NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
7
Nyssomyzomyia rossi (Giles). (Variety).
Nyssomyzomyia ludlowi (Theobald).
Neomyzomyia elegans (James).
Neomyzomyia punctulata (James and Liston).
Nyssorhynchus ni
vipes (Theobald). (Variety).
Myzorhynchus barbirostris (Van der Wulp).
Of these species Nsm. rossi, Nsm. ludlowi and My. barbirostris were
the commonest. As the total period during which anopheles were collected
did not exceed two months it is more than likely that still other species occur.
The zoological isolation of the Andamans has not therefore led to a restricted.
anopheles fauna in the Settlement.
8.
Ns. aitkeni. —A few specimens of this species were bred out from
nymphs taken in a small rocky pool in the bed of a forest stream.
9. Nm
. elegans. —This species was found breeding in small pools in con-
nection with rocky mountain streams in the forest. It was especially frequent
in the streams on Mount Harriet (1,500 ft.). One adult specimen was caught
in a bungalow apparently attracted by light.
10.
Nm. punctulata. —Specimens of this species were caught occasionally
in houses and barracks in different parts of the Settlement. It was not found
breeding.
11.
N. nivipes. —About a dozen specimens were bred out from larvæ taken
in a ricefield at Jungly Ghat close to a sea embankment. One or two speci-
mens were also taken in a rush swamp near Ogra Baraij. No adults were
caught in houses.
Three specimens of N. nivipes sent by Major James, I.M.S., from Malay
shew nearly a half of the second tarsal segment white. In the specimens
collected in the Andamans the amount of white is about the same as in N.
fuliginosus, i.e., a quarter of the segment or less. The markings on the wings
differ only slightly from those in N. nivipes from Malay, but the abdominal
scales form much more pronounced tufts than do those in the Malay specimens.
It is possible that the Andamanese specimens represent a local variety of N.
nivipes.
12. M
. albirostris.—This species was occasionally taken in huts, about a
dozen specimens altogether having been captured. The characters correspond-
ed with those in a specimen sent to the Bureau from Calcutta of an anopheles
recently described by Dr. Brahmachari( 1 )
a n d w i t h t h o s e i n s p e c i m e n s
sent from Burma by Major Lalor, I.M.S., as possibly a new species. As
pointed out by Major James all these specimens appeared to be Theobald's
M l i s t o n i v a r . a l b o a p i c a l i s .
B u t t h e r e s e e m e d t o b e n o d o u b t t h a t t h e y w e r e
different from M. listoni, and I have previously alluded to this species
8
as M. brahmachari. Since then I have been able to examine specimens
of M. albirostris from Malay and have satisfied myself that M. brahmachari is
identical with this species.
At the time of my visit the species was too rare to be an important agent
in the transmission of malaria.
13. My. barbirostris. —This species was very abundant within the forest
where it attacked one freely during the day. Although adults were so common
it was very difficult to find larvæ. At several places near the edge of the
forest the species was found breeding freely. But within the depths of the
forest I only once found any larvæ ; this was in a deep hole filled with clear
water. There were many pools in connection with small forest streams but no
larvœ of this species were ever found in them.
Larvæ of M y . b a r b i r o s t r i s
w e r e m e t w i t h i n s m a l l n u m b e r s i n s o m e o f t h e
swamps. Some were found in water that was distinctly though very faintly
brackish. A large number were at one time taken in a rush swamp where the
water though about a foot deep was not visible owing to a dense growth of
rushes.
Adults of this species though so numerous in the forest were only very
occasionally taken in the huts in the villages and then only as a rule when the
hut was close to thick jungle. For this reason I am doubtful whether, even if
a good carrier, My. barbirostris plays much part in the transmission of malaria
in the Settlement. It is possible, however, that it may act as a carrier in the
case of forest camps or even in the case of convicts working during the day in
the forest. At Dundas Point, a very malarious station, the convicts at the time
of my visit were engaged in excavating earth on the borders of the forest. On
visiting the spot I readily caught specimen of M y. barbirostris within the
shade of the neighbouring jungle, but none were to be found in a small rest-
hut used by the convicts. None of those caught contained any blood or
shewed evidence of infection. The forest camps where timber is felled, so far
as I could ascertain, are not particularly malarious. That specimens ordinarily
encountered in the forest are not infected with malaria is probable and it is
noteworthy that though I and my two assistants were constantly being bitten
none of us developed malaria.
