NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
ZAL R. KOTHAVALLA AND A. J. LAZARUS 57
the milk yield had just the reverse effect. (iv) From the last column in Table I, it will be observed
that the average weight of all the male calves in the control group was 47 lb. and of the females 45 lb.
The corresponding weights for the calves from the experimental group were for male calves 52 lb.
and for female calves 44 lb. There was thus not much difference between the birth weights of the
experimental and control calves. (v) A more significant difference is to be found when the weights
of individual calves in the two groups are compared over a period of twelve months. This weight
was recorded for some of the calves born during the first year of the experiment and the results obtain-
ed are shown in Table III. For the sake of comparison the figures for male and female animals are
given separately. It will be seen that, for the female calves the average weight at birth in the control
group was 50 lb. and at the end of the first year it increased to 325 lb. In the experimental group
these figures were 41 lb. and 285 lb. respectively. In both the groups the male calves started at
almost the same level but while the animals of the control group had an average weight of 341 lb.
at the end of 12 months, the experimental animals weighed only 308 lb. This is a very significant
difference.
TABLE III
Birth and monthly weights of some Sindhi calves during the first experimental year
Male
Control . .
Experimental .
Female
Control . .
Experimental . .
Serial No.
1
2
3
4
5
Average
1
2
3
4
5
6
Average .
1
2
3
4
Average
1
2
3
4 Average .
No. of
ani-
mals
1,541
1,561
1,472
1,586
8
—
1,535
1,536
1,583
1,585
52
42
—
1,534
1,569
23
131
—
1,564
1,565
60
4
—
Weight
At
birth
48
44
38
49
49
45.6
46
54
47
50
50
42
48.6
54
42
55
50
50.25
43
45
42
34
41
1st
month
67
66
52
65
73
64.6
67
70
68
66
68
56
65.8
77
61
76
62
69
54
56
63
45
54.5
2nd
month
90
89
73
91
94
87.4
88
92
87
83
87
71
84.6
99
88
101
74
90.5
70
79
84
58
72.75
3rd
month
119
114
97
116
117
112.6
109
112
109
103
106
90
104.8
128
118
127
93
116.5
88
105
106
74
93.25
4th
month
145
139
120
145
143
138.4
132
141
132
124
124
106
126.5
152
148
153
115
142
106
129
127
91
113.25
5th
month
174
167
142
178
170
166.2
155
168
158
146
143
122
148.6
181
172
179
138
167.5
125
147
149
119
135
6th
month
203
201
169
205
201
195.8
179
184
180
171
168
139
170.1
204
197
201
163
191.25
149
173
173
145
160
7th
month
230
228
196
231
232
223.4
198
201
205
193
192
158
191.1
209
223
225
185
210.5
163
191
194
162
117.5
8th
month
262
249
220
254
258
248.6
218
228
231
217
213
179
214.3
253
249
247
209
239.5
184
212
215
181
198
9th
month
294
275
242
290
275
275.2
236
251
257
239
230
201
235.6
279
271
269
230
262.25
210
234
232
202
219.5
10th
month
315
294
267
315
—
297.7
259
272
276
260
252
226
257.5
298
294
296
251
284.75
232
251
264
222
242.25
11th
month
336
315
280
331
—
315.5
278
302
303
287
270
256
232.6
320
316
318
269
305.75
285
276
285
243
265.5
12th
month
359
345
306
353
—
340.7
301
324
331
312
292
286
307.6
338
335
339
288
325
272
298
304
266
285
H
60
Acidity in Stored Ghee
All these treatments were repeated using small earthen pots of almost of the same capacity
1¼ lb. and with earthen lids except that butter milk was used at the rate of 1.0 per cent and 2.0 per
cent. Before filling the earthen pots the dispersion of water and salt was effected by putting melted
ghee in a stoppered glass bottle and shaking it for some time. When the water and salt were well
dispersed the sample was quickly poured in the pot and covered with a lid and cloth was wrapped
over the mouth of the pot. The butter milk used was obtained from the College dairy and contained
0.2 per cent lactic acid acidity. All the stored samples were kept in the laboratory for about fifteen
months. The temperature of the laboratory room varied from 34ºF. minimum in winter to 114ºF.
maximum in summer. The earthen pots were placed in 500 c.c. capacity porcelain dishes.
The samples were tested periodically for acid value, smell, colour and taste. Acid value was
determined by the method described in A.O.A.C. and the taste and smell were judged by five Research
Assistants working in these laboratories.
