NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
TABLE D.—concld .
Particulars regarding the teaching of Midwifery in Medical Colleges.
Particulars.
Carmichael
Medical College,
Belgachia.
King George's
Medical College
Lucknow.
King Edward
Medical College,
Lahore.
Prince of Wales
Medical College,
Patna.
Lady Hardinge
Medical College,
New Delhi.
(a) Students Annual Entry.
. .
110
48
90
40
25
(b) Maternity Beds .
.
.
.
.
56
32
24
70
40
(c) Students signed up for labour cases in 1936
88
28
70*
34
10
(d) Confinement cases available in 1936
2,208
291
513
760
935
(s) Increase in (d) from 1932 to 1936-
1,452
214
256
320
287
(f) Time allotted to
(i) Midwifery and In-
fant Welfare.
3 months
. 4 1/2 months . 3 months
. 7 months 2/3
1 month.
(ii) Gynaecology
.
1/3
2 months.
(g) Is (f) whole time .
.
.
.
. 1 month whole
time.
No
.
. Yes
.
. Yes
.
. Yes.
(h) Deliveries personally conducted by each
student.
More than 10 .
20
8 to 11
41 by each
batch of 2 stu-
dents.
20
(i) Is (h) shared by other students
.
. Yes
.
. Yes
.
. No
.
. No
.
. No.
(j) Number of systematic lectures given an-
nually.
53
25
45
80
40
89
* *Of these 48 students received their maternity training in Lahore and the rest were sent to Madras and Delhi Medical Colleges for the
required training.
90
Medical Colleges.
TABLE E.
Statement showing the number of beds per student available for teaching
purposes in the United Kingdom and India.
United Kingdom.
India.
Name of the Institution.
Number
of
beds
per
student.
Name of the Institution.
Number
of
beds
per
student..
1
2
3
4
1. London University
(a) Charing Cross Hospital
Medical School.
2.91
(a) The Medical College, Madras
1.71
(b) Guy's Hospital Medical
School.
0.64
(b) The Medical College, Vizaga-
patam.
1.57
(c) King's College
.
.
2.74
(c) The Grant Medical College,
Bombay.
1.15
(d) The London Hospital
Medical College.
1.93
(d) Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas
Medical College, Bombay.
1.1
(e) Middlesex Hospital Me-
dical School.
1.50
(e) The Medical College, Cal-
cutta.
1.02
(f) St. Bartholomew's Hos-
pital Medical College.
0.94
(f) Carmichael Medical College,
Belgachia.
0.61
(g) St. George's Hospital
Medical School.
4.69
(g) King George's Medical Col-
lege, Lucknow.
1.3
(h) St. Mary's Hospital Me-
dical School.
2.50
(h) King Edward Medical Col-
lege, Lahore.
1.08
(i) St. Thomas's Hospital
Medical School.
1.37
(i) The Prince of Wales Medical
College, Patna.
1.44
(j) University College Hos-
pital Medical School.
1.73
(j) Lady Hardinge Medical Col-
lege, New Delhi.
2.35.
(k) London (Royal Free
Hospital) School of
Medicine for Women.
0.89
2. Leeds University
.
.
1.15
3. Manchester University
.
1.21
NOTE.—In arriving at the figure shown in column 2 the number of students has been!
taken from the Report of the University Grants Committee (London) for 1935-36 and the-
number of beds from the British Medical Journal of 4th September 1937.
91
Medical Colleges.
TABLE F.
Name of the College.
Cost of teach-
ing per student
per year.
Cost per bed
for teaching:
per year.
Rs.
Rs.
1. The Medical College, Madras
.
.
2,781
1,558
2. The Medical College, Vizagapatam, (Madras)
2,107
1,580
3. The Grant Medical College, Bombay .
.
.
1,006
1,246.
4. The Medical College, Calcutta, (Bengal).
.
2,211
2,175
5. The King Edward Medical College, Lahore, (Punjab)
2,207
2,047
6. The Prince of Wales Medical College, Patna, (Bihar)
2,136
1,030
7. Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College,
Bombay.
2,011
1,444
8. The Carmichael Medical College, Belgachia, (Bengal)
705
1,097
9. The King George's Medical College, Lucknow (U. P.)
2,964
2,170
10. The Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi.
3,960
1,687
Expenditure on College + all attached
Cost per student.
=
hospitals.
No. of students.
Expenditure on College + all attached
Cost per bed for teaching.
=
hospitals.
No. of beds.
Medical Colleges.
TABLE G.
Hostel accommodation provided for students during 1937-38.
Category.
Number
of
students.
