NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
6 2
Scientific Memoirs by
a reporter, though arrangements are in progress to send the Alcyonaria to
Dr. Alex. Brown, of Aberdeen University. With reference to the Madreporaria ,
I may quote the following general remarks from my report :—
I include as deep-sea Madreporaria only such as have been dredged at a
depth greater than 100 fathoms.
Of these, we have obtained, during the last ten years, only twenty-five
species, belonging to fourteen genera.
So far as our observations go, we find that, in the Indian Seas, Madrepora-
ria—speaking, of course, of "deep " forms alone—occur in greatest abund-
ance at a depth of between 400 and 600 fathoms, where the bottom tempera-
ture, speaking generally, has been found to range from about 48° Fahrenheit to
about 44° Fahrenheit. Only on one occasion have we dredged corals in mass at
a greater depth than this, namely at 1,000 fathoms, where the temperature
was 38.6° Fahrenheit.
The sea in which corals have been found in the greatest abundance and
variety is the narrow basin between the Laccadives and Maldives on the west
and the Malabar Coast on the east. At one spot in this sea, off the Elicapeni
Bank, at 1,000 fathoms, we dredged over two hundred specimens of a large new
species of Caryophyllia; a n d a t a n o t h e r s p o t o f f t h e T r a v a n c o r e C o a s t , a t
a depth of 43º fathoms, Dr. A. R. Anderson lately dredged " nearly half a ton
of living and dead coral". The corals on this occasion belonged to the genera
Solenosmilia, Lophohelia, Desmophyllum, and Caryophyllia .
The Andaman Sea ought to be a good place for corals, but it has not been
sufficiently explored ; so far, we have got only six or seven species from it-
and those few in number.
Off the Coromandel Coast, in the Bay of Bengal, at a depth of about 600
fathoms, where the bottom-mud begins to harden to a stiffish clay, we have
constantly dredged, in goodly number, Flabellum japonicum Moseley, Flabel-
lum lacimatum Philippi, and Bathyactis ; but, besides these, only two other
species, namely, a Caryophyllia and a Rhizotrochus.
Of the 25 species, 19 are believed to be peculiar to the depths of the seas
of India, although three or four of them have a most suggestive resemblance
to certain fossil forms described and figured by Seguenza from the Sicilian
Tertiaries.
Of the remaining six species two—Flabellum laciniatum and Caryophyl-
lia communis —have a range, in space and time, of some significance. They
were first found as fossils in the Tertiary Deposits of Southern Italy and
Sicily ; they were afterwards discovered in the moderate depths of the North
Atlantic, and they are now found in the moderate depths of the Indian Seas.
They have this singular distribution (in space only), in common with certain
very interesting deep-sea Crustacea and Fishes, and this seems to me to lend
Medical Officers of the Army of India. 63
some support to certain theories of Miocene Geography favoured by Professor
Suess and Dr. J. W. Gregory, to which I have already referred.
The following is the list of deep-sea Madreporaria:—
1. Caryophyllia communis, Seg, Moseley
. Maldives, 210 and 410 fathoms.
2. Caryophyllia ambrosia, A. A. (n) .
. Laccadives, 1,000 and 1,070 fathoms
3. Caryophyllia scillævomorpha, A. A. (n) . Bay of Bengal, 107 fathoms.
4. Caryophyllia ephyala, A. A. (n)
.
Andamans, 240-220 fathoms; Lacca-
dives, 705 fathoms.
5. Caryophyllia paradoxus, A. A. (n)
. Off Travancore Coast, 430 fathoms.
6. Acanthocyathus Grayi, Edw. and H.
. Andamans, 185 fathoms.
7. Trochocyathus rotulus, A. A. (n)
. Maldives, 770-960 fathoms.
8. Trochocyathus sp.
.
.
.
. Andamans, 185 fathoms.
9. Deltocyathus andamanicus, A. A. (n)
. Andamans, 172-303 fathoms.
10. Thecocyathus cincticulatus, A. A. (n)
. Maldives, 210 fathoms.
11. Stephanotrochus nitens, A. A. (n)
.
Off Goa Coast, 74o fathoms.
12. Stephanotrochus Oldhami, A, A. (n)
. Laccadives, 636 fathoms.
13. Desmophyllum vitreum, A. A. (n)
. Off Travancore Coast, 430 fathoms.
