NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
SEVERE AND WIDESPREAD OUTBREAK OF RINDERPEST
105
the incubation stage of the disease at the time of vaccination. These were then
subjected to serum treatment and cured.
The outbreak was brought under control within a period of 12 days with the
loss of 18 animals from the time of vaccination or inoculation measures being
undertaken.
Out of the cows and young calves at Thaska and Sully, which were in contact
with the affected animals at the time of the outbreak, 80 animals developed rinder-
pest and were treated with anti-rinderpest serum (class P or II) in doses ranging
from 100 c. c. to 250. In some cases these injections had to be repeated three
or four times according to the condition of the patient.
The total number of animals inoculated with goat blood virus and goat tissue
virus were :—
1. Kherwin—
Heifers ......
Bullocks
......
2. Bobran—
Cows and calves
........
Bulls
.......
Bullocks
.......
3. Sully—
Cows
........
Calves
........
Bullocks
..........
4. Thaska—
Cows and calves
........
Bullocks .......
5. Home Farm—
Cows and heifers.......
Bullocks .
6. Mundianwala—
Bullocks
........
7. Stables—
Bullocks
...........
8.
Chowni—
Bulls and bull calves
..........
Bullocks ..........
Total
1,151
33
1,750
8
10
267
142
66
648
62
250
64
109
69
1,173
33
5,848
106
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII.
PREPARATION OF VACCINE
Both the blood and tissue vaccines employed at the farm for the immunisation
of cattle were supplied by the Pathological Section of the Punjab Veterinary
College, Lahore.
The attenuated goat virus employed at the Punjab Veterinary College for
the purpose of manufacturing blood and tissue vaccine, was obtained from the
Imperial Institute of Veterinary Research, Muktesar, about 2 years back and
maintained by continuous passage in local bred goats.
The blood virus issued for use at the farm was 24 to 48 hours old. It was
supplied in the form of whole blood mixed with equal parts of 1 per cent sodium
citrate solution. The dose of the citrated solution of goat blood virus was 2
c. c. per head.
The goat tissue virus used at the farm was about 1 to 15 days old. It was
despatched from the Lahore College in ampoules each containing one gramme
piece of spleen tissue.
The maceration and dilution of vaccine was carried out at the farm according
to the instructions issued by the Imperial Institute of Veterinary Research,
Muktesar.
Each one gramme piece of spleen was macerated in 100 c.c. of normal saline
solution and used in 1 c. c. dose per animal. The blood and tissue vaccines were
despatched from the College, per passenger train, packed in ice and saw dust.
During the course of these inoculations it was sometimes necessary to keep
a quantity of tissue vaccine over-night. In such instances the material was kept
in a cool dark place packed in a large quantity of ice.
CHOICE OF THE VIRUS
The choice between the two types of virus is very difficult. It is not yet
definitely ascertained that a febrile reaction is necessary for conferring lasting
immunity. But, if immunity is assured only when the animal body reacts to the
vaccine, then there is no doubt that blood vaccine is definitely better than the
tissue vaccine. If, however, this is not essential, then there is no doubt that the
tissue vaccine is to be preferred in the field inoculation work. It is easy of applica
tion in the field, its cost of production is extremely low ; its distribution is inexpen
sive, and its longer viability in storage is its greatest outstanding feature.
Kerr and Menon [1934] in their note regarding the use of goat virus as a means
of controlling rinderpest outbreaks observe that goat blood vaccine was not
suitable for general application in the field as it necessitated the presence of more
experienced officers to control the operations. Besides, it was impracticable to
maintain at headquarters, a large stock of potent goat blood vaccine. On the
other hand, the goat tissue vaccine was easily prepared and preserved in sealed
ampoules which were quite handy for packing and despatch by post. Moreover,
SEVERE AND WIDESPREAL OUTBREAK OF RINDERPEST
107
one goat produces 2,000 to 2,500 doses of tissue vaccine as compared with some
500 doses of blood virus. So far our experience coincides with the above workers
of Bengal regarding the utility and use of the goat blood virus and the goat tissue
vaccine.
CONCLUSIONS
We may sum up the position very briefly by saying that means are now
abundantly to hand for combating natural outbreaks of rinderpest in the condi-
tions in which they prevail in the Punjab. The goat virus method has now
reached a state of perfection when no obstacle need reasonably be placed against
its adoption on the grounds of excessive risk. Edwards [1929] in his address
on 'The problems of Rinderpest in India ' read by him at the Conference of the
Central Provinces Veterinary Association, held at Nagpur, November 1928,
remarked that the system of protection most suitable for adoption in India is one
of widespread vaccination and we entirely endorse his views on the subject.
