NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
22
Immunization of Sheep and Goats Against Rinderpest
Sixth batch: Dose per animal—0.04 gm. in 1 c.c. of saline
No. of sheep
256
221
316
407
339
day of reaction
3rd
4th
3rd
4th
3rd
Average duration of reaction
Duration of reaction
4 days
3 „
5 „
3 „
4 „
3 4/5 „
The thermal intensity of the reaction did not vary a great deal in each group though the duration
of reaction was slightly different in each case. Cornell et al. [1941] stated that the size of the dose
in bovines did not affect the course of the reaction in them. In this experiment, however, with a
reduction of dosages there seems to be some reduction in the duration of the reaction, and an increase
in the number of non-reactors. To some extent these variations may be accounted to individual
factors based on the observations of the previous experiments, where so much variety of reactions
was observed in different groups.
SUMMARY
Anti-rinderpest serum (ordinary) and goat tissue vaccine given at the same time produced a
solid immunity in Betal and hill goats against rinderpest, while the administration of the vaccine
followed by serum 24 hours later caused a severe reaction. The above method has been safely utilized
in the field and it was found that the dose of serum required in hill goats was slightly higher than
that for Betal goats.
Goat tissue vaccine alone can be used to produce immunity against rinderpest in Bikaneri,
Hissari (Merino and Bikaneri crosses) and desi sheep, but the use of serum is necessary in the case of
sheep of the Lohi and Biangi breeds which are more susceptible. There are definite indications that
all these breeds react differently to inoculation of the vaccine. Lohis are the most susceptible and
react more or less like goats; Lohi lambs react still more severely.
3. The reaction produced in sheep and goats by bull virus was milder than that of the goat tissue
virus obtained from the Punjab Veterinary College. When different doses of goatis were given to
sheep, no difference in the intensity of the reaction was noticed, though the duration of the reaction
varied with the dose.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am indebted to Rai Bahadur P. N. Nanda, M.R.C.V.S., for the facilities provided at Hissar
to Mr Gopal Singh for technical assistance and to Mr J. N. Sahini, for carrying out the field
trials in Kangra.
REFERENCES
Bawa, H.S. and Haji, C.S.G. (1939). Indian J. vet. Sci. 9, 195-207
Srikantiah, G.N. (1934). Indian vet. J., 2, 104-108
Viswanath, G.R. (1937). Annual Ad. Rept. of Veterinary Investigation Officer, Madras, 1936-37, 6
D'Costa, J. and Singh, B. (1933). Indian J. vet. Sci. 3, 122
Saunders, P.T. and Ayyar, K.K. (1936). Indian J. vet. Sci. 6, 1
Cornell, R.L. and Oonywongse, R. (1941). Indian J. vet. Sci. 11, 1-9
Walker, J. (1922). Bulletin, Kenya Dept. Agri. Div. Vet. Res. 4, 10-28 Quoted from Bawa ibid (1939)
Nicolle and Adilbey (1902). Quoted from Bawa ibid (1939)
Haddow, J.R. (1939). Proceedings of the Third meeting of the Animal Husbandry wing of the Board of Agriculture
and Animal Husbandry in India, 139-140
Chowdhry, J. R. (1941). Indian vet. J., 17, 243
D'Costa, J. (1936-37). Indian vet. J., 13, 15
AN ESTIMATE OF THE FOOD REQUIREMENTS OF MILCH AND OTHER
CATTLE IN INDIA AND SUGGESTIONS AS TO HOW PRESENT
AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE CAN BE ADJUSTED TO PROVIDE THEM*
By GRAHAME WILLIAMSON, Animal Husbandry Commissioner with the Government of India
helped by K. P. R. KARTHA AND RAM SWARUP, Animal Husbandry Bureau, Imperial Council
of Agricultural Research
(Received for publication on 14 May 1946)
T HE available statistics concerning cultivated crops, although they are admittedly inaccurate,
do provide a reasonable working basis upon which to make an estimate of the fodder derived
from these crops but in computing the part which the uncultivated sources of annual food play and
which, after all, is the real mainstay of the live-stock of the country, only a few vague indications
may be gathered from published figures. Previous authors have used these in different ways and it is
only a matter of opinion as to how close or how wide they have come to actuals.
