NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS ON DOYLE'S DISEASE OF FOWLS
323
In the Western countries the disease is stamped out soon after its appearance
by destroying the affected and in-contacts and by thorough disinfection under
legislation. It is possible to do this there easily without great loss as the disease
is of rare occurrence. But, in India, the disease has found a permanent home
and it is impossible to control it as there is no such legislation. Even if the latter
be enacted, still it would not be possible to control it on account of its extensive
prevalence all over India and the paucity of the members of the Civil Veterinary
Department in the Provinces. The only course left to India, is, therefore, to
find out an efficient prophylaxis against the disease.
In the past I tried intravenous injections of formalin and Lugol's solutions
in a certain number of outbreaks without any success. I have also tried the
oral administration of the concentrated solution of potassium permanganate in
brandy and 0.3 per cent hydrochloric acid in milk at the recommendation of
some American Missionary people in India with the same negative results.
During the last Christmas the disease was found prevalent at the Ramabai
Mukti Mission compound and I tried intravenous and subcutaneous injections of
Trypanblue at the doses of 1 to 4 c.c. of 1 per cent solution as a curative and
preventive treatment and found that the drug possessed considerable prophylactic
value. Systematic experiments were thereupon undertaken to ascertain the
extent of this value under artificial and field conditions.
Prophylactic value of Trypanblue under artificial conditions
Experiment 1.—Twenty birds which were susceptible to the disease were
subjected to the experiment as follows :—
3 fowls injected with Trypanblue and infected artificially on the 7th day.
3 fowls injected with Trypanblue and infected artificially 24 hours after.
2 fowls injected with Trypanblue and infected artificially simultaneously.
3 fowls injected with Trypanblue and exposed to contact infection on the
7th day.
3 fowls injected with Trypanblue and exposed to contact infection 24
hours after.
2 fowls injected with Trypanblue and exposed to contact infection simul-
taneously.
2 control fowls infected artificially.
2 control fowls exposed to contact infection.
20
The dose of Trypanblue was 2 to 3 c.c. of 1 per cent solution in normal saline.
The birds which were simultaneously injected with the virus or exposed to
infection received the drug intravenously and the others by the subcutaneous
route. All birds were kept in a small room and were forced to eat and drink
from common feeding and drinking troughs respectively. Sick birds were not
324 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VI, IV
fed by hand. The temperature of the birds was recorded twice daily. Details
of these birds are given in Table I. The following is the abstract of the same :—
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Fowl
Cock . .
Hen . .
Hen . .
Hen . .
Hen . .
Hen . .
Hen . .
Cook . .
Hen . .
Hen . .
Cock . .
Cock . .
Cock . .
Cock . .
Cockrel .
Cockrel .
Pullet . .
Pullet . .
Pullet . .
Pullet . .
Interval
between the
injection of
trypanblue
and infection
One week.
24 hours.
Simulta¬
neously.
Controls .
Date of injecting
Trypanblue
19th
Jan.,
1936.
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
25th
Jan.,
1936.
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
26th
Jan.,
1936.
Do. .
27th
Jan.,
1936.
Do. .
Nil .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Virus
26th
Jan.,
1936.
Do. .
Do. .
Nil .
Do. .
Do. .
26th
Jan.,
1936.
Do. .
Do. .
Nil .
Do. .
Do. .
26th
Jan.,
1936.
Do. .
Nil .
Do. .
26th
Jan.,
1936.
Do. .
Date of
exposing to
contact
infection
26th
Jan..
1936.
Do. .
Do. .
26th
Jan.,
1936.
Do. .
Do. .
27th
Jan.,
1936.
Do. .
26th
Jan.,
1936.
Do. .
Date of
death
6th
1936.
Feb.,
30th
1936.
Jan.,
31st
1936.
Jan.,
2nd
1936.
Feb.,
7th
1936.
Feb.,
4th
1936.
