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came on two of the cases referred to, and in which, no less than three quarters of the cuticular surface
was involved. The animals from which these stomachs were taken were destroyed, as they were suffering
from Surra; neither were in bad condition, and were taking food up to the very last moment. Though
the cuticular coat is invariably involved, the lesions undoubtedly do in some cases extend to the villous
portion. The anatomical differences, however, naturally, to some extent, alter the appearances of the
ulcers, which are often seen with a smoother flat surface, and surrounded by a ring of swollen mucous
membrane.
I am of opinion that in all cases of death from Chronic Surra, or in animals that have been destroy-
ed after the disease has been in existence for some time, that ulceration of the stomach, more or less
extensive, will be seen post-mortem.
The deep yellow pigmentation is not constant, but in nearly all cases there is a distinct yellowish
tinge about the cuticular coat. The villous portion often is in parts, owing to degenerative changes,
denuded of its epithelial lining. In some cases a large portion of the cuticular coat may be pigmented.
The colour is a bright yellow, which shows up beautifully alongside of the whiteness of the normal
epithelium. Parasites (Spiroptera microstoma) are constantly found, especially in the stomachs of
mules, embedded in the gelatinous mucus on the villous coat, but, as you are well aware, have nothing
to do with the disease. Bots are frequently met with, and this year 1 met with a case where the bots
had attached themselves to the mucous membrane of the duodenum ; there were quite one hundred.
Spiroptera nests are sometimes seen in the stomach. I think more frequently in mules, but they are
rare. Last month I was present at forty-one post-mortems, but did not observe a single nest. I have
heard it stated that feeding on unbruised paddy might cause gastric ulceration ; if this was the case I
am certain that I would have noticed it in post-mortems on animals that had not succumbed to Surra.
In Lower Burmah the people rarely give their animals anything else (Rangoon not included). I always
feed my Burman ponies on paddy and never think of crushing it.
I have never observed ulceration of the small intestines, but have noticed circumscribed local con-
gestions. In a few cases extensive mucous congestion was noted. The intestines often contain a
quantity of a very yellow fluid. Nothing remarkable to note about condition of the large intestines. In
advanced cases the spleen is generally enlarged ; there is, as a rule, an excess of pulp, so that it pits on
pressure. The structure is at times disorganised.
The liver is usually very healthy ; cases of congestion, softening, may be met with ; miliary cal-
careous deposits are often seen. In some cases the organ is much enlarged. I have noticed flukes in
the livers of some cases.
Kidneys.—These organs are frequently affected, at times anæmic and œdematous, at others slightly
or markedly congested. I have observed in some cases considerable blood extravasation, on and in the
under-parts of these organs.
The lymphatic glands are frequently found in an œdematous state.
The heart has gelatinous accumulations in its furrows, instead of fat. In chronic cases the organ
is pale, flabby, very often enlarged, and very soft. The cavities are filled with blood, or variegated clots,
which extend into the great vessels. On several occasions I have seen the aorta in an atheromatous
state. The heart constantly presents some abnormal condition, the more frequent being sub-endocar-
dial ecchymoses more or less extensive.
The lungs are, as a general rule, healthy, but cases in which they are congested are by no means
infrequent.
I have examined the brain and cord carefully, but have never discovered much ; in a few instances
the brain substance was undoubtedly soft, and the plexus choroides pale and bloodless. There is little
to note about the bladder ; in some cases a patch of extravasation may be observed at the fundus, or
small petechial spots scattered over the mucous membrane. Carcasses of animals that have died from
this disease present a dreadfully emaciated appearance, only skin and bones. There is, as a general rule,
an anæmic condition of all organs, and absence of fat. In some cases there is an excess of fluid in the
abdominal and thoracic cavities, also in the pericardial sac. Rigor mortis is normal.
Chin Hills.—The dangerous part of this road lies between Kalewa and No. 2 stockade. At Kalewa
the animals should only be watered from the river. Grass might easily be brought up by steamers from
Mandalay or other station.
Natchigon.—Water from the Myit-tha river. Grass and straw should be stacked. Kalemyo
Camp at Pyinthazeik. Water from the river. Grass stacked. No. 2 stockade. Water-supply from a
mountain-stream near camp. Grass ought to be collected here. I think the waters of the rivers are safe
enough.
Bernardmyo.—The Terai between Tabeitkyin and Shyenyoungbin is very unhealthy. At Tybeitkyin
the transport should take water at the Irrawady (all back waters must be avoided). Grass is very bad,
should be collected at Tabeitkyin, Wahpyudaung, Kyauklebin and Shwenyoungbin. After January only
dry bamboo leaves and thatch grass are obtainable within easy reach of camp, so after the first
couple of storms there is a rush for any green fodder.
Kengtung.—I do not know the road beyond Taung-gyi, about 130 miles from Meiktila. Transport
should be watered at Hlinedet and Yemabin from good wells, a Pyinoungand Nampandet from the
river, and at Wetpyuyet, Kalaw, Thamakhan, Heho, Bwethet from wells, as I think the ordinary waters
are suspicious. Grass ought to be collected at Hlinedet, Yemabin, Pyinoung, Nampandet, Wetpyuyet
and Kalaw. Quantities of good grass can be obtained from Kalaw onwards.