The figures arrived at in this note, like those previously computed, are not absolute but can be
taken only as an approximate indication of the most probable requirements and deficiencies. Only
British India has been considered.
The following cattle population has to be fed:—
(a) Weaned young stock (1 to 3 years old) .
.
.
.
(b) Idle male stock . . . . . . . .
(c) Cows . . . . . . . .
(d) Bullocks and bulls . . . . . . . .
Cattle
(Millions)
17.4
2.2
36.4
44.6
Buffaloes
(Millions)
5.9
0.2
15.0
4.7
Total
23.3
2.4
51.4
49.3
The major sources of cattle food are: (1) grass, (2) specially grown fodder crops, (3) straws of
food grains, (4) cotton seed and oilcakes, (5) by-products such as bran.
Sufficient grass grows in the country each year to provide an immense quantity of food for animals
but, in practice, most of it has to be obtained by grazing and thus its usefulness is limited to certain
classes of live-stock, that is, those which have time to graze and need no special form of concentrates.
It is considered that these resources are available for and can meet the requirements of idle male stock
and all cows (excluding female buffaloes used for milk production), that they meet half the mainten-
ance requirements of working bullocks, as these animals are fully employed for about half the year
only, and that growing young stock can obtain all their requirements from this source. The amount
of milk produced to-day in British India is estimated to be 19.7 million tons, of which 3.3 million tons
are used by calves. It is desired to increase that output some three times but that target is, for the
time being, unattainable and all that seems practicable is an increase of 50 per cent to bring the total
to 28 million tons. This involves no increase in the number of cows.
For purpose of calculation here, the food requirement other than those supplied by grass can
most conveniently be expressed in terms of starch equivalent (S. E.) and digestible protein (D. P.)
and the amounts of these which are needed are given in Table I.
* Presented before the Crops and Soils Wing Meeting held in December 1945 at Delhi.
23
24
Food Requirements of milch and other Cattle in India
TABLE I
The starch equivalent and digestible protein required
Production requirements for 28 million tons of milk
.
.
.
.
.
Maintenance of 14 million buffaloes (average live weight 1,000 lb.) . .
Maintenance of 49.3 million working bullocks and bulls (average weight 600 lb.)
Requirements for work (medium work 4 hours daily at 4.1 lb. S.E. and 0.8 lb.
D.P. per day)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total .
Total requirements in million tons per
annum
S.E.
8.85
13.80
19.79
33.32
70.76
D.P.
1.43
1.38
1.64
6.56
11.01
The ratio of D. P. to S. E. required is 1:6.43. The nature of the foods which could provide
that, the amounts available and the extent of the deficiency is stated in Table II.
TABLE II
Food necessary to provide the required proportion of D. P. and S. E.
—
Green fodder
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Straw
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Cakes and seed
.
.
.
.
.
.
Rice and wheat bran
.
.
.
.
.
Propor-
tions
required
20
12
3
2
Percentage of compo-
sition
S.E.
1. 0
22.5
73.0
43.0
D.P.
1.5
0.0
25.0
8.0
P
nt
produc-
tion
in million
tons
78.1
87.2
3.4
1.3
Required
in million
tons
182.6
109.6
27.4
18.3
Deficiency
in million
tons
104.5
22.4
24.0
17.0
The gap between requirements and present production is very wide. In trying to plan how these
quantities can be made good, the human requirements must, of course, receive primary consideration
but by a readjustment of the cropping programme it appears possible to meet the needs of both human
beings and cattle.
The cultivated land in India is now divided for crops roughly as under:
Food grains excluding gram . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oilseeds
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Cotton seed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fodder crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total .
Cultivable waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not available for cultivation . . . . . . . . . . .
Total .
Million acres
174
15.5
15.5
14.9
10.5
50
280.5
92
67
94
533.4
The present production of cereals is estimated by the Nutrition Advisory Committee of the Indian
Research Fund Association to be 13 per cent short of human requirements and there is a 20 per cent
shortage of pulses and a 330 per cent shortage of oils and fats. It has been accepted that as a result
of various measures under consideration of the Governments, it is not unreasonable to assume that
G. WILLIAMSON,
ET
AL.
