NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
J. R. HADDOW AND J. A.
IDNANI
5
These results, considered as a whole, confirm the findings of Bennett, except that higher doses
are required for completely satisfactory results in susceptible hill-cattle and goats. No opportunity
for field trials presented itself, but we are of the opinion that for general purposes the method would
prove too expensive in goats, and by analogy possibly also in buffaloes although this species was not
available for experiment.
A further observation during the course of routine work was that line E or line D viruses, when
inoculated directly into goats or sheep, gave rise to much milder reactions that when goat virus was
used. In fact, in these animals it appeared that line D virus could be used as a vaccine. Thus, out
of six goats and four sheep inoculated directly with line D virus, all showed a mild thermal reaction
and, except one goat which died of other causes, all survived. Field trials are to be arranged.
RABBIT VIRUS VACCINE
Edwards [1924] reported that rinderpest could be transmitted to rabbits, but unfortunately
the strain obtained by him died out before final conclusions could be drawn as to its vaccinating
properties.
In earlier years, [Haddow (unpublished)] numerous unsuccessful attempts were made to confirm
Edwards' work, using line D and the fixed goat strain. Morcos [1931] tried to infect guinea-pigs,
rabbits, white rats and dogs with rinderpest virus, by feeding or inoculation. No attempt was made
to extend the scope of the experiments by transferring the virus from these animals into bovines.
No laboratory animal used by him is reported to have contracted rinderpest. Inoue [1934] passaged
a laboratory strain of bovine rinderpest virus to rabbits up to the 50th generation. Nakamura,
Wagatuma and Fukusho [1938] carried out extensive systematic studies on the effect of serial passage
of rinderpest virus in rabbits. They concluded that the virus was reduced in virulence for cattle,
and after the 100th passage test calves often survived after developing more or less distinct symptoms.
FIG. 1.—Rabbit passage 59.
6
Vaccination Against Rinderpest
When a newly-isolated epidemic strain became available to us, fresh efforts were made to passage
it in rabbits. In two attempts success was immediately achieved. Transmission was started by
inoculating 5 c.c. blood subcutaneously and intra-venously to two pairs of rabbits. The pair ino-
culated intravenously gave the most marked reaction. Three cubic centimetres of pooled blood
from all four rabbits was subinoculated subcutaneously into a pair of rabbits. Subsequent passages
were carried out with pooled blood subcutaneously into two rabbits. As with previous successful
attempts, the only symptom in the rabbit was a rise of temperature on third or fourth day, which
was not very marked in the first few passages but later was always distinct (Fig. 1). The temperature
fell after two to four days and the rabbits invariably recovered. As the work progressed, it was
discovered that rabbits four or five months old are much the best material for passage, older rabbits
giving variable reactions. The virus may persist in the blood for fourteen days and in the spleen
for twelve days, though the virus is not present in large quantity. Simultaneously we repeated the
experiments with lines D and W, but with entirely negative results. We are therefore of the opinion
that, if transmission to rabbits is to be successful, it is essential to use a fully virulent strain.
The results of tests on bulls, goats and buffaloes are recorded in Table VI.
TABLE VI
Vaccination of bulls, goats and buffaloes with rabbit virus
No. of passage and material
1
Mixed
2 blood
3
3, 3 blood
4, 5 blood
mixed
8 Spleen
30 spleen
40 spleen
50
do.
50
do.
55 do.
60
spleen
70
do.
Time of collection
material and period
of storage
Fresh
22 days
18 days
14 days
Fresh,
bled days 3 & 4 resp.
Fresh,
bled day 32 & 28
resp.
fresh 5th day
fresh 5th day
fresh 5th day
do.
5th day spleen stored
9 days in refrigera-
tor
fresh 5th day
do.
fresh 5th day
do.
Dose
1 c.c.
1 c.c.
1 c.c.
2 c.c.
1 c.c.
1:100
do.
do.
do.
20 c.c.
1:100
do.
5 c.c.
1:100
do.
5 c.c.
1:100
5 c.c.
