NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
DALIP SINGH and
FATEH
MOHAMMAD
61
The amounts of vitamin A in Blue units
per100 c.c. of milk are shown in Table
III. The concentration of vitamin A has
been fairly constant throughout the major
rt of the lactation, but towards the end
there is a sharp rise in the blue values.
This is the period when milk deve-
ps abnormalities in composition, like
increased salt content. A glance at
the carotene figures shows that in
cows Nos. 1-3, the figures have gone
up towards the end, but in cows 4-5,
there is no such tendency. This shows
the individual variability of the cow as
a converter of feed carotene to butter
carotene.
TABLE III
Vitamin A (in Moores blue units and carotene in micrograms, Y) per WO c.c. of milk
Date
20-4-42
30-4-42
9-5-42
14-5-42
23-5-42
29-5-42
6-6-42
13-6-42
20-6-42
29-6-42
4-7-42
11-7-42
18-7-42
27-7-42
1-8-42
8-8-42
15-8-42
22-8-42
30-8-42
7-9-42
14-9-42
22-9-42
28-9-42
3-10-42
13-10-42
19-10-42
25-10-42
2-11-42
7-11-42
14-11-42
21-11-42
28-11-42
Cow No. 1
Vit. A
125
126
155
143
163
150
160
125
150
157
137
125
150
180
130
175
182
175
175
200
150
175
163
180
175
163
155
175
200
175
225
300
Carotene
25
21
23
30
30
25
24
20
24
32
21
25
28
31
21
27
30
32
26
21
20
24
31
26
32
30
28
26
24
42
43
34
Cow No. 2
Vit. A
138
124
143
100
160
170
130
150
150
130
125
130
115
150
150
137
140
125
125
162
150
150
150
150
163
175
160
195
188
200
225
325
Carotene
19
22
21
31
31
30
25
20
28
35
28
30
24
22
36
28
34
28
27
26
27
20
22
29
33
34
30
35
37
49
44
50
Cow No. 3
Vit. A
167
125
113
100
150
125
135
140
154
137
113
115
125
150
175
150
150
150
150
162
139
150
138
131
163
163
150
200
200
163
300
325
Carotene
31
24
23
32
28
25
26
30
26
25
19
21
18
27
22
23
27
38
32
18
15
20
20
32
29
26
32
31
24
51
40
36
Cow No. 4
Vit. A
150
132
109
113
147
113
80
120
145
125
120
100
100
125
150
140
187
130
130
175
175
138
135
163
163
176
167
200
232
188
300
400
Carotene
30
29
23
26
16
20
20
20
9
10
8
11
7
15
16
6
19
8
10
12
18
10
12
13
14
14
16
15
17
26
15
21
Cow No. 5
Vit. A
..
128
113
100
150
107
75
125
137
113
113
100
90
58
105
100
100
100
100
113
158
113
125
138
150
150
163
163
175
163
200
300
Carotene
..
19
20
27
25
21
20
21
24
24
22
22
17
17
16
18
18
26
23
19
29
9
13
12
12
13
16
12
14
16
66
Rectal Temperatures of Animals at Rest
TABLE I
Body temperatures (ºF) of buffaloes, cows, sheep, goats and fowls
Hour
Mean
Min.
Max.
A. T.
Obs. Mean
Min.
Max.
A. T.
Obs.
