NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
PROTEINS FOR CHICKENS
By A.J. MACDONALD and S. BOSE, Poultry Research Section, Imperial Veterinary
Research Institute, Izatnagar
(Received for publication on 20 June 1944)
IN earlier
experiments, Macdonald
[1943] concluded that meat offal (intes-
tines) can be used as an effective sub-
stitute for milk in the ration of chickens.
As in many parts of the country separat-
ed and other milk products are relatively
expensive, it was decided to carry out a
further comparison in order to test
the relative values of meat offal and sep-
arated milk. As cereal diets without pro-
tein supplements normally result in high
mortality when fed to young chickens, and,
as in previous experiment, a cereal diet
supplemented with salt, green food and
calcium gave comparatively low mortality,
the new experiment was designed to throw
more light on the value of common salt in
the diet of birds fed on low protein diets.
METHODS
Stock. A total of 296 White Leghorn
X Rhode Island Red chickens hatched in
November 1942 were divided into four
comparable groups and fed on the experi-
mental diets for a period of 20 weeks.
Feeding. All the birds were fed on a
basal mash consisting of wheat bran 50
parts, yellow maize meal 30 parts and
ground oats 20 parts. During the first
eight weeks, the birds were fed a grain
ration of equal parts maize, jowar and
cheena. From 8-20 weeks the grain ration
consisted of equal parts yellow maize,
wheat and paddy. The grain was fed at
7 a.m. and 4-30 p.m. throughout the ex-
periment. Broken limestone was supplied
ad libitum and succulent green food (ber-
seem) was fed liberally once daily during
the whole experimental period. The mash
was fed daily in a wet, crumbly state
according to appetite at 9 a.m., 12 noon
and 3 p.m. Group I was fed the basal
ration only. Group II received the same
ration as Group I with the addition of 1 per
cent common salt to the mash. Group III
was fed the basal mash plus 0.5 per cent
salt and the mash made up with separated
milk instead of water. Separated milk
was also given ad libitum during the first
12 weeks, whilst separated milk and water
in separate containers were supplied from
12-20. weeks. Group IV was fed the basal
mash plus 1 per cent common salt and
meat offal (cleaned intestines from the
slaughter house). The amount of meat
offal fed was regulated, so that the pro-
tein content of the ration was approxi-
mately the same as that fed to the birds
receiving separated milk (Group III). The
quantity of meat offal required every day
was cooked for one hour in a small quan-
tity of water and run through a mincing
machine prior to mixing with the mash.
The minced meat offal and the liquid resi-
due after cooking were mixed with the re-
quired daily amounts of mash and equal
quantities were fed at each time of
feeding.
Rate of growth. The chickens were
weighed individually at fortnightly inter-
vals. The average weights of the males
and females from 1-9 weeks and the
females from 11-21 weeks are given in
Table I. The cockerels were removed from
the experiment at the end of the second
period (9 weeks).
