NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
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Bennett, S. C. J., and Kenny, P. A. C. (1928). Mercuric chloride as a Diagnostic Agent
for Trypanosomiasis in Camels. J. Comp. Path. & Therap. 41, 341-353.
Broudin, L. (1927). Sur le traitement du Surra. [The Treatment of Surra.] Arch.
Insts. Pasteur d' Indochine, Nos. 5 and 6, pp. 127-141. [Abstr. in Trop. Vet.
Bull. 17, 42; 1929.]
Chetti, C. R. V. (1922). Trypanosomiasis in Cattle. Madras Vet. J. No. 17, pp. 2-5.
Davis, L. J., & Brown, H. C. (1927). The Adhesion Phenomenon. A Specific Sero-
logical Reaction occurring in Trypanosomiasis. J. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. &
Hyg. 21, 113-124.
Doeve, W. C. A. (1917). Mededeelingen betreffende Surra. [Information regarding
Surra.] Veeartsenijkundige Bladen v. Ned.-Ind. 29, 4-15. [Abstr. in Trop.
Vet. Bull. 5, 223-225.]
Douwes, J. B. (1923). De behandlung van Surra bij Herkauwers met" Bayer 205 ".
[Treatment of Surra in Ruminants with " Bayer 205 ".] Ned-Ind. Bladen v.
Diergeneesk en Dierenteelt, 35, 1-19. [Abstr. in Trop. Vet. Bull. 12, 45-46 ; 1924.]
Duke, H. L., & Wallace, J. M. (1930). Red Cell Adhesion in Trypanosomiasis in
Man and Animals. Parasitology, 22, 414-456.
Edwards, J. T. (1928). The Chemotherapy of Surra (Trypanosoma evansi Infections)
in Horses and Cattle in India. Mem. Dep. Agric. Ind. Vet. Ser. 4, 1-100.
Gaiger, S. H. (1911). Further Observations on Trypanosomiases, 1909-1910. J.
Trop. Vet. Sci. 6, 21-43.
Hoare, E. W. (1913). A System of Veterinary Medicine, 1, 1,100.
Hornby, H. E. (1921). Trypanosomes and Trypanosomiases of Cattle. J. Comp.
Path. & Therap. 34, 211-240.
Iyer, P. R. K., & Sarwar, S. M. (1935). Bovine Surra in India with a Description of
a recent Outbreak. Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. 5, 158-170.
Joseph, A. (1928). Trypanosomiasis in Indian Bulls. Vet. Rec. 8 (n. s.), 1051.
Knowles, R. H. (1924). The Formol-Gel Test as applied to Camels affected with
Trypanosoma soudanense. J. Comp. Path. & Therap. 37, 37-44.
—(1925).
Treatment of Camels affected with Trypanosoma soudanense
with " Bayer 205 " and further Observations on the Formol-Gel Test. J. Com.
Path. & Therap. 38, 42-46.
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van Surra bij karbouwen in de Onderafdeeling Samosir der Batakeanden. [The
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1926.]
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Guyane francaise. [Outbreak of Trypanosomiasis among Cattle in French
Guinea.] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 12, 258-266.
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Mahajan, M. R. (1934). A Note on Bovine Trypanosomiasis in Hyderabad State.
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Identification of some pathogenic Trypanosomes.] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 3.
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—,
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special reference to Surra in the Philippine Islands. Department of the Interior,
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Tests for Trypanosomiasis. Philipp. J. Sci. 54, 29-42.
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—,
& Mudaliar, S. V. (1934). Some Observations on the Trypanosomes
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de surra van het Paard in Nederlandsch-Indië. [Employment of " Bayer 205 "
for the Treatment of Surra in Horses in the Dutch East Indies.] Ned.-Ind.
Bladen v. Diergeneesk en Dierenteelt (Veeartsenijkundige Mededeeling No. 38),
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Sheather, A. L. (1934). In Wooldridge's Encyclopaedia of Veterinary Medicine,
Surgery and Obstetrics, 1, 301-303.
COMPOSITION OF COLOSTRUM FROM THE
MONTGOMERY COWS
BY
ASGHAR ALI SHAH,
Chemical Laboratories, Agricultural Research Institute, Lyallpur
[Received for publication on 16th April 1936]
(With one text-figure)
The milk produced by the cow during the first few days after calving is some-
times referred to as' beastings ' or' green milk ' but more commonly as colostrum.
