NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
3
13. I am here to quote the following passages from a letter from
the Sanitary Commissioner. He writes:—
" Some years ago in consequence of Dr. Marson showing that
the occurrence of small-pox after vaccination was more com-
mon on those persons who exhibited only one or two vaccination
scars, instructions were issued by the Privy Council to public Vacci-
nators, directing four or more scars to be produced; and when, in 1864,
small-pox having become more frequent in England, an enquiry was
instituted by the Council into the state of vaccination in different
parts of the county, the Inspectors all reported that the instructions
with reference to the number of scars had been very commonly neg¬
ected. It appears to me, that the outbreaks of small-pox above noted
(in Chindwara and Nagpore) are due to the same neglect of producing
sufficient local results on each person vaccinated, and perhaps the
efficiency of the operation may have been sacrificed to the fear that
if the number of scars considered necessary for certain protection were
produced, parents might be deterred from bringing their children by
the apparent severity of the operation."
" As yet no appreciable effect upon the mortality from small-
pox is apparent from the mortuary returns, with the exception
perhaps of Jubbulpore. Small-pox has been raging throughout the
district, but the mortality in the towns of Jubbulpore, Patun, and
Sehora, where a large number of children were vaccinated in the
course of the last and previous cold seasons, has been slight."
14. The Officiating Chief Commissioner believes that the above
remarks of the Sanitary Commissioner are well worthy of careful at-
tention. The full effects of our vaccine operations hitherto, will not
be seen for a time perhaps, but they will gradually manifest them-
selves even to the people of the country. Much has already been
done in overcoming prejudice and inducing the people to, submit
their children to the operation, and undoubtedly by far the greatest
share of this is due to yourself, and the establishment which you
have directed. Every year has showed an improvement over the last
15. In conclusion, I am to say that the Officiating Chief Com-
missioner regards the results of the year as very satisfactory. The
Deputy Commissioner of Baitool will be directed to express to the
landholders of his district the approbation with which the Officiating
Chief Commissioner regards their conduct in aiding you with their
influence, and his acknowledgments will also be conveyed to the
landholders of the Wurdah district, mentioned in the 33rd para. of
your report. To yourself I am to communicate Mr. Morris' thanks
for the zeal which you have thrown into your work, and for your
untiring exertions which have met with so much success.
I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient Servant,
J. W. NEILL,
Offg. Asst. Secretary.
INDEX.
Districts in which vaccination was carried on in season 1868-69 ...
Nagpore and Chindwara left to Municipal Vaccinators ... ...
Establishment
...
...
...
...
...
...
Character of Vaccinators ... ... ... ... ...
Commencement of operations and first visit of Superintendent Gene-
ral to Wurdah ... ... ... ... ...
Distribution of Lymph ... ... ... ... ...
Assistance given by Deputy Commissioners and Tehseel officrars ...
Feclmg of the people ... .. .. .. .. ..
Visit to Hingunghat Tehseel
...
...
...
...
...
Visit to Huzzoor and Arvee Tehseels ... ... ... ...
Termination of second visit to the Wurdah district ... ...
One division sent to Chanda
...
...
...
...
...
Difficulties in Baitool ... ... ... ... ...
False Vaccinators setting the people against the operation, and extract-
ing bribes ... ... ... ... ... ...
Small-pox near the Zillah Station ... ... ... ...
Commencement of work in Baitool ... ... ... ...
Visit to Baitool ... ... ... ... ... ...
Assistance from Tehseel authorities ... ... ... ... ... ...
Work of Municipal Vaccinators ... ... ... ... ... ...
Operations in the Chanda district
...
...
...
...
...
...
Small-pox in the Chindwara and Nagpore districts ... ... ... ...
Individuals recommended ... ... ... ... ... ...
Comparison of work done with preceding years ... ... ... ...
Sub-establishment at Sumbulpore ... ... ... ...
District Reports and Returns
...
...
...
...
...
...
PARA.
2
3
4
5
6-8
9-10
13-14
15
16-17
18-19
20
21
23
24
25
26
27
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
No. 209.
FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT GENERAL OF VACCINATION,
Central Provinces and Berars.
To
THE SECRETARY TO THE CHIEF COMMISSIONER,
Central Provinces.