Feb.,
29th
1936.
Jan.,
30th
1936.
Jan.,
31st
1936.
Jan.,
2nd
1936.
Feb.,
4th
1936.
Feb.,
4th
1936.
Feb.,
29th
1936.
Jan.,
30th
1936.
Jan.,
2nd
1936.
Feb.,
7th
1936.
Feb.,
31st
1936.
Jan.,
29th
1936.
Jan.,
2nd
1936.
Feb.,
31st
1936.
Jan.,
Interval
between
the date
of expo-
sure to
infection
and death
11 days.
4 „
5 „
7 „
III
and
was des-
troyed.
9 days.
3
4
„
5
.,
7
„
9
„
9
„
3
„
4
„
7
„
III
and
was des-
troyed.
5 days.
3
„
7
„
5
All fowls got affected with the disease and died within twelve days except
two which too were ill and were, therefore, destroyed to wind up the experiment
in order to enable me to attend to urgent duties awaiting elsewhere. These
results show that trypanblue failed to protect the birds when they were infected
artificially or exposed to heavy infection under artificial conditions.
Prophylactic value of Trypanblue under field conditions
Experiment 2.—This experiment was carried out at Kedgaon, a village in
Poona District. The disease had broken out there on 20th December 1935 and
had inflicted a heavy loss to the village as more than 300 fowls had died. The
experiment was undertaken on the fowls which were located in one street where
the statistics were 88 attacks, 87 deaths and one " still affected ". Two hundred
OBSERVATIONS ON DOYLE'S DISEASE OF
FOWLS
325
and fourteen fowls were protected with trypanblue solution at the rate of 1 to 3
c.c. according to age. The drug was injected intravenously in some and sub¬
cutaneously in others. All fowls were allowed to move about as usual and re-
main in their own pens. Only one of these birds showed symptoms of the disease
on the 7th day after injection, which was thereupon destroyed and burnt. All
other birds remained perfectly healthy. Details of these fowls are given in Table
II.
The results obtained in this experiment show that trypanblue afforded ade-
quate protection to fowls subjected to its injection and maintained under field
conditions.
Experiment 3.—A similar experiment as the one preceding was undertaken
at the village Bori, in Poona District. The disease had broken out there on 7th
January 1936 and there were 123 attacks, 115 deaths and 8 " still affected ".
Fifty fowls which were apparently healthy were protected with trypanblue at the
doses mentioned already, in the affected locality and were allowed to remain
under natural conditions. Affected fowls were neither isolated nor destroyed
although owners were advised to do so. Amongst the fowls protected, three died
of the disease : one on the third day and two within a course of a week.
All others failed to contract the disease while, it is reported, that about 50 un-
protected fowls died subsequent to the prophylactic injections carried out in the
village. Details of the protected fowls are given in Table II.
These results show that 94 per cent of the fowls protected with trypanblue
failed to contract the infection of the disease under field conditions.
Experiment 4.—While I was carrying out experiment 1 at Kedgaon, Rev.
J. E. Norton, B. C. H. Mission, Dhond, personally requested me to save the fowls
of the Mission workers at Dhond from the jaws of this disease which was pre-
valent there since 14th January 1936. Two hundred and twenty-four fowls
had already died of the disease and there were six affected. Reserve Veterinary
Assistant Surgeon, Nemade, who was attached to my office temporarily was de-
puted there, who injected 142 fowls which were apparently healthy with the same
dose of trypanblue as stated in the previous pages. They were allowed to move
about as usual and to remain under the same field conditions as they were before.
I checked the results 51 days after and found that the disease had subsided about
9 days after the injection and that 29 fowls from the protected lot had died of
the disease ; 13 died within 5 days, 15 showed dullness from the second day
after injection and died within a course of a week and 1 died on the 8th day.
Details of these birds are given in Table II.