Sampling for analysis. Ghee was melted by placing the tins in hot water (40ºC. to 45ºC.). The
tin was shaken well and opened. The smell was noted. It was then filtered at 40ºC. through
filter paper (Whatman No. 1). The filtered sample was tested for smell, taste and acid value.
The results are given in Tables No. I and II. They are the averages of duplicate readings and
in certain cases triplicate determinations. The difference between the duplicate samples was
very little and in many cases there was no difference at all.
TABLE I
Ghee Stored in 1¼ lb. tins on 28th July 1943; acid value 0.50
Date of analysis
20-11-43 . .
26-2-44 . .
10-4-44 . .
10-10-44 . .
20-11-44 . .
26-2-44 . .
10-4-44 . .
10-10-44 . .
20-11-43 . .
26-2-44 . .
10-4-44 . .
10-10-44 . .
20-11-43 . .
26-2-44 . .
10-4-44 . .
10-10-44 . .
25-11-43 . .
10-4-44 . .
10-10-44. .
Treatment
0.5 per cent moisture
1 per cent moisture .
0.5 per cent moisture
Control . . .
0.25 per cent butter
milk
Acid value
0.62
0.67
0.73
0.73
0.56
.67
.78
0.73
Treatment
0.5 per cent moisture
and 2 per cent salt
1 per cent moisture and
2 per cent salt
Acid value original sample 0.35
0.56
.50
0.45
0.50
0.45
.45
.56
0.56
0.39
0.73
1.5 per cent moisture
and 2 per cent salt
0.25 per cent butter
milk and 2 per cent
salt
Acid value
0.62
0.56
0.73
.73
0.56
0.56
0.56
0.73
0.56
0.56
0.62
0.62
0.39
0.73
1.18
Remarks
No change in this smell
colour, and taste
Do.
Do.
Do.
Rancid smell, upleasant
taste
L. C. DHARMANI AND KARTAR SINGH LOHARA 61
TABLE II
Ghee stored in earthen pots on 14th December 1943; acid value 0'67
Date of analysis
15-5-44 . .
13-10-44 . .
15-5-44 . .
13-10-44 . .
15-5-44 . .
13-10-44 . .
15-5-44 . .
13-10-44 . .
15-5-44 . .
13-10-44 . .
15-5-44 . .
10-10-44 . .
Treatment
Control . . .
0.5 per cent moisture
1 per cent moisture .
1.5 per cent moisture
1 per cent butter milk
2 per cent butter milk
Acid value
0.73
1.01
0.90
1.40
0.95
1.12
0.78
.91
0.78
.96
1.50
1.12
Treatment
0.5 per cent moisture
and 2 per cent salt
1 per cent moisture and
2 per cent salt
1.5 per cent moisture
and 2 per cent salt
1 per cent butter milk
and 2 per cent salt
2 per cent butter milk
Acid value
0.67
.78
0.67
1.06
0.56
0.84
0.95
1.20
0.95
1.04
Remarks
All the samples gave
rancid smell, un-
pleasant taste after a
period of about 5
months
Acid value was expressed as milligrams of KOH required to neutralize acids in one gram of
ghee.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Ghee was stored at room temperature in air tight tins on 28-7-1943. The acid value of the
original sample was 0.50 (Table I). The increase in the acid value was very slow both in the salted
and unsalted samples. After a period of 15 months the increase in acid value was from 0.50 to 0.73.
There was no change in the aroma and taste of the samples. These results clearly indicate that ghee
can be stored in air tight containers for a period of 15 months without undergoing any deterioration
in quality. In the absence of air and light, moisture alone does not affect the keeping quality of
ghee. The addition of salt, therefore, appears to be unnecessary.
Commercial samples of ghee always contain a certain amount of butter milk (lassi) and there-
fore, samples were also stored with 0.25 per cent butter milk, and it can be seen from the figures
in Table I that this amount of butter milk did increase the acid value though to a slight extent. Salt
in the presence of butter milk enhanced the development of acidity. These samples of ghee deve-
loped a rancid smell after a period of nine months.
Earthen pots. In earthen pots, the addition of salt checked the development of acidity, in ghee,
but, as the pots could not be made air tight, air and heat played their part fully. Samples of ghee
kept in earthen pots developed a very bad smell after a period of five months, inspite of the fact
that the acid value was not very high. Besides the ghee oozed out of the pots during summer
and considerable loss occurred. The actual losses were not determined but from the amount of
ghee found in the dishes and on the outer surface of the pots, it was judged that the
storage of ghee in earthen pots during summer months is not to be recommended.
