NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
On the presence of peculiar parasitic organisms in the tissue of
a specimen of Delhi Boil.
BY
SURGEON-MAJOR D. D. CUNNINGHAM, M.B.,
SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
In the heading given above it will be observed that the old term "Delhi
Boil" has been employed in place of the mere comprehensive one "Oriental
Sore." The local designation has been deliberately reverted to, because it
appears to be quite possible that growths presenting the generic characters of
Oriental sore may be due to distinct specific causes in different localities. The
neoplasm in the present instance was certainly associated with, and very pos
-sibly due to, the presence of a peculiar form of parasitic organism. Apart from
this, however, it presented no specific characters, but was essentially a simple
granuloma such as might arise in connection with the presence of persistent
irritation dependent on very various causes. In employing the term "boil"
rather than "sore" I have been guided by the desire to indicate clearly from
the outset that the parasitic bodies in this case occurred independent of the
existence of any raw surface—of any solution in the continuity of the cutaneous
surface—and were present in the initial stage of the disease, in which there is
merely an accumulation of granulomatous neoplasm within the dermal tissue.
There can be no occasion here for considering at length the general condi
-tions in association with which affections of this character arise in India, as this
was fully done a few years ago by Dr. Lewis and myself in a paper on "The
Oriental Sore," since the publication of which no important additions to our
knowledge of the subject have been made. I shall accordingly confine myself
almost entirely to giving an account of the structural features of the specimen
under consideration. This was obtained from Delhi, where it was excised from
the person of a patient in the dispensary, placed at once in absolute alcohol and
sent down to me in Calcutta for examination. In the hard and shrunken con
-dition in which it arrived it measured one inch in length by 0.416 of an inch in
maximum thickness. It presented the usual bluntly convex contour, and, as
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
3 1
velopment of tumours in the host body which they affect, not merely as the re
-sult of accumulation of their own proper elements, but due to the occurrence of
coincident processes of excessive hypertrophy in the host-tissues apparently of
irritative origin. For example, in the case of Woronin's Plasmodiophora Bras-
sicæ we have to deal with a parasite of this nature affecting various species of
Brassica and causing both great hypertrophy of individual cells and accelerated
rate in processes of cell division in the host.
The data which have been attained as the result of this examination of a
specimen of typical Delhi Boil appear, then, to me to show that the diseased
processes in cases of so-called "Oriental Sore" may certainly be associated
with and possibly caused by the presence of peculiar parasitic bodies. In
regard to this, however, it appears to be quite possible that such bodies may
constitute a real cause of such disease without necessarily constituting its
only cause. The neoplasm in specimens of Delhi Sore, such as the present one,
presents no specific characters. All the changes in the normal tissues may be
reasonably ascribed to mere persistent local irritation of certain intensity, and it
is quite conceivable that such irritation may be connected with different
exciting causes in different instances. Even, therefore, should it eventually be
demonstrated that all cases of such disease occurring in and around Delhi are
invariably and causatively related to the presence of the parasitic organisms
here described, it by no means necessarily follows that all similar forms of disease
occurring in other localities should have an identical causation. It is quite con-
ceivable that similar morbid changes may arise as the result of the presence of
other forms of parasitic organisms, or may even be developed apart from para-
sitic agency of any kind whatever.
CALCUTTA;
The 1st October 1885.
PLATE I.
PARASITIC ORGANISMS IN A SPECIMEN OF DELHI-SORE.
Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, September 1885.
PLATE II.
PARASITIC ORGANISMS AND TISSUE ELEMENTS IN A SPECIMEN OF DELHI-SORE.
Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, December 1885.
PLATE III.
TISSUES IN A SPECIMEN OF DELHI-SORE, &c.
Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices., Calcutta, February 1886.
REPORTS BRINGING UP THE
STATISTICAL HISTORY
OF
THE EUROPEAN ARMY IN INDIA
AND OF
THE NATIVE ARMY AND JAIL POPULATION OF BENGAL
TO
AND THE CHOLERA HISTORY OF 1875 AND 1876,
REPORTS EMBRACING THE PERIOD FROM 1817 TO 1872.
JAMES L. BRYDEN, M.D., SURGEON-MAJOR, BENGAL ARMY,
STATISTICAL OFFICER ATTACHED TO THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
Printed by order of the Government of India.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING.
1878.
