NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
2 2
Scientific Memoirs by
In the blood of birds affected by proteosoma, MacCallum showed that there
were two kinds of cells : ( a) a hyaline which becomes flagellated (male element,
chromatozoid) and ( b) a granular cell (the female element). The union of these
two gives rise to Ross' zygote which develope in the stomach wall of the mos-
quito, Culex pipiens.
In the blood of patients suffering from tertian ague there exist two
similar forms of cells : (a) microgamete or flagellate (male) ; (b) macrogamete
or female cell. The impregnation of the macrogamete (female) by the flagella
(spermatozoid, chromatozoid) of the microgamete gives rise to the Zygote (of
spring-tertian ague) which develops in the stomach wall of anopheles. A brief
description of these two elements observed by me here may be interesting.
1. Microgamete (male element), Plate II, fig. 3.—A clear hyaline sphere car-
rying a considerable amount of pigment. When flagellation takes place the pig-
ment congregates in small masses but still shows active Brownian movements.
2. Macrogamete (female element), Plate II, fig. 2, contains less pigment
than the microgamete. Frequently there is a circular body situated at
one side of the sphere, and inside this hyaline sphere is a small granular
spherule. After the blood has been drawn some time, this body vanishes
and a number of small pigmented spherules appear in the original sphere, each
containing pigment and chromatin. The macrogamete may break up into these
small pigmented spherules or become impregnated without this change.
The mosquito only sucks an infinitesimally small quantity of blood and hence
it will be said that these elements are far in excess of requirements, i.e., the
macrogametes and microgametes are so numerous that most never reach the
extra-corporeal phase at all . Among the coccidia the young non-impregnated
coccidium produces endogenous spores ; similarly the non-impregnated macro-
gamete produces endogenous spores in a sporocyst. The microgametes are most
probably destroyed by the phagocytes and leukocytes.
The zygote, Plate III, figs. 1-5, Plate II, fig. 4, Plate IV, figs. 1-6, is the
resulting body produced by the impregnation of the macrogamete by the flagella
of the microgamete, a process taking place in the mosquito's stomach. The
stomach of the mosquito is composed of three layers : ( a) inner, composed of
epethelial cells ; ( b) middle, an impenetrable, non-stainable membrane ; ( c) outer,
a loose network of muscular fibres. The fertilised zygote locates itself bet-
ween the epethelial cells of the inner coat, and gradually pushes the middle coat
or membrane in front of it till it appears as a small bud in one of the meshes of
the outer muscular coat —Plate III, figs. 1-5. Manson is of opinion that the
PLATE III.
Fig. 1.—Young zygote growing in epithelial layer ( c) .
(a ) Muscular coat; (b) Membrane.
Fig. 2 .—Growth of zygote continued and the pushing of the membrane ( b ) in front of
it,
Figs. 3-4 .—Later stages of growth with thinning out of membrane ( b).
Fig. 5 .—Full grown zygote ( c) with sporozoites lying in muscular layer. Younger
zygote ( c). Muscular network ( a ). Epithelial cells ( b) .
Fig. 6.—Stomach of anopheles (a) and intestine (d). Malphigian tubes (b).
Ovaries (c).
PLATE III.
F I G 1
a b c
FIG 2
a b c
FIG 6
F I G 3
a
b c
FIG 4
a b c
FIG
5
a b
DISSECTIONS RAJAHMUDRI. JANRY. 1901. C.FF
26.1.01.
FIG I
PLATE IV
FIG 2
FIG 3
FIG 4
FIG 5
FIG-6 FIG 7
A B C D E F G H I O B S E R V A T I O N S R A J A MU N D R I . 1 9 0 1 . C . F . F .
PLATE IV.
Fig. 1.—Spring-tertian derived zygotes developing in stomach wall of anopheles.
Many sporozoites are seen lying about.
Fig. 2.—Sporozoites (zygotoblasts) stained with eosin and methylene blue.
Fig. 3.— Salivary lobe (distal end) of veneno-salivary gland, shewing canaliculus and
sporozoites in the gland cells.
