NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
40
Name, number, rank and Regiment.
Date of death.
Date of
examination of
bile.
Bacillus typhosus in bile.
No. 5926 Pte. H., Lincoln. Regiment 8th September 1907 12th September 1907
—
No. 569 L/C. D. L., 2nd Rifle Bri-
gade.
10th September 1907 13th September 1907
+
No. 4013 Pte. K. A. Sqd., 10th
Royal Hussars.
16th September 1907 19th September 1907
—
No. 10924 Gr. G. F., 8th By.,
R. F. A.
25th September 1907 28th September 1907
+ +
No. 15531 Gr. D., No. 90th Coy.,
R. G. A.
29th September 1907 3rd October 1907 .
+
No. 9102 L/C. S. G., 1st Durham
L. I.
7th October 1907 . 9th October 1907 .
—
No. 6948 Pte. S. W.
.
.
. 6th October 1907 . 11th October 1907 .
—
No. 6039 Pte. F., 1st Lincoln. Regi-
ment.
14th October 1907 . 20th October 1907 .
—
No. 8365 S/C. W. S., 2nd E. Surrey . 20th October 1907 . 24th October 1907 .
+
+ +
We have not received any samples of bile from enteric fever cases in the
civil hospitals.
In addition to the examination of bile from fatal cases of enteric fever,
cultivations from the bile of fatal cases of other diseases are being made, in order
to determine with what frequency the bacillus typhosus is found in the bile of
individuals who have no history at all or no recent history of having passed
through an attack of enteric. The results of these observations will be pub-
lished in a subsequent report as at the date of writing only a few samples of bile
have been received from cases which have died from other causes than enteric
fever.
X.—THE SAPROPHYTIC EXISTENCE OF THE BACILLUS TYPHO-
SUS AND PARATYPHOSUS OUTSIDE THE HUMAN BODY.
The experiments on this subject are still in progress and will be recorded in
full in a future report. A few of the completed investigations are dealt with in
this report.
It is important to know whether or not under natural conditions in India the
bacillus typhosus has or has not a prolonged existence outside the human body.
We found that if urine and fæces containing bacillus typhosus, either
naturally or artificially infected, be allowed to stand at room temperature, 80° F.,
protected from sun, the bacilli very rapidly die out. Urine which contained.
4 1
about 60,000,000 bacilli per c.c. was found to be sterile at the end of 72 hours.
Also a sample of fæces from a native suffering from enteric fever which contained
B. typhosus in practically pure culture was allowed to stand at room temperature
protected from the sun, and at the end of 96 hours it was found that the B.
typhosus had died out.
The general trend of the observations shows that the conditions met with
outside the human host are not favourable to the prolonged existence of the B.
typhosus and therefore the persistence of the disease cannot be explained by a
hypothesis that postulates long extra-corporeal existence of the bacilli. The
chief value of these experiments is that they define by exclusion the conditions
necessary for the prolonged life of the parasite. It is brought home to us more
clearly that conditions outside the human body cannot favour the growth of the
parasite ; at the best they can act only as channels of communication, and these
channels will soon dry up unless fed from the reservoir, the human host.
The following table shows the result of allowing urine from a case of enteric
fever containing many bacilli to stand at room temperature, 80º F., protected
from the sun :—
No. of
experi-
ment.
Name,
number, Regiment of
patient.
Date of
passing sample of
urine.
Date of
examination of
urine.
Number of
colonies of bacillus
typhosus.
I. S., No, 8089, Oxford
L. Infantry.
13th June 1907
. 13th June 1907
. 36,000,000 per c.c.
Ditto
.
.
Ditto
. 16th June 1907, 72
hours.
Sterile.
II.
Ditto
.
. 14th June 1907
. 14th June 1907
. 30,000,000 per c.c.
Ditto
. 16th June 1907, 72
hours.
Sterile.
III.
Ditto
. . 15th June 1907
. 15th June 1907
. 62,000,000 per c.c.
16th June 1907, 24
hours.
1,000,000 per c.c.
17th June 1907, 48
hours.
100,000 per c.c.
18th June 1907, 72
hours.
Sterile.
IV.
Ditto
. . 16th June 1907
. 16th June 1907
. 60,000,000 per c.c.
17th June 1907, 24
hours.
29,060 per c.c.
18th June 1907, 48
hours.
Sterile.