Dated Nagpore, the 31 st May 1869.
SIR,
I have the honor to report, for the information of the Chief Com-
missioner, the results of the operations of the Vaccine Department for the year
ending 30th April 1869.
2. With the permission of the Chief Commissioner, the establishment was
directed to work in the Wurdah and Baitool districts, but during the season a
division of the Vaccinators, under a Native Superintendent, was moved into the
Chanda district, and one man was sent to Mundla.
3. In a letter to the Secretary to the Chief Commissioner, No. 186, dated
20th November 1867, I recommended that, should an European Superintendent
not be appointed, a Native Inspector on a moderate salary should be put in
charge of the districts of Nagpore and Chindwara, having under him a certain
number of Vaccinators, so that vaccination, which had been successfully intro-
duced, might'be carried on under my general superintendence.
This recommendation was not complied with, and those two districts were
left to the Municipal Vaccinators, working under the orders of the Civil medical
Officers.
4. On commencing work for the season, there were wanting 5 Vaccinators
to complete the establishment. These were at once supplied from candidates
who had been qualifying for the appointment. And on October 15th 1868, the
department was complete, comprising 3 Native Superintendents and 30 Vacci-
nators.
On October 22nd a first class Vaccinator was transferred as a Superinten-
dent to Sumbulpore, and his place immediately filled by another recruit; and no
further change took place till January of the present year, when two of the
new men were discharged for making false returns. In February a third was
dismissed for assaulting a village official and extorting a bribe. At the begin-
ning of the same month 5 Vaccinators threw up their appointments on being
ordered into the Chanda district; and, at the end of March, a Vaccinator was sent
to assist the medical Officer of Mundla.
7
32. As noted above in para. 3, the districts of Chindwara and Nagpore
were left this season to the Municipal Vaccinators.
From Chindwara I have one report, dated April 28th, of 6 cases of small-
pox, all recovering; but from Nagpore the number is greater, as might be
expected. Small-pox was present in Chanda, Wurdah, and East Berar, bordering
on the district, as well as in the south-western portion of Baitool, approaching
close to it. From each of these directions the disease might be expected to
extend itself, and, with the example of Chanda before one, it might be presumed
that the epidemic would have been severe and wide-spread, had not the people
been largely protected.
At the present time there are a few cases occurring in different parts of the
district, but up to April 30th there have been 536 cases, and 57 deaths, in 66
towns and villages, including the City of Nagpore.
Omitting this last, the numbers are reduced to 4,412 cases, and 43 deaths,
from 65 villages, the highest of these numbers hardly representing the number
of children born since the last vaccinating season.
33. I have to bring to the favourable notice of the Chief Commissioner the
services of Native Superintendent Mahomed Nuzzur Ali, whom I sent into
Chanda. I have always found this officer careful, attentive, zealous, and trust-
worthy, and would ask the favour of his being granted a khillut to the amount of
a month's pay,—Rs. 25. This sum would be more than covered by the savings to
Government during the past year.
Of the Native District officers I have made mention in former paragraphs.
Of the Malgoozars in Baitool I can make no distinction, all with whom
I came in contact giving me hearty assistance.
From the Wurdah district I would select, as worthy of special commen-
dation, the Nawab of Ashtee, the Malgoozars of Ashtee, Arvee, Deolee, Kan-
gaon, Wanora, Hingnee, Barruswara, and the Kamdars of Ulleepore and Talaigaon.
34. On comparing the numbers in the accompanying returns with those
forwarded with former reports, a progressive improvement will be noticed during
the past four seasons :—
In 1865-66 there were vaccinated
„ 1866-67
do.
„ 1867-68
do.
„ 1868-69
do.
4,767
22,367
34,100
43,484
During the last season, omitting the few operations in Chindwara in May, all the
work was performed on entirely new ground, and in districts by no means thickly-
populated.
35. In October 1868 a sub-establishment of I Native Superintendent and
9 Vaccinators was sanctioned for the district of Sumbulpore, to work under the
superintendence of the Civil Medical Officer, Mr. Harrison. It was stated that
the people exhibited a willingness to receive vaccination, and Mr. Harrison's re-
port fully bears out that statement, the amount of work done having seemingly
been limited only by the number of operators engaged.
