NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
56
[Appendix G.
PART I.—Allowances of Officers deputed, to Plague Duty—cont.
Class of officers.
B, Medical officers
wholly
em-
ployed
on
plague duty
cont.
C. Medical officers,
doing plague
work in addi-
tion to their
ordinary
duties.
Particulars.
(iv) Military assistant sur-
geons in civil or
military employ, on
pay exceeding Rs.
150.
(v) Military assistant sur-
geons in civil or
military employ, on
pay not exceeding
Rs. 150.
(vi) Civil assistant sur-
geons.
(vii) Civil apothecaries
(viii) Hospital assistants en-
gaged on plague duty
involving
personal
risk, Such as attend-
ing on plague pa-
tients.
(ix) Hospital assistants en-
gaged
on
light
plague duty, such as
inspection of passen-
gers.
(1) * † Commissioned
officers.
(2) *
Medical subordi
nates.
(S) Nurses or midwives ...
Allowances.
Rs. 3 a
day.
Es. 2 a
day.
In addition to any
acting, charge or
house
allowance
they may have been
drawing at the time
of their deputation
to plague duty and
which they would
have continued to
draw but for such
deputation.
Rs. 2 a day.
Rs. 25 a month, or in the case
of men, who, at the time of
their deputation, were in in-
dependent charge, the full
charge allowance of their
grades.
Annas 8
a day.
Rs. 10 a
month.
In addition to house-
rent or free quar-
ters, but in lieu of
charge allowance.
† Such local allowance, not ex
ceeding one-fifth of the
salary, as may be fixed in
each case by Government.
The allowance should be
given only to officers whose
additional plague work, such
as that of medical inspection
of passengers, by road or
railway, is entirely separate
from, and outside the sphere
of, their ordinary duties and
not to officers whose ordi
nary and legitimate work,
such as that of attending on
the sick in hospital, has been
increased owing to the occur-
r en ce of plague.
* A special foe of Rs. 15 will be paid for every inspection of vessels conducted
in bad weather when it involves extraordinary risk.
† See note ‡ on the previous page.
‡ When the out-door plague work of a medical subordinate is so heavy as to
necessitate the use of a conveyance, carts or jutkas may be provided for him by the
local body concerned. The actual charges incurred in the payment of hire should be
debited to 'Contingencies.'
57
Appendix G.J
PART I.—Allowances of Officers deputed to Plague Duty—cont.
Class of officers.
D. Plague supervi-
sors belonging
to the Salt,
Abkári
and
other depart-
ments.
E. . . .
Particulars.
Allowances.
Allowance of 25 per cent, of
the salary + Rs. 15 horse allow-
ance, provided the permanent
pay + 25 per cent, thereof
does not fall below Es. 80.
PART II.—Salaries of Officers temporarily entertained for Plague Duty.
Designation.
A. Retired commis-
sioned medical
officers.
* B. Temporary
English
doctors.
C. Retired military
assistant
surgeons,
Salary.
Rs. 500 a month (in addition
to their pensions which
will continue to be a
military charge).
Rs. 500 a month or such
salary as may be fixed in
their agreements with the
Secretary of State,
Pay of their grade at the
time of retirement + Rs.
100 allowance subject to
a maximum of Rs. 350 a
mouth. In special cases
the Local Government
may raise the limit to
Rs. 500. A retired hono-
rary commissioned officer
of the Indian Subordinate
Medical Department is
entitled to double first-
class travelling allowance
by rail, and eight annas
a mile by road.
Remarks.
The officer must have retired
before the 1st April 1898, and
his re-employment must be
either on plague duty or in a
post which cannot be filled in
the ordinary way by reason of
the officers, who would, in
ordinary course, be available
for it being required for plague
duty. The appointment re-
quires the previous sanction
of the Government of India.
The officers should bo required
to produce certificates of phy-
sical fitness, and their appoint-
ments should, in the first
instance, be made for periods
not exceeding six months.
* The Secretary of State has . . . laid stress on the need for showing consider-
ation towards doctors and nurses sent from England for plague duty in this country,
and the Government of India have decided that some liberality should be exercised in
the grant of allowances to nurses to defray such expenses as they may be called upon
to incur in the discharge of their duties, and that they should not be expected to defray
the cost of carriage from their salary.
58
[Appendix G.