The composition, condition, colour, taste and smell of the milk immediately after
parturition differs considerably from that of normal milk which the cow gives,
say, a week later. The change to normal takes place gradually and is complete
within 5 to 6 days, although some of the ingredients such as fat and milk sugar
change over very rapidly to their normal proportions. The pungent taste and
slimy appearance of the colostrum do not last for more than a couple of days.
The dairy herd attached to the Agricultural College, Lyallpur, consists of the cows
of the Montgomery breed alone and true colostrum as generally obtained from
these animals is usually yellow and very often deep yellow in colour.
Our knowledge about the true function of colostrum in the nutritional meta-
bolism of the new born animals is limited. It is generally supposed to act as a
laxative and facilitates the early passage of the meconium from the intestinal
tract of the infant animal. Another rôle sometimes attributed to this product
is its high concentration of nutritive elements in a form easily digested by the young
animals [Ling, 1930]. Earle and Gamble [1934] working on young foals have
discovered yet another function for this material. The results of their investi-
gation have shown that, in at least some species, colostrum serves to immunize
the new born animal passively against bacteria for which its dam has already
acquired immunity.
Until recently, the belief was commonly held that the milk is secreted pri-
marily for the nourishment of the calf and scientists and laymen alike believed
that full development of the mammary glands and the actual secretion of milk
could be brought about only by the normal processes occurring during pregnancy.
The fact that the nature of the milk immediately after calving was different from
that of the normal milk has been attributed to the immediate specific requirements
of the newly born animal. Recent work carried out by the Bureau of Dairy In-
dustry, U. S. A., as reported by Evans [1934], has, however, shown that pregnancy
( 234 )
COMPOSITION OF COLOSTRUM FROM MONTGOMERY COWS
235
is not necessary for full development of the mammary glands and milk secretion
and that by the injection of extracts of the anterior pituitary gland into a virgin
dairy heifer, a daily milk yield of 15 to 18 pounds was obtained and maintained
over several months after the injections had ceased. No mention is, however,
made of the composition of the milk obtained. It would be interesting to know
if the milk was uniformly alike in this respect throughout the entire period of
lactation or if the composition of the first milk obtained from the virgin heifer
differed in any way from the milk obtained, say 3 or 4 days after, i.e., if any colos-
trum was secreted. The absence of any difference between the two would lend a
strong support to the belief that colostrum with its characteristic properties which
are so widely different from those of the normal milk is elaborated simply to meet
the requirements of the newly born animal.
The object of the present note, however, is not to say anything on the biologi-
cal functions of colostrum, but to present a certain amount of analytical data with
regard to colostrum secreted by Montgomery cows.
The figures presented in the following tables give the analytical composition
of the colostrum and the milk from three different cows of the Montgomery breed
kept at the Agricultural College Dairy Farm, Lyallpur. The percentage com-
position of the colostrum from all the three animals, immediately after calving,
was as follows :—
Cow 1 .
Cow 2
.
Cow 3 .
Specific
gravity
at 60°F
1.056
1.058
1.058
Total
solids
21.90
25.78
19.98
Fat
4.3
6.9
2.7
Milk
sugar
2.80
3.44
3.67
Acidity
0.315
0.446
0.342
Total
pro-
teins
13.45
14.38
11.84
Casein
3.42
6.74
3.57
Albumin
and
Globu-
lin
10.93
7.59
8.49
Ash
0.80
1.34
1.55
236
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VI, III
COMPOSITION OF COLOSTRUM FROM MONTGOMERY COWS
237
It will be noted that the colostrum from Cow No. 2 contains a much greater
amount of total solids than that from both of the other animals and the difference
is due to the greater amount of fat and casein present in the colostrum of this
animal. The other ingredients do not show so wide a difference. The complete
analytical data, showing the gradual change from colostrum to normal milk in
the case of all the three animals, is presented in the three Tables I, II, and
III that follow. Table IV gives the average figures from the three individual
animals and these are represented graphically in the diagram. The changes
suffered by the individual ingredients may be summarised thus:—
(1) The initial high figures for total solid, acidity, and mineral matter decline
rapidly and reach to an almost constant value within 24 hours.
(2) Total proteins, decrease gradually to about 25 per cent of their original
value in 36 hours. The greatest change, however, takes place in the
amount of albumin and globulin, which decrease to about 6 per cent
of the initial figure. Casein, except in the case of animal No. 2 where
the initial figure was very high, does not diminish to any appreciable
extent. This diminution in the amount of water-soluble proteins
seems to synchronise with the appearance of digestive enzymes in the
stomach of the calf.
