NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
DISPENSARIES IN RAJPUTANA.
103
Fund and Private non-aided Dispensaries of Rajputana for the year 1913—contd.
Miscellaneous
receipts (to
include sale of
securities).
11
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total
receipts.
12
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
EXPENDITURE.
SALARIES.
Medical
officers.
13
R
2,905
866
1,463
986
742
531
826
913
636
9,868
4,350
750
540
5,640
1,700
792
750
384
3,626
3,600
1,580
770
2,820
1,500
752
636
859
630
636
780
300
636
480
756
1,056
480
1,216
756
1,071
420
636
16,420
3,864
660
336
453
511
5,824
Nurses.
14
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Inferior
servants.
15
R
2,427
288
432
237
342
276
276
252
115
4,645
1,493
308
372
2,173
660
192
192
180
1,224
1,726
586
908
1,618
480
270
278
306
330
330
315
304
270
318
260
343
282
336
330
270
268
272
7,180
728
367
156
143
186
1,580
MEDICINES.
European.
16
R
4,895
299
268
227
316
281
228
200
230
6,944
448
53
88
589
86
29
28
28
171
800
623
...
2,233
585
272
221
183
137
461
216
154
262
211
208
131
213
1,044
135
298
247
416
7,627
1,418
575
226
148
168
2,535
Bazaar.
17
R
149
22
52
22
21
11
9
32
4
322
68
33
25
126
37
20
27
20
104
62
61
149
71
25
6
27
...
23
45
15
11
36
20
19
8
29
76
14
8
12
28
473
14
20
...
...
...
34
Diet.
18
R
3,281
98
188
95
35
103
117
88
36
4,041
275
20
...
295
112
4
3
9
128
201
30
127
937
154
41
44
23
104
64
45
121
34
155
32
39
10
71
81
20
121
87
2,183
397
55
...
...
...
452
Miscel-
laneous
charges.
19
R
816
136
185
201
99
157
141
144
98
1,977
1,196
107
101
1,404
155
83
53
56
347
223
91
57
356
162
55
61
57
48
39
55
42
40
61
36
54
42
87
62
212
67
47
1,583
186
88
57
68
68
457
Buildings
or
Repairs.
20
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Invest-
ments.
21
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total Ex-
penditure.
22
R
14,473
1,709
2,588
1,768
1,555
1,359
1,597
1,629
1,119
27,797
7,830
1,271
1,126
10,227
2,750
1,120
1,053
677
5,600
6,612
2,971
2,011
8,035
2,906
1,396
1,267
1,428
1,272
1,575
1,426
932
1,278
1,245
1,311
1,631
1,056
2,830
1,378
1,879
1,135
1,486
35,466
6,607
1,765
776 802
933
10,882
Closing
Balance.
23
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
104
DISPENSARIES IN RAJPUTANA.
STATEMENT H.—Showing the Income and Expenditure of State, Public, Local
DISTRICT.
1
MEWAR
PARTABGARH .
BANSWARA
.
KUSHALGARH .
DUNGARPUR
.
Name of Dispensary.
2
NATIVE STATES—concluded.
Lansdowne Hospital
.
.
Chitorgarh .
.
.
.
Rashmi . . . .
Sarara .
.
.
.
.
Saran
.
.
.
.
.
Nathdwara .
.
.
.
Jehazpur
.
.
.
.
Bhilwara
.
. . .
Kapasin
.
.
.
.
Sadri-Khurd .
.
.
.
Mandalgarh .
.
.
.
Udaipur Railway Dispensary .
Rajnagar
.
.
.
.
Untala
.
.
.
.
.
TOTAL .
Partabgarh .
.
.
.
Banswara
.
. . .
Garhi
.
.
.
.
TOTAL .
Kushalgarh .
.
.
.
Dungarpur .
.
.
.
Sagwara
.
.
.
.
TOTAL .
Adams Memorial Hospital, Abu
Abu Road
.
.
.
.
TOTAL .
Deoli . . . . .
Kherwara
.
.
. .
TOTAL NATIVE STATES
PROVINCIAL
TOTAL,
CLASS
A (GENERAL DISPENSARIES) .
B— HOSPITALS AND DIS¬
PENSARIES FOR FEMALES.
NATIVE STATES.
Jaswant Female Hospital, Jodh¬
pur . . . . .
