NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
19
its reductive action diminishing and finally disappearing coincidently with
progressive diminutions in ratio of venom to blood, the phenomenon cannot
logically be interpreted as indicative of any absolute loss of reductive power, but
must be regarded merely as the consequence of the relative decrease in reduction
occurring under such circumstances.
If the data afforded by the results of the experiments which have just been
recorded are to be regarded as of any value at all, it is clear that they show
distinct evidence that cobra-venom does possess a very great power of giving
rise to important changes in the constitution of any specimens of the blood of
animals susceptible to cobrine intoxication with which it may come in contact
either within or without the vascular system. But, even should this be granted,
it may conceivably be maintained that it by no means necessarily follows that
such hæmatic changes are the essential and primary causes of the symptoms of
intoxication attending the introduction of the venom into the bodies of
susceptible animals. There is, however, further evidence of the existence of an
intimate connection between the development of intoxication and the occurrence
of hæmatic changes, for it can be demonstrated that the variations in susceptibility
to intoxication in different animals run parallel with variations in the degree
to which their blood is subject to changes under the influence of contact with
venom, and, also, that the reduction in toxic power, which any portion of venom
undergoes when exposed to high temperatures, is attended by corresponding
reduction in its power of inducing hæmatic change.
The following tables contain an abstract of the evidence in favour of the
first of the above propositions: Table IV illustrates the relative susceptibility
to intoxication of fowls, water-lizards ( Varanus salvator), rat-snakes ( Zamenis
mucosus ), and cobras; Table V, the phenomena occurring in normal specimens
of the blood of the reptiles of Table IV when removed from the body; and,
Table VI, those present in cases in which like quantities of the blood of the
same reptiles and of fowls are subjected to the influence of various amounts of
cobra venom :—
TABLE IV.
Physiological effects of subcutaneous injections of various amounts of Cobra-venom on fowls,
Varani, Dhamins, and Cobras.
No. of
experi-
ment.
Amount of venom.
Nature of animal.
Results.
REMARKS.
I 0 . 00075 gramme
. Fowls of K. I. in weight
.
. Symptoms, within 3
hours.
Death, within 8 to 30
hours.
II 0.01 gramme .
. Fowls of K. I. in weight
.
. Symptoms, within ½
hour. .
Death, within 2 hours.
D 2
20
Scientific Memoirs by
TABLE IV—contd.
Physiological effects of subcutaneous injections of various amounts of Cobra-venom on fowls, Varani, Dhamins, and
Cobras—continued.
No. of
experi-
ment.
Amount of venom.
Nature of animal.
Results.
REMARKS.
III 0.0125 gramme
. Varanus salvator
.
.
Weight, 2,600 grammes.
No symptoms.
IV 0.03 gramme .
. Varanus salvator.
Weight, 2,483 grammes.
No symptoms.
V 0.1 gramme .
. Varanus salvator.
. Death, 7 hours
. Lethal value of the venom such
that 0.0005 gramme constitu-
ted a minimal lethal dose for
fowls of K. I. in weight.
Weight, 2,360 grammes.
VI 0.01 gramme .
. Dhamin, Zamenis mucosus
.
Weight, 888 grammes.
No symptoms.
VII 00.5 gramme .
. Dhamin, Zamenis mucosus
.
Weight, 903 grammes.
No symptoms.
VIII 0.05 gramme .
. Dhamin, Zamenis mucosus
.
Weight, 663 grammes.
No symptoms.
IX 0.05 gramme .
. Dhamin, Zamenis mucosus
.
Weight, 788 grammes.
No symptoms.
X 0.1 gramme .
. Dhamin, Zamenis mucosus
.
Weight, 726 grammes.
No symptoms.
XI 0.1 gramme .
. Dhamin, Zamenis mucosus
.
Weight, 1,310 grammes.
No symptoms.
XII 0.5 gramme .
. Dhamin, Zamenis mucosus
.
Weight, 935 grammes.
Death, 5½ hours
. Lethal value of the venom such
that 0.0005 gramme constitu-
ted a minimal lethal dose for
fowls of K. I. in weight.
XIII 0.5 gramme .
. Cobra.
.
Weight ?
Very dull for some
days, but ultimately
recovered.
XIV 0.75 gramme .
. Cobra.
.
Weight ?
Very dull for some
days, but ultimately
recovered.
XV 0.75 gramme .
. Cobra.
