NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
178 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ IV, II.
Under this condition of inadequate calcium intake, not only were milk yields
less than expected, but mineral reserves were depleted to the point of skeletal
fragility. A significant proportion of the cows had broken ribs or hips. Since the
correction of the calcium deficiency by the addition of bonemeal to the rations, the
cows has suffered no broken bones in the next four years, mineral reserves (as
measured by bone strengths of cows slaughtered) have been restored, and milk yields
have been attained commensurate with inheritance and the organic nutrient intake
of the same cows.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS.
Study of the records for possible contributing factors arising from management
of the cows disclosed that the dry periods prior to lactation averaged 80 days in
length preceding use of bonemeal, as against 86 days while bonemeal was available.
This excludes the 12 lactations after the first parturition of each cow in the former
period, and one instance of difficult conception among the 22 lactations in the latter
period. The average date of conception was at 105 days after parturition in the
former interval, as against 169 days (including five cases of difficult conception of
300 days or over) in the latter period. In addition, cystic ovaries were encountered
in two old cows, and four failed to conceive. The observation of Dr. C. H. Eckles
in Minnesota Station Bulletin 258, was borne out in that the older cows conceived
less readily.
From statistical analysis of differences in rate of decline between milk production
on the low-calcium rations, and that on the supplemented rations, it was found that
the standard error of difference, divided into the difference is 1.73, or that the
probabilities are 9 in 10 times that the differences are not due to chance. In other
words, these differences are due to inherent differences in the rate of production
rather than to chance. This took into consideration the entire lactation curves from
the second to thirteenth months inclusive.
The entire lactations include the period immediately after calving, during which
the mineral matter stored in the skeleton in the dry period was available. After this
available supply is depleted by lactation, the cows become dependent upon the
limited amounts in the feed, and milk secretion is checked. When the curves for the
7th to 13th months were analyzed similarly, the factor 72.17 was found in place of
1.73. In other words, it is highly significant that these differences are inherent,
rather than due to chance.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.
Typical rations used in feeding the Jersey cows at the Florida Agricultural
Experiment Station during a period of years supplied an excess of protein, energy,
EFFECT OF CALCIUM-DEFICIENT ROUGHAGES
179
and phosphorus, but were low in content of calcium. Addition of bonemeal as two
per cent. of the concentrates was sufficient to render the calcium level adequate for a
commercial dairy herd.
This increase in calcium level in the rations allowed 12 Jersey cows to attain an
increase of four pounds of milk per day in subsequent lactations, and to be more
persistent producers throughout longer lactation periods. At the same time, these
cows attained a stage of mineral storage in the skeletal tissues such that the leg bones
from nine of them had average breaking strengths in excess of 3,000 pounds. On
the other hand, in absence of the calcium supplement, several of these same cows
previously had withdrawn mineral reserves from the skeleton to such an extent that
an unusual proportion of them had suffered broken hips and ribs.
The possibility of corn silage, grown on low calcium soils, as a source of rough-
age for use in studies of calcium metabolism is suggested.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The lactation periods prior to May 15, 1928, were accumulated under the direc-
tion of Professor John M. Scott, formerly Animal Industrialist and Vice-Director of
the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station. Alex R. Mathers assisted in assem-
bling and tabulating the milk records. Professor C. H. Willoughby allowed us to
obtain leg bones from Aberdeen Angus cows for use in this study. Professor Charles
C. Brown of the Civil Engineering Department made available such equipment as
was used in bone strength determinations. Bradford Knapp, Jr., and Dr. L. W.
Gaddum assisted with the statistical analyses, testing the significance of the data
presented herein.
REFERENCES.
1. Clark, R. S. The correlation between changes in age and milk production of dairy cows under
other than official testing conditions. Journal of Dairy Science 7 : 547—554. 1924.
2. Eckles, C. H. Some phases of the phosphorus deficiency problem in the nutrition of dairy
cattle. Presented before Amer. Dairy Sci. Assoc., Washington, D. C., June 26, 1929.
