NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
106
Methods of Preparation of Ghee
Days of storage
35
37°C.
0
3
7
9
14
21
28
35
Acidity
Baz. 6.28
Lab. 6.94
Baz. 6.66
Lab. 0.14
Baz. 0.5
Lab. 0.75
Baz. 0.71
Lab. 1.10
Baz. 0.93
Lab. 1.59
Baz. 2.00
Lab. 1.76
Baz. 2.56
Lab. 1.76
Baz. 2.99
Flavour and colour
Faintly estery,
slightly fishy
Faintly putrefactive
Fishy
Faintly mouldy
Sourish
Faintly mouldy
Faintly off
Faintly mouldy
Oily and putrefactive
Oily, dirty white
Putrid, dirty white
Oily
Putrid
Off
Putrid
Microflora on agar
Agar covered with Penicillium spores
white mould thinly spread over the
surface
Fully covered with Penicillium spores
Agar covered with green spores
—
nil
Slight growth of yeast
Faint appearance of yeast
Penicillium and phycomycetales have
also appeared
White mould just appeared, yeast is
growing
Penicillium slowly spreading
Penicillium just appeared, besides
other colonies
Penicillium slowly growing, few
colonies of yeast
Slow growth of Penicillium and
others
Green spores on agar
Green mould has spread on the
surface
Discussion. The table shows that the rate of developement as well as the peak of acidity
reached is highest at the room temperature of 19°C.—33°C., a condition which favours the most
prolific growth of moulds. Concurrently with this the green mould thrives best; it was the
only organism that exhibited a rich growth at the room temperature, indicating that it is the
obvious cause of high acidity and quick deterioration of the samples examined. The easy
vulnerability of the causative organism to temperatures as low as 40°C.—45°C., further con.
firms this observation. The slight growth of the white mould, belonging to Phycomycetales (to
which class Oidium also belongs), at the room temperature, indicates that this organism is
probably the cause of the estery flavour in stored Mandy a butter,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are indebted to Mr K. K. Iyar of the Fermentation Technology section for the
examination of the micro-organism in the butter samples.
REFERENCES
Davies (1932). J. Dairy Res. 3, 254
Davies (1941). J. Indian Chem. Soc. 4, 179
Ling (1940). J. Soc. Chem. Ind., Lond. 61, 194
Rogers (1904). Bull. U. S. Bur. Anim. Ind. 57
Rogers and Associates (1912). Circ. U. S. Bur. Anim. Ind. 89. 319
368
Flourine Intoxication of Cattle in India
TABLE I
Balance of minerals and nitrogen on a low phosphorus diet
Control group
Control group
Average ...
Low fluorine
group
Average ...
High fluorine
group
Average ...
Calcium group
Average ...
Animal 1
No.
89
368
400
39
88
356
167
180
402
178
148
391
CaO (in gm.)
Intake
6.99
6.86
7.60
7.13
7.90
8.80
4.39
3.72
3.83
36.42
37.10
37.75
Output
Urine
0.32
0.41
0.36
0.13
0.12
0.91
0.30
0.08
0.10
0.33
0.18
0.36
Faeces
6.56
6.20
7.60
6.60
7.10
7.50
5.84
4.71
4.80
27.86
29.71
28.36
Balance
+0.11
+0.25
-0.36
0.00
+0.40
+0.68
—0.21
+0.29
—1.75
—1.07
—1.07
— 1.30
+8.23
+7.21
+9.03
+8.16
P 2 O 5 (in gm.)
Intake
3.63
3.76
4.24
3.90
4.40
4.55
2.48
2.23
2.29
2.96
3.31
3.65
Output
Urine
0.04
0.04
0.07
0.03
0.06
0.04
0.19
0.22
0.28
0.06
0.06
0.06
Faeces
5.16
4.36
6.06
5.00
4.94
6.26
4.36
4.74
3.41
4.00
4.64
6.26
Balance
—1.37
—0.64
—1.85
—1.29
—1.13
—0.90
—1.75
—1.16
—2.07
—2.23
—1.50
—2.10
—1.10
—3.39
—2.70
—1.73
Nitrogen (in gm.)
