NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
The Fertilization of Ficus hispida: A Problem in Vegetable
Physiology.
BY
SURGEON-MAJOR G. KING, M.B.,
SUPERINTENDENT, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, CALCUTTA.
(With Plates IX and X.)
The exact way in which the flowers of the genus Ficus are fertilized has
long been a matter of uncertainty. Much of this uncertainty is no doubt owing
to the fact that the structure of these flowers has not been properly understood.
With the view, therefore, of inviting the attention of medical officers in this
country to the study of a most interesting physiological problem, I propose here
to describe the structure and arrangement of the flowers in one of the common-
est Indian species, the Ficus hispida of the younger Linnæus.* This forms a
bush or small tree, and frequents by preference shady and damp spots, although
it is often enough to be met with in open, sunny situations. The leaves of
this plant are sometimes alternate, but as a rule they are opposite. In shape
they vary from ovate or ovate-oblong to obovate-elliptic; the edges are usually
dentate in young leaves, but in old leaves they are often entire; the texture is
always membranous, and both surfaces are more or less scabrid and covered with
stiff, harsh, white hairs. The figs are borne sometimes in the axils of the leaves
(Plate IX), and sometimes in small fascicles on the stem or larger branches
(Plate X, Fig. I) ; while, occasionally, they are arranged in long leafless racemes
(Plate X, Fig. 2) which originate from the stem near its base. The ripe figs are
about as large as a small nutmeg, but in shape many of them are unlike a nut-
* To facilitate the identification of this plant, I subjoin its synonymy: -
Ficus hispida, Linn. fil., suppl. p. 442; B1. p. 469 (cum syn. Rheede) ; Benth. Fl. Hong-Kong,
329, Fl. Austr. VI. 176; Bedd. Fl. sylv. 224; Brandis, F. Flora, 423; Kurz, Fl. B. Burma, II. 460; Miq. in
Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. III. 282, 296.
F. oppositifolia, Willd. Spec. IV. p. 1151; Roxb. Corom. P1. n. 124, Fl. Ind. III. 561; Wight, Ic. 638;
Gruff. Ic. P1. As. t, 56o (Sub Covellia) ; Gasparrini Rich. p. 85; Dalzell & Gibson, FL Bombay, 243.
F. scabra, Jacq. Hort. Schcenbr. III. t. 315.
F. mollis, Willd., Act. Berol. (1798) p. 103, t. 5.
F. prominens, Wall., Cat. 4537; Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. III. 291.
F. dæmonum, König in Roxb, Fl. Ind. 562; Wight, Ic. 641 (Sub Cov.) Dalz. & Gibs. Fl. Bomb. 244.
Covellia oppositifolia, dæmonum, setulosa, Courtallensis, Wightiana, Assamica, and dasycarpa, Miq.
in Lond. Journ. Bot. VII. pp. 461 to 464.
Cov. hispida, Miq. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1. c., and in Fl. Ind, Bat. I. Pt. 2, p. 323.
52 Scientific Memoirs b y
Such are the structure and arrangement of the flowers in Ficus hispida, and
this species is the type of a great number of the species of this large genus.
There are, however, other modes of arrangement, as, for example, in the group to
which the Peepul and Banyan belong, where the male, female, and gall flowers
are all included within the same receptacle.
Note on Eggs of Distoma (Bilharzia) Hæmatobium found in
transport cattle, Calcutta.
BY
SURGEON-MAJOR G. BOMFORD, M.D.,
BENGAL MEDICAL SERVICE.
(With Plate XI.)
The eggs, which are the subject of this Note, were found on microscopical
examination of the large intestines of two bullocks belonging to the Transport
Department and destroyed at the cattle lines, Hastings, Calcutta, in September
and October 1885, because they were believed to be suffering from rinderpest.
In one bullock (branded 027) there were numerous eggs in a small portion
of the cæcum which had been preserved in absolute alcohol with a view to a
search for bacteria. They were most numerous within, or between, the tubular
glands of the mucous membrane, but were also present in considerable numbers
in the sub-mucous tissue below the muscularis mucosæ. Owing to the alcohol,
the contents of the eggs were in this case shrivelled up into a granular shape-
less mass, but the external form of the shell was preserved and the characteristic
spine very clearly seen.
