NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
27
Distric.
1
Malda
..
Dacca
..
Mymensingh
..
Faridpur
..
Bakarganj
..
Chittagong
..
Tippera
..
Noakhali ..
Town.
2
English Bazar ..
Malda ..
Nawabganj ..
Total ..
Total of the Rajshahi
Division.
Dacca ..
Narayanganj ..
Total ..
Mymensingh ..
Muktagacha ..
Netrakona ..
Jamalpur ..
Sherpur ..
Kishorganj ..
Bajitpur ..
Tangail ..
Gouripur ..
Total ..
Faridpur ..
Madaripur ..
Rajbari ..
Total ..
Barisal ..
Jhalakati ..
Nalchiti ..
Pirojpur ..
Patuakhali ..
Bhola ..
Total ..
Total of the Dacca
Division.
Chittagong ..
Cox's Bazar ..
Total ..
Comilla ..
Brahmanbaria ..
Chandpur ..
Total ..
Noakhali
..
Total of the Chitta-
gong Division.
Total for the Presi-
dency.
Number of
births
during
the year.
3
358
75
457
890
4,113
4,224
1,059
5,283
496
99
228
507
578
222
150
234
48
2,562
216
504
153
873
435
55
17
288
90
98
983
9,701
813
66
879
213
701
161
1,075
138
2,092
64,276
Number of
deaths
amongst
children
under one
year during
the year.
4
25
11
60
96
476
1,045
272
1,317
96
15
48
78
35
33
31
36
7
379
38
53
22
113
85
12
1
40
14
3
155
1,964
160
5
165
11
96
25
132
25
322
12,568
Number of
successful
vaccination
on children
under one
year during
the year
ending 31st
March 1929.
5
261
..
92
353
3,449
2,001
152
2,153
21
23
38
2
48
61
..
22
..
215
118
70
43
231
46
1
..
294
6
..
347
2,946
167
42
209
60
167
81
311
13
533
29,824
Date of extension of Vaccination
Act to town.
6
1st March 1883.
lst April 1887.
12th May 1904.
1st July 1887.
1st „
„
1st October 1887.
1st
„
„
20th January 1890.
1st October 1887.
1st
„ „
1st „ „
1st
„
„
19th February 1890.
1st October
1887.
1st „ „
20th November 1924.
1st October 1887.
1st „ „
1st „ „
1st January 1890.
25th January 1891.
8th November 1922.
1st April 1887.
14 th November 1892.
1st April 1887.
1st „ „
22nd July 1898.
1st April 1887.
28
PROVINCIAL STATEMENT A.
Showing the degree of protection afforded to infants during the year 1928-29.
Districts.
1
Jalpaiguri ..
Nadia ..
Darjeeling ..
Malda ..
Murshidabad ..
24-Parganas ..
Khulna ..
Dinajpur ..
Bankura ..
Pabna ..
Burdwan ..
Howrah ..
Rajshahi ..
Noakhali ..
Rangpur ..
Chittagong ..
Tippera ..
Birbhum ..
Jessore ..
Hooghly ..
Midnapur ..
Bogra ..
Dacca ..
Chittagong Hill Tracts
Mymensingh ..
Faridpur ..
Bakarganj ..
Total of the Rural
circles.
Calcutta ..
Mufassal Municipali-
ties.
GRAND TOTAL ..
Rural
population
among which
vaccinations
were
performed.
2
921,749
1,390,704
254,045
955,830
1,182,983
1,998,318
1,421,116
1,687,328
961,487
1,344,633
1,343,185
778,893
1,457,037
1,465,071
2,782,722
1,570,760
2,678,627
838,655
1,700,924
900,802
2,595,071
1,032,300
2,975,915
173,243
4,703,249
2,202,783
2,563,849
43,584,279
1,077,264
2,033,993
46,695,536
Number of
births during
the year.
3
31,056
47,585
9,324
31,845
50,269
57,947
48,032
59,908
36,431
30,242
38,600
21,821
45,611
49,268
77,765
46,768
68,135
30,674
39,377
25,141
81,425
28,113
86,492
5,127
113,768
65,455
78,331
1,304,510
22,044
42,232
1,368,786
Mortality
among infants
under one
year.