14. Nsm. rossi (variety).—The commonest species in the huts of the Settle-
ment is a variety of Nsm. rossi shewing a broader white apical band on the
palps than is seen in the ordinary Indian Nsm. rossi. From the description
given of Nsm. rossi (var. indefinata) by Ludlow it seems possible that it is this
variety. Theobald in 1910 considers it as a distinct species, Nsm. indefinata.
Towards the end of September and in October the variety mentioned was
found in greater or less numbers in every village examined, including the
9
healthy villages Tusanabad, Manpur and Wimberleyganj. It was also found
at Maymyo, a newly opened and remote inland village where the land was still
in process of being cleared.
The species was found breeding as a rule in very small and temporary col
- l e c t i o n s o f w a t e r i n a m o n g t h e h o u s e s . A c e r t a i n n u m b e r o f s p e c i m e n s w e r e
also found breeding in small clay puddles on the tops of hills both near and at
some distance from villages. As a rule the restriction of breeding places to
the village area was very noticeable. Larvæ were never found in ricefields and
innumerable pools that in ordinary circumstances one would have expected to
find used as breeding places were entirely free from larvæ.
About a hundred specimens caught in huts in Port Mouat were examined
for zygotes and sporozoites but with negative result.
15. Nsm. ludlowi. —This species was caught in fair numbers at Bamboo
Flat, Shore Point, Dundas Point and Phœnyx Bay. A few specimens were
also caught at Namunagahr and Mitha Khari villages situated on elevated
sites but not very far from the sea. None were caught in any of the inland
villages.
Very numerous adult specimens were to be obtained from small watch-
man's huts situated near embankments along the coast. In one tiny hut shewn
in the photograph accompanying this report nearly a hundred were caught in
about half an hour's search. At Haddo, a peninsular surrounded on three sides
by the sea, the species was found up to a height of three hundred feet above
sea level and half a mile from the shore. As a rule the closest search failed to
shew this species more than a quarter of a mile from the influence of salt
water.
The larvæ were found in brackish water, notably in pools near the em-
bankments. In one instance the amount of salt was roughly determined as
a b o u t . 4 p e r c e n t . B r e e d i n g p l a c e s w e r e , h o w e v e r , n o t s o e a s i l y f o u n d a s
might be expected as only a few pools out of many hundreds in the salt swamps
contained larvæ. Even when larvæ could not be found it was nevertheless
always possible to find adults near these swamps, if there was any suitable
collecting place.
In two specimens caught at Port Mouat (out of a total of 53 examined)
zygotes of malignant tertian were found.
The relation between the distribution of this species and that of malaria
was most exact. The prevalence of Nsm. ludlowi explained the unhealthiness
of the station at Haddo and of the Female Jail both to all appearance situated
on well chosen sites. It was also easy to understand, knowing the habits of
the species, why a station known as Perseverance Point should have been found
so unhealthy as to necessitate its abandonment. Even if other species transmit
11
corners overnight, but even with this assistance the numbers caught were
small.
18. Equally striking was the difficulty in finding larvæ. The ordinary
pools of the countryside, though apparently most suitable for breeding, practi-
cally never contained larvæ. Contrasted with my experience of conditions in
the Punjab this was especially remarkable.
19. Whilst one was struck with the paucity of larvæ in situations where
these might have been expected to occur, one was impressed with the great
prevalence of fish of the genus Haplochilus. These were especially abundant
in the little pools formed by trickling streams ; but they also occurred in
almost all water of a permanent character or which was sufficiently permanent
to shew any growth of aquatic weeds or algæ. It seems very probable that
this prevalence of Haplochilus is concerned in preventing many pools, other-
wise suitable, from being made use of as breeding places. Haplochilus and
larvæ of My. barbirostris were nevertheless several times found together.
IV.—Malaria among the labouring convicts.
20. The most important questions in regard to Malaria in the Andamans
relate to the conditions affecting the labouring convicts. It will therefore be
necessary to study these in some detail.
NATURE OF ADMISSIONS FOR MALARIA.