14. Flabellum paripavoninum, A. A, (n)
. Laccadives, 636 fathoms.
15. Flabellum laciniatum, Phil. .
.
. Common in all Indian waters at 400-
600 fathoms.
16. Flabellum laciniatum var. (n)
.
. Andamans, 172-303 fathoms.
17. Flabellum japonicum, Moseley
.
.
. Common in Laccadive S. and Bay
of Bengal at 400-700 fathoms.
18. Rhizotrochus crateriformis, A. A. (n)
. Bay of Bengal, 573 (and 33) fathoms.
19. Lophohelia investigatoris, A. A. (n)
.
Off Travancore Coast, 430 fathoms.
Amphihelia Moresbyi, A. A. (n)
.
. Off Malabar Coast, probably 444
fathoms.
20.
21. Cyathohelia axillaris, Ell. and Sol.
. Off Malabar Coasts probably 444
fathoms, Bay of Bengal, 88 fathoms.
22. Cyathohelia formosa, A. A. (n)
.
. Maldives, 210 fathoms.
23. Solenosmilza Jeffreyi, A. A. (n)
.
. Off Travancore Coast, 430 fathoms.
Bathyactis symmetrica (Pourt.), Moseley
Bay of Bengal, 920-690 fathoms,
Maldives, 719 fathoms.
24.
25. Bathyactis stephana, A. A. (n)
.
. Bay of Bengal, 678 and 800-636
fathoms,
Of the large collections of other group of Cnidaria dredged in deep-water
the following species have been recognized:—
(1) Hydromedusæ: Conopora tenuis Moseley, Cryptohelia pudica Edw.
and H.
(2) Anthozoa: Bathypathes; Cerianthus tenebrarum, A. A. (n ), Epizoan
-
thus several species; Umbellula many species, Pennatula, Lepto-
ptilunm;
Stenella, Thouarella, Calypterinus allmani, W. and S.,
Callistephanus koreni, W. and S., Acanella,Ceratoisis grandiflora,
W. and S., Strophogorgia verrilli, Wright.
(3) Scyphomedusæ: Atolla, Periphylla.
64
Scientific Memoirs by
ECHINODERMA.
The collections of Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea have been named and the
new species described, some of the numerous new species of Echinoids and
Holothurians have also been noticed, but the Crinoids have received no attention
yet.
ASTEROIDEA.
J. Wood-Mason and A. Alcock: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Jan. 1891, pp. 12-14; Dec. 1891, pp. 427-440,
fig.II.
A. Alcock : An account of the Collection of deep-sea Asteroidea: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Feb. 1893, pp.
73—121, pl. iv.-vi.
Id., " Illustrations of the Zoology of the Investigator for 1894, Echinoderma, pl. i-iii; and for 1895,
Echinoderma, pl. iv and v.
Id., Journ. As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. LXII, pt. 2, 1893, pp. 171-173, pl. viii, figs. 3–4
.
The deep-sea starfishes have been worked out by myself, and comprise 58
species, of which 40 are believed to be new, and include the new generic types
Persephonaster, Dipsacaster, Milteliphaster, and Dictyaster. All of them come
from depths over 100 fathoms, most from over 200 fathoms and nearly half
from over 1,000 fathoms.
The Bay of Bengal, until we reach the great depths where numerous typi-
cally bathybial forms are found, is not rich in starfishes; but the calcareous bot-
toms of the Andaman and Laccadive regions seem to be particularly favourable
to these animals.
Like their shallow-water relatives, the deep-sea species seem to subsist
largely on shell-fish, though the remains of prawns and amphipods are often
found in their stomachs. Some of the characteristic bathybial forms appear to
gorge themselves with Globigerina -ooze, in the same way as Holothurians.
The following is a list of the Investigator deep-sea Asteroidea:—
1. Pararchaster semisquamatus, Sladen
. Bay of Bengal, 1,664 fathoms.
2. Pararchaster Huddlestonii (n), A. A. . Bay of Bengal, 1,520 fathoms.
3. Pararchaster violaceus (n.), A. A. .
Laccadives, 1,200 fathoms.
4. Pontaster mimicus, Sladen. .
.
. Laccadives, 1,000 fathoms.
5. Pontaster cribellum (n.), A. A.
.
. Laccadives, 1,200 fathoms.
6. Pontaster hispidus (n.), A. A.
. Laccadives, 1,000 fathoms.
