NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
A NOTE ON DERRIS DRESSING OF YOUNG CHICKS FOR
THE CONTROL OF SEED-TICKS (LARVAE OF
ARGAS PERSICUS OKEN)
By S. Gr. IYER and Z. A. HASHMI, Poultry Research Section, Imperial veterinary
Research Institute, Izatnagar
(Received for publication on 9 September 1944.)
EN [1942] was successful in eradi-
ting Argas persicus larvae from affected
awls by the application of a 10.0 per cent
ueous suspension of derris root powder.
The treatment was tried by the authors
in an adult fowl, a one month old and six
ago-week old heavily infested chicks in a
private flock where 'seed-ticks' were cau-
sing annoyance and loss. Six of the chicks
ed within an hour of the derris appli-
tion, while the two oldest birds suffered
no apparent injury. In order to test the
toxicity of derris applications, small-scale
experiments were undertaken on chickens
of different ages.
EXPERIMENTAL
The chicks used in these experiments
were hatched and reared at the Institute
poultry farm. In each experiment an equal
number of untreated chicks were used as
controls, all these remained healthy. Derris
not powder was made into a 10.0 per cent
suspension in water and after thorough
stirring was applied with cotton-wool to
the whole of body, except the natural ori-
fices and eyes. The result is shown in
Table I.
TABLE I
Mortality in chicks due to derris dressing
Age of chicks
2
16
35
60
Number
dressed
11
11
11
11
Number dying
after dressing
7
7
1
Nil
Remarks
Dead chicks showed acute
parenchymatous nephritis.
All deaths occurred within
18 hours of derris dressing.
As derris dressing was found to be
unsafe in very young chicks, and as Sen
[1942] had applied the dressing on limited
areas of the body,it was decided to experi-
ment with partial dressing, using very
young chicks (2 and 16 days old). The
results are given in Table II.
TABLE II.
Result of partial dressing with derris
Age of chicks
(days)
2
16
Dressing under
wings
No.
dressed
6
6
No.
died
Nil
Nil
Dressing under
wings and
abdomen
No.
dressed
6
6
No.
died
3
Nil
Dressing under
wings, abdomen
and inside of
thighs—
No.
dressed
6
6
No.
died
6
3
All deaths occurred within 24 hours of
derris application, the dead chicks showing
acute parenchymatous nephritis.
SUMMARY
Derris root powder at 10.0 per cent
watery suspension, as recommended for
killing 'seed-ticks' (Agras persicus) on
fowls, cannot be used for chicks up to
five weeks of age owing to its toxicity.
The toxic effects are in proportion to the
extent of body surface covered. For adults
the medicament is apparently safe and in
these experiments 11 birds two-months
old survived the application of the suspen-
sion over the whole body surface.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The writers wish to express their indeb-
tedness to Mr A. J. Macdonald, Officer-
In-Charge, Poultry Research Section for
his interest and advice in this work.
REFERENCE
Sen, S. K. (1942). Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Abs. 1,29
79
104
Multiplication of B. anthracis, etc.
TABLE II
Cl. chauvoei in bone-marrow of sheep
Hours after death
. . . 0 . .
. . . 6 . .
. . . 8 . .
. . . 30 . .
. . . 38 . .
. . .45 . .
. . . 48 . .
. . . 50 . .
Air temperature (°F.)
49-53
183
2.31
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
542.1
. .
. .
100
6.31
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
329.0
. .
53-60
307
4.93
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
7.29
. .
. .
143
7.0
1,090.0
..
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Sheep number
74
7.0
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
1,090.0
. .
17
17.1
918.0
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
51-57
199
94.3
. .
. .
. .
. .
171.0
. .
. .
61-65
84
141.0
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
700.0
70
336
27.2
. .
. .
. .
700.0
. .
. .
. .
35
318
240.0
. .
. .
. .
240.0
. .
. .
. .
. .
228
. .
329.0
. .
109.0
. .
. .
. .
..
55-60
116
. .
. .
240.0
4.56
. .
. .
. .
. .