28
Proteins for Chickens
29
TABLE I
Average weights in ounces and probable errors
Sex
1 weeks
3 weeks
5 weeks
7 weeks
9 weeks
1 weeks
3 weeks
5 weeks
7 weeks
9 weeks
1 weeks
GROUP I
Male
2.0
+0.06
—
3.1
+0.06
—
4.0
+0.11
—
5.6
+0,11
—
7.4
+0.19
—
Female
1.9
+0.02
—
2.9
+0.08
—
3.4
+0.12
—
4.8
+0.12
—
6.5
+0.15
—
9.3
+0.25
—
12.9
+0.40
17.1
+0.49
22.4
+0.48
—
27.6
+0.51
—
33.1
+0.59
—
GROUP II
Male
2.0
+0.05
—
3.4
+0.09
—
4.3
+0.15
—
5.4
+0.15
—
7.6
+0.27
—
Female
1.9
+0.03
—
3.3
+0.07
—
4.1
+0.08
—
4.8
+ 0.08
—
6.9
+0.16
—
9.9
+ 0.21
—
13.0
+ 0.26
—
17.1
+ 0.40
—
21.4
+ 0.34
—
26.6
+0.50
—
32.7
+0.51
—
GROUP III
Male
2.0
+0.03
—
4.1
+0.19
—
8.6
+0.29
—
13.2
+0.29
—
20.6
+0.19
—
Female
1.9
+0.02
—
3.7
+0.13
—
7.5
+0.20
—
11,2
+0.20
—
17.4
+0.26
—
22.7
+0.31
—
29.0
+0.34
—
34.9
+ 0.68
—
38.6
+0.61
—
43.0
+ 1.00
—
46.8
+0.89
—
GROUP IV
Male
1.9
+0.05
—
4.3
+0.15
—
8.2
+0.20
—
13.2
+0.20
—
17.7
+0.51
—
Female
1.9
+0.03
3.9
+0.19
—
7.2
+ 0.19
—
10.6
+ 0.19
—
14.0
+ 0.30
—
19.0
+ 0.50
—
26.2
+ 0.52
31.9
+ 0.62
—
36.0
+ 0.64
—
41.8
+ 0.75
—
45.5
+ 0.69
—
30
A. J. Macdonald and S. Bose
At 9 weeks the average weights in onces
of the males in Groups I-IV (Table I) were
7.4, 7.6, 20.6 and 17.7 respectively. The
corresponding figures for the females were
6.5, 6.9, 17.4 and 14.0. At 21 weeks the
average weights in ounces of the pullets
in Groups I-IV were 33.1, 32.7, 46.8 and 45.5
respectively. At five weeks and at each
subsequent weighing, the birds in Groups
III and IV were significantly heavier than
those in Groups I and II. At no period
was there any significant difference bet-
ween the average weights of Groups I and
II or between those of Groups III and IV.
Food consumption. Table II gives the
average food consumption in pounds per
bird for each group for each period of
four weeks and the corresponding food
consumption figures in pounds per pound
of live weight gain. For comparative
purposes, the figures for the meat offal
and milk were brought to a dry matter
basis and the resultant figures added to
the mash and grain consumptions.
TABLE II
Food consumption
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Period
1.5 weeks ..
5.9 weeks ..
9.13 weeks ..
13.17 weeks ..
17.21 weeks ..
AY. FOOD CONSUMPTION PER BIRDE (lb.)
Group I
1.14
1.40
2.28
4.71
6.60
Group II
1.13
1.38
2.08
4.31
5.76
Group III
1.57
2.73
4.71
5.54
6.56
Group IV
1.42
2.45
4.45
5.33
6.65
FOOD CONSUMPTION IN lb. PER lb. LIVE
WEIGHT GAIN
Group I
9.11
6.33
6.67
9.24
11.09
Group II
7.95
7.15
5.66
8.47
10.30
Group III
4.15
4.06
6.68
8.79
12.44
Group I
3.96
4.75
6.16
8.31
11.83
During the first two periods the average
food consumption per bird was very
similar in Groups I and II but in periods
3-5 the birds in Group I consumed some-
what more food than those in Group II.
During periods 1-4, the birds in Groups
III and IV consumed considerably more
food than those in Groups I and II.
During period 5, the average food con-
sumptions were very similar for Groups
I, III and IV and higher than those for
Group II. During the first two periods
Groups III and IV made very much better
utilization of the food consumed than
Groups I and II. During the subsequent
three periods, the efficiency of food utiliz
ation in all the four groups was fairly
comparable.
Protein consumption. Table III gives a
summary of the average protein percent
ages in the foods consumed by each group
for each of the five periods.
36
Sanitizing Dairy Utensils
TABLE I
PARTICULARS
Total bacterial Counts
Maximum ..
Minimum ..
Average ..
No. of trials.
100 and below bacteria ..
101-
200
„
201-
300 „
301-
500
„
501- 1,000
„
1,000- 2,000 „
2,001- 4,000 „
4,001- 6,000
„
6,001- 10,000
„
10,001- 20,000
„
20,001- 50,000
„
50,000- 100,000
„
Above- 100,000
„
Presumptive Coliform
Test
Positive .. ..
