NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
CONTENTS.
Forwarding letter ...
List of Illustrations...
Explanation of Terms
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Page.
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VII
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IX
... XI
PART I.
Surra in different animals, especially Equines.
Section I.—Nomenclature
Section II.—Geographical range
Section III.—Outbreaks of Surra—
A.—In India and Burmah—
1.—Punjab
2.—North-Western Provinces
3.—Kumaon Division ...
...
4.—Bombay Presidency
Ahmedabad, Baroda District, &c.
Bombay City ...
5.—Ráputána
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6.—Burmah
7.—Manipur
8.—Nága Hills
B.—In other countries —
1.—Algeria
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2.—France
3.—German East Africa
4.—Zambesi
5.—Zululand
6.—Tonquin
7.—Korea
Section IV.—Précis of cases
1.—Naturally acquired
2.—Inoculated cases by gastric ingestion of blood
3.—Preliminary treatment and subsequent inoculation
Section V.—Diagnosis
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Section VI.—Treatment of horse surra
1.—Treatment after surra has declared itself...
(1) Naturally acquired cases
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(2) Treatment of animals following gastric ingestion of blood
2.—Preliminary treatment and subsequent inoculation
(1) Arsenic
(2) Double Iodide of Arsenic and Mercury
Section VII.—a. Rainfall and Surra
b. The different ways by which Surra is acquired by animals
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c. Remarks with regard to the classification of certain species of flies caught upon the
bodies of animals in India and other countries ...
PART II.
Surra as it affects Bovines and Buffaloes.
Section I.—Spontaneous cases in Bovines
a. Historical references
b. Précis of cases
Section II.—Bovine Surra following inoculation
a. Précis of cases
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Section III.—Buffalo Surra following inoculation, including the case of Bull V at an elevation of 7,500
feet...
Tabular statement of cases...
PART III.
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Surra following the inoculation of animals with soiled Rat's blood.
Section I.—Historical account ...
Section II.—Preci s of experimental cases
Tables of animals ...
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Section III.—Description of experimental researches and results of the same obtained at Poona
Section IV.—Remarks on symptoms of Surra in animals following inoculation of soiled rat's blood
Tabular statement giving full details of each case
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1
„
2
2
19
26
28
„
29
34
35
43
44
45
46
„
„
48
„
49
„
„
57
58
60
61
64
„
67
70
„
„
73
74
76
80
„
81
„
„
84
88
91
95
110
112
118
122
ii
CONTENTS.
PART IV.
The experimental inoculation of animals with the soiled blood of the Bandicoot.
Section I.—Descriptive account of the bandicoot Mus (Nesokia) Giganteus
Section II.—Historical references
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Section III.—Experimental investigations re the hæmatozoon in the blood of bandicoots
Section IV.—Precis of the cases of animals inoculated with soiled bandicoot's blood
a. Positive
b. Negative
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Section V.—Pathological changes observed...
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Section VI.—Injection of bandicoot serum into small animals with a view to producing a resistance to the
inoculated trypanosoma of Horse Surra ...
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Section VII.—Small animals inoculated with blood from the bandicoot containing a minute spirillum
PART V.
Surra as observed in spontaneous cases and after inoculation in the Dog.
Section I.—History of previous outbreaks of spontaneous or acquired Surra
Section II (A).—Investigation into the cause of the outbreaks amongst hounds ...
(B).—Précis of spontaneous cases
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(C).—Précis of experimental animals inoculated with blood obtained from spontaneous cases
in the dog ...
Section III.—Inoculated cases of Surra
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(A).—Historical references ...
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(B).—Précis of cases of inoculated Surra—Tabular Statement
PART VI.
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Experimental inoculation of animals with the soiled blood of Fish.
Section I.—Historical references
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Section II.—Results of observation conducted in India ...
Section III.—Précis of experimental cases ...
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127
„
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131
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132
133
136
141
142
144
„
145
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150
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155
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157
23
TABLE III.
Showing the name of owner, the stage, and the number of horses which succumbed to Surra during the rainy season
and up to the end of October 1894, on the Dâk Line between Saharanpwr and Rájpur.
Stages.
Saharanpur
Kailaspur .....
Haraura ......