IP/QA.5 IP
REPORTS
BRINGING UP THE
STATISTICAL HISTORY
OF
THE EUROPEAN ARMY IN INDIA
AND OF
THE NATIVE ARMY AND JAIL POPULATION OF BENGAL
TO
1876;
AND THE CHOLERA HISTORY OF 1875 AND 1876,
IN CONTINUATION OF
REPORTS EMBRACING THE PERIOD FROM 1817 TO 1872.
BY
JAMES L. BRYDEN, M.D., SURGEON-MAJOR, BENGAL ARMY,
STATISTICAL OFFICER ATTACHED TO THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
Printed by order of the Government of India.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING.
1878.
CALCUTTA:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING,
8, HASTINGS STREET.
PREFACE.
THE Secretary of State for India having required that the Statistics of the
Native Armies and Jails of the Minor Presidencies shall be incorporated
in the Annual Series of Tables appended to the Report of the Sanitary Com-
-missioner with the Government of India, the series for 1877 will include, in a
uniform shape, the Statistics of the European. and Native Armies and the Jail
Population of India.
The introduction of this change makes it expedient to close with the
returns of 1876 the series of annual compilations having reference to the
Bengal Presidency only ; and the volume containing the statistics of the six
years from 1871 to 1876 is issued along with these commentaries.
Since 1871, the Statistics of the European Army of the Three Presidencies
have been placed in my hands, and the results have been published annually.
The statistics of a series or years are required adequately to illustrate many
questions of importance relating to the medical history of the British Soldier
in India, and the First Section of this Report gives for the period the illustra--
tions required to supplement the tables which have reference to sickness and
mortality generally.
The statistics of localities and the influence of seasonal changes I shall
reserve for a future opportunity, when it may be possible to contrast the experi--
ence of the ten years from 1871 to 1880 with that of the decennial period
1860-69, already framed and published as a standard of comparison.
Reference to the Table of Contents will show the subjects which I propose
to take up for consideration in the meantime.
In the Second Section, relating to the Native Army of Bengal, the Statis-
-tics of the Ten Years from 1867 to 1876 are reviewed, and a Standard for the Ten
Years, in a series of forty-nine tables, is appended. The Statistics of the Sta-
tions of the Presidency for the period are printed. in detail for twelve stations
only, which may be taken as representative of areas ; but the same Statistics
of locality have been made up in detail for each Cantonment of the Presidency,
and are available for reference.
The Third Section reviews the Jail Mortality of the Presidency over a
period of Eighteen Years. The statistics are arranged in two series, having
reference to the eighteen years from 1859 to 1876, and to the ten years from
1867 to 1876. The reason for this will appear when the contents of these
tables are discussed. The latter series is drawn up as a Ten-year Standard,
uniform with that for the Native Army of Bengal ; but, by desire of the Secre--
tary of State for India, the figures of the ten years have been adapted so as to
represent the different Jail Administrations of the Presidency. The Ten-year
standard. consists of fifty-six tables ; and this is, I believe, the first time that
iv
PREFACE.
the Statistics of the Prisoners of the Presidency have been brought together for
a series of years, and reviewed on an adequate basis.
The chapters on the forms which destructive disease assumes in jails, and
on epidemic fevers, contagious and non-contagious, open up for study subjects
of world-wide importance.
The Fourth Section continues the history of Epidemic Cholera in Hindostan
from 1873 to the close of 1876, taking up the narrative from the date at which
my report of 1872 closed. It teaches how, when cholera has disappeared, its
renewal over the different provinces of India may be expected to occur ; and in
the successive advances throughout 1875 and 1876, phenomena so striking in
their character as to be appreciable by any educated observer, have come forward
in every month, and from one end of India to the other, to demonstrate that the
distribution of cholera is brought about by the same natural agencies which
have been in operation through the past sixty years.
Simla, 1st January 1878.
SECTION
I.
GENERAL STATISTICS OF THE BRITISH ARMY OF INDIA FROM 1871 TO 1876.
A
( 2 )
Sanitary Commission reported in 1863 to be the death-rate which ought
eventually to be attained. Among the European troops in the Bengal Presi-
dency the death-rate has ranged thus—
During the
five years.
1861-65 . . .
29.30 permille.
1866-70 . . .
27.48 "
1871-75 . . . 18.50 "
The ratio of invaliding has also fallen to 42.50 per mille during the period
1871-75, from 49.66 per mile in the preceding five years.