PART II.— Salaries of Officer & temporarily entertained for Plague Duly—cont.
Designation.
D. Uncovenanted
medical officers.
E. Temporary civil
assistant sur-
geons.
F. Private hospital
assistants.
*G. Retired hospital
assistants.
* G. Lady
nurses
obtained from
England.
H. Qualified Euro-
pean, Eurasian
or Native nurses
locally recruit-
ed.
Salary.
Such pay nob exceeding Rs.
350 a month as the Sur-
geon-General may find
necessary, with travelling
allowances to and from
the places to which they
are posted at the rates of
double second-class fares
for journeys by rail and
annas 4 a mile for journeys
by road.
Pay Rs. 100 a mouth +
allowance of Rs. 2 a day,
with travelling allowance
to and from the place to
which they are appointed.
Pay assigned to the corre-
sponding grades of hospital
assistants in Government
service + 50 per cent,
thereof with compensation
for quarters.
Pay of their grade at the
time of retirement (in
addition to their pension).
(a) Rs. 175 a mouth in
addition to free quar-
ters, fuel, lights and
punkahpullers, com-
mencing from date of
l
embarkation to India ;
(b) double first-class fare by
rail when travelling
on duty;
(c) first-class passage when
proceeding by steamer
|
from one part of India
to another on duty.
Such pay not ordinarily
exceeding Rs. 75 a month
with free quarters or Rs.
10 for house rent.
Remarks.
The term of employment may,
subject to their good conduct
and efficiency, be for a period
of three months ; the engage-
ment being terminable after
the expiry of the first two
months by a written notice
given by either the Government
or the officer.
i
If free quarters arc not provided,
an allowance of Rs. 3 a day
should be paid.
|
t
:
¡
;
When the nurses attend on
plague patients, a boarding
allowance of Rs. 1-8-0 a day
in the case of Europeans and
Eurasians, or one rupee in the
case of natives should be paid.
When employed on duties 011-
tailing a considerable amount of
moving about within a limited
area and necessitating the
frequent hiring of vehicles,
they may be paid actual con-
veyance allowances irrespective
of the five miles limit pres-
cribed in article 1157 of the
Civil Service Regulations. For
terms on which caste native
nurses ma.y be trained, see
G.O., No. 1835-P., dated 23rd
December 1899.
* See note * on the previous page.
59
Appendix G-.]
PART II.—Salaries of Officers temporarily entertained for Plague Duty—cout,
Designation.
J.
i
K
L.
M
N
Private persons
appointed
as
plague super-
visors . . .
. . .
Other temporary
subordinates
including men-
ial servants.
Salary.
Es. 2 a day + Es. 15, horse
allowance.
Such rates as would be
sufficient to induce persons
to take up the appoint-
months.
Remarks.
Such supervisors should usually
be Europeans or Eurasians.
They need not be appointed
unless the outbreak of plague
requires a special organization
to deal with it.
Menial servants are not eligible
for any allowances, and should
be conveyed from place to
place at the cost of Govern«
ment.
REPORT
ON
HORSE SURRA
BY
ALFRED LINGAED, M.B., M.S.,
DURHAM
Diplomate in Public Health, Cambridge ;
Fellow of the Bombay University ;
Professor of Bacteriology and Comparative
Pathology—Civil Veterinary Department, India.
WITH 10 COLLOTYPES AND NUMEROUS CHARTS.
VOL. I,
B o m b a y :
PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS,
1893.
REPORT
ON
HORSE SURRA
BY
ALFRED LIMARD, M.B, M.S.,
DURHAM
Diplomate in Public Health, Cambridge;
Fellow of the Bombay University ;
Professor of Bacteriology and Comparative
Pathology—Civil Veterinary Department, India.
WITH 10 COLLOTYPES AND NUMEROUS CHARTS.
VOL. I.
B o m b a Y:
PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS.
1893.
To
VETERINARY-LIEUT.-COL. J. H. B. HALLEN, F.R.C.S.ED.,
E.R.S.ED., C.I.E., Inspector General, Civil Veterinary
Department,
Simla.
September,
1893.
SIR,
I have the honour to submit the first portion of my Report (Vol. I) on
"Naturally Acquired and Experimental Surra" in Horses, together with the
results of an enquiry into the experimental treatment of the disease.