Fattehpur
Nuddi
Ganeshpore
Mohand
Tunbara
Lundibara
Asarori Bhindal
Dehra Dun
Body Guard
Rajpur
Elevation.
Feet.
900
...
...
954
...
...
2,155
....
2,460
2,685
...
2,232
...
3,320
Number of
ponies at
commence-
ment of
season.
25
23
28
29
32
31
28
17
16
19
29
32
32
32
Smith and
Rod well.
...
...
...
...
...
1
6
}...
*6
3
...
...
†2
18
Rukunud¬
din.
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4
6
...
...
...
...
10
Ashgarali.
...
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...
4
6
‡24
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3
...
13
Shk, Nobi
Bux.
...
...
...
...
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6
6
...
...
...
...
12
46+24‡=70
Lalta Per¬
shad.
1
...
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...
...
...
...
10
...
...
...
11
Total.
1
...
...
...
...
1
20
28
30
3
3
...
2
88
Remarks.
Stations includ¬
} ed in the
Mohand Pass
* Smith and Rodwell.—Six ponies taken ill on the 15th July 1894. Deaths occurred—one each on the 1st, 5th and 7th October, and 3 on the
31st October 1894.
† Smith and Rodwell.—Two ponies which were treated and died at Rajpur, one came from Asarori, the other from Nuddi.
‡ Twenty-four horses belonging to Ruknuddin, Ashgarali, Nubi Bux and Lalta Pershad succumbed to Surra at Asarori.
TABLE IV.
Showing the rainfall and number of Horses that died at the different Stations on the Dâk Line between
Saharanpur and Rajpur during the years 1889 to 1897.
Names of Stations.
Saharanpur,Eleva¬ {
tion 900 feet.
Mohand, Elevation
2,155 feet.
{
Asarori, Elevation
2,685 feet.
{
*DehraDun,Eleva¬{
tion 2,232 feet.
Rajpur, Elevation {
3,320 feet.
Recorded total
rainfall.
Rainfall
in
May,
June
and July.
Recorded total
rainfall.
Rainfall
in
May,
June
and July.
Recorded total
rainfall.
Rainfall
in
May,
June
and July.
Recorded total
rainfall.
Rainfall
in
May,
June
and July.
Recorded total
rainfall.
Rainfall
in
May,
June
and July.
1889.
Ins.
45.19
25.34
82.04
33.53
88.43
42.41
109.45
59.49
1890.
Ins.
45.77
29.42
65.66
25.29
46.47
24.23
94.56
49.79
...
1891.
Ins,
46.21
6.85
61.62
6.25
54.55
12.98
59.85
20.06
63.31
18.30
1892.
Ins.
38.03
5.18
65.66
5.21
73.28
34.81
75.14
27.82
99.76
45.10
1893.
Ins.
47.49
16.30
91.80
39.68
99 97
53.11
108.99
56.53
157.46
83.38
1894 up to
the end of
Septem-
ber.
Ins.
43.76
22.23
101.33
51.44
114.57
63.81
116.95
64.47
192.21
100.29
1895.
Ins.
59.94
33.59
69.59
28.32
72.06
29.12
81.86
31.12
129.32
52.98
1896.
Ins.
24.40
10.51
58.43
22.61
65.14
27.11
73.93
34.20
95.66
44.92
1897 up to
the end of
October.
Ins.
28.23
15.77
52.43
19.39
65.33
30.70
70.52
26.97
112.94
40.68
Number of Horses which died of
Surra in the following years.
1889
to
1892.
No. accurate records forthcoming.
Total deaths. ...
1893.
} a14
} c61
..
82
1894.
1
d49
30
e6
2
88
1896.
6
44
3
3
56
1896.
4
6
...
...
10
1897.
b7
d15
...
4
...
26
Total.
28
173
46
13
2
262
Remarks.
a Fatten¬
pur and
Nuddi.
& Nuddi.
c Mohand&
Tanbara.
d Ganesh¬
pur, Mo¬
hand and
Tanbara.
e Bhindsl
and Dehra
Dun.
*Maximum rainfall of 38 years 119.9 inches in 1885.
Minimum rainfall of 38 years 35.1 inches in 1848.