These results show that the percentage mortality among the birds protected
is 20.4. But, it would appear, by a close study of these fowls and referring to
Table II that out of the 29 fowls 28 were in the incubation stage of the disease
at the time of injection. For, in experiment 1, it has been seen that the minimum
326
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VI, IV
period during which death has occurred as a result of contact infection is five
days. If all deaths that have occurred within this period and also those which
have occurred within a week following dullness from the second day are excluded
the mortality figure comes to only one, thus giving a percentage mortality of 0.7.
It is a known thing that whenever the disease appears in a fowl house or in
a closely inhabited locality as that of the Mission compound, Dhond, all fowls of
the house or locality succumb to it save a small percentage up to 5. But the
fact that more than 80 per cent of the fowls failed to contract the disease at this
institution goes to show that trypanblue had exerted a protective action
against it.
Summary of experiments 2, 3 and 4
Experiment
No.
2 . .
3 . .
4 . .
Village
Kedgaon . . .
Bori
.
.
.
.
Dhond . . .
Total .
Percentage mortality .
Fowls
injected
with Try-
panblue
214
50
142
406
. .
Total
deaths
1
3
29
33
8.1
Deaths excluding
those having
pre-injection
infection
1
2
1
4
1.0
These results indicate that trypanblue surely possesses a prophylactic action
against Doyle's disease provided the fowls protected with the drug are maintained
under field conditions where the concentration of the infective material does
not occur to any great exent due to the high destructive action of the heat, light
and air. The phenomenon of the protection afforded by trypanblue is believed
to be due to the saturation of the body cells with the drug, thus producing an
unfavourable condition for the minimal doses of the virus ordinarily picked up
under field conditions to multiply in the body.
CONCLUSION
Under the existing knowledge of the disease and from the results reported
here, it would appear, that the best plan to control the disease is to destroy the
affected and to divide the in-contact fowls into groups of 1 to 5. All healthy
and in-contact fowls should be injected with trypanblue at the rate of 1 to 3 c.c.
of 1 per cent solution subcutaneously or intravenously, the latter being prefer-
able. All fowls should be allowed to run about in the sun or in the open.
Potassium permanganate which has the highest virucidal action over the virus
of this particular disease according to Doyle [1927] should be mixed in the
OBSERVATIONS ON DOYLE'S DISEASE OF FOWLS
327
drinking water which should be changed every two to three hours during the
prevalence of the disease. Examination of the birds should be carried out daily
and those showing symptoms of illness should be destroyed in order to remove
the infection forthwith.
REFERENCES
Ann. Adm. Rep. Imp. Inst. Vet. Res., Muktesar, 1932-33, 25.
—1933-35,
23.
Cooper, H. (1931). Ind. Jour. Vet. Sci. and Anim. Hush. I, 107-123.
Doyle (1927). Jour. Comp. Path. and Ther., 40, 144-169.
Edwards, J. T. (1927-28). Ann. Adm. Rep. Imp. Inst. Vet. Res., Muktesar,
1927-28, 14.
Naik, R. N. (1933). Ann. Adm. Rep. Veterinary Investigation Officer, Bombay
Presidency, 1932-33.
Ochi and Hashimoto (1929). Sixth Report Govt. Inst. Vety. Res. Fusan, Chosan,
Japan, p. 16.
Piecard (1928). Vet. Bull. 45.
Rodier (1928). Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. 25.
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
118
19
20
Fo
Cock .
Hen, black
Hen, white
Hen, white
Hen, brown
Hen, blact
Hen, white
Cock, big
Hen, yellow
Hen, black
Cock, brown
Cock, big
Cock, white
Cock, yellow
Cockrel, white
Cockrel, b
Pullet, black
Pullet, black
Pullet, white 109.0
D
Pullet, bla
Y [VI, IV
conditions
R
1st Feb., 1936
M.
106.0
died
107.4
108.0
Diarrhœa.
108.2
109.2
"Diarrnœa.
