NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
Ind. Jour. of Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb. Vol. VI, Pt. III.
PLATE XI
FIG. 1. Pieces of intestines showing ulcers on the mucosa.
FIG. 2. Affected mesenteric glands showing
cheese-like surface.
FIG. 3. Smear from the lesions showing
Cryptococcus farciminosus. × 800.
(Stained Claudius).
Ind. Jour. of Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb. Vol. VI, Pt. III.
PLATE XII
FIG. 4. Unstained wet pus smear showing the double contoured outlines of
the parasites × 1000.
FIG. 5. Sections of mesenteric gland showing giant cells containing numerous
Cryptococci. (H.E.) × 600.
258 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VI, III
MYCELIAL FORMS
The occurrence of mycelial forms of the cryptococcus in pus smears from the
lesions of epizootic lymphangitis has been recorded by Tokishige, Gronow and
Bennett. In the case now under report, the affected lymph glands revealed
pure yeast forms only but in sections of the intestinal ulcers, short and long
mycelial forms were seen (Plate XIII, Fig. 7). The entire absence of any other
micro-organisms in these sections precludes the possibility of these mycelial forms
being contaminants. On the other hand, the absence of mycelial forms in the
closed lesions of the lymphatic glands and their presence in the open ulcers of the
intestines only suggests that the relative oxygen supply may have been a factor
in the production of the mycelia. Though the statement of Castellani [1926],
that the hyphae of the members of the family Cryptococcaceae are little different
from their conidia in appearance, both being yeast-like in form suggests other-
wise, long, delicate and filamentous mycelia have been seen in sections in the
present instance.
CULTURE
Although the morbid material was sent preserved in 10 per cent formalin,
cultures were attempted from the central portion of the larger-sized mesenteric
glands, to ascertain if the formalin had not penetrated into this area, but as was
expected no growth was obtained and the cultural characteristics of the fungus
could not be studied.
DISCUSSION
Although a good deal has been written on the subject of epizootic lymphan-
gitis, there is still no clear evidence as to the mode of infection and the mecha-
nism of the spread of this disease. In the past, attention has been almost entirely
confined to the more frequent cutaneous form of the disease, and the current
belief has been that the infection takes place through some pre-existing wound
in the body. Infection of the mouth and lips has been said to occur as a result
of an affected animal biting at ulcers on the legs or other parts of the body.
It would appear certain from the observations recorded in this paper and
from those in one or two other records that there are alternative modes of infec-
tion as well. For instance in the pulmonary form recorded by Bennett and others,
inhalation has been proved to be responsible for the infection ; whereas the already
cited experience of Descazeaux, who found crypotcocci in a Habronema abscess
in the stomach of a horse suffering from digestive disorders and dying of epizootic
lymphangitis, the oral route must have been responsible.
Similarly in our Jubbulpore case, ingestion was evidently the mode of infec-
tion. The worms found on post mortem examination in the bowels might have
produced some injuries in the mucosa. The ingested Cryptococci, during the
Ind. Jour. of Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb. Vol. VI, Pt. III.
PLATE XIII
FIG. 6. Sections of intestines showing numerous intracellular cryptococci
seen as faint granules. (H.E.) × 500.
FIG. 7. Section of intestines showing long mycelial forms and numerous yeast
forms. (Gram's stain) × 500.
AN UNUSUAL CASE OF EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS IN A MULE
259
course of their passage through the bowels were evidently taken up by the pha-
gocytes in the injured part. Thus once established, the lesions increased giving
rise to inflammation, abscess formation and the subsequent chain of events
already described. From the intestinal lesions, the infection spread to the mesen-
teric glands by way of the lymphatics. The punctured foot observed a few
months before the animal was taken ill had apparently no relation with the causa.
tion of this condition, for the reason that the parasites, even if they had been
taken up through the puncture, could not have infected the bowels and mesen-
teric glands primarily to the exclusion of the cutis and its lymphatics.
That Runciman and Harber observed cutaneous lesions appearing all of a
sudden in enormous numbers in horses which had been ailing for some time has
been mentioned, and the primary seats of infection in such cases are no doubt
in the internal organs. In such cases, it is possible that the organisms gain entry
into the blood vessels, as often happens in amoebiasis, and are carried as emboli
and deposited in all parts of the body. Their spread by way of the lymphatics
could not have produced such an enormous crop of lesions all of a sudden to the
exclusion of the numerous lymphatic glands, which act as filters and arrest the
progress of the organisms. Hence spread by way of the blood stream appears
to be the only probable method but this requires confirmation.
