NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
S. C. RAY AND S. K.
TALAPATRA
135
TABLE II
Consumption per day of dry matter from different feeding stuffs
Feeding period
Bullock 1 —
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Bullock 2—
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
2 .
.
.
.
.
.
Bullock 3—
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
2 . . . . . .
Bullock 4—
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
2 . . . . . .
Consumed from
Wheat bhusa
(gm.)
3,768
1,502
2,906
1,246
3,587
2,364
3,859
1,808
Wheat bran
(gm.)
1,226
1,226
1,226
1,226
1,226
1,226
1,226
1,226
Bagomolasses
(gm.)
Nil
1,453
Nil
1,453
Nil
1,453
Nil
1,453
Total ration
(gm.)
4,994
4,181
4,132
3,925
4,813
5,043
5,085
4,487
TABLE III
Digestibility of whole ration in period I
Consumed from
Bullock 1 —
Wheat bhusa
.
.
.
.
Wheat bran
.
.
.
.
Total .
Faecal output
.
.
.
.
Total digested
.
.
.
.
Digestibility coefficient
Bullock 2 —
Wheat bhusa .
.
.
.
Wheat bran . . .
Total .
Faecal output
.
.
.
.
Total digested
.
. . .
Digestibility coefficient . .
Bullock 3—
Wheat bhusa .
.
.
.
Wheat bran
.
.
.
.
Total .
Faecal output
.
.
.
.
Total digested
.
.
.
.
Digestibility coefficient . .
Bullock 4—
Wheat bhusa
.
.
.
.
Wheat bran
.
.
.
.
Total .
Faecal output
.
.
.
.
Total digested
.
.
.
.
Digestibility coefficient . .
Organic
matter
(gm.)
3,410
1,098
4,508
2,099
2,409
53
2,630
1,098
3,728
1.719
2,009
54
3,236
1,098
4,334
1,964
2,370
55
3,492
1,098
4,590
2,137
2,453
53
Crude
protein
(gm.)
105.9
127.1
233.0
135.7
97.3
42
81.7
127.1
208.8
134.1
74.7
36
100.8
127.1
227.9
134.9
93.0
41
108.4
127.1
235.5
147.4
88.1
37
Ether
extract
(gm.)
24.1
16.5
40.4
21.4
19.0
47
18.6
16.3
34.9
17.2
17.7
51
23.0
16.3
39.3
20.3
19.0
48
24.7
16.3
41.0
22.6
18.4
45
Crude
fibre
(gm.)
1,502.7
274.6
1,777.3
814.8
902.5
54
1,158.9
274.6
1,433.5
701.2
732.3
51
1,420.5
274.6
1,695.1
784.5
910.6
54
1,538.9
274.6
1,813.5
848.1
965.4
53
Nitrogen-
free
extract
(gm.)
1,777.1
679.8
2,456.9
1,127.3
1,329.6
54
1,370.5
679.8
2,050.3
866.5
1,183.8
58
1,691.6
679.8
2.371.4
1,024.4
1,347.0
57
1,820.1
679.8
2,499.9
1,118.9
1,381.0
55
Total
carbo-
hydrates
(gm.)
3,279.8
954.4
4,234.2
1,942.1
2,292.1
54
2,529.4
954.4
3,483.8
1,567.7
1,916.1
56
3,112.1
954.4
4,066.5
1,808.9
2,257.6
56
3,359.0
954.4
4,313.4
1,967.0
2,346.4
54
138
Bagomolasses as Cattle Feed
TABLE VI
Nitrogen, lime and phosphate balance per day in periods 1 and 2
Animals
Nitrogen (period 1)
Bullock—
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
3 . . . . . .
4
.
.
.
.
.
.
Nitrogen (period 2)
Bullock—
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
3 . . . . . .
4
.
.
.
.
.
.
Lime (period 1)
Bullock —
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
3 . . . . . .
4
.
.
.
.
.
.
Lime (period 2)
Bullock—
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
3 . . . . . .
4
.
.
.
.
.
.
Phosphate (period 1)
Bullock—
1 . . . . . .