4.—Varieties of sporozoites (crescent derived C. No. 2116) observed in stomach
and salivary gland. Anopheles fed I7th December 1900 dissected 30th
December 1900.
Fig. 5.—Peculiar change in the sporozoites after they have remained a considerable
time in the veneno-salivary gland. It is suggestive of a trimorphic
evolution.
Fig. 6.—Peculiar spores, found in some exogenous cysts developed from crescents,
stain very deeply with methylene blue (1st January 1901).
Fig. 7.—Evolution of the crescent recently observed in peripheral blood.
(a) Spindle-shaped body derived from free sporule, round or oval.
(b) Approach of this form to the cell wall.
(c-d) Absorption of hae moglobin, deposition of pigment and development of a fine
membrane.
(e) Growth increasing.
( f ) Shuttle-shaped formation, with the wall of the corpuscle attached to the ends
of the organism.
(g) Small bud seen in many, suggestive of a conjugation of this body with ano-
ther, i.e., impregnation of the female element by a male element, a true
syzygium.
(h-t) Thickening of the ends of the crescent with a curving inwards, leaving the
original cell wall of the erythrocyte visible as a bud in the concavity.
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
23
zygote passes through the membrane (within 48 hours) and takes up its posi-
tion in the muscular layer. It seems unintelligible how it can pass through an
apparently homogenous membrane continuous all round the stomach, and how
it can remain in position in the outer layer when the zygote is still migratory and
considering that the muscular layer is in immediate contact with the cœlum of
the host. Once through the membrane there is nothing to prevent its travelling
to any part of the host and developing there. The development takes place pri-
marily in the epithelial layer, and as the cysts grow they push the membranous
layer in front of them and finally appear in the meshes of the outer muscular
layer. The membrane becomes so attenuated that it finally yields about the 9th
day. The ripe cysts, bursting about this time, permit the sporozoites to escape
into the body cavity of the mosquito and are borne thence to the veneno-salivary
apparatus.
The growth of the zygote of spring-tertian ague, drawn from dissections
made during the recent experiments, is given on Plate II , fig. 4.
The sporozoites are very numerous in the veneno-salivary gland from the
1 0 t h — 1 2 t h d a y a f t e r i n f e c t i o n . F r o m t h e 1 5 t h d a y a f t e r h a u s t e l l a t i o n t h e n u m b e r s
decrease, so that there are few sporozoites in the salivary gland on the 19th day.
The infected mosquito can only infect a limited number of persons between the
1 0 t h a n d t h e 1 7 t h d a y , t h e m o s t i n f e c t i v e p e r i o d . F u r t h e r , t o g i v e a s u c c e s s f u l
inoculation a considerable number of sporozoites must be injected, because if
a small number only find their way into the blood the phagocytes and leukocytes
destroy them. I should limit the risk of infection from the l0th to the 19th day
and I doubt if infection is possible after the latter date. When the sporozoites
have remained a considerable time in the salivary gland they alter in shape as seen
in Plate IV, fig. 5.
Scsentific Memoirs by
TABLE 1-A.
Spring Tertian.
Name of person.
Parasite in blood.
Date of feeding of anopheles.
Result with date of examination.
W. M. Moodliar,
Private Apothecary.
(1) Spring-tertian (1) 20th November 1900 (1)Third day examined. Zy-
gotes.
Convict No: 2177
... Spring-tertian ... (2) 12th December 1900 (2) Sporozoites scattered about
outside the stomach, the
cysts having burst, 22nd
December 1900.
Convict No. 9188
... Spring-tertian ... (3) 12th December 1900 (3) Sporozoites, 24th Decem-
ber 1900.
(4) 12th
„
„ (4)Sporozoites.
Convict No. 114, Bya-
nah.
Spring-tertian .. (5) 14th December 1900 (5) Sporozoites in salivary
gland.
Convict No. 2471,
Double tertian.
Spring-tertian ... (6) 17th December 1900 (6) Sporozoites, 2nd January
1901.
(7) 17th
,,
,, (7) Sporozoites, 2nd January
1901.
NOTE.—No quinine was administered to the patients to interfere with the development.
2 4
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
25
T A B L E I - B .
Summer-Autumn.
