M.
VAUGH
197
TABLE III—contd.
Details of yokes construction—contd.
Yoke
No.
No. 14
No. 15
No. 16
No. 17
Province
where yoke
is used
U. P.
U. P. Hills
Local
Madras Im-
proved Cart
yoke
Weight
of yoke
in lb.
32
with
pipe
20
20
35
Average
pull
in lb.
849
852
832
782
Wood
used in
making
yoke
Sakhu
Sakhu .
Sakhu .
Sakhu .
Length
of yoke in
ft. and in.
4.5
5.0
4.9
3.10½
Width
of yoke at
neck
position—
in.
9
6
3
4
Length
of yoke at
neck
position—
in.
12
11
10
7
Thickness
of yoke at
neck
position—
in.
3
2
Hound
Round
Depth of
curve of
yoke at
neck posi-
tion—in.
H = l"
V = 2½"
H = nil
V = nil
nil
nil
Average
area of
contact
between
yoke and
neck—sq.
in.
(10
bullocks).
59.86
45.87
35.36
28.246
the design of the part in contact with the neck was
not in itself bad. In order to investigate this and to
give an additional single animal hitch, one end of
the No. 5 yoke was disconnected and modified
slightly to enable it to be used as a single hitch.
This gave a total of 5 hitches, suitable for single
bullocks, to be tested.
Essentially the same procedure was used with the
single hitches as with the pair yokes. The same cart
was modified by fitting shafts instead of a single beam.
Five single bullocks were chosen, from among the
5 pairs used for the previous tests, and trained to
work single. Replicated series of 5 tests were
made with each bullock of the five on each of the
hitches. Table IV gives the results of the tests
of the single hitches and the analysis of the data.
The above data is interesting not only because it
gives an idea of the relative values of the different
hitches but because of the indication it gives of the
relative efficiencies of working of single bullocks and
of the same animals hitched in pairs by the use of a
common yoke.
The study of the pull possible with single hitches
has two possible utilities. The possible desirability
of using single animals instead of pairs in some cir-
cumstances and the question of whether some form
of harness hitch with an equalizing bar behind—a
so.called double tree—might give more effective
pulling power for pairs. The results with Mushtaq
Ahmad's improved yoke indicates the undesirability
of too rigidly restraining the bullocks against side.
wise movement. While the ordinary yoke gives
more freedom than does the Mushtaq Ahmad yoke,
it gives less than would be possible with a harness and
double tree hitch. This needs further investigation.
If l/6th of the body weight or 1/4.th of the maximum
pull, two figures which seem to be roughly equal in
the data from these tests, should prove to be reason-
able loading, the draft ability of the bullocks tested
would come approximately within the range of loads
commonly required or imposed by ordinary small
implements. 100 to 120 lb. pull. The practicability
and desirability of using single animals of a slight-
ly larger size instead of a pair of very small animals
on the smaller farms needs to be investigated
further.
The reason, or at least one reason, why the Poona.
Gwalior yoke performed poorly on single animals
seemed to be at least partly because of the poor fit
on the neck of the bullocks used and because it bore
on the point of the shoulder joints. It appears to
have been designed for animals having a much thicker
neck than the test animals had. Bullocks differ from
horses in having a very thin covering of muscle and
flesh over the shoulder joint and pressure on the
joint seems to be uncomfortable to the bullock.
while it is precisely here that the horse does its pulling.
Part of the superiority of the half of the Punjab yoke
D