NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
SCHISTOSOMA SPINDALIS, MONTGOMERY, 1906 & SCHISTOSOMA NASALIS, N. SP. 19
phlebitis. It was also seen that many of the ova in the liver and the intestines
had " actino-bodies" on them. (P1. IV, figs. 1 & 2.) The thickness of the
" actino-body " and the number of ova that showed it appeared to be less than
that found in nasal schistosomiasis. The pathological changes brought about in
these organs seem to justify the belief that S. spindalis is likely to undermine
the health of the animal. There is reason to believe that some cattle die of portal
and intestinal bilharziasis and apparently the disease is not recognised as such.
It is contemplated to deal with this question in another paper.
It is interesting to note that the sections of lungs from these two calves
infected with S. spindalis did not reveal any schistosomes or their ova in the blood
vessels, though a small quantity of bilharzial pigment was seen distributed here
and there in the capillaries. A fairly large amount of pigment was seen particularly
in the liver along the course of the sinusoids.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE SCHISTOSOMES COLLECTED FROM ANIMALS
IN THE ABATTOIRS.
The author had opportunities of studying schistosomes collected from sheep
in Bellary and Anantapur Districts where he found mostly S. indicum and in a few
cases S. spindalis as well. In Anantapur District he noted deaths in sheep due
to diarrhœa, and in the faeces of these animals ova of these schistosomes were
often found, showing that both species lived in the same animal.
During December 1932 over 112 bovines and 170 sheep and goats were
examined for schistosomes in the Abattoir at Madras. None of the animals
examined had nasal granuloma, and from 4 bovines and one sheep over 500
schistosomes were collected. In the collection from the portal veins it was found
that the proportion of males to females was 16 :1. In one bovine and one sheep
both S. indicum and S. spindalis were found, and the identification of these was
made by noting the shape of the ova in the available pairs with females having ova
in utero. In this collection none of the parasites had the characteristically large
tuberculations found in the nasal schistosome, nor did any females show ova
typical of that species. The male S. spindalis appeared to possess smooth or
slightly roughened cuticle and the male S. indicum showed only moderately
developed tubercles.
Fairley and Mackie [1930], found that the sexes of all the worms collected by
them, from eleven experimental goats, showed that the males were more than twice
as numerous as the females. The findings of the present writer are in agreement
with their observations.
THE HABITAT OF S. SPINVDLIS AND THE NASAL SCHISTOSOME.
Montgomery [1906], Liston and Soparkar [1918], Fairley and Mackie [1930]
and the author have found that S. spindalis inhabits the portal and mesenteric
20 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ IV, I.
veins. Fairley and Mackie found in goats, infected heavily with cercariae of
S. spindalis, an overflow distribution of schistosomes in atypical situations
in the early phases of the disease, and later a biological equilibrium became estab-
lished between the worms and the definitive hosts, when the worms limit themselves
to their ordinary habitat, viz., the portal and mesenteric veins. They also say
that the distribution of S. spindalis, within the blood vascular system, corresponds
to S. mansoni and S. japonicum than to S. haematobium. The experimental
infection in calves here, with massive doses of cercariae of S. spindalis, failed to
produce nasal schistosomiasis, in other words, it means that S. spindalis does not
inhabit and develop in the nasal veins, and the adult worms are found only in the
portal and mesenteric veins, consequently the ova are voided only with the faeces
of the host. As regards the nasal schistosome, the author has not been able to
obtain any in the portal or mesenteric veins of animals examined in the abattoir
or in the calves experimentally infected with nasal schistosomiasis. The absence
of these in the portal system and the absence of their ova in the faeces or urine
of the animals having nasal schistosomiasis at once suggests that these parasites
do not develop in the portal or mesenteric veins. The ova of S. spindalis, on the
other hand, have not been met with in the nasal discharge. It would therefore
appear that the nasal schistosomes choose the nasal veins only as their habitat
and develop there, and S. spindalis inhabits only the portal and mesenteric veins.
It would be interesting to note here the findings in two guinea-pigs, one
infected with Cercariae Indicae XXX and the other with Cercariae of S. spindalis.
In the former a few schistosomes were found in the sections of the lungs only and
all of them appeared to be males. In some places two worms were met with,
the side of one fitting in the gynecophoral canal of the other. (Fig. 4,
Plate IV, & Fig. 1, Plate V). The latter guinea-pig showed only a few male
S. spindalis in the portal vein and none in the lungs. One white rat was infected
with Cercariae Indicae XXX, it was destroyed after eleven weeks and it failed to
show infection. It is interesting to note that the guinea-pigs showed only
male schistosomes developing in them, though they were infected with portions of
the same material used for infecting the experimental calves in which both males
and females developed. It cannot therefore be considered that the cercariae used
for infecting these small animals may have been unisexual. This supports the
suggestion of Fairley and Mackie [1930], that some host factor in the guinea-pig,
antagonistic to the development of the female schistosomes, underlies the phe-
nomenon of exclusively male survival, rather than initial unisexual infestation.