In the jails of the Bengal Presidency the average death-rate during the
nine years 1868-76 was 15.62 per mile per annum, as compared with an
average rate of 29.48 per mile during the nine years 1859-67.
4. The Governor General in Council desires that the acknowledgments
of the Government of India may be conveyed to Dr.Bryden for the valuable
work of which the present volumes are the outcome.
ORDER.—Ordered, that this Resolution be forwarded to the Sanitary Com--
missioner with the Government of India for information and communication
to Dr. Bryden, and to the Military Department for information.
(True Extract.)
C. BERNARD,
Offg. Secretary to the Govt. of India.
Govt Central. Branch Press, Simla,—No, 511 H. D.—8-10-78—185.
Chapter I.]
GENERAL STATISTICS OF THE ARMY FOR THE SIX YEARS.
7
Comparative Statement showing the Ratios of Sickness and Mortality in the Army of
B e n g a l f r o m 1 8 6 1 t o 1 8 7 5 .
THE RATIOS OF SICKNESS, MORTALITY, AND INVALIDING FOR THE ARMY OF BENGAL FOR THE 15 YEARS
1861-75, CONTRASTED IN 5-YEAR PERIODS.
Daily Sick-rate per 1,000 of Strength.
1861.
1862.
1863.
1864.
1865.
1861—65.
82.0
76.8
69.6
62.1
60.2
70.6
1866.
1867.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1866—70.
58.1
53.4
52.5
59.5
63.8
57.5
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1871—75.
59.2
56.8
55.7
58.7
57.6
57.5
Admission-rate per 1,000 of Strength.
1861.
1862.
1863.
1864.
1865.
1861—65.
2045.6
1970.8
1838.4
1641.6
1605.3
1830.5
1866.
1867.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1866—70.
1501.7
1412.5
1438.3
1729.5
1731.9
1571.3
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1871—75.
1507.7
1514.1
1349.8
1443.8
1387.5
1439.8
Death-rate per 1,000 of Strength from Cholera.
1861.
1862.
1863.
1864.
1865.
1861—65.
23.73
9.61
4.09
2.55
3.12
9.02
1866.
1867.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1866—70.
1.37
13.84
1.81
16.46
.63
6.98
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1871—75.
. 7 1
10.66
. 9 0
.21
3.66
3.23
Death-rate per 1,000 from Violent Deaths.
1861.
1862.
1863.
1864.
1865.
1861—65.
1.32
1.45
1.94
1.81
1.45
1.78
1866.
1867.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1866—70.
2.09
1.30
1.62
1.62
1.83
1.70
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1871—75.
1.74
1.75
1.66
1.71
1.53
1.68
Died per 1,000 from All Causes after deducting Cholera and Violent Deaths
1861.
1862.
1863.
1864.
1865.
1861—65.
20.88
17.05
18.09
16.74
19.67
18.50
1866.
1867.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1866—70.
16.65
15.81
16.68
24.81
19.44
18.80
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1871—75.
15.50
15.15
12.89
12.78
12.37
13.59
Loss per 1,000 from Invaliding.
1861.
1862.
1863.
1864.
1865.
1861—65.
28.09
31.50
34.97
36.75
46.87
35.64
1866.
1867.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1866—70.
49.04
47.28
45.49
53.98
52.50
49.66
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1871—75.
47.53
43.73
42.16
40.39
38.71
42.50
A large proportion of the Army has now the chance of comparative immunity afforded to it by
removal during the hot season from the influences of the plains.
In Bengal one-fourth of the strength is now located in the
hills during the hot weather; besides women and children,
the hill stations received in 1876, 6,791 men; the convalescent
depôts, 2,184; and the Cherat Sanitarium, 700,—a total of
9,675 out of a strength of 36,500.
The proportion of the Army of
Bengal which has now the benefit of
change to a hill climate, and the
results of residence in the hills.
Venereal Diseases of the European Army, 1871—75.
ARMY OF BENGAL.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1871-75.
1876.
FORMS OF DISEASE.
Strength, 35,071.
Strength, 36,591.
Strength, 36,817.
Strength, 37,190.
Strength, 37,814.
Strength, 183,483.
Strength, 37,028.
Admis-
sions.
Ratio per
1,000.
Admis-
sions.
Ratio per
1,000.