Estimated numbers of organisms in 1.0 c.c. of the original tissue suspension are given in thousands. The
original suspension was prepared at 1.0 gm. to 9.7 c.c. citrated saline, except in one case (sheep 17)
where by mistake it was 1.0 gm. to 16.0 c.c.
Five meat-liver tubes were sown from each serial dilution of the suspension.
a minimum thermometer inserted so that its
bulb lay on the surface of the liver near the diaphra-
gm. In some cases the temperature in the depth
of the muscles at the back of the thigh was also
registered, At intervals from one hour onwards
the thermometer was withdrawn until the top
of the rider was just visible and then replaced.
At the same time, the dry and wet-bulb tempera-
tures of the air beside the carcase were recorded
Observations were made on rabbits, sheep, hill
bulls, a goat and a buffalo, as representing animals
of different sizes, under varying atmospheric con-
ditions. The results are shown in Table III and
are also represented graphically in Figs. 1 and 2
100
Multiplication of B. anthracis, etc.
FIG. 1. Body temperature at liver surface: air temperature within brackets
BUF, Buffalow; SHP, Sheep: H. BUL, Hill-bull.
FIG. 2. Body tempreature at liver surface: air tempreature within brackets
PLATE IV
[Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XV, Part II
BALWANT
SINGH
111
FIG. 1. Map showing the location of various cattle breeds in India
RESULTS
The results of the tests will be found in Tables
I-V and in Fig. 2.
1. Kumauni hill cattle. The home of this breed
is the Kumaun foot-hills of the Himalaya. It
is one of the smallest breeds of Indian cattle,
with short horns and a thoracic musculo-fatty
hump. The poll and hump are usually covered
with coarse hairs; the sheath is tight and the legs
are short, thick and bony. The colour is generally
deep-red or jet-black, and an admixture with
white is regarded as indicating crossing with grey
cattle of the plains.
The experiments were conducted at Mukteswar,
where many pure Kumauni cattle are available.
The animals were collected from various Kumauni
hills and may therefore be regarded as of
divergent strains.
In order to differentiate A and B groups, 24
of the reactors were selected and their isonins
were cross-tested with their isogens. The results
are given in Table I.
112
Blood-Group Identifications of Indian Breeds
TABLE I
Blood-grouping of Kumaun hill cattle on 24 previously reacting bulls
SERUM FROM HILL BULL
Cells from
hill bull
Lot
I
Lot II
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
LOT I
1
—
+
±
±
—
—
—
—
+F
+
±
±
+
+
—
+
—
+
+
—
+
—
—
—
2
±
—
—
—
+F
+F
+ F
+ F
+F
+F
—
+ F
+ F
+ F
+ F
—
+F
+F
+F
—
—
—
—
±
3
+
+
—
+
+
—
—
+
—
+
—
—
—
—
+
—
+
—
+
+
+
+
+
—
+
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
+
—
+
+
—
—
—
+
+
±
+
+
+
+
+
—
+
+
+
+
—
+
+
6
—
—
—
±
—
—
—
+
+
±
+
+
+ F
—
+
±
+
—
±
—
—
—
7
—
+
±
—
—
—
—
±
+
+
+
+
—
+
—
+
—
+
+
—
+
+
—
—
8
+
—
+
+
—
—
+
—
+
—
+
+
+F
+ F
—
+
+
+
+ F
—
+
—
—
—
9
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
10
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
12
—
—
—
—
—
—
+
—
—
+
—
+ F
—
—
—
—
+
—
—
—
—
+F
—
LOT II
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
15
+
+
+
+
—
—
+
—
+
+
+
+
+
+
—
+
+
+
+
—
+ F
+
±
—
16
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
+
+
±
+
+
—
+
—
+
+
±
±
+
+
—
+
—
+
+
+
+ F
+
—
+
18
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
19
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20
—
±
—
—
—
—
—
±
+
+
±
±
+
+
+
—
—
—
±
—
—
±
—
—
21
±
+F
—
+
+ F
—
—
±
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
22
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
-
-
—
—
-
—
—
—
—
-
23
+
+
±
+
+
—
—
+
—
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
—
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
24
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Provi-
sional
group-
ing
A & B
A&B
A & B
AB
A&B
A & B
—
A&B
A&B
—
AB
AB
—
AB
A&B
AB
AB
A&B
AB
A&B
A3
AB
A&B
A & B
AB
A&B
AB
Inoculation of isogen and isonin of lot I was done on 29 July 1942 (isogen isonin fresh).