2 . . . . . .
3 . . . . . .
4 . . . . . .
Phosphate (period 2)
Bullock—
1
.
.
.
.
. .
2 . . . . . .
3 . . . . . .
4 . . . . . .
Output
Intake
(gm.)
37.28
33.40
36.47
37.68
33.39
32.24
37.27
34.77
15.51
12.58
14.89
15.82
28.58
27.72
31.52
29.63
29.07
27.78
28.80
29.21
28.87
28.49
30.17
29.33
Faeces
(gm.)
21.71
21.45
21.58
23.58
22.38
21.28
22.62
23.65
12.09
8.17
10.96
12.82
23.05
19.90
23.79
23.20
22.91
21.44
21.92
23.84
20.10
21.20
23.55
22.76
Urine
(gm.)
13.12
11.62
12.32
14.05
9.40
8.60
11.00
9.00
1.34
0.92
1.22
0.66
0.61
2.54
2.34
1.80
0.11
0.09
0.08
0.09
0.12
0.06
0.12
0.10
Total
(gm.)
34.83
32.97
33.90
37.63
31.78
29.88
33.62
32.65
13.43
9.09
12.18
13.48
23.66
22.44
26.13
25.00
23.02
21.53
22.00
23.93
20.22
21.26
23.67
22.86
Balance
(gm.)
+2.45
+0.43
+2.57
+0.05
+1.61
+2.36
+3.65
+2.12
+2.08
+3.49
+2.71
+2.34
+4.92
+5.28
+5.39
+4.63
+6.05
+6.25
+6.80
+5.28
+8.65
+7.23
+6.50
+6.47
In regard to the lime balance, the animals
showed a considerably higher retention in period
2 than in period 1, apparently due to the large
intake of lime (under the bagomolasses feeding)
which was practically doubled. In spite of the
larger ingestion of lime in period 2 the percentage
absorption was 23 as compared to 25 per cent
in period 1. The phosphate intake was practi-
cally the same in periods 1 and 2 but both absorp-
tion and utilization were slightly better in
period 2 than in period 1, the CaO/P 2 O 5 ratios in
periods 1 and 2 being 1:2 and 1:1 respectively.
DIGESTIBILITY AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF BAGO-
--------
From the present experiment it has been possi-
ble to calculate the digestibility coefficients and
the nutritive value of bagomolasses. The diges
tibility coefficient of the wheat-bran used could
be determined from the metabolism data of
period 1. With a knowledge of the digestibility
values of both wheat-bran and wheat-bhusa
the digestibility coefficient of bagomolasses can
be calculated by a process of elimination from t he
metabolism data for period 2. On the basis of
S. C. RAY AND S. K.
TALAPATRA
139
The above calculation, the digestibility coefficient
of bagomolasses for each animal has been set out
an Table VII. The data in Table VII indicate
that the average digestibility of organic matter in
bagomolasses is 69. Amongst the constituents of
organic matter neither the crude protein nor
the ether extract is at all digestible. The diges¬
tibility coefficient of total carbohydrates, on the
other hand, is fairly high, the average being 72.
From the digestibility coefficient values thus
obtained, the total digestible nutrients and starch
equivalent values per 100 lb. of the raw material
have been calculated to be 47.0 lb. and 36.9 lb.
respectively. It may be of interest to compare
the total digestible nutrients and starch equivalent
values of bagomolasses with those of the common
feeding stuffs available in this country. This
is done in Table VIII and it will be seen that the
nutritive value of bagomolasses approximates
that of gram husk. Bagomolasses is definitely
superior in feeding value to common roughages
like wheat and paddy straw.
TABLE VII
Digestibility coefficient of bagomolasses
Animal
Bullock—
1 . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . . . . .
3 . . . . . . . .
4 . . . . . . . .
Average . .
Organic
matter
67
64
73
71
69
Crude
protein
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Ether
extract
Nil
Negligible
Nil
Nil
Nil
Total
carbohydrates
74
70
70
74
72
TABLE VIII
Nutritive value of bagomolasses and other feeding stuffs
Name of feeding stuff
Wheat bhusa . .