Though these guinea-pigs had only male worms developing in them, yet the usual
changes were found in the lungs of the one infected with cercariae of nasal
schistosome and in the liver of the other infected with cercariae of S. spindalis.
PLATE IV.
FIG. 1. Section of liver showing " actino-body " round ovum
of S. spindalis.
FIG. 2. Section of intestine showing " actino-body " round
ovum of S. spindalis.
FlG. 3. Posterior end of male S. nasalis showing anastomosis
and diverticulae of the common caecum.
FIG. 4. Section of lung of guinea-pig showing S. nasalis
and changes in the lung.
PLATE V.
FIG. 1. Section of the lung of guinea-pig. Note
two males interlocked.
FIG. 2. Section of lung of calf 411. Note section of worms
and changes in lung.
FIG. 3. Section of lung of calf 411. Note pigment in
broken chains in the branches of the vein.
FIG. 4. Section of lung of calf 411. A forming pseudo-
tubercle with ovum in centre.
SCHISTOSOMA SPINDALIS, MONTGOMERY, 1906, & SCHISTOSOMA NASALIS, N. SP. 21
Such pathological changes, due to the toxic effects of only male schistosomes,
have been recorded in man and animals by Fairley [1924 and 1926]„ Fairley and
Williams [1927], Faust [1927], Girges [1929], and Fairley and Mackie [1930].
The selection of the respiratory system by the nasal schistosome and the portal
system by S. spindalis, even when reared in guinea-pigs, appears to be of some
significance. Fairley, Mackie and Jesudasan [1930], found that when guinea-
pigs were infected with S. spindalis the worms were confined to the portal system.
The author's findings confirm this. Brumpt and Chevallier [1931], infected some
mice with cercariae of S. mansoni and a few others with S. haematobium and found
that in the latter the lungs were usually affected in addition to the liver, whereas in
the former the reverse was the case. This supports the view that the nasal
schistosome resembles S. haematobium in its behaviour in selecting its habitat.
DISCUSSION ON SOME POINTS OF DIFFERENCE IN THE MORPHOLOGY OF
S. SPINDALIS AND THE NASAL SCHISTOSOME.
(a) Size :—It has been admitted that the average size of schistosomes may
vary with the age of the parasite, mode of preservation, time of collection
after the death of the host, etc., but still the question remains whether or not
there is difference in size between the different species. From the dimensions
given in the text books for various species, it is agreed that different species have
different sizes—a character which is useful when considered along with other
morphological details. The dimensions of the nasal schistosome have been re-
corded by Bhalerao [1932] and Rao [1932] and from these it is gathered that this
species is smaller than S. spindalis Montgomery 1906. Bhalerao, however, believes
that the nasal schistosome fails to reach the maximum size attained by other
schistosomes, because the former grows in a tough tissue like the nasal septum
and does not get the same scope for development as those growing in the portal
or mesenteric veins. This explanation seems to be untenable because the different
species of schistosomes developing in the portal system of man and animals
differ in their average sizes, even though they all have equal scope for develop-
ment there. It has been shown above that the nasal schistosomes live in the
veins of tissue, which resembles cavernous tissue, having several strata of freely
anastomosing veins and in such tissue they necessarily get as much scope for
development as the others have in the portal system. It would seem therefore
that the site of infection has no bearing on the variation in size met with, apart
from the character of the species.
(b) Nature of the cuticle:—It has been said above (p. 19) that sheep
harbour both S. spindalis and S. indicum at the same time and that only the
latter showed moderately developed tubercles on its cuticle. An examination of
the collection of schistosomes that exists in the Madras Veterinary College Museum
22 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ IV, I.
revealed only a large number of males disproportionate to the number of females,
very often not showing any ova or only one species showing ova typical to that species,
while the other species is immature. In such a collection, if it were a mixture
of S. indicum and S. spindalis, and if one species were immature, one is apt to think
that they are all one species because they are all from one animal and a few females
showed only one kind of ova. Hence an observation on the nature of the cuticle
in such a collection, may not be correct for obvious reasons. It has been noticed
by the writer that the tendency of a person, when asked to collect schistosomes, is
to do so from the portal vein only, unless he is particularly interested in the work,
and naturally in a collection of that sort males predominate, consequently the
identification often becomes a difficult matter, and may make one think that
they are all one species.