In another bullock (branded 072) similar eggs were found in some piles
(polypi or papillomata) removed from the margin of the anus. These piles
were composed of hypertrophied mucous glands and dilated vessels, covered
externally by skin, and internally by mucous membrane. The eggs were imbed-
ded, generally in groups, either in the mucous membrane and epidermis, or in
the sub-mucous tissues and corium. As in this case the tissues had been hardened
in Müller's fluid, the contents of many of the eggs were fairly preserved and the
form of the embryo distinguished. The figure represents the appearance of
some of the eggs of a group in a section of one of these piles, stained with picro-
carmine and logwood, and magnified 400 diameters.
They are ovoid in form, broader and more rounded at the armed end,
narrower and more tapering at the other, and when perfect and unruptured about
17 mm. long and 08 mm. broad. The spine varies considerably in length, and
may be straight, gently curved, or sometimes hooked. In some cases its situa-
tion is eccentric ( i.e., not on the extreme pole of the egg), and indeed in almost
ty.
54
Scientific Memoirs by
all is slightly so, but could never be described as lateral. In a group of several
there is often one egg which appears to have no spine.
The contained embryo is a mass of nucleated cells, granular matter and
vacuoles, covered with a thin cuticle, and resembles the egg in general shape,
being broader at the end towards the spine and narrow and tapering at the other.
A small rounded prominence can often be demonstrated at the broad end, and
behind this, on what may be described as the shoulders, an indistinct appear-
ance of cilia in some cases. The mass of the embryo was always stained more
or less by the carmine, while the nuclei were made more distinct by the logwood.
The cavity of the egg is not filled by the embryo and is continued into the
spine for some distance, and within this spinal cavity there are often, but not
always, two or three black dots.
These ova exactly resemble those of Distoma (Bilharzia) Hæmatobium,
which has hitherto been found only in man, or a monkey, and is supposed to be
confined geographically to Africa, north and south, the west coast of Arabia, and
the Mauritius.
Sonsino has described (in the proceedings of the Royal Academy of Physical
and Mathematical Science, Naples, May 1876, p. 84) a parasite of the same genus
found in Egyptian cattle, and which he has named Bilharzia Bovis. This differs
from Bilharzia Hæmatobium in the shape of its eggs, of which he gives a figure,
and which are spindle-shaped, broad and rounded in the middle, tapering at
either end, and have a short, broad, cordate spine.
As it was thought possible that these two bullocks had been on service in
Egypt, the Transport Officer was asked to make enquiries about their previous
history, which he very kindly did. He reports that the bullock 027 was born
in Hansi and came to Calcutta from Ferozpore in 1883, and has not been out of
India since then. Its history previous to 1883 cannot be traced, but bullocks of
its class—viz., ordnance bullocks—have never been sent to Egypt, so that it is
not likely to have been there. The other bullock, 072, was bought at Hissar
in 1880 and came to Calcutta in 1882, and has never been out of India.
The idea that these particular bullocks may have acquired the disease in
Egypt may safely be dismissed, but there still remains a possibility that the
parasite has been introduced into India by other transport cattle returning from
Egypt.
The occurrence of Bilharzia in the portal system is of course not unusual,
though the affection of the bladder caused by the same parasite is more gene-
rally known. Zancarol, of Alexandria, describes ( v. Practitioner, Vol. XXXI.,
p . 287, quoting Journal de Méd. de Paris, May 19, 1883; and also
Transactions, Pathological Society, Vol. XXXIII, p. 410) a formation of
hæmorrhoids (or vegetations) in the large intestine of the human subject due to
the presence of the B. Hæmatobium in the hæmorrhoidal and mesenteric veins.
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
55
Sonsino's description, too, of the ileo-cæcal valve in cases of Bilharzia Bovis as
being so congested and swollen that it formed a dark cushion-like ring, exatly
corresponds with the condition of this valve in the Calcutta bullocks. Trans-
port cattle, both at Calcutta and Dum-Dum, frequently suffer from hæmaturia,—
sometimes, I believe, in an epidemic manner,—and it would be interesting to
ascertain if this disease is also associated with a parasite of the genus Bilharzia.
Description of Plate.
PLATE I.