7. Pontaster pilosus (n.), A. A. .
.
. G. of Manár, 597 fathoms,
8. Dytaster exilis, Sladen.
.
.
. Bay of Bengal, 1,748—1,924
fathoms.
9. Dytaster anacanthus (n.), A. A.
.
. Bay of Bengal, 1,748 fathoms,
10. Persephonaster croceous (n.), A. A.
. G. of Manár, 738 fathoms.
11. Persephonaster rhodopeplus (n ), A. A. . G. of Manár, 738—902 fathoms.
12. Persephonaster cælochiles (n.), A. A.
. Andamans, 230—250 fathoms; off
Travancore Coast, 430 fathoms.
13. Pseudarchaster mosaicus (n.), A. A.
. Andamans, 188—220 fathoms.
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
65
14. Porcellanaster cæruleus, Wy. Thoms. . Andamans, 683 fathoms; Lacca-
dives, 738 fathoms. Bay of Bengal,
1,664-1,748 fathoms.
15. Styracaster horridus, Sladen .
. Bay of Bengal, 1,748—1,803 fathoms.
16. Styracaster armatus, Sladen .
.
. Bay of Bengal, 1,840 and 1,924
fathoms.
17. Styracaster clavipes (n.), A. A.
.
. Bay of Bengal, 1,748 fathoms.
18. Hyphalaster tara (n.), A. A. .
. Bay of Bengal, 1,748 and 1,997
fathoms.
19. Astropecten, sp. .
. Andamans, about 250 fathoms.
20. Dipsacaster Sladeni (n.), A. A.
.
. Andamans, 250 fathoms.
21. Dipsacaster pentagonalis (n.), A. A.
. Andamans, 112 fathoms.
22. Pentagonaster investigatoris (n.), A. A. . Bay of Bengal, 678 fathoms.
23. Pentagonaster arcuatus, Sladen
.
. Andamans, 271 fathoms.
24. Pentagonaster intermedius, Perrier
. Laccadives, 1,200 fathoms.
25. Pentagonaster pulvinus (n.), A. A,
. Laccadives, 1,200 fathoms.
26. Calliaster mamillifer (n.), A. A. .
. Andamans, 270—245 fathoms.
27. Milteliphaster Wood-Masoni (n.) .
. Andamans, 230—290 fathoms.
28. Dorigona pentaphylla (n.), A. A. .
. Andamans, 271 fathoms.
29. Nymphaster florifer (n.), A. A.
.
. Andamans, 130—250 fathoms.
30. Nymphaster protentus, Sladen.
. Andamans, 220—250 fathoms.
31. Nymphaster basilicus, Sladen.
. Laccadives, 1,370 fathoms. G. of
Manár, 597 fathoms.
32. Nymphaster Nora (n.), A. A..
. Andamans, 490 fathoms.
33. Paragonaster tenuiradiis (n.), A. A.
. Bay of Bengal, 1,748 fathoms.
34. Paragonaster, sp.
.
. Bay of Bengal, 1,748 fathoms.
35. Mediaster roseus (n.), A. A. .
.
. Laccadives, 740 fathoms.
36. Anthenoides sarissa (n.), A. A.
.
. Andamans, 130—250 fathoms.
37. Palmipes pellucidus (n.), A. A.
.
. Andamans, 112 fathoms.
38. Chætaster, sp.
.
.
.
. Andamans, 238—290 fathoms.
39. Zoroaster Alfredi (n.), A.A. .
.
, Bay of Bengal, 1,300—1,380 fathoms.
40. Zoroaster barathri (n.), A. A.
.
. Bay of Bengal, 1,520 fathoms.
41. Zoroaster planus (n.), A. A. .
.
. Laccadives, 1,200 fathoms.
42. Zoroaster angulatus (n.), A. A..
. G. of Manár, 597 fathoms; Lacca-
dives, 705 fathoms.
43. Zoroaster carinatus (n.), A. A.
.
. Andamans, 130—250 fathoms.
44. Zoroaster Gilesii (n.), A. A. .
. Andamans, 490—500 fathoms.
45. Zoroaster squameus (n.), A. A. .
. Laccadives, 1,043 fathoms.
46. Zoroaster sea (n.), A. A.
. .
. G. of Manár, 597 fathoms; Lacca-
dives, 1,200 fathoms.