EXPERIMENTS WITH 1 lb.
BOTTLES
Wa s hi ng Soda
190
0
95
16
14
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
Be nt oni t
e
190
0
85
19
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
ndi ge nous
Me th
o d
2000
130
504
0
6
11
5
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
Cont r
ol
50000
2000
9410
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
21
1
0
4
0
0
30
EXPERIMENTS WITH 2 lb.
BOTTLES
Wa s hi ng Soda
280
150
226
0
6
17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Be nt oni t
e
280
150
230
0
6
17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
ndi ge nous
Method
4700
1100
3034
0
0
0
0
0
3
19
1
0
0
0
0
0
11
Cont r ol
75000
5300
18069
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
6
11
0
3
0
23
EXPERIMENTS WITH 1½ GALLON CANS
Washing
soda
B.T.
cans
2000
300
1094
0
0
1
2
3
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
B.U.T.
cans
1900
300
1161
0
0
3
1
3
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bentonite
B.T.
cans
2000
200
1138
0
1
2
2
3
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
B.U.T,
cans
2000
100
1166
0
0
1
3
2
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Indigenous
method
B.T.
cans
9800
900
366
0
0
0
0
1
3
5
3
6
0
0
0
0
8
B.U.T.
cans
14000
700
6083
0
0
0
0
1
2
2
7
4
2
0
0
0
11
Control
B.T.
cans
300000
6200
130122
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
5
1
10
18
B.U.T.
cans
380000
21000
155472
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
12
18
B.T. = Brass tinned
B.U.T. =Brass untinned
No. of trials with 1 lb. bottles
„
„
2 lb.
„
„ „B.T.
cans
„ „B.U.T.
cans
.. 30
.. 23
.. 18
.. 18
38
Sex Recognition in Indian Carp
Mattic, A. T. R. and Hoy, W. A. (1937). Bottle Washing
and Bottle Washing Machines; National Institute
for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, Nr. Reading
(England).
Prucha, M. J. and Harding, H. A. (1924). Bull Ill.
Agric Exp. Esta., 234.
Passon, R. J. (1926). U. S. D. A., Frs.' Bull. U. S. Dep.
Agric., 1473
Provan, A. L. and Treble, A. R. (1941). Dairy Indust.,
6, 5.
Rowlands (1941). Conference of Dairy Bacteriologist
Dairy Indust., (1941). 6, 5
Rogers, L. A., and Evans, F. R. (1936). J. Dairy Sci. 1 st
733
Theophilus, D. R. and Atkeson, F. W. (1931). Bull. Idah
Agric. Exp. Sta., 183
Verma, H. C., Paul, D. L. and Kothavalla, Zal R. (1941)
Indian J. Vet. Sci. and Anim. Husb., 11, 33
Yale, M. W. (1935). N. Y. Am. Creamery and Poult
Produ. Rev., 80, 317
SEX RECOGNITION IN INDIAN CARP LABEO ROHITA (HAMILTON)
AND CIRRHINA MRIGALA (HAMILTON)
By HAMID KHAN M. Sc, LL.B., (PUNJAB), Ph. D., (Cantab), F. A. Sc., Warden,
of fisheries. Punjab and AMJUD HUSSAIN, B.Sc. (HONS.)
Assistant Warden of fisheries
(Received for publicatio on 7 February 1944)
IN order to determine sex from the ex-
ternal features of Indian carp, Mookerjee
[1938] made a study of 100 specimens of
Labeo rohita and 36 specimens of Cirrhina
mrigala from local markets in Calcutta
and obtained the following results:
Labeo rohita
(1) the pectoral fin is either greater
than or equal to the anal fin in
the male,
(2) the pectoral fin is less than the
anal fin in female,
(3) the area around the anal opening
of breeding individuals appear
reddish and swollen in the female
but not in the male.
Cirrhina mrigala:
(1) the pectoral fin is greater than
the anal one in the male,
(2) the pectoral fin is equal to the
anal one in the female.
These tests when used as a means of
differentiating the sexually mature male
and the female of these two species in the
Punjab gave somewhat different result
from those obtained by Mookerjee.