21. In order to see to what extent admissions to the hospitals for malaria
are actually due to this disease, the blood of 104 consecutively admitted cases
was examined on arrival at hospital. The results of this examination are
shewn in Tables II and IV.
c 2
TABLE II.
Serial
num-
ber.
Work.
Condition of spleen.
A n æ m i a . Tempera-
ture.
Species of
parasite.
Number of
parasites
per 100
microscopic
fields.
Percentage
of large
mono-nuc-
lears.
Pigment.
Number of
fields
examined.
Probable
disease.
REMARKS.
1 Grass cutting
.
Nil
Yes
.
101
Nil
—
3
800
?
Leucocytosis (Later diag-
nosed as pleurisy).
2 Road work .
. To umbilicus
. Yes
.
—
Nil
—
7
300
?
3
...
Nil
No
.
—
Quartan .
3
. . .
200
Malaria
4 ...
Nil
No
.
101.4 Tertian .
2
. . .
200
Malaria.
5
. . .
Nil
No
.
—
Nil
—
7
400
?
6
...
Nil
No
.
—
Nil
—
7
300
?
7
...
Palpable
.
. Yes
.
—
Quartan .
.2
...
...
Malaria.
8 Boatman
.
.
Nil
No
.
99
Nil
—
11.5
500
Malaria.
9
...
Handsbreadth
. Yes
.
100.2
Nil
—
. . .
500
?
10 Boatman .
. 3 fingers
.
. Yes
.
99.2
Nil
—
6
300
?
11 Grass cutting
.
Nil
No
.
99.2 Quartan .
2
17
400
Malaria.
12 Quarries
.
. 4 fingers
.
. Yes
.
98.8
Nil
—
10
500
Malaria.
13 Grass cutting
. Palpable
.
. Yes
.
99.8
Nil
—
2
500
?
14
. . .
4 fingers
.
. Yes
.
98.8
Nil
—
9
400
?
Possibly malaria.
15 Excavation .
. 2 fingers
.
. Yes
.
99.4 Tertian .
9
...
100
Malaria.
16 Wood cutting
.
Nil
Yes
.
103
Nil
—
Pigment .
300
Malaria.
17 Coolie .
.
. Palpable
.
.
?
98.6
Nil
—
6
600
?
18 Excavation
. .
Nil
?
100.2 Tertian .
3
. . .
200
Malaria.
19 Bund repair
. Nil
No
.
98.6
Nil
—
7
500
?
12
TABLE II—continued.
Serial
num-
ber.
Work.
Condition of spleen. Anæmia. Tempera-
ture.
Species of
parasite.
Number of
parasites
per 100
microscopic
fields.
Percentage
of large
mono-nuc-
lears.
Pigment.
Number of
fields
examined.
Probable
disease.
REMARKS.
20 Cane cutting
. Palpable
.
. Yes
.
99.4 Quartan .
80
...
50
Malaria.
21 Coolie .
.
.
Nil
No
.
99.8 Tertian .
3
...
200
Malaria.
22 Excavation
. . Handsbreadth
. Yes
.
99.6 Quartan
2
—
200
Malaria.
23
...
Handsbreadth
. Yes
.
99.2
Nil
—
8.5
600
?
Marked polychromasia.
Possibly malaria.
24
...
Nil
No
.
98.6
N i l
—
.5
600
?
Ditto ditto.
25
..
N i l
Yes
.
99
Quartan .
.5
. . .
200
Malaria.
26
...
Handsbreadth
. Yes
.
99.6
Nil
—
12
600
Malaria.
27 Peon .
.
. To umbilicus
. Yes
.
100
Nil
—
9
1,000
?
Possibly malaria.
28
. . .
...
...
98.8
Nil
. . .
...
...
...
29 Excavation .
.
. . ..
. .
100.4 Quartan .
35
...
50
Malaria.
30
...
...
...
98.6
Nil
—
2.5
600
?
31 Coolie
. .
.
Nil
?
100.2
Nil
...
. . .
400
?
32 Road work .
.
Nil
No
.
99
Nil
—
5.5
400
?
33 Waterman .
. 4 fingers
.
. Yes
.
104.2
Nil
—
3
400
? Leucocytosis (? Pneumonia).
34 Waterman .
3 fingers
.