36. I consider the report very satisfactory, and Mr. Harrison having ex-
amined the work in 353 out of 401 villages, has evidently devoted much and
praiseworthy attention to the duty he has undertaken.
9
returns are very favourable. In a note he draws attention to the marked immunity
of certain towns in which Vaccinators have been employed.
From Belaspore, though the numbers are high, the ratio of success is low,
but many cases returned as doubtful may be successful. There is no report accom-
panying the return.
At Raepore the Native Doctor and Vaccinator appear to have done well.
The people have evidently been taught the difference between cow-pox and
small-pox, which is a great gain; for, on the latter disease appearing, there is fre-
quently a fear on the part of the ignorant villagers that vaccination will extend
rather than prevent its ravages.
The Medical Officers of Saugor and Chanda make no remarks.
At Hoshungabad, owing to want of Municipal funds, there has been a direct
return to the system of Dispensary Vaccinators. The Civil Surgeon's report points
to some of the difficulties Native Vaccinators have to contend with, as well as to
the willingness of the people to submit to the operation when an European super-
vises.
The Civil Surgeon of Seonee does not appear to have been as well sup-
ported by the Tehseel authorities as he deserved. Though there was a slight
falling off in two divisions, the numbers were brought above those of last year
by the favourable returns from Vara-Seonee.
Without the co-operation of the District officials, European as well as Native,
vaccination as a new thing will not go on satisfactorily. The Medical Officer of
Baitool reports the success of measures adopted at Tekaree, and refers to the
misconduct of one of the Municipal Vaccinators. A considerable number of per-
sons vaccinated by him afterwards contracted the small-pox.
Mr. Price's remarks tend rather to discourage the appointment of extra
district Vaccinators, the Native Doctors themselves not being above suspicion.
The Medical Officer of Wurdah believes that more work would have been
done by the local Vaccinators, had the Vaccine Establishment not been present.
With that opinion I cannot concur.
The people had been familiarized with the operation by Vaccinators spread
all over the district, and accepted vaccination at the hands of the first man who
offered it, careless whether the operators were engaged by Government or the
Municipalities.
I have alluded to the work at Arvee above, para. 19.
The Native Doctor in charge at Balaghat had not vaccinated, as no special
Vaccinator was allowed.
I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient Servant,
J. BRAKE, Surgeon,
Superintendent of Vaccination,
Central Provinces.
10
A.—ANNUAL RETURN showing the Monthly results of vaccination performed by the Vaccine Department, Central Provinces,
during the year 1868-69,
MONTHS.
May
1868... ...
October
„ ..
November
„ ... ...
December
„ ... ...
January
1869 ... ...
February
„ ... ...
March
„ ... ...
April
„ ... ...
Number of Vaccinators.
15
Superintendents...
...
88
Vaccinators...
...
...
15
Superintendents...
...
15
Vaccinators...
...
3
Superintendents...
...
30
Vaccinators...
...
3
Superintendents...
...
30
Vaccinators...
...
3
Superintendents...
...
30
Vaccinators...
...
...
3 Superintendents... ... ...
26
Vaccinators...
...
...
3
Superintendents...
...
23
Vaccinators...
...
...
3
Superintendents...
...
22
Vaccinators...
...
...
Total ...
Total
Vaccinated.
301
19
2,184
7,323
10,445
4,696
10,091
8,425
43,484
Successful.
154
4
1,874
6,277
8,253
3,941
7,876
6,124
34,503
Un-
successful.
71
15
220
651
732
498
971
929
4,087
*Doubtful.
63
...
49
292
1,311
198
1,064
1,297
4,274
Unknown.
13
...
41
103
149
59
180
75
620
Re-
vaccinated.
..
...
127
187
363
181
554
271
1,683
Percentage
of
success.
51.12
21.05
85.80
85.71
79.01
83.92
78.05
72.68
79.34
* The cases returned as "doubtful" are those in which true vaccine vesicles have appeared, but have been broken before the seventh day. The persons are (in all
probability) protected from small-pox. This would give a percentage of 89.17 successful cases.
11
ANNUAL RETURN showing the districts in which vaccination has been performed by the Vaccine Establishment, Central Provinces, during
the season 1868-69.
1
DISTRICTS.
Chindwara... ...