Bharatpur Female Hospital .
Lady Dufferin Hospital, Alwar.
Walter Zenana Hospital, Tonk .
Victoria Hospital, Kotah
Walter Female Hospital, Udaipur
PROVINCIAL TOTAL, CLASS B
(FEMALE DISPENSARIES) .
COMBINED PROVINCIAL
TOTAL . . .
INCOME.
Cash
balance.
3
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1,735
1,735
849
...
2,584
7,551
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
7,551
GOVERNMENT
CONTRIBUTION.
As
salary.
4
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2,248
540
2,788
...
...
2,788
9,114
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
9,114
Other-
wise.
5
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
776
406
1,182
...
...
1,182
5,258
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
5,258
Local Fund con-
tributions.
6
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Municipal Fund
contributions.
7
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
96
96
...
...
96
2,496
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2,496
Interest on in¬
vestments.
8
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
175
175
...
...
175
1,067
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1,067
SUBSCRIPTIONS.
Euro¬
pean.
9
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
295
...
295
...
...
295
295
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
295
Native.
10
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
534
40
574
1,622
...
2,196
8,042
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
8,042
DISPENSARIES IN RAJPUTANA.
105
Fund and Private non-aided Dispensaries of Rajputana for the year 1913—concld.
Miscellaneous
receipts
(to
include sale of
securities).
11
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
Total
receipts.
12
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
6,845
6,845
2,471
...
9,316
33,825
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
33,825
EXPENDITURE.
SALARIES.
Medical
officers.
13
R
4,410
846
714
950
1,030
600
875
1,492
574
470
434
535
690
1,017
14,637
990
954
840
1,794
480
780
300
1,130
1,500
540
2,040
180
205
1,59,769
1,76,775
5,790
1,020
1,200
3,600
5,040
1,462
18,112
1,94,887
Nurses.
14
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1,195
1,315
...
240
...
...
...
...
240
1,555
Inferior
servants.
15
R
1,947
469
238
142
178
420
374
532
218
186
300
252
205
289
5,750
430
528
204
732
132
453
310
763
1,201
204
1,405
387
241
65,176
70,352
1,452
1,127
1,361
1,757
1,428
544
7,669
78,021
MEDICINES.
European.
16
R
10,017
1,043
282
576
280
480
570
857
349
162
386
249
664
367
16,282
609
1,357
388
1,745
300
...
292
292
766
406
1,172
846
614
90,164
96,415
674
415
1,010
300
574
1,008
4,011
1,00,426
Bazaar.
17
R
378
72
12
43
39
36
36
48
32
24
42
8
47
30
847
45
97
21
118
50
42
41
83
115
43
158
33
18
6,110
6,744
30
9
68
31
46
16
200
6,944
Diet.
18
R
2,410
369
13
80
31
...
16
150
50
...
53
...
...
11
3,183
48
32
...
32
...
12
20
32
236
...
236
63
84
31,049
32,457
158
477
588
128
211
89
1,651
34,108
Miscel-
laneous
charges.
19
R
2,637
335
75
56
73
36
110
183
87
26
52
96
174
85
4,025
195
116
61
177
60
120
45
165
292
128
420
416
126
31,823
35,524
195
208
325
101
102
253
1,184
36,708
Buildings
or
Repairs.
20
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
46
46
...
...
...
...
...
11,192
12,087
...
...
...
...
...
...
12,087
Invest¬
ments.
21
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
52
...
...
...
...
...
...
52
Total Ex¬
penditure.
22
R
21,799
3,134
1,334
1,847
1,631
1,572
1,981
3,262
1,310
868
1,267
1,140
1,780
1,799
44,724
2,317
3,084
1,514
4,598
1,012
1,407
1,104
2,511
4,110
1,321
5,431
1,955
1,288
396,468
431,721
8,299
3,496
4,582
6,917
7,401
3,372
33,067
464,788
Closing
Balance.
23
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1,414
1,414
516
...
1,930
8,108
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
8,108
P
106
DISPENSARIES IN RAJPUTANA.
STATEMENT J.—Showing the Account of Invested Capital of the Dispensaries in Rajputana
during the year 1913.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Names of Dispensaries.
Ajmer
.
.
.
.
Kekri
.
.
.
.
Pisangan .
.
.
.
Ramsar
.
. . .
Deolia . . . .
Beawar
.
.