Name of person.
Parasite in blood.
Date of feeding of anopheles.
Result with date of examination.
Convict No. 1718 treat-
ed daily with quinine.
Summer-autumn
crescents.
(1) r2th November 1900 (1) Full grown zygotes and
zygotoblasts.
(2) 20th ,,
,,
(2) Negative results on 7th d a y
(3) 20th ,,
,,
(3) Stomach lost in dissection.
(4) 15th „
,,
(4) Negative results on 10th
day.
(5) 16th ,,
„
(5) Negative results on 10th
day.
(6) 17th ,,
,,
(6) Examined 29th November
1900.: full grown zygotes
with sporozoites.
Convict No, 599
...
No quinine.
Summer-autumn
crescents.
(7) 3rd January 1901 ... (7) Examined on 5th day;
zygotes in stomach.
Convict No. 2116,
Kotiah.
No quinine.
Summer-autumn
crescents.
(8) 21st December 1900 (8) Zygotes showing vacuola-
tion and striation, 28th De-
cember 1900.
(9) 21st ,,
,, (9) Same, 28th December
1900.
(10) 26th ,,
,, (10) Sporozoites in hun-
dreds and cysts burst, 30th
December 1900.
(11) 24th ,,
„ (11) Young zygotes, pigment
vanished, 28th December
1900.
Public Works Depart-
ment Peon, Swami.
Summer-autumn
crescents.
(12) 16th December 1900 (12) Zygotes developing 24th
December 1900.
No quinine.
(13) 16th "
"
( 1 3 ) E x a m i n e d 2 1 S t D e c e m -
b er 1900. Negative results.
(14) 16th "
"
(14) Hundreds of sporozoites
in the venenosalivary
gland, 27th December
1900.
Convict No. 9598, Summer-autumn. (15) 13th December 1900 (15) Negative results.
Kotiah.
No crescents.
No quinine.
(16) 13th „
„
(16) " "
(17) 13th ,, , ,
(17) ,,
,,
Scientific Memoirs by
In table I will be found the results of feeding 24 anopheles on malarial blood,
viz., 17 on blood containing summer-autumn parasites and crescents and 7 on
blood containing benign spring-tertian parasites. Of the former, 9 anopheles were
found to contain Ross' cysts in various stages of growth. The absence of cysts
in those mosquitoes fed on the blood of convict No. 9598 (crescentic bodies
absent) may have been due to the absence of crescents or to my having over-
looked them or damaged them during dissection. There were three failures in
those fed on the blood of convict No. 1718 which contained crescents. This
may have been brought about by three causes : either (I) the crescents were old,
(2) or immature, (3) or the large doses of quinine administered daily interfered
with the evolution. I attribute the failure to the last named cause, because many
crescents were "ripe." Excluding the three anopheles fed on convict No. 9598 for
the reason stated, we find 9 out of 13, or 70 per cent. approximately, infected.
This is not pleasant to think of but it is worse with those anopheles fed on spring-
tertian, because all became infected. Quinine was avoided when feeding the latter.
My later experiments (not yet tabulated) give still better results with the
summer-autumn variety of hæmamœbæ.
Table II-A.
Spring-Tertian.
Name of
person
affected.
Nature of parasite with
blood examination
at the time of feeding
the anopheles.
Date of
feeding the
anopheles.
Date of inocu
lation of indi-
vidual by in-
fected
anopheles.
Name of
person vol-
untecring for
inoculation.
Presence of
sporozoites
verified in ven-
eno-salivary
gland of
anopheles.
Result and
date
of fever.
Blood examination of the person infected.
No.
Convict
No. 247,
Asirigadu.
Benign spring-tertian
parasite, 17th December.
1900. Pigmented spheres
and spherules. Young
hæmamœbæ and many
red cells are doubly in-
fected. Spores free and
grouped. Parasites in
spore formation.
17th De-
cember
1900.
20th Decem-
ber 1900.
C. F.
Verified
. . . Tertian-ague 13th January 1901—Blood was normal.
1
1st January
1901.
Fearnside.
14th January
1 9 0 1 .
15th January 1901—Blood was normal.