SUMMARY
To study the preservative effect of common salt, ghee with varying amounts of moisture and
butter milk (0.5 to 1.5 per cent) was kept in 1¼ lb. tins and earthen pots of the same capacity. Salt
was used at the rate of 2 per cent of the weight of ghee.
I
62
Acidity in Store d Ghee.
The development of rancidity of ghee was judged by the characteristic aroma, acrid taste and
increase in free fatty acids. Samples were tested periodically for 15 months. The results so for
obtained show that a good quality ghee can safely be stored in air tight tins upto 15 months without
showing any signs of deterioration. The use of common salt appears to be unnecessary.
It is not advisable to store ghee in earthen pots because the acidity developes rapidly and because
the ghee oozes out of the pots during summer months and thus causes considerable loss.
REFERENCES
Allen's Commercial Organic analysis (5th ed.) 2, 431
A.O.A.C. 1941 edition
B. N. Banerjee and N. S. Doctor (1938). Agric. and Live Stock in India 7, 158
Godbole, N. N. and Sad Gopal. Butter Fat (Ghee) 138
Khubchandani, P. G. (1939). Agric. and Live Stock in India. 1, 162
Paul Arup (1929). Analyst Liv, 736
64
An Account of Two Species of Lungworms
Fig 1. a. Spicules and Gubernaculum (D. filaria).,
b. bursa (V. capricola).,
c. Spicules (V. capricola) D. accessory Piece (V. capricola).
Ventral rays are the largest and undivided. Antero-laterals is divergent from the fused medio
and postero-laterals. Externo-dorsal is a slender ray, and arises independently. The dorsal ray is
small and ends in apparently six papillae.
Spicules are 0.25-0.26 mm. long and are bent at about their middle. They are bifid at their
posterior ends as in V. pneumonicus and are deeply pigmented. The cuticularized lamellae are
coarser and heavier than those of the members of the genus Protostrongylus. It may, however, be
remarked that measurements of spicules in 75 specimens of V. pneumonicus have shown them to
vary from 0.42 to 0.45 mm. only.
The telamon consists of two yellowish chitinous pieces having indentations on their outer edges.
Each piece measures about 0.025 mm. long and is situated near the cloacal aperture.
Females resemble those of V. pneumonicus except that the vulvar flaps are vestigial only. Length
of oesophagus is 0.4 mm, and breadth about 0.065 mm. Vagina is 0.85 mm. long with the vulva
situated in close proximity with the anus. Tail is about 0.05 mm. long. The eggs measure 0.065-
0.07 × 0.03-0.04 mm.
Host: Hill goat (Capra sibirica)
Location: Bronchi
Locality: Mukteswar-Kumaun,
M. M. SARWAR 65
Fig 2. a&b. Posterior end of females (V. capricola), c&d.
Gubernaculum (V. pneumonicus)
Several genera have been created under the family Metastrongylidae to accommodate numerous
species with elaborate accessory structures of varied shapes and arrangement. An examination of
material of various species can bring down a reduction in the known number of genera. Pneumos-
trongylus Monnig 1935 and Neostrongylus Gebauer 1932 are closely allied to Varestrongylus in their
having fused crura and capitulum being absent. The spicules in the genera Varestrongylus and
Pneumostrongylus have coarse cuticularised lamellae and telamon structures near the cloaca have
been described. The species described in the preceding pages differs from the only other species
of this genus by the absence of the spindle shaped gubernaculum described by Bhalerao [1932].
Protostrongylus indicus SARWAR 1944
Male: Total length is unknown as no entire specimen was collected. Breadth in the region
of proximal end of spicule is about 0.17 mm. Rays of the bursa are disposed in pattern characteristic
of the genus. Externo-lateral ray is separate and is widely separated from ventral. Medio-lateral
and postero-lateral rays originate from a common stem and are separated in their distal parts. Ex-
terno-dorsal is relatively short. The dorsal is not studied in detail being folded beneath the body.
Spicules are from 042 to 0.5 mm. long and are characteristic of the genus with minute chitinoid
fibrillations fringing their medical sides. The posterior end of spicule is devoid of fibrillations, is
thinner and curved and presents a protrusion on the ventral side (Fig 3, d). The spicular sheath
extends beyond the ends of the spicules for about 0.02 mm.
66
An Account of Two Species of Lungworms
Fig 3. Protostrongylus indicus a. Posterior end, female;
b&c. Paired accessory, d. Posterior of spicule,
unpaired accessory piece.