. Yes
.
99
Quartan
and ter-
tian.
5
...
100
Malaria.
35 Peon
.
.
Nil
Marked .
...
Nil
—
...
. . .
?
36 Excavation .
. Handsbreadth
. Yes
.
104
Nil
—
4
600
?
TABLE II—continued.
Serial
num-
ber.
Work.
Condition of spleen. Anæmia. Tempera-
ture.
Species of
parasite.
Number of
parasites per 100
microscopic
fields.
Percentage
of large
mono-nuc-
lears.
Pigment.
Number of
fields
examined.
Probable
disease.
REMARKS.
37 Gardener .
.
Nil
No
.
9 8
Nil
—
7
400
?
38 Excavation . .
Nil
Yes
.
99.4 Quartan .
10
...
100
Malaria.
39 Quarry
. .
Nil
Yes
.
98
Tertian .
5
...
100
Malaria.
40 Quarry
.
.
Nil
Slight .
97.8
Nil
—
5
400
?
41 Excavation .
. 3 fingers .
. No
.
98.2
Nil
...
24
400 Malaria.
42 Excavation .
. 3 fingers .
. Marked .
98.8 Quartan .
1 0
. . . 100
Malaria.
43 Coolie
. .
Nil
No
.
100.8 Malignant
tertian.
2
.. .
200
Malaria.
44 Watchman
. .
Nil
Yes
.
97.8
Nil
—
13
400
Malaria.
45 Road ramming .
Nil
No
.
103.8 Tertian .
.3
5.5
400
Malaria. Developed pneumonia.
46 Brickmaking
. Palpable
.
. Slight .
99.2 Tertian .
2
...
100
Malaria.
47 Boatman .
. 3 fingers .
. Intense .
99
Nil
—
14
600
Malaria.
48 Cane cutting .
.
Nil
No
.
101
Nil
—
20
500
Malaria.
49 Excavation .
. Palpable .
. No
.
99
Nil
—
9.5
400
? Possibly malaria.
50 Cane cutting .
.
Nil
No
.
99
Tertian .
9
...
100 Malaria.
51 Cocoanut file .
. Palpable .
. No
.
102
Quartan
and ter-
tian.
5 4 5
...
20 Malaria.
52 Watchman .
. Handsbreadth
. Yes
.
98
Quartan .
3
...
100 Malaria.
53 Road ramming .
Nil
No
.
102.4
Nil
—
5
400
?
14
TABLE II— continued.
Serial
num-
bor.
Work.
Condition of spleen. Anæmia. Tempera-
ture.
Species of
parasite .
Number of
p a r a s i t e s
per 100
microscopic
fields.
Percentage
of large
mono-nue-
learn.
Pigment.
Number of
fields
examined.
P r o b a b l e
disease.
REMARKS.
54 Road ramming
.
Nil
Slight .
102.6 Tertian .
. 3
. . .
300
Malaria.
Developed pneumonia.
55 Excavation .
. Palpable
.
. No
.
102.2
Nil
—
7
400
?
56 Firewood
.
.
Nil
Slight
.
...
Tertian .
2
. . .
100
Malaria.
57 Cocoanut file .
.
Nil
No
.
101
Nil
—
.5
400
?
58
...
Palpable
.
. Slight .
.. .
Quartan
and ter-
tian.
2
. . .
200
Malaria.
59
...
...
...
...
Nil —
3
400
Pneumonia
60 Road work .
.
Nil
No
.
99.2
Nil
—
6
400
?
61 Cocoanut file .
.
Nil
No
.
103.8
Nil
—
2
400
?
62 Brickwork .
.
Nil
No
.
99.2
Nil
—
4
400
?
63 Road work
. . Palpable
.
. No
.
101.6
Nil
—
6
400
?
64 Thatching .
.
Nil
Slight .
1 0 3 . 8
Nil
—
5
400
?
65 Coolie
.
. Palpable
.
. Slight .
99.4 Quartan
and ter-
tian.
36
. . .
50
Malaria.
66 Road work .
.
Nil
No
.
100.6
Nil
—
15
400
Malaria.
67 Excavation .
.
Nil
Yes
.
99
Quartan
and ter-
tian.
4
. . .
100
Malaria.