27
The following feeding stuffs (Table V) fed approximately in the proportion stated below, will
provide that:
TABLE V
Extra feed required for milk
Green fodder
.
.
.
.
.
Cakes and oil seeds
.
.
.
.
.
Gram or other legumes
.
.
.
.
.
Cereal by-products
.
.
.
.
.
Average
per cent of
S.E.
10
73
71
43
Average
per cent of
D.P.
1.5
25.0
13.0
8.0
Proportion
20
1
2
2
Quantity
recorded in
million tons
10.22
1.51
1.02
1.02
As regards feed for heifer calves, it is estimated that 8.8 million of the present female young stock
are undergrown and that early returns may be expected from better feeding. The nature of the
concentrates they need may be expressed as indicated in Table VI.
TABLE VI
Extra feed for heifer calves
Cakes and oil seeds . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gram or other legumes . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cereal by-products . . . . . . . . . . . .
Proportion
2
1
2
Quantity
(in million
tons)
0.32
0.16
0.32
The total extra requirements for both forms of production and the present estimated production
are given in Table VII.
TABLE VII.
Total extra requirements
Green fodder . . . . . . . . .
Cakes and oil seeds . . . . . . . . .
Gram and pulses . . . . . . . . .
Rice and wheat bran . . . . . . . . .
Estimated
present
production
Million tons
78.1
3.4
1.32
Extra
quantity
required
Million tons
10.22
0.83
1.18
1.34
Percentage of
increase
desired
13
25
100
102
A plan to meet these needs may be formulated on the same basis as that previously used but in
this case the proportions of the foods are somewhat different and although it cannot be assumed that
a 50 per cent increase in the land yield can be expected in the time under consideration, calculations
may be based upon a proportionate increase of 25 per cent but again human requirements from the
D 2.
28
Food Requirements of Milch and other Cattle in India.
land are of primary consideration. After human needs in cereals are met, 17 million acres of land
will be released from these crops and simultaneously the production of cereal by-products will be
increased by 0.13 million tons. By the same practice, 0.62 million acres will be released from pulse
production. On the other hand, 12.4 million extra acres will be needed for oil crops if the target
is to provide for even half of the present human deficiency, but it will provide 3.1 million tons of extra
oilcakes. The immediate need of 10.22 million tons of green fodder should be covered in a 25 per
cent increase in yield of the present acreage. The position then would be, in relation to the limited
target set, that there is a surplus of 2.27 million tons of oilcake and a deficiency of 1.18 million tons
of gram and pulses and 1.21 million tons of cereal by-products, while there is 5.22 million acres of land
available for further use. It should be employed for the production of either gram, pulses or cereals
which will approximately meet the balance of requirements.
30
Food Requirements of Milch and other Cattle in India.
Statistics of India, 1935-36). Assuming the average live weight per head to be 600 lb. the nutrients
required for these animals willl be:
For maintenance (0.5 lb. digestible protein and 5.0 lb. starch equivalent per 1,000 lb.
live-weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
For production (0.6 lb. digestible protein and 3.0 lb. starch equivalent per gallon, .
Total .
Digestible
protein
in tons
3,959,600
2,644,000
6,603,600
Starch
equivalent
in tons.
39,696,000
13,200,000
52,816,000
It is significant to point out that the foregoing requirements for milk production can be reduced if
the average milk production per animal can be improved by more than 60 per cent. This is because, in
that case, a smaller number of animals will be required to produce the total quantity of milk required,
which, in turn, will lead to a reduction in the nutrients required for their maintenance. This
should indicate the great need of improving the production of our stock by breeding since the scope
of improvement by better feeding and management, although large at present, is strictly limited
by their hereditary make-up.