Intake
19.84
19.63
20.77
20.05
21.24
21.70
15.76
14.71
14.88
16.91
17.97
18.98
Output
Urine
7.63
5.53
10.96
6.7
7.15
11.29
10.65
13.60
16.96
11.63
15.95
12.99
Faeces
11.14
10.43
11.50
10.11
-----
11.89
6.17
6.76
7.43
8.90
8.79
10.31
Balance
+1.07
+3.63
—1.69
+1.02
+3.24
+1.88
—1.48
+1.21
—1.06
—5.65
—9.51
—5.41
—3.62
—6.78
—3.29
—4.90
Fluorine (in mgm).
Intake
7.40
7.26
8.13
52.74
53.64
53.95
456.71
456.13
456.24
457.58
458.28
558.89
Out put
Urine
4.85
3.06
3.27
17.41
15.90
21.26
249.35
196.26
205.80
138.24
144.00
132.96
Faeces
5.08
5.20
5.72
5.79
5.80
7.34
12.23
11.11
11.30
21.40
22.35
21.80
Balance
—2.53
—1.00
—0.86
—1.46
+29.54
+31.94
+25.35
+26.94
+195.13
+248.76
+239.14
+227.68
+303.94
+291.93
+304.13
+300.00
B.
N.
MAJUMDAR
AND
S.
N.
BAY
109
Balance of minerals and nitrogen on an adequate diet
Groups
Fluorine
alone
Average
Calcium
Average
Phosphorus
Average
Aluminium
Average
Animal
No.
217
352
186
151
452
384
177
157
195
150
294
CaO (in gm.)
Intake
6.59
7.47
39.68
38.92
39.15
8.27
8.29
7.76
7.10
7.63
7.54
Output
Urine
0.48
0.51
0.19
0.15
0.11
0.30
0.09
0.09
0.30
0.37
0.44
Faeces
9.02
9.66
30.80
31.85
28.90
10.13
12.68
11.87
9.42
9.33
9.20
Balance
—2.91
—2.70
—2.80
+8.69
+ 6.92
+ 10.14
+ 8.58
—2.16
—4.48
—4.20
— 3.61
—2.62
—2.60
—2.10
—2.44
P 3 O 5 (in gm.)
Intake
13.49
14.43
15.40
14.54
14.80
28.93
28.9 6
28.50
14.06
14.66
14.56
Output
Urine
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.09
0.10
0.23
0.09
0.07
0.11
0.09
Faeces
11.50
13.66
14.94
14.67
15.21
20.01
25.60
15.60
14.30
14.54
14.57
Balance
+ 1.91
+0.75
+ 1.33
+0.40
—0.18
—0.50
—0.09
+8.82
+ 3.13
+ 12.61
+8.19
—0.31
+0.01
—0.10
—0.13
Nitrogen (in gm.)
Intake
25.83
27.86
29.74
27.98
28.52
59.72
29.76
26.55
27.91
28.25
28.03
Output
Urine
11.45
11.74
12.80
12.90
11.98
13.10
14.20
13.62
10.0 7
10.87
11.19
Faecas
13.71
14.94
18.14
17.18
18.34
17.42
17.28
16.13
14.70
14.43
14.11
Balance
+0.67
+ 1.18
+0.92
—1.20
—2.10
— 1.80
— 1.24
—0.80
—1.72
— 1.20
—1.24
+2.30
+2.95
+ 2.73
+ 2.66
Fluorine (in mg.)*
Intake
340.0
360.0
360.0
315
Output
Urine
91.0
95.0
75.0
55.0
Faeces
9.5
9.2
9.0
32.0
Balance
239.5
+ 255.8
+276.0
+228.0
*On account of scarcity of reagents, instead of individual estimations analysis were done on the mixed aliquots for each group.
112
Fluorine Intoxication of Cattle in India
symptoms were also excreting very high amounts of fluorine in urine. We can even say that
the intensity of fluorine intoxication is proportional to the amount of fluorine passed out in
urine. That the urinary output of fluorine is a good index of fluorosis was also noticed by
Brun, Buchwald and Roholm [1941] in cryolite workers.
In the light of our present knowledge, it is not possible as yet to explain the beneficial
action of aluminium ingestion. As aluminium does dot help in the elimination of fluorine by
precipitating it to any great extent in the alimentary canal, it may be assumed that here too
the detoxication is proceeding inside the body. The exact mechanism, however, is not under.
stood; but it is hoped that the chemical and histological investigations which are in progress
may yield a clue to this problem.
SUMMARY
The addition of fluorine in small doses helps in the better retention of calcium and
phosphorous.
