BALWANT SINGH 109
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THE BLOOD-GROUP IDENTIFICATIONS OF VARIOUS INDIAN BREEDS
OF CATTLE IN INDIA
By BALWANT SINGH, G. P. V. C., Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar
(Received for publication on 4 December 1943)
(With Plate IV and two text-figures)
SINCE the inception of organized thought, it
has been known that no two individuals are alike;
hence have originated the systems of classification
based on these differences. Morphological charac-
teristics have formed the basis for classification
into groups of similar animals or species, and in
each species the differences of lesser degree, such
as body contour and other qualities, have brought
further subdivisions into breeds. The problem
of the identification of various breeds of Indian
cattle has recently been receiving much attention
[Olver, 1938; Ware, 1939, 1941]. Ware recog-
nizes 28 breeds of Indian cattle belonging to five
main groups. This classification, as with other
animals, has been carried out on the basis of mor-
phological characteristics alone. The work detail-
ed in this and a previous article [Singh, 1942]
represents an attempt to approach the problem
from another angle and to supplement the
morphological findings by serological features with
the special object of elucidating the origin and
evolutionary relationship of the breeds.
The group classification of Indian cattle has
been provisionally fixed after Little [1929] on
an international basis with certain modifications,
as follows:
Group 1 (International O). Serum agglutinative,
cells not agglutinable ; that is, cells with O isogen
and ab isonin.
Group 2 (International A and B mixed).
Serum agglutinative, cells agglutinable; that is
cells with A isogen and B isonin or cells with B
sogen and A isonin.
Group 3 (International AB). Serum not
agglutinative, cells agglutinable ; that is cells
with isogen O or AB and serum without isouins.
Group 4 (Negative or N). Serum not agglu-
tinative, cells not agglutinable. (In this group
are included all cattle that have shown no reaction
with the present method of testing.)
In the previous article [Singh, 1942] some
account was given of attempts that have been
made to define the blood-groups of domesticated
animals. In this paper a few examples are given
to show how by blood-grouping the origin of cer-
tain races of mankind may be discovered.
Parr [1929] provides data by which Armenians,
Arabic Muslims and Arabic Christians can be
assigned their racial indices. Goodner [1930]
in tests on 223 pure Mayas and 202 Mayas with
mixed Spanish blood in Mexico found practically
all of the former to belong to group O, and in this
way was able to differentiate pure Mayas from
those of mixed blood. Shanklin [1935] found
Rwala Arabs to have a high percentage of group
O, and on this account he suggests that these
Arabs are related to American Indians, who have
a similar blood-grouping. Postmus [1934] found
that type N was more frequent among the indi-
genous people in Netherland Indies than among
Europeans. Edward et al. [1941] studied the
racial distribution of blood-groups among Papags
Indians in Anzona (U.S.A.). Out of 600 individuals
examined, 93.8 per cent were of group O while
only 6.17 per cent were of group A and groups
AB and B were absent. The authors conclude
that a high incidence of group O and the absence
of groups AB and B suggest racial purity Elsdon-
B 2