Wurdah... ...
Baitool... ...
Chanda... ...
Mundla
2
Period.
7 days
3 months
3 months
3 months
1 month
3
Population
of district.
294,818
343,485
244,854
441,824
187,699
4
Number of Vacci-
nators.
3 Superintendents.
8 Vaccinators.
3 Superintendents.
30 Vaccinators.
2 Superintendents.
17 Vaccinators.
1 Superintendent.
4 Vaccinators.
1 Vaccinator.
5
By whom
paid.
Government.
Total...
6
Total
number
vaccinated.
301
22,399
17,098
3,393
293
43,484
7
Successful.
154
18,579
13,025
2,515
230
34,503
8
Failed.
71
1,762
1,785
406
63
4,087
9
*Doubtful.
63
1,797
2,111
303
...
4,274
10
Unknown.
13
261
177
169
...
620
11
Percentage
successful
cases.
51.12
82.94
76.17
74.12
78.49
79.34
* The cases returned as "doubtful" are those in which true vaccine vesicles have appeared, but have been broken before the seventh day. The persons are in all probability
protected from small-pox. This would give a percentage of 89.17 successful.
12
B.—ANNUAL return of Vaccine operations performed by the Civil Surgeons and Municipal Vaccinators in the Central Provinces;
(exclusive of those by the Vaccine Department,) during 1868-1869.
DISTRICT.
Nagpore...
...
...
Chindwara...
...
Wurdah... ...
Baitool... ...
Seonee...
...
Hoshungabad... ...
Dumoh...
...
Chanda...
...
Nursmpore...
...
Upper
Godavery...
...
Raepore... ...
Jubbulpore... ...
Nimar... ...
Saugor... ...
Mudla... ...
Belaspore... ...
Bhundara... ...
Balaghat... ...
Period.
6 months.
8 months.
8 months.
6 months.
5 months.
6 months.
5 months.
6 months.
...
6 months.
10 months.
6 months.
11 months.
12 months.
6 months.
12 months
6 months.
...
Population
of district.
634,121
294,818
343,485
244,854
455,462
427,418
262641
441,824
336,796
...
823,168
621,317
228,228
495,996
187,699
779,826
44,241
...
Number
of
Vaccina-
tors.
4
2
3
2
13
2
2
2
1
1
4
7
4
1
None.
2
5
None.
By whom
paid.
Muni c i
pa l Funds.
Total
number
vaccina-
ed.
4,728
135
1,642
1,093
3,171
2,088
1,344
2,509
472
1,344
9,125
15,662
1,051
5,802
1,081
8,081
5,499
...
64,827
Successful.
4,154
67
1,205
804
2,911
l,600
877
2,348
290
1,274
7,412
13,242
883
3,477
956
5,556
4,977
...
52,033
Un-
successful.
574
58
204
289
260
279
227
161
182
70
1,155
1,785
128
2,325
82
1,211
522
...
9,512
Doubtful
or
unknown.
..
10
233
...
...
209
240
..
...
...
558
635
40
...
43
1,314
...
...
3,282
Percentage
of success.
87.85
49.62
73.38
73.65
91.80
76.62
65.25
93.58
61.44
94.79
81.22
84.54
84.01
59.92
88.43
68.75
90.50
...
80.26
Cost.
Rs.
243
204
348
144
180
161
219
160
66
75
430
395
154
144
0
288
440
0
...
A.
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
8
11
12
10
14
4
0
0
0
0
0
...
P.
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
9
8
8
9
6
1
0
0
0
0
0
...
Increase or decrease of number vaccinated, compared
with year 1867-68.
Increase..
764
„ 59
„ 682
„ 753
„ 699
„ 1,771
Decrease .. 277
Increase .. 2,046
Decrease .. 2,069 (only 18 vaccinated by Vaccinator)
Increase .. 915
„ 3,204
„ 11,518
Decrease
813
Increase .. 2,566
„ 780
„ 4,928
Decrease .. 637
Increase 21,568 or 49.8 per cent, exclusive of Sumbulpore;
13
AGGREGATE Return of Vaccine Operations performed in the Central Provinces during the year 1868-69.
BY WHOM PERFORMED.
Vaccine Department, Head-quarters.
Do. Sub-ditto.