47. Marsipaster hirsutus, Sladen
.
. Bay of Bengal, 1,997 fathoms.
48. Hymenaster nobilis, Wy. Thoms. .
. Bay of Bengal, 1,748 fathoms.
49. Cribrella præstans, Sladen . .
. Andamans, 240—480 fathoms.
5o. Dictyaster xenophilus (n.), A. A. .
. Andamans, 170—290 fathoms, and
188—220 fathoms.
51. Pedicellaster atratus (n.) A. A. .
Andamans, 240—220 fathoms and
200 fathoms.
66 Scientific Memoirs by
52. Asterias mazophorus (n.), A. A.
.
. Andamans, 120—250 fathoms and
185 fathoms.
53. Brisinga insularum (n.), A. A.
.
. Laccadives, 1,043 fathoms.
54. Brisinga andamanica, (n.), A. A. .
. Andamans, 405 fathoms.
55. Brisinga bengalensis (n.), A. A.
.
. Andamans, 561 fathoms.
56. Brisinga Gunni (n.), A. A.
.
. Off Konkan Coast, 559 fathoms.
57. Freyella tuberculata, Sladen
.
. Bay of Bengal, 1,84o fathoms.
58. Freyella benthophila , Slade
.
. Bay of Bengal, 1,520—1,997
fathoms.
Of the 15 species previously known, four were known from the seas of
Japan and the East Indian Archipelago and two from the southern limits of
the Indian Ocean, so that their occurrence in Indian Seas is not contrary to
expectation; two ( Dytaster exilis and Marsipaster hirsutus) come from the
easternmost limits of the S. Pacific, and one ( Freyella benthophila ) from the
middle of the S. Pacific, but all these three are true bathybial forms and
may be expected to have a wide range, and, even if it were not so, their occur-
rence in Indian waters would not excite surprise among those who know how
many curious deep-sea genera are common to the two regions. The remaining
six species were known from various parts of the North, Mid and South Atlan-
tic, but all belong to the deep-sea fauna—two of them ( Styracaster horridus
and Freyella tuberculata ) being known only from depths approaching or
exceeding two thousand fathoms.
OPHIUROIDEA.
R. Koehler: Ophiures de Mer Profonde, recueillis par l'Investigator: Annales des Sciences Naturelles,
Zool., sér. 8, Vol. IV, 1897, pp. 277—370, pl. v.—ix.
R. Koehler: Ophiuroidea collected by the Investigator in Indian Seas. Text and 14 plates.
Published by Order of the Trustees of the Indian Museum. ( In the Press.)
Dr. Koehler reports that among our deep-sea Ophiuroids he finds 56
species, of which about 40 are new to science. Of the comparatively few
species already known, the majority had been discovered by the Challenger,
either in the Indian Ocean or in the basins of the western Pacific; four—
namely, Ophiomusium validum and planum, Ophiernus adspersus and Ophio-
camax fasciculata —were previously known only from the Western Atlantic
Ocean; and one ( Astronyx Loveni ) is a common Norwegian form that had also
been found in the Japanese Seas. The distribution of this last species, which
can hardly be regarded as belonging to the true deep-sea fauna, reminds us,
in a way, of that of the fish Macrurus lævis Lowe, of the curious little Thalas-
sinoid crustacean Calocaris macandreæ Bell, and of the coral Flabellum
laciniatum, Philippi.
Medical Officers of the Army of India. 67
Dr. Koehler's list, which follows, includes only one new generic type
— O p h i o t y p a
: t h i s f o r m i s r e m a r k a b l e f o r t h e p e r s i s t e n c e o f c e r t a i n e m b r y o n i c
characters.
1. Ophiotypa simplex (n.), Koehl.
.
. Bay of Bengal, 1,997 fathoms.
2. Ophiopyrgus Alcocki (n.), Koehl. .
. Bay of Bengal, 1,310 fathoms.
3. Ophiomastus tumidus (n.), Koehl. .
. Bay of Bengal, 1,310 fathoms.
4. Ophioglypha inflata (n.), Koehl.
.
. G. of Manár, 597 fathoms.
5. Ophioglypha paupera (n.) Koehl. .
. Laccadives, 705 fathoms; off
Travancore Coast, 406 fathoms.
6. Ophioglypha sordida (n.), Koehl. .
. Andamans, 561 fathoms.