.
Weight, 780 grammes.
No symptoms up to
48 hours.
XVI 0.75 gramme .
. Cobra
.
.
Weight, 638 grammes.
Death, 5 hours
. Lethal value of the venom such
that 0.00075 gramme constitu-
ted a minimal lethal dose for
fowls of K. I. in weight.
XVII 0.75 gramme .
. Cobra
..
Weight, 525 grammes.
Death, 8 hours
Ditto
ditto.
XVIII 0.75 gramme .
. Cobra
..
Weight, 425 grammes.
No symptoms
.
Ditto
ditto.
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
2 1
TABLE IV—concld.
Physiological effects of subcutaneous injections of various amounts of Cobra-venom on fowls, Varani, Dhamins, and
Cobras—concluded.
No. of
experi-
ment.
Amount of venom.
Nature of animal.
Results.
REMARKS.
XIX 0.75 gramme .
. Cobra
.
Weight, 745 grammes.
No symptoms
. Lethal value of the venom such
that 0.00075 gramme consti-
tuted a minimal lethal dose for
fowls of K. I. in weight.
XX 0.75 gramme .
. Cobra
..
Weight, 425 grammes.
No symptoms
Ditto
ditto.
XXI 0.75 gramme . .
Cobra
.
Weight, 725 grammes.
No symptoms
Ditto
ditto.
TABLE V.
Phenomena present on specimens of the Blood of various Reptiles after its removal from
the Body.
No. of
experi-
ment.
Nature of animal.
Coagulation.
Colour.
Solution of bodies of
erythrocytes.
Reduction in respira-
tory property of
hæmoglobin.
I Varanus salvator
. 19 minutes; clot for long
loose and tremulous,
and throughout very
soft.
At first dull red; surface
of clot dull scarlet, sub-
stance plum-coloured,
24 hours.
Entirely absent, 72
hours.
Entirely absent up to 72
hours.
II Dhamin (Zamenis
mucosus).
Beginning, 20 minutes;
clot well contracted, 24
hours.
Intensely bright red at
first; corpuscles subsid-
ing and forming a plum-
coloured stratum beneath
a brownish-yellow liquid.
Entirely absent, 72
hours.
Entirely absent up to 72
hours.
III Dhamin (Zamenis
mucosus).
Absent, 2 hours; a firm
clot and abundant green-
ish-yellow serum, 24
hours.
Intensely bright red at
first; corpuscles subsid-
ing and forming a plum-
coloured stratum beneath
a brownish-yellow liquid.
Erythrocytes apparently
softening and a con-
siderable amount of
hæmoglobin staining of
the serum, 96 hours.
Entirely absent up to 96
hours.
IV Cobra
.
.
. Beginning, 22 minutes;
a thick transparent,
colourless clot above ery-
throcyte-deposit, 24
hours.
Deep red at first; corpus-
des subsiding and form-
ing a plum-coloured
stratum beneath an al-
most colourless, faintly
opalescent liquid.
Entirely absent, 24
hours.
Entirely absent, 24 hours
V Cobra
.
. . Almost complete, 20
minutes, slight contrac-
tion, 24 hours.
Deep red at first; corpus-
des subsiding to form a
plum-coloured stratum
beneath an almost colour-
less, slightly opalescent
liquid.
Entirely absent 48
hours.
Entirely absent, 24—48
hours.
TABLE VI.
Phenomena present in specimens of Blood of a fowl and of various Reptiles treated with various amounts of
Cobra-venom.
No. of
experi-
ment.
Nature of animal.
Amounts of blood an
venom employed.
Coagulation.
Colour.
Solution of bodies of erythro-
cytes.
Reduction in respira-
tory property of
hæmoglobin.
I Fowl
. . . Blood, 10.5 c. c.
.
Venom, 0.01 gramme.
Absent, 44 minutes;
no contraction of the
clot.
Black in 24 minutes
.
. Complete solution in 1¼
hours.
Complete in 24 hours.
II Varanus salvator
. Blood, 10.5 c. c.
.
Venom, 0.01 gramme.
Absent, 2 hours, 50
minutes; a larger
firm coagulum and
plum-coloured serum,
24 hours.
Dark plum-coloured, 2 hours,
50 minutes.
Deformation and partial solu-
tion of many erythrocytes,
2 hours; very considerable,
24 hours; greater number
of erythrocytes completely
dissolved, 48 hours.