FIG. 1.—Section of the lleum of Guinea-pig No. 5, X 130.
FIG. 2.—Section of the Cæcum, X 130.
FIG. 3.—Masses of commas in the Iliac mucus of Guinea-pig No. 5, X 710.
FIG. 4.—Various forms of commas in the peritoneal secretion of Guinea-pig No. 5.
PLATE I.
INTESTINAL TISSUES AND COMMA-BACILLI FROM THE BODY OF A GUINEA-PIG
KILLED BY SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION OF COMMAS.
Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, August 1886.
Description of Plate.
PLATE II.
FIG. 1.—Lower surface of an artificially inoculated leaf (Expt. V), showing several
cidial patches. Natural size.
FIG. 2.—Peridial cells, x 430.
FIG. 3.—Spermatia, x 480.
FIG. 4.—Teleutospore after lying a few hours in water, x 350.
FIG. 5.—Teleutospore placed in growing cell in water on 7th April and drawn 11th April.
Only the upper cell had developed a promycelium which has produced one
sporidium, x 400.
FIG. 6.—The terminal end of a promycelium, showing the four compartments into which
it is divided. Two free sporidia in commencing germination are shown at
its side. (The result of a cultivation of 24 hours' duration.) x 350.
FIG. 7.—The terminal end of a promycelium developed in 24 hours, showing abnormally
long sterigmata, x 350.
FIG. 8.—Showing an affected stem from Expt. IV A. Another shoot on the same plant
was similarly affected. Natural size.
FIG. 20.—Peridial cells, x 350.
FIG. 21.—Haustorium in palisade cell of an artificially inoculated seedling leaf, x 350.
PLATE II.
Lithograpbed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, September 1886.
Description of Plate.
PLATE III.
FIG. 9.—Section through an æcidium on an affected stem (Expt. IV A.), x 220.
FIG. 10.—Germinating æcidiospore, x 350.
FIG. 11.—Mycelium among cortical cells of stem showing scalariform arrangement
of Stipa hyphæ, x 350.
FIG. 12.—Germinating uredospore obtained from an artificially inoculated leaf of
the result of 24 hours' germination, x 350.
FIG. 13.—Haustoria in tissue near vein of a leaf, x 400.
PLATE III.
Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, September 1886.
Description of Plate.
PLATE IV.
FIG. 1.—Showing stem with excrescence on side causing extreme bending. Natural size.
FIG. 2.—Parenchyma cells filled with starch (?) grains, x 340.
FIG. 3.—Compound starch (?) grains, x 580.
FIG. 4.—Longitudinal section of stem: ( a ) an arborescent haustorium and ( b ) a simple
tubular haustorium in parenchyma cells; ( c) ad carbonate of lime crystal, x 340.
FIG. 5.—Longitudinal section of stem: showing haustorium in a parenchyma cell adjoin-
ing sheath of vascular bundle; also ad carbonate of lime crystal, x 340.
FIG. 6.—A row of æcidiospores, x 122: ( a ) æcidiospores with detached processes from
epispore, x 340.
FIG. 7.—Æcidiospores showing vacuolation after remaining in a water cultivation for
four days, x 340.
PLATE IV.
Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, September 1886.
Description of Plate.
PLATE V.
FIG. 8.—Germinating æcidiospores after 24 hours in water cultivation: ( a ) x 340; ( b ) ,
x 200.
FIG. 9.—Peridial cells showing external thickening, x 340.
FIG. 10.—Uredospores: ( a ) from a bed of teleutospores, x 350; ( b ) , x 340.
FIG. 11.—Teleutospores, x 340.
FIG. 12.—Germinating teleutospores: ( a ) commencing germination in upper cell; ( b ) com-
mencing germination in lower cell, x 340.
FIG. 13.—Teleutospore showing germination from both cells after 48 hours in w ater, x 340.
FIG. 14.—Terminal end of a promycelium after 24 hours' growth : the four cells into which
it is divided are shown and their four sterigmata seen from above ; two de-
tached sporidia are also shown, x 350.
FIG. 15.—Portion of promycelium: one sporidium shown still adherent to a pointed
sterigma ( a ) ; another is shown detached and germinating ( b ) , whilst at c a
young sterigma is shown, x 340.
