NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
63
commencement of his study of the subjects comprising the medical curri-
culum and the date of his final qualifying examination; provided that
the last three years of the period must have been spent in the continuous
study of the clinical group of subjects.
2. That the first two years should be occupied in the study of the
professional scientific subjects with an introduction to clinical methods,
and that no student should be certified as attending classes in the clinical
group of subjects until he has satisfied the Examiners that he has a com-
petent knowledge of the subjects of these two years. This examination
need not include clinical methods.
3. That throughout the whole period of study the attention of the
student should be directed by his teachers to the importance of the
preventive aspects of medicine, and of measures for the assessment and
maintenance of normal health.
In every course of professional study, and in the examinations, the fol-
lowing subjects should be included:—
III. Period of Study of the Professional Scientific subjects (first two years).
1. Human Anatomy and Physiology. These courses should include :
—
(a) Dissection of the entire body.
(b) Histology.
(c) Elements of human embryology.
(d) The principles of general physiology, including Bio-chemistry
and Bio-physics, and, in the case of those Universities in
which no provision has been made for teaching the subject
in the pre-medical course, Organic Chemistry.
(e) Elements of genetics (N.B.—This subject may be taken with
biology).
(f) Elementary normal psychology.
(g) The normal reactions of the body to injury and infection, as an
introduction to general pathology and bacteriology.
(h)
( h ) E l e m e n t s o f t h e m e t h o d s o f c l i n i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g
the use of the common instruments and the examination of
body fluids, with demonstrations on both normal and
abnormal living subjects.
(i) An introduction to pharmacology.
Note .—Instruction under the last three headings above should be given during the
second year, by arrangement between the teachers of anatomy, physiology, and
pharmacology, and of the clinical subjects concerned.
The amount of time allotted to these subjects should not be more than one-third
of the total time available in that year.
The demonstration of structure and function in the teaching of anatomy and
physiology should be done as far as possible on the living human subject, and should
Include the information to be obtained from radiology
.
64
IV. Period of Clinical Studies (third, fourth and fifth years).
2. Pathology and Bacteriology.—Courses of instruction throughout the
period of clinical studies, to include.—
(a) General and special pathology and morbid anatomy.
(b) Clinical and chemical pathology.
(c) Elementary general bacteriology and parasitology.
(d) Clinical bacteriology and parasitology.
(e) Immunology and immunization.
Each student should be required to have received practical instruction
in the conduct of autopsies, and to have acted as a post-mortem clerk in
at least ten cases.
3. Pharmacology and Materia Medica including elementary pharma-
cological chemistry and practical pharmacy. A course, including practical
work, should be taken concurrently with courses .of clinical instruction.
4. Forensic Medicine, Hygiene and Public Health.—Courses of ins-
truction in these subjects should be given not earlier than the fourth
year. These should include instruction in the duties which devolve upon
practitioners in their relation to the State, and on the generally recog-
nised rules of medical ethics.
5. Medicine, including:—
(a) A course of systematic instruction in the principles and practice
of Medicine.
(b) A medical clinical clerkship for a period of nine months, of
which six months must be spent in the hospital wards and
three months in the outpatient department.
Note.—Each student during his period of clinical clerkship in the wards should
have continuously in his sole charge as clerk not less than five beds.
(c) A clinical clerkship for not less than one month in a children's
ward or hospital, or in a children's outpatient department.
(d) During the period of medical ward clerking a continuous period
of one month as an intern clerk, during which the student
is in residence in hospital or close by.
(e) Lectures or demonstrations in Clinical medicine and attendance
on general inpatient and outpatient practice during at least
two years, which may run concurrently with the surgical
practice under 6( d).
(f) Instruction in Therapeutics and prescribing, including (i)
pharmacological therapeutics, (ii) the methods of treatment
by vaccines and sera, (iii) physiotherapy, (iv) dietetics, and
•
(v) the principles of nursing.