68 Boatman
.
. 3 fingers
.
. No
.
98.2
Nil
—
3
400
?
15
TABLE II—continued.
Serial
num-
ber.
Work.
Condition of spleen. Anæmia.
Tempera-
ture.
Species of
parasite.
Number of
parasites
per 100
microscopic
fields.
Percentage
of large
mono-nuc-
lears,
Pigment.
Number of
fields
examined.
Probable
disease.
REMARKS.
69
Cane cutting
. Palpable
.
. No
.
98
Quartan .
5
5.5
400
Malaria.
70
Carpenter .
.
Nil
No
.
...
Nil
—
—
400
?
71
Thatching .
.
Nil
Yes
.
. . . Tertian .
22
—
100
Malaria.
72
Coolie .
.
.
3 fingers
.
.
Slight
.
99
Nil
—
2
400
?
73
Bricklayer .
.
Nil
Yes
.
97.4
Nil
—
7
400
?
74
Sweeper
.
. 4 fingers
.
. Yes
.
99.4
Nil
—
3
400
?
75
Road work .
.
Nil
No
.
97.2
Quartan .
.
—
400
Malaria.
76
Cane cutting
. Handsbreadth
. Yes
.
100.2
Quartan .
8
—
200
Malaria.
77 Brickmaking
.
Nil
No
.
99
Quartan .
2
—
200
Malaria.
78
Road work .
. Handsbreadth
. Yes
.
99.4
Nil
—
7
400
?
79 Grass cutting
.
Nil
Yes
.
100.8
Tertian .
.5
—
200
Malaria.
80
Watchman .
. Handsbreadth
. Marked .
100.2
Tertian .
1
—
200
Malaria.
81
Watchman .
.
Nil
Slight
.
99
Nil
—
—
400
?
82
Road work .
. Palpable
.
. Yes
.
100.6
Tertian .
16
—
100
Malaria.
83
Coolie .
.
. 4 fingers
.
. Yes
.
99.4
Nil
—
4
400
?
84 Sweeper
.
.
Nil
Yes
.
100.4
Quartan .
4
—
100
Malaria.
85
Road work .
. 3 fingers
.
. Yes
.
103.6
Nil
—
—
400
?
86
Engine driver
.
Nil
No
.
98.4
Nil
—
3
400
?
16
TABLE II— concluded.
Serial
num-
ber.
Work.
Condition of spleen. Anæmia. Tempera-
ture.
Species of
parasite.
Number of
parasites
per 100
microscopic
fields.
Percentage
of large
mono-nuc-
lears.
Pigment.
Number of
fields
examined.
Probable
disease.
REMARKS.
87 Fisherman .
.
Nil
No
.
101.2
Nil
—
7
400
?
88 Cane cutting
.
Nil
No
.
101.0
Nil
—
4
400
?
89 Blacksmith .
.
Nil
No
.
99.4
Nil
—
18
300 Malaria.
90 Saw Mills .
.
Nil
No
.
98
Nil
—
—
400
?
91 Coolie
.
.
Nil
Slight .
98.2 Tertian .
1 —
200
Malaria.
92 Carpenter . .
Nil
Slight .
96
Nil
—
—
400
?
93 Boatman .
. Handsbreadth
. Slight .
98.6 Tertian .
.5
—
200
Malaria.
94 Coolie .
.
.
Nil
No
.
98.6
Nil
—
6
400
?
95 Light labour
.
Nil
No
.
98.4
Nil
—
12
400 Malaria.
96 Jungle work
.
Nil
No
.
99
Nil
—
—
400
?
97 Carpenter .
.
Nil
No
.
96
Tertian .
8
—
100 Malaria.
98 Coolie .
.
.
Nil
No
.
99.2 Quartan .
40
—
50 Malaria.
99 Stonework .
. To umbilicus
. Marked .
96.4
Nil
—
...
400
?
100 Stonework .
.
Nil
No
.
97
Nil
—
9
400
?
101 Saw Mills .
.
Nil
Yes
.
97
Nil
—
10
400 Malaria.
102 Coolie .
.
.
Nil
Yes
.
97.4 Quartan .
1
—
200
Malaria.
103 Coolie .
.
.
Nil
No
.
96.2 Quartan .
6
—
200
Malaria.