Ninety-six Labeo rohita and 110 Cirrhina
mrigala were studied at Chhenawan and
Lyallpur fish farms. Their sexes and
weights were noted and measurements in
mm. of their total length and length of the
head and of all the fins and girth were re
corded. The length of the fin was measu
red from the commencement of its base
to its farthest point along its longest ray
(i) Pectoral and anal fins. In Labeo
rohita, out of 96 specimens studied, 39
were males and 57 females. In all the
males the pectoral fins were greater that
the anal. Among the females, 11 speci
mens had their pectoral fins shorter that
the anal, in 5 they were equal to the anal
and in 41 greater than the anal. In 2
of these 41 specimens, the difference be
tween the lengths of the pectoral and ana
fins was 5 mm. or more, and the measure
ments of these specimens are given in
Table I (iii) (Females).
HAMID KHAN AND AMJUD HUSSAIN 39
TABLE I
Comparison of pectoral and anal fins in male and female Labeo rohita (Hamilton)
Male
Length
of
body
mm.
Length
of
head
mm.
Length
of
pectorals
mm.
Length
of
anals
mm.
Weight
srs. ch.
(i) Pectoral fins greater than anal fins
250
259
306
312
320
320
325
325
327
330
335
336
375
398
580
585
587
592
592
597
602
610
614
620
624
55
54
56
71
72
66
65
70
70
68
77
65
78
86
100
110
107
110
105
115
115
115
110
116
116
41
42
58
63
62
59
65
63
56
65
77
61
76
82
95
110
99
110
101
105
101
103
110
113
104
36
35
46
44
48
44
48
47
50
53
56
55
59
64
86
85
88
90
89
94
95
94
91
100
94
0— 4
0— 4
0— 5
0— 8
0— 6
0— 8
0— 6
0— 6
0— 7
0— 7
0—10
0— 7
0— 8
0—13
2—12
2—8
2—8
2—11
2 — 8
2—10
22— 1
2— 8
3— 0
3— 2
3— 2
Female
Length
of
body
mm.
Length
of
head
mm.
Length
of
pectorals
mm.
Length
of
anals
mm.
Weight
srs. ch.
(i) Pectoral fins less than anal fins
305
610
620
625
655
665
685
693
720
780
781
72
110
120
110
123
120
120
122
125
135
135
45
94
95
89
96
101
91
103
110
105
109
48
95
100
90
99
102
98
104
112
115
111
0— 5
2—12
3— 0
3— 2
3—12
4— 0
4—12
4—12
6—13
7— 8
6— 4
(ii) Pectoral fins equal to anal fins
328
337
554
625
654
69
75
95
115
114
52
57
86
92
106
52
57
86
92
106
0— 1
0— 8
1—13
3— 2
3— 9
(iii) Pectoral fins greater than anal fins
300
312
318
324
345
460
470
65
61
74
56
71
100
96
50
50
55
49
60
80
87
44
43
50
42
55
67
81
0— 5
0— 6
0— 7
0— 8
1— 8
1— 6
0— 5
40
Sex Recognition in Indian Carp
TABLE I (contd.)
Male
Lengtd
of
body
mm.
Length
of
head
mm.
Length
of
pectorals
mm.
Length
of
anals
mm.
Weight
Srs. Oh.
Female
Length
of
body
mm.
Length
of
head
mm.
Length
of
pectorals
mm.
Length
of
anals
mm.
Weight
sr. ch.
(iii) Pectrol fins greater than anal fins (contd.)