(g) Instruction in Applied Anatomy and Physiology throughout the
period of clinical studies, to be arranged between the teacher
s •
of anatomy and physiology and of the clinical subjects.
65
(h) Instruction throughout the periods of medical clerkship in
Clinical pathology, to be arranged by the teacher of pathology
and of the clinical subjects.
(i) Instruction in the following subjects :
—
(1) Diseases of infancy and childhood.
(2) Acute infectious diseases.
(3) Tuberculosis.
(4) Psychopathology and mental diseases.
(5) Diseases of the skin, including Leprosy.
(6) Theory and practice of vaccination.
(7) Radiology and electro-therapeutics in their application to
medicine.
Throughout the whole period of study the attention of the student
should be directed by the teachers of this subject to the importance of
its preventive aspects.
6. Surgery, including:—
(a) A course of systematic instruction in the principles and practice
of Surgery.
(b) A Surgical dressership for a period of nine months, of which
six months must be spent in the hospital wards and three
months in the outpatient department.
Note.—Each student during his period of Surgical dressership in the wards should
have continuously in his sole charge as dresser not less than five beds.
(c) During the period of surgical ward dressing a continuous period
of one month as an intern clerk, during which the student
is in residence in hospital or close by.
(d) Lectures or demonstrations in clinical surgery and attendance
on general inpatient and outpatient practice during at least
two years, which may run concurrently with the medical
practice under 5 (e) .
(e) Practical instruction in surgical methods including physio-
therapy.
(f) Practical instruction in minor surgery on the living.
(g) Instruction in the administration of anaesthetics.
(h) A course of instruction in operative surgery.
(i) Instruction in applied anatomy and physiology throughout the
period of clinical studies to be arranged between the teachers
of anatomy and physiology and of the clinical subjects.
(j) Instruction, throughout the periods of surgical dressership, in
Clinical pathology, to be arranged by the teachers of pathology
and of the clinical subjects.
66
(k) Instruction in the following subjects : —
(1) Ophthalmology, including refraction and the use of the
ophthalmoscope; with hospital attendance for a period of
three months.
(2) Diseases of the ear, nose and throat, including the use of
the otoscope, laryngoscope and rhinoscope.
(3) Radiology and electrc-therapeutics in their application to
surgery.
(4) Venereal diseases.
(5) Orthopaedics.
(6) Dental diseases.
(7) Surgical diseases of infancy and childhood.
Throughout the whole period of study the attention of the student
should be directed by the teachers of this subject to the importance of
its preventive aspects.
7. Midwifery, Diseases of women, and infant Hygiene including :—
(a) Courses of systematic instruction in the principles and practice
of Midwifery, Gynaecology, and Infant Hygiene, including
applied anatomy and physiology of preganancy and labour.
( b ) L e c t u r e s a n d d e m o n s t r a t i o n s i n c l i n i c a l M i d w i f e r y , G y n a e c o l o g y
and Infant hygiene and attendance on the practice of a
maternity hospital or the maternity wards of a general
hospital, including (a) ante-natal care and (b) the manage-
ment of the puerperium, and on inpatient and outpatient
gynaecological practice for a period of at least three months.
This period should be devoted exclusively to instruction in these
subjects, and should be subsequent to the medical clinical
clerkship [Section 5(b)] and the surgical dressership [Section
6(b)]. Not less than two-thirds of the hours of clinical
instruction should be given to midwifery, including ante-
natal care and infant hygiene.
(c) Of this period of clinical instruction not less than one month
should be spent as a resident pupil either in a maternity
hospital or in a hostel attached to a maternity hospital or
to the maternity wards of a general hospital.
The student should during this month attend at least twenty
cases of labour under adequate supervision. Should the
67
number of cases attended during this month be less than
twenty, the remainder must be attended as soon as possible
thereafter.