Fluorosis can be rapidly produced in hill bulls by administering a high amount of fluorine
to animals on a low phosphorus ration or on a ration in which the ratio between calcium and
phosphorous is very wide. Addition of calcium or phosphorus salts in amounts adequate to
bring the quantity of and the ratio between the two minerals to optimum levels helped in
protecting the animals for long periods against fluorine intoxication. A theory as to the
mechanism of detoxication of the system against fluorosis is advanced and discussed.
A large positive balance of fluorine was observed in all animals given high quantities of
this element. The estimation of net retention of fluorine gave no indication of the condition of
the animal. On the other hand, the poorer the condition of an animal, the greater the quantity
of this mireral excreted in urine. Hence, urinary output of fluorine was a good index of the
intensity of fluorine intoxication.
Ingestion of aluminium sulphate was very effective in preventing fluorosis,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our thanks are due to Dr K. C. Sen, Officer-in-Charge, Animal Nutrition Section, for his
interest and guidance throughout this work.
REFERENCES
Brun, G. C., Bachwald. H. and Roholm, K. (1941). Nord. med. Ark. 9, 810
Du Toit, P. J. Smuts, D. B. and Malan, A. I. (1937). Ondersterpoort J. vet. Sci. 8, 359
Lawrenz, M. and Mitchell, H.H. [1941], J. Nutrit. 22, 91
Mahajan, M. R. (1934-35), Ann. Rep. Veterinary Investigation Officer, Hyderabad State. Imp. Counc. Agric. Res.,
New Delhi
Majumdar, B. N., Ray, S. N. and Sen, K. C. (1943). Indian J. vet. Sci. 13, 95
Marcovitch, S. and Stanley, J.J. (1942). J. Pharmacol. 74, 235
Pande, P. G. (1944). Indian J. vet Sci. 14, 205
Ramiah, P. V. (1941). Rep. Animal Nutrition Work, Coimbatore, Imp. Counc. Agric, Res. New Delhi
Ranganathan, S. R. (1941). Inaian J. med. Res. 29, 693
Viswanathan, G. R. (1934-35). Ann. Rep. Veterinary Investigation Officer, Madras Imp. Counc. Agric, Res.
New Delhi
114
Fluorine Intoxication of Cattle in India
TABLE I
Effect of fluorine feeding on the concentration of blood-constituents in calves
Constituents
Haemoglobin
(gm/100cc. blood)
Red cells (millions
per c.m.m.)
Sugar (mg. per 100cc.
blood)
Lactic acid (mg./
100cc. blood)
Total protein (gm./
100cc. serum)
Creatinine
(mg./
100cc. serum)
Chloride ss NaCL
(mg/100cc. serum)
Calcium (mg./l00cc.
serum)
Phosphorus (mg./
100cc. blood)
Phosphatase (units/
100cc. serum)
Initial
11.32
(9.6—13.4)
8.66
(6.52—11.78)
53.1
(46.0—60.0)
17.4
(12.6—29.8)
7.3
(7.15—7.8)
1.31
(1.26—1.35)
348
(336—360)
10.9
(10.1—12.8)
6.32
(5.75—6 .8)
11.5
(10.5—12.9)
15 days
11.72
(9.6—13.1)
7.32
(6.25—8.5)
60.0
(53.0—65.0)
16.4
(12.6—21.4)
6.88
(6.5—7.4)
1.52
(1.46—1.55)
342
(330—350)
10.7
(9.5—12.0)
5.26
(4.8—5.5)
11.9
(9.2—13.5)
1
12.12
(11.4—12.9)
8.04
7.6—8.39)
46.8
(44.0—50.0)
20.6
(17.6—23.3)
6.72
(6.1—7.1)
1.91
(1.59—1.64)
345
(340— 350)
9.9
(9.0—10.0)
4.9
(4.1—6.0)
13.7
(12.8—15.0)
2
10.76
(9.6—11.7)
8.05
(7.43—9.72)
47.4
(46.0—49.5)
12.5
(7.56—24.6)
7.0
(6.4—7.4)
1.65
(1.59—1.71)
366
(360—374)
10.0
(10.0—10.8)
4.42
(3.8—4.9)
12.8
(11.8—13.6)
4
10.36
(9.7—11.2)
5.13
(3.44—7.65)
55.8
(51.2—65.3)
17.2
(13.5—24.6)
6.8
(6.18—7.12)
1.66
(1.65—1.68)
383
(374—364)
10.6
(9.7—11.4)
4.6
(4.21—5.0)
9.6
(8.6—10.7)
Months
6
9.92
(8.6—11.2)
4.46
(2.53—5.11.)