Absent, 24—48 hours.
III Varanus salvator
. Blood, 11 c. c.
.
Venom, 0.116 gramme.
Absent
.
. . Deposit very deep plum-
coloured, and supernatant
fluid red, 2 hours; deposit
black, and supernatant fluid
very deep plum-coloured, 24
hours.
Very considerable, 2 hours.
Almost complete, 24 hours.
Absent, 24—48 hours.
IV Varanus salvator
. Blood, 9 c. c. .
.
Venom, 0.2 gramme.
Loose, 2½ hours; con-
traction absent.
Dark red; almost black, 15
minutes.
Almost complete, 30 minutes Perceptible, 2½ hours;
almost complete, 24
hours; considerably
diminished, 48 hours;
absent, 72 hours.
V Dhamin,
Zamenis
mucosus.
Blood, 10.5 c. c.
.
Venom, 0.01 gramme.
Absent. supernatant
fluid yellowish, 24
hours.
Deposit dull red, 3 hours; al-
most black, 24 hours.
Absent in sediment, 24
hours, but numerous free
nuclei in supernatant fluid;
about ½ the erythrocytes
dissolved or partly dis-
solved, 48 hours.
Absent, 24 hours.
22
S c i e n t i f i c Me mo i r s b y
VI Dhamin,
Zamenis
mucosus.
Blood, 10.5 c. c.
.
Venom, 0.01 gramme.
Entirely absent, 3
hours; present, 24
hours.
Deposit dark red, supernatant
liquid brownish-yellow, 3
hours; deposit almost black,
24 hours.
Absent in deposit, 24 hours;
very extensive, 72 hours.
Entirely absent, 24 hours;
barely appreciable, 48
hours.
VII Dhamin,
Zamenis
mucosus.
Blood, 10 c. c.
.
Venom, 0.116 gramme.
Entirely absent
. Deposit very deep plum-
coloured, supernatant liquid
pale brown, 3¼ hours; deposit
almost black, supernatant
liquid reddish-brown, 24
hours.
Considerable, 24 hours;
complete, 48 hours.
Considerable, 24 hours;
increased, 48 hours.
VIII Dhamin,
Zamenis
mucosus.
Blood, 9 c. c. .
.
Venom, 0.2 gramme.
Entirely absent
. Originally very bright red;
very deep plum-coloured, 1½
hours; almost black, 2½
hours.
Very extensive, 30 minutes;
complete, 2½ hours.
Perceptible, 2½ hours;
very conspicuous, 24
hours; diminished, 48
hours; absent, 72 hours
IX Cobra . . Blood, 10 c. c. .
Venom, 0.01 gramme.
Entirely absent . Deposit scarlet, supernatant
liquid clear, colourless, 2½
hours; deposit dark red,
liquid very pale yellow, 24,
48, 72, 96 hours.
Entirely absent, 96 hours . Entirely absent up to 96
hours.
X Cobra . . Blood, 10.5 c. c. .
Venom, 0.01 gramme.
Entirely absent up to
48 hours.
Deposit deep plum-coloured,
supernatant liquid clear, al-
most colourless, 24 hours.
Entirely absent, 72 hours . Entirely absent up to 72
hours.
XI Cobra
. . Blood, 10 c. c. .
Venom, 0.116 gramme.
Entirely absent . Deposit very dark plum-
coloured, supernatant liquid
limpid, very pale straw-
coloured, 24 hours; deposit
almost black, liquid pinkish,
48 hours.
Entirely absent, 24 hours;
very extensive, 48 hours.
Entirely absent, 24 hours;
very considerable, 48
hours.
XII Cobra
. . Blood, 9 c. c. . .
Venom, 0.2 gramme.
Entirely absent, 2½
hours; very imper-
feet, 24 hours.
Bright plum-coloured, 2½
hours; clot almost black,
serum pale red, 24 hours.
Entirely absent, 2½ hours;
almost all the erythrocytes
deformed and more or less
bleached, 24 hours; major-
ity of erythrocytes still
undissolved, 120 hours.
Entirely absent up to 120
hours.
Medical Officers of the Army of India. 25
cobra-venom to give rise to hæmatic change runs parallel with its power of
inducing intoxication.