Wheat straw . . .
Rice straw (poor quality)
Rice straw (good quality)
Gram busk . . .
Bagomolasses . .
Digestible nutrients per 100 lb. of dry material
Crude
protein
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total
carbo-
hydrates
46.75
47.65
40.71
49.04
59.59
58.20
Ether
extract
0.36
0.58
0.41
0.53
0.77
0.00
Total
digestible
nutrients
47.57
48.95
41.62
50.23
61.33
58.20
Digestible nutrients per. 100 lb. of raw
material
Crude
protein
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total
digestible
nutrients
42.8
44.1
37.5
45.2
55.2
47.0
Starch
equivalent
22.1
21.9
18.3
29.0
42.3
36.9
SUMMARY
1. Bagomolasses as a feed for cattle is quite
palatable if it is fed after being mixed with a
concentrate like wheat bran and soaked in water
a few hours previous to feeding.
2. The feeding of bagomolasses induces a
considerable amount of diuresis which can be
counteracted in large measure if common salt is
freely provided,
3. The incorporation of bagomolasses in the
maintenance ration of bullocks does not apparent-
ly affect the digestion of any constituent except-
ing protein. The protein digestibility is slightly
depressed.
4. The utilization of nitrogen, lime and phos-
phate is not affected when bagomolasses is in-
corporated in a maintenance ration of bullocks.
5. Bagomolasses does not contain any digestible
protein or ether-extract. The digestibility
F
N. K. AYYAR AND A. W.
ZUBERY
145
TABLE V
Total dry matter consumption per animal per day
in gm.
Animal No.
1 . . . . .
2 . . . . .
3 . . . . .
Average . .
From an ade-
quate ration
where gram
husk is
included
8,389
8,136
7,884
8,136
From an ade-
quate ration
where gram
husk is
replaced by
bagomolasses
8,005
8,257
8,587
8,283
These data show that animals in the two groups
consumed practically the same amount of dry
matter.
Live weight. The effect of the two different
feeding conditions on the live weight of the two
groups has been practically the same, except
that one animal on the experimental ration show-
ed an abrupt rise in weight towards the end of
the experiment.
Nitrogen balance. The nitrogen balances found
in this experiment are shown in Table VI.
TABLE VI
Effect of bagomolasses on the nitrogen metabolism
of working bullocks
Experiment III
Adequate ration con-
taining gram husk
Average
Adequate ration where
gram
husk
is
replaced by bago-
molasses
Average
Animal
No.
1
2
3
1
2
3
Nitrogen
intake
(gm.)
138.66
136.75
134.84
136.7
130.67
132.58
135.07
132.8
Nitrogen
excretion
In faeces
(gm.)
53.77
58.32
53.55
55.2
53.97
52.80
50.39
52.4
In urine
(gm.)
51.36
46.86
49.76
49.4
46.46
51.76
51.36
49.9
Balance
(gm.)
+33.53
+31.57
+31.53
+32.2
+30.24
+28.02
+33.32
+30.5
From the closeness of the two values of nitrogen
retention it is evident that gram husk could be
successfully replaced by bagomolasses.
HEALTH AND WORKING CAPACITY OF THE
ANIMALS
The health of the experimental animals fed
with and without bagomolasses was apparently
normal. As has already been stated, all the
molasses-fed animals maintained their live-weights
during this short period but whether they would
have done so for longer periods could only be
determined by carrying out long-term experiments.
A close watch was kept on the working capacity
of the experimental animals and controls. The
conclusion drawn from this short-period and
admittedly empirical observation is that the
groups of animals receiving bagomolasses exhibit-
ed a working capacity which was comparable,
if not superior, to that of their yoke mates not
receiving bagomolasses.
In spite of the animals getting a fairly large
amount of salt (2 oz. a day), the urinary excretion
as shown in Table VII was significantly higher in
the bagomolasses groups than in the control
groups.