103.0
108.2
Diarrhœa.
F
10
10
10
10
1
Dia
1
1
109.2
Marrhœa.
109.8
Diarrhœa
comb
pale.
Diarrhœa.
OBSERVATIONS ON DOYLE'S DISEASE OF FOWLS
329
TABLE II
Prophylactic value of Trypanblue in Doyle's disease under natural conditions
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Owner's name
Kedgaon.
Amos Kalu .
Tijibai Baisakwari
Rev. S. D. Bower .
Satva Piraji .
Piraji Tailor .
Bala Dada . .
Rukminibai . .
Kamlabai . .
Navla Master .
Suklal Dube .
Rev. S. D. Bower.
Locality
Kedgaon,
Dist.
Poona.
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Date on
which
disease
broke
out
20th Dec,
1935.
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Total . .
Percentage mortality
Number
of
fowls
died
previous
to
injection
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Number
still
affected
. .
1
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
1
. .
Date of
injection
of
trypan-
blue
19th Jan.,
1936.
Do.
21st Jan.,
1936.
26th Jan.,
1936.
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
. .
. .
Number
of
fowls
injected
with
trypan-
blue
18
15
29
7
32
9
9
35
16
30
14
214
. .
Deaths
among
the
injected
fowls
. .
1
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
1
0.5
Remarks.
One died of the disease on
26th Jan., 1936.
E
330 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VI, IV
TABLE II—contd.
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Owner's name
Bori.
Ganpati
Dashra
Deshmukh.
Maruti Govind
Parit. Narayan
Govind
Deshmukh.
Tukaram Ankushrao
Deshmukh.
Mahadev Tatyaba
Deshmukh.
Satva
Sukhya
Deshmukh.
Bandubhai Yesu¬
bhai Mulva.
Savitribai Narayan
Tadge.
Dashrath Govind
Ramoshi.
Locality
Bori, Dist.
Poona.
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Date on
which
disease
broke
out
7th Jan.,
1936.
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Total . .
Percentage mortality
Slumber
of
fowls
died
previous
to
injection
. .
12
. .
. .
. .
39
4
. .
11
66
. .
Number
still
affected
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
1
. .
. .
3
4
. .
Date of
injection
of
trypan-
blue
23rd Jan.,
1936.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
. .
. .
Number
of
fowls
injected
with
trypan-
blue
8
2
3
1
7
1
1
27
. .
50
. .
Deaths
among
the
injected
fowls
. .
1
. .
. .
. .
. .
2
. .
. .
3
6.0
Remarks.
One died on the 3rd day.
Two hens
injected
with
trypanblue and four not
injected died of the disease
within about a week.
OBSERVATIONS ON DOYLE'S DISEASE OF FOWLS
331
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Dhond
Rev. J. E. Norton.
P. D. Parmar .
B. V. Hivale .
Shantabai M. .
P. B. Sonaware .
Nathibai M. .
Rupaji. . .
Honaji Hotaji .
Shivibai . .
Nathuji . .
Mohanrao . .
Laxmanrao . .
Ratanbai . .
Hakka Gaman .
Bahira Master .
Dayabai Purandare
Royalbai N. .
William K. . .
Ladiabai O. . .
Chaturbai . .
Silas Sonaji . .
Yadu Genu . .
B. C. H.
Mission
Com
pound,
Dhond,
D i s t
Poona.
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
14th Jan.,
1936.
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Total . .
Percentage mortality
22
..
14
23
13
8
Sold as
they
affected.
3
29
Affected
sold.
4
30
18
4
12
10
1
2
4
12
15
. .
. .
224
. .
. .
. .
2
. .
l
. .
. .
. .
. .
1
1
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
1
. .
. .
. .
. .
6
. .
29th Jan.,
1936.
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do.
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
. .
. .
16
33
15
6
1
7
1
1
1
1‡
2
2
1
3
2
2
1
1
2
2
15 27
142
. .