Sumbulpore..
Municipal Vaccinators... ...
Total...
Total
number
vaccinated.
43,484
23,416
64,827
131,727
Successful.
34,503
21,982
52,033
108,518
Unsuccessful.
4,087
1,388
9,512
14,987
Doubtful or
unknown.
4,894
46
3,282
8,222
Percentage
of successful
cases.
79.34
93.87
80.26
82.38
14
Religion and Caste of persons operated upon by the Vaccine Department,
Central Provinces, during the year 1868-69.
Christians... ...
Mahomedans...
...
Hindoos,—Aheers... ...
Bhamtees... ...
Berrya... ...
Burye...
Boorur... ...
Biddoor... ...
Baildar... ...
Bhoyee...
...
Brahmin... ...
Bukals...
...
Bunnyah...
...
Busdeo...
...
Bunjara... ...
Bukoot... ...
Bhurboonja...
...
Chuthree... ...
Dheemur... ...
Dhobee... ...
Durzee... ...
Dhungur... ...
Doongee... ...
Durmeek... ...
Dewan... ...
Faqueer...
...
Gartree...
...
Gond... ...
Gosaie... ...
Garpagaree... ...
Gooroo... ...
Gowaree...
...
Gowlee... ...
Godur...
...
Goojrathee... ...
Gondlee... ...
Hutkur... ...
Hurloot... ...
Hulda...
...
Johree... ...
Jungum... ...
Jat... ...
Jeengur... ...
Kaohee... ...
Kalal... ...
Kasar...
...
Kerar... ...
Koorkoo... ...
Komtee... ...
Koomar...
...
Koormee... ...
Koonbee... ...
5
820
314
49
3,414
24
21
232
83
2,162
529
44
199
51
165
9
18
102
466
449
357
417
24
1
50
4
26
7,619
477
123
47
357
1,236
1
19
16
5
4
23
6
16
7
3
4
378
32
143
1,023
56
248
205
8,318
Hindoos,—Kostee
Kussab
Kyet
Kachar
Kolam...
Kolee
Keermun... ...
Lodhee... ...
Lohar
Lukhaira... ...
Mahratta... ...
Malee... ...
Mana... ...
Marwaree... ...
Manglee... ...
Madgee... ...
Meerun
Man-Bhao
Naiee... ...
Neehal
Nuskuree... ...
Nath... ...
Pahad... ...
Pinjara... ...
Palsee... ...
Purdeshee... ...
Punchal... ...
Oodasee... ...
Ramosee... ...
Rajpoot... ...
Rujjur... ...
Rungaree... ...
Rugbunsee... ...
Sonar... ...
Surrodee... ...
Saliwar... ...
Tailee... ...
Telinga... ...
Tumboolee... ...
Thakoor... ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
502
50
14
7
192
30
15
63
336
25
446
1,359
15
56
4
8
35
4
675
269
4
10
4
3
9
17
24
2
15
87
299
57
435
395
14
14
2,514
791
142
1
Low castes.—Chumar
Dher... ...
Mahar... ...
Mehter... ...
Mang... ...
Kuttya... ...
Purdhan... ...
292
2,343
3,871
1
358
171
742
7,778
TOTAL
..
43,484
15
ANNUAL
RETURN showing sex and age of persons vaccinated by Vaccine
Department, Central Provinces, during the year 1868-69.
Sex.
Male..
..
..
..
Female..
..
..
..
Total.. ..
No.
20,842
22,642
34,484
Age.
Under 1 year... ...
From 1 year to 5 years. ...
6 to
10 ... ...
11 to
15 ... ...
16 to
20 ... ...
21 to
25 ... ...
26 to
30 ... ...
above 30 years. ... ...
Total... ...
No.
7,077
27,204
7,014
1,540
568
57
23
1
43,484
VACCINE DEPARTMENT.
Year 1868-69.
Number of towns and villages in which all not previously suffering
from small-pox have been vaccinated, as certified by signature
of Malgoozars or Head men.. ... .. .. ..
Number of towns and villages in which Vaccine operations have been
performed, but some persons still remain unprotected*.. .. .. .. ..
Total..
Number of persons in 308 towns and villages still unprotected as
certified by signature of Malgoozars or Head man ... ...