7. Ophioglypha involuta (n.), Koehl. .
. Bay of Bengal, 1,748 fathoms.
8. Ophioglypha æqualis, Lyman.
. Laccadives, 1,200 fathoms; Anda-
mans, 490 fathoms.
9. Ophioglypha palliata, Lyman .
. Maldives, 719 fathoms.
10. Ophioglypha flagellata, Lyman
.
. Andamans, 490 and 405 fathoms;
G. of Manár, 675 fathoms.
11. Ophioglypha undulata, Lyman
.
. Laccadives, 1,132 fathoms; G. of
Manár, 675 fathoms.
12. Ophioglypha radiata, Lyman
.
. Laccadives, 1,200 fathoms.
13. Ophioglypha sculptilis, Lyman.
. Bay of Bengal, 1,644 and 1,803
fathoms.
14. Ophioglypha orbiculata, Lyman
.
.
Bay of Bengal, 1,748 fathoms.
15. Ophioglypha imbecilis, Lyman
.
.
Bay of Bengal, off Trincomali,
800—
637 fathoms.
16. Ophiomusium familiare (n.), Koehl.
. Off Travancore Coast, 406 fathoms;
Maldives, 719 fathoms.
17. Ophionzusium elegans (n.), Koehl. .
. Off Travancore Coast, 406 fathoms
Andamans, 490 and 250 fathoms.
18. Ophiomusium validum, Ljungm
.
. Arabian Sea, 931 fathoms.
19. Ophiomusium planum, Lyman
. .
Bay of Bengal, 1,520, 1,748 and 1,997
fathoms.
20. Ophiomusium scalare, Lyman
.
. Andamans, 112 fathoms.
21. Ophiotrochus panniculus, Lyman .
. Laccadives, 865—880 and 1,200
fathoms.
22. Ophiopyren bispinosus (n.), Koehl..
. Andamans, 250 and 240—220
fathoms.
23. Ophiolypus granulatus (n.), Koehl.
. Andamans, 112 fathoms.
24. Ophiernus adspersus, Lyman .
.
. Andamans, 490 and 683 fathoms;
Off C. Comorin, 1,043 fathoms;
Maldives, 719 fathoms; Bay of
Bengal, 1,997 fathoms.
25. Ophioceramis tenera (n.), Koehl. .
. Laccadives, 636 fathoms; Andamans,
265 fathoms.
26. Ophiozona bispinosa (n.), Koehl. .
. Andamans, 112 fathoms.
27. Ophiopeza custos (n.), Koehl.
.
. Andamans, 270—45 fathoms.
K 2
68
Scientific Memoirs by
28. Pectinura conspicua (n.), Koehl. .
. Bay of Bengal (off Godávari), 410
fathoms.
29. Pectinura heros, Lyman
.
. Laccadives, 865—880 fathoms.
30. Ophioconis indica (n.), Koehl.
. .
Andamans, 20—45 fathoms.
31. Ophiactis perplexa (n.), Koehl. . .
Maldives, 719 fathoms.
32. Ophiactis Lorioli (n.), Koehl.
. .
Bay of Bengal, 1,132 and 1,300
fathoms; Laccadives, 1,091
fathoms.
33. Amphiura Caulleryi (n.), Koehl. . .
Bay of Bengal, 753 fathoms; G. of
Manár, 597 fathoms.
34. Amphiura frigida (n.), Koehl.
.
. G. of Manár, 675 fathoms.
35. Amphiura misera (n.), Koehl. .
Andamans, 265 fathoms.
36. Amphiura dispar (n.) Koehl.
.
. Bay of Bengal, 193 fathoms; Anda-
mans, 290—238 fathoms; G. of
Manár, 675 fathoms; N. of Lacca-
dives, 444 fathoms.
37. Amphiura partita (n.), Koehl.
.
. G. of Manár, 675 fathoms; N. of
Laccadives, 444 fathoms.
38. Ophiochiton ambulator (n.), Koehl.
. Bay of Bengal, 270 and 200—350
fathoms; off Travancore Coast,
406 fathoms; N. of Laccadives,
696 and 740 fathoms; off Mekrán
Coast, 890 fathoms.
39. Ophiochiton modestus (n.), Koehl. .
. Andamans, 265 fathoms.
40. Ophiacantha pentagona (n.), Koehl. .
Andamans, 177, 240—220, 250, 271,
290—238, 375 fathoms.