1:100
Animal and
Number
1 bull
1 bull
2 bulls
2 bulls
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull
bull-
bull
2 bulls
bull
Reaction to
first inoculation
R; D
nil
R; D
nil
R; S.
R; D
R; D
Slt R.
R; D
nil
Slt R.
do.
(Destroyed)
Slt R.
do. spleen
taken
9th day
Immunity test
result
Naturally immune
R; D
I
I
R; D
I
I
J. R. HADDOW AND J. A.
INDANI
7
TABLE VI—contd
Vaccination of bulls, goats and buffaloes with rabbit virus
No. of pas
sage and material
70
70
71/1
71/1
71/1
71/1
80
80
80
84
84
84
86
90, 92
90, 92
90, 92
90, 92
93
102
105
115
115
spleen
do.
Bull
spleen
Bull
spleen
do.
do.
Spleen
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Time of collection of
material and period of
storage
fresh 5th day
do.
9th day spleen
stored 4 days in re-
frigerator
Stores 4 days in re-
frigerator
stored 13 days
do.
fresh 5th day
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
fresh 7th day
Dose
5 c.c.
1 : 100
1 c.c.
1 : 10
1 c.c.
1 : 10
10 c.c.
1 : 10
1 c.c.
1 : 10
1 c.c.
1 : 10
1 c.c.
1 : 100
1 c.c.
1 : 1000
1 c.c.
1 : 10
1 c.c.
1 : 100
1 c.c.
1 : 1000
1 c.c.
1 : 500
1 c.c.
1 : 100
1 c.c.
1 : 10
1 c.c.
1 : 100
1 c.c.
1 : 1000
1 c.c.
1 : 500
1 c.c.
1 : 500
do.
do.
do.
Animal and
Number
goat
goat
calf
calf
bull
5 goats
3 calves
3 calves
3 calves
2 goats
2 goats
2 goats
5 calves
3 bulls
2 kids
2 kids
2 kids
calf
2 calves
3 calves
2 calves
2 calves
Reaction to
first inoculation
taken of spleen
9th day
do.
do.
do.
do.
nil
Slt R.
do.
do.
do.
do.
nil
Slt R.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Immunity test
result
I
Died before test
I
I
tested after 6 months
I
R
I. Tested after 6
months
i. I.
2. I. Tested after 6
months
I
1.I.
1.P.
I
R
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
8
Vaccination Against Rinderpest
TABLE VI—contd
Vaccination of bulls goats and buffaloes with rabbit virus
No. of passage and material
115
115
122
126*
139
154
154
154
154
161
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
176
spleen
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Sent in live rabbit
for field trial
Liver & spleen
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Sent in live rabbit
for field trial.
Time of collection of
material and period
of storage
fresh 12th day
fresh 15th day
fresh 12th day
fresh 5th day
fresh 7th day
fresh 5th day
do.
do.
do.
fresh 5th day
do.
do.
stored 5 days in
refrigerator
do.
do.
Stored 10 days in re-
frigerator
do.
do.
Dose
1 c.c.
1 : 500
do.
1 c.c.
1 : 10
1 c.c.
1 : 100
1 c.c.
1 : 500
1 c.c.
1 : 20
1 c.c.
1 : 200
1 c.c.
1 : 1000
1 c.c.
1 : 2000
1 c.c.
1 : 20
1 c.c.
1 : 200
1 c.c.
1 : 2000
1 c.c.
1 : 20
1 c.c.
1 : 200
1 c.c.
1 : 2000
1 c.c.
1 : 20
1 c.c.
1 : 200
1 c.c.
1 : 2000
Animal and
Number
2 calves
2 calves
2 calves
11 buffaloes
(in milk) &
10 goats
2 calves
2 calves
1 calf
1 calf
1 calf
1 calf
1 calf
1 calf
1 calf
1 calf
1 calf
1 calf
1 calf
1 calf
Reaction to
first inoculation
nil
do.
Slt R.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
nil
nil
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Immunity test
result
R
do
I
I
awaiting tests
I
Piroplasmosis probab-
ly I.