Hostel
accommo-
dation
provided
for
Ratio of
columns
2 and 3.
Average
cost* per
student
per
month.
1
2
3
4
5
Per cent.
Rs.
Government
.
.
3,101
963
31
26
Non-Government
1,621
701.
43.2
26
*This includes hostel rent and messing charges only.
2. MEDICAL SCHOOLS.
The first medical school in India was established at Calcutta in 1822.
Similar schools were started in Madras in 1835 and in Bombay in . 1878
.Since this time the number of Medical Schools has increased rapidly and
there are now 18 Government and 9 non-Government schools in British
India training a class of medical men and women known as Licentiates or
Sub-Assistant Surgeons. Several schools began as Unani and Ayurvedic
teaching institutions but all of them have abandoned this system. During
the 1937-38 session there were 6,492 students in these schools; 973
students qualified during 1936-37.
Pr el i mi nar y educat i on st andar d. —The mi ni mum
educat i onal qual i f i ca-
tion required for admission is usually Matriculation or an equivalent
nised and preference is generally given to applicants who have passed the
I.Sc. examination. The medical schools in Bombay and Sind have
definitely decided to admit only those students who have passed the I. Sc.
examination. The annexed Table 'F' (page 148) shows the proportion of
applicants with I.Sc. qualification to the total number of applicants for
admission during 1937.
1. General Sprawson's notes .—In 1935 Major-General Sir Cuthbert
Sprawson, C.I.E., Director-General, Indian Medical Service, wrote some
notes on the Medical Schools of India. As they are as valuable today
as when they were written they are reproduced below.
"There are 27 medical schools in India, they are under provincial or
other local control with but little centralising influence and the staff of
o n e s c h o o l h a v e n o d i r e c t k n o w l e d g e o f w h a t i s b e i n g d o n e i n d i s t a n t
schools outside their own province. No one can have visited many of
these schools without being struck by the difference in standard amongst
them, by the variations in buildings, equipment and staff. There is much
more difference between the best and the worst medical school than there
is between a good medical school And a medical college affiliated to a
University. The reason for this is not difficult to see. There have been
stronger centralising and equalising influences at work among Uni-
versities and Medical Colleges than among Medical Schools. For
one thing the medical colleges have of recent years had more attention
paid to them and by reason of their past association with the General
Medical Council of Great Britain a minimum standard for higher medical
education has been arrived at a standard that it will be the work of the
Medical Council of India to sustain and improve. The standard of edu-
cation in medical schools is under the eye of provincial medical councils,
who consider local needs; but these schools are without any central co-
ordination. Whether such co-ordination is necessary or not, it is advisable
- t h a t t h e v a r i o u s s c h o o l s s h o u l d h a v e s o m e k n o w l e d g e o f w h a t t h e s c h o o l s
- i n
o t h e r p r o v i n c e s a r e d o i n g a n d s o m e m e a n s o f c o m p a r i s o n . I t h a s b e e n
suggested that a single inspecting body should visit the schools and report
on them. Since these 27 schools are placed all over India, such inspection
95
"Here I propound seven standard rules to which I consider a school
should try to attain. All these rules are concerned with the proportion
of patients and certain equipment to the number of students. There are
doubtless other rules of proportion: I am suggesting only a few that
experience has taught me are important. If anyone thinks that these
standard rules tend unduly to restrict the number of students I can only
give it as my experience that lower numbers tend to better education.
Standard Rules.
Let x = Total number of students in the School.
and y = Number of students admitted annually.
Where the instruction is a 4-year course it will generally be found that
x=4½y, and in a 5-year course that x=5½y or a little more. This allows
for failures in examination and for some students abandoning the course.
If these numbers are not approximately in this proportion, and a study
of the tabulated statement will show that they are often not so, then there
must be some other factor dislocating the proportion, such as an unusual
admission number in one or more years, or an exceptional number of
students abandoning a medical career.
(i) The sanctioned number of beds in the hospital or hospitals, in-
cluding special departments, should be not less than 5½
times y.
(ii) The number of beds in the hospital should be not less than x.
(iii) The daily average of in-patients should be not less than 5
times y.
(iv) The daily average of in-patients should be not less than x.
(v) The average annual number of confinements available for teach-
ing students should be not less than 10 times y.
(vi) The number of microscopes available for teaching physiology
should be not less than 4/3 y.
(viii) The number of microscopes available for teaching pathology
should be not less than 5/4 y .