2
. .
10
. .
. .
1*
1‡
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
15
. .
29
20.4
Two fowls died three days
after.
Eleven birds got affected with
the disease out of which ten
including the 2 affected died
as follows :—
Died.
30th Jan., 1936
. 2
31st Jan., 1936
. 4
1st Feb., 1936 .
. 1
2nd Feb., 1936.
. 2
3rd Feb., 1936
. 1
One bird recovered but is
unable to walk easily due to
paralysis of the right leg.
* One died after 8 days.
† Died on the third day.
‡ Affected at the time of
injection. It suffered and
recovered but has developed
incordination of head and
neck.
All showed dullness on the
next day and died within a
week.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE TREATMENT OF BOVINE NASAL
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
BY
M. ANANT NARAYAN RAO, G.M.V.C.,
Lecturer in Parasitology,
AND
S. VAITHYANATHA MUDALIAR, G.M.V.C.,
Assistant Lecturer,
Madras Veterinary College.
[Received for publication on 3rd March 1936]
Introduction
Bovine nasal granuloma, or to be more accurate bovine nasal schistosomiasis,
seems to exist only in India so far as is known at present. Recently it has been
reported from Ceylon. There are no records available to show how long ago
this disease made its appearance in India, but Malkani [1933] says that its pre-
valence has been known in parts of Bihar and Orissa for over a century and it
is more than likely that it existed in this country from the remote past.
The morphology and the intermediary hosts of the parasite, the histopatho¬
logy and the symptoms of this peculiar schistosomiasis of cattle and buffaloes
are now known. Still there are gaps in our knowledge regarding such points as
other definitive hosts, if any, the regional distribution of the disease, the conditions
governing such distribution, its therapy and control. In this paper the present
authors record their observations regarding its therapy.
The earliest recorded account of the treatment of this disease is by Jeysing
Raj [1908] who adopted surgical methods, for which purpose he invented two
scoops. Theagaraj [1919] and Subramaniam [1919] attempted to treat such
animals by rubbing a mixture of powdered copper sulphate and alum to the lesions
in the nose without success.
Parthasarathi [1921] was the first in the field to adopt a successful method
of treatment by injecting intravenously solutions of tartar emetic and this he did
at a time when nothing was known about the etiology of the disease. This line of
treatment was followed by Bhuvarahachari [1922] and others.
In the annual reports of the Madras Civil Veterinary Department, mention
has been made from 1925-26 onwards of the number of animals successfully
treated with tartar emetic. It would appear from records available on the subject
that most of the work on the treatment of this disease with tartar emetic was
done in the Madras Presidency, but the absence of information regarding deaths
during the course of treatment is conspicuous. In the annual report of the Civil
( 332 )
TREATMENT OF BOVINE NASAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS
333
Veterinary Department, Madras, 1931-32, mention has been made of one case
successfully treated with Antimosan. Roy Chowdhuri [1932] has also recorded
his experience in the treatment of nasal schistosomiasis with this drug.
Perusal of the records on the treatment of this disease reveals several gaps,
notably with respect to : (1) the minimum dose of tartar emetic to effect a cure,
(2) the percentage strength of the solution of the drug for intravenous injections,
(3) the length of the course of treatment, (4) relapses, if any, after treatment and
(5) the mortality during treatment and its causes.
Experimental work on the treatment of Nasal Schistosomiasis
Some experiments were conducted in the Madras Veterinary College Labora-
tory during the year 1935-36 commencing in March 1935, and the scheme of work
was so arranged as to ascertain :—(1) the efficacy of antimonium tartaratum,
Antimosan and Trypaflavin in the treatment of bovine nasal schistosomiasis,
(2) the minimum effective dose of each drug and the necessity for repetition to
cure an animal, (3) the progress of recovery in the animals under treatment as
ascertained by enumeration of ova in a measured quantity of nasal discharge
during a reasonable period of time after the course of treatment, (4) whether
any relapse occurs after a clinical or complete cure, in the absence of fresh
infection.