3. Fingerling, G. Beitrage zur Verwertung von Kalk-und Phosphorsaureverbindung durch den
tierischen Organismus. Landw. Vers. Stat. 75: 1-52. 1911.
4. Kellner, D. Die Ernahrung der landwirtschaftlichen Nutztiere. Paul Parey, Berlin. 10th
edit. 1924. Pages 618—619.
5. Meigs, E. B. and Woodward, T. E. The influence of calcium and phosphorus in the feed on the
milk yield of dairy cows. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 945. 1-28. 1921. Also Journal of
Dairy Science 4: 185—217. 1921.
180 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ IV, II.
6. Nessler, J. II. Untersuchungen der Knochen von knochenbruchigkeit Rindvieh. Landw. Vers.
Stat. 16: 187-196. 1873.
7. Theiler, Sir A., Green, H. H. and du Toit, P. J. Phosphorus in the livestock industry. Jour.
Dept. Agr. (Union of S. Africa) 8: 460 -504. 1924.
8. Tuff, P. Osteomalacia and its occurrence in cattle in Norway. Jour. Comp. Path, and Ther.
36 :143—155. 1923. Also World's Dairy Congr. II: 1494 - 1501. 1923.
9. Wellman, O. Futterungsversuche uber die Bedeutung des Mineralstoffwechsels, inbesondere der
Erdalkalien und Phosphorsaure. Biologia Generalis, 8 : 387—396. 1932.
VETERINARIANS AS ' OFFICERS OF ANIMAL HEALTH '.
[Reprinted from the Veterinary Record No. 8, Vol. XIV, February 1934.]
In the course of an address delivered at the Thirteenth Annual Convention of
the Canadian Society of Technical Agriculturists, and reproduced in the February
issue of The Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sir Daniel Hall, Chief Scientific
Adviser to the Ministry, stated that the question of animal disease had been the
subject most pressed upon the Agricultural Research Council in Great Britain. It
was the one that, to most people, seemed to require the most strenous effort, and
many people considered that the most pressing of all the problems before them.
' I am bound to say', continued Sir Daniel, ' while reporting this as the general
opinion, I do not personally altogether agree, because I am looking at the problem
from the point of view of health rather than of disease. I see the task of the people
who are dealing with the health side of animals to be, in future, very much more
hygiene and the maintenance of health than the cure of disease. What I would like
to see is a class of veterinarians who are officers of animal health rather than practi-
tioners. There must always be practitioners who are concerned with surgical cases
and with specific illnesses of valuable animals, but it seems to me that the great
efforts of the profession should be rather of a public nature. Instead of being called
into this ailing cow, or that fretting horse, we want to see a class of men who have
charge of a district, who are thinking about the horses, the cattle, the sheep and the
pigs and how to keep disease away from them. Naturally, they will have to know
about the endemic diseases, but breeding, environment, nutrition, and other factors in
hygiene will be equally important. I think that is going to be the direction in
which the veterinary profession itself will eventually move, and that the veterina-
rian of the future will be the kind of public officer who is taking prophylactic and
preventive measures and who is studying problems like nutrition, and so forth, so
as to ensure a greater amount of health amongst the animal population. It is only
latterly that we have really begun to appreciate what an enormous factor nutrition
is in the health of livestock ; we do not even yet know all that is necessary '.
( 181 )
184 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ IV, II.
Salpingitis in the cow and the mare.—In the cow, there is a high incidence of tuberculosis in the
tubes and also retention cysts in the ovaries forming a secondary obstruction in the genital tract.
Various organisms have been isolated from cases of non-tuberculous salpingitis, the former consisting
mainly of streptococci and corynebacteria. However, this disease in the mare has been reported rarely.