FIG. 16.—A teleutospore with commencing germination in both cells. At a a detached
single upper cell germinating, x 340.
FIG. 17.—An abnormal double teleutospore on a single stalk, x 340.
FIG. 18 .—Puccinia urticæ: teleutospores: ( a ) normal; ( b ) abnormal double spore, x 350.
FIG. 10.— Puccinia urticæ: teleutospore showing commencing germination in lower cell,
x 340.
PLATE V.
Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, September 1886 .
Description of Plate.
PLATE VI.
FIG. I.—Scape and flower-bud of Ottelia alismoides. Natural size.
FIG. 2.—Superior foliar epidermis, x 130.
FIG. 3.—Inferior foliar epidermis, x 130.
FIG. 4.—Portion of stigmatic surface from an unopened bud with germinating pollen
grains, x 130.
FIG. 5.—Pollen grains, x 220:
a. Both nuclei within the grain.
b. Elongated nucleus entering the pollen tube.
FLOWER, FOLIAR EPIDERMIS, AND GERMINATING POLLEN-GRAINS I
Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, August 1886 .
PLATE VI.
FLOWER, FOLIAR EPIDERMIS, AND GERMINATING POLLEN-GRAINS IN OTTELIA ALISMOIDES.
Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, August 1886 .
Description of Plate.
PLATE VII.
FIG. 1.—Leaf of Ottelia from beneath, showing inferior epidermis and great inter-
cellular spaces, x 130.
FIG. 2.—Boundaries of intercellular spaces as seen from beneath, x 130.
FIG. 3.—Vertical section of a portion of a leaf, x 130 :
a.Intercellular spaces.
b.A partition viewed from the edge.
c.A partition viewed from the outer surface.
d. Epidermal strata.
FIG. 4.—Porous portion of a partition between two intercellular spaces in the
leaf, x 220.
FIG. 5.—Open tissue of peripheral zone of the stem of Ottelia, x 220 :
a.Intercellular spaces.
b.Part of a porous partition between two spaces.
FIG. 6.—Diagrammatic view of a portion of the Lamina in Ottelia under different
conditions :
a.After exclusion of sunlight.
b.After exposure to sunlight.
PLATE. VII.
TISSUES OF LEAVES AND STEM IN OTTELIA ALISMOIDES.
Lithographed at the Survey of India offices, Calcutta, August 1886.
Description of Plate.
PLATE VIII.—(AFTER CHATIN.)
FIG. I.—Transverse and longitudinal sections of root in Ottelia alismoides.
FIG. 2.—Transverse and longitudinal sections of the base of the leaf. This shows
petiolar, not laminar structure.
FIG. 3.—Transverse and longitudinal sections of scape.
PLATE. VIII.
TISSUES OF OTTELIA ALISMOIDES, FROM CHATIN'S "ANATOMIE
COMPARÉE DES VEGETAUX."
Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, August 1886.
Description of Plate.
PLATE IX.
Branch of Ficus hispida, Linn. fil., with axillary receptacles.
PLATE IX.
Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, January 1887 .
Description of Plate.
PLATE X.
FIG. I.-A fascicle of receptacles from the stem: fig. 2, a whorl of immature recep-
tacles from a long aphyllous branch proceeding from the stem; figs. 3 & 4,
vertical sections through a receptacle; fig. 5, a male flower; fig. 6, a
gall flower; fig. 7, female flowers; fig. 8, larvæ found inside receptacle;
fig. 9 , male Blastophaga bent; fig. 10, head of the same seen from below
(much enlarged); figs. 11 & 12, f e m a l e
B l a s t o p h a g a s ; f i g . 1 3 ,
f e m a l e o f
so-called Ichneumon; figs. 14 & 16, males of the same, seen from above
and below; 15 & 17, heads of males of the same (further enlarged)
seen from above and below. Figs.5 t o 1 7
a r e a l l e n l a r g e d .
PLATE X.
Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, January 1887
PLATE XI.
EGGS OF DISTOMA (BILHARZIA) HÆMATOBIUM,
Found in Transport Cattle, Calcutta.
Lithographed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, November 1886.
BY MEDICAL OFFICERS OF THE ARMY OF INDIA.