TABLE VII
Total urinary excretion per animal per day
—
Experiment I
(a) Village ration at work
(b) Village ration + bagomo-
lasses at work
Experiment II
(a) Enriched village ration, at
work
(b) Enriched village ration +
bagomolasses at work
Experiment III
(a) Adequate ration containing
gram husk at work
(b) Adequate ration, gram husk
replaced by bagomolasses, at
work
Animal
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Vol. of urine excreted
per day in c.c.
6,155
4,390
5,109
6,489
7,283
6,580
Average 5,218
Average 6,817
6,000
4,333
4,594
6,702
7,831
7,128
Average 4,976
Average 7,220
5,571
4,290
5,174
6,493
8,445
6,910
Average 5,012
Average 7,283
H. D.
SRIVASTAVA
147
TABLE I
Number of animals examined and the incidence of infection at various places
Locality
Ambala .
.
.
.
Amritsar . . .
Dalhousie
.
.
.
Delhi .
.
.
.
Ferozepur . . .
Gujaranwala . . .
Gurdaspur . . .
Hissar . . . .
Hoshiarpur . . .
Jhelum .
.
.
.
Jullunder . . .
Kangra .
.
.
.
Karnal . . . .
Lahore .
.
.
.
Ludhiana . . .
Lyallpur
.
.
.
urree . . . .
Rawalpindi . . .
Rohtak .
.
.
.
eikhupura . . .
Sailkot .
.
.
.
Total in the Punjab . .
Karachi .
.
.
.
Peshawar . . .
HOST
SHEEP
Number
of
animals exa¬
mined
10
8
6
14
9
8
5
4
5
10
12
10
10
28
10
8
7
6
4
9
10
191
8
15
Number
of
animals
in-
fected
8
6
5
12
7
5
4
3
4
6
8
9
6
22
3
4
6
4
2
4
6
134
5
12
Incidence
of
infection (per
cent)
80
75
83.3
85.7
77.7
62.5
80
75
80
60
66.6
90
60
76.6
30
66.6
85.7
66.6
50
44.4
60
71
62.5
80
GOATS
Number
of
animals exa-
4
5
3
6
7
4
8
3
8
8
10
4
4
15
12
10
6
14
—
12
9
150
6
8
Number
of
animals in-
fected
3
3
2
5
3
2
4
1
3
6
7
4
2
11
4
6
5
10
—
6
6
96
4
8
Incidence of
infection (per
cent)
75
60
66.6
83.3
42.9
50
66.6
33.3
37.5
75
70
100
50
73.3
33.3
60
83.3
71.4
—
50
66.6
62
66.6
100
CATTLE
Number
of
animals exa-
mined
6
—
2
4
3
—
—
—
—
—
4
—
5
10
4
5
3
5
—
—
7
58
5
—
Number
of
animals in-
fected
5
—
2
3
2
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
3
6
2
2
2
3
—
—
4
36
3
—
Incidence of
infection (per
cent)
83
—
100
75
66.6
—
—
—
—
—
50
—
60
60
50
40
66.6
60
—
—
57.1
62
60
—
BUFFALOES
Number
of
animals exa-
mined
—
—
—
—
1
—
2
—
—
—
3
—
—
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
5
19
—
—
Number
of
animals in-
fected
—
—
—
—
1
—
2
—
—
—
2
—
—
7
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
16
—
—
Incidence
of
infection (per
cent)
—
—
—
—
100
—
100
—
—
—
66.6
—
—
87.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
80
84
—
—
G
148
Incidence of Helminth Infection in India
TABLE II
Some more common parasites and their incidence of infection
Host and number of animals examined in each case
Name of parasite
Fasciola spp. . . .
Dicrocoelium dendriticum .
Colylophoron cotylophorum .
Paramphistomum cervi .
P. explanatum . . .
Gastrothylax crumenifer .
Protostrongylus rufescens .
Dictyocaulus filaria . .
Haemonchus contortus .
Mecistocirrus digitatus .
Bunostomum spp. . .
Oesophagostomum spp. .