I
R
I
R
R
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
* Trial at Military Farm.
J. R. HADDOW AND J. A.
IDNANI
9
It will be seen from Table VI that the virus transmitted through rabbits remained virulent for
bulls up to about the 50th passage, in which from the 55th passage onwards there was a defi-
nite and gradual decrease in virulence. None of the bulls inoculated after the 55th passage showed
any symptom other than rise of temperature, usually rather later than normal, (Fig. 2) and this type
of reaction was obtained as far as the 154th passage, after which reactions were uncertain though
they remained typical in rabbits. It will also be observed that the virus does not stand storage well,
even at refrigerator temperatures ; reliable results could not be obtained from the fifth day onwards
and in this respect rabbit virus is much more fragile than goat fixed virus. The average virus content
of rabbits would also appear to be much lower; hence less dilute suspensions must be used. The
results in goats were similar to those obtained in bulls.
FIG. 2. Rabbit passage 60.
In buffaloes, three field trials were arranged in co-operation with the Military Farms.
(i) At the first of these, one of us (J. A. I.) inoculated eleven milch buffaloes and ten goats with
rabbit virus from passage 126, the amount used being 1.0 c.c. of 1: 100 suspension of rabbit spleen.
The virus was taken to the place of inoculation in live rabbits. These buffaloes and goats showed
slight reaction to the vaccination and all were immune on test 21 days later. There was no inter-
ference with the buffaloe's milk yield.
(ii) The second test was carried out by the Indian Military Veterinary Laboratory. From passage
161 a few serial passages were continued at that laboratory and altogether 469 buffaloes were inocu-
lated. The dose given was 1 c.c. of a 1 : 100 spleen suspension which was used on the day of pre-
paration. The temperature and milk yield of sixty animals were recorded for fourteen days after
vaccination. No systemic disturbance was observed and milk yields were unaffected. Sixteen of
these buffaloes chosen at random were tested 1—2½ months after vaccination, eight had no reaction,
12
Immunization of Sheep and Goats Against Rinderpest
Five goats of the Betal breed and five hill goats were employed in this experiment and the various
observations made are tabulated in Table I.
TABLE I
Reaction of goatis alone, mixed with serum and followed by serum on Betal and Hill goats
Nos. of goats
B 950 . . .
H 155 . . .
B 49 . . .
B 998 . . .
H 76, 137 . .
B 104,84 . .
H 62,75 . . .
Vaccine used
Goatis alone 0.01 gm. .
do. 0.01 gm. . .
0.01 gm. goatis and 5 c.c.
of serum mixed for half
an hour and then injec-
ted
do. . . .
do.
. . .
Goatis followed by 20 c.c.
of serum the next day
do.
. . .
Type of reaction
Mild
.
.
.
.
do.
.
.
.
.
No reaction . . .
do.
.
.
.
.
Delayed and doubtful .
Mild and delayed reaction
(doubtful). This doubt
was cleared by the next
experiment
No reaction
Day of reaction
5th day . .
5th day . .
....
....
7th day . .
do. . .
....
Duration of
reaction
4 days
4 days
..
The day of reaction
do.
..
N. B.—B and H denote Betal and Hill goats respectively.
It was observed that the goatis by itself produced rather a mild reaction. The results at first
sight seemed to be encouraging but rather suspicious because of the usual severe reaction obtained
by injection of goatis. The suspicion was eventually confirmed as it was found that the refrigerator
storing the goatis had broken down for a day and that probably the virus thus suffered attenuation.
This observation suggested the use of attenuated goatis as a vaccine for the goats, but it could not
be given a trial. Serum and goatis mixed together and kept for half an hour at room temperature
did not produce any definite reaction. The reaction produced by inoculation of goatis followed by
serum 24 hours later was mild in Betals and nil in hill goats. All the animals retained their normal
appetite during the experiment.
Experiment No. 2
Batch No. of the virus . . . . . . . .
Date of preparation of virus . . . . . . .
Date of experiment . . . . . . . .