A certificate showing the number of cases of labour attended by the
student, in the maternity hospital and in the patients' homes respectively,
should he signed by a responsible medical officer on the staff of the hospital
and should state : —
(i) That the student has personally attended each case during the
course of labour, making the necessary abdominal and other
examinations under the supervision of the certifying officer
who should describe his official position;
(ii) That satisfactory written histories of the cases attended, includ-
ing when possible ante-natal and post-natal observations,
were presented by the student and initialled by the super-
vising officer.
4. Admissions.—While all students are required to pass the Interme-
diate examination of an Indian University or its equivalent before admis-
sion to a medical college the large number of applications for the com-
paratively limited number of vacancies has made it necessary for all the
Colleges to appoint Selection Committees. Students are selected on their
merit and generally in accordance with the marks obtained in the Univer-
sity Intermediate examination; only Lucknow holds a College competitive
examination for selection of its students. At the Lady Hardinge Medical
College students are admitted from any part of India; at other medical
colleges seats are primarily reserved for local candidates, although by
arrangement with the States concerned the Medical College, Madras,
reserves a few seats for students of Southern India Indian States, seven
seats are reserved for Sind in the Grant Medical College, and five seats
for the Central Provinces in the Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical
College, Bombay. This provincial preference means that students of many
areas cannot obtain a higher medical education in India. Residents of
Indian States, Central Provinces, North-West Frontier Province, Delhi
and the Centrally Administered Areas are especially affected by this rigid
provincial selection and the time has come when the establishment of a
new medical college in Delhi or at some other central place must be
seriously considered. The desirability of having such a college becomes
all the more obyious when it is remembered that the students other than
those domiciled in the province in which a college, is situated have to
pay prohibitive annual charges which vary from Rs. 400 per annum at the
Madras Medical College to Rs. 2,000 per annum at the King George's
Medical College, Lucknow. The King Edward Medical College, Lahore,
charges Rs. 850, the Grant Medical College, Bombay, Rs. 1,200 and the
Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, Rs. 1,500 per annum from
" foreign" students.
•
68
5. Several colleges are required to select their students on a communal
basis as shown in the following table.
Communities for
which reservations
are made.
M e d i c a l C o l l e g e , M a d r a s .
M e d i c a l C o l l e g e , V i z a g a p a - t a m .
G r a n t M e d i c a l C o l l e g e , B o m b a y .
S e t h G o r d h a n d a s S u n d e r d a s M e d i c a l C o l l e g e , B o m b a y . M e d i c a l C o l l e g e , C a l c u t t a .
C a r m i c h a e l M e d i c a l C o l l e g e , B e l g a c h i a . K i n g G e o r g e ' s M e d i c a l C o l l e g e , L u c k n o w .
K i n g E d w a r d M e d i c a l C o l l e g e , L a h o r e .
P r i n c e o f W a l e s M e d i c a l C o l l e g e , P a t n a .
L a d y H a r d i n g e M e d i c a l C o l l e g e , N e w D e l h i .
%
%
%
%
Non-Brahmin Hindus
41
41
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . . . . .
. . .
. . .
Brahmins . . .
17
17
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . . . . .
. . .
Mohammedans . . .
17
17
10
. . . 21
seats
. . .
. . .
40
8
seats
. . .
Christians, Anglo -
Indians and non-
Asiatics . . .
17
17
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . . . . .
. . .
Other communities
including schedul
-ed classes . . .
8
8
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
Backward classes
Hindus . . .
. . .
. . .
10
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . . . . .
. . .
Sikhs . . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
20
. . .
. . .
Beharee Hindus,
Anglo-Indians and
Christians . . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . . 20
seats
. . .
Oriyas (from Orissa)
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
4
seats
. . .
Domiciled Bengalees .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
4
seats
. . .
Sons of Government
servants
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
4
seats
. . .
6 .
W o m e n s t u d e n t s .
— A s e p a r a t e n o t e h a s b e e n p r i n t e d r e g a r d i n g
medical education of women. In addition to the Lady Hardinge Medical
College, 322 women students are under instruction at other colleges in
most of which a few seats are reserved for women students.
7 .