30
TABLE. VII.
The following is a complete list of the animals suffering from Surra, sent to the Laboratory.
No.
109
110
111
113
114
115
120
121
122
123
124
Purchase.
24th September 1891 .
24th
„
1894.
16th June 1894
2nd „ 1894
July 1894
„ 1894
„ 1894
„ 1894
„ 1894
13th December 1891..
16th July 1894
DATES OF
Ailing noticed.
7th October 1894 .
17th
„
1894 .
17th
„
1894 .
1st November 1894 .
17th
„
1894 .
16th
„
1894 .
27th
„
1894 .
19th
„
1894 .
20th
„
1894 .
14th
„
1894 .
7th December 1894 .
Hæmatozoa discovered.
11th October 1894 .
20th
„
1894.
20th
„
1894 .
8th November 1894 .
22nd
„
1894 .
23rd
„
1894 .
4th December 1894 .
3rd
„
1894 .
28th November 1894 .
7th December 1894 .
7th
„
1894 .
Admittance to Laboratory
Stable.
5th November 1894 .
5th
„
1894 .
5th
„
1894 .
29th
„
1894 .
29th
„
1894.
29 th
„
1894 .
10th December 1894 .
10th
„
1894 .
10th
„
1894 .
23rd
„
1894 .
23rd
„
1894 .
Result.
Death.
„
„
„
Cured.
Death.
„
„
„
„
Bombay.—During the year 1893, Veterinary-Major J. Mills discovered a horse in the port of Bom-
bay, on its arrival from the Persian Gulf, suffering from Surra.
An outbreak of Surra occurred in 1893 amongst the horses of the Preventive Force stationed
in Sind.
Cases of Surra are of frequent occasion during the latter months of each year in Bombay. Numer-
ous animals are taken to the Veterinary College at Parel. In 1895 over a dozen horses suffering from
this disease were admitted for treatment at the Bai Sakarbai Hospital for Animals— (Pease). I am
indebted to Veterinary-Major J. Mills, Principal of the Bombay. Veterinary College, Parel, for the fol-
lowing return of cases of Surra in equines during the years 1890—1897, inclusive.
TABLE VIII.
Showing the number of Surra cases admitted during different months from the year 1890
to 1897 to the Bai Sakarbai Dinshaw Petit Hospital for Animals.
Bombay Veterinary College.
Month.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
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..
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Total in each year
...
1890
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4
2
1
8
1891
...
...
...
...
...
3
...
1
...
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4
1892
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
...
2
1893
...
...
...
...
...
2
...
...
3
3
3
...
11
1894
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
...
2
3
...
7
1895
1
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
4
6
2
1
15
1896
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
4
...
...
...
5
1897
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
4
...
5
Monthly
Total for 8
years.
1
2
...
...
...
5
1
3
11
16
16
2
57
36
Most of the ponies dying at Monywa were animals of the Upper Chindwin brought down for a
change.
Myitchnia
Mogung
Bhamo.
are bad places
Often is bad.
Most of the Surra is not contracted in the stations, but is usually picked up at out-stations.
TABLE XI.
Showing the casualties of Transport animals (Mules and Ponies) in Burmah due to Surra from 1st April
1895 to 30th June 1896.
Stations.
Meiktila
Fort Stedman...
Mandalay
Fhabeikkyin ...
Shwebo
Bernardmyo ...
Myingyan
Kalewa
Haka ...
Falam ...
Total ...
1895.
April.
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
May.
...
...
...
....
...
1
...
...
...
...
1
June.
...
...
2
...
...
...
...
1
...
3
July.
12
...
6
...
...
...
...
...
18
August.
35
...
19
...
...
1
...
...
...
7
62
September.
26
...
14
...
1
7
2
12
6
68
October.
1
...
10
2
8
...
...
18
24
63
November.
2
...
3
...
2
9
...
2
17
9
44
1896.
December.
...
2
6
...
10
16
...
...
...
...
34
January.
...
2
2
...
4
4
...
...
...
...
12
February.
...
. . .
4
...
...
3
...
...
...
...
7
March.
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
April.
...
...
4
...
...
...
...
....
...
...
4
May.
...
...
3
1
1
...
...
...
...
...