177
20 October, 1944
24 November, 1944
As the goatis had inadvertently had been attenuated in the first experiment, another batch of
10 goats, including the five from the first experiment, was given goatis to observe under local condi-
tions the effect of normal goatis. The effect of the injection of blood virus which was administered
to three animals, was also noted. The latter was given only for the purpose of comparison. The
findings are tabulated in Table II.
TABLE II
Reactions of previously vaccinated goats to goatis and of goats injected with blood virus
Nos. of goats
950 (of previous ex-
periment)
84
do.
. .
104
do. . .
998
do. . .
603 . . .
862
.
.
.
37
.
.
.
49 (of previous ex-
periment)
849
.
.
.
9 . . .
Vaccine used
Goatis alone . . .
do.
.
.
.
.
do. . . . .
do.
.
.
.
.
do.
.
.
.
.
do.
.
.
.
.
do.
.
.
.
.
Blood virus
do.
.
.
.
.
do. . . . .
Type of reaction
No reaction . . .
do.
.
.
.
.
do.
.
.
.
.
Severe reaction . .
do.
.
.
.
.
do.
.
.
.
.
Mild
.
.
.
.
Severe reaction
Moderate . . .
No thermal reaction but
very dull
Day of
reaction
....
....
....
4th day . .
5th day . .
do. . .
4th day . .
do.
do. . .
....
Duration of
reaction
....
....
....
3 days. Death
on 4th day
8 days, died
5 days
3 days
do.
4 days
....
14
Immunization of Sheep and Goats Against Rinderpest
Eight desi (country) goats were inoculated to see if the results would be the same as that obtained
in Betal and hill goats. Goat Nos. 1, 2 and 3 were injected with goatis followed by 5 c.c. of serum;
goat Nos. 4, 5 and 6 got goatis followed by 7 c.c. of serum, while goat Nos. 7 and 8 were kept as
controls. The following observations were made (Table IV).
TABLE IV
Reaction of vaccination in nondescript village goats
Nos. of goats
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8
Age and sex
6 teeth F
Old F
„ F
4 teeth F
4 teeth F
4 teeth F
2 teeth F
4 teeth F
Day reaction
3rd day
No reaction
5th day
3rd day
2nd day
2nd day
[G C P O]
3rd day
do
Duration of reaction
10 days
..
4 days
5 days
3 days
10 days
7 days
15 days
Goat No. 4 died on the 6th day with clots of blood in its abdominal cavity resulting from a rupture
of the liver. The oral cavity and the digestive tract were normal; a few patches of consolidation
were seen in the right lung. The rupture of the liver was presumably the cause of death and as
the goat was seen fighting with others on various occasions, it is considered that the rupture was due
to mechanical injury. Goat No. 6 also died and on post mortem examination gastro-enteritis and
pneumonia of the left lung were observed. In this as well as in previous experiments it was noticed
that the animals usually feel dull from the sixth to the eighth day after being injected (or even later),
i.e., about 2 or 3 days after the reaction. In this group of animals, no variation in the reaction was
observed although the dose of the serum was varied, but probably not sufficiently :
Four animals reacted on the third day
Two animals reacted on the second day and
One reacted on the fifth day..
From the duration of the reaction, it would seem that these animals were more susceptible than
the Betals, but it was observed that they were feeding normally and were quite active in spite of
the fever. If the rise in temperature was not taken into account, no abnormality would be noticed.
The controls, however, where no serum was given, were dull and would stand against the wall with
arched back in a very typical posture. It thus follows that the serum-goatis method of immuniza-
tion can be used successfully in desi nondescript goats. The fact that the aged animals reacted
in a similar manner to the young ones indicates that no appreciable amount of immunity is conferred
with age.
Experiment No. 5
The batch No. of the virus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Date of preparation . . . . . . . . .
Date of experiment . . . . . . . . .
No. 322
9 March, 1945
13 March, 1945
To find out the variation in the susceptibility of hill goats and Betals, five Betals (Nos. 31, 111,
102, 879, 43) and nine hill goats (Nos. 88, 80, 79, 87, 82, 83, 81, 86, 84) were immunized by the goatis
and serum method. The results are tabulated in Table V.