Buffaloes
April
7 A. M.
10 „
1 P. M.
4 „
7 „
10 „
1 A. M.
4 „
99.74
100.18
100.84
101.50
101.79
101.22
100.95
100.65
98.0
98.0
98.8
100.0
99.0
98.2
99.4
99.2
101.3
103.2
102.7
104.0
103.4
103.5
102.0
101.6
No record
70
50
50
62*
43*
48*
20
20
July
7 A. M.
10 „
1 P. M.
4 „
7 „
10 „
1 A. M.
4 „
100.15
100.25
100.93
101.51
101.32
101.31
101.92
101.42
98.0
99.0
98.6
98.4
99.4
99.6
101.0
100.0
102.4
102.6
102.8
103.0
103.4
103.5
103.2
102.8
80.86
84.98
89.104
82.106
85.101
81.94
82.88
80.83
105
65
65
105
65
65
20
20
June
100.25
100.25
100.53
101.32
102.02
101.19
101.35
101.20
99.0
98.0
99.0
99.0
100.2
98.7
99.8
99.6
102.0
101.9
102.0
103.2
103.2
102.8
102.4
102.6
81.87
87.97
90.104
94.108
86.102
81.95
85.93
82.88
50
50
50
49*
49*
49*
19*
19*
August
100.12
100.37
100.78
101.02
100.69
100.75
100.82
100.43
98.4
98.2
99.2
99.6
99.4
99.4
99.6
99.4
101.8
101.6
102.0
102.6
102.5
102.0
101.8
101.4
77.85
78.93
80.102
80.102
80.92
79.89
76.84
73.77
60
60
60
60
60
60
20
20
Cows
December
7 A. M.
10 „
1 P. M.
4 „
7 „
10 „
1 A. M.
4 „
98.53
98.47
99.20
100.43
101.23
100.96
..
..
96.0
95.4
96.2
98.4
99.4
98.6
..
..
101.0
100.8
101.4
102.6
102.4
103.0
..
..
49..60.5
58.69
70.80
69.80
65.78
59.66.5
. .
85
50
50
85
50
50
. .
April
100.97
101.07
101.31
101.62
101.97
101.70
101.50
101.32
99.4
99.8
100.1
100.3
100.4
100.7
100.6
100.6
102.2
101.9
103.3
102.8
103.2
102.8
102.0
102.0
No record
50
50
50
50
50
50
20
90
* Abnormal temperatures due to sickness or unknown causes have been omitted.
F. C. MINETT and S.
SEN
67
TABLE I—contd.
Hour
Mean
Min.
Max.
A. T.
Obs.
Mean
Min.
Max.
A. T.
Obs.
Cows
June
7 A. M.
10 „
1 P. M.
4 „
7 „
10 „
1 A. M.
4 „
..
101.40
..
101.18
..
101.15
..
101.50
..
101.61
..
101.62
..
101.65
..
101.50
99.4
99.8
99.4
100.7
100.5
100.4
100.2
100.0
104.3
103.6
1024
103.4
103.3
103.6
103.0
102.8
81.87
87.97
88.102
92.106
88.102
81.97
86.94
83.89
August
7 A. M.
10 „
1 P. M.
4 „
7
„
10 „
1 A. M.
4 „
..
100.69
..
100.96
..
101.17
..
101.19
..
101.10
..
101.01
..
100.84
..
100.55
99.6
99.5
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.2
100.0
101.8
101.7
102.4
103.4
102.5
102.4
102.0
101.6
77.85
78.93
79.101
80.102
80.92
79.90
76.81
73.78
July
50
49*
49*
50
49*
48*
19*
19*
101.14
101.17
101.37
101.56
101.57
101.45
101.25
100.91
100.0
100.0
100.3
100.6
100.4
100.2
100.0
100.0
102.2
102.0
102.4
102.6
103.0
103.0
102.7
102.4
81.88
85.97
88.103
91.105
85.101
83.95
84.90
82.86
65
65
65
65
65
65
20
20
December
60
60
60
60
60
60
20
20
100.80
100.19
100.66
101.35
101.90
101.66
..
..
98.8
97.4
98.6
99.6
100.0
100.0
..
..
102.0
101.6
101.8
102.6
103.6
103.0
..
..
48.59
56.66
66.78
70.78
65.77
58-66-5
..
..
50
50
50
50
50
50
..
..
Sheep
February
7 A. M.
10 „
1 P. M.
4 „
7 „
10 „
..
101.54
..
102.06
..
102.57
..
102.64
..
103.11
..
