NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
224 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ IV, III
TABLE IV.
Correlation between rate of yield 2 months after calving and total yield for 10 months.
10 months' yield in
100-lb. units.
Class
mid-points.
27.5 . . .
32.5 . . .
37.5 . . .
42.5 . . .
47.5 . . .
52.5 . . .
57.5 . . .
62.5 . . .
67.5 . . .
72.5 . . .
77.5 . .
82.5 . . .
87.5 . . .
92.6 . . .
97.5 . . .
102.4 . . .
107.5 . . .
112.5 . .
Total
.
Rate of yield in 100-lb. units. (Class mid-point.)
2.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3.5
1
2
...
...
...
...
...
......
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3
4.5
...
1
2
...
1
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
5
5.5
...
...
...
1
7
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
9
6.5
...
...
...
1
3
6
8
...
...
...
...
...
...
......
...
...
...
...
18
7.5
...
...
...
...
...
8
6
6
2
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
23
8.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
3
8
8
1
1
1
...
...
...
...
...
24
9.5
...
...
...
...
...
1
1
3
8
2
4
2
3
...
1
...
...
...
25
10.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4
4
3
3
1
...
...
...
...
15
11.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
3
1
2
3
3
...
1
...
14
12.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
...
1
2
1
2
...
...
7
13.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
1
...
2
3
1
1
9
14.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
1
1
3
15.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
1
16.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
17.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
1
18.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total
1
3
2
2
11
16
17
13
19
16
12
8
11
6
8
5
3
4
157
PREDICTION OF MILK YIELDS
225
TABLE V.
Correlation between rate of yield 4 months after calving and total yield for 10 months.
10 months' yield in
100-lb.units.
Class
mid-points.
27.5 . . .
32.5 . . .
37.5 . . .
42.5 . . .
47.5 . . .
52.5 . . .
57.5 . . .
62.5 . . .
67.5 . . .
72.5 . . .
77.5 . . .
82.5 . . .
87.5 . . .
92.5 . . .
97.5 . . .
102.5 . . .
107.5 . . .
112.5 . . .
Total .
Rate of yield in 100-lb. units. (Class mid-point.)
2.5
1
1
...
...
...
......
......
...
...
.....
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
3.5
...
2
1
2
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
7
4.5
...
...
1
...
7
4
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
12
5.5
...
...
...
...
2
10
10
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
24
6.5
...
...
...
...
...
1
7
7
7
2
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
25
7.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4
9
6
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
20
8.5
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
3
8
8
3
3
...
1
...
...
...
27
9.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
3
4
3
1
1
...
...
14
10.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
3
3
3
2
1
...
13
11.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
2
2
1
1
7
12.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
1
...
1
1
4
13.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
2
14.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
....
...
...
...
...
...
15.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
16.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
17.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
18.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total.
1
3
2
2
11
16
17
13
19
16
12
8
11
6
8
5
3
4
157
D 2
226 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ IV, III
TABLE VI.
Correlation between rate of yield 5 months after calving and total yield for 10 months.
10 months' yield in
100-lb. units.
Class
mid-points.
27.5 . . .
32.5 . . .
37.5 . . .
42.5 . . .
47.5 . . .
52.5 . . .
57.5 . . .
62.5 . . .
67.5 . . .
72.5 . . .
77.5 . . .
82.5 . . .
87.5 . . .
92.5 . . .
97.5 . . .
102.5 . . .
107.5 . . .
112.5 . . .
Total .
Rate of yield in 100-lb. units . (Class mid-point.)
2.5
1
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
3.5
...
2
1
2
1
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
7
4.5
...
...
1
...
8
6
6
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
21
5.5
...
...
...
...
2
8
9
8
3
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
32
6.5
...
...
...
...
...
1
2
5
12
7
4
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
31
7.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4
6
7
3
1
...
...
...
...
...
21
8.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
1
3
5
1
2
3
...
...
16
9.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
5
4
3
1
1
...
16
10.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
3
1
...
2
7
11.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
2
3
12.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
1
13.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
14.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
15.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
16.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
17.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
18.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total.