G
42
The following table shows the result of allowing fæces containing, many
bacilli to stand at room temperature, 85° F., protected from the sun:—
Name, number, Regiment
of patient.
Date of passing sample
of fæces.
Date of examination
of fæces.
Bacillus typhosus
in fæces.
Sepoy G. Rao, 114th
Mahratta Light Infan-
try, Poona.
19th September 1907
19th September 1905
.
+ +
+
20th ditto
.
.
+ +
21st ditto
.
.
+ +
23rd ditto
.
.
+ +
24th ditto
.
.
—
26th ditto
.
.
—
27th ditto
.
.
—
Large numbers of B.
Coli.
The following table shows the duration of life of B. typhosus in normal
European fæces kept at room temperature, 80°F., protected from sun:—
Amount of fæces.
Amount of B. typhosus added.
No. of days
after infection of
fæces.
B. typhosus in fæces.
5 grms. emulsified in normal
salt solution,
One loopful of an emulsion .
5
+
Ditto
.
.
D i t t o
. .
1 0
—
Ditto
.
.
D i t t o
. .
14
—
Ditto
.
.
D i t t o
.
.
21
—
The following table shows the duration of life of the B. typhosus in sewage
effluent kept at room temperature (80°F,) and protected from light:—
Source.
Amount of effluent.
Amount of
bacillus typhosus
added.
Days after
infection of
effluent.
B. typhosus
in
effluent.
Meerut septic tank .
. One test tube full . One loopful
.
5
+
Ditto
.
.
D i t t o
.
Ditto
.
17
—
Ditto
.
.
Ditto
.
D i t t o
.
23
—
43
The following experiments were made in order to determine the effect of the
Indian sun on the B. typhosus in articles of clothing.
A piece of used dirty cotton sheeting and a piece of used dirty coloured
blanket of Indian make were soaked with the fresh urine of case No. 645, S.,
containing 60,000,000 bacilli per c.c.
The pieces of material were dried in the air, and each divided into two
portions.
One piece of each was laid on a wall and exposed to the July sun at
Kasauli for two hours. The other halves were put in a dark cupboard in Petri
dishes. Immediately after exposure to the sun, about a square inch of cloth
and blanket were put in bile medium and incubated for 24 hours.
On plating the result was
—
Cloth sheet
.
.
. . No typhoid colonies.
Blanket .
.
.
.
. A few do.
The cloth plate was nearly sterile, and the blanket plate had many coli like
colonies.
Forty-eight hours later they were again cultivated in bile and plated, with an
exactly similar result.
The previously sunned blanket was then exposed to the sun for a further
period of six hours, being turned over twice.
On cultivation and planting, no typhoid colonies were recovered and the plate
shewed only a very few coli like colonies.
As far as this one experiment goes, it seems that typhoid bacilli are killed in
thin white cotton by two hours' exposure to an Indian sun, and it takes an expo-
sure of between two and six hours to destroy them in a thick dark coloured
blanket.
The unsunned cloth and blanket were kept in the cupboard for six days and
cultivated and plated as above. They showed—
Cloth sheet
.
.
.
. Very many typhoid colonies.
Blanket .
.
.
.
.
Ditto.
They were cultivated and plated again 17, 20, and 25 days after infection with
the following results :—
17 days .
. .
.
. No typhoid colonies.
20 ,,
.
. .
.
.
Ditto.
25 „
.
.
.
. .
D i t t o .
So that within 17 days typhoid bacilli had died out of the above typhoid
urine soaked cloth and blanket kept in a cupboard.
G 2
44
Experiment to note the effect of the exposure to the sun of a blanket soiled
with fæces from an enteric case.
A further experiment was undertaken to test the duration of life of B.
typhosus on a blanket soiled with fæces from a case of enteric in a native ; the
fæces contained enormous numbers of bacilli. The experiments were carried out
at Poona.
Half a gramme of fæces of Sepoy G. Rao was spread on a blanket, a similar
piece of blanket being spread on the top. This was placed in a sterile Petri dish.
The dish was placed on the window sill and exposed to the light from dawn to
dusk and to direct sunlight from 10 A.M. to 3 P.M. The experiment was con-
tinued from 23rd September 1907 to 1st October 1907. A portion of the fæces
was removed from the blanket with a portion of the blanket adherent. This was
emulsified in 0.5 c.c. normal salt solution with care. The emulsion was drawn
up in a pipette and transferred to a Drigalski Conradi plate.