The authors desire to record that Mr. S. M. A. Shah, the Farm's Senior
Veterinary Officer, was in charge at the time of the outbreak of this disease, but
owing to his transfer subsequently he was unable to collaborate in the writing of
this article.
REFERENCES
Banerji, P. C. (1931). Ind. Jour. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., 1, 338—346.
Cooper, H. (1931). Ind. Jour. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., 1, 1—13.
Edwards, J. T. (1925). Imp. Inst. Agric. Res., Pusa Bull. 199.
—
(1929). The Problem of Rinderpest in India. Address read at the
Conference of the C. P. V. A. Nagpur, November 1928.
Kerr, P. J. (1935). Ind. Jour. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., 5, 67—90.
Kerr, P. J., & Menon, M. B. (1934). Ind. Jour. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Hus ., 4, 75—81.
Stirling, R. F. (1933). Vet. Jour. 89, 7.
A NOTE ON OSTEITIS DEFORMANS IN TWO FOWLS
BY
R. VENKATARAMAN, G.M.V.C.,
Laboratory Assistant, Madras Veterinary College.
(Received for Publication on 7th December 1935.)
FOREWORD
Several bony diseases affect poultry. These may be either neoplastic, in-
flammatory, or constitutional in their origin. Though pathological conditions
occur commonly in bones, yet very little is understood regarding their nature.
The technical difficulties associated with their histological examination are many
and the introduction of such terms as calcareous infiltration, calcification, ossifica-
tion, exostosis, osteitis, osteo-sclerosis, hyperostosis and the like merely convey
an idea of the nature of such changes.
Diseases occurring in bones go by different names depending upon their origin,
situation, and histological characters. When neoplastic in origin, they may grow
out as exostoses in the form of excrescenes from the outer surface of a bone or may
grow in and project into the medullary cavity. In some instances, the matrix
becomes dense resulting in ' compact or ivory osteoma'. The majority of the
osseous growths appear to be inflammatory in origin, as for example the formation
of a callus round a fracture. Sometimes, the infiltration of chronic inflammatory
foci with calcium salts may simulate bone formation and it must be remembered
that the nature of the majority of bone tumours may be very difficult to interpret.
Diseases of constitutional origin also affect the skeletal system in poultry.
These are all grouped under nutritional or vitamin deficiency diseases such as
asthenia (going light), gout, rickets, osteoporosis, osteomalacia and osteitis de-
formans. Osteitis deformans is the name applied to the morbid process which
usually affects the entire skeleton in adult life. It is a chronic constitutional
disease characterised by the deposition of a fibro-osteoid tissue in such an excess
as to enlarge and harden the affected bones. This kind of chronic osteitis is of a
formative type, in which there is new formation of bony tissue from the osteogenic
layer of the periosteum and sometimes also from the endo-osteum in the medullary
canal giving the bone an ivory like consistency ; the other kind is known as the
rarefying type in which there is absorption of bone, which is replaced by granula-
tion tissue, as in tuberculosis and actinomycosis of the jaw in cattle.
This note is intended to record briefly an unusual condition of the limbs seen
in two fowls. The cases are of further interest as they revealed spirochaetes in their
blood in addition.
( 108 )
NOTE ON OSTEITIS DEFORMANS IN TWO FOWLS
109
SUBJECTS. In the month of August 1934, a condition quite analogous to the
one described by Kaupp [1933] under "Osteitis deformans" was met with in
two adult leghorn fowls. Both the fowls developed a striking enlargement of
the legs which attracted the attention of the owner. The fowls, a cock and a
hen, were brought to the Veterinary College Hospital for observation and treat-
ment. (Plates II & III, Fig. 1).
SYMPTOMES. In both the fowls, the lesions appeared to be one of Osteitis
affecting the long bones, viz.—the tibia and the metatarsus. Enlargement and
diffuse thickening of the bones were felt on manipulation. A skiagram of the
limbs of these birds was taken for study and it revealed a condition of sclerosis.
(Plate II, Figs. 2 & 3 and Plate III, Fig. 2.)
The cock showed more prominent lesions than the hen. Both the fowls
appeared dull and inactive. They were drowsy and not feeding properly. The
cock was passing yellowish white stools. The temperature of the hen ranged
from 106° to 109° F.