I will not stop to explain why I have fixed on these arbitrary numbers
except to say they are the result of experience. I have fixed on the item
of microscopes because they are the most expensive articles of equipment
a student uses and they form a fair gauge of the general adequacy of
laboratory education. I do not regard a microscope as fit for physiology
teaching unless it has 2/3 and 1/6 objectives, nor for pathology teaching
unless it has 1/12 oil immersion in addition to the other two. Deficiency
in microscopes is the only item in which every medical school is below
the standard of these Standard Rules and the real reason is the expense.
The methods different schools employ to obviate this deficiency are
numerous; the explanations given are, that the students do not require
to prepare specimens themselves, but are shown those prepared by
demonstrators; that the students do their practical classes in batches;
that two or more students share one microscope; that microscopes are
used in common between physiology and pathology; that microscopes are
borrowed from the medical college. All these methods are unsatisfactory.
96
A microscope is an individual article of equipment that should be in the
care of one student during the course of the practical classes. Although
no school attains what I consider the correct standard so far as micros
-
copes are concerned, the deficiency of some schools is deplorable. How
c a n S c h o o l H w i t h 5 0 s t u d e n t s a d m i t t e d a n n u a l l y t e a c h p a t h o l o g y w i t h
only 4 microscopes and School I with 115 admissions with only 8 patho
-
logical microscopes? School K has only 5 and School L but 2, while School
U has only 3 microscopes for physiology, and Schools X and Y have but
3 and 2 respectively for pathology. These are notable deficiencies."
4. It will be observed that General Sprawson laid down certain standard
rules and the statement annexed to his notes (Table 'G', pages 150-51)
indicated the extent to which each school conformed with these rules.
The information collected in connection with this Review permits of an
assessment being made as to whether the schools are still deficient in
the numbers of beds and microscopes available for teaching as judged by
the standards prescribed by General Sprawson and this is indicated in the
following table.
School.
To t a l n u mb e r o f s t u d e n t s d u r i n g 1 9 3 7 - 3 8 .
Annual Entry.
Nu mb e r o f b e d s a v a i l a b l e f o r t e a c h - i n g .
No. of Micros-
copes avail-
able for
teaching.
Deficiency or
otherwise according
to General. Spraw
son's formula.
Physi ol ogy.
Pat hol ogy.
i ii iii
Government.
1. Stanley Medical School,
Madras.
334
66
634
88
1
for
each
Conforms to standard
in all respects—i, ii
and iii.
2. Lady Willingdon Medical
School for Women,
Madras.
86
22
595
26
19 Deficient in ii and iii
.
3. B. J. Medical School,
Poona.
342
60
300
45
38 Deficient in all i, ii
and iii.
4. B. J. Medical School,
Ahmedabad.
286
50
to 60
290
16
9 Deficient in ii and iii.
5. Campbell Medical School,
Calcutta.
544
150
717
33
31
Do.
6. Medical School, Dacca.
440
100
261
47
28 Deficient in all.
7. Lytton Medical School,
Mymensingh.
220
50
124
14
14
Do.
8. Ronaldshay Med i ca
l School, Burdwan.
217
60
150
17
23
Do.
9. Chittagong Med i cal
School, Chittagong.
207
50
116
(
29
)
Do.
10. Jackson Medical School,
Jalpaiguri.
131
25
101
13
12
Do.
11. Medical School, Agra.
282
52
266
41
48
Do.
12. Women's Medical School,
Agra.
97
25
146
9
7
Deficient in ii and iii.
13. Medical School, Amritsar.
524
100
293
31
35 Deficient in all.
14. Robertson Medical
School, Nagpur.
237
40
222
26*
18
Do.
* For both Physiology and Biology.
97
School.
T o t a l n u m b e r o f s t u d e n t s d u r i n g 1 9 3 7 - 3 8 .
A n n u a l E n t r y .
N u m b e r o f b e d s a v a i l a b l e f o r t e a c h - i n g . i
No. of Micros-
copes avail-
able for
teaching.
Deficiency or
otherwise according
to General Sprawson's
formula.
P h y s i o l o g y . i i P a t h o l o g y . i i i
Government—contd.
15. Darbhanga Medica1
School, Laheriaserai.
213
44 202
29
19 Deficient in all.
16. Berry White Medical
School Dibrugarh.
200
50 129
7
14
Do.
17. Orissa Medical School,
Cuttack.
178
40 215
21
17 Deficient in ii and iii
18. Medical School, Ryder-
abad (Sind.)
112
30 148
17*
7
Do.
Non-Government.
19. Missionary Medical School
for Women, Vellore.
63
20 252 ( 46 )
Do.
20. Miraj Christian Medical
School, Miraj.
47
25† 420
11
6
Do.
21. National Medical College,
Bombay.
275
50
81 ( 18 ) Deficient in all.