4
5,942
9,508
1,454
4,577
7,871
8,361
8,465
11,551
6,083
5,704
8,113
3,610
9,326
6,444
19,010
6,778
9,013
5,752
6,658
4,509
12,554
5,817
15,663
913
22,833
11,719
13,178
229,406
5,772
6,796
241,974
Surviving
population
under one
year
available for
vaccination.
5
25,114
38,077
7,870
27,268
42,398
49,586
39,567
48,387
30,348
24,538
30,487
18,211
36,285
42,824
58,755
39,990
59,122
24,922
32,719
20,632
68,871
22,296
70,829
4,214
90,935
53,736
65,153
1,075,104
16,272
35,436
1,126,812
Number
successfully
vaccinated.
6
12,659
18,235
3,656
12,529
19,365
15,739
12,256
14,890
8,923
7,077
8,577
4,978
9,257
9,129
11,039
7,021
10,243
4,272
5,422
3,086
9,031
2,895
9,141
366
7,795
3,525
2,050
233,158
13,051
16,773
262,982
Proportion of
persons
successfully
vaccinated
per 1,000 of
population
as shown in
column 5.
7
504.1
479
464.4
459.4
456.7
317.4
309.7
307.9
294
288.4
281.5
273.3
255.1
213.1
187.8
175.6
173.2
171.4
165.6
149.5
131.1
129.8
129
86.8
85.7
65.6
31.4
216.9
802.05
473.3
233.3
Proportion of
persons
successfully
vaccinated
per 1,000 of
population
during
1927-28.
8
419.6
388.1
404.6
479.1
517.4
407.3
377.5
355.7
193.02
325.5
231.2
280.8
487.1
245.3
216.3
140.9
238.8
188.5
334.1
157.3
228.3
137.1
115.3
138.1
95.6
77.9
41.2
246.7
856.8
511.7
261.4
3
In reviewing the record of District
Boards in 1928-29 the Ministry of
Public Health had occasion to dwell on
the progress and prospects of the scheme
for establishing a rural health unit in
charge of a sanitary officer in each
police station, and it need only be men-
tioned here that in 1928 the total number
of these units had risen to 272, a figure
by now nearly doubled.
Public Health Engineering.—During
the year 1928 the Chief Engineer formally
made over to the Titagarh Municipality
the sewerage works constructed at a
total cost of Rs. 10,67,405 including a
Government grant of Rs. 3,55,000.
These works represent the first attempt
to sewer an industrial municipality in
the mill area and are likely to prove of
much interest as attention turns towards
the improvement of industrial health
in the vicinity of Calcutta. Technically
their most interesting feature is the
introduction of the new process of
actuated sludge, the possibilities of which
for a small sewerage scheme of this kind
are far-reaching. For the rest the
activities of the Engineering Branch con-
tinued on a scale restricted by the
general financial conditions.
The Naihati water-supply scheme was
completed and the unfiltered water
required for the sewerage system was
provided at Dacca. Work was in pro-
gress on water works at Khulna, Comilla
Patuakhali, Faridpur, Pabna, Midna-
pore, Burdwan and Asansol.
Personal.—Dr. C. A. Bentley, C.I.E.,
and Mr. F. C. Griffin were in charge
throughout the year of the respective
offices of Director of Public Health and
Chief Engineer, Engineering Branch,
and the Government of Bengal desire
again to express their appreciation of
their services.
By order of the Government of Bengal
[Ministry of Local Self-Government
(Public Health)],
C. W. GURNER,
Secretary to the Government of Bengal.
Nos. 1051-1061 P. H.
Copy of the Resolution [with copies of
the reports] forwarded to (1) all Commis-
sioners of Divisions for information and
communication to all District Officers
and all Chairmen of District Boards in
their respective Divisions; (2) the Sur-
geon-General with the Government of
Bengal; the Inspector-General of Pri-
sons, and the Inspector-General of Police,
Bengal; for information; (3) Director
of Public Health. Bengal, the Chief
Engineer Public Health
Department,
Bengal; and the Secretary to the Sani
tary Board, Bengal, for information.