The gubernaculum in general resembles that of the other species of the genus. The capitulum
consists of a central head with two arms directed laterally and then posteriorly and two curved pieces
with the keels directed dorso-laterally. Corpus consists of two slender lightly cuticularized parts
each measuring about 0.12 mm. long. The crura are more deeply pigmented and more heavily cuti-
cularized and each part measures about 0.145 mm. long.
Female. Total length unknown. Largest piece collected measures 20 mm. long and 0.2 mm.
broad near the vaginal constriction. Vagina is 1.525 mm. long and is proceeded by a provagina.
Tail is 0.09 mm. long and vulva is situated about 0.18 mm. from tail. Eggs are 0.08-0.1 mm. long
and 0.035-0.038 mm. broad.
Host: Hill goat (Capra sibirica)
Location: Bronchi.
Locality: Lahore, Kangra (Punjab)
M. M.
SARWAR
67
This species may be distinguished from P. ocreatus, P. refescens, P. stilesi and P. raillieti by the
presence of a boot shaped accessory piece in the first and the presence of teeth on the posterior parts
of crura in the latter three species. In P. macrotis and P. capreolus capitulum is absent. P. aus-
triacus has proximal ends of crura fused. P. rushi lacks a provagina. In P. rupicaprae the curved
arms of capitulum are directed laterally and the characteristic curved pieces with keels are absent.
The posterior end of spicule is devoid of fibrillations, is thinner and curved and presents a protrusion
on the ventral side (Fig, 3, d). A characteristic of P. indicus is the presence of a long vagina.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author is grateful to S.M. Sarwar, Esq., M.B.E. for his help in presentation of the matter.
REFERENCES
Bhalerao, G. D. (1932). On some nematode parasites of goats and sheep at Mukteswar. Indian J. vet. Sci. 2,
242-254
Cameron, T. W. M. (1927). Studies on three new genera and some little known species of the nematode family
Protostrongylidae Leiper 1926. J. Helm. 5, 1-24
Dikmans, G. (1935). Two new Lungworms Protostrongylus coburni N. Sp. and Pneumostrongylus alpenae from
the deer Odocoileus virginiamus in Michigan. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. 54 (2)
Gebauer, Otto. (1932). Zur-Kenntnis der parasitenfauna der Gemse. Zeitschr. f. Parasitenkunde. 4 (2), 147-219
Hall, M. C. (1921). Two new genera of Nematodes with a note on a neglected nematode structure. Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 59, 54-546
Looss, A. (1905). The Anatomy and Life history of Agchylostoma duodenale Dub. Monograph Records of the Egyptian
Government School of Medicine. 3, 43
Monnig, H. O. (1933). Wild Antelopes as carriers of parasites of Domestic Ruminants Part III. Onders teppor
J. vet. Sci. I, 77-92
Sarwar, M. M. (1944). An account of two species of lungworms from Indian goats. Pro. Thirty-first Indian Sci.,
Cong., Delhi 1944
Schulz, R. Ed., Orlow, I. W., and Kutass, A. G. (1933). Zur system atik der subfamilie Synthetocaulinas Skrj.
1932, nebst Gattungen und arten. Zool. Anzeiger. 102. (11/12), 303-310
Explanations to Illustrations. Plate I., a. Spicules and gubernaculum (D. filaria)., b. bursa (V. capricola); c.
Spicules (V. capricola), d. Accessory piece (V. capricola)
Plate II. a. & b. Posterior end of female (V. capricola)., c. & d. Gubernaculum (V. pneumonicus).
Plate III. P. indicus., a. posteri or end., b. & c. distal portion of paired accessory piece., d. posterior end of
spicule., e. unpaired accessory piece.
MGIPC—M—III-1-18—6-2-48—520.
J. F.SHIRLAW AND N. S. SANKARNARAYAN 73
sequel of an inward extension of a superficial rickettsial infection, but the genesis of the lesion is
one that requires complete elucidation. As stated, we encountered this lesion in one case examined
pathologically.
SUMMARY
1. A sporadic disease of goats and sheep clinically comparable with rickettsial conjunctivitis
[Coles, 1931] exists in Bihar and has been detected, in a minor outbreak, in an army live-stock depot
in India. An organism identified as R. conjunctivæ occurs within the cells of the conjunctival epithe-
lium of such cases.
2. An organism indifferentiable in morphological characters and staining affinities from R.
conjunctivæ was detected within the conjunctival cells of 32 goats, 10 sheep and five hill cattle selected
at random, and in which, with one exception, viz. a goat affected with purulent conjunctivitis, the
eyes showed no outward sign of disease.