2. The Report is divided into three portions :—
Vol. I.—Containing Horse Surra and experiments with the Infusorian
taken from the Horse.
Vol. II.—Surra as it occurs in Rats and Dogs, and the presence of the
Infusorian in certain kinds of Fish.
Vol. III.—The minute pathology of Surra in Horses, &c., and the Life-
history of the Infusorian.
3. In addition to the above researches on Surra, investigations have been
made and reports submitted at intervals on the following subjects:—
(i) M. Pasteur's Vaccin for Anthrax.
(ii) The presence or absence of the Bacillus Anthracis in several specimens
of animal lymph, submitted by H. B. M.'s Consul, Goa.
(iii) Inoculation experiments with material taken from four suspected cases
of Rabies in dogs; to determine the necessity or otherwise, of sending
to Paris, for treatment, the persons bitten by the suspected animals.
4. The reasons the Report has not been submitted earlier are—
(i) That, although up to the autumn of 1892 numerous experimental Surra
inoculations had been carried out, no opportunity occurred for observ-
ing in horses the naturally acquired disease, as no outbreak took place
during the period of our observations.
(ii) As for practical purposes the naturally acquired disease is all import-
ant for the experimental enquiry into the mode of treatment, a con-
siderable outbreak of the disease was needed, before sufficient cases
could be obtained to investigate the effects of different preventive and
curative agents. The opportunity for these investigations was afforded
by the outbreak which appeared in September 1892, and lasted until
February 1893.
(iii) The necessary charts and illustrations could not be finally reproduced
at the Government offices at an earlier date.
Veterinary-Captain J. Cooper, A. V. D., worked as my coadjutor in this
enquiry from October 28th, 1890, to April 20th, 1891.
Veterinary-Lieutenant H. T. Pease, A. V. D., Superintendent, Bacteriological
Survey of Disease, India, was attached to the Laboratory from 9th December
1891 to December 10th, 1892. During this period this officer rendered me
invaluable aid in the daily examination of the blood and urine of diseased animals ;
and I am further indebted to him for his advice in the treatment of cases,
especially in that of horse No. LXXI.
I wish to convey to the following officers and gentlemen my sincere thanks
for the information regarding Surra, which they have been good enough to com-
municate to me; and particularly to Messrs. Buckland, Mills, and Rimington,
B 1086—a
2
for the horses they kindly placed at my disposal for the purposes of observation
and treatment:—
Veterinary-Lieutenant-Colonel W. T. Russell, A. V. D., P. V. O., India.
Veterinary-Captain J. Mills, C. V. D., J. P., Principal, Bombay Veterinary
College,
Veterinary-Lieutenant G. H Evans, Superintendent, C. V. D., Burmah.
Lieutenant J. Badwin, R. A., Bombay Mountain Battery.
H. W. Buckland, Esquire, M.F.H., Bombay.
F. C. Rimington, Esquire, Managing Director, Bombay Tramway Company.
I wish also to place on record the debt of gratitude I owe to the late
Veterinary-Lieutenant John Steel—for some years Principal of the Bombay
Veterinary College—who was instrumental in obtaining material for the com-
mencement of this investigation, and who so generously gave me the benefit of
Ms knowledge and experience.
I have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient Servant,
ALFRED LINGARD,
Imperial Bacteriologist.
CONTENTS.
Section I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
Bibliography.
Definition
Nomenclature
Historical Account ...
Geographical Range
Précis of Cases—
(i) Naturally contracted Surra in horses, with Table (I)
(ii) Experimental cases in horses, with Tables (II
and III)
(iii)
Do.
do.
in other animals, with Tables
(IV and V)
Etiology—
A.—Predisposing causes with Tables VI to X
B.—Exciting causes, with Table (XI)
Symptoms—
A.—In naturally acquired cases
B.—In experimental cases
C.—Analysis of principal symptoms
Stages and Duration, with Table (XII)
Complications of Surra
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Mortality, with Tables (XIII and XIV)
Pathological Anatomy, with Tables (XV and XVI)
Experimental enquiry into the treatment of Surra, with
Tables (XVII, XVIII and XIX)—
A.—By rational therapeutic remedies.
B.—The subcutaneous inoculation of blood and
its derivatives
Observations
Appendices
Page.