5
June.
...
1
33
9
...
...
...
...
...
...
43
Total.
76
5
108
10
20
49
2
2
48
46
366
REMARKS.
Elevation 3,000 feet.
July 16th, 1896. Surra
now prevalent
amongst Trans-
port animals.
Elevation 6,000 feet.
Elevation 6,000 feet.
Do. 6,000 feet.
TABLE XII.
Showing number of Ponies of the Military Police that died from " Surra " as below.
Stations.
Mandalay ...
Bhamo
Mogaung ...
Katha
Mogôk
Lashio
Mônywa
...
Yamethin ...
...
....
...
...
....
...
Pyawbwe (Yamethin) ...
Shwebo
Meiktila
Pakokku
Magwe
...
...
Gaugaw (Pakokku)
Myikyina ...
Pymmana (Yamethin) ...
Pegu
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
Total ...
1894.
53
1
6
25
3
5
25
9
16
5
2
1
4
...
...
155
1895.
2
...
23
26
3
9
3
19
1
30
...
6
2
21
42
12
199
Much rain.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Drier.
Drier.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Much rain.
Do.
July 16th, 1896.-
do.
do.
do.
do.
REMARKS.
Surra now prevalent amongst the Commissariat
Department Transport animals.
64
B.—The subcutaneous injection of blood and its derivatives, in its different forms, obtained from
animals suffering from, or which had lately succumbed to, Surra.
(a) Serum from blood (containing swarms of Surra hæmatozoa) after being passed through
a porcelain filter.
(b) The injection of proteids dissolved in glycerine and water after precipitation from live
Surra blood.
(c) Subcutaneous injection of blood obtained from an animal of the bovine species, recently
the subject of Surra, but which, after a second inoculation of virulent material, was proved pro-
tected against the disease.
The subsequent experiments with regard to the treatment of Surra will be treated of under the
following headings:—
I.—Treatment after Surra has declared itself.
(i) Naturally acquired or spontaneous Surra.
(ii) Animals inoculated by gastric ingestion of soiled blood.
II.—Preliminary Treatment and subsequent inoculation.
(i) By Arsenic in the form of Liquor Arsenicalis.
(ii) By the Double Iodide of Arsenic and Mercury.
I.—TREATMENT AFTER, SURRA HAS DECLARED ITSELF.
(i) Naturally acquired or Spontaneous Surra.
Under this head twenty-one horses suffering from Surra were submitted to the Arsenical treat-
ment; fifteen were known to have suffered from the disease for periods varying from ten to thirty-five
days, previous to their admission to the Laboratory Hospital. Of the above fifteen animals, six failed
to survive for more than a fortnight after the treatment was commenced, owing to their weak condi-
tion, brought about by the paroxysms of fever they had previously passed through.
In three of the twenty-one cases the hæmatozoon re-appeared in the blood after an absence of 28,
2 and 70 days respectively, but in the case of Horse CXVII, in which the organisms re-appeared after
two days, a sufficient reason is patent to account for its recurrence ; in that the Arsenic was first ad-
ministered just before the termination of an intermission, and a sufficient quantity of the drug had not
been given to destroy the developing Trypanosoma previous to the recurrence of a fresh paroxysm.
In the blood of two horses Nos. CXXII and CXXIII, the hæmatozoon appeared a second time
after the animals had been submitted to the Arsenical treatment, and it is of interest to observe that in
both the first recurrence took place after intermissions of 52 and 50 days, whilst the second recurrence
occurred after intermissions of 50 and 30 days respectively :—
87
Left Ventricle.—Contracted; decolourised clot. No extravasations.
The peritoneal cavity contains a small quantity—55 c. c.—of clear, straw-coloured fluid.
Liver weighs 3 lbs. 11 ozs., surface and tissues on section present a healthy appearance.
Spleen weighs 10 ozs., small, healthy.
Kidneys.—Right weighs 6 ozs., loft 6.25 ozs. Capsules strip easily. Tissues appear healthy.
Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum.—Healthy. The Abomasum or true stomaćh, on section, presents
elongated narrow patches of a deep chocolate colour 1/6" in width, dotted over the whole surface of the
mucous membrane. This deposit, when carefully scraped, appears to leave the mucous-membrane
beneath unaltered.