The determination of the question of the presence of any parallel series
of variations in the degree of reduction of respiratory property of the hæmo-
globin in the blood of animals of different degrees of susceptibility is more diffi-
cult, because the relatively large quantities of venom, which must be employed
in the treatment of specimens of intractable blood, necessarily imply corre-
spondingly extensive septic contamination and the attendant early incidence
and rapid progress of putrefactive change, but, in certain cases, in which experi-
ments were carried out at relatively low temperatures, such as that illustrated
in figs. 6 and 10, Plate II, the phenomena were such as to warrant the conclusion
that the variations in susceptibility to solvent change are accompanied by cor-
responding variations in susceptibility to the occurrence of reduction in respi-
ratory property, and that, consequently, there is a general correspondence
between degree of liability to intoxication and degree of susceptibility of the
blood to undergo alterations in structure and property under the influence of
contact with venom.
A specific resistance on the part of the blood to the action of the venom
would, therefore, appear to be one of the factors serving to provide natural im-
munity from cobrine intoxication, and, in the case of reptiles and amphibia, this
is, no doubt, co-operated with by the normally low temperature of the blood,
and, in most instances, by low respiratory demand. The specific resistance
and relatively low temperature must serve to limit and retard hæmatic change,
and the low respiratory demand to allow of the occurrence of the latter to an
extent which would inevitably prove fatal were the demand higher than it
actually is. Were it not that artificial immunity is apparently dependent on
the presence of antivenene in the blood, and that, when once established, it is
very persistent, the fact of the concurrence in natural immunity of resistance to
hæmatic change and absence of the development of antivenene in the blood
under the influence of venom might further appear to suggest the possibility
that the antidote originates as a direct product of the toxic hæmatic changes
induced in the blood of susceptible animals, and that, therefore, specimens of
such blood, treated with venom outside the body, ought to acquire protective
and curative property.
Table VII illustrates the nature of the phenomena characteristic of ex-
periments in which solutions of venom, which have been exposed to the in-
fluence of high temperatures for various periods, are introduced into the systems
of susceptible animals, and Table VIII those of corresponding experiments in
which specimens of the blood of such animals are treated with like solutions.
26 Scientific Memoirs by
TABLE VII.
Physiological effects attending the subcutaneous injection of various amounts of heated cobra-venom of
which 0.00075 gramme constituted a minimal lethal dose for fowls of K. I. in weight, symptoms of
intoxication appearing 3—5 hours after administration and death occurring within 8-30 hours.
No. of
experi-
ment.
Treatment of venom.
Amount of venom administered.
R e s u l t .
Normal results of a like dose
of unbuiled venom.
I
Just brought to boil 0.0075 gramme in 1 c.c. of water None whatever
.
. Symptoms, 3-5
hours
death, 8-30 hours.
II Just brought to boil 0.00075 gramme in 1 c.c. of water None whatever
.
. Symptoms, 3-5 hours ;
death, 8-30 hours.
III Just brought to boil 0.00075 gramme in 1c . c .
o f w a t e r None whatever
.
. Symptoms, 3-5 hours ;
death, 8-30 hours.
IV Just brought to boil 0.00075 gramme in 1 c.c. of water None whatever
.
. Symptoms, 3-5 hours ;
death, 8-30 hours.
V Just brought to boil 0.0015 gramme in 1c . c . o f w a t e r None whatever
. .
VI Just brought to boil 0.002 gramme in 1c . c . o f w a t e r
. Death, 11¼. hours .
.
VII Just brought to boil 0.01 gramme in 1c . c . o f w a t e r
. Symptoms, 30 minutes
Death, 2 hours.
Symptoms, within ½h o u r ;
death, within 2 hours.
VIII Just brought to boil 0.01 gramme in 1c . c . o f w a t e r
. Death in 1 hour . . Symptoms, within ½ hour ;
death, within 2 hours.
IX Brought to boil and
then steamed for 3
hours.
0.01 gramme in 1 c.c. of water . Symptoms, 2¼h o u r s
Death, 4¼ hours.
Symptoms, within ½ hour ;
death, within 2 hours.
X Brought to boil thrice
and steamed for 6
hours.
0.01 gramme in 1c . c . o f w a t e r
. Symptoms, 1 hour
Death, 4¼ hours.
Symptoms, within ½ hour ;
death, within 2 hours.
XI Boiled 4½ hours . 0.01 gramme in 1 c.c. of water . No specific symptoms . Symptoms, within ½ hour ;
death, within 2 hours.