102.52
99.0
99.0
100.5
101.4
102.0
101.2
102.9
103.2
103.6
103.8
104.2
104.0
48-51-5
57.60
69.70
69.74
62-73-5
59.67
June
50
50
50
50
50
50
103.87
103.47
103.85
103.60
104.06
103.77
103.0
102.0
102.6
102.2
103.2
102.8
104.7
104.6
105.
104.8
105.0
106.0
80.94
92.99
98.106
105.109
101.105
90.99
50
50
50
50
50
50
* Abnormal temperatures due to sickness or unknown causes have been omitted.
68
Rectal Temperatures of Animals at Rest
TABLE I—concld.
Hour
Mean
Min.
Max.
A. T.
Obs.
Mean
Min.
Max.
A. T.
Goats
February
1 A. M.
10 „
1 P. M.
4 „
7 „
10 „
101.83
101.52
102.50
103.48
103.65
103.20
100.4
99.8
99.2
101.5
101.8
100.4
104.4
103.6
105.8
106.4
105.8
105.6
48-51-5
57.60
69.70
69.74
62-73-5
59.67
49*
49*
49
49*
49*
49*
June
104.15
104.28
104.97
104.87
105.27
105.22
101.0
101.4
102.8
103.1
104.0
103.6
106.4
106.6
107.0
106.8
107.0
107.6
80.94
92.99
98.106
105.109
1011.05
90.99
Fowls
February
7 A. M.
10 „
1 P. M.
4 „
7 „
10
„
106.85
106.79
106.80
106.94
106.13
105.23
104.8
105.7
105.8
105.8
104.8
104.2
108.3
108.0
108.3
108.3
107.7
106.7
63.66
70-73-5
74-74-5
75-76-5
74.5-75-5
73.5.75
27
27
27
27
27
27
May
108.25
107.97
107.83
107.78
106.96
106.40
107.0
106.6
106.6
106.6
106.0
106.0
109.2
109.0
109.0
109.0
108.3
107.6
92.94
93.95
95.98
98.99
94.95
92.93
* Abnormal temperatures due to sickness or unknown causes have been omitted.
is withdrawn and until the reading is taken.
It would have been preferable for one
observer to make the readings recorded
in this paper but this was not feasible.
However, most of them were done by one
person and care was always taken that
the worker carried out observations pro-
perly.
Effect of defaecation on temperature
recordings
In experiments at Izatnagar in March
and May 1943, 51 observations were
on 27 cows by the one observer. Temper
atures were recorded every few minus
and as soon as an animal had defaeca
its temperature was taken again.
difference, if any, between this record
and the next previous pre-defaeca
recording was noted. In 43 instances
post-defeacation temperature was lo
by 0.3°F., mean (range 0.1-0.8ºF), im
both readings were identical and in
F. C. MINETT and S.
SEN
69
TABLE IA
Body temperatures (ºF.) of hill-bulls and sheep (at Mukteswar)
Sheep
Month: July
Hill.bulls
Month July
Honr
2 P. M. ..
3 „ ..
4 „ ..
5 „ ..
6 „ ..
7 „ ..
8 „ ..
9 „ ..
10 „ ..
11 „ ..
12 night ..
1 A. M. ..
2 „ ..
3 „ ..
4 „ ..
5 „ ..
6 „ ..
7 „ ..
8 „ ..
9 „ ..
10 „ ..
11 „ ..
12 noon ..
1 P. M. ..
Mean
103.09
103.13
303.18
103.31
103.66
103.47
103.07
102.98
102.96
102.56
102.62
102.51
102.77
102.79
102.78
102.69
102.49
102.74
103.04
103.11
102.93
103.02
102.93
103.01
Min.
102.8
103.0
102.6
102.8
103.2
103.0
102.0
101.8
101.8
101.4
101.2
101.6
101.7
102.1
102.2
102.1
102.0
102.2
102.4
102.5
102.1
102.3
102.5
102.4
Max.