.
.
Todgarh
.
.
.
.
TOTAL .
Abu and Abu Road . .
GRAND TOTAL
Balance on
1st January
1913.
R
5,500
...
...
2,500
500
...
...
8,500
5,000
13,500
Invested
during the
year.
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
TOTAL.
R
5,500
...
...
2,500
500
...
...
8,500
5,000
13,500
Securities
sold.
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Deposits
withdrawn.
R
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Balance on
31 st Decem¬
ber 1913.
R
5,500
...
...
2,500
500
...
...
8,500
5,000
13,500
JAIL STATEMENT No. XIV (VITAL).
107
P 2
CALCUTTA
SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
8, HASTINGS STREET
IP|QB.10
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY MEDICAL OFFICERS OF THE ARMY OF INDIA.
EDITED BY
SIR BENJAMIN SIMPSON, M.D., K.C.I.E.,
SURGEON-GENERAL WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
PART IV.
1889.
1.—Are Choleraic Comma-Becilli, even granting that they are the proximate
cause of choleraic symptoms, really efficient in determining the epidemic
diffusion of cholera?—Surgeon-Major D. D. Cunningham, M.B.
(Page 1.)
2.—Notes on the Life-history of Ravenelia sessilis, B. and Ravenelia
stictica, B. and Br.—D. D. Cunningham, M.B. (Page 20.)
3.—On the Life-history of a new Cæoma on Smilax aspera, Linn.—
A. Barclay M.B. (Page 37.)
4.—Are Venomous Snakes auto-toxic?—An Inquiry into the Effect of Serpent-
Venom upon t he Serpent s t hemsel ves. — Surgeon L. A. Waddel l , M. B.
(Page 47.)
CALCUTTA: P RI NT E D B Y T HE S UP E RI NT E NDE NT OF GOV E RNME NT P RI NT I NG, I NDI A .
1889. Price Two Rupees.
X
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
MEDICAL OFFICERS OF THE ARMY OF INDIA.
EDITED BY
SIR BENJAMIN SIMPSON, M.D., K.C.I.E.,
SURGEON-GENERAL WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
PART IV.
1889.
1.—Are Choleraic Comma-Bacilli, even granting that they are the proxim
-ate cause of choleraic symptoms, really efficient in determining
the epidemic diffusion of cholera?— Surgeon-Major D. D. Cunning
-ham, M.B. (Page 1.)
2.—Notes on the Life-history of Ravenelia sessilis, B. and Ravenelia
stictica, B. and Br.—D. D. Cunningham, M.B. (Page 20.)
3.—On the Life-history of a new Cæoma on Smilax aspera, Linn.—
A. Barclay, M.B. (Page 37.)
4.—Are Venomous Snakes auto-toxic?—An. Inquiry into the Effect of
Serpent-Venom upon the Serpents themselves.—Surgeon L. A.
Waddell, M.B. (Page 47.)
CALCUTTA:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1889.
Price Two Rupees.
Are Choleraic Comma-Bacilli, even granting that they are the
proximate cause of choleraic symptoms, really efficient in
determining the epidemic diffusion of cholera?
BY
SURGEON-MAJOR D. D. CUNNINGHAM, M.B.,
BENGAL MEDICAL SERVICE.
In the present paper I propose, in the first place, to detail the results of a
series of experiments on the behaviour of Choleraic Comma-Bacilli when intro
-duced into water and soil, and subsequently to consider how far they are cap
-able of affording an answer to the question contained in the title.
A.—Experiments on the behaviour of Choleraic Comma-Bacilli
in water.
EXPERIMENT I.—A litre of water was taken from a tank of fair relative
quality, situated in the compound of the General Hospital. The water was intro
- d u c e d i n t o a c l e a n g l a s s b e a k e r , a n d 0 . 5 C . C . o f s t e r i l i s e d s a l t s o l u t i o n f u l l o f
Comma-Bacilli from a pure tube-cultivation of twenty-four hours' growth added
to it. The beaker was then covered with an inverted glass capsule and set
aside on a table in the laboratory, where it was exposed to ordinary air-temper
- a t u r e .