XII Boiled 6½ hours . 0.04 gramme in 1c . c . o f w a t e r
. No specific symptoms .
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
29
power of giving rise to important changes in the blood, which are of a nature
adapted to induce the development of symptoms similar to those characteristic
of the intoxication which it causes, it is surely unnecessary to endeavour to ac-
count for the latter by means of invoking the existence of any hypothetical direct
action on the nervous system.
Experiments on the results attending the addition of Fraser's antivenene
to specimens of blood which had been treated with venom appeared to afford a
certain amount of supplementary evidence in favour of this view, for they seemed
to indicate that, whilst incapable of appreciably affecting the solvent power of
the venom on the bodies of the erythrocytes, the antidote did very considerably
neutralise its reductive power on the respiratory property of the hæmoglobin,
and that this effect was not one attending the presence of serum unendowed with
antidotal properties. (Plate II, figs. ii-17.) As regards such experiments, it must,
however, be allowed that a source of fallacy was present, as, owing to the relatively
excessive quantities of serum which were made use of, the chances of the
intervention of septic changes inductive both of early solution of erythrocytes
and of the concealment of reductive change must necessarily have been very
considerable, so that the neutralising action of the antidote may really be
considerably greater than they appear to be according to the data.
The evidence, as a whole, goes to show that cobrine intoxication, and,
probably, colubrine intoxication generally, is essentially determined by the occur-
rence of primary hæmatic changes, and, in this, differs from acute viperine
intoxication in which the symptoms unequivocally indicate the presence of
primary, acute nervous irritation and exhaustion.
December 1897.
Note by A. A. Kanthack, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.S., Fellow of
King's College and Professor of Pathology in the University
of Cambridge.
Dr. D. D. Cunningham was kind enough to send me his manuscript for
perusal, knowing that in my laboratory we were working on the same subject.
He requested me to add to his own observations. I do this all the more willingly
since I owe all the cobra poison, which I possess, to Dr. Cunningham, so that I feel
that by adding these brief notes I am acknowledging in some slight measure my
indebtedness to the late Superintendent of the Zoological Gardens of Calcutta.
The lines appended by me form an abstract of experiments executed under my
direction by Messrs. J. W. W. Stephens, J ohn Lucas Walker Student in Pa-
thology at the University of Cambridge, and W. Myers.
These experiments were made primarily with the object of studying the
mode of action of an antitoxin on its corresponding toxin.
Ehrlich in 1897 showed that a toxin can react chemically upon the antitoxin
in vitro. Ricin, the toxin which he used, produces a curious effect upon
defibrinated blood, the corpuscles being firmly clumped together and precipitated.
Ehrlich filled 6 test tubes each with 95 c.c. of physiological saline solution
containing 5% citrate of sodium and added thereto 5 c. c. of rabbit's blood. 1 c.c.
of a 2% ricin solution would quickly precipitate the corpuscles. He added to 5 of
the above test tubes severally 1 c. c. of 2% ricin solution mixed respectively with
0.3, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25 c.c. of diluted antitoxin, while to the 6th tube he added
1 c . c . o f t h e r i c i n s o l u t i o n w i t h o u t t h e a n t i t o x i n . T h e r e s u l t w a s t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n
of 1.25 and 1.0 c.c. of antiricin neutralized the action of the ricin in the test tube,
while 0.3 c.c, had no appreciable effect, and 0.5 merely delayed the clumping and
precipitation, whereas with 0.75 c.c. the clumping was imperfect as well as
delayed. He now proceeded to test these mixtures of ricin and antiricin upon
mice, and found that the addition of 1.25 and 10 c.c. of antiricin had neutralized
the ricin also for the animal while 0.3 c. c. had no effect, 0.5 delayed death
and 0.75 c.c. weakened its action to such an extent that nothing more than a
moderate infiltration resulted. It is evident, therefore, that the animal experi-
ments confirm the test tube experiments, and Ehrlich has thus shown that ricin
and antiricin directly influence each other chemically without the assistance
of cellular activity.
In studying the action of cobra-toxin and its antitoxin,: therefore, a simple
reaction was sought for, which could be demonstrated outsider the body in test
tubes ; and to this end, an investigation was made upon the action of cobra.
poison upon blood.
32
Scientific Memoirs by
When cobra-poison is added to shed blood in a test tube, two effects are
noticeable : —
(a) hæmolysis, meaning thereby destruction of the red corpuscles and
consequent laking of the blood; and,
(b) delay, or complete absence of coagulation, phenomena both carefully
described by Dr. Cunningham.