EDITED BY
B. SIMPSON, Esq., M.D.,
SURGEON-GENERAL WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
PART II.
1886
.
1.—On the Effects sometimes following injection of Choleraic Comma-bacilli into
the Subcutaneous Tissues in Guinea-pigs.—D. D. Cunningham.
2.—On the Life History of a new Æcidium on Strobilanthes dalhousianus,
Clarke.—A. Barclay.
3.—Æcidium Urticæ, Schum., var. Himalayense.—A. Barclay.
4.—On the Phenomenon of Gaseous Evolution from the Flowers of Ottelia
alismoides.—D. D. Cunningham
.
5.—The Fertilization of Ficus hispida: A Problem in Vegetable Physio-
logy.—G. King
.
6.—Note on Eggs of Distoma (Bilharzia) Hæmatobium, found in transport c a t t l e , C a l c u t t a . —
G . B o m f o r d .
CALCUTTA:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1887.
I«
.>'.'-'•••- <•/..
1.^11
'&* £5 uqn
STATISTICAL RETURNS
OF THB
LUNATIC ASYLUMS
IN THE
MADRAS PRESIDENCY
FOR THE YEAR 1913.
ll'naR.eMMio*.]
It AID k;l a,
PB1HTED BT IBS BUPEBINTEMDENT.IGOVEBMMENT PBEBg.
|1 8 11.
[e *••»«. 1
STATISTICAL RETURNS
OF THE
LUNATIC ASYLUMS
IN THE
MADRAS PRESIDENCY
FOR THE YEAR 1912.
MADRAS:
PRINTED BT THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PREBS.
19 13.
To
(<
OFFICE OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL
WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF MADRAS,
CAMP KODAIKANAL, lbth April 1913.
No. 97/390.
From
To
THE HON'BLE SURGN.-GENL. W. B. BANNERMAN, C.S.I.,M.D., D.SC, I.M.S.,
Surgeon-General with the Government of Madras,
THE CHIEF SECRETARY TO GOVERNMENT,
PUBLIC DEPARTMENT.
SIR,
; > i
I have the honour to forward the Annual Returns of the Lunatic Asylums in
the Presidency for the year 1912.
2. The point most worthy of note is the appreciation by the public of the
relief afforded under Act IV of 1912. Five males and one female were admitted as
"voluntary boarders " during the year ; the particulars relative to them are sepa-
rately shown in statements I and III to VII.
3. On the whole the figures display no characteristic differences among the
admissions, from those of previous years, in regard to sex, age, class or occupation.
4. The number brought under relief continues steadily to increase, the daily
average strength having been 772 as compared with 750 and 714 in the last two
preceding years. The general health of the inmates was fair. One hundred and
twenty-five, or 12 - 29 of the total treated, were discharged as cured and improved.
A slight rise in the daily average sick at Madras is explained as due to the rela-
tively larger number of new admissions that were treated in hospital for relief of
acute symptoms. The percentage of deaths to daily average strength was 11'2(5,
the high rate being due to the number of old and infirm insanes that died during
the year.
5. The introduction of a new form for statement VI has afforded opportunity
for enumerating afresh the asylum population according to the types of insanity
exhibited by them at the commencement of the year. The statistics vary
considerably from those shown as " remaining" in the last statement, owing to—(1)
the distribution under new headings of cases formerly grouped together for want
of such convenience; and (2) the fact that several cases, especially of mania, pass
through or terminate in other types of insanity while under observation, but are
retained in statistical statements as of the type under which they were admitted. In
view of the latter reason a similar enumeration may advantageously be ordered at
the beginning of each triennium.
6. The new statement VII allows for the possibility of both " predisposing "
and " exciting " causes being ascertained in regard to any admission ; the totals under
these headings are not therefore to be checked by the number of admissions in the
other statements.
7. Finance.—Statements VIII to X exhibit particulars thereof. Under " Re-
ceipts from paying patients " the decrease recorded against Madras is explained by
the Superintendent as due to certain payments arriving after the close of the year.
In the same asylum the expenditure was increased—(1) under " Establishment,"
owing to the appointment of an Assistant steward and three additional Indian
male attendants, the increased rate of pay drawn by the present Civil .Apothecary,
and the half-pay allowance granted in January 1912 in connection with His
4
STATISTICAL RETURNS OP THE LUNATIC ASYLUMS.