625
630
640
640
656
656
700
706
733
737
114
108
123
120
115
125
130
130
139
130
105
103
115
109
110
105
125
128
106
130
85
86
102
95
101
98
105
101
105
115
3— 2
3— 6
3— 4
3— 2
3— 8
4— 0
4— 0
4— 5
5— 2
5— 0
511
605
614
616
622
644
644
645
646
655
655
665
666
672
672
700
750
111
105
120
110
119
130
125
124
120
120
115
125
115
130
124
128
140
89
92
98
101
105
102
102
99
105
102
109
100
107
102
100
118
103
80
83
92
92
95
96
92
94
96
95
92
90
96
94
93
102
98
1—15
3— 5
3— 3
3— 3
— 4
4— 6
3— 8
3—12
3—10
4— 5
4— 6
4—11
4— 4
4— 8
4— 7
5— 4
6— 3
In Cirrhina mrigala of 110 specimens
studied, 33 were males and 77 were
females. In all the males, the pectoral fins
were greater than the anal. In the
females, only three specimens had their
pectoral fins less than the anals; in two,
they were equal, while in 72 the pectorals
were greater than the anals, In 46 out of
these 72 specimens, the difference between
the lengths of the pectoral and anal fin
ranged from 1 mm. to 9 mm. while in 2
the difference was 10 mm. to 23 mm. anal
the measurements of these specimens is
which the pectorals were decidedly greater
than the anal are given in Table II (iii)
(Females).
HAMID KHAN AND AMJUD HUSSAIN 41
TABLE II
Comparison of pectoral and anal fins in male
Cirrhina mrigala (Hamilton)
Male
Length
of
body
mm.
Length
of
head
mm.
Length
of
pectorals
mm.
Length
of
anals
mm.
srs. chk.
ectoral
fins
greater
than
anal
fins
225
269
271
278
280
295
309
364
373
380
391
406
407
505
574
613
619
620
633
635
640
640
648
650
655
655
656
668
693
694
700
714
42
49
46
49
52
51
67
61
63
65
69
75
70
90
95
103
105
105
110
105
105
110
105
110
115
113
110
110
110
115
110
120
41
55
55
51
50
52
73
70
73
60
73
78
72
82
96
100
95
100
110
94
93
91
101
110
99
99
121
105
130
116
100
108
33
39
54
44
39
43
56
53
55
55
64
68
57
63
74
75
91
79
85
83
80
89
82
80
80
89
92
80
84
82
80
83
0— 2
0—2½
0— 2
0— 2
0— 3
0— 3
0— 7
0— 6
0— 6
0—10
0— 8
0—10
0— 8
1— 6
1— 9
2— 4
2— 4
2— 4
2— 8
2—10
2— 9
2—10
2—12
3— 1
3— 2
2—13
2— 6
2—12
2—13
3— 1
3— 6
3— 8
Female
Length
of
body
mm.
Length
of
head
mm.
Length
of
pectorals
mm.
Length
of
anals
mm.
Weight
srs. chk.
(i) Pectoral
fins
less
than
anal
fins
645
670
680
109
112
110
74
89
80
83
90
87
2—13
3— 0
3— 0
(ii) Pectoral
fins
equal
to the
anal fi sn
423
649
76
110
65
85
65
85
0—10
2—10
(iii) Pectoral
fins
greater
than
anal
fins
290
371
570
608
622
625
635
642
645
655
664
669
670
688
696
700
702
712
718
722
724
725
727
735
742
764
52
71
93
101
101
105
104
113
107
100
105
115
110
115
110
125
125
105
120
130
125
125
130
130
131
130
46
63
88
88
80
95
100
97
101
95
90
100
97
107
94
105
102
112
109
107
103
109
105
98
95
100
35
53
78
65
69
84
84
87
82
81
78
90
80
97
80
92
92
99
97
90
85
90
93
86
81
86
0— 4
0— 7
1—14
2— 6
2— 4
2— 8
2— 8
2—14
2— 8
2—10
2—14
3— 0
3— 0
3— 5
3— 3
4— 0
3— 8
3— 8
3—14
3— 8
3—10
4— 8
4— 5
3—10
4— 1
4—12
42
Sex Recognition in Indian Carp
(ii) Pectoral fins in male and female
fish: During the study it was observed
that for same length of fish in Labeo
rohita the pectoral fins of the male are
better developed than those in the female.
