NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
H. K.
LALL
205
TABLE II
Monthwise incidence of surra of each division of the Punjab and average monthly rainfall
Months
Lahore (average number
of cases).
Rawalpindi . . .
Multan . . .
Jullundur . . .
Ambala . . .
Total .
Rainfall . . .
Janu-
ary
27.5
2.6
3.5
1.6
8.6
43.8
1.27
Febru-
ary
11.5
1.4
2.4
2.2
5.6
23.1
1.57
March
7.1
.36
2.1
.8
12.2
22.56
1.21
April
7.1
.85
.57
.0
9.4
17.92
0.79
May
12.1
1.8
.7
.6
9.3
24.5
0.50
June
18.6
8.0
1.4
.4
21.2
49.6
2.25
July
67.1
22.3
6.4
3.0
88.5
187.3
7.07
August
115.5
38.4
14.7
11.4
173
353.0
7.15
Sep-
tember
27.2
63.0
304
27.0
195
387.4
2.70
Octo-
ber
475.2
55.2
26.0
36.6
130
723.0
0.28
Novem-
ber
298
44.3
23.7
28.6
67
461.6
0.07
Decem-
ber
115
9.0
6.8
15.0
16.4
162.2
0.52
Note discussed at, the Seventh Meeting of the Animal Husbandry Wing held at Lucknow.
** The figures indicating surra incidence for Ambala division have not been included in this graph.
† Average is based on the figures of years 1933-44 in case of Lahore and Rawalpindi, 1937-45 in case of Ambala, 1937, in case of Multan
and 1935-44 in case of Jullundur.
Fig. 5. Map of the Punjab showing various surra centres and geographical incidence.
H. K.
LALL
207
Provinces, however, in 1945-46 extensive ulticarial cruptions lasting for 12 hours were reported as
the after-result of antrypol treatment in the only case treated.
SUMMARY
The data of surra cases in the Punjab, for the year 1932-1944 has been analysed and its
seasonal and geographical distribution discussed the study of the relevant records in the Punjab
points to the facts that there is no quantitative relationship between the incidence of surra and
the annual rainfall, and that the incidence of the disease always increases after rainfall, indicating
the need of prophylactic treatment for one or two months following for summer monsoon.
There is a decline in the number of surra cases presented for treatment following the cessation
of the use of naganol, it appears that owners will forego treatment rather than submit to one which
causes some inconvenience; it, therefore, follows that simplicity of treatment should take pre-
cedence over the ultimate total effectiveness of the treatment or should at least be considered as
equally important to it.
REFERENCES
Basu, B. C. (1945). Ind. J. Vet. Sci. 15, 277
Taylor, W. (1936). Proc. Ani. Husb. Wing Meeting
Walker U.W.F. (1940). Proc. Bni. Husb. Wing Meeting
Disease Investigation Officers. Assam, Orissa, Hyderabad, Madras, Sind, United Provinces, Punjab, Kashmir.
Bombay, Central Provinces and North West Frontier Province, (1939-45). Reports
Disease Investigation Officer, Central Provinces, (1945-46). Report
A NEW METHOD FOR THE STUDY OF EXTENSION
IN WOOL FIBRE
By P. N. NANDA, M.R.C.V.S., and TARLOK SINGH, B. Sc. (HONS.), M. Sc., Government Livestock
Farm, Hissar
(Received for publication on 6 May 1946)
(With plate III and one text figure)
S TRENGTH and elasticity form two of the most important qualities of wool, as the strength and
weaving properties of the fabric are dependent upon them. Whether a fabric is fine or coarse, it
must handle elastic and lofty. The term elasticity, as applied to wool, denotes the power is
possesses to assume its normal condition after being subjected to stress. Its exact determination
may be made by the measure of the limit upto which the fibre extends when under stress.
For the measurement of strength in wool fibres, Oneill Hair Tester, originally devised by Charles
Oneill [1863] is being used in this Farm Laboratory and it is described in detail in the Textile Journal.
As regards extension, however, very little information is available. In the course of our experiments
on the measurement of fibre strength, we were able to introduce a subsidiary contrivance within the
apparatus without altering it in any way. With the help of this contrivance, it is possible to measure
the maximum length to which a fibre or a portion of the fibre extends before it snaps.