Admis-
sions.
Ratio per
1,000.
Admis-
sions.
Ratio per
1,000.
Admis-
sions.
Ratio per
1,000.
Admis-
sions.
Ratio per
1,000.
Admis-
sions.
Ratio per
1,000.
Primary Syphilis
. . .
2,572
73.3
2,266
61.9
1,809
49.1
2,466
66.3
2,696
71.3 11,809
64.4
2,215
59.8
Gonorrhœa . . .
3,371
96.1
3,194
87.2
3,178
86.3
3,683
99.0
3,559
94.1
1 6 , 9 8 5
92.6
3,730
100.7
Phymosis . . .
23
10.8
39
10.0
23
9.5
21
9.8
43
15.5
149
11.2
24
9.6
Stricture . . .
1 3 4
152
133
158
137
714
147
Warts . . .
104
74
96
104
155
533
111
Orchitis, gonorrhœal . . .
119
112
97
81
252
661
72
TOTAL
. . .
6,323
180.2
5,837
159.1
5,336
144.9
6,513
175.1
6,842
180.9
30,851
168.2
6,299
170.1
Secondary Syphilis . . .
849
24.2
830
22.6
660
17.9
860
23.1
787
20.8
3,986
21.7
784
21.2
Inflammation of the inguinal glands . . .
630
32.3
52
2 7 . 2
503
26.4
427
24.4
539
22.2
2,620
26.4
537
26.3
Orchitis . . .
503
476
469
481
301
2,230
436
TOTAL
. . .
8,305
236.7
7,664
208.9
6,968
1 8 9 . 2
8,281
2 2 2 . 6
8,469
223.9
39,687
216.3
8,056
217.6
10
S T A T I S T I C S O F T H E B R I T I S H J A R M Y I N I N D I A F R O M 1 8 7 1 T O 1 8 7 6 .
[ S e c t i o n I .
ARMY OF MADRAS.
FORMS OF DISEASE.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1871-75.
1876.
Strength, 10,673.
Strength, 11,369.
Strength, 11,413.
Strength, 11,556.
Strength, 11,253.
Strength, 56,264.
Strength, 11,155.
Admis-
Sions.
Ratio per
1,000.
Admis-
sions.
Ratio per
1,000.
Admis-
sions.
Ratio per
1,000.
Admis-
sions.
Ratio per
1,000.
Admis-
sions.
Ratio per
1,000.
Admis-
sions.
Ratio per
1,000.
Admis-
sions.
Ratio per
1,000.
Primary Syphilis . . .
597
55.9
743
65.4
715
62.6
917
79.3
786
69.8
3,758
66.8
675
60.5
Gonorrhœa . . .
855
80.1
700
61.5
656
57.5
767
66.4
887
78.8
3,865
68.7
884
79.3
Phymosis . . .
8
6.6
12
7.2
6
7.4
10
9 . 8
9
12.7
45
8.7
4
8.4
Stricture . . .
27
30
37
50
54
198
36
Warts
.
.
.
21
21
19
23
27
111
17
Orchitis, gonorrhœal . . .
14
19
22
30
53
138
37
TOTAL . . .
1,522
142.6
1,525
134.1
1,455
127.5
1,797
155.5
1,816
161.3
8,115
144.2
1,653
148.2
Secondary Syphilis . . .
383
35.9
333
29.2
285
24.9
348
30.1
428
38.0
1,777
31.6
329
29.5
Inflammation of the inguinal glands . . .
318
45.8
314
37.1
266
34.5
313
38.7
268
35.3
1,479
38.2
238
3 2 . 2
Orchitis
.
.
.
171
108
128
134
129
670
121
TOTAL . . .
2,394
224.3
2,280
200.4
2,134
186.9
2,592
224.3
2,641
234.6
12,041
214.0
2,341
209.9
C h a p t e r I .
G E N E R A L S T A T I S T I C S O F T H E A R M Y F O R T H E S I X Y E A R S .
ARMY OF BOMBAY.
FORMS OF DISEASE.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1871-75.
1876.
Strength, 10,740.
Strength, 10,734.
Strength, 10,586.
Strength, 10,507.
Strength, 10,301.
Strength, 52,868.
Strength, 10,323.
Admis-
sions.
Ratio per
1,000.
Admis-
sions.
Ratio per
1,000
Admis-
sions.
Ratio per
1,000.