1
2
2
15
16
25
34
. 47
53
. 62
63
64
73
78
79
79
80
104
123
125
127
B 1086—b
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Map of Upper Burmah, showing localities affected with Surra
Horse No. XXXIII.—Eruption of Urticaria
Horse No. LXXIV.—Showing the condition on the 17th day of the
disease
Horse No. LXXIV.—Showing the condition on the 33rd day of the
disease
Horse No. LXXIV.—Internal surface of the left ventricle of the heart,
showing extensive sub-endocardial extravasations of blood
Horse No. LXXIV.—Inner surface of stomach showing two spiroptera
tumours invading the villous portion of the organ
Horse No. XXI.—Showing the swollen and œdematous condition of the
extremities, sheath, and under-surface of the abdomen on the 19th day
of the disease
Horse No. LV.—Showing the condition on the 22nd day of the disease ...
Horse No. XXXIII.—External surface of the heart. Sub-pericardial ex-
travasations of blood ...
Horse No. XXXIII.—Sub-endocardial extravasations of blood involving
the left vontriole; some are lying upon the musculi-papillares
Bull No. I.—Inoculated.with Horse Surra
Page.
7
66
lix
lx
1xi
1xxii
cl
clxviii
cxcii
cxciii
ccxxiii
B 1086—c
APPENDICES.
APPENDIX I.—Naturally contracted Surra cases
:
.
.
.
Horse
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
No.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
I
.
.
.
I
I
.
.
.
III...
X...
LVI...
L
X
V
.
.
.
LXX...
LXXI...
LXXII
...
LXXIII
...
LXXIV ...
LXXVI
...
LXXVII
...
LXXVIII
...
LXXIX
...
LXXX
...
LXXXI
...
LXXXII
...
LXXXIV
...
APPENDIX II.—Experimental cases by Gastric Ingestion of blood :
...
Horse
„
No.
„
X
X
.
.
.
XXVI...
APPENDIX III.—Experimental cases- Direct Ingestion of blood into the
Jugular Vein :
...
Horse No.
„
„
......
XIV....
XV...
APPENDIX IV.—Experimental cases—Subcutaneous Inoculation with
Ante-mortem blood : ...
Horse No.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
......
V
.
.
.
VIII...
V
I
.
.
.
XXII...
IV...
XXX...
XXI...
XXIX...
LXIV...
LIX...
LIV...
L
V
.
.
.
XXIV...
APPENDIX V.—Experimental cases—Subcutaneous Inoculation with Post-
mortem blood :
...
Horse No.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
......
XVIII...
XIX...
XXVII...
XXIII...
XI...
XXXII...
VII...
APPENDIX VI.—Experimental cases—Subcutaneous Inoculation, of blood
previously passed through the Goat
:
.
.
.
Horse No.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
XXXIII ...Inoculated with Ante-
XXXIV ...
mortem blood.
XXXVIII ...
XLI ...}Inoculated with blood
XL ... obtained Post-mor-
tem
XXXI ...
L ..
APPENDIX VII.—Experimental cases—Various animals inoculated with
Surra horse blood and other fluids :
Donkey No. I
Bull ...
Guinea pig
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Sheep
Guinea pig
„ „
Goat No.
„
„
„
„
Rabbit No.
„
„
...
No.
I
„ II
„ III
„ IV
„ V
VI
„ VII
„ VIII
No. I
„ II I
II
III
I
II
Guinea pig No. I
„
„
„
„
„ II
„ III (Pregnant doe)
Young Guinea pig No. I
„
„
II
Rats (Mus decumanus)
Rats (Nesokia providens)
Fowls (No, I and No. II)
Pigeons (No. I and No. II) ....
APPENDIX VIII.— Inoculation of small animals with Urine of Horses : ...
Guinea pig No. I and Rabbit (Pericardial fluid),
Guinea pig No. I
„ „ II
Cerebro-spinal fluid—
Guinea pig No. I
APPENDIX IX.—Experimental Treatment
No. of Charts.
...
...
1
2
...
... 3
2
2
2
5
3
2
3
1
1
3
3
4
1
...
8
7
...
2
2
...
1 1
3
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
2
1
...
... 3
2
2
2
1
1
...
1 l
3
1
1
2
2
... 1
23
7
6
3
5
::: }
:::
}
6
3
7
3
...
8
2
3
3
5
5
6
7
...
...
...
...
...
3
3
3
....