3. An identical form of rickettsia was seen within the conjunctival cells of eight cases of human
trachoma examined.
4. Lesions of irido-cyclitis were determined in one clinical case in a sheep.
5. The disease could not be transmitted to sheep with outwardly healthy eyes by means of
ocular discharge from a diseased animal or by close contact in a small shed over a period of 82 days.
6. It is doubtful whether the finding of R. conjunctivæ in cases of conjunctivitis in the Indian
goat and sheep has real ætiological significance.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Dr C. A. Perrill, Clara Swain Hospital, Bareilly, United Provinces, courteously provided material
from cases of trachoma attending his hospital, and the help given is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
Abdussalam, M. (1944). Indian J. vet. Sci. 14, 210
Beveridge, W. J. B. (1942). Aust. vet. J. 18, 155
Coles, J. D. W. A. (1931). 17th Rept. Dir. vet. Serv., Union of S. Africa, 175
——(1935).
Onderstepoort J. vet. Sci. 4, 389
Donatien, A. and Lestoquard, F. (1939). Rev. Med. Vet. 90, 123
Nanda, P. N., and Abdussalam, M. (1943). Indian J. vet Sci. 13, 228
B
PLATE I
[Indian J. vet. Sci., Vol. 17, Part II
FIG. 1. R conjunctivae within epithelial cells of
goat affected with conjunctivitis (Leitz
1/12 objective, 8 ocular)
FIG. 2. R. conjunctivae within epithelial cells of
unaffected goat (Leitz 1/12 objective, 10
ocular)
PLATE II
[Indian J. vet. Sci., Vol. 17, Part II
A TYPICAL THARPARKAR COW
Mapji- By bull Maharaj out of cow Phijji. Mapji is a second calver, gave
7,009 lb. milk containing 5 per cent fat in her first lactation of 306 days.
Phijji gave 10,232 lb. in her third lactation and has given 48,428 lb. milk
in six lactations and is now in her seventh.
76
Four Times Milking in Cows of Tharparkar Breed
three lactations and one cow four lactations when they were taken into the experiment—two under
four times milking and two under two times milking.
In the statistical examination of the data, the average milk yields per day (wet period only)
of the first set of eight cows as shown in Table I are first considered.
TABLE I
Average milk yield (wet period) in lb. per day of eight cows milked twice a day in their pre-experimenta
first lactation
Name of cow
Milked 2 times
under experi-
ment
1
Urji . .
Larzi . .
Qabdi .
Lasni .
Milked 4 times
under experi-
ment
2
Lani .
Utakni
Rali .
Ushni .
During pre-
experimental
period
1st Lactation
Milked 2 times
3
19.98
18.42
16.29
14.12
4.
16.47
15.96
13.84
No milk
During experimental period
2nd Lactation
Milked
2 times
5
Aborted
15.32
9.85
13.70
Milked
4 times
6
18.17
24.13
17.34
20.77
3rd Lactation
Milked
2 times
7
19.89
16.09
14.40
15.22
Milked
4 times
8
18.65
23.69
18.17
21.90
Mean
2 times milking
14.92±1.035
*F=14.68
4 times milking
20.35±0.908(a)
Percentage increase (+) or decrease (—) over{
first lactation
(5)
A
—
—16.83
—39.53
—2.97
(6)
A
+ 10.32
±51.19
+ 25.29
...
(7)
A
—0.45
—12.65
— 11.60
+7.79
(8)
A
+ 13.24
+ 48.43
+ 31.29
...
—10.89±6.223 29.90±6.722(b)
*F=19.89
(a) Represents an increase of 30.4 per cent over two times milking.
(b) Represents an increase of 40.9 per cent due to increasing the frequency of milking from 2 to 4 times.
* F=Variance ratio, highly significant in both the cases.
The names of cows which were milked two times daily in the experiment are given in column 1
of Table 1. Similarly, those milked four times in the experiment are given in column 2. It will
be noted that all these cows were milked only two times in their pre-experimental first lactation, the
average daily yields of which are given in columns 3 and 4. A comparison of these two groups,
columns 3 and 4, shows a higher average for those in column 3 than those in column 4 by 1.78 lb.
Columns 5 and 7 show the second and third lactation yields under two times milking of the cows
named in column 1 during the period of the experiment. ('Urji' aborted at her second calving
and gave no milk.) Columns 5A and 7A indicated the percentage decreases or increases in the average
milk yields in the second and third lactations respectively of cows given in column 1 over their first
lactations as shown in column 3. All the cows so far considered were milked two times throughout,
i.e., in their first (pre-experimental), second and third (experimental) lactations.