1
3
2
2
11
16
17
13
19
16
12
8
11
6
8
5
3
4
157
PREDICTION OF MILK YIELDS
227
TABLE VII.
Correlation between rate of yield 8 months after calving and total yield for 10 months.
10 months' yield in
100-lb. units.
Class
mid-points.
27.5 . . .
32.5 . . .
37.5 . . .
42.5 . . .
47.5 . . .
52.5 . . .
57.5 . . .
62.5 . . .
67.5 . . .
72.5 . . .
77.5 . . .
82.5 . . .
87.5 . . .
92.5 . . .
97.5 . . .
102.5 . . .
107.5 . . .
112.5 . . .
Total .
Rate of yield in 100.lb. units. (Class mid-point.)
25
1
3
...
2
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
8
3.5
...
...
2
...
5
7
4
1
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
20
4.5
...
...
...
...
4
9
10
8
11
1
4
2
...
...
...
1
...
...
50
5.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
3
3
7
13
7
1
5
1
3
...
...
1
44
6.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
2
...
5
4
3
1
1
1
...
18
7.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
2
2
3
2
...
1
11
S.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
1
1
2
5
9.6
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
1
10 5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
11.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
12.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
13 5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
14.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
15.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
16.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
17 .5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
18.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total.
1
3
2
2
11
16
17
13
19
16
12
8
11
6
8
5
3
4
157
228 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ IV, III
TABLE VIII.
Correlation between 300 days' yield and rate of yield at various months after calving.
Months after calving
1 . . . .
2 . . . .
3 . . . .
4 . . . .
5 . . . .
6 . . . .
7 . . . .
8 . . . .
9 . . . .
Rate of yield
946.88
902.87
834.72
754.46
679.94
617.52
565.29
514.97
462.74
300 days' yield
7039.8
7039.8
7039.8
7039.8
7039.8
7039.8
7039.8
7039.8
7039.8
Coefficient of correla-
tion
.8722
.9082
.9292
.9383
.9356
.9162
.8714
.8362
.7191
in Table VIII. This table supports the conclusions arrived at above. The value of
the coefficient rises to a maximum in the 4th month and then declines showing that
the strongest relationship is at this stage, although the differences between successive
coefficients do not appear to be statistically significant. From this table it is seen
that while the best estimate is obtained by making a test in the 4th or the 5 th
month estimates at any time between the 3rd and the 6th month would ensure
reasonable accuracy. If a tester visits a farm three times a year at equal intervals
fairly accurate estimates could be made of the milking capacities of all the animals
in the herd.
COMPARISON OF ANIMALS WITH DIFFERENT LENGHS OF MILKING PERIODS.
Sometimes it becomes necessary to compare the relative values of two animals
or two herds of animals when only a portion of their lactation is known. When the
yields over isolated periods at different stages of lactation are the only data
available, the yields for ten months can be computed in each case by means of the
ratios in Table II and the animals compared. If, however, records are available
showing the total yields from calving to different lengths of milking periods
it is necessary to know what the animals would have yielded in the same number
of days. It is known that the yield is not porportional to the number of da ys the
animal is in milk. Thus if an animal remains in milk for 400 days her 300 days'
yield is not ¾ of the yield for 400 days. It is some other fraction depending upon
PREDICTION OF MILK YIELDS
229
the rate of decline. It is possible mathematically to deduce this relation from the
equation to the lactation curve. It is convenient to reduce all yields to a standard
length, preferably 300 days which is the average lactation length. Table IX shows
TABLE IX.
Correction for length of lactation taking 300 days as standard.
Length of lacta-
tion.
200
. . .
210 . . .
220 . . .
230 . . .
240 . . .
250 . . .
260 . . .
270 . . .
280 . . .
290 . . .
300 . . .
310 . . .
320 . . .
330 . . .
340 . . .
350 . . .
360 . . .
370 . . .
380 . . .
390 . . .
400 . . .