Similarly Cirrhina mrigala, with one or
two exceptions, the same rule applied
(Table III). Such special development of
pectoral fins in the males of Crypinidae
has been attributed by some write
[Cunningham, 1900] to special exertio
of the organs during the breeding season
In the Indian carp, too, during breeding
season the male is always far more active
than the female which, due to heaving
ladden ovaries, is always sluggish in
movements on such occasions.
TABLE III
Comparison of pectoral fins of male and female of Labeo rohita (Hamilton)
and of Cirrhina mrigala (Hamilton) for same length of fish
Lobe orohita
Male
Length
of
body
mm.
306
312
320
325
327
336
610
614
620
625
640
654
655
700
Lengte
of
pectorals
mm.
58
63
62
59
65
63
59
61
103
110
113
105
115
109
122
118
121
110
125
Female
Length
of
body
mm.
305
312
320
324
327
336
610
614
620
625
640
654
655
Length
of
pectorals
mm.
45
50
54
49
54
59
409
98
95
89
99
86
96
109
102
118
Cirrhina mrigala
Male
Length
of
body
mm.
271
278
280
373
620
633
635
648
650
655
668
694
700
Length
of
pectorals
mm.
55
51
50
73
100
110
94
101
110
99
105
116
100
Female
Length
of
body
mm.
270
278
279
374
622
632
635
646
650
655
669
695
700
Length
of
pectorals
mm.
4
4
4
6
8
9
10
8
8
8
10
9
10
V. R. RAJAGOPALAN AND M.
ISRAIL
45
ferment mannitol, lactose, trehalose and
orbitol. Type 2 ferment lactose and
orbitol; type 3 only sorbitol but not
actose; and type 4 are trehalose fermen-
ers. Type 4 can also be differentiated
rom types 1, 2 and 3 by the ability of the
ormer to reduce methylene blue and to
ow in the presence of bile salts. Dif-
erences in colony structure [Bazeley and
Sattle, 1940] also proved helpful. Colonies
of type 1 strains (Str. equi) were most
distinctive, surface colonies having a zone
of clear haemolysis with a very narrow
eripheral zone of partial haemolysis.
Colonies were mucoid, transparent and
homogeneous, drawing to a thread when
touched by a loop. Adjacent colonies had
a tendency to coalesce. The haemolytic-
zone in this type was biggest in relation
to the size of the colony. Differences
between colonies of types 1, 2 and 4 were!
not sufficiently distinctive to enable one to
place them definitely in their respective
types without reference to biochemical
tests. As a rule, colonies of streptococci
of types 2 and 3 had a larger haemolytic
zone than those of type 4. Type 4 colonies
were granular and opaque, had a central
opaque nucleus and portions of the colony
were buried in the medium. Type 3 colo-
nies were relatively transparent, as also
were the margins of those of type 2.
TABLE I
Streptococci from strangles in India
St r ai n
1
2
3-4
5
6
7-9
10—11
12
13—15
16
17—22
23—25
26—29
30
31
32—36
37
38
39
Biochemical type
1
2
3
4
2*
1*
Disease
Resp. catarrh ..
Fresh sabmax. abscess ..
Open snbmax. abscess ..
Rep. catarrh ..
Sinusitis ..
Fresh? Submax. abscess . .
Orchitis ..
Resp. catarrh ..
Fresh sub-max. abscess
..
Resp. catarrh ..
Fresh? submax. abscess . .
Strangles-Respiratory sym-
ptoms only-Nasal swabs-
same outbreak as Nos. 26
to 28
Fresh submax. abscess ..
Fresh submax. abscess ..
„ „ „ ..
Fresh submax. abscess ..
Fresh submax. abscess ..
Kidney abscess ..
Hock joint ..