41. Ophiacantha vestita (n.), Koehl. .
. Andamans, 250 fathoms; Bay of
Bengal, 195—210 fathoms.
42. Ophiacantha gratiosa (n.), Koehl. .
. Bay of Bengal, 193 fathoms; Anda-
mans, 240 fathoms.
43. Ophiacantha sociabilis (n.), Koehl.
. Bay of Bengal, 1,043 and 1,803
fathoms.
44. Ophiacantha composita (n.), Koehl. .
Bay of Bengal, 1,590 fathoms.
45. Ophiacantha duplex (n.), Koehl. .
. G. of Manár, 675 fathoms.
46. Ophiacantha vorax (n.), Koehl.
.
. Off Cape Comorin, 1,043 fathoms.
47. Ophiomitra integra (n.), Koehl. .
Andamans, 240—220 fathoms.
48. Ophiomitra rudis (n.), Koehl. . Andamans, 780 fathoms; Laccadives,
705 fathoms; Maldives, 719
fathoms.
49. Ophiocamax fasciculata, Lyman .
. Andamans, 130—250 fathoms.
50. Ophiothrix aristulata, Lyman, var. In-
vestigatoris (n.), Koehl.
.
. Common off the Andamans at about
200 fathoms; Bay of Bengal, 210
fathoms.
51. Ophiomyxa bengale sis (n.), Koehl.
. Andamans, 173—250 fathoms.
52. Ophiocreas .
.
.
. Bay of Bengal, 1,644 fathoms.
Medical Officers of the Army of India 69
53. Gorgonocephalus lævigatus (n.), Koehl. . G. of Manár, 142—400 fathoms.
54. Gorgonocephalus cornutus (n.), Koehl. . Andamans, 270—45 fathoms.
55 Astronyx Loveni, M & T. . .
. Off Travancore Coast, 406 fathoms.
ECHINOIDEA.
J. Wood-Mason and A. Alcock: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Jan. 1891,p. 15; and Dec. 1891, pp. 440—441,
pl. XVII.
A. Alcock: Journ., As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. LXII, pt. 2, 1893, pp. 174—176, pl. VIII, figs. 7—9.
A. R. S. Anderson: Journ., As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. LXIII, pt. 2, 1894, pp. 188—195.
Id. : Illustrations of the Zoology of the Investigator, 1895, Echinoderma, pl. V.
The entire collection of sea-urchins is now being examined by Dr. A. R.
Anderson, from whom a report may soon be expected.
The following is a list of the deep-sea species so far observed and de-
scribed:—
1. Dorocidaris tiara, A. R. Anderson (n.) . Off Colombo, 142—400 fathoms.
2. Dorocidaris Alcocki, A. R. Anderson (n.)
Laccadives, 636 fathoms.
3. Phormosoma bursarium, A. Agassiz
. Laccadives, 636 and 1,070 fathoms.
4. Phormosoma luculentum, A. Agassiz
. Laccadives, 696 fathoms.
5. Prionechinus Agassizii, W.-M. and Alc. (n.) Bay of Bengal, 1,644 and 1,840
fathoms.
6. Brissopsis Oldham, Alc. (n.)
.
. Bay of Bengal, 753 and 609 fathoms.
7. Homotampas glauca, W.-M. and Alc. (n.) Bay of Bengal, 1,644 fathoms.
8. Lovenia gregalis, Alc. (n.)
.
.
. Bay of Bengal, 475 fathoms.
HOLOTHUROIDEA.
J . H . T u l l W a l s h
: J o u r n . , A s . S o c . , B e n g a l , V o l . L X , p t . 2 , 1 8 9 1 , p p . 1 9 7 — 2 0 4 .
The collection of deep-sea Holothurians is a very fair one. Part of it has
been reported on by Dr. J. H. Tull Walsh, I. M. S., and part is now in the
hands of Dr. Koehler, of Lyons.
Dr. Koehler complains that the specimens sent to him are badly preserved.
But most deep-sea Holothurians are excessively difficult to preserve; and I do
not think Dr. Koehler has sufficiently considered whether it is possible for the
medical officer of a ship, working single-handed in a tropical climate, where
sea-things often begin to decompose within an hour, to do all that is expected
of a party of naturalists working together in a temperate climate.
The following is Dr. Walsh's list of Investigator deep-sea Holothuroidea: —
1. Peniagone Wyvillii, Théel
.