53.4
(51.2-54.8)
23.1
(13.9—27.7)
6.8
(6.18—7.31)
1.75
(1.65—1.9)
378
(374—385)
10.4
(10.2—10.5)
4.8
(4.21—5.42)
8.5
(7.0—9.5)
8
9.46
(8.6—10.2)
4.18
(2.9—5.4)
51.4
(48.0—54.8)
20.1
(11.3—32.8)
6.9
(6.35—7.36)
1.73
(1.63—1.85)
364
(350—371)
10.5
(10.3—10.9)
5.22
(4.32—5.71)
6.5
(5.5—7.7)
11
7.80
(7.3—8.3)
4.00
(3.0—5.0)
46.4
(44.0—48.0)
10.7
(7.6—15.8)
6.5
(5.9—6.74)
1.67
(1.63—1.7)
381
(370—390)
9.9
(9.5—10.5)
5.1
(4.44—5.83)
6.8
(6.0—7.3)
14
6.86
(6.4—7.5)
3.84
(3.44—4.91)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Figures in parenthesis reprssent the range of values.
B. N. MAJUMDAR AND S. N.
RAY
115
TABLE II
Concentration of blood-constituents in adult hill bulls (Fluorine group)
Constituents
Haemoglobin (gm./100cc.
blood)
...
Red cells (million/per
c.mm.)
...
Lactic acid (mg./100cc.
blood) ...
Total proteins (gm./100cc.
serum)
...
Creatinine (mg./100cc.
serum)
...
Chloride
(mg./100cc.
serum) ...
Calcium
(mg./100cc.
serum)
...
Phosphorus (mg./100cc.
blood)
...
Phosphatase (units/100cc.
serum)
...
Months
Initial
—
—
—
—
—
11.7 (10.7—12.6)
3.7 (3.5—4.0)
9.8 (9.6—10.1)
2
—
—
—
—
—
9.4 (8.3—10.1)
4.1 (3.6—4.6)
8.9 (6.1—9.9)
4
10.3(10.1—10.4)
8.3(7.7—9.0)
19.8 (18.9—20.8)
7.8 (7.1—8.5)
1.7 (1.5—1.8)
382 (380—385)
10.3 (10.3—10.4)
3.5 (3.5—3.6)
6.6 (4.8—8.4)
6
9.3 (9.2—9.3)
7.5 (7.0—8.0)
18.6 (12.6—24.6)
7.9 (7.8—8.1)
1.5 (1.39—1.6)
382 (375—389)
10.6 (10.5—10.7)
4.1 (3.6—4.7)
6.3 (6.1—6.4)
7
8.6 (8.5—8.6)
5.6 (5.2—5.9)
13.9 (11.3—16.4)
7.9 (7.9—8.0)
1.57(1.5—1.7)
384 (377—391)
—
—
5.6 (5.4—5.8)
9
7.5 (7.5)
4.5 (4.0—5.0)
11.0 (9.5—12.6)
6.9(6.6—7.2)
1.6 (1.5—1.7)
382 (380—385)
10.7 (10.5—10.9)
3.4 (3.1—3.8)
5.4 (5.0—5.7)
Figures in parenthesis represent the range of values.
116
B. N. MAJUMDAR AND S. N. RAY
TABLE III
Concentration
of blood-constituents
in adult hill bulls (Calcium group)
Constituents
Haemoglobin (gm./100cc.
blood)
...
Red cells (millions/per
c.mm.)
...
Lactic aid (mg./100cc.
blood)
...
Total proteins (gm./100cc.
serum)
...
Creatinine
(mg./100cc.
serum)...
Chloride
(mg./100cc.
serum)...
Calcium
(mg./100cc.
serum)...
Phosphorus (mg./100cc.
blood)
...
Phosphatase
(units/
100cc. serum) ...