103.6
103.6
103.6
103.6
104.2
104.2
103.8
103.8
103.4
103.0
103.6
103.0
103.1
103.4
103.4
103.2
103.0
103.5
103.6
103.6
103.5
103.6
103.4
103.6
Mean
101.73
102.10
102.07
102.04
101.79
101.65
101.43
101.26
101.12
100.96
100.94
100.68
100.91
100.87
100.62
100.92
100.99
101.68
101.82
102.14
101.99
101.92
101.99
101.74
Min.
100.6
101.2
101.4
101.2
101.2
101.0
100.8
100.4
100.6
100.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.7
99.4
100.4
100.5
101.2
101.4
101.8
101.7
101.5
101.4
101.1
Max.
102.4
102.4
102.4
102.6
102.5
102.0
102.0
101.8
101.8
101.6
102.0
101.2
101.4
101.6
101.2
101.2
101.3
102.0
102.2
102.5
102.4
102.4
102.6
102.3
Air temperature 69.74º F.
Nine observations at each hour
Air temperature 70.75ºF.
Ten observations at each hour
70
Rectal Temperatures of Animals at Rest
TABLE IB
Body temperatures (ºF.) of buffaloes, cows and bullocks
Animal
Buffaloes
Cows
Bullocks
Month
April
May
„
„
„
June
July
August
December
April
April
„
May
„
„
„
June
July
„
„
August
December
„
„
Hour
Noon
7 A. M.
11 „
Noon
4 P.M.
Noon
11 A. M.
11 „
11 „
Noon
7 A. M.
4 P. M.
7 A. M.
11 „
Noon
4 P. M.
Noon
7 A. M.
11 „
4 P. M.
11 A. M.
7 A. M.
11 „
4 P. M.
Mean
100.07
99.10
99.63
100 08
101.73
99.41
100.13
99.60
97.26
100.69
101.30
101.86
101.38
101.49
102.09
102.03
100.87
101.91
102.24
102.65
102.29
99.87
100.21
101.66
Min.
98.0
97.8
97.0
98.9
100.2
99.0
99.0
97.6
96.0
100.1
100.6
101.2
99.6
100.0
101.0
101.1
100.2
100.5
100.7
101.7
101.0
97.8
99.0
100.8
Max.
102.0
101.5
103.1
101.6
104.0
99.8
101.4
100.8
99.8
101.4
101.8
103.5
103.0
102.7
102.7
103.0
101.4
103.0
104.0
103.7
104.8
100.8
101.8
102.5
A. T.
No record
75.89
91.105
102.107
99.112
90.98
88-88.5
82.91
54.67
No record
75.82
102.109
77.89
91.105.
102.107
100.112
90.98
80.84
88-88.5
82.89
82.91
49-53.5
54.67
69.76
TABLE IC
Body temperature of buffaloes
Month: August.
Time: 8—9 A. M.
Air temperature: 79.5—86.5°F.
744 observations on 38 animals over 20 days.
2
7
15
31
58
116
206
151
132
43
3
(0.27per cent)observations were from
(0.94 „ „ ) „ „ „
(2.02
„
„
)
„
„
„
(4.17
„
„
)
„
„
„
(7.80
„
„
)
„
„
„
(15.59
„
„
)
„
„
„
(27.68
„
„
)
„
„
„
(20.30
„
„
)
„
„
„
(15.05
„
„
)
„
„
„
(5.78
„
„
)
„
„
„
(0.40
„
„
)
„
„
„
96.0 to 96.5ºF.
96.6 „ 97.1ºF.
97.2 „ 97.7ºF.
97.8 „ 98.3ºF.
98.4 „ 98.9ºF.
99.0 „ 99.°F.
99.6 „ 100.1°F.
100.2 „ 100.7ºF.
100.8 „ 101.3°F.
101.4 „ 101.9ºF.
102.0 „ 102.5°F.
Thus. 585 (78.62 per cent) were from 99.0 and 101.3ºF.
Mean of observations
Minimum
Maximum
=99.97ºF.
=96.0ºF.
=102.0ºF.