22. Bankura Sammilani Medi-
cal School, Bankura.
197
49 104 ( 16 )
Do.
23. Calcutta Medica1
School, Calcutta.
403 100 166
16
10
Do.
24. National Medical Insti-
tute, Calcutta.
391 100 240
18
16
Do.
25. Women's Christian Medi-
cal College, Ludhiana.
130
30
to 36
260
42
16
Do.
26. The Ludhiana Medical
School for Men, Ludhiana.
68
25
50
8
8
Do.
27. King Edward Hospital
Medical School, Indore.
269
61 198
21
16
Do.
*For both Physiology and Biology.
† A d m i s s i o n s i n e v e r y a l t e r n a t e y e a r .
( ) For both Physiology and Pathology.
5. Rules regarding failed students.—Rules regarding failed students
in medical schools in the various provinces, except for slight variations,
are more or less the same. They are very lenient towards the final year
students, as such students are allowed to continue till they pass the final
professional examination. In the Bombay Presidency, however, if a
student fails to qualify in the final L. C. P. S. examination in five attempts
his name is removed from the school rolls. In Madras, a student who fails
three or more times at the 1st and 2nd professional examinations, can sub--
sequently appear privately, but if he fails three or more times in the third
and final professional examinations he is required to undergo a clinical
course at the Hospital in order to be eligible to appear again at those
examinations. In the United Provinces each unsuccessful student is
given two chances to appear in the subject or subjects in which he fails.
In case of failure in both the chances, he is required to appear in all the
subjects subsequently. In the Central Provinces the 2nd year students G
100
course. Students who fail in more than one subject are required to
reappear at the Board examination in all the subjects and no compart-
mental system is allowed. No student is promoted to the next higher
class unless he passes the Board examination in all subjects, but this rule
does not apply to students who fail either in Hygiene or in Pharmacology
in third year Board examination. A student who fails in the Final Part
I examination in January has to appear in April examination and one
who fails in April examination has to reappear in October next while
failing in October has to appear in January next.
There is one Demonstrator for every 20 students in a practical class,
the Lecturers, etc., also acting as Demonstrators for the purpose. Not
more than 40 students work at a time in a practical class.
A student's Union is functioning and there is a reading room attached
to the Hostel.
During 1936-37 a paper on "The value of the Aldehyde and Stiburea
tests in the diagnosis of Kala-Azar" by members of the staff was published
in the Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene—April 1936 issue.
MISSIONARY MEDICAL SCHOOL FOR WOMEN, VELLORE (MADRAS).
Missionary medical work for women and children was started in 1900
in Vellore in a small room in the Mission bungalow. This Dispensary
grew so rapidly that ere long the urgent need of a Women's Hospital
was felt. In 1899 Mr. Robert Schell, President of one of the New York
City Banks gave, as a memorial to his wife, sufficient money to erect
the Mary Taber Schell Hospital and Dispensary with an accommodation
for 40 beds. This hospital was completed in 1902 and enlarged to 60
beds in 1923. The Missionary Physicians in charge of the hospitals and
districts soon felt the necessity of training India's young women as
doctors to meet the increasing demand for medical aid for women and
children. In 1914 a committee was formed to consider the opening of a
medical school for women in South India and when the Committee's
plans for opening such a medical institution were made public, 150 women
candidates applied for admission out of which 18 were admitted and
ultimately 14 finished their course and took the diploma. The School was
first accommodated in rented buildings in Officers' Lines. Mrs. Henry
W. Peabody of America organised a campaign for the raising of money
for the buildings as a result of which in 1922 sufficient funds were
assured for the erection of buildings for the Medical School and Hospital.
The Madras Government contributed Rs. 5 lakhs to the building fund
and has continued to give an annual maintenance grant. The School
also receives an annual maintenance grant from the Travancore Govern-
ment. In 1918 Lord Pentland declared the Medical School open and the
Vorhees College of Vellore put its laboratories and lecture rooms at the
disposal of the students. In 1923 Her Excellency Lady Willingdon
opened the Cole Dispensary. In 1928 Viscount and Viscountess Goschen
opened the Hospital. In 1932 Sir George and Lady Beatrix Stanley
opened the Academic buildings at College Hill and in 1937 Lord Erskine,
101
Governor of Madras, opened the Deep X-Ray Therapy and Radium build
-ing.
S. S. L. C. with good marks in English and Science is the preliminary
education standard required for admission. While selecting candidates
for admission preference is given to applicants belonging to the Madras
Presidency and possessed of best educational qualifications and reliable
recommendations. Five seats are allotted to students coming from
Travancore. The number of applications received during 1935, 1936 and
1937 was 64, 75, and 66 respectively out of which 7, 9 and 10 respectively
were from candidates with I. Sc. qualifications. Government orders
regulate the procedure in regard to failed students. About 20 to 25
students work at a time in a practical class.