According to the Agricultural Statistics of India, 1935-36, the total number of bulls and bullocks
in British India is 57.2 millions. Ware [1944] Ibid has estimated that the number of existing bullocks
can be reduced by 15.2 millions as a result of improving their efficiency by 60 per cent (in the more
backward areas only) through better feeding, management and disease control. This, if accepted,
would leave 42 million bulls and bullocks to be fed. Taking their average live-weight at 600 lb. per
head, their production requirements at 0.5 lb. digestible protein and 2.5 lb. starch equivalent per day,
and the average working period at 4 months per annum their requirements will be:
—
For maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . .
For work . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total .
Digestible
protein
in tons
2,053,100
1,140,600
3,193,700
Starch
equivalent
in tons
20,531,000
5,703,000
26,234,000
According to the Agricultural Statistics of India, 1935-36, the total number of youngstock, of all
ages, in British India is 48 millions. We need all of them to give us the number of milch and draught
animals we require. Assuming their average live-weight to be 350 lb. per head, and the nutrients re-
quired for growth to be 0.4 lb. digestible protein and 2.0 lb. starch equivalent per day, their require-
ments will be:
For maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . .
For growth . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total .
Digestible
protein
in tons
1,368,700
3,128,600
4,497,300
Starch
equivalent
in tons
13,687,000
15,643,000
29,330,000
By addition of the foregoing quantities of nutrients required for milk production, works, and
growth, the following estimate of the total requirements of our bovine stock is obtained.
Digestible protein . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Starch equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14,294,600 tons.
108,380,000 tons.
A SURVEY OF THE FEEDS AND FODDERS AND THE REQUIREMENTS OF
THE LIVESTOCK IN THE UNITED PROVINCES*
By N. C. DAS GUPTA, Research Officer, Cattle Feeding Research Station, Bharari, Jhansi
(Received for publication on 14 May 1946)
T HE products of the field which are inedible for man are the main source of nutrients for the
livestock but, farm animals cannot produce milk, meat or labour efficiently unless some edible
food is also included in the ration. In addition to the mill by-products, a large amount of grains are
required for this purpose. Hence, to study the position of feeds for the livestock of a country it is
necessary to find out the amount of food which can be spared after meeting the requirements of the
human population.
FOOD REQUIREMENTS FOR HUMAN POPULATION
According to the census report of 1941 there are 29,542,474 male and 26,803,981 female in the
United Provinces and the approximate amount of nutrients necessary per year is shown in Table I.
TABLE I
Requirement of nutrients for human population per year
Population
Male
.
.
.
.
Female
.
.
.
.
Total
.
.
.
.
29,542,475
26,803,981
56,346,456
Protein
Per adult
per day
65 gm
55 gm
..
Total per year
in thousand tons
689.8
529.5
1,219.3
Fuel
Therms per
adult per day
2.600
2.080
..
Total therms
in thousands
28,030,000
20,340,000
48,370,000
The figures are on the basis of nutrients required by the adults [Health Bulletin, 1937].
For a mixed population of men, women and children the requirement is expected to be lower
but, as the extra nutrients required for heavy work, pregnancy and nursing have not been taken into
account, it is advisable to assume the figures arrived at as what is required to support the total popula-
tion of the province.
Nutrients available for human consumption. The acreage under different crops [Season and Crop
Report of the United Provinces for the year 1942-43] and their present estimated yield [Pugh and Dutt,
1940] have been taken into account to arrive at the total food produced. In some cases the figures
had to be assumed in the absence of statistical averages. For example, nutrients of the item 'other
food crops' have been calculated from the average figure of the pulses. Similarly, the figure for the
fruits and vegetables is based on the everage of all the common vegetables. Thus they provide only
an approximate return. Health Bulletin No. 23 has been followed for the food values.
*Presented before the Crop and Soils Wing Meeting held in December, 1945, at Delhi.
34
N. C.
DAS
GUPTA
35
TABLE II
Nutrients available for human consumption
Crop
Rice . . . . .
Wheat . . . . .
Barley . . . . .
Jowar . . . . .
Bajra . . . . .
Mandua and sawan . . .
Kodon . . . . .
Maize . . . . .
Gram . . . . .
Other food crops . . .
Potato . . . . .
Fruits and vegetables . .
Sugarcane . . . . .
Til oil . . . . .
Mustard oil . . . . .