F. C. MINETT and S.
SEN
11
Species
Buffaloes
Cows
Month
April
„
„
„
June
„
„
„
July
„
„
„
August
„
„
„
December
„
„
„
April
„
„
„
June
„
„
„
July
„
„
„
August
„
„
„
Hour
.. 7-10 A. M.
.. 1-4 P. M.
. . 7-10 „
. . 1-4 A. M.
. . 7-10 „
. . 1-4 P. M
.. 7-10 „
. . 1-4 A. M.
. . 7-10 „
. . 1-4 P. M.
. . 7-10 „
. . 1-4 A. M.
.. 7-10 „
. . 1-4 P. M.
.. 7-10 „
. . 1-4 A. M.
.
7-10 „
. . 1-4 P. M.
.. 7-10 „
. . 1-4 A. M.
.. 7-10 A. M.
..
. . 1-4 P. M.
.. 7-10 „
. . 1-4 A. M.
.. 7-10 „
.. 1-4 P. M.
.. 7-10 „
. . 1-4 A. M.
.. 7-10 „
. . 1-4 P. M.
.. 7-10 „
. . 1-4 A. M.
.. 7-10 „
. . 1-4 P. M.
.. 7-10 „
. . 1-4 A. M.
Whole range and
per cent obs.
98.6—100.9 (82)
100.0—102.9 (84) @
100.6—103.5 (79)
100.6—101.1 (53)
99.0—101.3 (90)
99.0—101.9 (89) @
100.8—102.5 (77)
101.0—101.5 (42)
99 0—101.9 (96) *
100.2—102.5 (87)
100.0—102.3 (86)
101.2—101.3 (60)
99.0—101.3 (91) *
99.8—102.1 (93)
100.0—101.7 (83)
100.2—101.3 (70)
96.2—99.7 (82). *
98.6—102.1 (85)
100.0—102.3 (83)
..
100.6—101.7 [69]
100.1—102.4 [97] @
101.0—102.7 [91]
100.6—102.3 [100]
100.0—102.3 [94]
100.6—102.3 [87]
100.5—102.8 [95]
100.8—102.5 [74]
100.8—101.9 [84]
100.9—102.0 [88]
101.0—102.1 [90]
100.6—101.7 [63]
100.2—101.9 [88]
100.4—102.1 [87]
100'1—101.8
[91]
100.2—101.3 [80]
Subranges and per cent obs.
98.6—100.3 (65); 100.4—100.9 (17)
100.0—101.7 (60); 101.8—102.9 (24)
100.6—101.7 (30); 101.8—102.3 (23); 102.4—102.9 (26)
990— 99.5 (19); 99.6—101.3 (71)
99.0—100.1 (27); 100.2—101.3 (46); 101.4—101.9 (16)
100.8—101.3 (16); 101.4—101.9 (28); 102.0—102.5 (33)
99.0— 99.5 (12); 96.6—100.7 (69); 100.8—101.9 (15)
100.2—100.7 (13); 100.8—101.9 (61); 102.0—102.5 (13)
100.1—101.1 (38); 101.2—101.7 (30); 101.8—102.3 (18)
99.0— 99.5 (16); 99.6—100.7 (64); 100.8—101.3 (11)
99.8—100.3 (18); 100.4—101.5 (60); 101.6—102.1 (15)
100.0—100.5 (38); 100.6—101.7 (45)
96.2— 96.7 (12); 96.8— 97.9 (37); 98.0— 99.7 (33)
98.6— 99.1 (9);
99.2—100.9 (55); 101.0—102.1 .(21)
100.1—100.6 [15]; 100.7—101.8 [65]; 101.9—102.4 [17]
101.0—101.5 [20]; 101.6—102.1 [49]; 102.2—102.7 [22]
100.0—101.1 [29]; 101.2—101.7 [47]; 101.8—102.3 [18]
100.6—101.1 [18]; 101.2—101.7 [56]; 101.8—102.3 [13]
100.5—101.0 [15]; 101.1—102.2 [69]; 102.3—102.8 [11]
100.2—101.3 [66]; 101.4—101.9 [22];
100.4—100.9 [23]; 101.0—101.5 [44]; 101.6—102.1 [20]
Air
temperature
No record
do.
do.
do.