Months
Initial
—
—
—
—
9.6 (9.2—10.3)
3.7 (3.3—3.9)
9.2 (7.5—10.6)
2
—
—
—
—
9.7 (9.00—10.1)
4.1 (3.8—4.6)
8.3 (7.3—10.0)
4
9.0 (8.7—9.2)
8.3 (7.7—9.0)
10.5 (8.8—12.6)
8.4 (7.9—8.9)
1.9 (1.7—2.1)
378 (370—390)
9.9 (8.7—10.6)
4.3 (4.0—4.6)
8.2 (5.8—9.9)
6
7.8 (7.4—8.4)
7.6 (7.3—8.0)
13.9 (9.5—21.4)
7.7 (7.2—8.3)
1.63 (1.4—2.0)
382 (379—389)
10.3 (9.9—10.6)
4.2 (3.8—4.5)
6.4 (4.9—9.1)
7
7.6 (7.1—8.4)
6.1 (5.5—6.9)
12.6 (12.0—13.2)
8.0(5.1—6.6)
1.8 (1.5—2.1)
388 (385—391)
—
—
5.0 (4.5—5.6)
9
6.4 (5.9—6.9)
5.1 (5.0—5.1)
13.5 (11.3—15.8)
7.2 (6.5—8.0)
1.67(1.6—1.75)
365(360—370)
11.7 (11.6—11.9)
5.2 (5.2—5.3)
4.8(4.3—5.4)
Figures in parenthesis represent the range of values.
Fluorine Intoxication of Cattle in India
117
TABLE IV
Concentration
of blood-constituents
in adult hill bulls (Phosphorus
group)
Constituents
Haemoglobin (gm./100cc.
blood)...
Red cells (millions/per
mm.)...
Lactic acid (mg./100cc.
blood)...
Total Proteins (gm./100cc.
serum)...
Creatinine (mg./100cc.
serum)...
Chloride
(mg./100cc.
serum)...
Calcium
(mg./100cc.
serum)...
Phosphorus (mg./100cc.
blood)...
Phosphatase (units/100cc.
serum)...
Months
Initial
—
—
—
—
11.1 (9.3—12.6)
4.1 (3.9—4.3)
9.8 (8.0—11.9)
2
—
—
—
—
9.9 (9.1—11.1)
5.0(4.0—5.8)
7.1 (9.6—9.9)
4
9.6 (9.1—10.0)
8.0 (7.4—8.6)
11.4 (9.5—14.5)
7.7 (7.6—7.9)
1.77 (1.6—1.9)
385 (380—390)
9.8 (9.1—10.3)
4.8(3.9—6.1)
7.1 (6.3—7.8)
6
8.9 (8.4—9.5)
7.4 (7.0—8.0)
13.7 (7.6—17.6)
7.3 (7.0—7.8)
1.48 (1.4—1.6)
379 (372—383)
9.9 (9.4—10.1)
5.1 (4.5—5.5)
6.4 (5.5—7.0)
7
8.4 (8.3—8.6)
5.6 (5.2—6.2)
15.3 (13.9—17.0)
7.1 (6.9—7.4)
1.48 (1.4—1.5)
389 (381—365)
—
—
5.5(4.1—7.7)
9
6.9 (5.8—7.5)
4.5 (4.2—5.1)
13.0 (11.3—15.1)
6.9 (6.7—7.2)
1.6(1.5—1.66)
370 (360—376)
11.4(11.2—11.7)
4.7 (4.2—5.2)
5.3 (4.0—6.8)
Figures in parenthesis represent range of values.
118
Fluorine
Intoxication of Cattle in India
TABLE V
Concentration of blood—-constituents in adult hill-bulls (Aluminium
group)
Consituents
Haemoglobin (gm/100 c.c.
blood)...
Red cells (millions/ per
c.mm.)...
Lactic acid (mg./100 c.c.
blood)...
Total proteins (gm./100 c.c.
serum)
Creatinine (mg./100 c.c.
serum)
Chloride
(mg./100
c.c.
serum)...
Calcium
(mg /100
c.c.
serum)...
Phosphorus (mg./l00 c.c.
blood)...
Phosphatase (units/100 c.c.
serum)...
Months
Initial
—
—
—
—
10.1 (9.5—10.9)
3.7 (4.4—5.0)
10.4 (10.2—10.5)
2
—
—
—
—
—
9.1 (8.7—9.4)
4.7 (4.4—5.0)
8.2 (7.9—10.0)
4
8.9 (8.7—9.3)
7.8 (7.0—8.3)
12.6 (6.9—20.2)
8.2 (7.8—8.9)
1.7(1.5—1.9)
390 (385—394)
11.7 (11.6—11.8)
4.4 (4.1—4.7)
6.4 (5.3—7.6)
6
9.1 (9.1—9.2)
7.1 (6.9—7.2)
22.4 (18.9—25.8)
7.7 (7.3—8.1)
1.44 (1.4—1.5)
384 (379—389)
10.4 (10.1—10.7)
4.4 (4.4)
9.2(6.7—11.5)
7
8.6 (8.4—8.7)
6.2 (6.1—6.3)
11.7 (10.7—12.6)
7.6 (7.3—8.1)
1.6 (1.5—1.7)
396 (393—397)
—
—
8.1 (7.1—9.1)
9
7.4 (6.6—8.4)
5.1 (4.7—5.4)
14.7 (12.6—17.6)
7.3 (6.8—7.8)
1.62(1.5—1.7)
376 (373—380)
9.9 (9.7—10.0)
4.7 (4.2—5.1)
7.7 (6.0—8.9)