18th January 1901—(1) Pigmented spring-tertian spheres.
1 s t J a n u a r y
1901.
Incubation
period-16
days.
(2) Much pigment in leukocytes
and phagocytes.
(3) Young spring-tertian plas-
m o d i a .
19th January 1901—(1) Parasites very numerous.
(2) Flagellation of the spheres
was very common although
the specimen was taken rap-
didly and there was short
exposure to the air.
(3) Young plasmodia.
(4) Pigmented phagocytes.
20th January 1901—Pigmented spherule in leukocytes
and pigmented leukocytes.
21st January 1901-Blood healthy.
23rd January 1901—Blood healthy.
Specimens mounted 18th January 1901 and 19th
January 1901.
Do. . . .
Do. . . .
. . .
Do.
28th Decem-
ber 1900.
Head War-
der Swami
Verified
... Tertian-ague
18th January
1901.
21st January 1901—(1) Pigmented spheres.
(2) Young pigmented spring-
tertian parasites.
Incubation
period-21
days.
(3) Pigmented leukocytes and
phagocytes and free pigment.
Specimens mounted 21st January 1901.
28 Scientific Memoirs by
Table II-A.
Spring-Tertian-contd.
Name of
person
affected.
Nature of parasite with
blood examination at the
time of feeding the
anopheles.
Date of
feeding the
anopheles.
Date of inocu-
lation of in-
dividual by
infected
anopheles.
Name of
person vol-
unteering
for
inoculation.
Presence of
sporozoites
verified in ven-
eno-salivary
gland of
anopheles.
Result and
date
of fever.
Blood examination of the person infected.
No.
Convict No.
9 1 8 8 .
Spring-tertian parasites
C. No. 9188. Large pig-
mented spheres, free pig-
ment, spores and pigment-
ed leukocytes.
12th De-
cember
1900.
27 th Decem-
1900.
Peon of
District
Medical
and Sani-
tary Officer
Illa
Kanniah.
Verified
... Spring-ter-
tan Quoti-
dian.
13th January 1901-(1) Young spring-tertian plas-
modia.
3
(2) Pigmented spheres and
spherules.
11th January
1901.
(3) Much pigment in leukocytes.
Convict No.
1 1 4 .
13th De-
cember
1900.
Pigmented spheres, pig.
mented leukocytes and
young plasmodia (spring-
tertian).
Incubation—
15 days.
18th January 1901—Blood normal.
Specimens mounted 13th January 1901.
Do.
... Do.
...
... 12th De-
cember 1900.
26th Decent-
ber 1900.
Venkoba
Rao.
Verified
...
Tertian-ague 25th January 1901—(1) Young spring-tertian plas-
modia.
4
20th January
1901.
(2) Large and small pigmented
spheres.
Incubation —:
25 days.
(3) Pigmented leukocytes and
phagocytes.
Specimens mounted 25th January 1901.
Medical officers of the Army of India.
2 9
Table II-B.
Summer-Autumn.
Name of
perscn
affected.
Nature of parasite
with blood examina-
tion at the time
of feeding the
a n o p h e l e s .
Date of
feeding
t h e
anopheles .
Date of inccu-
lation of
individual by
infected
anopheles.
Name of
person
volunteer-
ing for in-
oculatien.
Presence of spo-
rozcites verified
in reneno-sali-
vary gland of the
anopheles.
Result and
date of
fever.
Blood examination of the person in-
fatted.
—
N o .
Public Works
Department
Peon, Swami.
Double infection—
16th De-
camber
1900.
28th Decem-
ber 1900.
Warder No.
18 Reddi
Amma.
Verified
... Æstivo au-
tumnal fever
9th January
1091. Incu-
bation 12
day.
11-1 01 (1) Pigment free and in leuko-
cytes and phagocytes.
30 grains of
quinine were
administered
daily after ve-
rification of the
results. Fever
cured.
5
(1) Spring-tertain.
(2) Spores entering erythrocytes
(2) Summer-autumn.
Pigmented spheres and
s p r i n g - t e r t i a n h æ -
mamœbæ. "Brassy"
corpuscles with sum-
mer-autumn para
sites, crescents, oval
and flagellates.