When rate of decline per month per 100 lb milk is
6.0
1.368
1.315
1.268
1.224
1.184
1.147
1.113
1.081
1.052
1.025
1.000
.9766
.9480
.9342
.9145
.8964
.8792
.8630
.8478
.8332
.8194
8.0(a)
1.339
1.289
1.246
1.204
1.168
1.147
1.103
1.074
1.047
1.023
1.000
.9788
.9590
.9404
.9230
.9065
.S913
.8768
.8632
.8487
.8370
10.0(b)
1.300
1.257
1.217
1.180
1.148
1.119
1.091
1.065
1.042
1.021
1.000
.9813
.9642
.9475
.9324
.9181
.9048
.8921
.8804
.8692
.8584
12.0(c)
1.269
1.230
1.194
1.161
1.132
1.105
1.081
1.058
1.037
1.018
1.000
.9833
.9681
.9537
.9401
.9276
.9158
.9048
.8943
.8847
.8762
(a)
(b)
(c)
These figures are to be used for specially bred Indian cows.
„ „ „
„ cross-bred cows and buffaloes.
„ „ „
„ ordinary Indian cows.
FOOTNOTE TO TABLE IX.
Example. The following example illustrates the use of the table. Administration Report on the
230 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ IV, III
by what figures a given yield should be multiplied in order to reduce it to a yield
for 300 days. An example is given at the foot of the table which explains how the
Table may be made use of in practice.
SUMMARY.
How yields may be predicted from known portions of the lactation are dealt
with. A complete lactation from an incomplete one may be predicted either by
computing the area under the curve or by arithmetical calculation by multiplying
the yield at maximum successively by the rate of decline, and summing up the
products. This requires a knowledge of the rate of decline, and the average value
obtained for the decline in parts I and II may be utilised. A ready reckoner table
(Table II) is given by means of which complete lactation may be obtained by multi
plying the monthly yield at any stage of the lactation by an appropriate ratio given
in the table.
The peak of lactation is generally reached between the 3rd and 6th week after
calving, and if the yield for these four weeks is known, the yield for a lactation of
Military Dairy Farms, Northern Circle, for the year 1932-33, Table 13, page 21, shows the lactation
yields as under :—
Breed
Ferozepore Pedigree . . . . . . . .
¾ Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . .
⅝ „ . . . . . . . . . . . .
Av. milk yield
in lb.
7,912
6,885
6,851
Average number
of days in milk
330
335
310
same period.
In order to see how these herds compare it is necessary to know how much they yield during the
The figures in the table show how lactation yield of any length from 200 to 400 days may
be converted into yields for identical periods, namely, 300 days. For conversion that figure should be
employed which is below the rate of decline appropriate to the breed to which the herd belongs. Thus
for the Pedigree Sahiwal it has been found that the rate of decline is nearly 8 per cent., and the correc
tion factor is obtained from the column headed 8.0. Similarly for the cross-bred the correction is ob
tained from the column headed 10.0. The yields for 300 days will be:—
Ferozepore Pedigree
.
.
7,912 × .8,632 or 6,830 lb.
¾ Foreign .
.
.
.
6,885 × .9,400 or 6,472 lb.
⅝
„
.
.
.
.
6,851 × .9,813 or 6,723 lb.
(N.B.—In the case of ¾ foreign where the number of days is 335 the average of the figures against
330 and 340 is taken.)
When the yields are thus expressed the order of merit of the herds can be readily appreciated.
PREDICTION OF MILK YIELDS
231
300 days is approximately obtained by multiplying the average daily yield for these
four weeks by :—
223.8 in the case of specially bred Indian cows.
209.4 „ „ „ of buffaloes and cross-bred cows.
197.1 „ „ „ of ordinary Indian cows.
An examination of values of the ratio in Table II shows that the best time for
conducting a short time test is the 4th month. Reasonable accuracy is, however,
obtained by using any yield between the 3rd and the 6th month of lactation.
A Table is given by means of which yields for different lengths of lactation may
be corrected to a standard length for purposes of comparison.
REFERENCES.
In addition to those cited in Parts I and II.