Figures in parenthesis represent the range of values
B. N. MAJUMDAR AND S. N.
RAY
121
Marconi, S. (1930) Ortopodiae Traumatologia dell Apparato Motore, Roma (Quoted by Boholm, 1937)
Mulliok, D.N. and Pal, A.K. (1943). Indian. J. vet. Sci. 13, 146
Pal, A.K. Mullick, D.N. and Momin, S.A.(1945). Indian J. vet. Sci. 15, 119
Pande, P.G. (1944). Indian J. vet. Sci. 14, 205
Pavlovic, R.A. and Bogdanovic,S.B. (1932). C. R. Soc biol, 109, 475
Peters, J.P. and Vanslyke, D.D.(1931). Quantitative Clinical Chemistry, Bailliere, Tindall & Cox, London
Phillips, P.H. (1932). Science. 78, 239
Risi, A.(1931). Riv. Patol.Sper. 6, 312 (Quoted by Roholm, 1937)
Roholm, K. (1937). Fluorine Intoxication, H.K. Lewis and Co., London
Slagsvold, L.(1934). Norsk. Veterinaer. Tidaskr,46,2,(Quoted
by Roholm, 1937)
Valjavec, M. (1932). Z., ges. exp. Med. 85, 382, (Quoted by Roholm, 1937)
Whitehorn, J.C. (1921). J. biol. Chem, 45, 449.
ABSTRACT.
Sheep Breedings. Australian Agricultural News; letter, Release No. AGN/114, January, 1946.
A T the Werribee (Victoria Field Station of the Australian Council for Scientific and
Industrial Research a comprehensive experiment has been conducted for 3½ years to
determine the effect of seasonal availability of green feed on the periodicity and incidence of
oestrus (heat) in Merino ewes. There were six groups.
One was grazed continuously on natural pasture, and another continuously on irrigated
pasture. The other four groups had access to green feed in the form of irrigated pasture for
periods of three months, each at four different periods of the year.
One group had the pasture during December-February, one for March-May, another for
June August and the fourth for September-November. For the remaining nine months each
group was maintained on dry conserved fodder.
In all groups the highest occurrence of oestrus was observed in those months of the years,
January-June, which have been shown by earlier experiments to be the normal breeding season
following access to green feed irrespective of the time of the year when such feed become avail-
able. The fundamental seasonal rhythm of sexual activity was not affected.
Observations also showed the importance of adequate nutrition at the weaner stage in
accelerating the devolopment of sexual maturity and in increasing the intensity of sexual
activity of the mature sheep.
F. C. MINETT
125
TABLE I
Secunderabad. Births and deaths in female calves up to one year of age
Month
January
.
.
.
.
.
.
February .
.
.
.
.
.
.
March . . . . . . .
April . . . . . . .
May . . . . . . .
June . . . . . . .
July . . . . . . .
August . . . . . . .
September . . . . . . .
October . . . . . . .
November . . . . . . .
December . . . . . . .
Aunual totals .
January . . . . . . .
February. . . . . . . .
March . . . . . . .
April . . . . . . .
May . . . . . . .
June . . . . . . .
July . . . . . . .
August . . . . . . .
September . . . . . . .
October . . . . . . .
November . . . . . . .
December . . . . . . .
Annual totals.
1938
(1)
21
14
10
6
1 1
5
4
0
0
7
17
7
102
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
(2)
2
3
3
2
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
2
15 (14.7)
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
...
..