CLINICAL OBSERVATION AND TREATMENT. Dark ground illumination of the
blood from the two fowls revealed spirochaetes and they were noticed to be in
larger numbers in the cock. This finding of spirochaetes associated with such
unusual lesions in the fowls suggested the possibility of a condition simulating
gummatous osteitis, caused by syphilis in man, by an analogous organism. But
such a condition in fowls, as far as can be ascertained from the literature on spiro-
chaetosis, has not been recorded. Spirochaetes usually cause an acute infection
and rapid termination, hence it is obvious that they may have not been the cause
of such lesions as are described in this paper. The fowls were treated with soamin
for spirochaetosis. The hen was destroyed after 27 days and during this period,
the thickness of the legs was found to have slightly increased.
AUTOPSY. Post mortem examination was held on both the fowls. The
cock was emaciated and revealed a considerable enlargement and hardness of
both the tibia and metatarsal bones. To see the extent of damage, one of the
bones was sawn through longitudinally and it showed dense compact tissue almost
ivory like, filling the medullary canal. (Plate III, Fig. 3-a, longitudinal section.)
Fatty changes were noticed in the liver. Smears from the heart blood revealed
spirochaetes.
The hen, on post mortem examination, also presented an anaemic and
emaciated appearance.
The bones, tibia and metatarsus, on longitudinal section, showed deposition
of campact tissue, but to a lesser degree. The remains of the cancellated tissue
could be seen partially in the metatarsus. (Plate III, Fig. 3-b.) A similar section
of metatarsus from a normal fowl is placed for comparison in the photograph
appended. (Plate III, Fig. 3-c.) No pathogenic organisms were present in the
smears from the bone marrow,
110
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VI, I
DISCUSSION. The condition described above should be differentiated from
scaly leg and productive inflammation of the soft structures of the shank of fowls,
which also develop without any signs of acute inflammation. The shank, in the
latter affection, gradually becomes larger due to newly formed connective tissue,
but the increasing enlargement is limited to the soft structures alone, the bony
tissue not being involved. A skiagram will reveal its true nature.
The condition of chronic osteitis may either be a sequel of certain constitutional
disturbances such as " Osteitis deformans " or ' rickets ', or it may result from
chronic bacterial infections such as tuberculosis, actinomycosis and gummatous
osteitis.
As regards the causation of Osteitis deformans in man, various theories have
been proposed and many infectious agents have been held responsible including
the organism of syphilis. It was held, by some, to be due to the effect of the
disturbance of some internal secretion. There appears to be little evidence in
support of these views. MacCallum [1924] refers to this condition as " Paget's
disease " and, in 1876, he described it in human beings as affecting the bones of
the extremities and the skull. It is further observed that the changes in some
cases may be unilateral or may be limited to one or two bones. The condition
progresses slowly with some tenderness and pain in the altered bones. The marrow
loses its blood forming elements and becomes converted into a vascular fibrous
tissue which produces much soft bone-like tissue ; the marrow cavity is encroached
upon and filled completely. The softened bone later assumes an ivory-like
hardness. So Paget inclines to the view that the process is of an inflammatory
nature, resulting in enlargement and excessive production of imperfectly developed
osseous tissue which becomes organised.
MacCallum [1924] in dealing with gummatous osteitis, describes a form in
which the new production of bone is more extensive than in the periosteal type
and states that it is deposited in each Haversian system and through the cancellous
bone in the interior so that the shaft of the bone becomes dense and ivory-like
and the whole bone is much heavier than normal.
Kaupp [1933] has described the condition of ' Osteitis deformans ' as occurring
in fowls and observes that Goldman has described a case in fowls affecting the
front part of the skull and the long bones, including the femur, humerus and
metatarsus. Many have held that rickets, osteomalacia and osteitis deformans
are manifestations of the same disease bearing on impaired nutrition and deranged
matabolism. It is supposed that, in the course of calcification, a certain amount
of the sulphur of the matrix is replaced by other elements, which must entail the
retention of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus and involve the increased elimi-
nation of sulphur.
Kaupp states that DaCosta and his co-workers interpret the retention of
calcium, magnesium and phosphorus with excessive excretion of sulphur found
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb. Vol. VI, Pt. I.
PLATE II.
FIG. 1
FIG. 1. Leghorn Cock—Note the dull posture and drooping of the head and tail (spirochaete
infection), with enlargement of the bones of the metatarsus (both legs.)
FIG. 2
FIG. 3
FIG. 2. Skiagram revealing the thickened condition of the bone in the cock.
FIG. 3. Skiagram (for comparison) of the limb of a normal fowl revealing no alteration in the bones.
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb. Vol. VI, Pt. I.
PLATE III.
FIG. 1
FIG. 1. Leghorn hen and a normal hen for comparison. Note the difference in the condition of
the legs in both.
FIG. 2
FIG. 3
FIG. 2. Skiagram revealing thickened condition of the bone in the hen.