Columns 6 and 8 show the milk yields under four times milking during the experiment in the
second and third lactations respectively of the cows named in column 2. Columns 6A and 8A indi-
of the cows under experimental four times milking named in column 2 over their pre-experimental
first lactations under two times milking given in column 4. The percentage increases noted in columns
6A and 8A for the second and third lactations respectively are due to (i) the advancing age of the
cows and (ii) increasing the frequency of milking from two to four times. Therefore, the difference
C.
H.
PARR
AND
SEN
70
TABLE III
Mean and coefficient of variation for lactation yield, wet average, overall average wet period, dry period and service period
Particulars of treat-
ments and lactations
Cows milked two times
2nd Lactation . .
3rd „ . .
4th „ . .
5th „ . .
6th „ . .
All lact. taken together
Cows milked four times
2nd Lactation . .
3rd „ . .
4th „ . .
5th „ . .
6th „ . .
7th „ . .
All lact. taken together
Percentage increase over
two times milking
Lactation yield
N*
9
10
8
2
2
31
8
9
7
5
2
1
32
Mean±S.E.
(lb)
3791.4±272.8
4450.4 ±388.5
4081.5.4±389.9
4306.5±712.5
2996.0+28.0
4060.8±188.5
6155.1±294.9
7092.4 ±541.2
7801.1±533.7
7641.0±654.1
6369.0±113.0
6786.0±0.0
7056.9±246.8
74
c.v.
21.6
27.6
27.0
23.4
1.32
25.8
13.6
22.9
18.0
19.1
2.5
0.0
19.8
Average yield per day
for wet period
N
9
10
8
2
2
31
8
9
7
5
2
1
32
Mean+S.E.
(lb)
15.4±0.86
16.5±0.89
16.4±0.81
16.5±2.05
13.4±0.20
15.9±0.45
20.7±0.82
23.2±1.77
26.2±1.60
25.0±2.12
20.8±0.37
22.2±0.00
23.3±0.78
47
C.V.
16.7
17.0
13.9
17.5
2.1
15.7
11.3
22.8
16.2
19.0
2.5
0.0
18.9
Average overall yield
per day
N.
9
9
8
2
1
29
8
9
7
5
2
1
32
Mean+S.E.
(lb)
8.3±0.59
11.1±1.10
10.9±1.12
10.8±1.37
8.2±0.60
10.1±0.54
13.6±0.89
16.3±1.68
19.6±1.12
15.9±1.15
16.0±0.20
19.2±0.00
16.4 ±0.69
61
C.V.
21.2
29.7
29.2
17.8
0.0
28.7
18.6
30.8
15.2
16.2
1.8
0.0
23.8
Length of wet period
N
9
10
8
2
2
31
8
9
7
5
2
1
32
Mean+S.E.
(days)
249.3 ±16.65
268.3±13.79
248.8±18.92
259.0±11.00
223.5± 5.50
254.3±8.15
C.V.
20.0
16.3
21.5
6.0
3.5
17.9
Length of dry period
N
9
9
8
2
1
29
Mean+S.E.
(days)
220.3 ±47.44
134.9±20.80
129.4±21.36
136.0±5.00
140.0±0.00
160.1±18.11
Average calving interval = 414.4 days
297.3±4.49
305.9±0.11
299.6±4.39
305.4±0.60
306.0±0.00
306.0±0.00
302.3±1.56
4.3
0.1
3.9
0.4
0.0
0.0
2.9
8
9
7
5
2
1
32
162.8±25.31
143.6±24.72
101.4±6.22
185.4±57.91
93.0+12.00
48.0±0.00
139.5±13.72
Average calving interval= 441.8 days
C.V.
64.6
46.3
46.7
5.2
0.0
60.9
44.0
51.7
16.2
69.8
18.3
0.0
55.6
Length of service period
N
9
8
8
2
2
29
8
9
7
5
2
1
32
Mean + S.E.
(days)
182.2±42.84
115.6±7.62
95.6±8.51
113.0±15.00
97.50±13.50
129.3±14.83
173.1±24.05
157.6±23.17
113.1±6.77
130.4±25.82
109.0±9.00
71.0±0.00
141.8±10.54
C.V.
70.5
18.6
25.2
18.8
19.6
61.7
39.3
44.1
15.8
44.3
11.7
0.0
42.0
*N= Number of lactations averaged