Pages.
v
v
vi
ix
x
xi
xxiv
xxx
xxxv
xliv
lvii
lxv
lxxii
Ixxxi
Ixxxiv
lxxxviii
xciv
ci
cviii
cxi
cxii
cxxii
cxxvii
cxxviii
cxxxi
cxxxv
cxxxvi
cxxxvii
cxl
cxliv
cxlvi
cxlvii
cxlix
clii
cliii
clviii
clxi
clxvi
clxx
clxxiii
clxxiv
clxxvi
clxxx
clxxxii
clxxxiv
clxxxvi
clxxxviii
cxci
cxeii
cxeiv
cxevi
cci
ccii
cciv
ccvi
ccix
ccx
ccxlii
ccxvii
ccxviii
ccxix
ccxix
eexx
ccxxi
ccxxv
ccxxviii
ccxxix
ccxxx
ccxxxii
ccxxxvi
ccxli
ccxlii
ccxlv
ccxlvi
ccxlix
cclii
ccliv
cclviii
cclx
cclxii
cclxiii
cclxv
cclxvi
cclxviii
cclxix
cclxxi
B 1086—d
ERRATA.
Page 1,
„ 9,
„ 15,
„ 21,
„ 50,
„ 63,
„ 72,
„ 81,
„ 104,
line 5,
„ 46,
„ 5,
„ 17,
foot note
line 40,
„ 11,
„ 7,
„ 12,
from top
„ „
from bottom
from top
„ „
from top
from bottom
from top
for
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Steele
Steele
and is one
Peyers
Griesiner
similate
anthorax
Peyers's
Salyeilic
read Steel.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Steel.
and it is one.
Peyer's.
Griesinger.
simulate.
anthrax.
Peyer's.
Salicylic.
EXPLANATION OF TERMS, &c.
The first day of the disease is that upon which the Surra hæmatozoon is
present in the blood, either when contracted naturally, or as the result of
inoculation.
Petechiæ
Ecchymosis } These are used as synonymous terms.
Some diameters have been given as equivalent to that of a rupee, eight,
four, and two-anna piece. The following are their measurements in inches and
in centimetres: —
Rupee
Eight-anna
Four „
Two
„
= 1.25 inches =
= .0375 „
=
= .750 „
=
= .625 „
=
3.17 centimetres.
2.38 „
1.904
„
1.58 „
The terms ' Hæmatozoon ' and ' Organism' have reference to the Infusorian
found in the blood of horses, the subjects of Surra, if not otherwise defined.
The terms and abbreviations, Absent (A), Few (F), Numerous (N), Very
numerous (VN), and Swarming (S), have reference to the number of hæmatozoa
present in each cover-glass specimen of blood examined microscopically.
F =From one hæmatozoon in a cover-glass preparation of blood, to five
hæmatozoa in a field of the microscope.
N =
VN =
S =
„ live
„
„ twenty „
„ above fifty:
„
„
„ to twenty in each field.
„ to fifty in each field.
Zeiss object D, ocular 4 with the tube in, being employed.
Variation of temperatures of animals in health at the Laboratory:—
Horse—Normal limits between
Donkey —
Ox—
Sheep—
Goat—
Dog—
Cat—
Rabbit
Guinea-pig-
Fowl—
Pigeon—
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
99.0°F
96.4ºF
100.0°F
103.0°F
101.8°F
98.6°F
98.6°F
101.8°F
101.ºF
105.8°F
105.8°F
101.0°F
97.8°F
101.0°F
104.0°F
104.3°F
103.6°F
101.5°F
103.6°F
103.0ºF
108.7°F
109.4°F
= 37.2°C
= 35.8°C
= 37.7°C
= 39.4°C
= 38.8°C
= 37.0°C
= 37.0°C
= 38.8°C
= 38.4°C
= 41.0°C
= 41.0°C
38.3°C.
36.6°C.
38.3°C.
40.0°C.
40.2°C.
39.8°C.
38.6°C.
39.8°C.
39 4°C.
42.6°C.
43.0°C.
The temperatures of the large animals were taken three times daily—
between 7 A.M. and 8 A.M., 1 P.M. and 1-30 P.M., 5 P.M. and 6 P.M. ; that of
the smaller animals and birds usually twice daily—8 A.M. and 5 P.M.
Precautions observed before talcing blood from an animal for experimental
purposes.