It is interesting to note that Bhalerao [1932] found variation in the develop-
ment of tubercles on the cuticle of the schistosomes, which he believed to be
S. spindalis, collected from a sheep, and this collection was from Madras, therefore
it very likely contained S. indicum and S. spindalis, for reasons stated already.
He also found that the cuticle of S. spindalis collected from the portal and
mesenteric veins of two Bihar bulls having nasal schistosomiasis, was absolutely
smooth. It was possible for the present author to examine the cuticle of over
2,000 males of S. spindalis obtained from the experimental calves and also from
other animals and he found that the cuticle of the male in this species had no
tubercles on it. If a variation in the nature of the cuticle did exist in S. spindalis
it should have been evident during the examination of such a large number of
parasites and its absence is significant. Fairley and Mackie [1930] in their studies
in S. spindalis do not say anything about the nature of the cuticle, but from the
excellent photographs which they gave of sections of these parasites in various
organs, it seems that the cuticle of the male is non-tuberculate. On the cuticle
of the nasal schistosome, on the other hand, large tubercles are seen, and even in
the photographs of sections of these parasites in tissue, the large tubercles can be
recognised.
As regards the nature of the cuticle of S. indicum and the nasal schistosome,
the author agrees with Bhalerao in considering that S. indicum has moderately
developed tubercles and that the nasal schistosome has conspicuous and large
tubercles on its cuticle.
Leroux [1933] states that the presence and degree of development of these
cuticular bosses are greatly affected by the state of vitality of the specimens at
the time of preservation. The large number of S. spindalis and nasal schistosomes
examined by the present writer were reared, collected and preserved, under similar
conditions, and no appreciable variation occurred in the nature of the cuticle.
SCHISTOSOMA SPINDALIS, MONTGOMERY, 1906, & SCHISTOSOMA NASALIS, N. SP. 23
Particularly in the nasal schistosomes the tuberculations were unaffected, even
when they were collected from lesions sent in normal saline solution from the
districts, and which arrived in the laboratory one or even two days after removal
of the lesions. Therefore, it is evident that the tuberculate or non-tuberculate
nature of the cuticle is of value when considered along with other morphological
features.
(c) Number of testicular glands :—The number of testicular glands present
in S. spindalis is 6 or 7 according to Montgomery [1906]. Bhalerao [1932],
however, notes in his description of this parasite, that the number of testes varies
from 3 to 6 and remarks that Montgomery might have failed to notice the range
of variation in this respect. At the same time, he apparently ignores Montgomery's
finding which, when taken into account, gives the range of variation from 3 to 7.
The author examined over 300 male S. spindalis and found the range of variation
to be 3 to 7 which is in conformity with the above. It is interesting to note that
among those males 4 per cent. had three, 20 per cent. had four, 28 per cent. had
five, 34 per cent. had six and 14 per cent. had seven testicular glands. Further
the contour of each gland was inclined to be angular.
As regards the testicular glands in the nasal schistosome, the author examined
70 stained and over 40 fresh specimens of male nasal schistosomes from the nasal
lesions of the experimentally infected calves and it appeared to him that the
range of variation was from 2 to 4 which confirms what he [Rao, 1932] found in the
few specimens he collected from the lesions of animals in Nammiandal and
Tiruvannamalai. Of these males 11 per cent. had four testes; 32 per cent.
had three and 57 per cent. had four testicular glands. The contour of each
testicular gland was found to be irregularly elliptical. If this is of any significance
it indicates that the range of variation in testicular glands in the nasal schistosome
is less than that obtained in S. spindalis. It is a fact that variation in the number
of testicular glands is a character of the genus Schistosoma, but from a study of
the variation in the number of testes in the well-known species it is evident that
the variation is within certain limits for a given species. Hence this variation
of testes is a factor in the determination of a species.
(d) The length of the common caecum in the female, no doubt, may appear to be
variable in different individuals and consequently the situation of the ovary in
the body of the female also will vary. Even then the maximum and minimum
lengths of this structure compared with those of another species, gives some
interesting information. According to Bhalerao [1932] the common caecum of
S. spindalis measured 4.19 to 6.93 mm. and that of the nasal schistosome measured
4.28 to 5.23 mm. Montgomery [1906] said that the common caecum of S. spindalis
was 6 mm. It would appear, therefore, that the maximum length of the caecum
24 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ IV, I.
of the female nasal schistosome is shorter comparatively than the other and this
confirms Rao's finding.