.
. Bay of Bengal, 1,803 fathoms.
2. Oneirophanta mutablis, Thl
.
. Andamans, 250 fathoms.
3. Deima valiaum, Thl.
.
.
.
. Bay of Bengal, 1,748 and 1,840
fathoms.
4. Deima fastosum, Thl. ..
.
. Bay of Bengal, 1,520 fathoms.
70
Scientific Memoirs by
5. Orphnurgus asper, Thl. var. glaber (n.),
J. H. T. W.
Andamans, 561 fathoms.
6. Pannychia Wood-Masoni (n.), J. H. T. W. Andamans, 271, 490, 188—220
fathoms.
7. Amphgymnas multipes (n), J. H. T. W. . . Andamans, 188—220 fathoms.
8. Lætmogone spongiosa , Thl. .
. Bay of Bengal, 1,924 fathoms.
9. Euphronides depressa , Thl. .
.
.
Bay of Bengal, 1,803 fathoms.
10. Benthodytes papillifera , Thl.
.
. Bay of Bengal, 1,748 fathoms.
11. Benthodytes sanguinolenta, Thl. .
. Bay of Bengal, 1,803 fathoms.
12. Benthodytes ovalis (n.), J. H. T. W.
. Andamans, 490 fathoms.
13. Benthodytes gelatinosa (n.), J. H. T. W. . Andamans, 271, 490, 188—220
fathoms.
14. Apodogaster Alcocki (n.), J. H. T. W. . Andamans, 561 fathoms.
15. Ankyroderma Danielsseni, Thl.
.
. Andamans, 265 fathoms.
16. Ankyroderma Marenzelleri, Thl. .
. Andamans, 480—500.
17. Eupyrgus scaber, Ltk. .
. . .
Andamans, 650 and 405 fathoms ;
Laccadives, 738 fathoms.
18. Trochostoma andamanense (n.), J. H. T. W. Andamans, 500 fathoms.
Of the new species in Dr. Walsh's list, two- Amphigymnas multipes and Apodo-
gaster alcocki— are types of new genera. Of the previously known species
none call for special remark, except Eupyrgus scaber, which is a common
Arctic form.
" VERMES."
During all these years a large collection of deep-sea Polychæta has
accumulated. The material is in good preservation, and we should be very
glad to hear from anyone who would like to examine and report upon it in his
own way.
CRUSTACEA.
J. Wood-Mason : Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. LVI, pt. 2, 1887, pp. 206—207, pl. I, and
p. 376: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., February, 1891, pp. 187—202, fig 4 ; and March, 1891, pp. 258—272,
fig. 5 ; and Octcber 1891, pp. 269—286, figs . 6—9 ; and November, 1891, pp. 353—362, fig 10 ; and
April 1892, pp. 265—275. pl. XIV, XV ; and May 1892, pp. 358—370, figs. 1—6; and February 1893,
p p . 1 6 1 — 1 7 2 , f i g s . 1 a n d 2 , a n d p l . X , X I : I l l u s t r a t i o n s o f t h e Z o o l o g y o f t h eI n v e s t i g a t o r ,
C r u s t a c e a
pl.
G. M. Giles : Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. LVII, pt. 2, 1883, pp. 220—231, pl. VI, fig. 1, pl. VIII, IX,
W. Weltner : Sitzungs-Berichte Gessels. Naturfor. Freunde, Berlin, 1894, pp. 8o—87, figs.
1—6.
A. Alcock : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, Vol. XIII, 1894, pp. 225—245, pp. 321—334, and pp.
400—411.
A. Alcock and A. R. S. Anderson : Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. LXI II, pt. 2, 1894, pp. 141—185,
pl. IX ; and Illustrations of the Zooloy of the Investigator, Crustacea, pl. VIII—XXXVII.
A. Alcock : Materials for a Carcinological Fauna of India ; Journ. As. Sc. Bengal, Vol. LXIV,
pt. 2, 1895, pp. 157—291, and Vol. LXV, pt. 2, 1896, pp. 134—295, and Vol. LXVII, pt. 2, 1893, pp.
67—233—(Numerous deep-sea crabs are described in these papers).
A. R. S. Anderson : Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. LXV, pt. 2, 1896, pp. 88—106.,
J. R. Henderson : Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. LXV, pt. 2, 1896, pp. 516—536.