The relationship between contagious abortion and sterility in the cow.—Records show that contagious
abortion first severely affects a herd of cattle, abortion takes place during early pregnancy and the
incidence of sterility is evidently low. Subsequently when the disease has run its course for some time,
abortions are fewer and occur later in pregnancy, but accompanied by a large incidence of premature
births, retained placenta, severe endometritis and sterility. Fertility is much decreased in cows that
proved to harbour B. abortus infection. The effect of the Br. abortus infection therefore, seems to
aggravate some other concurrent infection which was prevailing in the herd and transmitted venereally
by bulls.
The Pathogenesis of Bovine Endometritis.
This condition occurs either following upon B. abortus infection or independently. The following
organisms are mainly responsible:—
(1) B. abortus infection causing merely superficial alterations.
(2) Pure streptococcus infection; or with other bacteria.
(3) Pure B. pyogenes infection; or in combination with other bacteria.
After final healing the uterus is often totally unfit for conception.
Venereally transmitted Infections in the Bovine and Equine Species.—The most common infections
transmitted and associated with sterility have been described as Coital exanthema ; Trichomonad infec-
tion, and Streptococcic infection in bovines and Friedlander infection (a bacterial infection with Encap-
sulatus (Klebseila) genitalium which could be mechanically transmitted by stallion during coitus, with
subsequent cervicitis, metritis and sterility) in equines. [B. S.]
REVIEW
Index Veterinarius, 1933, Vol. 1, No. 1, April 1933, Issued quarterly by the
Imperial Bureau of Animal Health, Weybridge, 304 pages, Annual subscription £ 4.
Recent years have seen a tremendous increase in the output of periodical
scientific literature, which is diffused in the compass of a large number of journals in
the diverse languages of the world. It has been increasingly felt, therefore, that
unless a sort of bird's eye-view of the world's publications could be made available
at one place, workers could not hope to keep abreast of the rapid strides that
were being recorded in the realms of science. Moreover, it is neither practicable
for every library to subscribe to the whole medley of journals, nor for an individual
worker to be able to read every language or see all articles. The enterprising
Imperial Bureau of Animal Health at Weybridge has been endeavouring to supply
this real need amongst English-speaking research workers by the publication of
abstracts of the more important articles in the form of a monthly Veterinary
Bulletin, which has already created a place for itself in Veterinary literature and has
enlisted a large amount of support. The Bureau has now decided to extend its
helpfulness by publishing a very comprehensive index of articles published,
bearing upon all aspects of Veterinary Science and the first issue of Index
Veterinarius marked April 1933, is now before us for review.
This issue covers the indexing performed at the Bureau Head Quarters during
the first quarter of 1933, and it is announced that subsequent issues will similarly
deal with the indexing carried out during the corresponding previous quarter.
The system of classification adopted is satisfactory, and the required information
can be obtained with the minimum of trouble. This quarterly issue forms a
complete alphabetical index of the subjects dealt with, as also of authors' names
along with all the relevant details (year, full title of article, volume, page, and
translation of subject-titles where the original medium of the article is one of the
less familiar foreign languages). Conditions due to specific organisms or parasites
have been indexed under the name of the causative agent, and a heading consisting
of several aspects of a problem has been suitably sub-divided under general, control,
diagnostic tests, treatment, bovine, porcine, etc. The nomenclature of the
American Society of Bacteriologists has been generally adopted. The articles have
been fully cross-indexed under headings of subject, name of the country of
incidence, species of the animal and names of the organs affected. The list of
journals, which it is proposed to cover in the index, is comprehensive and
enumerated on pages 5 to 36. Since it has been necessary to produce it on a
( 185 )
186 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ IV, II.
duplicator, the Index has certain short-comings, for instance, the issue is of
necessity rather bulky, but it is clearly printed and bound with a semi-stiff cover
similar to that of the Veterinary Bulletin. It is to be hoped that it may yet be
possible, following adequate response from supporters, to issue this quarterly index
on the printing press, which, it is believed, will eventually assist in the reduction
of the cost of production, and hence in enhancing its popularity. The question
whether the index could be suitably combined with the Veterinary Bulletin, either
as a supplement or with every third monthly issue of the latter deserves considera-
tion, as it would possibly result in a larger and more helpful support for the newly
instituted index under the auspices of its more well-established predecessor. The
Index Veterinarius is welcomed as a very substantial help to Veterinary workers,
and the Bureau is to be warmly congratulated on this new enterprise. [S.C.A.D.]