Kartha, K. P. R.—A Note on the comparative economic efficiency of the Indian Cow, the Half-bred
Cow and the Buffalo as producers of Milk and Butter Fat—(Under publication).
Lal Chand Sikka—Statistical studies of records of Indian dairy cattle—Ind. Journal of Animal
Husbandry and Veterinary Science, I, Pt. II, 1931.
Macguckin, Capt. C. E.—Administration Report of the Mily. Dairy Farms, N. Circle, 1933
(unpublished).
Sanders, H. G.—Analysis of the lactation curve into Maximum and Persistency, Journ. of Agr.
Science, XX, 2, 1930.
Sanders, H. G.—Variation in Milk Yields caused by the season of the year, service, age and dry
period, and their elemination—Part, 2, Service. Journ. of Agr. Sc., Vol XVII, Part IV,
1927.
Tuff, Professor.—External factors affecting milk yield, World's Dairy Congress, 1928.
A SHORT HISTORY OF SURRA TREATMENT IN THE PUNJAB.
BY
THE CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, PUNJAB.
(Received for publication on the 10th July 1934.)
INTRODUCTION.
The history of treatment of surra in India dates as far back as 1893, when
Lingard, Imperial Bacteriologist at Poona, introduced a form of treatment for
equine surra with certain arsenical preparations, notably atoxyl, without any great
success.
Subsequently, Holmes and Cross [ 1908 ], working at the Muktesar Laboratory,
tested the efficacy of a considerable number of drugs, in addition to those used by
Lingard, in the treatment of surra as it affected both equines and dogs. Of the
drugs tested by them, mention may be made of atoxyl and its proprietary modification
known as soamin, orpiment, arsenious acid, and certain antimony and mercury
preparations. A perusal of the records of their trials shows that while in a propor-
tion of the cases treated by them the results were encouraging, the number of fail-
ures was by no means small, while in a large percentage of cases, where definite
recoveries were believed to have been obtained, relapses occurred during a post-
treatment observation period ranging from 4 to 6 weeks.
Edwards [ 1926 ], working in the same laboratory, carried out what would
appear to be an intensive series of trials upon the comparative trypanocidal value
of potassium and bismuth salts, tryparsamide and naganol and was eventually led
to formulate the so-called intravenous-intrathecal form of treatment, to which a
detailed reference will be made later in this paper. As to tryparsamide and bismuth
compounds, it may be stated at once that, on the recommendation of Dr. Edwards,
the efficacy of these drugs was then tested upon three artificial and two natural
cases of surra in the Punjab, but the results obtained cannot be declared to have
been satisfactory. A full dose of tryparsamide followed by a dose of tartar emetic
failed to sterilize the blood during a post-treatment observation period of 6 days,
whilst the administration of bismuth salts was followed by inappetence, dullness
and congestion of the lungs.
The work briefly alluded to above, although mainly carried out elsewhere than
in the Punjab, is nevertheless of sufficient historical interest to deserve brief men-
tion in this paper, inasmuch as the results of these trials very clearly demonstrate
the futility of efforts directed to curing surra by means of arsenical compounds, and,
( 232 )
SHORT HISTORY OF SURRA TREATMENT IN THE PUNJAB
233
as will be noted later the two drugs which gave greatest promise in the trials carried
out in the Punjab were Tartar emetic and Naganol, neither of which, as is well
known, is an arsenic derivative.
TREATMENT OF SURRA BY MEANS OF TARTAR EMETIC.
The necessity for instituting an intensive series of trials upon the possibility of
successfully combating surra in the Punjab was realized as far back as in the year
1906, when an officer, with the designation Camel Expert, was specially appointed
by Government, with his headquarters in the Punjab Veterinary College at Lahore,
for the purpose of investigating the problem, particularly with reference to the
possibility of devising suitable measures against the disease as it affected the camel
population of the province. This species of animal has long been extensively used
for purposes of transport by the civil population and particularly in connection with
military operations on the Frontier, the mortality in these animals on account of
surra being some times as high as 90 per cent. In 1908, the headquarters of this
officer were transferred to Sohawa of the Jhelum district, Northern Punjab, a
typical camel breeding country with suitable pasturage and central for the carrying
out of investigational work into diseases of camels.