SUMMARY
An account is given of an atypical form of epizootic lymphangitis affecting
the intestines and mesenteric glands of a mule which died showing symptoms
of enteritis. The condition was not diagnosed during the life due to the absence
of any cutaneous manifestation and the animal was treated for worms only.
A short description is given of the clinical symptoms noticed during life and the
lesions encountered on post mortem examination. A brief review is given of the
relevant literature including that dealing with atypical forms of the disease.
Histopathology of the lesions and the microscopical features of the parasites
are described. The methods of infection and spread of the lesions in this disease
are also discussed.
REFERENCES
Bardelli and Cilli (1931). Abstr. Vet. Bull., 1, 108.
Bennett, S. C. J. (1931). Cryptococcus pneumonia in Equidae. J. Comp. Path. &
Ther., 44, 85.
–––––––––– (1032). Mycelial forms of the parasite in a natural case. J. Comp.
Path. & Ther., 45, 158.
Castellani, A. (1926). Fungi and Fungous diseases. 17.
Cornish Bowden, A. (1904). Vet. Rec., 17, 125.
260 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VI, III
Descazeaux (1921). Sur. la presence de cryptocoques dans le tube digestif d'un
cheval lymphangeteux. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., 14, 66.
Fayet, Leysses and Prudhomme (1917). Rec. Med. Vet., 93, 527.
Gronow, A. F. (1924). Kultur-und Infektionversuche mit dem Cryptococcus far¬
ciminosus. Arch. f. Wissenschaft w. Prakt. Tierheilk-, 51, 601.
Harber, A. F. (1913). Vet. J., 69, 409.
Hutyra, F. and Marek, J. (1926). Spl. Path. & Ther. of Dis. of Dom. Animals, 1,
886. Chicago.
Lingard, A. (1901). Ann. Rep. of the Imp. Bact. for the year 1901-1902.
Mazzanti (1892). Farcino criptococchico sulla mucosa del grosso colon in un puledra.
Il. morderno zooiatro., 193, cited by Nocard Et Le clainche (1896), Les Maladies
Microbiennes des animaux, 634. Paris.
Michelon (1925). Un cas d'absces pulmonaire determine par de cryptocoques. Rec.
Med. Vet., 101, 71.
Moore (1896). Cited by Pease.
Menod and Velu (1915). Sur la lymphangite epizootic an Maroc. Rec. Med. Vet.,
91, 631.
Nocard (1891). Sur la diagnostic de la lymphangite epizootique. Bull. Soc. Centr.—
de Med. Vet., 367.
—— and Leclainche (1896). Les Maladies Microbiennes des Animaux, 632.
Paris.
Paine (1931). Vet. J., 87, 576.
Pallin, W. A. (1904). A treatise on Epizootic lymphangitis. Liverpool University
Press.
Pease, H. T. (1897). Agri. Ledger. Special Veterinary Series, No. 4.
Runciman, B. (1904). Vet. Rec., 17, 240.
Tokishige (1896). Ueber pathogene Blastomyceten. Centralbl. fur Bakt. Paras.
und Infek. 19, 105.
Velu, H. (1924). La Blastomycose de Voics lachrymales de l'ane et son inoculabilite.
Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., 17, 545.
Wallis Hoare (1913). A system of Vet. Med. 1, 1289. London.
SOME NOTES ON CUTANEOUS MYIASIS IN ANIMALS IN
THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY
BY
M. ANANT NARAYAN RAO, G.M.V.C.,
Lecturer in Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College,
AND
M. RAMAKRISHNA PILLAY, G.M.V.C.,
Reserve Veterinary Assistant Surgeon.
[Received for publication on 28th. March, 1936.]
Cutaneous myiasis, though common in the domesticated animals in India,
has not, it would seem, attracted much attention from veterináry workers in this
country. Some medical workers have recorded such conditions in man, but
Patton [1921, 1922] appears to be the only one among them, who has published
some notes on the Indian Calliphorinae which cause cutaneous myiasis in man
and animals. He records that Chrysomia bezziana Vill. is the commonest cause
of such conditions. Besides this fly, which is an obligatory myiasis producer,
he found larvae of Chrysomia megacephala Fabr. in the sores of three bovines,
and those of Lucilia argyricephala Macq., in three other bovines in the Bombay
Presidency. These two flies usually breed in dead meat, but may cause cutane-
ous myiasis though perhaps rarely.