Majesty's Coronation; and (2) under " Superintendence,' because of the increment
of pay sanctioned to the Superintendent under G.O. No. 808, Public, dated 13th
December 1911.
8: Inspectionsr, etc.—Except at Vizagapatam in January the official visitors met
regularly and their remarks were satisfactory. His Excellency the Governor
visited the institutions at Madras and Vizagapatam. All three asylums were duly
inspected by me. The service and stock registers in all have been properly
maintained.
I have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient Servant,
W. B. BANNERMAN, o.s.i., M.D., D.SC,
Surgeon-General, I.M.S.,
Surgeon-General with the Government of Madras,
6
STATEMENTS OF THE LUNATIC ASYLUMS.
STATEMEN:
Statement showing the Admissions, Discharges, etc., of Lunatics in the Asylur
1
2
3
4
5
i '
8
Discharged.
A.
B.
C. I D.
Remained tit
the beginning
of the year.
Re-
admit-
ted.
|
Remaining
at the end
of the year.
Admitted.
Total
population.
.
Transferred to
friends.
Died.
Cured.
Not
Other-
wise.
Total.
Years.
Im- i
•
proved, jimproved.
00
so
02
00
00
en
1
1 tn
rfi
m
00
m
u>
O)
V
<D
«o
Co
CO
(11
CO
e
00
3
F!
oo
c3 i-J
00 13 pj 00
1
CO
s _: 00 3 M ! 00 "3
00 IS • 00 "3 J 00 ■ s
00
13
_;
a o
fa
o
13
a
6
03
fa
c3
o
EH
a 9
fa
■4-)
o
EH
13
a
i
0)
fa
3
o
EH
01
a
a
fa
d
O
01
13
a
a
0)
fa
Tota
Male
a
0)
fa
3
■&
o
EH
CO
13
a
a
0)
fa
C3
O 13
a
a
CO
fa
as
-p
o
EH
i a a
0)
fa
3
43
O
EH
CO
13
a
a
CO
fa
0
E-
MADRAS,
[C.
1912
|
I v.
412 144 556 126
4
25
1
151
5
23
1
2 25
1
561
5
171
1
732
6
47
2
115810
. . . L
7 17 2
1
...
2
1
12 1 1374 19i 93
i
1
... ...
53 8 61 437
2
144
]
581
J
The oapaoity of the Madras Luuatio Asylum at 60 square feet per European patient equals...
Do.
do.
45
do.
per Indian
do.
For Males ...
91
For Females...
81
' For Males ... 434
.For Females... 108
Total ... 714
VIZAGAl'ATAM
1912
C ... 61 12 73 15 2 17
76 14 90 5 ... 5 1 ... 1 2 ...
2 1 ... 1 9 ...
9 4 ...
4 63 14 fl'
The capacity of the Viaagapatam Lunatio Asylum at 50 square feet per Indian patient equals—
Males
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
•••
•••
•••
•••
••• 79
Females
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
•••
•••
... 17
Total ... y6
1912
U ...
89 39 128 41
50
11 138 51 189 19 6 2516
17
36
43 19
CALICUTl
22 83 41 ia
The capacity of the Caliout Lunatic Asylum at 50 square feet per Indian patient equals—
MnleB
...
...
...
•••
...
...
...
••
...
...
>•»
••• 107
Females
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
•••
...
•••
•••
"''
Total ... ?t*7
PRESIDENCY.
Grand Total >
for 1912. S
562 195
i
531 193
m
___
1 521 179
757
724
700
186
174
153
87
49
54
223
223
207
32
23
18
5
4
7
37
27
25
780
728
692
2371,017
246 974
240 932
,3
88
80
17
22
13
90
110
93
27
16
15
8
8
2
35
24
17
5
5 14 1 15 119
114
106
2G
34
88
146
148
129
76
62
65
11 87 585
562
531
200
196
193
781
76'
73*
1 i
Grand Total)
j for 1911. 5
Grand Tolul)
for 11)10. j
3
7
1
1
4
8
7 3
4 ! 7
10
11
17
24
69
79
0 =^ Compulsory.
i
V =■= Voluntary.