104 Coolie .
.
.
Nil
No
.
98.2 Quartan .
6
—
100 Malaria.
17
D
TABLE III.
Serial
No.
Spleen.
Anæmia.
Parasite.
Number of
parasites
per 100
fields.
Percentage
of large
mononuclears.
Number of
fields
examined.
Probable
disease.
1 To umbilicus . Marked
.
Nil
.
...
. . .
. . .
?
2 To umbilicus . Intense
.
Nil .
. . .
6
1,200
?
3 Handsbreadth . Yes
.
Nil .
. . .
...
200
?
4
Nil
. No
.
Nil
.
. . .
. . .
200
?
5
Nil
. Slight
.
Nil
.
...
...
200
?
6 Palpable
. Yes
.
Nil
.
...
...
200
?
7 Handsbreadth . No
.
Nil
.
. . .
...
200
?
8 Palpable .
. Slight
. Quartan .
110
...
50 Malaria.
9
Nil
. Yes
.
Nil
.
. . .
. . .
. . .
?
10 4 fingers
. Slight
. Tertian
.
2
. . .
200 Malaria.
11 Handsbreadth . Marked
. Quartan
.
1
. . .
200 Malaria.
12
Nil
.
?
Tertian
.
8
. . .
200 Malaria.
13 Palpable
. Yes
.
Nil
.
. . .
. . .
200
?
14 To umbilicus . Yes
.
Nil
.
. . .
. . .
200
?
15
Nil
.
?
Nil
.
. . .
. . .
200
?
16 Handsbreadth . Slight
. Tertian
.
1
. . .
200 Malaria.
17
Nil
. Yes
.
Nil .
...
. . .
400
?
18 Handsbreadth . Slight
.
Nil
.
...
. . .
200
?
19
Handsbreadth . No
.
Nil
.
. . .
. . .
200
?
20
Nil
. No
.
Nil
.
...
17
600 Malaria.
21
...
...
Nil
.
. . .
. . .
200
?
22 2 fingers
. Marked
. Quartan .
6
...
100 Malaria.
23
Nil
. No
.
Nil
.
...
. . .
200
?
24 Palpable
. No
.
Nil
.
. . .
. . .
200
?
25
Nil
. Slight
.
Nil
.
. . .
. . .
400
?
26
Nil
.
?
Nil
.
. . .
. . .
200
?
27 Handsbreadth . Slight
.
Nil
.
. . .
...
200
?
28
Nil
. No
.
Nil
.
. . .
. . .
200
?
29 Palpable
. No
.
Nil
.
. . .
. . .
200
?
30 Palpable
. Yes
.
Nil
.
. . .
. . .
200
?
31
Nil
. Yes
.
Nil
.
...
2.5
600
?
32
Nil
. No
.
Nil
.
. . .
5
400
?
19
TABLE IV.
Total
number
examined.
Number
shewing
parasites.
Not shewing
parasites but
with pigment or
mononuclear
increase.
Not shewn in
other headings
but with marked
enlargement
of spleen, and
anæmia.
Percentage
of certain
malaria.
Percentage
of probable
malaria.
Consecutive admis-
sions to hospital.
101
42
12
11
43
61
Convalescent gang
32
6
1
8
19
47
It will be seen that parasites were detected in 43 per cent. of the admis-
sions. Taking into consideration the presence of pigmented cells and a
markedly raised percentage of large mononuclears an additional 11 per cent.
shewed evidence of malaria. Considering also marked enlargement of the
spleen associated with anæmia and fever a total of 61 per cent. of the admis-
sions must be considered as certain or probable cases of malaria.
22.
In addition to cases examined on admission to hospital 32 men taken
at random from among the convalescents (Convalescent gang) also shewed a
considerable degree of infection. Vide Tables III and IV.
23.
In spite of the high percentage of positive malaria cases the numeri-
cal value of the infections was on the whole very low. Table V.
TYPE OF PARASITE ENCOUNTERED.
24.
The relative proportion of the different species of parasite met with
in the case of admissions at Viper Island and at Haddo and among the
convalescent gang at Viper Island is shewn in Tables V and VI.