Eleven bovines suffering from the disease, in varying stages of intensity,
were obtained from Chittoor district on the 8th March 1935. The history of these
cases showed that each of them had had the disease for a year or over. Their
symptoms and the average number of ova in 0.1 c.c. of the nasal discharge were
recorded for over a week before the commencement of treatment. It is interest-
ing to note that those animals which had gross lesions showed smaller number
of ova in the nasal discharge than those which had only ulcerations on a thickened
mucous membrane. The animals were divided into three groups and each was
treated with varying doses of the selected drugs at different intervals. This
may not help an analysis from a statistical point of view, yet it gives definite
information in regard to the most effective and the cheapest drug for the treat-
ment in this condition. The treatment was commenced in all the three groups on
the 18th March 1935 and the animals excepting those that died were under
observation till the 18th August 1935.
DETAILS OF EXPERIMENT
Group A.—This consisted of four animals and these were treated with tartar
emetic in the form of a 6 per cent solution given intravenously.
Bullock No. 1.—Weight 252 lbs. Age 6 years. Duration of disease one
year. It had large lesions with intense snoring. The average number
of ova in 0.1 c.c. of the nasal discharge was 17. It received a dose
334 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VI, IV
of 3.75 grains of the drug (or 1.5 grains per 100 lbs. body-weight)
on six consecutive days. The total quantity of the drug for the whole
course of treatment was 22.5 grains. Daily examination of the
nasal discharge showed that dark and dead ova began to appear
from the fifth day after the commencement of the treatment, and
the ova disappeared from the 12th day. In six weeks the snoring
and the lesions disappeared. The animal improved in condition
progressively and weighed 365 lbs. before it was destroyed on 13th
August 1935. A careful post-mortem examination was held and no
schistosomes could be detected in its nasal veins and the histological
examination of its nasal mucous membrane showed that the lesions
had healed.
Bullock No. 2.—Weight 308 lbs. Age 6 years. Duration of disease one
year. It had small lesions and little snoring. The average number
of ova in 0.1 c.c. of the nasal discharge was 5. It was given 9 grains
of the drug (or 3 grains per 100 lbs. body-weight) repeated every
fourth day and received in all 36 grains in two weeks. In the nasal
discharge of this animal, dark and dead ova began to appear from the
third day after the primary injection and no ova could be seen from
the tenth day onwards. The other symptoms abated in 3 weeks.
This case was cured and weighed 392 lbs. at the end of 5 months.
Bullock No. 3.—Weight 262 lbs. Age 4 years. Duration of disease one
year. It showed ulceration on the tumified nasal mucous membrane
with very little snoring. In the nasal discharge, 38 ova on an aver-
age, were found in 0.1 c.c. It was injected with 12 grains of tartar
emetic per dose (or 4 grains per 100 lbs. body-weight). This animal had
a rise in temperature within 48 hours after the injection (103.8° F.)
and it returned to normal on the sixth day. This dose of the drug
was repeated on the seventh day. Some hours later its tempera-
ture rose up to 105°F. and the animal died 12 hours after the injection.
The cause of death was perhaps due to antimony poisoning. Post-
mortem examination revealed dead schistosomes in the veins of the
nasal mucous membrane and also in the clot of blood found in the
heart. In this animal, from the fourth day after the primary in-
jection, dark and dead ova began to appear in the nasal discharge
and the total number of ova lessened by the sixth day.
Bullock No. 4.—Weight 308 lbs. Age 7 years. Duration of disease 2 years.
It had gross lesions in the nose and snored intensely. About 28 ova
were present in 0.1 c.c. of nasal discharge. This animal was injected
with 15 grains of the drug (or 5 grains per 100 lbs. body-weight).
Within 18 hours after the injection, its temperature rose up to