Previous to the addition of the Bacilli to the water an Agar-Agar plate-
cultivation had been inoculated with 0.5 C. C. of it. Two days later the cultiva
- t i o n c o n t a i n e d o n e i s o l a t e d p a t c h o f f u n g a l h y p h a e , a n d b e t w e e n f o r t y a n d f i f t y
schizomycete colonies, many of them of very considerable size. Preparations
were mounted from sixteen of the colonies—from all which appeared in any
way to present distinctive features. On examination twelve different forms of
Micrococci and Bacilli were recognisable. Not a trace of commas was to be
found.
Two days subsequent to inoculation the water, which had originally been
faintly turbid and yellowish, had deposited a thin greenish white sediment and
become quite colourless and transparent. A plate-cultivation, inoculated with
0.5 C. C., was now set. On the subsequent day a very large number of schizo
- m y c e t e c o l o n i e s h a d m a d e i t s a p p e a r a n c e , t h e g r e a t m a j o r i t y b e i n g o f v e r y
2
Scientific Memoirs by
minute size and of the faint bluish tinge characteristic of colonies of commas
in Agar-Agar plate-cultivations, but twenty-six large, prominent white ones,
resembling those present in the cultivation from the water previous to contamin-
ation, being also present. On examination the small colonies were found to
be composed of large, well developed commas of considerably greater size than
those which were present in the material primarily used in inoculating the water.
The large white colonies, on the other hand, consisted of short, thick straight
Bacilli. A tube, which was inoculated from one of the small colonies, sub-
sequently yielded a characteristic growth of commas, smaller than those in the
plate-cultivation, but still larger than those in the primary tube.
Two days after the last plate-cultivation had been set another one was
inoculated with a like amount of the water. On the following day it was found
to contain a scanty crop of colonies. They were all of small size, and the
numbers of bluish and white ones present were approximately equal. On the
following day the number of colonies still remained very limited. Nine prepar-
ations from bluish colonies, and three from white ones, failed to show the pre-
sence of any recognisable commas.
Six days later another plate-cultivation of the water was set, as before. On
the following day one or two very minute colonies, and two thin, widely diffused
yellowish patches had made their appearance. Twenty-four hours later the
entire surface of the plate was almost covered by a continuous thin yellowish
stratum and gave off a very sour smell. A very few defined white colonies
were also present. Six preparations were mounted. On examination these were
all found to contain straight Bacilli, those corresponding to the diffused growth
being distinguished by their slenderness.
Another similar plate-cultivation was set forty-eight hours after the previous
one. Two days later it contained only one or two colonies, consisting of large
straight Bacilli and very minute Micrococci.
Two days later, or in other words thirteen days after the water had been
inoculated, another plate cultivation was set and the water was then thrown out.
Seventy-two hours after, it only showed five small, white, circular colonies, all
of them consisting either of short, straight Bacilli, or Micrococci.
EXPERIMENT II.—A fresh litre of water from the same source was inocu-
l a t e d w i t h I C . C . o f f l u i d f r o m a t u b e - c u l t i v a t i o n o f c o m m a s o f 7 2 h o u r s ' g r o w t h ,
which had been stirred up with a little neutral salt solution. The number of
commas added was so great as to give rise to a faint, opalescent cloudiness
in the water until diffusion had taken place.
Three days later a plate-cultivation inoculated with 0.5 C. C. of the water
was set. On the following day a few colonies were visible on the plate. No
commas could however be found. On the next day a limited number of bluish
and yellowish colonies were present. Twelve preparations were mounted, and of
these one was found to consist of large vacuolated commas.
I
i
IA
.
Medical Officers of Me Army of India.
3
il
1
A
A
Three days later the cultivation was again examined, as a considerable in-
.
crease in the number and size of the colonies had evidently occurred. It had
i,
a peculiar disagreeable, musty, but non-choleraic odour. Six preparations were
, i
mounted and of these one contained small commas.
..,,
tj A Five days after the beginning of the experiment a second plate was set as
J
usual. Forty-eight hours later four dense, small white colonies had appeared.
, , .
Three preparations were mounted and found to consist of large micrococci and
short thick rods with rounded extremities.
Eight days after the beginning of the experiment a fresh plate was inocu-
,
lated. Forty-eight hours later a very limited number of colonies had appeared,
and the cultivation had a faint disagreeable but non-choleraic smell. Prepar-
ations were mounted from twelve colonies. On examination they were found to
contain various forms of straight Bacilli, but nothing in any way suggestive of
commas.
