimes even swollen at the
tip—and is more or less distinctly double curved. The height of modification is
seen in A. crassipes, a species in which there is no prehensile apparatus on the
antennular flagella. Here the inner surface of the carpopodite of the male external
maxillipeds is grooved, the groove being converted into a sort of channel by a
thick fringe of very long curved hairs ; the fringe of hairs is continued along the
swollen sub-cylindrical propodite on its inner surface ; while the dactylus, which
is strongly curved, broadened at base, and knobbed at tip, is profoundly notched
in its outer aspect.
As regards pairing, although we have recorded numerous instances in which
Decapod Crustacea have been found together in couples, male and female, the
only case in which actual union of the sexes has been witnessed by me is that of
the Oxystomatous crab Dorippe facchino.
The following papers relate to pairing among Decapod Crustacea : it appears that the
sperm is introduced by the male (sometimes after elaborate preliminary manœuvres) into
the female passages by the appropriately modified appendages of the first two abdominal
segments : it does not appear to be certain, however, that the sperm thus injected is
always put to immediate use in fertilising the ova:—
Spence Bate, in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) VI, 1850, p. 109 (Carcinus mœnas).
Coste, in Comptes Rendus, ,XLVI, 1858, p. 432 and XLVII, 1858, p. 45 (Crayfish,
Carcinus mœnas, Xantho floridus, Portunus rondeleti and marmoreus, Maia squinado,
Cancer pagurus, Porcellana platycheles and longicornis).
Andrews, American .Naturalist, XXIX, 1895, p. 867 (Cambarus).