P o s t - g r a d u a t e c l a s s e s i n I n d i a .—
T h e r e a r e t h r e e i m p o r t a n t c e n t r e s
in India for post-graduate training: the School of Tropical Medicine,
Calcutta; the All-India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Calcutta,
and the field station of the Malaria institute of India, Karnal.
The School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta, is the only centre in India
for post-graduate teaching in tropical diseases. Three classes are held
annually, one from October to April, terminating in the examination for
the Diploma of Tropical Medicine (D. T. M.), one from July to October
terminating in the examination for the Licentiate of Tropical Medicine
(L. T. M.) and one in conjunction with the All-India Institute of Hygiene
69
and Public Health lasting for nine months and terminating in the exami-
nation for the Diploma of Public Health of the Calcutta University.
At the All-India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health training is
provided for courses leading to D. P. H. and D. Sc. (Public Health) of
the University of Calcutta, and D. P. H & Hy. and D. M. C. W. of the
Faculty of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene of Bengal. Besides these
courses, a three months post-graduate course of instruction is offered in
the various subjects to those who wish to specialise in them.
The course at the field station of the Malaria Institute, Karnal, is
designed for the training of medical officers in the basic principles and
advanced aspects of malariology. It lasts for six weeks and consists of
40 lectures and about 120 hours of practical instruction in the laboratory
and in the field. The subjects taught include the identification and
dissection of mosquitoes and their larvae, the bionomics of mosquitoes,
the parasitology, pathology and epidemiology of malaria, modern methods
of investigating and measuring the extent of malarial incidence and the
principles and practice of control measures. A practical, written and
viva voce examination is held at the end of the course and certificates
are issued to those who pass the examination.
8. Non-medical classes.—At several colleges teaching of compounders,
chemists, druggists and sanitary inspectors is undertaken as follows:—
MEDICAL COLLEGE, MADRAS.
(i) Licentiates in Public Health.
(ii) Sanitary Inspectors.
(iii) Chemists and Druggists.
MEDICAL COLLEGE, VIZAGAPATAM.
Chemists and Druggists.
KING EDWARD MEDICAL COLLEGE, LAHORE.
Dental Surgery.
LADY HARDINGE MEDICAL COLLEGE, NEW DELHI.
Dispensers.
9. Research.—A number of researches at Medical Colleges have been
financed by the Indian Research Fund Association. During 1937-38 the
following enquiries were financed by the Association.
1. Investigation on basal metabolism in children and adults in the
Bombay Presidency at the Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas
Medical College, Bombay.
2. Cancer enquiry at the King Edward Medical College, Lahore.
3. Enquiry into the aetiology of splenomegaly in Bengal at the
Medical College, Calcutta.
4. Bacteriological investigation by blood culture in certain eye
d i s e a s e s a t t h e S e t h G o r d h a n d a s S u n d e r d a s M e d i c a l C o l l e g e ,
Bombay.
70
5. Enquiry in mycetoma of fungus foot diseases at the Seth
Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College, Bombay.
6. Researches on study of bone-marrow, etc., at the Carmichael
Medical College, Belgachia.
7.
Enquiry into thromboangeits oblitrans at the Seth Gordhandas
Sunderdas Medical College, Bombay.
8. Pharmacological investigation of oroxylin at the Seth Gordhandas
Sunderdas Medical College, Bombay.
9. Indigenous Drugs Enquiry at the King Edward Medical College,
Lahore.
Several research papers were published by the members of the staff
of the various colleges during 1936-37.
10. Summary of history and activities of Medical Colleges in India.
MEDICAL COLLEGE, MADRAS.
The Madras Medical College was founded as a Medical School by the
Right Hon'ble Sir Frederick Adam, K.C.B., by an Order of Government,
dated the 13th February 1835, and it opened its first session with 10
medical apprentices and 11 Indian pupils on the 1st July 1835, in the
rooms adjoining the quarters of the Surgeon to the General Hospital.
The School removed in 1836 to a new building erected for the purpose.