Table V gives the refractive index, saponification value and the Iodine value
of the fat obtained from daily milk over a period of 7 days after calving. The
figures for the refractive index and Iodine value for fat from colostrum are almost
identical with those of fat from normal milk ; saponification value, on the other
hand, shows a gradual increase, indicating that the fatty acids of high molecular
weight contained in the fat are slowly changing to those of low molecular weight.
REFERENCES
Earle, I. P., and Gamble, J. A. (1934). Year book of Agriculture, pp. 222-225.
Evans, E. I. (1934). Year book of Agriculture, pp. 360-363.
Ling, E. R. (1930). Text book of Dairy Chemistry.
238
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VI,
III
TABLE I
Colostrum analysis (First Period)
Serial No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Date and time of
sampling
20th Novr. 1928
21st Novr. 1928
Do.
22nd Novr. 1928
Do.
23rd Novr. 1928
Do.
24th Novr. 1928
Do.
25th Novr. 1928
Do.
26th Novr. 1928
Do.
27th Novr. 1928
Do.
28th Novr. 1928
Do.
29th Novr. 1928
Do.
30th Novr. 1928
Do.
1st Dec.
1928
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
Specific
Gravity
at 60°F
1.056
1.041
1.034
1.032
1.030
1.032
1.030
1.032
1.032
1.033
1.033
1.031
1.030
1.030
1.030
1.031
1.030
1.030
1.030
1.030
1.030
1.032
Total
Solids
Per cent
21.90
17.20
13.99
12.99
12.32
13.80
14.80
15.00
14.20
13.20
14.30
15.50
15.30
15.10
14.90
15.80
14.70
14.30
13.30
14.00
15.20
14.10
Fat
Per
cent
4.3
5.8
4.4
3.2
4.3
4.3
5.5
5.2
5.2
4.7
4.0
5.4
5.8
5.4
6.5
5.6
5.6
4.7
4.5
4.9
6.1
4.7
Acidity
Per cent
0.315
0.230
0.221
0.207
0.212
0.216
0.185
0.185
0.207
0.221
0.198
0.180
0.189
0.185
0.230
0.234
0.194
0.198
0.198
0.189
0.170
0.171
Total
Proteins
Per cent
13.42
8.82
5.61
4.33
4.00
4.13
4.15
4.31
4.27
4.29
4.11
3.91
3.71
3.78
3.80
3.80
3.44
3.51
3.55
3.84
3.62
3.80
Albumin
and
Globulin
Per cent
10.03
5.40
2.21
1.34
1.46
1.14
0.98
1.14
0.94
0.92
0.87
0.87
1.05
0.92
1.04
1.04
0.87
0.78
0.78
0.83
0.83
0.83
Casein
Per cent
3.42
3.40
2.68
2.59
2.53
3.17
3.28
3.28
3.28
3.22
3.24
3.06
3.04
2.88
2.93
2.93
2.81
2.77
2.86
2.88
3.06
3.06
Lactose
Per cent
2.80
3.82
3.29
3.97
3.86
3.67
4.01
4.12
4.09
4.09
4.09
4.12
3.75
4.26
3.70
3.89
4.19
3.94
4.66
4.43
4.39
4.66
Mineral
matter
Per cent
.803
.788
.888
.762
.886
.898
.828
.818
.878
.772
.880
.910
.774
.872
.762
.844
Spoiled
.814
.924
.820
.824
.788
Remarks
E. Even-
ing milk.
M. Morn-
ing milk.
COMPOSITION OF COLOSTRUM FROM MONTGOMERY COWS
239
TABLE II
Colostrum analysis (Second Period)
Serial No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Date and time of
sampling
22nd Jan. 1929
Do.
23rd Jan. 1929
Do.
24th Jan. 1929
Do.
25th Jan. 1929
Do.
26th Jan. 1929
Do.
27th Jan. 1929
Do.
28th Jan. 1929
Do.
29th Jan. 1929
Do.
30th Jan. 1929
Do.
31st Jan. 1929
Do.
1st Feb. 1929
Do.