81—97
90—108
81—102
82—93
80—98
89—106
81—101
80—88
77—93
80—102
79—92
73—84
49—69
69—80
59—78
No record
do.
do.
do.
81—97
88—106
81—102
83—94
81—97
88—105
83—101
82—90
77—93
79—102
79—92
73—81
72
Rectal Temperatures of Animals at Rest
TABLE II—contd.
Species
Sheep
Goats
Fowls
Month
December
„
„
February
„
„
June
„
„
February
„
„
June
„
„
February
„
„
May
„
„
Hour
7-10 „
1-4 P. M.
7-10 „
7-10 A. M.
1-4 P. M.
7-10 „
7-10 A. M.
1-4 P. M.
7-10 „
7-10 A. M.
14 P. M.
7-10 „
7-10 A. M.
1-4 P. M.
7-10 „
7-10 A. M.
1-4 P. M.
7-10 „
7-10 A. M.
1-4 P. M.
7-10 „
Whole range and
per cent obs
100.0—101.7 [74]
100.4—102.1 [81]
100.6—102.9 [91]
100.8—103.1 [84]
101.7—103.4 [87]
102.0—104.3 [93]
103.0—104.7 [94]
103.1—104.8 [86]
103.2—104.9 [86]
100.4—103.3 [88]
101.6—104.5 [80]
101.8—105.3 [86]
103.4—105.7 [76]
104.0—106.3 [75]
104.0—106.3 [82]
106.0—107.7 [87]
105.8—107.5 [85]
104.8—106.5 [78]
107.0—108.7 [83]
107.2—108.9 [80]
106.0—107.7 [95]
Subranges and per cent obs
100.0—100.5 [19]; 100.6—101.1 [32]; 101.2—101.7 [23]
..
100.6—101.1 [11]; 101.2—102.3 [65]; 102.4—102.9 [15]
100.8—101.3 [12]; 101.4—102.5 [55]; 102.6—103.1 [17]
101.7—102.2 [17]; 102.3—102.8 [42]; 102.9—103.4 [28]
102.0—102.5 [27]; 102.6—103.1 [35]; 103.2—104.3 [31]
103.0—103.5 [34]; 103.6—104.1 [41]; 104.2—104.7 [19]
103.1—103.6 [41]; 103.7—104.8 [45]
103.2—104.3 [69]; 104.4—104.9 [17]
101.4—102.1 [65]; 102.2—103.3 [23]
101.6—102.7 [31]; 102.8—103.3 [25]; 103.4—104.5 [24]
101.8—102.9 [23]; 103.0—103.5 [35]; 103.6—105.3 [28]
103.4—103.9 [19]; 104.0—104.5 [32]; 104.6—105.7 [25]
104.0—104.5 [29]; 104.6—106.3 [46]
104.0—104.5 [23]; 104.6—105.7 [36]; 105.8—106.3 [23]
106.0—106.5 [20]; 106.6—107.1 [39]; 107.2—107.7 [28]
105.8—106.3 [22]; 106.4—106.9 [41]; 107.0—107.5 [22]
107.0—107.5 [19]; 107.6—108.1 [29]; 108.2—108.7 [35]
107.2—107.7 [32]; 107.8—108.9 [48]
106.0—106.5 [54]; 106.6—107.7 [41]
Air
temperature
48—66
66—78
58—77
48—60
69—74
59—73.9
80—99
98—109
90—105
48—60
69—74
59—73.5
80—99
98—109
90—105
63—73.9
74—76.5
73.5—75.5
92—95
95—99
92—95
*—Includes some records of 11 A. M. also.
@—
„
„
„ „ 12 noon „
F. C. MINETT and S.
SEN
73
two slight rises of 0.1 and 0.2ºF. were
corded. Grant, Millar and Worden
1942] found that in cows the tempera-
ture of a faecal mass as it is passed is con-
siderably below that of the rectal mucosa.
seems that the passage of this cooler
mass over the mucosa temporarily lowers
its temperature.