The following table shows the result of the experiment :—
Article.
Date of observation.
Date of passing fæces.
B. TYPHOSUS IN BLANKET.
Before exposure
to sun.
After exposure
to sun.
Blanket soiled with fæces
of enteric fever case (G.
Rao).
23rd September 1907 23rd September 1907
+ + +
. . .
26th ditto
.
...
...
+
28th ditto
.
. . .
. . .
—
1st October 1907 .
...
. . .
—
Experiment to note the effect of exposing a blanket soiled with fæces from a case
of a man excreting B. typhosus in considerable numbers ( a " chronic bacilli
carrier" ).
Small portions (1 sq. c.m.) of ordinary Indian blanket were soaked in an
emulsion of fæces of Pte. H. The fæces contained numerous bacilli. The
blanket was exposed to the sun daily for fixed periods. After certain intervals
1 sq. c.m. of the blanket was carefully emulsified in 1 c.c. of sterile normal salt
and this was plated on large Drigalski Conradi plates in the usual way. The
presence or absence of B. typhosus in the plates was noted. The temperature
45
in the sun during the experiment varied from 85° Fahr. to 95° Fahr. The ex-
periment was conducted at Kasauli in the month of October.
The following table shows the details of the experiment :—
Source of fæces and article
infected.
Date of observation.
Period of exposure
to sun.
B. typhosus in blanket.
Blanket soaked in emulsion
of fæces of Pte. H.
Case No. 1, Table I of Ap-
pendix.
29th October 1907
.
+ +
(Before exposure.)
3 hrs. 15 mins.
.
+ +
30th ditto
. . 6 hrs. . . .
+
31st ditto
. . 3 hrs. 15 mins.
.
—
1st November 1907 . 4 hrs. . .
.
—
Sterile.
Remarks.—This experiment again shows that B. typhosus is readily de-
stroyed in articles soiled with enteric fæces even when exposed to a compara-
tively low sun temperature.
In order to estimate the bactericidal action of the sun on B. typhosus in
various kinds of cloth a series of experiments were undertaken. An emulsion
of B. typhosus in unsterilised urine was made. The cloth was cut up into small
squares, each measuring exactly 1 sq. c.m. They were dipped into the urine.
The number of typhoid bacilli in 1 sq. c.m. of cloth was estimated before expo-
sure to the sun. This was done by washing the piece of cloth very carefully in
1 c.c. of sterile normal salt solution and then a measured quantity of this was
planted out on Drigalski Conradi plates and the number of colonies counted.
The small portions of cloth were then exposed to the sun. After certain fixed
intervals small pieces of cloth were removed and the number of colonies esti-
mated. In this way it was possible to determine the exposure necessary in
order to destroy the B. typhosus in articles of clothing when exposed to the
Indian sun. With each article a control experiment was done by keeping the
cloth in a dark cupboard protected from the sun's rays. The experiments are
at present in progress, but one of the completed experiments is given below to
illustrate the rapid destructive action of the sun on the B. typhosus in articles of
clothing.
46
The following experiment shows the result of exposing white drill contami-
nated with bacillus typhosus to the sun at Kasauli :—
DATE OF
OBSERVA-
TION.
Nature of
cloth.
NUMBER OF COLONIES OF B. TYPHOSUS IN WASHINGS OF 1 SQ. C.M. OF
CLOTH IN 1 C.C. STERILE NORMAL SALT SOLUTION.
Before
exposure to
sun.
AFTER EXPOSURE TO SUN FOR
3 0 m i n u t e s .
6 0 m i n u t e s .
1 2 0 m i n u t e s .
1 5 0 m i n u t e s .
1 8 0 m i n u t e s .
2 0 0 m i n u t e s .
Temperature.
28th Sep-
tember,
1907.
White
drill.
10.15 A.M.
240,000.
1000
5 nil. nil. nil. nil. 105° F. sun.
92° F. shade.
2nd experiment : no
typhoid bacilli found
at 60 minutes.
The following experiment shows the result of keeping white drill contami-
nated with B. typhosus in a cupboard protected from the sun :—
Date of observation.
Nature of clothin.
Number of colonies of bacillus
typhosus in washings of 1 sq. c.m.
of cloth in 1c.c. normalsaline.
4th October 1907
.
. White dril
.
.
240,000
10th October 1907
.
.
......
25,000
14th October 1907
. .
