P. N. NANDA AND H. K. LALL 227
The temperature was no guide to diagnosis. There was no rise in temperature ; but in quite
a few cases the temperature was subnormal. Some of the animals showed oedema of the sub-maxi-
llary space but it seemed to bear no relation to the stage of the disease in which the animal was, because
some animals had almost recovered and had this oedema just the same.
Lesions. The cattle were emaciated and some had lost hair round the flanks. What fat there
was seemed to be degenerated (gelatinous or myxomatous degeneration). On opening the abdominal
cavity oedematous fluid came out, its quantity varying from a few ounces to a gallon, though there
was none in some cases.
There were no lesions on the tongue, pharynx or oesophagous. Only in one case were there
some punched out ulcers in the pharyngeal region and on the mucous membrane of the oeso-
phagous. The rumen, reticulum and omasum did not show any lesions usually ; however, in one
case the rumen wall was very oedematous and thickened and showed an extensive haemorrhage on
its outer surface. The most characteristic lesions were present in the fourth stomach (Plate X, fig. 2).
In about 50 per cent of the cases there were some petechial haemorrhages in between and on the edges
of the folds. In some instances, however, when there was no oedema, there was very severe con-
gestion of abomasum with ulcers : such cases were few. On the whole of the inner surface of the
small intestine minute haemorrhages had occurred or the mucous membrane was so much congested
as to suggest a very severe enteritis. This congestion was patchy in the caecum giving the appearance
of zebra markings. By passing a finger over the surface of the intestines a whitish mucous would
collect on the edges of the finger. In some cases the whitish fluid was found in the intestine with
small particles of fibrin in it. The rectum was also congested in some. In one instance the rectum
was prolapsed to a minor degree. The tissues in the perineal region were also oedematous as were
the mesenteric lymph glands. In some cases there was slight peritonitis as well. The liver was appa-
rently normal, but on cutting into it, it bled easily ; the bile was very thick, dark and inspissated
and the gall bladder considerably distended in most of the cases. Whitish granular spots, not of
parasitic origin, were visible in the parenchyma of the pancreas. The kidneys were normal, apart
from showing congestion in some cases. The spleen was crenated but otherwise normal, and the
bladder was found dilated in some cases while contracted in others.
Some haemorrhagic areas were found in the lungs which bled easily on pressure in some cases.
The quantity of the fluid in the pericardial cavity was excessive and the fat round the coronary art-
eries was almost absent. Haemorrhages were found in a few cases on the myocardium and endo-
cardium.
The brain was congested and haemorrhages were to be seen in quite a number of cases,
the piameter covering the frontal lobes of the brain and the base of the brain was almost black. But
in quite a number of brains from animals that died due to other diseases blackishness of the piameter
was observed.
The spinal cord and the cerebrospinal fluid were normal macroscopically.
During the outbreak some other animals (more aged) which died from traumatic pericarditis
and generalized tuberculosis showed ulcers in the fourth stomach and the congestion of the brain
and the blackish piameter as seen in the Kherwan disease. It is possible that either the two condi-
tions co-existed or the older animals had got over the disease thus leaving only some scars of the
disease in their organs.
Etiology. The histopathology was studied at the Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, and
transmission experiments were also carried there as well as at Hissar. The results of the experiments
at the Imperial Veterinary Research Institute and the study of its histopathology will probably form
a separate paper to be published at a later date. A brief report on the histopathology of the disease
received from G. D. I. Section, Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, is included here for the sake
of completeness.
'The most important lesions are centred in the brain and spinal cord ; these consist in intense
congestion and occasional haemorrhage of capillaries throughout the brain and cord with some de-
position of blood pigment ; some degree of perivascular infiltration and necrosis and neuronophagia
of nerve cells.' In one case the meninges (piameter) of the spinal cord showed considerable oedema