Reaction in
Mannitol
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+
+
+
—
+
—
Saliern
+
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
—
Lact os e
—
—
+
+
+
+
+
—
—
—
—
—
—
+
—
—
+
—
—
Tr e ha l
os e
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
—
+
—
Sorbitol
—
—
+ +
+
+
+
+
—
—
—
—
—
+
+
—
+
—
Sod hippurate
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Final pH
—
4-8
4.8
4.8
5.4
(1) 4.8,
(2) 4.6
4.6
4.5
(1) 4.6,
(2) 5.0
4.8
(1) 4.7,
4.8
(1) 4.8,
(3) 5.0
4.0
4.0
(2) 4.0,
(3) 4.2
4.2
4.0
5.0
Me t
hyl e ne blue
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
—
+
+
Growth in
presence of
bile
salts
10%
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
40 %
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+
—
+
—
Strains 1 to 6 and 12 to 16 are of Australion origin and were received from Mr Bazeley.
Variants of type 2 or type 1 strains, as indicated.
A.
MUKERJI
51
aemorrhages and the cerebrospinal fluid
both in the meningeal spaces and the
ventricles of the brain appeared to be
clear and increased in amount. The gas-
tro-intestinal tract showed inflammatory
changes. Microscopical examination of
mears from different organs of the body
yielded negative result, and an attempt at
cultivating bacteria from the brain proved
futile. Smears from hippocampus was
examined and found to be negative for
Negri bodies. Pieces of brain and spinal
cord fixed in 75 per cent alcohol were sent
to the Imperial Veterinary Research
Institute, Izatnagar, for histo-patho-
logical examination and the following re-
port was received: "The specimen from
the cow revealed extensive degeneration
of the nerve cells and very marked peri-
vascular cuffing on microscopical ex-
amination. These changes are indicative
of encephalomyelitis'.
The above findings confirmed the result
of the following transmission experiments
conducted in the College Laboratory.
TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS
Small pieces from representative areas
of brain and spinal cord were triturated
in normal saline solution with aseptic
precautions and an uniform emulsion thus
prepared consitituted the inoculum for the
following transmission experiments.
G. P. 1. Inoculated subdurally with
0.1 c.c. inoculum obtained from the cow,
developed paralytic symptoms on the 17th
day, died on the 18th day, period of
incubation 17 days; P.M.—Encephal-
omyelitis.
G. P. 2. Serially inoculated subdurally
with 0.1 c.c. saline emulsion obtained
from G. P. 1; paralysis on the 15th day,
died on the 16th day, period of incubation
15 days, P.M.—Encephalomyelitis.
Bull-calf 1. Intranasal instillation with
saline emulsion of brain and spinal cord
of G. P. 1, developed inco-ordination on
the 22nd day followed by progressive
paralysis and death on the 25th day,
period of incubation—22 days, P. M.—
Encephalomyelitis.
G. P. s 3 and 4. Inoculated subdurally
with 0.1 c.c. saline emulsion of brain
and spinal cord of bull-calf 1, developed
paralysis on the 19th day, died on the
21st day, period of incubaton—19 days,
P. M.—Encephalomyelitis.
Note: Attempts at cultivating bacteria
from the central nervous system of the
test animals proved negative.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author is highly indebted to the
Principal, Mr A. Latiff, B. H. V. S., for
the facilities afforded for this special
work in the College Laboratory.
REFERENCES
Nicolau, S. and Galloway, I. A. (1928). Spec Rep.
med. Res. Coun. Lond. 121
McNutt, S. H. (1940). Vet. Med. 35, 228-230
McNutt, S. H. (1942). N. Amer. Vet. 28, 242-246
Hassan, S. R. and Idnani, J. A. (1943). Indian J. vet,
Sci. 13, 59-64
Indian J. vet. Sci., Vol. XV, Part I]
PLATE
II
FIG. 1. Section of liver of the pup showing
necrosis and fatty degeneration. Hae-
matoxylin and cosin stain. (×1000 approx.)
FIG. 2. Section of liver of an infected guinea-
pig showing a very heavy infection.
Note that the Leptospirae are arranged
at the periphery of the liver cells.
Levaditi's stain. (×1000 approx.)
PLATE III
[Indian J. vet. Sci, Vol. XV, Part I
FIG. 1. Pyloric end of abomasum and the duo-
denum showing inflammation, thicken-
ing and oedema and studded with im-
mature forms
FIG. 2. Section of duodenum showing a longitu-
dinal section of immature amphistomes
under the submucosa