Inoculation of isogen of lot I and isonin of lot II was done on 30 July 1942 (isogen 24 hour old in cold and isonin fresh).
Inoculation of isogen and isonin of lot I was done on 31 July 1942 (isogen isonin fresh).
Inoculation of isogen of lot II and isonin of lot I was done on 1 August 1942 (isogen 24 hour old in cold and isonin fresh),
The result of the tests was as before, except that with Nos. 15, 17 and 23, the grouping was previously recorded as O.
114
Blood-Group Identifications of Indian Breeds
TABLE III
Combined table of the 12 Indian and Afghan Breeds of Cattle
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Name of breed
Kumauni (hill) . . . . .
Sindhi (red) .
.
.
. .
Gir
.
.
.
Sahiwal
.
.
.
. . .
Tharparker .
.
.
. . .
Hariana
. . . . . . .
Kankrej
.
.
.
. . .
Amritmahal . . . . . .
Kangayam .
.
.
. . .
Ongole
.
.
.
. . .
Dhanni
.
.
.
. . ..
Afghan
.
.
.
. . ..
Grouping
of Ware
[1941]
V
III
III
III
I
II
I
IV
IV
II
—
—
Total
Percentage
No. of
animals
tested
108
96
120
117
96
132
120
96
100
96
99
19
1,199
O
—
36 (37.5)
50 (41.7)
57 (48.7)
31 (32.3)
16 (12.1)
27 (22.5)
18 (18.8)
24 (24.0)
18 (18.8)
36 (36.4)
8 (42.1)
321
26.8
Distribution of
groups
A & B
Mixed
40 (37.04)
7 (7.3)
5 (4.1)
3 (2.6)
15 (15.6)
4 (3.0)
3 (2.5)
9 (9.4)
3 (3.0)
2 (2.0)
8 (8.1)
2 (10.5)
101
8.4
-
AB
67 (62.04)
47 (49.0)
50 (41.7)
32 (27.4)
26 (27.1)
34 (25.8)
25 (20.8)
43 (44.8)
41 (41.0)
24 (25.0)
36 (36.4)
7 (36.9)
432
36.0
Negative
1 (0.92)
6 (6.2)
15 (12.3)
25 (21.3)
24 (25.0)
78 (59.1)
65 (54.2)
26 (27.0)
32 (32.2)
52 (54.0)
19 (19.1)
2 (10.5)
345
28.8
N.B. Figures in brackets indicate percentages.
Junagadh States. Most of the animals were farm-
bred and may therefore be regarded as inbred
for our purposes.
4. Sahiwal. These are essentially milch cattle
and are generally raised in large numbers in the
dry central and southern areas of the Punjab.
They are long, deep, rather fleshy cattle, short
on the leg, comparatively lethargic and heavily
built, with fine skin, especially in heavy milking
strains. The bullocks are not good for draught.
They are short-horned. The colour is red but
some are dun. Investigations were carried out
at Jahangirabad Farm (Multan). The animals
were mostly farm-bred and are therefore, regarded
as inbred.
5. Tharparker. The home of these cattle is
in the arid, semi-desert tracts of south-west Sind,
but they" are also bred in the adjoining Indian
States of Kutch, Jodhpore and Jaisalmir. They are
medium-sized animals, the cows have good milking
capacity while the bullocks are good workers.
They are lyre-horned and have straight limbs
and hard feet. The colour is entire grey or light
red in young bulls, while in cows and bullocks
it is generally lighter grey. The colour tends to
become white with age.
The investigations were conducted on a total
of 96 animals at the Agricultural College Farm,
Sakrand and at the Agricultural Farm, Lundo
(Nawabshah Distt.), Sind. The animals in these
farms had been recently purchased from various
sources and may therefore, for the purpose of this
study, be regarded as of divergent strain.