2nd Feb. 1929
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
Specific
Gravity
at 60°F
1.058
1.040
1.038
1.032
1.030
1.027
1.030
1.030
1.031
1.030
1.031
1.029
1.032
1031
1.031
1.029
1.032
1.031
1.033
1.029
1.031
1.031
1.033
Total
Solids
Per cent
25.78
19.57
14.67
13.85
16.36
18.62
17.15
16.77
16.84
16.50
15.47
16.09
15.12
15.20
14.40
16.12
14.36
15.41
13.40
15.47
15.32
13.37
13.58
Fat
Per
cent
6.9
6.7
3.3
4.2
6.6
8.2
6.4
6.1
6.6
5.7
5.0
6.8
5.1
6.1
5.4
7.1
5.0
5.9
3.6
6.7
4.8
4.9
4.3
Acidity
Per cent
0.446
0.279
0.252
0.252
0.216
0.194
0.203
0.173
0.182
0.176
0.171
0.153
0.153
0.207
0.171
0.216
0.221
0.167
0.162
0.131
0.131
0.225
0.225
Total
Proteins
Per cent
14.38
7.68
5.38
4.15
4.44
4.06
4.56
4.06
4.18
3.95
4.11
3.75
3.86
3.60
3.62
3.55
3.66
3.44
3.64
3.26
3.62
3.33
3.46
Albumin
and
Globulin
Per cent
7.59
3.91
1.72
1.23
1.03
0.92
0.94
0.94
0.89
0.88
0.83
0.74
0.83
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.67
0.69
0.67
0.63
0.63
0.65
0.60
Casein
Per cent
6.74
4.09
3.84
2.95
3.42
3.17
3.62
3.28
3.24
3.46
3.13
2.97
2.95
2.99
2.90
2.83
3.06
2.72
2.66
2.72
2.93
2.81
2.79
Lactose
Per cent
3.44
4.33
4.90
4.22
4.63
5.36
5.12
5.73
6.04
6.14
5.63
5.12
5.20
4.63
4.76
4.97
5.24
5.12
5.20
5.12
5.98
5.12
5.24
Mineral
matter
Per cent
1.336
0.986
.964
Spoiled
Do.
.857
.887
.693
.887
.744
.774
.742
.838
.804
.944
.642
.600
.810
.754
.670
.796
.706
.736
Remarks
M. Morn¬
ing milk.
E. Even¬
ing milk.
E
240 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VI,
III
TABLE III
Colostrum analysis (Third Period)
Serial No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Date and time
of sampling
16th Feb., 1929
Do.
17th Feb. 1929
Do.
18th Feb. 1929
Do.
19th Feb.1929
Do.
20th Feb. 1929
Do.
21st Feb. 1929
Do.
22nd Feb. 1929
Do.
23rd Feb. 1929
Do.
24th Feb. 1929
25th Feb. 1929
Do.
26th Feb. 1929
Do.
27th Feb. 1929
Do.
28th Feb. 1929
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
M
E
M
E
M
E
M
Specific
Gravity
at 60°F.
1.058
1.044
1.038
1034
1.034
1.034
1.034
1.033
1.035
1.032
1.032
1.032
1.032
1.032
1.032
1.033
1.032
1. 031
1.032
1.031
1.031
1.031
1.031
1.032
Total
Solids
Per cent
19.98
18.79
15.54
15.86
16.02
14.74
14.79
15.33
15.43
14.82
14.44
Spoiled
Do.
14.49
14.44
14.93
15.22
13.36
13.59
14.01
13.35
13.70
13.89
14.01
Fat
Per
cent
2.7
5.5
4.4
50
5.1
4.4
4.4
5.0
5.1
4.8
4.6
5.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.8
5.2
4.6
4.8
5.2
4.7
4.7
4.9
4.7
Acidity
Per cent
3.42
0.288
0.216
0.221
0.198
0.207
0.203
0.230
0.203
0.176
0.221
0.185
0.176
0.149
0.167
0.162
0.171
0.126
0.104
0.158
0.234
0.180
0.140
0.131
Total
Proteins
Per cent
11.84
8.28
6.72
4.65
3.48
3.36
4.53
4.33
4.42
3.82
3.84
3.73
3.91
3.77
3.77
3.60
3.75
3.51
3.57
3.60
3.68
3.51
3.62
3.66
Albumin
and
Globu-
lin
Percent
8.49
3.71
3.05
1.21
0.89
1.05
0.96
0.96
1.07
0.89
0.83
0.78
0.83
0.83
0.85
0.78
0.85
0.83
0.72
0.76
0.80
0.76
0.76
0.72
Casein
Percent
3.57
4.33
3.45
3.57
3.35
2.39
3.08
3.39
3.55
3.08
2.92
2.99
3.15
2.43
3.08
2.88
2.93
2.57
2.88
2.97
3.02
2.99
2.97
3.02
Lactose
Per cent
3.67
4.22
4.57
4 54
4.60
5.04
4.33
4.02
4.39
4.83
4.73
4.63
4.33
4.39
4.28
4.90
5.04
4.63
4.70
4.63
3.93
3.98
4.45
4.57
Mineral
matter
Per cent
1.55
1.34
1.17
0.933
1.180
0.832
0.912
0.800
0.818
0.796
0.790
0.785
0.820
0.811
0.791
0.802
0.799
0.785
0.776
0.761
0.768
6.759
0.779
0.771
Remarks
M. Morn-
ing milk.