Admis-
sions.
Ratio per
1,000.
Admis-
sions.
Ratio per
1,000.
Admis-
sions.
Ratio per
1,000.
Admis-
sions.
Ratio per
1,000.
Primary Syphilis . . .
654
60.9
584
54.4
619
58.5
662
63.0
502
48.7
3,021
57.1
611
59.2
Gonorrhœa . . .
830
77.3
813
75.7
943
89.1
740
70.4
787
76.4
4,113
77.8
849
82.2
Phymosis . . .
14 8 . 2
9 6.7
8
8.9
10
7.8
17
19.1
58
10.1
5
8.4
Stricture . . .
38
20
31
45
59
193
50
Warts . . .
11
10
25
13
53
112
12
Orchitis, gonorrhœal . . .
25
33
30
14
68
170
20
TOTAL . . .
1,572
146.4
1,469
136.8
1,656
156.5
1,484
141.2
1,486
144.2
7,667
145.0
1,547
149.8
Secondary Syphilis . . .
270
25.1
151
14.0
257
24.3
285
27.1
273
26.5
1,236
23.4
285
27.6
Inflammation of the inguinal glands . . .
246
31.0
191
25.6
275
3 4 . 8
271
33.9
236
29.5
1,219
31.0
230
30.4
Orchitis . . .
87
84
93
85
68
417
84
TOTAL . . .
2,175
202.5
1,895
176.4
2,281
215.6
2,125
202.2
2,063
200.2
10,539
199.4
2,146
207.8
S T A T I S T I C S O F T H E B R I T I S H A R M Y I N I N D I A F R O M 1 8 7 1 T O 1 8 7 6 .
[Section I.
14
STATISTICS OF THE BRITISH ARMY IN INDIA. FROM 1871 TO 1876.
[Section I.
It necessarily follows that the liability to death from hepatitis and dysentery is doubled
in Madras, while the chances of death from fevers other than
enteric are small, compared to what they are in the other presi
-dencies.
This is the comparative expectation, reckoning liability at 100—
Madras.
Bengal.
Bombay.
Dysentery
51.44
26.93
21.63
=100
Hepatitis
45.24
27.31
27.45
=100
Fevers, other than enteric
19.63
51.85
28.52
=100
This statement shows how we may expect 100 deaths to be made up in the Armies of
Bengal, Madras, and Bombay, It is framed on the results of the six years 1871-76, excluding
cholera, small-pox, and deaths from violence :
Bengal.
B o m b a y .
Madras.
Hepatitis 15
2 4
Hepatitis. 17
2 6
Hepatitis
23 40
Dysentery. 9
Dysentery. 9
Dysentery. 17
Enteric fevers ,13
Enteric fever. 14
Heart disease. 13
Other fevers
11
Apoplexy
13
Enteric fever
10
Heat apoplexy .11
Phthisis
10
Phthisis
9
Heart diseases
9
Heart disease. 9
Heat apoplexy
9
Phthisis
9
Fevers not returned
as enteric
7
Fevers not re-
turned as enteric 4
Respiratory diseases 8
Respiratory diseases 5
Respiratory diseases 2
Dclirum. tremens . 1
Delirium tremens 2
Delirium tremens 2
All others
14
All others
1 4
All others
11
TOTAL. 100
100
1 0 0
The deaths and death-rate are detailed, and the comparative liability to death from the
chief causes of mortality is defined in the following Table:—
Aggregate of the Average Annual Strengths of the six years 1871-76), on which the ratios of the
table are calculated.
Army of Bengal.
Army of Bombay.
Army of Madras.
219,290
63,279
67,451
Deaths and Death-rates for the six-year period, and the Ratio of Liability to Death from the chief
causes cf mortality, contrasted in, the Three Presidencies.*
CAUSES OF DEATHS.
N U M B E R O F D E A T H S . DEATH-RATE PER 1,000. COMPARATIVE RATIO OF
LIABILITY TO DEATH.
Bengal .
Bombay.
Ma d r a s .
Bengal .
B o m b a y .
Ma dr a s . Bengal .
Bo mb a y .
Ma dr a s .
Tot al .