FIG. 3. Longitudinal sections of the metatarsus of the two affected fowls ; a similar section of
the metatarsus of a normal fowl is included for comparison.
(a) Cock—Note the uniform ingrowth of bony tissue into the medullary canal almost
completely effacing and occluding it.
(b) Hen—This condition is partially seen in the hen.
(c) Normal fowl—Section of medullary canal of a normal fowl. Note the uniform
depth of the canal.
NOTE ON OSTEITIS DEFORMANS IN TWO FOWLS
111
in these cases, as indicating a stimulated osseous or osteoid formation accompany
ing the resorption of a highly sulphurised organic matrix.
I wish to express my gratitude to Mr. T. J. Hurley, Principal, Madras Veteri-
nary College, for giving me an opportunity to study such lesions ; to Mr. M. Anant
Narayan Rao, Officer-in-charge, Laboratory for valuable suggestions and affording
facilities for writing on the subject; to Mr. V. Janakirama Aiyar for lending the
use of the skiagrams, and to the Artist. Mr. P. Dorasamy Mudaliar, for the photo-
graphs and copies of the skiagrams.
REFERENCES.
Kaupp. B. F. (1933). Poultry diseases. Sixth Edition—Alexander Eger, Chicago.
MacCallum, A. (1924). A Textbook of Pathology. Third Edition, W. B. Saunders Co.,
Philadelphia and London.
ABSTRACTS
Deficient feed makes deficient milk. A. G. INGHAM. (Hoard's Dairyman—
August 25, 1935, 80, No. 16, page 391.)
The simple fact is that milk is no better than the feed which the cow lives on. If
the minerals and vitamins are not in the cow's feed they will not be in the milk.
Experiments clearly indicate that where cows are not being fed a ration of high
quality natural feeds, the milk they produce will not bring about normal growth in
their offspring. Milk thus produced on a deficient ration will be deficient milk and
should be guarded against by the breeder who is trying to develop first class breeding
stock. Would it not appear that such deficient milk should also be guarded against
by the average milk producer as a protection to the ultimate consumer ? This is a
subject that is behoves the public health authorities to look into also.
If better feeding were practised along with better breeding, there would be less
need for weeding. (G. E. M.).
Factors affecting economical manufacture, uniformity in composition and
quality of butter. D. H, NELSON. (Dairy Science, 18, No. 4, April, 1935.)
The author deals with the factors influencing the economical manufacture and the
uniformity in composition and quality of butter.
Such factors include the efficiency and conscientiousness of the employees, the
efficiency of the machines used—but probably one of the most important factors is the
overrun. The overrun reflects, in a large measure, all the other factors which affect
both economical manufacture and uniformity of product. The butter manufacturer
readily learns that other factors being equal, an increase in the overrun reduces the
cost of manufacture and increases his profits. The butter maker usually controls his
overrun by the moisture tester, and although the moisture in the butter is an important
factor in the eventual overrun, this test does not give due credit to the salt cont nt
and curd content—both of them being as important in the control of overrun as is the
moisture content.
In order to control his overrun, so that the fat content of butter will always fall
between 80-81 per cent, the writer recommends that the butter manufacturer should
use the Kohman Method for analysing each churning of butter. (C. E. M.).
( 112 )
ERRATA.
The Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Vol. V, part 3.
Pages 256—258. Wherever the sign ε occurs, substitute the sign ∑.
Page 261, lines 17 and 19. For S/ 1 '
2 and S/ 2 ' 2 read S 1
12 and S 2 1 2 .
Page 261, line 25. For B —kt read Be —kt .
( 113 )
PUBLICATIONS OF THE IMPERIAL COUNCIL
OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, INDIA
1. Agriculture and Live-stock in India
A bi-monthly Journal of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry for the general reader
interested in Agriculture or Live-stock in India or the Tropics. (Established 1931. Pub-
lished in January, March, May, July, September and November. Prepayable subscription
Rs. 6 or 9s. 9d. per annum inclusive of Indian postage. Price per part Rs. 2 or 3s. 6d.
inclusive of Indian postage.) Volumes I to V complete are available.
2. The Indian Journal of Agricultural Science
A bi-monthly Scientific Journal of Agriculture and the allied sciences, mainly
devoted to the publication of the results of original research and field experiments
(Established 1931. Published in February, April, June, August, October and December.
Prepayable subscription Rs. 15 or 24s. per annum inclusive of Indian postage. Price per
part Rs. 3 or 5s. 3d. inclusive of Indian postage.) Volumes I to V complete are
available.