1939
(1)
12
1
5
0
6
5
4
4
7
10
10
14
78
2
1
1
0
0
1
0
3
2
0
3
3
16
(2)
0
2
5
1
0
0
0
2
0
6
3
1
20 (25.6)
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 (6.3)
1940
(1)
Cow
11
6
4
7
7
12
4
4
10
11
6
13
95
(2)
calves
10
5
1
1
2
2
2
1
0
1
2
2
29 (30.5)
Buffalo calves
0
1
1
3
3
2
1
4
4
4
2
3
28
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
4 (14.3)
1941
(1)
9
4
8
6
6
6
8
3
10
8
22
15
105
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
2
2
2
2
1
20
(2)
0
1
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
4
3
5
29 (27.6)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1 (5.0)
1942
(1)
8
2
5
7
6
10
0
4
6
19
13
5
85
1
1
1
2
0
1
1
1
0
1
2
2
13
(2)
3
4
6
2
0
4
4
3
1
0
6
3
36 (42.4)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 (0.0)
1943
(1)
3
2
5
1
3
1
4
8
15
4
6
7
59
0
1
1
3
9
7
11
19
13
5
4
8
81
(2)
3
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
1
11 (18.6)
0
1
0
2
1
0
1
0
2
5
5
7
24 (29.6)
1944
(1)
6
8
5
8
9
6
6
5
7
9
3
3
75
5
3
4
1
2
1
2
1
3
4
1
3
30
(2)
0
5
2
2
4
1
0
0
1
2
2
0
19 (25.3)
2
6
5
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
14 (46.7)
Totals
(1)
70 (11.7)
37 (6.2)
42 (7.0)
35 (5.8)
48 (8.0)
45 (7.5)
30 (5.0)
28 (4.6)
55 (9.2)
68 (11.4)
77 (12.9)
64 (10.7)
599
9 (4.8)
8 (4.3)
10(5.3)
10 (5.3)
16 (8.5)
13 (6.9)
18 (9.6)
30 (16.0)
24 (12.8)
16 (8.5)
14 (7.4)
20 (10.6)
188
(2)
18 (11.3)
21 (13.2)
20 (12.6)
11 (6.9)
9 (5.7)
9 (5.7)
11 (6.9)
10 (6.3)
5 (3.1)
15 (9.4)
16 (10.1)
14 (8.8)
159 (26.5)
2 (4.5)
7 (15.9)
8 (18.2)
2 (4.5)
1 (2.3)
1 (2.3)
2 (4.5)
1 (2.3)
3 (6.8)
5 (11.4)
5 (11.4)
7 (15.9)
44 (23.4)
(1 ) Births, (2) Deaths.
Figures in brackets indicate percentages. In the ' Totals ' columns the numbers of births and deaths are expressed respectively as the percentages of the total births and deaths
Under ' Annual totals ' deaths are given as percentages of births.
B—2
126
Mortality in Young Calves in India
TABLE II
Secunderabad. Respiratory diseases in cow calves by months, December 1938 to November 1943
Month
January . . .
February . . .
March . . .
April
.
.
.
May . . .
Jane . . .
July . . .
August . . .
September . . .
October . . .
November . . .
December . . .
Annual totals .
1939
(1)
12
1
5
0
6
5
4
4
7
10
10
14
78
. .
(2)
0
6
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
2
10
32
(41.0)
(3)
0
6
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
1
1
22
(28.2)
(4)
0
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
1
1
13
(16.7)
1940
(1)
11
6
4
7
7
12
4
4
10
11
6
13
95
..
(2)
12
4
3
1
1
2
2
2
0
5
4
1
37
(38.9)
(3)
10
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
20
(21.1)
(4)
10
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
20
(21.1)
1941
(1)
9
4
8
6
6
6
8
3
10
8
22
15
105
..
(2)
5
3
4
2
4
4
0
1
1
1
4
6
35
(33.3)
(3)
0
1
1
1
4
4
0
1
1
1
3
5
22
(21.0)
(4)
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
3
5
12
(11.4)
1942
(1)
8
2
5
7
6
10
0
4
6
19
13
5
85
..
(2)
10
4
5
2
1
2
7
1
0
0
7
7
46
(54.1)
(3)
7
3
4
2
1
1
7
1
0
0
7
4
37
(43.5)
(4)
2
3
2
0
1
1
4
1
0
0
4
2
19
(2.4)
1943
(1)
3
2
5
1
3
1
4
8
15
4
6
7
59
..
(2)
4
2
0
4
0
2
0
2
0
1
3
4
22
(37.3 )
(3)
2
1
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
4
12
(20.3)
(4)
1
1
a
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1†
5
(8.5)
Totals*
(1)
43
(10.2)
15
(3.6)
27
(6.4)
21
(4.9)
28
(6.6)
34
(8.1)
20
(4.7)
23
(5.5)
48
(11.4)
52
(12.3)
57
(13.5)
54
(12.8)
422
..