The writers obtained maggots both alive and preserved, from fly-blown
sores of domesticated animals in this Presidency for one year, commencing from
December 1934 to the end of November 1935. The live larvae were despatched
from the districts in dry earth, and by the time they arrived in the Laboratory
by post, they had pupated. The puparia were kept in suitable receptacles and the
flies that hatched out were collected for study. In all, 404 specimens were received
from different animals, each sample containing 10 to 15 larvae. The study of
these showed that 401 specimens were of Chrysomia bezziana and the other three
of Lucilia argyricephala. The last three were obtained from bullocks, in two
cases from sores on the neck and at the base of a loose horn of the third. These
findings confirm the work of Patton, except in regard to myiasis caused by
Chrysomia megacephala. Some breeding experiments with Chrysomia bezziana,
C. megacephala and Lucilia argyricephala were done in this Laboratory and it was
found that Chrysomia bezziana is purely obligatory in wounds, whereas the other
two bred easily in dead meat.
(261)
262 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VI, III
The present work has made it possible to obtain some knowledge regarding
the seasonal prevalence of these flies and the areas in which they abound in this
Presidency. This knowledge may be useful in adopting measures to lessen the
incidence of cutaneous myiasis in animals or man in those areas, at certain
seasons.
It is interesting to note that maggots of Chrysomia bezziana were received
from sores on four fowls and two sheep. The maggots from the fowls were collect-
ed from the sores on the cloaca in all cases and came from four different localities
more or less widely separated from one another, viz., Dindigul, Cannanore,
Anantapur, and Hospet. The first three were obtained in December and January
and the last one in June. The maggots from sheep came from Anakapalle and
Jeypore, both in Vizagapatam District. They were collected from a sore on the
ear of one and from that on the neck of the other. It would appear that cutane-
ous myiasis caused by Chrysomia bezziana in fowls and sheep has not been noticed
in this Presidency, possibly in India, and this opportunity is taken to place the
fact on record.
TABLE I
Regions of the Sores
from which maggots
were collected
Base of hoof . . .
Base of horn . . .
Mucous surfaces . .
Skin
.
.
.
.
Total .
Camels
...
...
1
...
1
Bovines
31
14
73
132
250
Buffaloes
3
7
33
42
85
Goats
1
2
7
9
19
Sheep
...
...
1
1
2
Equidae
2
...
6
14
22
Dogs
...
...
2
19
21
Fowls
...
...
4
...
4
Total
37
23
126
218
404
N.B.—In this table are included the three bovines from which larvae of Lucilia argyricephala were collected.
Table I shows the species of animals and the situation of sores from which
maggots were collected. The number of bovines and buffaloes infested seems to
be large owing to the fact that the majority of the Veterinary patients are drawn
from these classes of animals. It would appear that sores on the skin and on
the mucous surface of the genitals, etc., are more prone to be fly-blown than those
in other situations in any class of animal,
SOME NOTES ON CUTANEOUS MYIASIS IN ANIMALS.
263
TABLE II
Rainfall averages
Agency.
.
59.0
Plains . . 45.1
Agency.
.
59.5
Plains . . 40.2
Agency . 49.0
Plains. . 40.3
39.3
37.0
32.1
35.0
28.2
25.7
23.2
22.7
33.5
46.5
46.0
37.7
32.7
26.6
74.1
117.9
145.5
44.9
33.8
31.4
30.7
29.0
Number of specimens
}
38
} 14
}
26
Nil
10
1
Nil
23
13
7
4
17
10
4
18
16
56
Nil
37
57
14
10
11
18
Nil
Names of Dist-
ricts.
Ganjam
Vizagapatam
Godavari East
Godavari West
Kistna
Guntur
Nellore
Cuddappah
Kurnool
Bellary
Anantapur
Chittoor
Chingleput
South Arcot
North Arcot
Salem
Coimbatore
The Nilgiris
Malabar
South Kanara
Tanjore
Trichinopoly
Madura
Ramnad.
Tinnevelly
Table II shows the average rainfall and the number of specimens received
from each district. None was received from Godavari West, Nellore, Nilgiris
and Tinnevelly districts. The fluctuation in the number of specimens from each
district may be due to lack of interest in those concerned in collecting specimens.