E. Even-
ing milk.
COMPOSITION OF COLOSTRUM FROM MONTGOMERY
COWS
241
TABLE IV
Colostrum analysis (Average of three periods)
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Specific
Gravity
at 60° F
1.058
1.042
1.036
1.033
1.032
1.031
1.032
1.032
1.033
1.032
1.032
1.030
1.031
1.031
1.031
1.031
1.031
1.031
1.032
1.030
1.031
1.031
1.032
1.032
Total
Solids
Per cent
22.55
18.52
14.70
14.23
14.90
15.75
15.58
15.70
15.49
14.84
14.73
15.79
15.21
14.93
14.58
15.85
14.76
14.32
13.40
14.51
14.62
13.72
13.73
14.01
Fat
Per cent
4.6
6.0
3.8
4.1
5.3
5.6
5.4
5.4
5.6
5.1
4.4
5.8
5.1
5.3
5.5
5.8
5.3
4.7
4.3
5.6
5.2
4.8
4.6
4.7
Acidity
Per cent
0.368
0.266
0.230
0.230
0.209
0.206
0.194
0.196
0.198
0.191
0.197
0.173
0.173
0.180
0.189
0.204
0.195
0.164
0.162
0.159
0.179
0.192
0.182
0.131
Total
Proteins
Per cent
13.21
8.29
5.90
4.38
3.97
385
4.41
4.23
4.29
4.02
4.02
3.80
3.83
3.72
3.73
3.65
3.62
3.49
3.59
345
3.64
3.55
3.54
3.66
Albumin
and
Globulin
Per cent
8.70
4.40
2.33
1.26
113
1.04
0.96
1.01
0.97
0.89
0.84
0.79
0.90.
0.82
0.87
0.85
0.80
0.77
0.72
0.74
0.75
0.75
0.68
0.72
Casein
Per cent
4.58
3.94
3.32
3.03
3.13
2.78
3.32
3.33
3.36
3.25
3.09
3.01
3.05
2.77
2.97
2.88
2.93
2.69
2.80
2.86
3.00
2.95
2.88
3.02
Lactose
Per cent
3.30
4.13
4.25
4.24
3.36
4.69
4.48
4.62
4.84
5.02
4.82
4.62
4.43
4.43
4.25
4.59
4.82
4.56
4.85
4.73
4.77
4.59
4.85
4.57
Mineral
matter
Per Cent
1.230
1.038
1.007
0.847
1.033
0.866
0.879
0.770
0.855
0.771
0.814
0.812
0.810
0.829
0.832
0.761
0.700
0.803
0.818
0.750
0.796
0.751
0.757
0.771
Remarks
242 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VI, III
TABLE V
Description of the sample of Fat
from milk
1st day after calving . . .
2nd
Do.
.
.
.
3rd
Do.
.
.
.
4th
Do. . . .
5th
Do.
.
.
.
6th
Do.
.
.
.
7th
Do.
.
.
.
Normal for butter Fat . . .
Saponification
value
203.6
206.4
205.6
210.9
217.3
220.2
222.8
224.1
Iodine Value
32.31
33.73
33.56
30.99
31.39
31.03
32.23
31.0
Refractive
Index at 40ºC
1.457
1.457
1.457
1.456
1.456
1.456
1.455
1.455
BOVINE TRYPANOSOMIASIS IN CENTRAL PROVINCES
WITH AN ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT OUTBREAKS
BY
CAPT. BACHAN SINGH, M.R.C.V.S.,
Veterinary Investigation Officer, Central Provinces and Berar.