Small and Large Intestines.—Here and there the vessels are injected in their whole length, occasion
ally patches 2" in width are observed, deep red in colour, also due to capillary injection. No ulceration.
Bladder. —Healthy.
Weight of dry dung in intestines ... 62.75 lbs.
„
„ fluid „ „
„
... 5.50 „
Total weight of dung ... 68.25 lbs.
Although horses which contract Surra from inoculation with the hæmatozoon of the rat (Mus decu-
manus) succumb within a limited number of hours to a very virulent form of the disease, bovines suffer
ing from the same malady, derived from a similar source, pass through a varying number of short
paroxysms and prolonged intermissions, and concurrently become considerably emaciated. Eventually,
after some months, these animals throw off the disease, and again attain a robust condition of body.
It would appear that the blood of bovines, after inoculation with the Surra Trypanosoma, must
contain for a considerable period the Surra organism or its immature form. For Guinea Pigs inocu
lated with the blood from an animal (Bull I), on the 76th and 154th days of an intermission respectively
succumbed to the disease, although no hæmatozoa could be discovered in the inoculated blood. Animals
of the same species succumbed after passing through a period of incubation lasting 14 days, when
inoculated with blood from an animal (Bull III) taken on the 18th day of an intermission.
Bovines when inoculated with blood containing the Surra Trypanosoma primarily derived from
either the horse or rat, present during a varying period (5 to 14 days) a considerable amount of
swelling and œdema with tenderness at the seat of the injection. On re-inoculation, however, with
material derived from either of the above sources, no local manifestations are observed to follow the
operation.
During the case of Bull No. III, inoculated on the first occasion with Horse Surra blood and on
the last with material primarily derived from the rat but passed through the horse, the seat of inocu-
lation became very irritable on the day previous to the occurrence of the second and third paroxysms.
An observer, therefore, was able to recognise when the Surra organism was about to reappear in the
blood of the animal.
HÆMATOZOON OF THE RAT.
B 2204—23
113
Month.
January
February ...
...
March
April
Total ...
Percentage ...
Absent.
126
110
176
225
1,391
66.17
Few.
20
16
18
30
282
13.42
Nume-
rous.
10
10
17
12
139
6.61
Very
nume-
rous.
9
8
6
10
118
5.61
Swarm-
ing.
9
6
15
17
172
8.19
Absent.
126
110
176
225
1,391
66.17
Present.
48
40
56
69
711
33.83
Total.
174
150
232
294
2,102
100.00
Rats were obtained from six localities during the year. The results registered concerning the
presence of the hæmatozoon in their blood from different places tallied very closely when the animals
examined were sufficiently numerous for comparison. The percentage varied between 32.12 and 35.43
in animals taken from three localities.
TABLE No. XXXI.
Showing the percentage of the animals examined month by month in which the hæmatozom
was absent or present, from May 1894 to April 1895 inclusive.
1
Year and month.
1894.
May ...
June ...
July
...
August
September
October
November
December
1895.
January
February
March...
April
Mean average ...
Rainy season, June to Octo-
ber
Dry season, November tc
May
2
Absent.
%
68.75
72.41
53.22
56.91
53.63
59.54
62.41
65.87
72.41
73.33
75.87
76.53
66.17
59.59
.
71.57
3
Few.
%
18.75
10.34
16.93
16.48
13.40
16.79
18.44
14.68
11.49
10.66
7.75
10.20
13.42
15.53
12.08
4
Nume-
rous.
%
8.33
1.72
12.09
3.72
11.17
8.39
4.25
5.95
5.74
6.66
7.32
4.08
6.61
8.01
5.73
5
Very
nume-
rous.
%
2.08
6.89
8.06
11.17
8.38
5.72
4.96
4.76
5.17
5.33
2.58
3.40
5.61
8.01
4.10
6
Swarm-
ing.
%
2.08
8.62
9.67
11.70
13.40
9.54
9.92
8.73
5.17
4.00
6.46
5.78
8.19
10.85
6.50
7
Absent.
%
68.75
72.41
53.22
56.91
53.63
59.54
62.41
65.87
72.41
73.33
75.87
76.53
66.17
59.59
71.57
8
Present.