[
] (1) and (2) only.
By order of the Government of Bengal
[Ministry of Local Self-Government
(Public Health)],
AMINUZZAMAN KHAN,
Assistant Secretary to the Government
of Bengal.
B. G. Press—1930-31—688D—1,885.
GOVERNMENT OF BENGAL.
Local Self-Government Department.
Public Health.
No. 1130 P.H.
FROM C. W. GURNER, ESQ., I.C.S.,
Secretary to the Government of Bengal,
To THE SECRETARY TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA,
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, HEALTH AND LANDS.
Calcutta, the 5th April 1928.
Annual Public Health Reports and Resolution for 1928.
Minister-in-charge: The Hon'ble Kumar Shib Shekhareswar Ray.
SIR,
I am directed to submit for the information of the Government
of India copies of the reports noted below, together with a copy of the
resolution recorded thereon :—
(1) Report of the Public Health Department for 1928.
(2) Triennial report on Vaccination in Bengal for the years 1926-27,
1927-28 and 1928-29.
I have the honour to be,
SIR,
Your most obedient servant,
C. W. GURNER,
Secretary to the Government of Bengal.
B. G. Press—1930-31—877D—870.
I P / Q B . 1 0
(NEW SERIES)
No. 42.
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
PART I.
The Cultivation of the Bacillus of Leprosy and the Treatment of
cases by means of a Vaccine prepared from the Cultivations
BY
MAJOR, E. R. ROST, I.M.S.
PART II.
The Cultivation of the Leprosy Bacillus
BY
CAPTAIN T. S. B. WILLIAMS, M.B., I.M.S.
(EDITED BY THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL, INDIAN MEDICAL SERVICE.)
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER
WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA
SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
1911
Price As. 8 or 9d.
3943096
(NEW SERIES)
No. 42.
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
PART I.
The Cultivation of the Bacillus of Leprosy and the Treatment of
cases by means of a Vaccine prepared from the Cultivations
BY
MAJOR E. R. ROST, I.M.S.
PART II.
The Cultivation of the Leprosy Bacillus
BY
CAPTAIN T. S. B. WILLIAMS, M.B., I.M.S.
(EDITED BY THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL, INDIAN MEDICAL SERVICE.)
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER
WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA
SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
1911
Agents for the Sale of Books published by the Superintendent of
Government Printing, India, Calcutta.
IN ENGLAND.
Mr. E. A. ARNOLD, 41 and 43, Maddox
Street, Bond Street, London, W.
Messrs. CONSTABLE & Co., 10, Orange
Street, Leicester Square, W.C.
Messrs. KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER
& Co., 43, Gerrard Street, Soho, London,
W.
Mr. BERNARD QUARITCH, 11, Grafton
Street, New Bond Street, W.
Messrs. P. S. KING & SON, 2 and 4, Great
Smith Street, Westminster.
Messrs. H.S. KING & Co., 65, Cornhill,
and 9, Pall Mall, London.
Messrs. GRINDLAY & Co., 54, Parliament
Street, London, S.W.
Mr. T. FISHER UNWIN, 1, ADELPHI
TERRACE, London, W.C.
Messrs. W . TRACKER & Co., 2, Creed Lane,
London, E.C.
Mr. B. H. BLACKWELL, 50 and 51, Broad
Street, Oxford.
Messrs. DEIGHTON BELL & Co., Cambridge.
Messrs. LUZAC & Co., 46, Great Russell
Street, London, W.C.
ON THE CONTINENT.
Mr. RUDOLF H AUPT, 1, Dorrienstrasse,
Leipzig, Germany.
Mr. OTTO HARRASSOWITZ
Mr. KARL HIERSEMANN
Messrs. R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Berlin,
W. N., Carlstrasse, 11.
Mr. ERNEST LEROUX, 28, Rue Bonaparte,
Paris.
Mr. MARTINUS NIJHOFF, The Hague,
Holland.