The contrivance, as shown in Figs. 1-3, consists of the following four parts:
(i) The support, a thin cylindrical piece of wood about half an in. long, having a longitudinal
hole in the centre, which goes as deep as its middle (Fig. 1). The support is tied to the cork of the
float of the tester with the help of a thread as shown in Plate III. The lower end of the support is
made to remain above the level of the water when the float is freely and vertically suspended in it.
(ii) The rider consisting of a piece of fine metallic wire bent at right angles at both ends, one
arm being longer than the other (Fig. 2). The shorter arm fits into the hole of the
support while the longer arm carries the index at its end.
(iii) The index, a crescent shaped metallic piece, the inner curvature of which is the same
as the curvature of the outer tube of the tester (Fig. 3). It has a hole in the middle
in which the end of the longer arm of the rider is fixed. The index moves along the
scale.
(iv) The scale marked in inches (1/10th) on an ordinary piece of white paper, which is rendered
water-proof by giving it a dip in hot paraffin. The scale is pasted on the outer surface
of the cylinder of the tester at its upper end.
Figs. 1-3. Parts Oneill Hair Tester 1—The support, 2—The rider, 3—The index.
209
N
Indian J. Vet. Sci., Vol. 17, Part III]
PLATE III
Upper part of the Oneill Hair Tester showing the subsidiary contrivance.
A, Support; B, Rider; C, Index; D, Ring; E, Fibre
P. N. NANDA AND TARLOK SINGH 211
drawn at random, mounted on paper mounts, and tested for extension. Sample No. 2 was then
handled in a similar way, making a total of 12 trials in both the samples. Results are given in Table I.
Conclusions regarding the consistency of the data were drawn from these results by applying the
analysis of variance according to the method suggested by Fisher [1941]. Assuming that every
set of ten fibres represented the bulk population to which it belonged, and the fibres used in every
set or trial were uniform as regards their characteristics, the results obtained can be considered as
reliable.
TABLE I
Extension per unit inch
Sample
No.
1
2
Fibre No.
Trial No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total .
Trial No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total .
1
0.35
0.20
0.36
0.40
0.20
0.33
1.84
0.40
0.45
0.22
0.39
0.42
0.40
2.28
2
0.38
0.40
0.23
0.42
0.39
0.29
2.11
0.38
0.43
0.42
0.42
0.44
0.45
2.54
3
0.30
0.29
0.42
0.38
0.35
0.41
2.15
0.40
0.35
0.48
0.34
0.38
0.44
2.39
4
0.23
0.29
0.39
0.41
0.35
0.30
1.97
0.38
0.40
0.36
0.40
0.40
0.40
2.34
5
0.32
0.40
0.40
0.45
0.37
0.42
2.36
0.40
0.42
0.35
0.45
0.38
0.40
2.40
6
0.40
0.31
0.36
0.48
0.37
0.35
2.27
0.23
0.46
0.48
0.40
0.38
0.44
2.39
7
0.30
0.40
0.26
0.43
0.36
0.43
2.18
0.33
0.50
0.44
0.40
0.32
0.40
2.39
8
0.41
0.41
0.25
0.35
0.37
0.35
2.14
0.45
0.44
0.40
0.37
0.38
0.47
2.51
9
0.38
0.31
0.36
0.37
0.25
0.40
2.07
0.40
0.39
0.50
0.34
0.40
0.38
2.41
10
0.45
0.36
0.35
0.34
0.25
0.39
2.14
0.37
0.40
0.41
0.37
0.40
0.42
2.37
Total
3.52
3.37
3.38
4.03
3.26
3.67
21.23
3.74
4.24
4.06
3.88
3.90
4.20
24.02
TABLE II
Analysis of variance—sample No. 1
Source
Between trials
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Within trials . . . . . . . . .
Total .
D.F.
5
54
59
S.S.
0.0390
0.2008
0.2398
M.S.
0.0078
0.0037
0.0040
Z
..
0.373
..
The value of Z being non-significant, shows that there is homogenity in the data of Sample No. I
with a total variance of 0.0040.