6. Hariana. The home of this breed is in the
Rohtak, Hissar, Karnal and Gurgaon districts
of the Punjab and in Delhi province. Hariana
bullocks are powerful draught animals and are
extremely useful for heavy ploughing and trans-
port. The cows are fairly good milkers. They
are short-horned cattle. The coat colour is white,
a grey admixture being regarded as due to crossing
with other breeds such as Kankrej.
The experiments were carried out at the Govern-
ment Cattle Farm, Hissar, most of the animals
116
Blood-Group
Identifications of Indian Breeds
Table IV
Grouping of Friesian and of Friesian-Sahiwal cross cattle
No. of
ex-
peri-
ments
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Date
11 April 1943.
12 April 1943.
13 April 1943.
14 April 1943.
17 April 1943.
17 April 1943.
18 April 1943.
TOTAL .
Percentage
No. of
animals
12
13
12
12
12
13
12
86
Group I
(O)
2
2
..
3
1
..
1
9
10.5
Group II
(A & B)
5
4
3
4
6
4
26
30.2
Group III
(AB)
4
2
4
4
6
6
5
31
36
Group IV
(Negative)
1
5
5
5
1
1
2
20
23.3
Remarks
Friesian . . . .
Friesian-cum-Sahiwal
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
TOTAL
. 1/2
. 3/4
. 5/8
. 7/8
. 11/16
.13/16
.15/16
.23/32
. 53/64
TABLE V
Mukteswar—Blood-grouping of Afghan breed of cattle
Cells from
Afghan Cow 1
. . . .
„ „ 2 . . . .
„ „ 3 . . . .
„ „ 5 . . . .
„
„ 6 . . . .
„ „ 7 . . . .
„ „ 9 . . . .
„ „ 10 . . . .
Afghan Bull 2 . . . .
„
Heifer
15
.
.
.
.
„ „ 14 . . . .
„ Bull-calf 18 . . . .
„
„
„
17 . . . .
„ Cow 8 . . . .
„
Heifer 12 . . . .
„ Calf
16
.
.
.
.
„
Bull 1 . . . .
Heifer 11 . . . .
Age of
animals
(years)
7
6½
5
5
4—
5
5½
6
6
7
2¼
2¼
2¼
2¼
4
2¼
2 ¼
5½
2¼
Sorum from
1
—
+
—
—
—
—
+
—
—
+
—
+
—
—
+
+
—
+
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
—
+
—
——
—
—
+
—
—
+
—
+
—
—
+
—
—
+
—
4
+
+
—
—
—
—
+
—
—
+
—
+
—
—
+
+
—
+
+
5
—
+
—
—
—
—
+
—
—
+
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6
—
+
—
—
—
—
+
—
—
+
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0
—
+
—
—
—
—
+
—
—
+
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
10
—
+
—
—
—
—
+
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
15
—
+
—
—
—
—
+
—
—
+
—
+
—
—
+
+
—
—
—
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
18
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
18
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
12
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
16
—
+
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+
—
—
+
+
—
+
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
11
—
+
—
—
—
—
+
—
—
+
—
+
—
+
+
—
+
—
Group
distribution
A & B
AB
O
O
O
O
AB
O
O
AB
O
AB
Negative
„
AB
AB
O
AB
A & B
Remarks
Percentage:—
Group O . .
Group A & B . .
Group AB . .
Group Negatlve . .
42.15
10.55
36.95
10.55
BALWANT
SINGH
117
FIG. 2. Blood-group distribution of 13 breeds of cattle in India
Discussion
The value of blood-grouping for determining
questions of heredity has been established by
various workers. It has been found that in any
race in the absence of crossing the proportion of
groups remains constant from one generation to
another. By crossing, a definite change in the
normal proportion of groups is brought about.
Before discussing the results obtained in this study,
it is worth while repeating Snyder's [1930] pos-
tulates on the subject, which are as follows:
1. Any people whose blood-group distri-
bution is studied shows blood-group frequencies
similar to those of other people known to be related
to it.
2. If any people shows blood-group frequencies
different from those based on the frequencies of
peoples known to be related to it, the conclusion
may be drawn that the former has undergone
racial crossings which the latter have not undergone
or vice versa.