OBSERVATIONS
Mean temperatures at various times of
the day at different seasons
The full data are too bulky for public-
ation and are retained in the Record office
of the Institute. Mean and range figures
only are given in this paper.
Table I shows the mean daily body tem-
perature, minimum and maximum body
temperatures, range of air temperature
and the number of observations taken, for
buffaloes, cows, sheep, goats and fowls at
Izatnagar for different times in different
months. Similar figures are given in
Table IA, in respect of sheep and hill-bulls
at Mukteswar, in which hourly body tempe-
ratures are noted. Table IB is a supple-
mentary table of body temperatures of
buffaloes, cows and Hariana bullocks
obtained from the records of another
experiment. The figures have not been
included in Table I because the times are
different. Table IC is a frepuency distri-
bution table of 744 temperature recordings
of 38 buffaloes, these being intended as a
check on the recordings of the smaller num-
ber of animals shown in Table I. Table II
shows for the various times and months
the body temperature ranges in which most
of the observations fell, the percentage
of the observations falling within the
range, and the air temperature range
FIG. 1. Mean daily body temp. for different times
The data are also illustrated by charts.
In Fig. 1 the mean daily body tem-
peratures for different times during the
month have been plotted, and in Fig. 1A the
hourly mean temperatures of the sheep
and hill-bulls are similarly displayed.
From Fig. 1 it is seen that in buffaloes
in December and April, the mean daily
temperature is higher between 4 and 10
p.m. than at other times. In June, July and
August the elevation is maintained to 1 or
4 o'clock in the morning. It is also seen
74
Rectal
Temperatures of Animals at Rest
FIG. 1 A.—24 Hours recording
that the body temperature rises from 7
a.m. to a peak usually around 4 or 7 p.m.
In cows the temperature usually rises
from 7 a.m., in December only from 10 a.m.,
to a higher level, commonly around 7 p.m.
The shape of the curve is, in general,
flatter than that with buffaloes. The com-
posite curves for all months clearly show
that the temperature rises from. 7 a.m. with
buffaloes and from 10 a.m. with cows
to reach a peak at 7 p.m. and then
gradually falls. With sheep and goats
(Fig. 3) the June temperatures were con-
siderably higher than those of February.
In both species temperatures showed a
general tendency to rise from 7 a.m. and
to reach a peak at about 7 p.m. Tem-
peratures were thus higher from 4 to 10
p. m. than at other times. With fowls
(Fig. 3), the mean temperatures for (end)
May were consistently higher than those
for February, but instead of rising after
4 p. m. they fell.
From the hourly observations made
on hill-bulls and sheep at Mukteswar
and shown in Fig. 1A, it is seen that
the mean temperature starts to rise
from about 6 a.m. and follows an upward
trend till the end of the afternoon
when it slowly falls to reach minimal
values during the hours of darkness.
FIG. 2—Monthly variation in body temperatures.
For sheep, the average night reading
(9 p. m. to 7 a. m.) was 102.72°F. (range
102.49-102.98) and day reading 103.15°F
(range 102.93-103.66). For hill-bulls, the
average night reading was 101.0°F. (range
100.62-101.68) and day reading 101.88ºF
(range 101.43-102.14).
Monthly variation in body temperature
Fig. 2 contains two composite graphs
illustrating from mean daily readings
the variations in body temperature which
may occur from month to month. Similar
F. C. MINETT and S.
SEN
75
FIG. 3. Air temperature (on the right). . . .
Body temperature (on the left)— . — . —
76
Rectal Temperatures of Animals at Rest
FIG. 3 (contd.)
F. C. MINETT and S.
SEN
77
graphs prepared for particular times
the day are omitted to save space;
however, the variations at particular
lines can be seen from Fig. 1. It
appears that the body temperature
shows no marked variation from April to
July, in August it declines a little and still
more in December in the case of buffaloes.