TABLE III
Analysis of variance—sample No. 2
Source
Between trials
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Within trials . . . . . . . . .
Total .
D.F.
5
54
59
S.S.
0.0193
0.1351
0.1544
M.S.
0.0038
0.0025
0.0026
Z
..
0.209
..
212
Study of Extension in Wool Fibre
The value of Z, being non-significant, shows that the whole set of 60 observations is of homo-
genous composition with a total variance of 0.0026. The same result was obtained in case of sample
No. 1.
It is, therefore, established that the method gave similar results with both trials. Slight fluc-
tuations in readings may be partly attributed to atmospheric variations and partly to the fibre charac-
teristic variation. The experiment was conducted under room temperature, facilities for conditioning
the samples being not available.
(b) Trials by different observers. The question next arises whether or not the method can be
reliably used by other workers. This point was also investigated in the manner noted below.
A small portion, representative of the bulk, was further separated from sample No. 2 referred to
above. This was divided into five lots each consisting of approximately 10-20 fibres. It is not
difficult to judge the number of fibres in small samples by experience. From each lot, a set of ten
fibres was drawn out at random and the five sets so obtained were allotted to five different observers,
three of them being research workers including one mathematician and two laboratory boys. They
were asked to break the fibres independently and note down the extension results.
Tables IV-V show the results and their Analysis of variance:—
TABLE IV
Extension per unit inch
(Obtained by different observers)
Fibre No.
1 . . .
2 . . .
3 . . .
4 . . .
5 . . .
6 . . .
7 . . .
8 . . .
9 . . .
10 . . .
Total .
Observers
1
e.43
0.43
0.45
0.37
0.45
0.45
0.41
0.40
0.36
0.20
3.95
2
0.31
0.31
0.38
0.36
0.39
0.45
0.38
0.39
0.51
0.40
3.88
3
0.47
0.45
0.40
0.33
0.41
0.45
0.30
0.42
0.45
0.34
4.02
4
0.45
0.40
0.39
0.42
0.40
0.43
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.41
4.10
5
0.40
0.38
0.40
0.38
0.40
0.23
0.33
0.45
0.40
0.37
3.74
Total
2.06
1.97
2.02
1.86
2.05
2.01
1.82
2.06
2.12
1.72
19.69
TABLE V
Analysis of variance
Source
Between observers . . . . . . . . . . . .
Within observers . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total .
D.F.
4
45
49
S.S.
0.0075
0.1493
0.1568
M.S.
0.00187
0.00331
0.0032
Z
..
0.285
..
The value of Z obtained by this analysis is not significant. There is thus no evidence to conclude
that the data are inconsistent and the observers obtained significantly different results. In other
words the different workers can also operate at the apparatus with uniform results.
P. N.
NANDA
AND
TARLOK
SINGH
213
SUMMARY
A subsidiary contrivance has been devised and added to Oneill Hair Tester. Besides strength,
the apparatus can now be used for the measurement of extension of the wool fibres.
The contrivance described is simple and records extension on a magnified scale.
It gives consistent results which are independent of personal errors.
REFERENCES
Osumi, Gohachi and Kato, Etsuro. (1937). J. Text. Inst., 28, T 129
Oneill, Charles (1863). J. Text. Inst. 15, 282
Fisher (1941). Statistical Methods for Research Workers, 221
ABSTRACTS
A Case of Brucellosis (Aboratus fever) M. S. H. Mody (1945)
Ind. Med. Gaz. LXXXI (4-5)
A BRUCELLOSIS infection is described in a 43 years old patient at Poona. Agglutination titre was 1 in 200 on
one occasion and when repeated a fortnight later it was 1 in 500. Illness lasted for 17 weeks. Although the
author is aware that infection is generally contracted from, bovines, he does not state the source of infection
in this particular case.
H. K. L.]
A Case of Brucellosis (Aboratus fever) R. Bhuyan and R. C. Barua (1947)
Ind. Med. Gaz. LXXXII, 24
A N INFECTION of 10½ year old Punjabee girl, who had come to Assam after spending a three months' holiday in
the Punjab, is described. The patient's serum had a titre of 1: 5000 to Brucella and the organism was recovered
on culture. The W. B. C. and R. B. C. counts were 3,600 and 4,460,000 per c.m.m. respectively. The chief symp-
toms were undulant fever, painful swelling of left wrist joint, headache and poor appetite. Speculative treatment
before diagnosis with injections of urea stibamine and Penicillin were of no avail; T. A. B. shocks (4 injections at
intervals of four days) and pentavalent antimony preparation after the diagnosis were also found to be ineffective.