3. If any people shows blood-group frequency
similar to a group of people not known to be
related to it the conclusion may be drawn that
the former traces back to the latter somewhere
in its ancestry or the former has undergone crossing
with the latter group or some similar people.
4. If any people lacks one or both of the blood-
group mutations as evidenced by an extremely
low value of p or g it may be assumed that this
people became isolated from the rest of mankind
before the respective mutations took place or
before they spread very far.
Limitations of time and space preclude the
possibility at this stage of our work of drawing
a thoroughly comprehensive picture of the relation-
ship of the various Indian cattle. It is hoped
that data provided here will form the basis for
further work and indicate lines of research.
Nevertheless, certain interesting points emerge,
which may be discussed briefly.
Kumauni hill breed. The blood-group frequencies
of this breed reveal striking differences from those
of the other Indian breeds so far tested. The
absence of relationship to any other Indian breed,
particularly in the non-appearance of group O,
suggests a distinct origin. The Mongolian wave
of immigration (Census of India, 1931 I(1) ) from
the Chino-Tibetan border into the Himalaya,
Assam and Burma may have been instrumental
in introducing these cattle into these ranges.
C 2
124
Comparative Value of Some Concentrates
TABLE I
Distribution of the animals into different groups and their liveweight (lb.)
Age on 28 August 1940
(year, months and days)
Average age of the group .
Average liveweight at the
start of the experiment on
28 August 1940
Average liveweight of the
group
Average liveweight at the
close of the experiment on
21 January 1941
Total increase . . .
Average increase of the
group
Age on 28 August 1940
(year, months and days)
Average age of the group .
Average liveweight at the
6tart of the experiment on
28 August 1940
Average liveweight of group
Average liveweight at the
close of the experiment on
21 January 1941
Total increase . . .
Average increase of group .
Linseed cake
1
1-8-24
2
1-8-18
3
1-7-9
4
1-7-13
5
1-8-13
1 year 7 months 3 days
519
627
108
452
595
143
450
460
623
173
140
422
552
130
457
604
147
Gram
11
1-8-5
12
1-7-3
13
1-9-9
14
1-7-19
15
1-8-24
1 year 7 months 5days
489
684
195
473
672
199
451
460
634
183
172
460
596
136
427
575
148
Groundnut cake (undecorticated)
6
1-8-27
7
1-7-29
8
1-9-5
9
1-7-3
10
1-6-2
1 year 7 months 1 day
483
559
76
486
595
109
443
462
539
96
101
472
587
115
425
535
119
Arhar chuni
16
1-8-0
17
1-8-7
18
1-8-12
19
1-8-3
20
1-7-1
1 year 7 months day
513
662
149
492
682
190
413
475
170
424
598
174
471
635
164
TABLE II
Summary of results (rate of growth by different treatments)
Treatments
Average increase per week (lb.)
.
.
.
.
Percentage of the mean . . . . .
Critical difference at 5 per cent
.
.
.
.
Per cent critical difference of mean . . .
Rate of change of growth rate
.
.
.
.
Percentage of mean
.
.
.
.
.
.
Critical difference at 5 per cent
.
.
.
.
Per cent critical difference of mean . . .
Linseed
cake
7.11
98.94
0.93
12.97
—0.0806
79.21
0.0757
74.39
Groundnut
cake (un-
decorti-
cated)
4.66
64.82
0.93
12.97
—0.0109
10.74
0.0757
74.39
Gram
8.51
118.42
0.93
12.97
—0.1416
139.23
0.0757
7.349
Arhar
chuni
8.79
122.29
1.04
14.50
—0.1916
188.43
0.0846
83.18
Mean
7.19
100.00
—0.1017
100.00
. .
. .
N.
C.
DAS
GUPTA
125
change from linseed cake to rape cake. The
basal feeding lasted for three weeks, after which
the animals were distributed into four comparable
groups. One group was allowed to continue
the rape cake ration, and for the other three groups
rape cake was replaced by either linseed cake,
groundnut cake or mung chuni. The procedure
was the same as in the previous test. The distri¬
bution of the animals for the different treatments
and the gain in their liveweights during the
18 weeks of experiment are shown in
Table III.
