96
ABSTRACTS
The drug, having specific composition and character,
was tested in single doses at varying dose levels against
sheep nematodes, using egg counts, worm counts and
lamb weights as criteria of efficacy.
Lambs, with a level of infestation of about 1,000 eggs
per gramme of faeces were selected to represent the
type that required treatment most. At each centre a
unit flock of 28 lambs was used and given the following
doses of phenothiazine in batches of four ; 0 (controls)
5 gm., 10 gm., 20 gm., 30 gm., 40 gm. and 50 gm. In
each batch two received the drug as compressed tablets
and the other two as powder made into a drench with
water. As a wetting and dispersing agent about 2 per
cent sodium cetyl sulphate was used in both cases. In
the control group, two received nothing, while the
remaining two received sodium cetyl sulphate as a drench
as was present in the 50 gm. dose, and they served as
controls respectively against the lambs receiving the drug
as tablets and as drench. Four unit flocks, kept inside
for six weeks to avoid re-infestation, supplied information
on egg and worm counts, and six others, maintained
outside for sixteen weeks under natural conditions,
provided data on the net effects of treatment on the growth
of lambs. Each lamb was allotted to its flock (inside
or outside), to its dosage level and to tablets or drench
quite at random. Uniformity in respect of recording
results was maintained at all centres.
Statistical analysis of the findings under different
headings and other evidence revealed the following
facts.
The main fall in the total egg count was obtained
with the first 5 gm. of phenothiazine administered;
beyond that level the diminution was comparatively
small and irregular. The marked susceptibility of
Haemonchus to a 5 gm. dose was mainly responsible
for the diminution in egg counts, while larger dose3
were required for most of the intestinal worms to
effect significant reduction. Strongyloides, Trichuris,
Nematodirus and Moniezia gave anomalous responses,
the last two actually showed increased counts with higher
doses. Weight gains of lambs indicated progressive
advantage with increasing dosage; the suggestion was
that higher doses were responsible for the reduction
not only of stomach worms, but also of certain intestinal
worms, viz. Bunostomum, Trichostrongylus spp. and
Cooperia considered to be of little importance in respect
of lamb's health. It also appeared that weight responses
were independent of the initial degree of infestation.
The belief that heavily infested animals do not respond
so well as lightly infested ones was not therefore
substantiated. Tablets and drenches containing the
same amount of phenothiazine did not differ in efficacy.
It may be that drench is slightly more efficacious
against stomach worms and, if so, it is possible that
phenothiazine particles in a tablet require mixing with
hosts bile salts before they are fully dispersed.
Full details are given of the statistical calculations
and of the egg and worm counting techniques used.[S.S.]
Urea as a partial protein substitute in the feeding
of dairy Cattle. E. C OWEN, J. A. B. SMITH.
and N. C. WRIGHT (1943). Biochem. J. 37, 44
UREA was fed to a group of seven lactating cows to
determine its value as a partial substitute for blood meal.
It provided up to 33 per cent of the nitrogen in the pro-
duction ration or 25 per cent of the total nitrogen intake.
For two cows urea was fed for a period of six weeks and
then replaced by blood meal. For the other five cows, a
period of about a fortnight, without either urea or blood
meal, was inserted as a negative control period. Resa
for milk yield, milk composition, body weight chang
nitrogen balance, urea utilisation and the excretion
creatine and creatinine are given. Though urea is
diuretic agent, its feeding was reported to produce
excessive or harmful diuresis. Throughout the expe
ment, there was no marked change in the body weight
the animals. No definite conclusion is reported conce
ing the study of creatine and creatinine excretion. T
nitrogen balance data show that the retention of u
was not complete. About 25 per cent of the ingested u
was wasted. Since a considerable individual variat
was shown, the proportion of dietary urea, which w
wasted, seems to depend upon the nutritional state of
animals prior to urea feeding. The urea content of
blood appears to rise at the start of the urea feeding a
then adjusts itself to the normal value. The cone
tration of the non-protein nitrogen in the blood and t
in the milk run parallel, as did that of the urea conte
of the milk and the blood which never exceeded 28
per 100 ml., a concentration which is considered harml
In general the milk yields of the animals were well ma
tained when blood meal was replaced by urea and it p
duced no alteration on the percentage of protein, to
solids, fat and lactose in the milk. [C. P. A.]
The use of enzyme-converted corn syrup in t
manufacture of bulk sweetened condensed mi l
P. H. TRACY and G., EDMAN J. Dairy s
1942, 25, 765
Sucross used in the manufacture of sweetened conde
ed skimmed and whole milk was replaced to the ext
of 50, 75 and 100 per cent by an enzyme-converted a
syrup, containing 33.0 per cent of dextrose, 23.5 per c
of maltose, 6.4 per cent of higher sugars, 18.0 per cent
moisture, 18.3 per cent of dextrins and 0.3 per cent
ash. Samples containing corn syrup developed
colour during storage (11 weeks) than did all suc
samples. The brown discolouration increased dur
storage, as the pre-heating temperature of the milk as w
as the storage temperature was raised from 170 to 200
and 40 to 90°F. respectively. As for the development
discolouration, whole and skim milk behaved similar
There was less physical thickening and less brown d
colouration when the samples were stored at a lower to
perature. Corn syrup lowered the pH of the conden
milks. Flavour changes during storage were least at 40
and greatest at 90°F.
Separate preheating of corn-syrup and milk to 185º
replacement of 50 to 100 per cent of sucrose by corn-sy
and a storage temperature of 60°F. are recommended 1
the use of enzyme-converted corn-syrup in the manufacti
of sweetened condensed milk of the U. S. A. standa
of composition. [C. P. A.]
The synthesis and standardization of sodi
resazurate for testing the hygienic quality
milk W. BAKEB, J. G. DAVIS, W.G. LEEI
P. OXLEY, W. F. SHOAT, R. S TWIGG a
D. W. WATSON. Biochem J., 36 Nos. 1
PROC BISCHEM. SOC. S. PP. i-ii. 1942
Two methods for the synthesis of resazurin are desc
ed; it may be synthesized by allowing nitric acid conts
ing nitrous acid to act upon resorcmol in cold, dil
ethereal solution, or by the oxidation of an equi-molecu
mixture of resorcinol and nitrosoresorcinol, with man