Arrangements exist for the training of compounders, laboratory techni-
cians and nurses.
The sports Club provides facilities for tennis, badminton and basket
ball, etc.
THE LADY WILLINGDON MEDICAL SCHOOL FOR WOMEN, MADRAS.
It is a Government institution open only for women students. It was
opened by H. E. Lady Willingdon in 1923. It commenced its gfirst session
in July 1923 with 20 stipendiary students in the Victoria Buildings,
Egmore, Madras. In 1927, a house next to Victoria buildings was rented
and in 1933 the School was transferred to 'Laxmi Villa'. From the very
beginning the students study Anatomy in a building on the Lloyd's Road,
not far from the Queen Mary's College. Clinical instruction is imparted
to the students at the Victoria Caste and Gosha Hospital, Triplicane, and
twice a week at the Royapettah Hospital.
Candidates are selected on the basis of their educational qualifications,
the minimum qualification required being a pass at the Matriculation
examination of the Madras University or an equivalent thereof. The
number of applicants during 1935, 1936 and 1937 was 26, 39 and 43 out
of which 1 in 1935 was of Intermediate standard.
The annual examinations are held in April every year. Those who
fail to pass these examinations in April undergo a further course of study
in the subject or subjects concerned and appear at the Board examination
in October. If they pass in October, they are promoted to the next
higher class and study from October to September next and appear for
the Board Examination in the following October. This batch of students
is known as the "B" Batch as against the students who take their exami-
nation in April every year and who are known as the "A" Batch of
students. The students in the 3rd year who fail in Hygiene or Pharma-
cology are, however, allowed to proceed with their studies in the fourth
year.
The number of students working at a time in a practical class does not
exceed 10.
102
BYRAMJEE JEEJIBHOY MEDICAL SCHOOL, POONA (BOMBAY).
This school was the outcome of a health disaster that forced the
Bombay Government to provide facilities for the training of medical men
in the Presidency. As the name of the School indicates, its foundation
was in part due to the munificence of Mr. Byramji Jeejibhoy, C.S.I.,
who donated Rs. 10,000 and a large plot of land with a bungalow to serve
as residence for students. The School was started on the 1st November
1878 with 82 pupils but was formally opened by Sir Richard Temple on
the 7th December of the same year. At first the course of studies covered
a period of 3 years, successful candidates being given a diploma of
Hospital Assistants—a term which was later changed to Sub-Assistant
Surgeons. Classes consisted of Native military pupils, the stipendiary
pupils and the civil medical pupils. Besides these there were paying
students and Native State students. The School was affiliated to the
College of Physicians and Surgeons, Bombay, in 1913, and the course
now extends to 4 years.
The preliminary education standard required for admission up to June
1936 was Matriculation but from June 1937 it has been raised to I. Sc.
examination, B group comprising Chemistry, Physics and Biology.
25 per cent. of the total vacancies are reserved for women students,
and 25 per cent. for students from backward classes. Students from
other provinces are also admitted if there are vacancies after providing
for the students of the Presidency.
The number of applications received in 1935, 1936 and 1937 was 322,
319 and 63 respectively. 14, 35 and 63 applications in 1935, 1936 and
1937 respectively were received from students possessing I. Sc. qualifica
-tions.
Students who fail to pass the first professional examination for the
L. C. P. S. in two attempts, the second (now called the first L. C. P. S.)
in three attempts and the Final (now called the Final L. C. P. S.) in
five attempts are not permitted to continue their studies at the School.
The average number of students working at a time in a practical class
is 35.
The School has a regular Gymkhana Club. A small Reading Room,
subscribing to non-professional newspapers, is attached to it. Sporting
activities are managed by a committee composed mainly of students.
9 papers were published by members of the staff during 1936-37.
BYRAMJEE JEEJIBHOY MEDICAL SCHOOL, AHMEDABAD (BOMBAY).
The School opened on the 16th June, 1879 with 14 pupils, the Hall of
Huttesing and Prembhai Civil Hospital being used for lectures. In Novem
-ber 1879 the number of pupils increased to 59 and the School and its hostel
were accommodated in a hired building. A donation of Rs. 20,000 was
offered by Mr. Byramji Jeejibhoy, C.S.I., on the condition that Govern
-ment would subscribe at least an equal amount. The School building was
completed in 1881. In 1909 Government provided a hostel for 80 students