After 15 weeks of illness, natural recovery occurred. The authors consider the case to be an imported one, as
aboratus fever is unknown as an indigenous disease in Assam.
(Brucellosis in organized farms in Assam has been found to the extent of 20 per cent. of the tested cattle and
goats associated with an abortion rate of 2 to 6 per cent.) [H. K. L.]
REVIEW
A preliminary Review of the use of penicillin in Veterinary Practice
BY IMPERIAL CHEMICAL (PHARMACEUTICALS) LTD., ALDERLY EDGE, MANCHESTER, AUGUST 1946, PP 32
A REVIEW of the experience gained date of Penicillin in veterinary practice has been published in a booklet
by Imperial Chemical (Pharmaceuticals) Ltd., Alderley Edge, Manchester for issue to veterinary surgeons.
The information has been obtained from published and private reports from America, Canada, Australia and other
countries. It contains a list of 83 references.
215
MGIPC—M—III-1-11—18-6-48—520.
IV]
RAM
NARAIN
MOHAN
219
Herd
9
10
11
12
13
Locality
Dacca . .
24-Parganas .
Dacca . .
Dist. 24-Parganas
Ditto . .
Breed
Buffalo . . .
Mainly Hariana .
Ditto . .
Mixed Indian .
Sahiwal, Hariana,
Tharparkar
Date of
Test
8-9-43
19-11-43
9-1-44
25-2-44
24-8-44
25-8-44 }
30-8-44
Number
tested
17
25
31
49
65
Total 739
Reactions.
Positive
..
..
..
18
10
194
Doubt-
ful
..
..
2
3
2
21
Negative
17
25
29
28
53
524
History of abortion, etc., and
other remarks
Practically no abortions.
Abortions very rare ; one just
before test.
Abortions practically unknown
until a couple of cows calved
prematurely and one aborted
some time before test.
Same as in Herd No. 5.
A few infrequent abortions and
allied troubles.
The three
bulls tested proved negative.
SUMMARY
Results of 739 agglutination tests for Brucellosis conducted in 13 dairy herds in Bengalare
presented. Brucella infection was definitely established in only eight herds. One of the two
buffalo herds examined was found positive with over 30 per cent reactors. The results corresponded
well with history of abortions, etc. While the incidence of abortions and percentage of reactors
were comparatively high in bigger commercial and other herds welcoming frequent additions, these
were low or nil in many smaller self·contained herds. Majority of the herds in Bengal belong to the
latter class.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Herds Nos. 1, 2 and 3 were tested at Mukteswar through blood serum sent by my predecessors
Messrs M. B. Menon and Balwant Singh. The paper includes some records left by them as well as
some information kindly supplied by Mr. J. B. Polding, formerly Research Officer, Contagious Abor-
tion, Mukteswar, with regard to Herd No. 4, which was tested by him when he visited Bengal.
REFERENCE
Polding J. B. (1943). Indian J. Vet. Sci. 13, 27.
IV]
V. R. BHALERAO et al
223
TABLE II
Chemical Characteristics of the fats fed and the undigested fat remaining in the stomach
Sample
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Fat used
Cow Butter fat . .
Buffalo Butter fat .
Goat Butter fat
. .
Sheep Butter fat . .
Cow body fat . .
Buffalo body fat . .
Sheep body fat . .
Goat body fat . .
Cocoanut oil . .
Sesame oil . .
Safflower oil . .
Groundnut oil . .
Cotton seed oil . .
Mustard oil . . .
Groundnut Vanaspathi .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Sesame Vanaspati .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Cottonseed vanaspathi .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Melting
point
°C
36.5
36.3
34.3
35.4
49.6
52.3
49.6
49.4
27.6
..
..
..
..
..
34.1
37.0
39.0
37.1
38.7
39.3
35.5
37.3
38.5
B. R. Reading at
40°C.