Leese, who held charge of the Sohawa Laboratory as Camel Expert during the
first five years of its existence, carried out an extensive series of trials in the
treatment of camel surra by means of soamin, tartar emetic, arsenious acid and
sodium arsenate, used singly or in combination. In a report subsequently pub-
lished by him he claimed 62 per cent. of recoveries by the application of the so-
called " 668 " method which involved the combined use of the first three of these
drugs mentioned above. As pointed out by Cross, however, shortly after he
assumed charge of the Sohawa Laboratory in 1912, the methods of treatment
employed by Leese were essentially modifications of those previously used with a
certain amount of success by Cross himself and Holmes in the treatment of a large
number of artificially infected cases of equine surra at the Muktesar Laboratory.
It was further pointed out by Cross that the percentage of recoveries obtained by
Leese could hardly be regarded as a true indication of the efficacy of this method
of treatment in that the percentage was based by him upon the results obtained
in only 9 animals. Eventually Cross discontinued Leese's line of investigation and
initiated a series of experiments which had for their object the development of a
method of single-drug therapy suitable for adoption by field workers in India, and
the drug which was afterwards found by him to fulfil this object was a 1 per cent.
solution of tartar emetic injected on alternate days, in doses of 50 to 200 c. c.,
covering a period of 37 days. This method, which constituted at that time the
SHORT HISTORY OF SURRA TREATMENT IN THE PUNJAB
235
able for treating debilitated animals and in many instances the treatment resulted
in the animal refusing its food altogether. This was serious inasmuch as many of
the cases were already emaciated when they arrived for treatment. Furthermore,
the " Cross method " of treatment by tartar emetic alone was hardly suitable for
application in cases of massive infection, as on account of the drastic action of the
drug it not infrequently resulted in the death of the host consequent upon the
occlusion of blood capillaries by dead trypanosomes or the liberation of toxic
decomposition products.
In view of the irritant effects of potassium antimony tartrate, tartar emetic,
Colonel E. E. Martin, Deputy Director of Veterinary Services, Northern Command,
suggested some trials with the sodium salt, particularly in the case of old and
debilitated animals. The relative efficacy of these two salts was, therefore, tested
upon 50 cases of surra, 24 of which were treated with the potassium and 26 with
the sodium salt. Eighteen animals of the first category were cured, one relapsed
and five failed to withstand the action of the drug. The latter were later treated
with naganol-emetic combination (infra). Of the 26 animals treated with sodium
antimony tartrate, 15 were cured, 2 relapsed and 2 died, whilst the remaining
7 could not withstand the action of the drug and were later treated either with
naganol alone or by the combined naganol-emetic method (infra). As will be noted
from these results, the percentage of recoveries obtained with the potassium
antimony tartrate was slightly higher than that obtained with the more costly
sodium salt. The results of these trials further demonstrated the inadvisability
of using either of these drugs in the treatment of old and emaciated animals.
TREATMENT OF SURRA BY MEANS OF NAGANOL ALONE.
In the Punjab, the earliest trials with naganol were carried out in 1924, when
a small supply of the drug was obtained and tested upon 6 animals artificially in-
fected, recovery being obtained in 4 cases. In 1925, the manufacturers very kindly
supplied the Sohawa Laboratory with 800 grammes of the drug for further experi
ments and its efficacy was tested upon 10 cases, with a successful termination in
five. The results of these trials demonstrated the superiority of naganol over
tartar emetic in three important respects. In the first place, the treatment was
simpler and entailed a less prolonged course of treatment than the " Cross method."
In the second place, the drug lent itself for injection by the intravenous route
without resulting in abscess formation, as is not infrequently the case when tartar
emetic is used in this manner. Lastly, the drug could be safely injected even into
animals showing swarming trypanosomes in blood smears. Furthermore, an
improvement in the condition of the affected animal was noticeable within a few
days of the commencement of the treatment and its appetite remained unimpaired.