The first curriculum of studies embraced Anatomy, Materia Medica
Medicine and Surgery, the duration of the course being two years. As
the School continued its work, additional professorships were sanctioned
for Anatomy, Physiology, Midwifery, Opthalmology and Chemistry and
the duration of the course was ex ended to 3 years. Private students
were first admitted in 1838. The School at this period consisted of three
departments—(1) private and stipendiary students with a five-year course,
(2) Apprentices qualifying for the Apothecary grade, four-year course,
and (3) Medical pupils qualifying for Second Grade Dresser of the Medical
Department, with a three-year course. The designation of "College" was
given in 1850 and the Institution became "The Madras Medical College",
under the control of the Medical Board and of the Head of the Medical
Department. It was placed in 1855 under the supervision of the Director
of Public Instruction.
The College remained an independent body till 1863 when it was
affiliated to the Madras University. It was the first college to admit
women students in 1875, a year which also saw the institution of the L. M.
& S. degree. A class for the training of candidates as Sanitary inspectors
was opened in 1895. The Chemists and Druggists Department was opened
later and in the session of 1900-01 there were five Departments in all—
the College Department, Apothecary Department, Chemists and Druggists
Department, Hospital Assistants Department and the Sanitary Inspectors
Class. The Hospital Assistants Department was finally transferred in
1908 to the Medical School at Royapuram. The construction of the
71
Hygiene and Physiology Laboratories at an estimated cost of Rs. 1,70,000
was sanctioned in 1907 and the classes for the First Class Health Officers
and candidates preparing for the B. S. Sc. degree of the University of
Madras were opened in 1914. The L. M. & S. degree was abolished
in 1925. The grade of Lady Apothecary was also abolished and
the period of study for the M.B., B.S. degree was extended to 5½ years
with the introduction of the 6 months pre-registration course. The College
at present affords instruction for the M.B., B.S. degree of the University
of Madras, for the B. S.Sc. degree, and Licentiate in Public Health, for
the Sanitary Inspectors, Chemists and Druggists, and for post-graduates
in various subjects.
Candidates for admission to the College are selected annually by a
Committee appointed for the purpose, preference being given to those
domiciled in the Madras Presidency. Candidates seeking admission must
have completed 17 years of age on or before the date of registration as a
medical student. The number of seats ordinarily reserved for non-Madrasi
candidates is 11, 6 being earmarked for Travancore State, 2 for Cochin
State, 1 for Pudukottah Durbar and 2 for areas other than Travancore
and Cochin, preference being given to applicants from Banganapalli and
Sandur. The States of Travancore and Cochin are authorised to select
their own candidates provided they possess the minimum educational
qualifications. Additional seats, if available, are allotted to candidates
from Travancore and Cochin.
Of the seats allotted to Madras candidates, 45 per cent. go to the
candidates from Telugu Districts, the same percentage to those from
Tamil Districts and the remaining 10 per cent to candidates from West
Coast; 41 per cent. being allotted to non-Brahmin Hindus, 17 per cent. to
Brahmins and Mohammedans each, an equal percentage to Christians,
Anglo-Indians and non-Asiatics, and the remaining 8 per cent. to other
communities including scheduled classes. Candidates from the same
community in the same linguistic area are selected according to their
educational qualifications. Generally 20 to 25 women students are
admitted every year; the question of reservation of seats for them is under
consideration.
The number of students working at a time in a practical class does
not exceed 60.
Twenty-two papers and 23 pamphlets or books on various subjects of
medical interest were published by the members of the staff during the
year 1936-37.
MEDICAL COLLEGE, VIZAGAPATAM (MADRAS).
It is a Government institution which was founded by the Government
of Madras in 1923 in response to the wishes of the people of the Telugu
districts and is affiliated to the University of Madras for the M.B., B.S.
degree. The College opened on the 1st July 1923 with Departments of
Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Anatomy and Physiology, in the building
originally constructed for a Medical School by Maharani Lady Goday
Chittijanakiammah Gajapathi Rao Garu. The building proved insufficient