Rate of growth. The results of the statistical
analysis have been summarized in Table IV.
Decorticated groundnut cake has produced signi-
ficantly the lowest average growth rate. Rape
TABLE III
Distribution of animals into groups and their average liveweight (lb.)
cake and linseed cake come next in order and
the difference between them is not significant, but
both produced significantly lower growth rate than
mung chuni, the average growth rates per week
with these feeds being 4.96, 6.30, 6.84 and 8.72 lb.
respectively. The fall in the growth rate from
mung chuni to rape cake is 36.03 per cent, from
mung chuni to groundnut cake is 56.04 per cent,
and from rape cake to groundnut cake 20.01 per
cent, the critical difference at 5 per cent level being
19.64 per cent. Similarly, from mung chuni to
linseed cake and from linseed cake to groundnut
cake, the fall in the average growth rate is 27.90
and 28.14 per cent respectively. The variation
clue to treatments in the average rate of change of
growth rate is also significant.
Age on 11 October 1041 (year,
months and days).
Average age of group
Average liveweight at the start of
the experiment on 11 October
1941
Average liveweight of the group .
Average liveweight at the close of
the experiment on 14 Febru-
ary 1942
Total Increase .
.
.
.
average increase of the group
Age on 11 October 1941 (year,
months and days)
Average age of group
Average liveweight at the start of
the experiment on 11 October
1941
Average liveweight of the group .
Average liveweight at the close of
the experiment on 14 Febru-
ary 1942
Total Increase .
.
.
.
Average increase of the group
Linseed cake
1
1-7-28
2
1-7-4
3
1-6-15
4
1-6-11
1 year 7 months
407
580
123
432
404
582
150
131
863
497
134
416
533
117
Rape cake
9
1-7-18
10
1-7-3
11
1-6-27
12
1-6-2
1 year 6 months 27 days
437
541
104
401
402
498
97
115
390
533
137
376
496
120
Groundnut cake (decorticated)
5
1-7-18
6
1-7-12
7
1-6-21
8
1-6-15
1 year 7 months 1 day
414
509
95
376
400
471
95
94
403
506
103
430
513
33
Mung chuni
13
1-7-24
14
1-7-7
15
1-6-19
16
1-6-14
1 year 7 months 1 day
380
549
169
440
404
587
173
164
427
583
156
395
552
157
D 2
126
Comparative Value of Some Concentrates
TABLE IV
Summary of results (rate of growth by different treatments)
Treatments
Average increase per week (lb.) .
Percentage of the mean
Rate of change of growth rate
Per cent rate of change of growth rate .
Linseed
cake
6.84
102.10
—0.1591
117.40
Groundnut
cake (de-
corticated)
4.96
73.96
—0.0438
32.32
Rape
cake
6.30
93.97
—0.0913
67.39
Mung
chuni
8.72
130.00
—0.2479
183.00
Mean
6.705
100.00
—0.1355
100.00
Critical
difference
at 5 per
cent
1.317
19.64
—0.133
98.45
FEEDING TEST WITH LINSEED CAKE, til CAKE AND
guar (1942)
The experiment to study the comparative
feeding values of linseed cake, guar and til cake
was started in April, 1942 with 15 Hissar heifers.
The constituents of the basal ration were the
same as those during the first test of the series
The experiment was conducted for 16 weeks after
preliminary feeding for four weeks. There were
five replications for each treatment. The distri¬
bution of the animals in three groups and the
liveweight increase during the experiment has
been recorded in Table V.
TABLE V
Distribution of animals into different groups and their liveweight (lb.)
Age on 21 April 1942
(year, months and
days)
Average age of the
group
Average liveweight at
the start of the experi-
ment on 21 April
1942
Average liveweight of
group.
Average liveweight at
the close of the experi-
ment on 11 August
1942
Total increase . .