The mean daily body temperatures in
April, June, July, August and December,
calculated from all the observations of
the month as used in Table I, were,
for buffaloes: 100.81, 100.96, 100.96,
100.62, 99.74°F.
for cows: 101.38, 101.41, 101.35, 100.99,
101.09°F.
Thus between the winter and sum-
mer readings (December, June) the dif-
ference is 1.22°F. with buffaloes and
0.32°F. with cows.
Fig. 2 is not drawn for sheep, goats
and fowls since the observations were
made in two months only and the monthly
variation can be seen by glancing at Fig 1.
From all the observations it appears that
the mean daily body temperature of sheep
in February, at Izatnagar, was 102.41°F.
and in June 103.77°F., difference 1.36°F.
With goats the corresponding figures are
102.70°F. and 104.79°F.,difference 2.09°F.,
figures higher than those given by Sadiq
1943], especially during the hot season]
and with fowls 106.46°F. (in February)
and 107.53°F. (in May), difference 1.07°F.
Relation between air temperature and body
temperature
The information just given on the body
temperature variations within the day and
at different months agrees with the now
well-known fact that air temperature
largely influences body temperature in
the animal species considered.
In
Fig. 3 are drawn graphs of the mid-
range air temperature at different times
of the day for different months and the
mean daily body temperature at corres-
ponding hours. Without going into
details, it will be seen that except with
the fowls a rising or falling body temper-
ature follows, after a lag period of perhaps
three hours, a rising or falling air temper-
ature. With fowls, there was no indication
from these experiments that a rising air
temperature influenced the body temper-
ature, but a falling air temperature after
4 p.m. was coincident with a falling body
temperature.
SUMMARY
The following statement shows the
mean daily body temperature of various
species of animals in different months,
together with the air temperature
range. For fuller information, the reader
is referred to data tabulated in the
paper.
Animals
Buffalo, male
Cow (Hariana)
Sheep
Goat
Fowl, male
Month
April ..
June..
July..
August..
December..
April..
June..
July..
August..
December..
February..
June..
February..
June..
February..
June..
Air
temperature
(range, °F.)
. .
81—108
80—106
73—102
49— 80
..
81—106
81—105
73—102
48— 78
48— 74
80—109
48—74
80—109
63— 76.5
92— 99
Mean daily
body tempe-
rature (°F.)
100.81
100.96
100.96
100.62
99.74
101.38
101.41
101.35
100.99
101.09
102.41
103.77
102.70
104.79
106.46
107.53
78
Rectal Temperatures of Animals at Re st
2. Hourly observations over 24 hours
on hill-bulls and sheep showed that the
body temperature starts to rise about
6 a.m., follows an upward trend till early
evening and then gradually falls to a
minimum value at about 1 to 4 a.m.
3. In cattle and buffaloes, sheep and
goats the body temperature level is infl-
uenced by the atmospheric temperature,
variations in the latter being followed by
similar variations of body temperature.
The diurnal level therefore tends to be
higher after 1 p.m. than before that time,
the difference being far greater with
buffaloes, sheep and goats than with
cattle.
4. In temperature-taking, the personal
factor is important. Without special
instruction differences around 1.0°F. may
be registered by different observers. The
thermometer should be inserted as far as
possible and left in position for one
minute.
5. Following defaecation, the rectal
temperature was lowered by 0.3°F. (mean)
at 43 out of 51 trials.
AKCNOWLEDGEMENT
Most of temperature measurement
were carried out by Mr M. S. Menon
G.V.Sc; Similar assistance was renderedly
Messrs N.S. Sankaranaravan, G.M.V.C
K.C. Mukerji, M.R.C.V.S., and N.S
Sen, G.B.V.C.
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Hornby, H.E. (1942). Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg.
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Lazarus-Barlow, P. (1928). J. Path. Bact. 31, 517
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——and
Falcon, P.R. (1939). Philipp. Agric.
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——and
Richardson. G.A. (1938). J. Dairy S
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