IN INDIA.
Messrs. THACKER, SPINK & Co., Calcutta
and Simla.
Messrs. NEWMAN & Co., Calcutta.
Messrs. R. CAMBRAY & Co., Calcutta.
Messrs. S. K. LAMRI & Co., Calcutta.
Messrs. B. BANERJEE & Co., Calcutta.
Messrs. HIGGINBOTHAM & Co., Madras.
Messrs. V. KALYANARAMA IYER & Co.,
Madras.
Messrs. G. A. NATESAN & Co., Madras.
Messrs. S. MURTHY & Co., Madras.
Messrs. THOMPSON & Co., Madras.
Messrs. TEMPLE & Co., Madras.
Messrs. COMBRIDGE & Co., Madras.
Messrs. P. R. RAMA IYER & Co., Madras.
Messrs. A. R. PILLAI & Co., Trivandrum.
Messrs. THACKER & Co., LD., Bombay.
Messrs. A. J . COMBRIDGE & Co., Bombay.
Messrs. D. B. TARAPOREVALA, SONS & Co.,
Bombay.
Mrs. RADHABAI ATMARAM SAGOON,
Bombay.
Mr. SUNDER PANDURANG, Bombay.
Messrs. GOPAL NARAYAN & Co., Bombay.
Superintendent, American Baptist Mission
Press, Rangoon.
RAI SAHIB M. GULAB SINGH & SONS,
Mufid-i-Am Press, Lahore and Calcutta.
Mr. N. B. MATHUR, Superintendent, Nazair
Kanun Hind Press, Allahabad.
Messrs. A. CHAND & Co., Punjab.
Messrs. A. M. & J . FERGUSON, Ceylon.
Babu S. C. TALUKDAR, Proprietor, Students
and Company, Cooch Behar.
Leipzig.
List of numbers of Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and
Sanitary Departments of the Government of India (New Series)
published previous to the present issue.
No. 1. Standardisation of Calmette's Anti-Venomous Serum with Pure Cobra Venom: the
Deterioration of this Serum through keeping in India, by Captain G. Lamb,
I.M.S., and Wm. Hanna, Esq., M.B. Price As. 3 or 4 d.
No. 2. Malaria in India, by Captain S. P. James, I.M.S. Price Re. 1-8 or 2s. 3 d.
No. 3. Some Observations on the Poison of Russell's Viper (Daboia Russellii), by Captain
G. Lamb, I.M.S., and Wm. Hanna, Esq., M.B. Price As. 5 or 6 d.
No. 4. On the Action of the Venoms of the Cobra and of the Daboia on the Red; Blood
corpuscles and on the blood plasma, by Captain G. Lamb, I.M .S. Price
As. 8 or 9d.
No. 5. Specificity of Anti-Venomous Sera, by Captain G. Lamb, I.M.S. Price. As. 3
or 4d.
No. 6. First Report on the Anti-Malarial Operations in Mian Mir, 1901—03, by Captain
S. P. James, I.M.S. Price As. 12 or 1s. 2d.
No. 7. Some Observations on the Poison of the Banded Krait (Bungarus Fasciatus), by
Captain G. Lamb, I.M.S. Price As. 8 or 9 d.
No. 8. A Preliminary Report on a Parasite found in Patients suffering from Enlargement
of the Spleen ;in India, byL i e u t e n a n t S . R . C h r i s t o p h e r s , I . M . S .P
r i c e R e . 1 - 8
or 2s. 3 d.
No. 9. Second Report of the Anti-Malarial Operations at Mian Mir, 1901—03, by Lieute-
nant S.R. Christophers, I.M.S.
Price As. 10 or 1s.
No. 10. Specificity of Anti-Venomous Sera (Second Communication), by Captain G. Lamb,
I.M.S. Price As. 8 or 9d.
No. 11. On a Parasite found in persons suffering from Enlargement of the Spleen in
India—Second Report, by Lieutenant S.R. Christophers, I.M.S.P r i c e
Rs. 2 or 3s.