Average increase of the
group
Linseed cake
1
1-8-12
2
1-5-9
3
1-4-21
4
1-4-8
5
1-3-23
1 year 5 months 8 days
429
535
106
346
422
76
395
368
503
108
107
316
449
133
354
465
111
Til
cake
6
1-6-2
7
1-5-27
8
1-5-12
9
1-4-18
10
1-4-2
1 year 5 months 6 days
383
457
74
309
487
118
420
367
508
82
80
317
418
101
341
394
53
Guar
11
1-7-17
12
1-5-13
13
1-5-4
14
1-4-14
15
1-3-15
1 year 5 months 8 days
427
556
129
388
509
121
372
369
503
131
134
300
452
152
36
49
10
128
Comparative Value of Some Concentrates
FIG. 1. Rate of growth with different concentrates
N. C.
DAS
GUPTA
129
TABLE VIII
Intake of total dry matter per day with the different concentrates (lb.)
Treatments
1940
Linseed cake
.
.
.
.
.
Groundnut cake (undecorticated)
Gram . . . . . .
Arhar chuni
.
.
.
.
.
.
1941
Linseed cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Groundnut cake (decorticated) . .
Rape cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Mung chuni
.
.
.
.
.
.
1942
Linseed cake . . . . . . . .
Til cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Guar
.
.
.
.
.
.
Wheat
straw
2.92
2.70
2.67
2.49
2.45
2.42
2.39
1.64
1.73
1.82
1.67
Silage
4.08
4.07
4.06
4.07
4.28
4.27
4.25
4.26
4.41
4.39
4.37
Wheat
bran
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.38
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1 37
1.39
Concen-
trates
2.95
2.98
4.39
5.34
2.82
1.48
2.45
5.31
2.21
1.61
3.05
Total
11.35
11.15
12.52
13.28
10.96
9.58
10.50
12.62
9.76
9.19
10.48
Average
live-
weight
530
512
546
560
470
452
460
486
427
415
444
Intake per
100 lb. live-
weight
2.14
2.18
2.29
2.37
2.33
2.12
2.28
2.60
2.29
2.21
2.36
TABLE IX
Average percentage composition of feeds on dry basis
Feeds
1940
Wheat straw
.
.
.
.
.
.
Jowar silage
.
.
.
.
.
.
Wheat bran
.
.
.
.
.
.
Linseed cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Groundnut cake (undecorticated). .
Gram
.
.
.
.
.
.
Arhar chuni
.
.
.
.
.
.
1941
Wheat straw
.
.
.
.
.
.
Jowar silage
.
.
.
.
.
.
Wheat bran
.
.
.
.
.
.
Linseed cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Groundnut cake (decorticated) . .
Rape cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Mung chuni
.
.
.
.
.
.
1942
Wheat straw
.
.
.
.
.
.
Jowar silage
.
.
.
.
.
.
Wheat bran
.
.
.
.
.
.
Linseed cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Til cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Guar
.
.
.
.
.
.
Organic
matter
91.2
88.3
93.6
92.3
87.0
96.0
91.6
90.4
88.4
94.6
90.0
92.5
90.6
89.1
92.1
88.4
92.0
93.1
87.0
95.4
Protein
2.01
3.27
15.06
31.05
31.57
21.90
19.36
2.37
5.30
12.50
33.03
52.90
37.74
22.24
3.04
5.11
14.53
36.56
46.78
30.56
Ether
extract
0.675
0.618
3.163
7.033
9.279
4.015
1.542
0.865
1.702
3.397
3.082
7.647
8.121
1.253
0.510
1.426
3.459
3.910
7.364
2.940
Fibre
39.9
36.1
112
8.4
20.9
9.5
19.0
39.3
31.6
13 0
9.0
6.7
8.1
15.0
42.8
32.5
11.8
9.4
5.0
10.0
N-free
extract
48.7
48.2
64.2
45.1
25.3
60.6
51.7
47.9
49.8
65.7
44.9
25.2
36.7
50.6
45.8
49.5
62.2
43.3
27.9
51.9
Total
carbohy-
drates
88.5
84.3
75.4
54.5
46.2
70.1
70.7
87.2
81.4
78.7
53.9
31.9
44.8
65.6
88.6
82.0
74.0
52.7
32.9
61.9