If we consider the proportion of quartan usually found in an infected
community it is evident that among the labouring convicts there is a remark-
able relative preponderance of this form of parasite. This relative prepon-
D 2
20
derance is not shewn by the children in the villages. The significance of these
facts will be dealt with in a later section.
TABLE V.*
U n d e r 1 0 p a r a s i t e s p e r 1 0 0
f i e l d s .
T e n a n d u n d e r 2 0 p a r a s i t e s
p e r 1 0 0 f i e l d s .
T w e n t y a n d u n d e r 5 0 p a r a -
s i t e s p e r 1 0 0 f i e l d s .
F i f t y p a r a s i t e s a n d o v e r
p e r 1 0 0 f i e l d s .
U n d e r 1 0 p a r a s i t e s p e r 1 0 0
f i e l d s .
T e n a n d u n d e r 2 0 p a r a s i t e s
p e r 1 0 0 f i e l d s .
T w e n t y a n d u n d e r 5 0 p a r a - s i t e s p e r 1 0 0 f i e l d s .
F i f t y p a r a s i t e s a n d o v e r
p e r 1 0 0 f i e l d s .
U n d e r 1 0 p a r a s i t e s p e r 1 0 0
f i e l d s .
T e n a n d u n d e r 2 0 p a r a s i t e s
p e r 1 0 0 f i e l d s .
T w e n t y a n d u n d e r 5 0 p a r a - s i t e s f o r 1 0 0 f i e l d s .
F i f t y p a r a s i t e s a n d o v e r
p e r 1 0 0 f i e l d s .
Children .
. .
3
1
3
0
4
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
Admissions to hospital
.
20
1
1
0
17
2
3
2
1
...
...
...
Convalescent gang
.
.
3
...
...
...
2
...
...
1
...
...
... ...
Labouring convicts .
.
2
...
...
...
3
...
...
...
2
...
...
...
Total adults
.
25
1
1
0
22
2
3
3
3
...
1
...
TABLE VI.*
Number of
infections.
Children
.
.
. Simple tertian
.
.
12
Quartan .
.
.
.
.
4
Malignant tertian
.
.
.
.
1
Adults
.
.
. Simple tertian .
.
.
.
.
27
Quartan .
.
.
.
.
30
Malignant tertian
.
. . 3
* NOTE.—Double infections are entered as separate infections according to the number of each type of
parasite found.
ANNUAL AND SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN MALARIA.
25. The monthly admissions for malaria at the three large hospitals in
the Settlement for the years 1907 to 1911 are given in Table VII.
21
TABLE VII—SHOWING MONTHLY ADMISSIONS FOR
MALARIA, 1907-1911.
VIPER.
H A D D O .
BAMBOO FLAT.
Admissions,
total.
Admissions,
Fever.
Rainfall. Admissions,
total.
Admissions,
Fever.
Admissions,
total.
Admissions
Fever.
1907.
June
.
.
.
1,210
992
9.42
. . .
...
...
...
July .
.
.
.
1,164
908
24.35
645
414
...
...
August
.
.
.
797
647
12.34
563
354
...
...
September .
.
.
582
486
10.72
512
314
669
455
October
.
.
.
599
462
15.37
573
390
644
436
November .
.
.
488
349
28.18
457
263
658
457
December .
.
.
567
392
10.65
451
260
577
352
Total
.
5,407
4,236
...
3,201
1,995
2,548
1,700
Percentage of malaria to
total.
78%
62%
66%
1908.
January
. .
.
478
332
0.42
330
63
570
323
February .
.
.
490
331
4.65
276
8 0
469
228
March
.
.
.
486
369
0.01
383
209
519
275
April
.
.
.
393
238
1.36
419
238
538
327
May .
.
.
532
343
31.59
496
269
589
340
June .
.
.
.
645
493
21.81
583
346
708
471
July .
.
.
.
958
720
21.55
455
276
753
472
August
.
.
.
644
449
26.57
351
165
684
407
September .
.
.
478
294
18.68
413
244
561
309
October
.
. .
343
206
7.78
339
196
462
251
November .
.
.
321
208
8.66
437
211
409
252
December .
.
.
265
162
7.31
338
169
531
266
Total
.
6,033
4,115
...
4,820
2,466
6,793
3,921
Percentage of malaria to
total.
68%
51%
57%