No. 12. On the Morphology, Teratology, and Diclinism of the Flowers of Cannabis, by
Major D. Prain, I.M.S. Price As. 14 or Is. 4d.
No. 13. Oriental or Delhi Sore, by Captain S. P. James, I.M.S. Price As. 10 or 1s.
No. 14. On a Parasite found in the White Corpuscles of the Blood of Dogs, by Captain
S. P. James, I.M.S. Price As. 10 or 1s.
No. 15. On a Parasite found in persons suffering from Enlargement of the Spleen in
India—Third Report, by Lieutenant S. R. Christophers, I.M.S. P r i c e
As. 10 or 1s.
No. 16. The Specificity of Anti-Venomous Sera with special reference to a Serum prepared
with the Venom of the Daboia Russellii, by Captain G. Lamb, I.M.S. Price
As. 6 or 7d.
No. 17. Snake-Venoms in relation to Hæmolysis, by Captain G. Lamb, I.M.S. Price As. 6
or 7d.
No. 18. Hæmogregarina Gerbilli, by Lieutenant S. R. Christophers, M.B., I.M.S. Price
As. 10 or 1s.
No. 19. On Kala Azar, Malaria and Malarial Cachexia, by Captain S. P. James, M.B.,
I.M.S Price Re. 1-4 or 1s. 11d.
No. 20. Serum-Therapy of Plague in India; Reports by Mr. W. M. Haffkine. C.I.E.,
and various Officers of the Plague Research Laboratory, Bombay, by Lieutenant.
Colonel W. B. Bannerman, M.D., B.Sc., F.R.C.S., I.M.S. Price As. 14 or
1s. 4d .
B2
INTRODUCTION.
In 1904 Captain Rost announced that he had succeeded in cultivating the
Bacillus Leprœ and in preparing from it a curative vaccine; but subsequent
investigation went to prove that the so-called culture was really a contamin-
ation. When, therefore, in October 1909 it came to the notice of the Govern-
ment of India that he again claimed to have obtained pure cultures of the
bacillus, I determined to go to Rangoon and investigate his claims personally.
Careful examination of his cultures very soon convinced me that,
whatever might have been the case in 1904, we were no longer dealing merely
with a contamination, and that he had succeeded in isolating and cultivating
an organism which possessed very distinctive characteristics.
About the same time, Captain Beauchamp Williams, who had been deputed
to study the effects of Deycke's "Nastin" at the Matunga Leper Asylum,
informed me that he had succeeded in growing from cases of leprosy, an
organism very similar to Rost's. I therefore instructed Major Rost to place
himself in communication with Captain Williams, and I obtained the per-
mission of the Surgeon-General with the Government of Bombay for general
supervision of their work by Lieutenant-Colonel Bannerman, Director of the
Bombay Bacteriological Laboratory, whose covering letter I give below.
The results obtained by these officers cannot be regarded as being
absolutely conclusive, but they are, in my opinion, of sufficient importance to
justify their publication.
C. P. LUKIS, M.D., F.R.C.S.,
Director- General,
Indian Medical Service.
(Copy of letter from Lient.-Colonel Bannerman, dated 21st September 1910.)
In accordance with instructions contained in your demi-official letter of
4th July 1910, I have the honour to report that I asked Major E.R. Rost,
I.M.S., and Captain Beauchamp Williams, I.M.S., to compile a report of the
work on leprosy in which they have respectively been engaged. These reports
have now been furnished to me, and I beg to submit the following remarks
with regard to them.
2. Before doing so, however, I would invite attention to a series of papers
published in the "Lancet" of 26th February and 5th and 19th March of
this year on the subject of "The Streptotrichoses and Tuberculosis." These
form the Milroy lectures delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of
London this year by Alexander G. R. Foulerton, F.R.C.S. The publication
of these lectures occurred at a very opportune moment, for they focus in a
convenient manner our present knowledge of the streptotriceæ.
From these lectures we learn that in all probability Koch's tubercle
"bacillus" is not a bacillus at all, but a streptothrix and that many other
diseases having an affinity to tuberculosis are certainly caused by streptotriceæ.