Sheep
214
Number
of
animals infec-
ted
42
19
54
76
—
96
52
34
92
—
60
43
Incidence
of
infection (per
cent)
20
9
25
36
—
45
24
16
43
—
28
20
Goats
164
Number
of
animals
in-
fected
26
10
30
53
—
49
28
23
45
—
38
30
Incidence
of
infection
per
cent)
16
6
18
32
—
30
17
14
27
—
23
18
Cattle
63
Number
of
animals
in-
fected
12
4
20
24
2
24
—
—
18
14
19
11
Incidence
of
infection (per
cent)
19
6
32
38
3
38
—
—
29
20
30
17
Buffaloes
19
Number
of
animals
in-
fected
5
—
7
11
6
12
—
—
5
2
7
—
Incidence
of
infection (per
cent)
26
—
37
58
32
63
—
—
26
11
37
—
Remarks
In hilly tracts
only
In hilly tracts
only
It has not been possible to collect sufficient data
which could provide definite information on the
incidence and intensity of helminthic infections
at the different places visited and the list of para-
sites compiled also cannot be claimed to be ex-
haustive, for a wide and more intensive survey
in different seasons, with better facilities, may
further bring to light some more species of worms
or indicate a higher incidence of infection in farm-
stock. This survey has, however, revealed a very
widespread occurrence of helminth parasites in
sheep, goats and cattle in the Punjab, North-
West Frontier Province and Sind. The data
collected is likely to be of great value in the selec-
tion of important parasites for immediate investi-
gations with a view to combating the more serious
losses due to helminthiasis in farm-stock. The
parasites which need immediate attention, owing
to their incidence of infection and economic
importance are the liver flukes (Fasciola spp. and
Dicrocoelium dendriticum, the latter in the hilly
tracts only), amphistomes (Cotylophoron coty
lophorum, Paramphistomum cervi, P. explanatum
and Gastrothylax crumenifer), the lungworm
(Dictyocaulus filaria and Protostrongylus rufes
cens), the stomachworms (Haemonchus contortus
and Mecistocirrus digitatus) the hookworm
(Bunostomum spp.) and the intestinal nodule
worm (Oesophagostomum spp.). Small trichos
trongyles and hydatid cysts are also fairly common
SUMMARY
A general survey of the helminthic infection
of domestic ruminants in the Punjab, North
West Frontier Province and Sind was made.
very widespread occurrence of helminth parasite
in sheep, goat and cattle in these areas has been
revealed.
PLATE V
[Indian J. vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. Vol. XV, Part II
FIG. 1. Natural case. Exten-
sive proliferation of
gums and shrouding of
the teeth.
FIG. 2. Enlarged precrural glands.
FIG. 3. Natural case. En-
larged suprascapular
gland.
FIG. 4. A tick-proof paddock.
FIG. 5. Abomasum showing ulcerations.
FIG. 6. Liver, enlarged and petechiated.
N. B. Figs. 2, 5 and 6 are taken from a case in which the disease was transmitted hereditarily by the second
generation adults of Hyalomma aegyptium, at the Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar.
S. GANAPATHY IYER AND Z. A.
HASHMI
159
SURVEY OF FLOCK FOR CARRIERS
The first test for carriers was conducted soon
after the second outbreak, which lasted from
May 18 to June 13, 1941. Between August and
December, cultures were made from the nasal
passages of all fowls in the affected pens as well
as the two adjoining pens. In all, 273 fowls
were examined, 11 of which (4.06 per cent)
yielded Past. aviseptica on culture. The organisms
were typed and studied in detail.
Morphology, etc. In morphology, staining,
colony form, etc. the organisms conformed to
the genus Pasteurella trevisan. The 11 strains
were identical in cultural and biochemical charac-
ters. All were of the 'blue-colony' type [Hughes,
1930], produced turbidity and a heavy viscid
sediment in broth, thin glistening white growth
on plain agar, viscid varnish drop-like growth
on blood-agar and no growth on MacConkey's
medium. Gelatin was not liquified, methyl-red
and Voges-Proskauer reactions were negative,
and no change was produced in litmus milk.