H. K.
LALL
19
observations made. Out of these ten animals, two did not react. The day and the duration of
reactions are as stated below:
Six reacted on the fourth day,
One reacted on the fifth day, and
One reacted on the sixth day.
One animal on the two days,
Two animals on the six days, and
One animal on the eight days.
There was a slight loss of condition amongst the reactors, but otherwise the results were satis-
factory. In one lamb there were symptoms of haemoglobinuria. Blood smears were sent to the
Punjab Veterinary College and piroplasma were found, but these could not be discovered in another
smear sent to Hissar. From the results of this field trial it can be confidently assumed that goatis
can safely be used in Gaddi as well as Biangi sheep for the purpose of producing active immuniza-
tion against rinderpest. In the case of Biangi sheep if a high thermal reaction, which causes no
mortality, is to be avoided, serum may be given in addition as in the case of goats.
IMMUNITY TEST IN SHEEP
The immunity of the sheep which were immunized with goatis was tested with bull virus. Seven
Lohis, six Hissaris and 11 Bikaneris were used. Five Lohis and five Hissaris were kept as controls.
Three buffalo calves used as controls in the case of goats automatically became controls in this ex-
periment.
(i) Lohi. It was found that Lohis which had reacted to goatis did not react to bull virus after
an interval of three months. Nos. 661 and 521 which had been given serum and had reacted mildly
got a mild and passing reaction. One sheep died of pneumonia. The controls with the exception
of one had high thermal reaction but did not exhibit dullness or loss of appetite. The severity of the
reaction exhibited in the case of bull virus was less than in the case of goatis. The results are tabulated
in Table VII.
TABLE VII
Results of immunity test in Lohi Sheep
Nos. of sheep
669
.
.
.
.
.
583
.
.
.
.
.
497
.
.
.
.
.
712
.
.
.
.
.
513
.
.
.
.
.
661
.
.
.
.
.
521
.
.
.
.
.
611
.
.
.
.
.
548
.
.
.
.
.
556
.
.
.
.
.
524
.
.
.
.
.
506
.
.
.
.
.
Date of immunization
24 November, 1944; positive
reaction
do. . . . . .
30 October, 1944 . . .
do. . . . . .
do. . . . . .
30 October, 1944; serum goatis
given, no reaction
do. . . . . .
Control.
.
.
.
.
.
do.
.
.
.
.
.
do.
.
.
.
.
.
do.
.
.
.
.
.
do.
.
.
.
.
.
Date of injection of bull virus
23 March, 1945 . . .
do.
.
.
.
.
.
do.
.
.
.
.
.
do.
.
.
.
.
.
do.
.
.
.
.
.
do.
.
.
.
.
.
do.
.
.
.
.
.
Results
No. reaction.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Rise of temperature
on the 4th day
Rise of temperature
on the 3rd day
Positive reaction
Reaction 4th day—7
days
3rd day—7 days
No reaction
3rd day—4 days
Hissari. Out of six animals only one reacted, thus proving that goatis confers immunity to
most of the animals and is solid up to three months. The causes or the reasons for the breakdown
of immunity in goat No. 893 are not clear. The two of the controls did not react to bull virus and
were probably naturally immune. Merinos are considered to be resistant to rinderpest, and as
Hissari have Merino blood in them, resistance may partially be attributed to it. The reaction in
c 2.
20
Immunization of Sheep and Goats Against Rinderpest
Hissaris was milder with bull virus than with goatis and in this respect they resembled the Lohis.
The results are tabulated in Table VIII.
TABLE VIII
Results of immunity test in Hissari Sheep
Nos. of sheep
915, 706, 149, 888 . .
893
.
.
.
.
.
126
.
.
.
.
.
835
.
.
.
.
.
844
.
.
.
.
.
612
.
.
.
.
.
676
.
.
.
.
.
Date of immunization
30 October, 1044 Positive re¬
action
do. . . . . .
24 November, 1944; positive re-
action.
Control
.
.
.
.
.
do.
.
.
.