[Received for publication on 29th February 1936.]
(With Plates VIII—X.)
The term " bovine trypanosomiasis " in the title is used advisedly in view of
the fact that, as is to be explained later, the form of trypanosomiasis dealt with
in this paper presents certain features which would appear to make it necessary to
carry out an extensive investigation into this condition before it can be definitely
identified with Surra, by which term is understood the type of trypanosomiasis
caused exclusively by Trypanosoma evansi. One of these features is the frequency
with which the disease progresses to a fatal issue for until recently T. evansi
has been regarded as usually innocuous for cattle.
This point has been mentioned in the Annual Report of the Imperial Institute
of Veterinary Research, Muktesar, for the year ending March 1935, where it is
stated, " In view of the recent outbreaks of a fatal form of cattle surra at Karnal
(Punjab) and Hyderabad (Deccan), work has been taken in hand (1) to determine
the specific identity of the trypanosomes concerned in such outbreaks, and if
exhaustive researches into the identity of the parasites show them to be identical
with T. evansi, (2) to ascertain the conditions under which T. evansi which is
usually innocuous for the bovine species, attains the status of a virulent variant for
these animals."
From available literature, it would appear that, the first severe outbreak of
cattle trypanosomiasis in India, was reported from Madras by Chetti [1922],
according to whom, out of a total of 111 Corporation bullocks affected with the
disease, as many as 101 animals died, the symptoms ranging between the acute
and the chronic form. About nine years later, Rao [1931], working in the same
Province, recorded a series of similar outbreaks with a mortality rate of 20 to
30 per cent.
Quite recently, a very severe outbreak of cattle trypanosomiasis has been
reported by Mahajan [1934] from Hyderabad (Deccan), with as high a mortality
as 100 per cent, about 90 per cent of the affected animals being bullocks.
In a still more recent communication, Iyer and Sarwar [1935] have reported
similar outbreaks of the disease at the Imperial Cattle Breeding Farm, Karnal
(Punjab).
(243)
244 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VI, III
In the Central Provinces itself, an outbreak of cattle trypanosomiasis was
reported by Stirling [1927] from the Western Districts, and, as is to be described
later, the present writer recently came across several outbreaks of the same disease
in the Saugor District, with a mortality rate of more than 96 per cent, these observa-
tions completely disproving the hypothesis hitherto held that cattle and buffaloes
act merely as " reservoirs " of trypanosomiasis without exhibiting any clinical
symptoms of the disease.
SOME OUTBREAKS OF THE DISEASE
The first outbreak of the disease reported to the writer was from Kurwai
State, from where it spread quickly to the border villages of Khurai tahsil of
Saugor district, with the result, that within a short period the whole area lying
along the border became affected. The author immediately availed himself of the
opportunity to study the outbreak, and undertook investigation at Bamora village
on the 2nd October, 1935, where the disease was confirmed by microscopical exa¬
mination in six cases. Altogether five villages were visited in that area and
the number of deaths noted in each was approximately as follows :—
Name of village
Bamora
....
Satni
....
Padriya
....
Ghamera
....
Total
Bullocks
6
5
13
4
28
Cows
2
3
4
2
11
Buffaloes
1
2
3
..
6
Total
9
10
20
6
45
In the course of this investigation, blood from 663 animals was examined in
wet smears and out of these 24 cases were confirmed for bovine trypanosomiasis.
Of the affected animals, 90 per cent were bullocks and only a small proportion
were cows and buffaloes. All these animals were found to be suffering from an
acute type of the disease.
The disease spread so widely and spontaneously that from September till the
end of October, the Veterinary Assistant Surgeons in charge of Khurai and Saugor
dispensaries, attended as many as 30 and 23 outbreaks in their jurisdiction res¬
pectively. The disease was confirmed in most of the villages by the Central Labo-
ratory, Nagpur, on examination of blood smears. In these 53 outbreaks a total
of 280 animals were reported as having succumbed to the disease, and in all the
cases, particularly in bovine species, it was of an acute and virulent type. It is most
likely that more villages situated in the interior were likewise affected, although
no statistics regarding the mortality caused in these localities are available,
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. VI, Pt. III.
PLATE VIII
FIG. 1. Bullock No. 2—An acute case in initial stage.
FIG. 2. Cow No. 18—Fatal Stage after an acute course.
FIG. 3. Bullock No. 27—A chronic case with impaired vision.