Ammonia, indol and catalase were formed and
nitrates were reduced. Acid was produced in
dextrose, sucrose, laevulose and mannitol. Lactose,
glycerol and rhamnose were not fermented.
Serological. Tables I and II show the results
of agglutination reactions. More than two serologi-
cal groups are suggested. One strain (No. 574)
could not be classified as it failed to produce
agglutinins on repeated inoculations.
TABLE I
Agglutination titres of stock Past. aviseptica serum against 11 carrier strains
Serum
Stock Past. aviseptica
Homo-
logous
1:640
Antigen
104
1:640
861
1:640
947
1:640
2027
1:640
654
1:640
574
1:640
836
0
509
0
102
0
56
0
95
0
TABLE II
Cross agglutination tests
Immune serum
104 . . .
861 . . .
947 . . .
2027 . . .
56 . . .
574 . . .
Antigen
104.
1:320
1:320
1:160
1:320
0
0
801
1:320
1:320
1:320
1:320
0
0
947
1:320
1:320
1:320
1:320
0
0
2027
1:320
1:320
1:160
1:320
0
0
654
1:320
1:320
1:160
1:320
0
0
574
0
0
0
0
0
0
836
1:20
1:80
1:80
0
0
0
509
0
1:160
1:160
0
0
0
102
0
0
1:20
1:20
0
0
56
0
0
0
0
1:640
0
95
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pathogenicity. The virulence of freshly-isolated
carrier strains for fowls and rabbits is shown in
Table III. The organisms were grown on blood-
agar for 24 hours, and washed off with serum-
saline. One c.c. of this bacterial suspension
standardized to contain about 200 million bacteria
per c.c. was inoculated subcutaneously. The
period of observation extended over seven days.
Table III shows that the strains varied consider-
ably in their virulence.
Persistence of carriers. Carriers were found
in all four pens examined, although the
disease appeared to have been confined to two
pens only. Since the test, all birds dying on
the farm have been autopsied and the materials
cultured for fowl cholera with negative results.
As no further outbreak occurred a part of the
flock was tested for the persistence of carriers.
Twenty-one months after the first examination,
in March and April, 1943. cultures were again
made from the nasal cavities of 287 birds. In
this test, the birds were selected at random
from different groups in order to obtain an index
of infection for the whole farm. An entirely
ABSTRACTS
171
1.63 inseminations per calf. Study of the concentration,
volume and motility of the semen from 12 range bulls showed
much variability, but in general, fertility was related to
semen volume, concentration of sperm, number of sperm per
ejaculate, percentage of live sperm and percentage of sperm
resistant to ten minutes' exposure to 0ºC. in egg yolk-buffer.
Through the use of stored semen and dilution, the number of
cows bred with a single ejaculate was greatly increased.
Uterine insemination gave the best results with about 200
cows, as contrasted with groups of 20 cows each inseminated
by the cervical and vaginal methods. Fertility below the
average was obtained when less than 800,000,000 total sperm,
or 275,000,000 live sperm or 175,000,000 sperm resistant to
cold were employed for fertilization purposes.
The use of dried whey and blood meal in the raising
of calves on limited amounts of milk. I. L.
HATHAWAY, G. W. TRIMBERGER and H. P.
DAVIS (1943). Nebraska Experiment Station
Research Bulletin 132, 19
DRIED whey and blood meal were successfully utilized
to replace various portions of skim milk in calf rations
from three weeks to six months of age. The study was
based on the weekly weights and measurements of six lots
of seven to nine calves each with variance analyses of the
results. These were fed 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, or 300 lb. (23,
45, 68, 91, 113, or 136 kg.) of skim milk in the different lots,
with replacements of 50 lb. (23 kg.) of skim milk by 6.8 lb.
(3.1 kg ) of a mixture of dried whey and blood meal 3.2 parts
to 1. Other feeds included in the ration were alfalfa hay,
a grain mixture and a vitamin concentrate. The calves
in five of the lots made average daily gains of 1.5 lb. (680 m).