It is interesting to note that one male nasal schistosome out of over 110
examined, showed branching and reuniting of the common caecum whereas such
a thing was not seen in the specimens of S. spindalis examined. (Fig. 3,
Plate IV.)
THE IDENTITY OF THE NASAL SCHISTOSOME.
In the foregoing pages the writer has endeavoured to establish that there
is difference between the nasal schistosome and S. spindalis Montgomery 1906, in the
1. shape of the ova.
2. morphology of the miracidia.
3. morphology of the cercariae.
4. morphology of the parasites as regards their size, nature of their
cuticle, the number of testicular glands they possess and the length
of the common caecum of the female.
5. habitat of the worms.
6. choice of the intermediate host.
In addition to these differences, experimental evidence showed that infection
with cercariae of S. spindalis failed to produce nasal schistosomiasis. Further it
appeared to the author that the nasal schistosome is capable of affecting the
respiratory system. It is therefore evident that the schistosome producing nasal
schistosomiasis (Nasal Granuloma) in cattle is a new species to which Rao [1932]
has already suggested the name " Schistosoma nasalids ".
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS.
Schistosoma.—
Male.—Length 6.3 to 11 mm. Cuticle coarsely tuberculate. Testicular glands
ranging from 2 to 4. Occasional branching and reuniting of the common caecum
as in S. bovis.
Female.—Length 5 to 11 mm. Ovary post-equatorial. Uterus containing
1 to 5 ova. Length of common caecum about a third of that of the parasite.
Ova spindle shaped, asymmetrical„ having concavo-convex margins. Size 336 to
581 µ × 60 to 80 µ.
Hosts.—Cattle and buffaloes.
Location.—Veins in the turbinate folds of the mucous membrane of the nose.
Locality.—India.
GENERAL REMARKS.
A map of the Madras Presidency showing areas from which cases of Nasal
Schistosomiasis (Nasal Granuloma) were reported from 1922 to 1932 is appended
25
Fig. 4. Showing areas from which cases of Nasal Schistosomiasis have been reported from 1922 to 1932.
1. Ganjam.
2. Vizagapatam.
3. Godavari East.
4. Godavari West.
5. Kistna.
6. Guntur.
7. Kurnool.
8. Bellary.
9. Anantapur.
10. Cuddapah.
11. Mellore.
12. Chittoor.
13. Chingleput.
14. North Arcot.
15. Salem.
16. Coimbatore.
17. Madura.
18. Trichinopoly.
19. South Arcot.
20. Tanjore.
21. Ramnad.
22. Tinnevelly.
23. Malabar.
24. South Kanara.
25. Nilgiris.
26 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ IV, I.
and also a graph showing the number of cases of Nasal Schistosomiasis reported
from districts of the Madras Presidency based on the figures obtained from the
Registers of the Laboratory from 1922 to 1932. From the spot map, it is evident
that Nasal Schistosomiasis is widespread in this province, and the disease appears
to be more prevalent in the " dry " districts, which depend on tanks and ponds for
water supply to their cattle,
FIG. 5. Showing number of cases of Nasal Schistosomiasis reported in the Madras Presidency
from 1922 to 1932.
SCHISTOSOMA SPINDALIS, MONTGOMERY, 1906, & SCHISTOSOMA NASALIS, N. SP. 27
Though the graph cannot be taken as one showing the seasonal incidence,
because it is not based on the records of a chosen area, yet it does show that a large
number of cases were recorded during the cooler season of the year. No work on
the study of seasonal incidence has been done and if such a work is undertaken
in a chosen area and simultaneously if the incidence of Cercariae Indicae XXX is
also studied in the same area, very valuable information will become available
which should be of much use in adopting ways and means of prophylaxis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
It is my pleasant duty to express my grateful thanks to Mr. P. T. Saunders,
O.B.E., M.R.C.V.S., Director of Veterinary Services, Madras, to Mr. T. J. Hurley,
M.R.C.V.S., D.V.S.M., Principal, Madras Veterinary College, for the facilities given
me for this investigation. I am indebted to Dr. A. Vasudevan, M.B., B.S., Assistant
to the Professor of Pathology, Medical College, Madras, and to Mr. K. Kailasam
Ayyer, G.B.V.C., Superintendent, The Serum Institute, Madras, for very kindly
going through this paper. My thanks are due to all the Veterinary Assistant
Surgeons who sent material from cases of Nasal Schistosomiasis. I am indebted to
Messrs. L. S. Parameswara Ayyer, and S. Vaidyanatha Mudaliar for the help
rendered and to the College Artist Mr. P. Doraiswami Mudaliar for the photo-
micrographs and drawings done by him.
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