Hence it is difficult to say which of the districts has a larger incidence, but as one
would expect, a large proportion of the specimens was received from South
Kanara and Malabar on the West Coast where rainfall and humidity is great,
and a small number from dry districts like Anantapur.
H
264 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VI, III
TABLE III
Names of months
December 1934 . . .
January 1935 . . .
February 1935 . . .
March 1935 . ..
April 1935 . ..
May 1935 . . .
June 1935 . . .
July 1935 . . .
August 1935 . . .
September 1935 . . .
October 1935 . . .
November 1935 . . .
Number of days taken by the puparia to hatch
8
8
8
7
7
None hatched.
None hatched.
7
7
8
8
8
Table III shows the average number of days taken by the puparia to hatch out
flies during the respective months of the year. It is seen that from September
to February, which is the cooler half of the year in Madras, the average time
taken by the puparia to hatch is 8 days. In the months of March, April, July
and August the time taken was seven days whereas, in the months of May and
June which are the hottest months, none hatched. It was observed that the
number of flies that hatched out from the puparia decreased gradually from
February to April and began to increase from July. During the months of
December and January, over 95 per cent of the puparia were productive.
TABLE IV
Names of months
December 1934 . . .
January 1935 . . .
February 1935 . . .
March 1935 . . .
April 1935 . . .
May 1935 . . .
June 1935 . . .
July 1935 . . .
August 1935 . . .
September 1935 . . .
October 1935 . . .
November 1935 . . .
Number of specimens received
105
84
57
60
19
9
18
14
8
7
16
7
Table IV shows the number of specimens received each month, commencing
from December 1934 to the end of November 1935. Here again, there are factors
which prevent one from arriving at any definite conclusion regarding seasonal
incidence of the flies. Hence, with a certain amount of reserve, one would ven-
ture to say that the large number of specimens received from December to the end
of March probably indicates this as the optimum season for C. bezziana. The
fall in the number of specimens during the hot season may be attributed to less
flies hatching out of the puparia. Perhaps this is a natural control against over-
population of C. bezziana. It would seem, therefore, that cutaneous myiasis in
animals in this Presidency prevails mostly during the cool season of the year.
The present work makes us believe that no " sheep maggot fly " (Lucilia sericata)
exists in this Presidency. The maggots received from the two sheep referred
to were of Chrysomia bezziana.
SOME NOTES ON CUTANEOUS MYIASIS IN ANIMALS.
265
There is another class of flies (Oestridae) which produces myiasis in the nasal
chambers, stomach and intestines of animals, these are Oestrus ovis, Gastrophilus
equi and Cobboldia elephantis, the larvae of which are received here for identi-
fication, from time to time, from sheep, horses and elephants respectively in this
Presidency. So far no larvae of Hypoderma bovis or of H. lineata have been
recorded from indigenous bovines of this province. There are two instances
of larvae of Hypoderma species being removed from a Tibetan yak and from some
imported horses at Ootacamund, and sent here for identification. These animals
evidently were infested with the larvae before arrival in South India. Oestrus
ovis on the other hand seems to be fairly common here.
It is interesting to record that, recently, a sample of fresh faeces containing
a large number of maggots was brought to this Laboratory with the history that
they were passed by a thorough-bred race horse. The maggots pupated within
24 hours after their arrival and a large number of Musca nebulo were hatched
out of the puparia. If the history is correct, it would appear that these maggots
which may have been accidentally ingested by the horse, passed through the
intestinal canal without any damage to themselves. A few years ago a sample
of faeces containing maggots, passed by a hound, was received from Khallikote.
The hound had severe diarrhoea at the time. The maggots were received dead,
and they resembled those of Musca nebulo. It would seem, therefore, that the
larvae of Musca nebulo can cause accidental intestinal myiasis in animals.
SUMMARY
1. The most common cause of cutaneous myiasis in animals including fowls
and sheep is Chrysomia bezziana. On three occasions only maggots of Lucilia
argyricephala were obtained from sores on bovines.
2. " Sheep maggot" fly (Lucilia sericata) and Hypoderma species have not
been recorded in this province.
3. The possibility of the larvae of Musca nebulo causing accidental intestinal
myiasis is recorded.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are very grateful to Prof. P. A. Buxton of the London School
of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine for very kindly confirming the identity of the
flies (C. bezziana) sent to him. Our thanks are due to Dr. H. S. Pruthi, Imperial
Entomologist, Pusa, and Mr. M. C. Cherian, Government Entomologist, Coimba¬
tore, for identifying certain flies obtained from maggots from faeces of animals.