NOTICE
A VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY FOR INDIA
BY
T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.,
AND
S.K. SEN, M.Sc., F.R.E.S.,
Imperial Institute of Veterinary Research, Muktesar.
The first of the series of articles entitled as above appeared in 1927 in Vol. I,
part I, of the Journal of the Central Bureau for Animal Husbandry and Dairying in
India and the last or part XIV in Vol. I, Part III, of the present Journal. It is
understood from one of the authors of this series that there are yet several more parts
awaiting publication and that if they appear at the present rate of quarterly instal-
ments, it is not likely to require less than 3 to 4 years for the entire series to be com-
pleted. The disadvantages of such a protracted method of publication are obvious,
for the Veterinary workers for whom these articles are primarily intended are liable
to lose touch with the earlier parts of the series by the time the later parts have
made their appearance. Moreover, there would appear to be at the present time a
genuine need for a general text-book on veterinary entomology which might be
used for ready reference by workers in this country. It has therefore been decided
to discontinue publication of further articles of the series and the authors have
undertaken to complete the work, as early as possible, in the form of a text-book for
publication as a Scientific Monograph of the Imperial Council of Agricultural
Research.
( 187 )
APPENDIX
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE IMPERIAL
COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH.*
1. All manuscripts should be clean, clear and carefully revised. Only one side
of the paper should be used, and as far as practicable the original type-written
copy and not a carbon copy should be sent. Capitals should be sparingly used,
and all the necessary punctuation should be done in the MS. and not left for
introduction in proofs.
2. The title of a paper should not be lengthy.
3. It is desirable that the MS. should have suitable heads and sub-heads. In
numbering the principal divisions of a paper roman numerals should be used. The
use of arabic figures and (a), (b), (c), etc., is generally reserved for numbering the sub-
divisions coming under each head.
4. Articles submitted for publication either in the Indian Journal of Agricul¬
tural Science or in the Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry
should be accompanied by abstracts for publication in Agriculture and Live-stock
in India. Abstracts should be concise, but should be long enough to explain the
matter dealt with; ordinarily no abstract should exceed 200 words.
5. When a word or line is intended to be printed in italics it should be underlined
with a single line, in SM. CAP. with two lines, in CAPITALS with three lines, and
when in antique (heavy type) with a wavy line (————).
6. In decriptive matter, numbers under 100 and all numbers occurring at the
beginning of a sentence should be in words.
7. Local names for crops, technical operations, etc., should be defined where they
first occur in the text, e.g., rabi (spring crop). The use of local weights and mea-
sures should be avoided as far as possible. Vernacular names, such as jowar, bajri,
should be in italics without a capital letter, and each such name where it first occurs
should be followed by its scientific equivalent in brackets, e.g., jowar (Andropogon
Sorghum). It is usual to write the initial letters of varietal names in capitals, e.g.,
Striped Mauritius, Dharwar-American cotton and Broach cotton.
8. Botanical and zoological names are printed in italics and should be underlined
in the MS., e.g., Triticum vulgare L.; Diplodia Corchori Syd.; Pyrilla aberrans
* Spare copies of these Instructions can be had on application to the Secretary, Imperial Council
of Agricultural Research (Publication Section), New Delhi.
( 189 )
190 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ IV, II.
Kirby. The International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature and the International
Rules of Zoological Nomenclature should be followed. The names of chemical sub-
stances should not be written with a capital letter ; they are printed in roman type
(e.g., calcium carbonate, prussic acid).