1,794
*308
2,102
*1,761
* Much dependence cannot be placed on these numbers though given by the Malgoozars or Head
men themselves.
J BRAKE, Surgeon,
Superintendent, Vaccination, Central Provinces.
17
6. The operations of the Vaccinators were wholly confined to the Khalsa part of the
district. Many of the Zemindars and several of the Guijat Chiefs begged me to send the
Vaccinators into their estates also, but I was of course unable to do so. Towards the end of
last month, however, the Rajah of Rheracole was very ill, and I went with the permission of
the Deputy Commissioner to his village of Rampore to visit him, and while there he begged
me to vaccinate all the members of his family. I sent for some lymph, and did so; and as
soon as it became known that I was operating, the children of the whole neighbourhood were
brought to me for vaccination, and in the few days that I was there I operated on 1,133 subjects,
with most successful results
7. The returns which are now submitted and which have been prepared in the same
form as the returns which accompanied your Annual Report for last year, show that the total
number vaccinated has been 23,416. In 21,982 cases the operation has proved successful;
in 1,388 it has failed, and in 46 cases the result has been doubtful. The percentage of success-
ful cases is thus 93 87. This may be considerd somewhat high, but my own observation leads
me to believe that it is not incorrect.
8. Of the whole of the establishment employed under me I am glad to be able to
report favourably. Noor Mahomed, Native Doctor of the Dispensary, also has done excellent
service, and acted as Superintendent, until the arrival of Mahomed Moorad from Nagpore.
9. In conclusion I would beg to express to you my thanks for the aid and assistance
from time to time afforded me, and more especially, for your support in obtaining sanction to
the special establishment which has been placed at my disposal; and I trust at the same time
that the results achieved may be held to be satisfactory, and such as to justify you in recom-
mending that this establishment should be placed on a permanent footing, so as to enable me
to carry on the operation throughout the district.
18
ANNUAL
RETURN of Vaccine Operations performed by Civil Surgeons and
Vaccinators in the Sumbulpore District of the Central Provinces, for 1868-69.
DISTRICT.
Sumbulpore.
Period.
From 1st
September
1868 to
30th April
1869,—8
Months.
Population of
the District.
432,348
Number
of
Vaccinators.
1 Native
Superin-
tendent,
9 Vaccina-
tors.
By whom paid.
2 Vaccinators were
appointed on 1st
September 1868 and
were paid from Muni-
Total num-
ber vaccinated.
23,416
cipal funds for the
full month at the
rate of Rs. 8, and
1 Native Superintendent,
9 Vaccinators from 1st October 1868
to 30th April 1869, under Govern-
ment sanction paid from Government.
Result.
Successful.
21,982
Failed.
1388
Doubtful or
unknown.
46
Percentage
of success.
93.87
Cost.
Rs.
853
and
*8
A.
6
0
P.
4
0
Paid from Municipal Funds.
Religion and Caste of persons operated in the Sumbulpore District during the
season of 1868-69.
Christians... ...
Mahomedans ...
Hindoos.
Brahmins..
Rajpoots ...
Mahuntees...
Koltas...
Agarias...
Gwalas...
Burhais...
Kusars
...
Kewuts ...
Bunnyahs...
Bholeas ...
Dhobees ...
Durzees ...
Malees ...
Soods
...
Soondees ...
Sonars
...
Tailees ...
Tassahs ...
Koshtas ...
Toories ...
Lohars
...
...
Goseins ...
Dossees ...
Bhundarces ...
Mahars ...
Jharras ...
Koras ...
Kundras ...
Khurras ...
Koormees ...
Gandas ...
Ghasias ...
Chumars ...
Tellingas ...
Total Hindoos ...
Carried forward
..
1
73
1,367
239
74
2,307
539
2,282
46
20
1,329
55
458
319
34
181
118
349
51
187
295
64
13
743
110
109
151
229
250
1,986
100
36
12
1,955
132
146
56
16,342
16,416
Brought forward.
Aboriginal Tribes.
Gonds...
Sooras ...
Khonds...
Coles...
Binjhwals...
Kams...
Pabs...
Other hill tribes
...
16,416
2,943
1,503
131
50
313
89
386
1,585
Total of aboriginal tribes ...
7,000
Grand Total.
2,3416