......
Sterile.
From a general consideration of the above experiments we are led to the
conclusion that the B. typhosus under natural Indian conditions has a very limit-
ed life outside the human host. Our previous observations have shown that in-
side the body of the host it may have a very prolonged existence, because it
finds favourable conditions for its life. Hence in preventive measures the human
host should be primarily considered.
47
XI.—GENERAL CONCLUSIONS.
1. Enteric Convalescents.—Our investigations have shown that a certain
percentage of cases of enteric fever remain infective for a long time. In order to
detect such cases the urine and fæces of all convalescents should be submitted to
a careful daily bacteriological examination for a prolonged period. By this
means it will be possible to state when men are free from bacilli and safe to re-
turn to their units.
2. Enteric Orderlies, —As has been shown in this report, a number of men
whilst in attendance on enteric fever cases contract the disease and some of them
so slightly that they do not report sick. A certain number of these orderlies
become " chronic bacilli carriers" and under the present system at the end of
the period of duty as enteric nursing orderlies, these men return to their units and
so take fresh foci of infection to their various stations. By creating a special
permanent body of trained men to nurse enteric patients a considerable danger as
regards the spread of enteric fever would be removed.
3. Men dealing with food supplies, e.g., in cookhouses, dairies, aerated
water and ice factories, etc. —As we have seen, epidemics of enteric fever can
be caused by men dealing with food supply while they are excreting the germ
of the disease. The elimination of this danger can be accomplished only by
a careful bacteriological examination of all men (European and Native) before
permitting them to be employed in connection with the preparation and distribu-
tion of articles of food and drink.
It will be seen from the above that the problem of the prevention of enteric
fever amongst the British troops in India is the detection and isolation of the
individual harbouring the bacillus typhosus.
49
PART II.
APPENDIX.
Table I.*
In this table are recorded the results of the daily observations made on a number of
convalescent enteric fever cases at Kasauli. The urine and fæces of each of the cases was
examined daily. During the investigations of these cases a large number of important facts
have been collected.
( V i d e
p a g e 8 , P a r t I , o f t h i s R e p o r t f o r d i s c u s s i o n o f r e s u l t s . )
As these observations have an important bearing on the prevention of enteric fever
in India, the attention of all those who have to deal with this difficult problem is particularly
directed to this table.
* In recording the results of the examination, the signs used have the following meaning :—
I. Fæces + = up to 10 colonies on 3rd plate.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
==
=
10.30
30.60
Over 60
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
2. Urine. If counted, the number of colonies (bacilli) per c.c. of urine is stated.
The method of plating the faces is described in the previous report.
50
TABLE I.
CONVALESCENT ENTERIC No. 1.
RANK—PRIVATE, No. 8364.
NAME—H.
REGIMENT — BEDFORDS.
DATE ON WHICH FEVER CEASED—8TH JUNE 1907.
ADMINISTRATION OF UROTROPINE (DATES AND DOSES)—GR. X TWICE DAILY FROM
6TH JUNE 1907 TO 18TH JULY 1907.
Date of
observation.
Widal reaction to Bacillus typhosus.
Bacillus typhosus in
10
20
40
80
Urine.
Number of bacilli per c.c.
Fæces
July 1907.
1 8
. . .
...
. . .
. . .
. . .
+ +
1 9
+
+
+
±
. . .
...
22
. . .
. . .
. . .
...
+
. . .
23
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
+
200,000 per c.c.
+ +
24
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
+
20,000 per c.c.
+ + +
25
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
+
200 per c.c.
+ + +
26
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
+
40,000 per c.c.
+ +
27
. . .
...
. . .
. . .
+
100,000 per c.c.
. . .
2.8
. . .
...
. . .
...
-
-
29
...
. . .
. . .
. . .
+
100,000 per c.c.
+
30
...
...
. . .
...
-
-
31
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
-
August 1907.
1
. . .
. . .
. . .
...
-
-
2
. . .
...
. . .
. . .
-
-
3
. . .
...
...
. . .
-
-
5
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
-
+
6
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
20,000 per c.c.
-
5
1
TABLE 1— continued.
CONVALESCENT ENTERIC No. 1— continued.
PTE. H.—continued.
Date of
observation.
Widal reaction to Bacillus typhosus.
Bacillus typhosus in
1 0 20
40
80
Urine.
Number of bacilli per c.c.
Fæces.