PART I.
The hæmolytic action was studied (1) by mixing blood and poison solution
of known strength in a hæmocytometer pipette and counting from time to time
the number of cells in a given field under the microscope. Thus using a mixture
of blood and poison solution in the proportion of 1o f h u m a n b l o o d t o
2 0 0
o f p o i s o n
solution we have the following results :—
(1) Cobra poison in 0.5% saline (1 c. c. =. 2 mgm. of poison).
5-5 P.M
.
. 58 red cells in 16 squares.
5-10 P.M, .
.
17 , ,
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
5-12 P.M.
.
.
12 ,, , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
5-15 P.M.
.
.
1
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
(2) Cobra-poison in.5% saline (1 c.c. = 0.5 mgm. of poison).
10-45 A.M. .
.
132 red cells in 16 squares.
11-32 A.M.
.
. 99 , , , ,
, , , ,
, ,
The second example shows that the action is slow with dilute poison solutions
further, the initial numbers give us some idea of the relative activity of the
solutions of different strengths and also the rate of diminution shows us the
same.
(2) By making the mixtures in small test-glasses. This is the most con-
venient way of observing the action of dilute poison solutions. The mixtures are
allowed to stand for some hours—generally 12 hours—and it is then observed
whether the fluid above the corpuscles is tinged with hæmoglobin or not. It is
essential, however, that the poison should be dissolved in solutions which are
isotonic for the particular blood under observation, so that the effect of the poison
alone may be estimated. And also the effect of bacterial contamination must
be taken into consideration, but generally ordinary precautions only are requisite,
as the control saline tubes never showed hæmolysis in 12 hours and even after
24—48 hours, the hæmolysis due to this cause is only slight.
It was easy to show by this method that the blood of different animals
behaved differently with respect to this hæmolytic property of cobra poison, and
the following results, where for each blood its corresponding isotonic (or slightly
hypertonic) solution was used, were obtained, which should be compared with
those obtained by Dr. Cunningham.
Table III.
Poison present.
Rabbit,
. 6 %
saline.
White Rat,
.5%
saline.
Grass snake,
.5%
saline.
Man,
.5%
saline.
Toad,
. 3 %
saline.
Cat,
. 6 %
Frog,
.3%
saline.
Fowl,
. 5 %
saline.
Guinea-pig,
. 5 %
saline.
Dog,
.6%
saline.
.5 c.c.=.5 mgm.
.
.
.
H.
Complete H
C. H.
C. H.
C. H.
H
H
H
C. H.
H
.5 c.c.=.25 mgm.
.
.
. Slight H.
H
C. H.
C. H.
H
H
H
H
H
H
.5 c.c.=.125
.
.
.
. Trace H.
H
C. H.
C. H.
H
H
H
H
H
H
.5 c.c.=.0625
. . . . No H
Slight H.
C.H.
C. H.
H
H
H
H
H
H
.5 c,c.=.031
.
.
.
. No H
No H
Slight H.
C. H.
H
H
H
H
H
H
.5 c c.=.015
.
.
.
.
No H
No H
Trace H.
C. H.
H
H
H
H
H
H
.5 c.c.=.007
. . . .
No H
No H
No H
Trace H.
No H
H
H
Slight H
H
H
.5 c.c.=.0039
.
. . .
No H
No H
No H
No H
No H
H
H
Slight H Slight H
H
.5 c.c.=.0019
. . . .
No H
No H
No H
No H
No H
Slight H
H
Slight H. Slight H.
H
.5 c.c.=.0009
. . . .
No H
No H
No H
No H
No H
No H
Trace H
No H
Trace H.
H
Saline
. . . . . No H
No H
No H
No H
No H
No H
No H
No H
No H
No H
NOTE 1.—To each tube a standard platinum loopful of blood is added and shaken up and after standing 12 hours the observations are recorded.
H=Hæmolysis. " Complete" signifies that after standing 12 hours there was no sediment at the bottom of the tube.
" Trace" generally implies that a spectroscope was necessary to detect the hæmoglobin in solution.
NOTE 2.—The double line marks the point where the hæmolysis was well marked. The single line marks the point where the hæmolysis was
very slight.
M e d i c a l o f f i c e r s o f t h e A r m y o f I n d i a .
3 3
F