Heatitis
427 124 218 1.95 1.96
1 . 9 6
3.23 27 . 31 27.45 45.24 100
Dysentery
268
62 157 1.22
98 2.33 26.93 21.63 51.44 100
Enteric fever
373 105
93 1.70 1.66 1.38 35.87 35.02 29.11 100
Other fevers
306
49
36 1.40 .77 .53 51.85 28.52 19.63 100
Heat apoplexy
308 98
82 1.40 1.55 1.22 33.57 37.17 29.26 100
Heart disease
268
67 118 1.22 1.06 1.75 30.27 26.30 43.43 100
Phthisis pulmonalis
269
72
83 1.23 1.11 1.23 34.1.7 31.66 34.17 100
Respiratory diseases
222
36
18 1.01 .57 .27 54.60 30.80 11.60 100
Delirium tremens
28
15
17 .13 .24 .25 20.97 38.71 40.32 100
All other causes
410 104 102 1.87 1.64 1.51 37.25 32.67 30.08 100
All causes
2,879 732 924 13.13 11.57 18.70 34.20 30.13 35.67 1000
*Cholera, smallpox, and violent deaths are omitted in this contrasted statement.
Composition of 100 deaths in the
Armies of the Three Presidencies.
18 STATISTICS OF THE BRITISH ARMY IN INDIA FROM 1871 TO 1876. [Section I.
CHAPTER II.
THE STATISTICS OF THE ARMY AS INFLUENCED BY AGE AND LENGTH OF SERVICE IN INDIA.
The Strength of the Army in rela-
tion to Age and Length of Service in
India-Army of 1871-75.
The figures which follow show that in the period under review one-fifth only of the
men composing the Army of India serve in the country
over seven years; four-fifths are removed in the seven years,
and the history is consistent throughout.
One half of the Army is composed of men who have spent four seasons or less in India.
These are the proportions taken on the average of the five years 1871-75; one hundred
soldiers of the Army of India stand thus in relation to length of residence:—
1—4 years.
5—7 years.
Above 7 years.
55
24
21
= 100
Out of an average strength of 58,000, 12,200 men remained after seven years ' service;
after four years' residence only 26,250, or 45 per cent., continued to serve; and 55 per cent. of
the Army, 31,650 men, were new soldiers, recently landed and spending their first seasons in
India.
In accordance with this statement, it follows that the Army of India is a young army,
taken as a body.
Only 2 per cent. of the whole strength exceeds 40 years of age, and only 14 per cent. 35:
86 per cent. of the total are men below 35; and 65 per cent. of the Army are men
under 30. The restrictions placed of late years on sending immature soldiers to India have
resulted in this, that the returns of the Army for 1875 show only 1,264 lads under 20 and
those of 1876, 1,185.
The natural sub-division of the Army in relation to age would appear to be as under;
and these were the proportions out of each hundred present at the different ages:
Young soldiers.
Mature soldiers.
Old soldiers.
Below 24.
25 to 34.
35 and upwards.
38
48
14
=100
The details year by year, and for the Armies of the Three Presidencies, are here given.
The Age Statements show the full strength of the Army; but the Return for Length of Resi
-dence is deficient for several regiments, and so far incomplete. The deficiencies, however, do
not seriously interfere with the general results:—
Strength of the Army at different periods of Indian Service.
ARMY OF INDIA, 1871-75.
RESIDENCE IN INDIA.
Year.
Total Strength.
1 —4 y e a r s .
5—7 years.
Above 7 years.
1871
56,662
32,558
12,133
11,971
1872
58,063
33,042
13,403
11,618
1873
57,291
32,080
13,534
11,677
1874
58,594
31,658
15,105
11,831
1875
58,901
28,905
15,978
14,018
289,511
158,243
70,153
61,115
1871-75
57,902
31,619
14,031
12,222
ARMY OF BENGAL, 1871-75.
1871
34,713
19,287
8,076
7,350
1872
35,577
18,423
10,200
6,954
1873
35,939
18,006
10,091
7,842
1874
36,318
18,400
11,115
6,803
1875
37,190
18,107
9,964
9,119
179,737
92,223
49,446
38,068
1871-75
35,947
18,445
9,889
7,613
ARMY OF MADRAS, 1871-75.
1871
11,141
5,885
2,295
2,961
1872
11,445
6,828
1,433
3,184
1873
10,642
7,332
1,311
1,999
1874
11,353
6,589
1,997
2,767
1875
11,169
5,251
3,013
2,905
55,750
31,885
10,049
13,816
1871-75
11,150
6,377
2,010
2,763