(3) Summer-autumn parasites.
12-1-01—(1) Pigmented spheres like those
of spring-tertian
(2) Ringed plasmodia in irregu-
lar corpuscles (Æstivo-au-
tumnal).
18-1-01— Nil .
Specimens mounted 12th January 190:.
Do.
Do.
Do.
28th Decem-
ber 1900.
House ser-
vant Ap-
palaswa-
my.
Verified
... Fever æstivo
autumnal
spring-ter.
tian, 1;th
January
1901
Incubation—
10 days.
11-0 (1) Ringed parasites (æstivo-
autumnal); small pigmented
bodies, the pigment being
small in quantity.
Prescribed large
doses of quinine
after vorifica-
tien.
Fever
cured.
Patient went
hone and I
could not exam-
ine him again
t i l l t h e 1 0 t h .
6
29th Decem-
ber 1900.
(7) Double infection of red cells,
many being " brassy " and
irregular free spores.
(3) Sporulating forms both of
spring-tertian and summer-
autumn. The spores of the
latter bad a small glistening
nucleus in a hyaline circle;
sporulating forms contained
10 and 17 spores respec-
tively.
19-1-01—(1) No parasites in peripheral
circulation.
(2) Much pigment in agglutina-
tion in the phagocytes.
Specimens mounted, 14th January 1901.
Table II-B— could.
Summer-Autumn.
Name of
person
affected.
Nature of parasites
with blood examina-
tion at the time
of feeding the
anopheles.
Date of
feedingt h e
anopheles.
Date
of inccu-
l a t i o n o f
individual by
infected
anopheles.
Name of
person
volunteer-
ing for in-
oculation.
Presence of spo-
rozoites verified
in veneno-sali-
vary gland of the
anopheles.
Result and
date of
fever.
Blood examination of the person in-
fected.
—
No
Assistant Jailot
Ramanuja
Achari.
Summer-autumn para-
site: As many as 5
crescents in the field.
Ringed parasites
speculating forms.
29th De-
cember
1901.
14th January
1901.
W. E Mit-
chell,
Jailor,
Central
Jail.
Sporozoites . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
7
13rd Jan-
nary
1901.
Do.
Do.
Do.
D.
Hospital
Assistant
Ramaswa.
my.
Do.
...
. . . . . .
Developing fever.
.....
8
January
17th T.= 99º F.
28th T =101º F.
29th T = 99 F.
Blood examined, so far negative results.
29th January 1901
CLINICAL CHART OF TEMPERATURE, &c.
C. No. 2471. Name Asirigadu
Age 26
Disease Tertian Ague.
Parasites Benigh Sp. Tertian.
Medical Officers of the Army of India. 3 1
Name.
Nature of
anopheles
infection.
Date of inoculation.
Number of
inocula-
tions.
Name of person
from which
anopheles
was in
fected.
Result.
C. F. Fearnside
... (1) Spring-ter-
tian.
27th December 1900
2
C. No. 2471 . . .
Successful. Spring-ter-
tian ague from 14th
January 1901.
1st January 1901 ...
2
8th January 1901 ...
(2) Aestivo-au-
tumnal cre-
scents.
10th January 1901 . . .
1
C. No. 2116 ...
12th January 1901
...
2
Ditto
......
11th January 1901 . . .
2
Assistant Jailor
R. Achari,
C. T. Mullings,
E s q . , A s s i s t a n t
Engineer, D. P.
W.
Results-negative owing
to treatment of the
spring-tertian attack
by quinine.
14th January 1901 . . .
2
. . . . . .
No second attack of
fever to date, 26th
January 1901.
For easy reference Table II has been compiled and hence it will be unneces-
sary to go much into detail regarding the cases. Of the eight persons inoculated,
six have contracted fever and the last two—Mr. Mitchell and Hospital Assistant
Ramaswamy Nayudu—have yet 10 days before the incubation period is completed.
(The Hospital Assistant has since developed fever.)
Case I.— My own medical history might be called good.