.
.
do.
.
.
.
.
.
do.
.
.
.
.
.
do.
.
.
.
.
.
Date of test
23rd March 1945 . . .
do.
.
.
.
.
.
do.
.
.
.
.
.
Result
No reaction
Positive reaction
No reaction
4th day—3 days
No reaction; it gave
birth to a healthy
lamb
3rd day—3 days
No reaction
3rd day—5 days
Bikaneri. Out of 11 animals, seven did not show any reaction to bull virus but four did (35
per cent) thus showing that immunity produced is of a variable nature. The reaction observed in
four was quite mild. The reaction in this breed is mild in case of goatis as well as bull virus.
All these experiments reveal that goatis and bull virus do not produce severe reaction in sheep,
with the exception of those of the Lohi breed and that there are variations in type of reaction in
each breed. Sheep as a whole are thus less susceptible than goats. DeCosta [1937] has made a
similar observation in the case of sheep in Bareilly and Kumaun. It would appear that when the
virus of rinderpest causes death among sheep in natural outbreaks, either it has assumed virulence
through some natural factors such as climate or passage through the species or the virus of rinderpest
in sheep is perhaps different from the virus of rinderpest in cattle. It has also been observed by
various workers in the field that in some outbreaks of rinderpest all kinds of stock succumb to it,
while in others cattle are only affected. As stated earlier in the Kangra outbreak, hill cattle as well
as sheep and goats were affected, while in the outbreaks at Hissar and Ambala the disease was
confined to sheep and goats.
EFFECT OF VARIATION IN DOSE
Sixty Hissari rams were to be sent to Kangra district for breeding purposes and as rinderpest
was prevalent there it was decided that they should be immunized before despatch. As all these
animals were available, different doses of goatis were given to observe the effect of dosage on the
reaction produced. Rams were divided into six batches for this purpose as shown below:
First batch: Dose per animal—0.01 gm. in 1 c.c. of saline
Nos. of sheep
475
337
343
308
501
322
426
380
306
706
394
383
395
429
Day of reaction
3rd
„
„
No reaction
6th
3rd
5th
3rd
3rd
4th
3rd
3rd
1st
3rd
Average duration of reaction
Duration of reaction
4 days
3 „
3 „
Day of reaction only
4 days
3 „
4 „
3 „
4 „
1 day
3 days
3 „
2 „
2 6/7
H. K. LALL
21
Second batch: Dose per animal—0.02 gm. in 3 c.c. of saline
Nos. of sheep
421
253
248
370
317
372
344
334
295
313
355
348
323
Day of reaction
No reaction
3rd
3rd
3rd
3rd
3rd
3rd
3rd
3rd
4th
4th
4th
4th
Average duration of reaction
Duration of reaction
3 days
7 „
3 „
7 „
3 „
3 „
6 „
4 „
2 „
3 „
1 day
3 days
3 1/7 „
Third batch: Dose per animal—0.005 gm. in 1 c.c. of saline
No. of sheep
320
271
319
492
268
391
474
293
360
Day of reaction
No reaction
do.
4th
2nd
1st
4th
3rd
3rd
3rd
Average duration of reaction
Duration of reaction
2 days
3 „
2 „
4 „
4 „
6 „
3 „
3 2/9 „
Fourth batch: Dose per animal—0.0025 gm. in 1 c.c. of saline
Nos. of sheep
382
511
240
390
425
311
428
257
593
Day of reaction
4th
3rd
3rd
No reaction
5th
4th
3rd
No reaction
3rd
Average duration of reaction
Duration of reaction
3 days
6 „
5 „
1 day
4 days
5 „
5 Stet
2 1/9 days
Fifth batch: Dose per animal—0.00125 gm. in 1 c.c. of saline
Nos. of sheep
488
456
333
274
376
435
345
368
367
358
Day of reaction
4th
No reaction
4th
4th
3rd
4th
No reaction
Do.
3rd
4th
Average duration of reaction
Duration of reaction
2 days
5 „
5 „
2 „
4 „
5 days
1 day
2 1/3 days