%
*31.25
27.59
46.78
43.09
46.37
40.46
37.59
34.13
27.59
26.66
24.13
23.47
33.83
42.41
28.43
* Sudden rise in May 1894 due to rain during that month.
It will be seen in column No. 8 that the percentage of rats in which the organisms were present
in the circulation was highest during those months which included the monsoon season, viz. July to
October inclusive, and during the remaining months the percentage gradually decreased until April
was reached. The difference between the maximum 46.78, and the minimum 23.47, percentages in
July and April respectively, is 23.31 or nearly half (50 per cent.)
B 2204—29
PART IV.
THE EXPERIMENTAL INOCULATION OF ANIMALS WITH
THE SOILED BLOOD OF THE BANDICOOTS.
B 2204—32
133
Month, Year.
1895.
January
February
March...
April ...
Total ...
HÆMATOZOA PRESENT.
Body-weight.
4,156.0
246.0
868.0
1 ,414.0
11,849.0
Spleen-
weight.
17.45
1.57
2.50
4.57
56.95
Ratio Body-
weight
to Spleen-
weight.
1:238
1:157
1:347
1:309
1:208
HÆMATOZOA ABSENT.
Body-
weight.
6,021.0
5,876 0
5,404.0
2,360.0
56,493
Spleen-
weight.
23.97
22.60
26.99
9.15
207.59
Ratio Body-
weight
to Spleen-
weight.
1:251
1:260
1:200
1:258
1:272
NUMBER OF
BANDICOOTS.
Present.
11
1
2
4
38
Absent.
12
8
9
3
112
{
150
TABLE XL.
Showing the total Body-weight and weight of the Liver of Bandicoots examined month by month in the
blood of which the Trypanosoma was present or absent, together with the Ratio of Liver to Body-weight.
Month, Year.
December
January
February
March
April
1894.
1895.
...
...
... ...
Total ...
HÆMATOZOA PRESENT.
Body-weight,
...
3,581.0
246.0
868.0
1,177.0
5,872.0
Liver.
weight.
...
165.51
18.07
34.57
43.40
261.55
Ratio
Liver to
Body-
weight.
....
1:21.6
1:13.6
1:25.1
1:27.1
1:22.5
HÆMATOZOA ABSENT.
Body-
weight.
2,295
4,517
5,876
5,404
2,597
20,689.0
Liver-
weight.
93.00
169.00
234.33
244.26
100.15
840.74
Ratio
Liver to
Body-
weight.
1:24.7
1:26.7
1:25.0
1:22.1
1:25.3
1: 24.6
NUMBER OF
BADICOOTS.
Present.
...
10
1
2
4
17
Absent.
3
7
8
9
3
30
Total.
3
17
9
11
7
47
As at all autopsies on large and small animals, the principal organs are weighed and a register
kept, the above tables have been made in order to observe the ratio of spleen to body-weight and
liver to body-weight in animals in which the hæmatozoa were present or absent. Massing the returns
under their respective headings, we find that in the case of the former the ratio of spleen to body-weight
is as 1 : 208 ; while in the case of the latter, it is 1: 272. That is, the average weight of the spleen in
bandicoots which have the Trypanosoma present in their circulation is 23.53 per cent. heavier than in
animals of the same species whose blood is healthy. In individual cases the spleen has been found to
be 9 or 10 times the normal size.
For a shorter period, the statistics with regard to the ratio of liver to body-weight have been fur-
nished for 47 bandicoots in which the hæmatozoa were present in 17, and absent in 30 animals. In the
former the ratio was as 1: 22.5, and in the latter as 1 : 24.6, or a difference of 8.54 per cent.
SECTION VI.
INJECTION OF BANDICOOT SERUM INTO SMALL ANIMALS WITH A VIEW TO PRODUCING A RESISTANCE
TO THE INOCULATED TRYPANOSOMA OF HORSE SURRA.
Experiments were conducted with a view to determine whether repeated injections of bandicoot
serum subcutaneously would have any deterrent effect upon the presence and growth of the ha3matozoon
of Surra in the circulation of Rabbits and Guinea Pigs. For this purpose small animals were inocu-
B 2204—34