In 1891 I suffered for nine months from æstivo-autumnal malaria accompanied
in the last stages with " black-water " fever. After being invalided to England
for nine months I made a complete recovery, and although I have served in the
most malarious places in Burma (Chin Hills) and Madras (Cuddapah) I have
never again had fever till my recent attack. I have invariably slept under mos-
quito curtains and my immunity to fever must be due to this fact.
The first inoculation was on 29th December 1900, and a second and third on
1st January 1901 and 8th January 1901, from an anopheles fed on blood contain-
ing spring-tertian parasites. On the 14th of January I developed fever with the
usual symptoms of ague. On the 13th and 15th no parasites were traceable in the
peripheral blood. On the 18th, while working at the microscope, I felt chilly with
pains in my-joints ; so I examined my blood which now contained spring-tertian
parasites. The temperature chart is attached shewing the tertian type of ague.
Though not suffering from actual fever at present, 27th January 1901, I still
feel very unwell, due most probably to the later inoculations of crescentic-derived
sporozoites.
Case II.—Head Warder Swami was inoculated on 28th December 1900, from
an anopheles fed on the same blood as the previous case. He is a strong wel
l - b u i l t T e l e g u a n d h a s b e e n w e l l a l l t h e y e a r . O n t h e 1 8 t h J a n u a r y 1 9 0 1 h e
developed fever and his blood disclosed spring-tertian parasites.
32
Scientific Memoirs by
Case III. —Hospital Peon Illa Kanniah.
A strong healthy Telegu who says he does not remember when he had fever.
He scorned the idea that mosquitoes could give any one fever. He has since
changed his mind like the others. He was inoculated on 27th December 1900 by
an anopheles which had been fed on the blood of convict No. 9188 which con-
tained spring-tertian parasites (type of ague : Quotidian). He developed Quotidian
ague 15 days after the inoculation.
Case IV.— Venkoba Row, a man of indifferent physique but has not had fever
for years, was inoculated by the same anopheles (on the 26th December 1900)
which were employed in case No. III. He developed fever on 20th January 1901
and the type was tertian and his blood contained spring-tertian parasites. It
is remarkable that the tertian parasites of the original Quotidian ague gave rise
to Quotidian in case III and tertian in case IV.
Case V. —Warder No. 18 was inoculated on 28th December 1900 from cres-
cent-derived sporozoites (summer-autumn) and developed fever on 9th January
1901.
Case VI. — H o u s e s e r v a n t A p p a l a s w a m i w a s i n o c u l a t e d b y t h e s a m e a n o p h e l e s
on 28th December and 29th December 1900 and developed fever on 13th January
1901.
Case VII. —Mr. Mitchell and Case VIII,* Hospital Assistant Ramaswami,
are still pending.
Incubation periods :—
A.—Spring-Tertian.
(1) C. F. Fearnside
. . .
. . .
. . .
16 days.
(2) Head Warder Swami ...
. . .
. . .
21 , ,
(3) Peon Kanniah
. . .
. . .
. . .
15 , ,
(4) Venkoba Rao
. . .
. . .
. . .
25 „
B.—Summer-Autumn.
(5) Warder No. 18
. . .
...
. . .
12 days.
(6) Appalaswami
. . .
. . .
. . .
16 ,,
The incubation period lies between the 12th and the 25th day tor both types
of fever.
There is every reason to believe that the cause of the febrile attacks in the
above-mentioned cases was brought about by the inoculation of the infected
anopheles.
The presence of malarial zygotes in the stomach and of sporozoites in the
salivary gland, the attack of ague following soon after the bite 12—25 days
(incubation period), the presence of similar parasites in the blood of the inoculated
corresponding to those found in the blood of the person who was the source
of the infection, is strong presumptive evidence that the fever was produced by
the infected anopheles.
* C a s e V I I I s i n c e d e v e l o p e d a g u e . — C . F . F .
CLINICAL CHART OF TEMPERATURE, &c.
Con. No. 9188. Name Narasimulu.
Age 27.
Disease Quotidian Ague.
Parasites Spring Tertian.
Reg. No 131, Director Genl., Indian, Medl. Service.—Mar, 01-—300.
Litho., S. I. O., Calcutta.