9. The following and similar abbreviations may be used freely:—viz., e.g., i.e.,
mm. (millimetre), cm. (centimetre), grm. (gramme), mg. (milligramme), c.c. (cubic
centimetre), sp. gr. (specific gravity), lb. (pound), cwt. (hundredweight), in. (inch),
ft. (foot), oz. (ounce), md. (maund), sr. (seer), ch. (chattak). Other abbreviations
should be used sparingly, if at all.
10. References to plates should be given within brackets, without prefixing the
word " see " or " of.", in the MS. itself, and should not be left over for introduction
in proofs. For example, " The parasite (Pl. X, fig. 4) was present late in 1906 ".
11. The word " Table " is preferable to " Statement", and tables should be
numbered consecutively in roman figures. Each table should have an explana-
tion as a sub-head. It is more convenient for reference if tables can be printed hori-
zontally ; for this purpose they should not exceed in width the printing measure
of the page (5"). Example—
TABLE IV
Results of water-saving experiments on wheat (Pusa 12) at Gungapur, Haripur and
Sargodha, 1916-17.
Station
Gungapur
Haripur .
Sargodha
.....
No. of
irrigations in-
cluding the
preliminary
watering
One
„
„
YIELD PER ACRE IN
MAUNDS AND SEERS
Grain
Mds. Srs.
12 19½
8 31
8 12½
Straw
Mds. Srs.
20 10
19 14
25 27½
AVERAGE YIELD PER
ACRE
Grain
Mds. Srs.
} 9 34
Straw
Mds. Srs.
21 17
12. References to literature, arranged alphabetically according to authors' names,
should be placed at the end of the article, the various references to each author being
arranged chronologically. Each reference should contain the name of the author
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS OF PUBLICATIONS
191
(with initials), the year of publication, the abbreviated title of the publication, volume
and page. In the text the reference should be indicated by the author's name followed
by the year of publication enclosed in brackets; when the author's name occurs
in the text, the year of publication only need be given in brackets. If reference
is made to several articles published by one author in a single year, these should be
numbered in sequence and the number quoted after the year both in the text and in
the collected references. This system of referencing is the same as is used in the
Biochemical Journal with slight modification and will be clear from the following
illustration:—
The work of Osborne and Mendel (1919, 1, 2) and Steenbock and Boutwell [1919] had indicated
an association of the fat-soluble vitamin with the green parts of plants. This view was examined by
Coward and Drummond [1921] who reported that vitamin A was not synthesised by etiolated shoots
but that green leaves were active in its formation. Another worker [Wilson, 1922], on the other hand,
found that etiolated shoots if given in sufficient quantity could supply the fat-soluble vitamin and that
this factor was therefore formed in the absence of light.
REFERENCES.
Coward, K. H. and Drummond, J. C. (1921). Biochem. J. 15, 530.
Osborne, T. B. and Mendel, L. B. (1919,1). J. Biol. Chem. 37,187.
(1919, 2). J. Biol. Chem. 41. 549.
Steenbock, H. and Boutwell, R. (1919). J. Biol. Chem. 41,149.
Wilson, J. (1922). J. Biol. Chem. 51, 455.
Abbreviations, as far as possible, should follow the system adopted in " A World
List of Scientific Periodicals " published by the Oxford University Press.
13. Papers should be complete when submitted for publication. As altera
tions and additions at the proof stage cause both additional expense and delay,
they should be resorted to as little as possible. In making corrections in proofs
the recognized symbols which will be found in the " Standard Dictionary " should
be used. Second (page) proofs will be submitted to authors who should return
them promptly.
Illustrations.
14. As the format of the journals has been standardized, the size adopted being
crown quarto (about 7⅛"×9⅝" cut) no text-figure, when printed, should exceed
4½×5 inches. Figures for plates should be so planned as to fill a crown quarto
plate—the maximum space available for figures being 5¾ ×8 inches exclusive of that
for letterpress printing.
15. Photos or drawings for illustration should accompany the manuscript and
each should bear on the reverse side the name of the paper to which it relates
together with the title or legend, figure or plate number, and the size to be repro¬