Original
43.5
42.3
40.7
45.2
45.4
44.4
46.2
46.3
35.6
59.3
60.5
56.2
60.0
60.2
54.6
52.9
51.7
50.6
50.4
50.0
52.3
51.1
51.0
Undiges-
ted
47.8
47.5
47.4
51.5
48.3
49.4
54.6
51.7
39.8
69.9
72.3
61.8
68.6
68.8
59.6
59.8
55.8
55.9
55.1
54.9
56.1
54.4
53.3
Iodine value
Original
36.5
32.8
27.2
35.9
29.7
31.2
36.1
32.4
8.2
101.9
112.8
87.5
99.3
99.2
78.7
73.5
69.8
68.4
65.3
62.6
63.8
68.1
67.8
Undiges-
ted
31.5
30.7
23.7
32.1
27.7
24.1
32.0
25.3
12.1
70.9
69.0
67.3
59.1
60.4
59.1
57.7
56.5
65.1
60.2
50.7
54.9
66.2
66.9
Saponification value.
Original
220.6
224.6
231.0
221.8
203.6
191.6
197.5
198.9
259.0
190.6
192.0
190.5
191.6
170.9
199.0
198.2
197.4
191.3
189.6
187.5
193.7
189.3
190.9
Undiges-
ted
200.5
205.0
228.7
214.6
192.4
191.2
191.6
198.7
231.4
184.9
184.0
187.2
188.9
197.0
191.7
187.4
189.9
186.2
183.9
185.9
194.0
187.4
179.5
Reichert Meissel
value.
Original
25.7
29.6
25.3
25.0
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Undiges-
ted
18.2
17.8
18.0
18.8
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
It is also seen from Table II, that there is a lowering in the saponification value and Reichert-
Meissel value of the butter fats. Though the differences are not large, there is an indication that
the short chain fatty acids are more readily absorbed than the long chain fatty acids. There is not
so much lowering in the iodine value as in the case of oils or vanaspathies indicating preferential ab-
sorption in the gastro-intestinal tract of the short chain acids as compared to the unsaturated acids
in case of butter fats. The presence of lower fatty acids in the butter fats is a probable explanation
of their quicker absorption as compared to the other fats. Cocoanut oil also behaves in the same way
as butter fats, as is seen from the fact that the saponification value of the residual fat is lowered
considerably from 259.0 to 231.4 indicating a quicker absorption of the lower acids. In case of
the body fats there is no definite indication except the fact that the unsaturated acids are absorbed
proportionately more as evident from the slight lowering of the iodine value of the undigested fat.
There is a marked change in the nature of edible oils during the digestion. The iodine value is almost
reduced to two-thirds in all the oils except cocoanut oil. This leads to the conclusion that the un-
saturated acids, namely oleic and linoleic, are more readily digested than the saturated acids.
224
Rate
of Absorption of Oils and Fats
[XVII
The lowering of absorption of the oils by hydrogenation may be explained by chemical changes
that are brought about during the process. The linoleic acid is converted to oleic and iso-oleic acid
and finally into stearic acid, thus the proportion of oleic and linoleic acids gradually decrease with a
proportionate increase in the stearic acid content. This lowering of the unsaturated acid contents
in the fat is probably responsible for the lowering of its rate of absorption.
It is thus seen from the results that the short chain fatty acids and the unsaturated acids,
particularly oleic and linoleic acids, are more readily absorbed than the long chain saturated fatty
acids in four hours absorption period.
SUMMARY
The realtive rate of absorption of cow, buffalo, goat and sheep butter fats, the body fats of cow,
buffalo, goat and sheep, the vegetable oils, cocoanut, sesame, groundnut, cottonseed, safflower and
mustard, the hydrogenated groundnut oils of melting points of 34.1°C., 37.0°C. and 39.0°C., the hydro-
genated sesame oils of melting points of 37.1°C., 38.7°C., 39.3°C. and the hydrogenated cottonseed
oils of melting points of 35.5°C., 37.3°C. and 38.5°C. were determined after four hours by feeding
1.5 c.c. of each fat. The undigested fats in the alimentary canal were also examined for their chemical
characteristics.