3. The Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry
A quarterly Journal for the publication of scientific matter relating to the health,
nutrition and breeding of live-stock. (Established 1931. Published in March, June,
September and December. Prepayable subscription Rs. 6 or 9s. 9d. inclusive of Indian
postage. Price per part Rs. 2 or 3s. 6d. inclusive of Indian postage.) Volumes I to V
complete are available.
4. Scientific Monographs of the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research
NCAG—SM/1
NCAG—SM/2
NCAG—SM/3
NCAG—SM/4
NCAG—SM/5
NCAG—SM/6
NCAG—SM/7
NCAG—SM/8
No. 1. The Fungi of India, By E. J. Butler, C.I.E., D.Sc., M.B.,
F. R.S. and G. R. Bisby, Ph.D. (1931). Price Rs. 6-12-0
or 11s. (As. 8.)
No. 2. Life-histories of Indian Microlepidoptera. Second Series
Alucitidae (Pterophoridae, Tortricina and Gelechiadae).
By T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.Z.S.
(1932). Price Rs. 3-4-0 or 6s. 6d. (As. 6.)
No. 3. The Open Pan System of White-Sugar Manufacture, By R. C.
Srivastava, B.Sc. (1935. 2nd edition). Price Rs. 3-2-0 or
5s. 6d. (As. 9.)
No. 4. Life-histories of Indian Microlepidoptera : Cosmopterygidae
to Neopseustidae, By T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R. N., F. L.S.,
F.E.S., F.Z.S. (1933). Price Rs. 4-8-0 or 7s. 6d. (As. 8.)
No. 5. The Bombay Grasses, By E. J. Blatter, S.J., Ph.D., F.L.S.
and C. McCann, F.L.S. Illustrated by R. K. Bhide. Price
Rs. 20-12-0 or 32s. 6d.
No. 6. Helminth Parasites of the Domesticated Animals in India,
By G. D. Bhalerao, M.Sc. Price Rs. 7-12-0 or 13s. 3d.
No. 7. Influence of Manures on the Wilt Disease of Cajanus indicus
Spreng and the isolation of Types Resistant to the Disease,
By W.McRae,M.A.,D.Sc.(Edin.), F.L.S. and F. J. F. Shaw,
D.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S.. F.L.S. (1933). Price Rs. 2-4-0
or 4s. 3d. (As. 5.)
No. 8, The Silk Industry of Japan with Notes on Observations in the
United States of America, England, France and Italy,
By C. C. Ghosh, B.A., F.E.S. (1933). Price Rs. 4 or 6s.
9d. (As, 7.)
( 115 )
ERRATA.
Page 119, line 3 from bottom, '*' should be deleted.
Page 141, line 12 from bottom—Correct 'Streplococcus' into
'Streptococcus'.
Page 143, Table 1, 3rd column—Correct'(0.40 a/c) into '(0.40%)'.
Page 150, line 15 from bottom—Correct 'Bull 63' into 'Bull. 63'.
Page 150, line 4 from bottom—Correct 'S Ø ncke' into 'SØneke'.
Page 151, line 19, Correct 'ac-count' into 'account'.
Page 187, Table III, 7th Column, insert * after "Average Degree of
Healing".
Page 211, line 3, insert one full stop (.) after Husbandry, for
Comma (,).
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
SOME DIGESTIBILITY TRIALS ON INDIAN FEEDING
STUFFS, PART X. GREEN FODDERS, HAYS AND GRAM
BHUSA.
BY
P. E. LANDER, M.A., D.Sc., F.I.C., I.A.S.,
Agricultural Chemist to Government, Punjab, Lyallpur
AND
PANDIT LAL CHAND DHARMANI, L.AG., B.SC. (AGRI.),
Agricultural College, Lyallpur.
(Received for publication on 25th February 1936.)
During the course of specific investigations on the feeding value of some
Punjab feeding-stuffs, plans of this series have been laid to investigate progressively
all the Punjab feeding-stuffs on the same principles and using the same technique
as employed in the more specific inquiries so far published. The results from a
number of such miscellaneous materials grown at Lyallpur are given in this paper.
The fodders, the data from which are given in this paper, are shown in the
following table, of which velvet beans, Elephant grass, berseem hay, and juar
No. 11 were fed to Hissar bullocks and the remainder to mature dry Montgomery
heifers.
1. Senji green.
2. Berseem green.
3. Velvet beans green.
4. Sunflower green.
5. Bajra green.
6. Elephant grass green.
7. Guinea grass green.
8. Sudan grass green.
9. Juar green.
10. Juar Nos. 8, 11 and 22 green.
11. Berseem hay.
12. Lyallpur Dub grass hay.
13. Gram bhusa.
( 117 )