August I907—
contd.
8
+
+
±
-
- + +
9
. . .
...
. . .
...
-
. . .
1 1
...
...
. . .
. . .
-
-
12
...
. . .
. . .
. . .
- + + +
1 3
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
- + + +
14
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
+ +
1 5
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
- + +
1 6
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
+
17
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
+
1 8
. . .
...
. . .
...
- + +
1 9
...
. . .
. . .
. . .
- + +
20
...
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
+ +
21
. . .
...
. . .
. . .
-
+ + +
22
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
+ +
23
...
...
. . .
. . .
-
-
-
24
. . .
...
. . .
. . .
-
-
25
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
-
26
. . .
...
. . .
. . .
-
-
27
. . .
...
. . .
. . . .
-
-
28
. . .
...
...
...
-
-
29
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
+ +
30
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
+
31
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
- + +
September 1907.
1
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
-
2
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
-
3
...
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
-
H 2H 2
52
TABLE I— continued.
CONVALESCENT ENTERIC No. 1— continued.
PTE. H.—continued.
Date of
observation.
Widal reaction to Bacillus typhosus.
Bacillus typhosus in
10
20
40
80
Urine.
Number of bacilli per c.c.
Fæces.
September 1907—
contd.
.
4
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
-
5
...
...
. . .
...
-
+ +
6
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
+ + +
7
...
...
...
. . .
-
+
8
. . .
. . .
...
. . .
-
-
9
...
...
...
. . .
-
+
1 0
...
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
+
1 1
. . .
...
...
. . .
-
+
12
. . .
. . .
. . .
...
-
+
13
...
...
. . .
. . .
-
-
14
. . .
...
. . .
. . .
-
-
15
. . .
. . .
. . .
...
-
-
1 6
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
-
17
...
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
-
18
. . . ...
. . .
. . .
-
-
19
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
2 0
. . .
. . .
. . .
...
-
-
21
...
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
2 2
...
...
. . .
. . .
-
-
23
...
...
. . .
. . .
-
+
24
...
. . .
. . .
. . .
...
-
25
. . .
. . .
. . .
...
. . .
-
26
...
...
. . .
. . .
...
-
2 7
. . . ...
. . .
. . .
-
-
28
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
+
29
...
. . .
. . .
...
-
+
30
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
+ + +
53
TABLE I—continued.
CONVALESCENT ENTERIC No. 1—continued.
PTE. H .c o n t i n u e d .
Date of
observation.
Widal reaction to Bacillus typhosus.
Bacillus typhosus in
10
20
40
80
Urine.
Number of bacilli per c.c.
Fæces.
October 1907.
1 . . . ...
. . . ...
+ -
2
...
...
...
...
-
. . .
3
. . .
. . .
. . .
...
-
-
5
...
...
. . .
. . .
-
+ + + +
6
...
. . .
. . .
...
-
+ + +
7
. . .
...
. . .
. . .
-
+ + +
8
. . .
...
...
...
. . .
+ +
10
...
. . .
...
...
-
-
1 1
...
. . .
. . .
...
-
+ + + +
12
...
. . .
...
...
-
+ + +
13
. . .
...
...
. . .
-
+ +
14
...
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
-
15
. . .
. . .
...
. . .
-
+ +
16
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
. . .
1 7
. . .
. . .
. . .
...
. . .
-
18
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
+ + +
19
...
...
. . .
. . .
-
_
20
. . .
...
. . .
...
-
+ + +
21
...
. . .
...
. . .
-
+ + +
22
...
...
. . .
...
-
. . .
23
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
. . .
24
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
. . .
25
...
. . .
...
...
-
-
26
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
. . .
28
...
...
. . .
. . .
-
+ +
29
. . .
...
...
-
+ + + +
54
TABLE I —continued.
CONVALESCENT ENTERIC No. 1— concluded.
PTE. H.— concluded.
Date of
observation.
Widal reaction to Bacillus typhosus.
Bacillus typhosus in
10
20
40
80
Urine.
Number of bacilli per c.c.
Fæces.
October 1907—
contd.
30
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
. . .
31
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
. . .
November 1907.
1
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . . .
. . . .
+ + + +
4
. . .
. . .
. . .
...
-
-
6
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
+ +
8
. . .
...
...
...
-
+ + + +
9
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
+ +
1 0
...
. . .
. . .
...
-
+ + + +
1 1
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . . .
-
+ + + +
13
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . . .
-
+ + + +
14
. . .
. . .
. . .
...
-
-
1 5
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
+ + +
1 6
. . .
...
. . .
. . .
-
+ +
18
. . .
. . .
...
. . .
-
+ + + +
20
. . .
...
. . .
. . .
-
+ + + +
21
...
. . .
. . .
. . .
_
+ + + +
22
. . .
. . .
...
...
-
+ + +
23
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
-
24
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
. . .
25
. . .
. . .
. . . .
. . .
-
+ + + +
REMARKS.
In this case we have an example of a "chronic bacilli carrier." He was free from fever on the 6th
June, but it is shown that he is excreting bacilli in very large numbers in his fæces at the end of October,
nearly five months later. The man looks perfectly well. Such a man as this, returning to his regiment,
would be a focus of infection. If he were employed in a cookhouse, dairy, etc., he would e very liable to
55
-cause an epidemic of enteric. The sanitary conditions of the cookhouse or dairy might be perfect and the
source of such an epidemic would be very difficult to determine.
In November the fæces of this man contained enormous numbers of bacilli in pure culture. There
were several hundred colonies on the third Drigalski-Comadi plate. The danger of such a case in a regi-
ment requires no comment. This case should be very carefully studied by all those engaged in the preven-
tion of enteric fever.
56
TABLE I—continued.
CONVALESCENT ENTERIC No. 2.
RANK—PRIVATE, No. 6821.
NAME—W. L.
REGIMENT—BEDFORDS.
DATE ON WHICH FEVER CEASED—26TH JUNE 1907.
ADMINISTRATION OF UROTROPINE (DATES AND DOSES)—GR. X TWICE DAILY FROM
29TH JUNE 1907 TO 13TH JULY 1907.
Date of
observation.
Widal reaction to Bacillus typhosus.
Bacillus typhosus in
10
20
40
80
Urine.
Number of bacilli per c.c.
Fæces.
July 1907.
17
. . .
...
...
. . .
...
-
18
...
...
...
. . .
+ +
. . .
19
+
+
+
± ...
. . .
+
20
...
...
...
...
1,000 per c.c.
-
+
21
...
. . .
...
...
4,000 per c.c.
...
22
...
...
...
. . .
-
...
+
23
...
. . .
. . .
. . .
1,000,000 per c.c.
. . .
+
24
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
2 0 , 0 0 0 p e r c c . -
+
25
. . .
...
. . .
. . .
1,000 per c.c.
. . .
26
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
+
-
27
. . .
. . .
. . .
...
-
...
+
28
...
...
. . .
. . .
8,000,000 per c.c.
...
29
. . .
...
...
...
-
...
30
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
. . .
31
. . .
. . .
...
...
-
. . .
August 1907.
2
...
. . .
...
. . .
2 per c.c.
...
3
...
...
. . .
...
-
...
5
...
...
. . .
...
-
...
6
. . .
...
...
. . .
+
-
8
...
. . .
...
. . .
- -
9
+
+
±
-
-
. . .
1 0
...
...
. . .
...
-
. . .
57
TABLE I — continued.
CONVALESCENT ENTERIC No. 2— continued.
PTE. W. L.—continued.
Date of
observation.
Widal reaction to Bacillus typhosus.
Bacillus typhosus in
10
20
40
80
Urine.
Number of bacilli per c.c.
Fæces.
August 1907—
contd.
1 1
...
...
...
...
-
...
12
...
...
...
...
-
. . .
13
...
...
...
...
-
...
14
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
. . .
15
...
...
...
. . .
-
...
16
...
...
. . .
...
-
-
17
...
...
. . .
. . .
-
. . .
1 8 ...
...
...
. . .
-
22
...
...
...
. . .
-
...
23
...
...
...
...
-
-
+
24
...
...
...
...
1,000 per c. c.
. . .
25
. . . ...
...
...
+
...
26
. . . ...
. . .
....
-
-
27
...
...
...
...
-
-
28
. . . ...
. . .
...
-
-
29
...
...
...
. . .
-
. . .
...
+
30
...
...
. . .
. . .
1,000 per c. c.
...
31
...
...
...
...
-
-
September 1907.
1
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
-
2
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
-
3
...
...
...
...
-
-
4
. . .
...
...
...
-
-
5
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
-
6
...
...
...
...
-
-
7
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
-
-