The supplement fed at the rate of 6.8 lb. (3.1 kg.) proved a
satisfactory substitute for 50 lb. (23 kg.) of skim milk in
feeding healthy dairy calves approximately three weeks of
age and weighing not less than 104 lb. (47 kg.). These con-
clusions were based on variance analyses of the weights
obtained.
The feeding value of clover-molasses silage for
milking cows. A. D. PRATT and C. W.
HOLDWAY (1943). Virginia Experiment Station
Bulletin 353, 15
MOLASSES at the rate of 2 and 44 per cent added to
clover silage in the ensilage cutter produced a silage equal
or superior, on a dry-matter basis for milk production, to
clover hay. The studies were conducted in three experi-
ments with three cows each fed by the reversal method,
with clover silage and clover hay or clover silage alone as
the sole roughage with a grain ration. Corn silage was fed
for one year.
MGIPC—M-III-1-105-5-8-46-520.
RAM
NARAIN
MOHAN
175
TABLE I
Incidence of streptococci, etc. from milk samples of 15 herds
Herd
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Pla.
Mukteswar
do.
Patna
Izatnagar
Lahore
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
New Delhi
Karnal
Total
Time of
examination
June-July
1940
July
1940
April-May
1941
December
1941
January
1942
do.
February,
1942
do.
do.
do.
do.
March,
1942
do.
May,
1042
do.
No. of
cows
exa-
mined
30 and
4 buff-
aloes
12
83
21
99
6
34
21
21
21
21
30
10
54
68
537 cows
and 4
buffaloes
Total strepto-
coccus strain
isolated
12
(from 10
cows and one
buffalo)
24
(from 9 cows)
23
(from 18 cows)
4
(from 2 cows)
3
(from 3 cows)
1
4
(from 4 cows)
2
(from 2 cows)
1
13
(from 11 cows)
20
(from 20 cows)
8
(from 6 cows)
124
strains
Str. agalactiae
Authentic
4
(from 3
cows and
one buffa-
lo)
6
(from 5 cows)
10
strains
Suspected
4
(from 2
cows)
2
(from 2 cows)
4
(from 4
cows)
10
strains
Other mastitis
streptococci
(i) Str.uberis,
2 (from two
cows)
(ii) Str. dys-
galactiae,
One
suspici-
ous strain
Streptococci,
probably non-
pathogenic
2
(from two cows)
including
one of str.
acidominimus
Str. acidominimus
24 (from 9 cows)
17
(from 13 cows)
3
(from 3 cows)
1
2
(from 2 cows)
2
(from 2 cows)
1
9
(from 7 cows)
20
(from 20 cows)
8
(from 6 cows)
Staph. pyogenes
strains
30
(from 14 cows
and 2 buffaloes)
20
(from 7 cows)
40
(from 23 cows)
13
(from 6 cows)
16
(from 13 cows)
4
(from 3 cows)
(from 3 cows)
9
(from 7 cows)
(from 7 cows)
(from 3 cows)
9
(from 6 cows)
(from 1 cow)
(from 1 cow)
40
(from 25 cows)
8
(from 7 cows)
animation 30 cows, mostly crossbreds,
and
four buffaloes in milk. Str. agalactiae was isolated
from three cows and one buffalo. There were also
one cow and one buffalo in this herd previously
shown to be infected with Str. agalactiae. Two
other cows, which were apparently free from patho-
genic streptococci in this survey, were found to show
Str. agalactiae at a previous examination (Section I),
but the quarters from which these organisms were
originally obtained were ' blind ' at the time of the
survey. Obviously pathogenic streptococci were
also recovered from five more cows of the same herd.
It is interesting to note that in herd 2, Mukteswar,
which consisted of the small Afghan and Kumaoni
hill cows, Str. agalactiae was not encountered. From
the second infected herd (Herd 3, Patna), six strains
of Str. agalactiae were recovered from five of 83
cows examined. Seventeen more strains of strep-
tococci, which could not be properly classified
but which were probably of little pathogenic signi-
ficance, were recovered from 13 other cows of
this herd.
The main cultural and biochemical characters
used for classifying Str. agalactiae and possessed
by all strains accepted as Str. agalactiae in this
work were as follows.