Groundnut oil . . . . .
Milk-cow . . . . .
Milk-buffalo . . . . .
Total . .
Requirements for human con-
sumption.
Balance . .
Area
in
thousand
acres
6,902
7,397
4,130
2,590
3,040
811
1,307
2,424
6,080
4,715
138
471
1,865
264
185
116
..
..
42,435
Yield
per
acre
(lb.)
800
900
857
428
407
300
300
842
568
400
16,400
16,400
3,250
(gur)
90
192
108
..
..
Total
yield
in thou-
sand tons
2,465
2,972
1,580
495
553
108
175
909
1,541
842
1,009
3,449
2,706
11
16
6
1,410
1,637
21,884
Protein
Per cent
7.57
11.77
11.40
10.42
11.59
7.70
8.31
12.91
17.08
23.00
1.73
1.35
0.36
..
..
3.18
3.80
..
Total in
thousand
tons
186.6
349.7
180.1
51.5
64.1
8.4
14.5
117.3
263.1
193.6
17.5
46.6
9.7
..
..
..
44.8
62.2
1,619.7
1,219.3
400.4
Fuel value
Therms
per
ton
3544
3510
3401
3584
3657
3333
3132
3640
3664
3454
1009
417
3883
9143
9143
9143
839
1075
Total
therms in
thousands
8,736,000
10,420,000
5,373,000
1,773,000
2,022,000
361,800
548,100
3,309,000
5,645,000
2,909,000
1,017,000
1,444,000
10,510,000
97,090
145,200
51,360
1,183,000
1,760,000
57,304,550
48,370,000
8,934,550
Meat and poultry also provide nutrients for human consumption, but for reasons discussed else-
where they have not been considered. After providing for the human population it is found that
400.4 thousand tons of protein and 8,934,550 thousand therms of fuel can be spared for use of live-
stock.
NUTRIENTS REQUIRES FOR LIVESTOCK
The data of the livestock population collected in 1944 [Return of Live-stock and Agricultural
Machinery and Implements for 1944] have been utilized for arriving at their requirement of nutrients.
The minimum standard of feeding recommended by Morrison [Morison] has been followed for this
purpose.
E 2
36
A Survey of Feeds and Fodders, etc.
TABLE III
Requirement of nutrients for livestock per year
Particulars
Cattle and buffaloes
(a) Maintenance
Cows above 3 years in milk .
Cows above 3 years dry .
Cows above 3 years not calved .
Buffalo cows above 3 years in milk
Buffalo cows above 3 years dry .
Buffalo cows above 3 years not
calved
Total for milch animal .
Cows above 3 years for work . .
Bullocks or bulls for work . .
Bullocks or bulls not in use for work
or breeding.
Buffalo cows for work . . .
Buffalo bullocks or bulls for work .
Buffalo bullocks or bulls not in use for
work or breeding
Cows above 3 years not in use fur
work or breeding
Buffalo cows not in use for work or
breeding
Total for maintenance
(b) Production
Milk
Cow
.
.
.
.
.
Buffalo
.
.
.
.
.
Total for milk . .
Work
Bullocks, bulls and cows on the
basis of medium work
Buffalo bullocks, bulls and
cows on the basis of medium
work
Total for work . .
Total for production . .
Number
2,303,083
2,631,107
390,896
2,139,258
1,921,760
335,437
9,721,541
3,278
10,079,142
136,086
11,477
809,598
13,659
15,148
10,146
20,800,075
1,410,000
(tons)
1,637,000
(tons)
Average
Live¬
weight
(lb.)
700
700
700
850
850
850
700
800
800
850
1000
1000
700
850
Dry matter
Per 100
lb. live
weight
per day
2.7
2.4
2.4
2.7
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
fat 5 per
cent
fat 7 per
cent
Total
per
year in
thousand
tons
7,094
7,204
1,070
8,000
6,389
1,150
30,907
9
28,910
426
38
2,902
53
41
34
63,320
Digestible proteins
Per head
per day
(lb.)