We are indebted to Mr. P. T. Saunders, Director of Veterinary Services, Madras,
and Mr. T. J. Hurley, Principal, Madras Veterinary College, for making it possible
to obtain material for this work.
REFERENCES
Patton, W. S. (1921, 1922). Indian Calliphorinae, Ind. J. of Med. Res. 8 & 9.
SECRETION AND COMPOSITION OF PAROTID SALIVA IN
BUFFALOES
BY
G. K. SHARMA, G.P.V.C.,
Clinical Assistant, Department of Medicine, Punjab Veterinary College, Lahore.
[Received for publication on 18th January 1936.]
Most of the work on secretion and composition of saliva has been done on
the dog, although some work has been done on the horse, ox, sheep, goat and
pig ; but controversy still exists on certain points. No attempt, however, appears
to have been made on the buffalo. It will, therefore, be not without interest to
record some experiments made on this animal.
PROCEDURE
(a) All experiments were conducted on a buffalo-cow with a salivary fistula
of the left parotid duct.
(b) The animal was, in each case, secured in stocks and the head kept in a
fixed position to ensure uniform flow of saliva.
(c) All injections were made subcutaneously.
(d) The quantity of saliva mentioned in the text was collected in five minutes'
time for all experiments.
(e) Saliva for the examination of the physical character and composition
was collected before the injection of drugs from the parotid gland in a resting
state.
EFFECT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL REFLEXES
It is not essential that the food should enter the mouth to cause the flow
of saliva. The sight or odour or even the thought of food, provided the individual
be hungry, calls forth salivary secretion ; the mouth is said to water. Pavlov
[1910] has extensively studied the psychic salivary secretion in the dog, and
has shown that the sight of meat calls forth a stringy saliva from the sub-maxillary
and sublingual but none from the parotid, whereas the sight of dry meat powder
or bread calls forth an abundant secretion of parotid saliva. Colin [1871] states
that in herbivora the secretion of saliva is uninfluenced by the sight or smell of
the foods. Scheunert and Trautmann [1921] remark that psychic secretion is
slight in sheep, and it is probable that it is small or absent in all herbivora.
It appears from the experiments made on the buffalo that slight psychic
reflex exists, but it. is not as much developed as in the dog. The sight of food
slightly increased the outflow of parotid saliva from 30 mls. to 36 mls.
( 266 )
SECRETION AND COMPOSITION OF PAROTID SALIVA IN BUFFALOES
267
The animal with salivary fistula of the parotid duct was fed on green grass.
The quantity of saliva collected during mastication was 42 mls., but when animal
was fed on dry bhoosa there was a copious flow of saliva measuring 102 mls. The
character of the food appears to play an important rôle on the parotid secretion,
and dry food excites production of a larger quantity of saliva.
ACTION OF DRUGS
Two grains of pilocarpine nitrate and a grain and a half of arecoline hydro-
bromide were injected at an interval of 24 hours between each. They produced
a copious flow of saliva five minutes after injection. Atropine is an antagonistic
to pilocarpine, and when injected in one-grain dose it markedly reduced the secre-
tion. The action of the drugs on the parotid secretion is shown in the following
table :—
TABLE I
Drug
Pilocarpine nitrate . .
Arecoline hydrobromide .
Atropine sulphate . . .
Quantity of saliva collected for a period of 5 minutes
Control
Mls.
35
32
30
5 mins.
after the
injection
Mls.
132
115
14
15 mins.
after the
injection
Mls.
135
112
12
25 mins.
after the
injection
Mls.
135
114
10
35 mins.
after the
injection
Mls.
134
110
10
Pilocarpine stimulates the parasympathetic nerve endings and thus an exces-
sive secretion is produced. Atropine on the other hand paralyses the termina-
tions of the secretory fibres of the chorda tympani and reduces or inhibits secretion.
This is not due to any action on the salivary cells, but to the failure of nerve
impulses. Pilocarpine injected after a large dose of atropine failed to produce
excessive secretion.
PHYSICAL CHARACTER AND COMPOSITION
The saliva was clear, colourless, watery and translucent, having a specific
gravity of 1008. The reaction was alkaline and the pH. was 8.8, which was
determined by the use of the colorimetric method.
The saliva contained no mucin, but a small quantity of protein was present.