In the first Milroy lecture it is laid down that the streptotriceæ belong to
a higher group of organisms than the bacilli ( fission fungi) and should be
included with the hyphomycetes or mould fungi. Their life-history is as
follows:—The starting-point is a spore, which, however, differs from an ordinary
bacillary spore in staining reactions and in less resistance to heat. From this
spore two or three threads sprout. "These threads gradually elongate so that
at an early stage of growth one has a typical "ray fungus" consisting of three
mycelial threads, usually of unequal length, radiating out from the position
occupied by the spore as a centre. From these primary threads lateral
branches in turn sprout out; and soon there is a densely tangled mass of
mycelium representing the fully developed stage of the organism." The next
stage is segmentation of these mycelial threads produced by transverse divi
-sions and giving the appearance of a strepto-bacillary chain. The chain
then breaks up into separate parts each of which has all the appearance of
an ordinary bacillus, except that occasionally "a rod with the remains of a
lateral branch may be seen." Along with this, or soon after, "a special kind
of spore formation, chain sporulation may be observed" which when complete
produces the appearance of "a streptococcal chain."
Variations in the above may be seen in individual species with regard to
rapidity of growth, breadth of transverse divisions between the rods and
frequency of lateral branching. When there is infrequent branching, the
mycelial tuft is not easily distinguished from a mass of strepto-bacilli. "Indeed
with some pathogenic species identification may be a difficult matter. In
some cases typical ray fungi are not to be found either in pus from the lesions
or in the tissues examined. In such cases all that one may find on microscopic
examination is a number of rod segments which stain, often in a somewhat
granular fashion, by Gram's method, and are occasionally acid-fast." This
last, be it noted, is of special importance with regard to the organism from
these lepers.
3
On attempting to cultivate one often finds the growth to be very slow and
scanty on solid media, the result being "small, whitish, dry-looking, heaped-up
colonies after six or seven days' incubation or not until after a longer period."
In peptone broth "after a few days' incubation small speck-like colonies
appear, either cohering in a filmy mass at the bottom of the medium or adher-
ing, isolated, to the sides of the tube."
The spore formation of mould-fungi differs from that of bacilli or yeast
in the following respects. The bacilli produce single endogenous spores, One
bacillus producing one spore.
The yeasts produce multiple endogenous spores, two, three or four.
The mould-fungi possess special spore-bearing organs of various types,
and do not produce spores in every part of the organism. Further, these spores
of the mould-fungi do not stain by Moeller's method, as bacillary spores do,
but, on the contrary, they stain deeply by Gram's method. They are much
more easily affected by a high temperature than bacillary spores, a rise of
15°C. above the thermal death-point of the mycelial form being sufficient to
kill them.
It is probable, Foulerton says, that in the parasitic condition of life, the
development of spherical spores may not take place, but that the bacillary
bodies into which the mycelium breaks up under these conditions, may act
like spores as the transporters of the disease from one part of the body to
another. This would account for the localised manifestation in many cases
of tubercular leprosy and the sudden exacerbations that take place accompanied
by fever. It is believed that these bacillary bodies are "probably spore-bodies
of some kind" and capable of reproducing themselves directly.
Additional biological characteristics of the streptotriceæ are, pigment-
formation, efflorescence on the surface of solid media, and a heaped-up appear-
ance. Many develop acid-fast properties. In peptone broth they often grow
in filmy masses at the bottom of the tubes.
3. Having obtained a general view of the life-history of the streptotriceæ,
we may now turn to the organisms isolated. by Major Rost and Captain
Williams. In accordance with your instructions Major Rost supplied me with
cultures of the organism separated by him from the nodules of lepers in
Rangoon. These have been carefully examined in this Laboratory by Captain
Williams and myself. Further, all the work done by Captain Williams
in the cultivation of an organism from lepers at Matunga, has been done
in my room, under my direct supervision. I am, therefore, in a position
to discuss the reports submitted by Major Rost and Captain Williams in the
light of the above experience. It appears certain that by using Major Rost's
salt-free medium it is possible to obtain a growth from a certain proportion of