(2)
31
(18.0)
19
(11.1)
15
(8.7)
9
(5.2)
6
(3.5)
10
(5.8)
9
(5.2)
6
(3.5)
1
(0.6)
18
(10.5)
20
(11.6)
28
(16.3)
172
(40.8)
(3)
19
(16.8)
14
(12.4)
9
(8.0)
6
(5.3)
6
(5.3)
7
(6.2)
8
(7.1)
4
(3.5)
1
(0.9)
13
(11.5)
12
(10.6)
14
(12.4)
113
(26.8)
(4)
13
(18.8)
10
(14.5)
7
(10.1)
2
(2.9)
2
(1.5)
3
(4.4).
5
(7.2)
3
(4.4)
1
(1.5)
7
(10.1)
8
(11.6)
9
(13.0)
69
(16.4)
Column (1) Number of female calves born.
Column (2) Number of cases of respiratory disease.
Column (3) Number developing penumonia.
Column (4) Number of deaths from pneumonia.
* Figures in brackets under' Totals " show in column (1) total monthly births as percentages of total births.
(2) total monthly cases of respiratory disease as percentages of total respiratory cases.
(3) total monthly pneumonia cases as percentages of total cases of pneumonia.
(4) total monthly deaths as percentages of total deaths from pneumonia.
Under ' Annual totals ' cases of respiratory disease, pneumonia cases and deaths are given as percentages of births.
† Figures put down for December 1943 are actually those for December 1938.
F. C. MINETT
127
Buffalo calves. Fewer deaths are available than with cow calves, since of females born fewer
are allowed to remain. Of 188 females retained, the mean percentage of death-rate during the six-
year period was 23.4, i.e. practically the same as with cow calves. The range of variation, however,
was wide ; in 1942, though only 13 births were accepted, no calves died, in 1944, 14 of the 30 calves
retained died. Again the death-rate was higher from October to March, except that for some reason
it was low in January. The difference between the mean percentage deaths in winter and in summer
is highly significant. During three of the summer months it was as low as 2.3 per cent, compared with
the highest rates of about 16 and 18 per cent. It must be noted, however, that the total number of
deaths-recorded was only 44. Table III shows that most of the deaths (68 per cent) were due to
intestinal disturbances and were spread over the first two months. While the sample is small, the
difference
the mortality rates from intestinal affections and pneumonia is found to be highly
cant.
TABLE III
Secunderabad. Assumed cause of death and age at death of calves dying within three months
after birth, April 1938 to March 1944
Age in weeks
0—
.
.
.
.
1—
.
.
.
.
2— . . . .
3— . . . .
4— . . . .
5— . . . .
6—
.
.
.
.
7—
.
.
.
.
8—
.
.
.
.
9—
.
.
.
.
10—
.
.
.
.
11—
.
.
.
.
12—
.
.
.
.
0 —
.
.
.
.
1—
.
.
.
.
2—
.
.
.
.
3— . . . .
4—
.
.
.
.
5—
.
.
.
.
6—
.
.
.
.
7—. . . .
8—. . . .
9— . . . .
10—. . . .
11—. . . .
12—. . . .
Pneumonia
. .
. .
1
5
11
11
12
11
7
3
2
1
2
66 (58.4)
. .
. .
1
1
. .
1
1
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
4 (14.3)
Gastro-
enteritis,
colic,
hepatitis.
tympany
' Septicaemia'
Cow calves
. .
1 1
2
5
4
2
. .
3
. .
1
1
2
22 (19.5)
. .
1
4
4
2
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
11 (9.7)
Buffalo calves
. .
1
2
4
5
2
1
. .
2
. .
1
. .
1
19 (67.8)
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Foot-and-mouth
disease
. .
. .
3
1
. .
1
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
5 (4.4)
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Miscellaneous*
4
2
1
1
1
..
9 (8.0) =113
. .
1
2
. .
. .
2
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
5 (17.9) = 28
* Comprises cases of abscesses, heat stroke, weakness.
Figures in brackets iudicate percentages of total,
128
Mortality in Young Calves in India
FIG. 1. Birth and death-rates in cow and buffalo calves, by years (Death-rate, mean for period)
FIG. 2. Secunderabad, Birth rate, cases of respiratory affection and of pneumonia, and death-rate from pneu-
monia, by months