It was found that sesame oil and cocoanut oils were absorbed at the same rate as cow butter
fat, while sheep butter fat, safflower oil, groundnut oil and cottonseed oil were absorbed somewhat
more slowly, but the absorption was not significantly less than that of cow ghee. All the body fats
and hydrogenated oils were significantly less absorbed as compared with cow ghee. It was also found
that hydrogenation lowered the rate of absorption of an oil.
It is suggested that the short chain fatty acids are more readily absorbed than the long chain
fatty acids and among the long chain fatty acids, the unsaturated acids are more readily absorbed
than the saturated acids.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to express their thanks to the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research for
their grant to carry out the above work and to Dr K. C. Sen for his kind interest in the work.
REFERENCES
Basu, K. P. and Nath, H. P. (1946). Ind. J. Med. Res. 34, 19.
Irwin, M. H., Steenbock, H. and Templin, V. M. (1936). J. Nutrition, 12, 85.
Steenbock, H., Irwin, M. H. and Weber, J. (1936). J. Nutrition, 12, 103.
IV]
F. D. AIBRA AND H.
LAXIMINARATANA
229
3. The anomalies found between different utensils and between plate counts and resazurin reduc-
tion have been discussed and the practical utility of the dye reduction test for application under
commercial conditions indicated.
4. The resazurin test in the present form has not been found useful for examining receiving tank
and cooler.
REFERENCES
Barkworth, H. (1941). Dairy Industries, 6, 35 and 261
Chalmers, C. H.(1945). Bacteria in Relation to Milk Supply, Edw. Arnold, London
Davis, J. G. and Watson, D. W. (1943). Dairy Industries 8, 415
Jones, E. and Davis, J. G. (1944). Abstr. Proc. Soc. Agric. Bact. 38
Mattic, T. R. and Hoy, W. (1937). Bottle Washing and Bottle Washing Machines, Nat. Inst. Res. Dairy, Reading
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234
Comparative Study in the Use of Different Media
[ XVII
no sample showing five or more colonies on the solid media has given a negative test in MacConkey's
broth and similarly almost all the samples negative in MacConky's broth have also given a negative
test on the solid media.
TABLE I
Comparison of the results of presumptive coliform test in different media with those in Mac-
Conkey's broth as standard
Dilution
in ml.
100
—1
10
—2
10
—3
10
—4
10
—5
10
10 —6
100
—1
10
—2
10
—3
10
—4
10
—5
10
—6
10
Number of
samples
positive or
negative in
MacConkey's
broth
4
21
30+1*
23
13
8
6
2
7
14
16
12
..
2
Number of corresponding samples giving identical results in other media
Formate
ricinoleate
broth
3
21
29
21
12
8
6
2
6
12
14
12
..
1
Brilliant
green bile
broth
(Positive series.)
4
21
29
18+1*
11
8
5
(Negative series)
2
7
13
16
12
..
2
MacConkey's
agar
1
19
28
14
10
8
3
2
7
14
16
12
..
2
Endo's
agar
2
19
27
18
10
8
2
2
7
14
16
12
..
2
Eosin
methylene
blue agar
1
20
28
16
7
7
2
2
7
14
15
12
..
2
Violet red
bile agar
1*
20
27
16
10
8
1
2
6
14
16
12
..
2
* Doubtful.
N. B.—All the samples giving positive presumptive results including the two doubtful cases were positive
to the conformatory (completed) test.
A fairly good agreement seems to exist between the four solid media as far as the results of the
presumptive test are concerned. Very clear-cut results have been obtained on MacConkey's agar and
violet red bile agar, both of which showed well developed and typical colonies of coliform organisms
with very few gram-positive and other extraneous organisms growing on them. The intruding types
were generally found to be staphylococci, micrococci and corynebacteria. Although typical colonies
of coliforms were formed on the other two media (Endo's and eosin methyl blue agars), in many
instances the medium was found blown up due to gas production making it difficult to obtain an
accurate count on them. In the case of eosin methylene blue agar particularly, too many extra-
neous organisms (belonging to the types mentioned above) were found to be growing on the plates,
causing considerable difficulty in recognition and enumeration and also possibly interfering with
the development of coliform colonies.