The part was carefully washed with soap and water, and subsequently with
a solution of Mercuric Perchloride, 1 in 1,000.
Each animal had a lancet, ticketed with its number, assigned for the
purpose of blood letting ; this instrument was specially kept for this animal
alone, and after use, was boiled for a period of ten minutes before being used
again for the same animal.
The person, collecting specimens of blood from the affected animals for
microscopical examination in each instance, washed his hands carefully after
handling one, and before proceeding to another animal. This precautionary
measure was adopted on the 15th January 1891, and has been since carried out.
B 1086—e
2
For the purposes of record, the blood of the experimental animals and birds
was subjected to microscopical examination once daily in the morning, unless
points of interest made it necessary to make observations later in the day.
Blood.—In investigating the condition of the blood of the experimental
animals and birds in all cases, since the commencement of this enquiry, two
large cover-glass preparations have always been taken daily from each animal,
and submitted to careful microscopical examination. If there was doubt on any
point, or interesting details had to be cleared up, further specimens of blood
were obtained and noted as required.
Pathological conditions found at the Autopsies,
In numerous instances in horses, caseous bodies or masses have been
described as having been found invading the tissues of the Lungs and Liver.
These bodies are due to pathological changes, which have taken place at a period
antecedent to that when the animal became the subject of Acquired or Inocu-
lated Surra.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
EVANS, G., M.D,
STEELE, J. H.
BURKE
CROOKSHANK, E.,
OSLER
BLANCHARD, E.
BALBIANI
BURKE
RANKING
...Inspecting Veterinary Surgeon, A.V.D.
Report on ' Surra' disease in the Dera Ismail Khan
District, November 13th, 1880, Military Depart-
ment, No. 493—4467.
...Principal, Bombay Veterinary College, Veterinary
Surgeon, A.V.D.
Report on his investigation into an obscure and fatal
disease among transport mules in British Burmah,
1885.
...Febris Hæmatobise Equorum.
Veterinary Journal XIV, 1882, page 319.
M.B..On flagellated Protozoa in the blood of diseased and
apparently healthy animals.
Journal Microscopical Society, November 10th, 1886,
...British Medical Journal, March 12th, 1887.
...E'tude sur une Maladie Styeciale des Millets Importès
an Tonkin
Bull: SOC Centr. de Med. Veterinaire,
1888, page 694.
.. .Evolution des Micro-organismes.
Journal de Micrographie, 1888, page 899.
, .'Surra,' or Pernicious Anæmia in the lower animals,
Veterinary Journal, 1882, No. 1.
...A Preliminary Note on the Nature and Pathology of
the Disease known as ' Surra ' affecting Horses and
Mules in India.
Veterinary Journal, June 1891, Vol. xxxii, page
399, and Indian Medical Journal.
SURRA.
SECTION I.
DEFINITION.
Surra is a specific and continuous febrile disease occurring spontaneously in
solipeds and camels, and capable of being transmitted by inoculation to other
animals. It is due to the presence in the blood of an Infusorian (Trypanosoma
Evansi). It is chiefly met with in an epidemic form, during certain months
of the year, viz., between July and January. It is characterized by an inter-
mittent, remittent and sometimes a relapsing type of fever, which continues for
varying periods, from a few days to months, according to the species and the
constitutions of the animals attacked, and presents definite symptoms follow-
ing each other in regular sequence. The chief symptoms in addition to the
fever are the occasional appearance of an urticarial eruption, general or localized,
closely following the first rise in temperature, but which may make its appear-
ance at any time during the course of the disease ; then the presence of petechiæ
on the mucous membranes, chiefly those covering the membrana nictatans;
lachrymation, and the exudation of a yellow semi-gelatinous material into the
subcutaneous and other connective tissues. There is rapid wasting and great
weakness, although in the great majority of cases the appetite remains good
throughout, no matter how high the fever. There is extreme pallor of the
visible mucous membranes, and this is followed at a later period by yellow-
ness. From first to last there is progressive anosmia ; the blood at first presents
a normal character, but after a varying period of time undergoes marked
changes. The white corpuscles are increased in number and the red corpuscles
usually cease to form normal rouleaux, lose their individuality and run to-
gether, forming irregular masses, which are at first dark, but gradually as the
disease advances, almost entirely lose their colouring matter, and become pale.
B 1086—1