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.44
0.49
0.49
0.52
0.60
0.60
0.44
0.52
Total
per
year in
thousand
165.1
188.7
28.0
181.6
163.1
28.5
755.0
0.2
811.4
11.0
1.0
99.7
1.3
1.1
0.9
1,681.5
64.9
93.3
158.2
657.2
53.5
710.7
869.0
Net energy
Therms
per head
per day
4.36
4.36
4.36
5.16
5.16
5.16
4.36
4.90
4.90
5.16
5.95
5.95
4.36
5.16
Total Therms
in thousand
3,665,000
4,188,000
622,200
4,028,000
3,619,000
631,600
16,753,800
5,217
18,030,000
243,400
21,620
1,758,000
29,660
24,110
19,110
36,884,917
1,036,000
1,518,009
2,554,000
14,320,000
1,169,350
15,480,350
18,043,350
38
A Survey of Feeds and Fodders,
TABLE IV
Nutrients available for livestock
Crop
Rica . . . . .
Wheat . . . . .
Barley
.
.
.
.
Jowar . . . . .
Bajra . . . . .
Mandua
.
.
.
.
Sawan
.
.
.
.
Kodon
.
.
.
.
Maize . . . . .
Gram . . . . .
Other food crops . . .
Potato
.
.
.
.
Fruit and vegetable . .
Sugarcane .
.
.
.
Fodder crops . . . . .
Linseed
.
.
.
.
Til . . . . .
Mustard
.
.
.
.
Groundnut . . . . .
Cotton
.
.
.
.
Rice bran .
.
.
.
Total .
Grazing land
Forest . . . . .
Culturable waste . .
Not available for cultivation
Total
Total of crops, by-products and
grazing
Area in
thousand
acres
6,902
7,807
4,130
2,590
3,040
99
712
1,807
2,424
6,080
4,715
138
471
1,865
1,604
151
264
185
116
311
44,501
2,860
9,569
9,534
Yield of feeds
and feeding skill's
per aero (lb.)
1200 straw
1800 „
1714 „
1284 „
1018 „
450 .,
600 „
600 „
2105 „
568 „
400 „
5000 tops
16400 green
315 cake
160 „
408 „
229 „
340 seed
10 per cent of rice
1000 hay
750 „
250 „
Total
yield of
foods and
feeding
stuffs in
thousand
tons
3,608
5,044
3,161
1,485
1,381
20
191
350
2,278
1,541
842
4,163
11,740
21
19
34
12
47
247
37,174
1,277
3,205
1,064
5,546
42,737
Dlgestible protoin
Per cent
nil
„
0.90
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
2.20
2.20
2.20
0.80
1.83
24.40
38.34
27.61
45.60
11.24
7.13
0.76
0.76
0.76
Total in
thousand
tons
nil
„
28.4
23.8
22.1
0.3
3.1
5.6
50.1
33.9
18.5
33.3
213.9
5.2
7.2
9.3
5.4
5.3
17.6
483.0
9.7
24.4
8.1
42.1
525.1
Not energy
Therms
per
100 lb.
28.8
24.0
23.6
23.9
23.9
23.9
23.9
23.9
27.0
10.8
10.8
16.3
10.7
79.9
80.3
75.3
81.1
82.5
50.6
22.4
22.4
22.4
Total
thorms in
thousands
2,385,000
3,196,000
1,670,000
794,900
739,600
10,600
102,100
187,400
1,377,000
372,700
203,700
1,520,000
2,806,000
37,950
33,950
56,900
21,630
87,400
279,000
15,881,830
640,600
1,608,000
533,800
2,782,400
18,664,230
Dry matter
per cent
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
29
25
90
90
90
(decorticated)
90
90
90
90
90
The excess of 8,934,550 thousand therms fuel left from human food, as mentioned previously,
is equivalent to the total of 630, 138, 350, 1156 and 90 thousand tons of barley, bajra, maize, gram
and 'other food grains' respectively and the expected quantities of wheat bran and pulse chunies—
the grains being approximately 40, 25, 39, 75 and 10 per cent of the total production. This
extra food can supply 2,257 thousand tons dry matter, 252.3 thousand tons digestible protein and
4,481,960 thousand therms net energy for feeding the livestock as shown in Table V.