EXPERIMENT III.—Such having been the results in the case of a com-
paratively pure water, it appeared next to be desirable to experiment with one of
. bad quality. A supply of water was therefore procured from a foul tank liable
to contamination by drainage. A litre of this was, as before, introduced into a
beaker and cY5 C.C. used to inoculate a plate-cultivation. Twenty-four hours
later this was everywhere absolutely crowded with countless yellowish and pale
bluish colonies, many of which were of very considerable size. Twelve prepar-
ations were mounted from those colonies which presented any features resembling
colonies of commas, but on examination they were found all to consist of
various forms of short, thick, straight Bacilli and Micrococci. This cultivation
.
had an offensive but non-choleraic odour.
As this cultivation clearly showed that the water was excessively rich in
schizomycetes and that o . 5 C.C. was much too large an amount to be used in
inoculation for satisfactory plate cultures, another one was set which had been
inoculated merely by means of twice dipping a needle first in the water and
then in the fluid gelatine. On the following day this was found to be almost
entirely covered by thin, diffuse, blue and yellowish films. At one place the
yellowish coating had a decidedly greenish tinge. A few concrete bluish and
white colonies were likewise present. The smell was sickly and disagreeable
but non-choleraic. Six preparations were mounted and showed several forms
of short straight Bacilli and Micrococci, but no sign of commas.
The water was now inoculated with o . 5 C.C. neutral salt solutions full of
commas from a cultivation of 48 hours' growth, and two days later a plate was
set, the gelatine having received the fluid transferred from the water by means
of two dips of a needle. On the following day a limited number of concrete
colonies of whitish and bright bluish tint had appeared, together with diffuse
areas of yellow and bluish colour. The smell was sickly and suggestive of that
of the flowers of Bassia latifolia, but not of a choleraic character. Six prepara-
B 2
6
Scientific Memoirs by
greenish-yellow colour. The smell was very faint and non-choleraic. No commas
could be found in any of the preparations taken from it.
In this experiment, as in the others in which the water was not boiled, a
development of green algae made its appearance at the bottom of the beaker
after some time, and active evolution of oxygen then set in. The phenomena
afforded an excellent demonstration of how a body of water originally very foul
will gradually purify itself if only the addition of new supplies of filth be pre
-vented.
B.— Experiments on the behaviour of Choleraic Comma-Bacilli in Soil.
EXPERIMENT I.—One hundred grammes of freshly dug garden earth were
set in a glass beaker and 50 C. C. of fluid and flocculi from a choleraic evacuation
forty-eight hours old, poured over it. The presence of large numbers of commas
in the stool had been previously determined. The beaker was now allowed to
stand uncovered beneath a bell glass until the fluid had all soaked down into the
earth with the upper stratum of which it had been mixed. It was then covered
with a watch glass and set aside beneath a bell glass.
Twenty-six days later it was examined. The earth was still moist and
emitted a strong, earthy smell. A little was removed from the surface, stirred up
in a watch glass with sterilised salt solution, and a plate-cultivation inoculated
with the fluid conveyed by one dip of a needle. On the following day it showed
a few large, white colonies resembling those of the Hay-Bacillus. Twenty-four
hours later they had increased in size and were now accompanied by a few bluish
ones of considerable size and by an abundance of very minute, yellowish-white
ones. Two colonies of the merismopædic micrococcus, previously alluded to as
very prevalent in the air of the Laboratory for some time, were also present. The
cultivation had the peculiar, strong, bat-like odour which had been noted in simi
-lar cases previously. Six preparations were mounted. Four of them consisted
of small, straight Bacilli, one of Hay-Bacillus, and one of the merismopædic
micrococcus.
Four days later another similar cultivation was set. After forty-eight hours
it showed abundant growth. The general surface of the gelatine was of a pale
ochre-tint, due to a thin diffused growth, while a few large white concrete colo
-nies, and one or two pale bluish ones, were also present. It had the same pecu
-liar smell as the previous cultivation, but not so strongly developed as in it. No
commas were to be found.
EXPERIMENT II.—The growth of commas in four pure tube-cultivations was
mixed with 50 C. C. of distilled water and poured over l00 grammes of garden
earth in a beaker. A fortnight later the earth was still moist. It had a faint,
earthy smell, and the surface was coated by a thin gelatinous layer, consisting
of fragments of agar-agar, and showing numerous small whitish patches apparently