NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
216
Calcium and Phosphorus in Milk and Feeds
TABLE XI—contd.
Total intake of CaO and P 2 O 5 in feeds and the percentage excreted in milk— contd.
Names of cows
High milkers
1. Felbir .
.
.
.
2. Narajkhati . . .
3. Nashurki . . .
4. Tashkam . . .
5. Enarji . . .
6. Sakila .
.
.
.
7. Lanchasari . . .
8. Lakhroochi . . .
9. Narbila . . .
10. Rajkhati . . .
11. Lakholmi . . .
12. Rajsam . . .
Low milkers . . .
13. Rajeuri . . .
14. Rajrama . . .
15. Choreng . . .
16. Rajudhina . . .
17. Rajlari . . .
18. Sarajan . . .
19. Lakhrajan . . .
20. Tambutia . . .
21. Lerong . . .
22. Lakrami . . .
23. Taroochi . . .
24. Folgai . . .
11th to 14th August
Intake
of
CaO
in
feed
103.9
105.63
108.1
108.36
109.83
108.1
106.49
105.63
108.96
108.96
108.1
106.36
99.68
100.45
99.68
96.13
96.99
102.27
102.17
98.72
98.72
99.68
103.9
103.9
Average
percent-
age of
CaO
excret-
ed in
milk
from
the
total
intake
20.75
22.45
12.2
18.1
23.11
17.1
16.75
18.42
25.78
25.67
24.66
21.24
9.47
11.24
11.83
7.07
5.0
9.68
17.48
9.29
10.84
8.6
16.67
17.34
Intake
of
P2O5
in
feed
68.63
75.18
83.52
81.72
90.07
83.52
78.45
75.10
86.8
86.8
83.53
81.72
52.28
55.55
52.28
89.2
42.47
62.09
62.09
49.01
49.01
52.28
68.63
68.63
Average
percent-
age of
P2O5
excret-
ed in
milk
from
the
total
intake
43.4
41.9
22.15
30.9
43.45
28.86
34.34
34.68
39.47
34.72
36.11
35.4
23.26
29.26
32.23
24.21
16.47
21.57
37.04
23.44
31.12
22.32
34.37
36.12
15th to 20th August
Intake
of
CaO
in
feed
103.22
104.95
107.42
106.58
109.15
107.42
105.81
104.95
108.28
108.28
107.42
106.58
98.9
99.77
98.9
95.45
96.31
100.5
101.49
98.04
98.04
98.9
103.22
103.22
Average
percent-
age of
CaO
excret-
ed in
milk
from
the
total
intake
22.1
25.9
18.9
18.58
21.73
17.8
19.19
19.27
25.47
23.14
23.58
18.73
8.2
10.02
11.57
6.53
5.24
9.5
16.24
9.41
10.25
7.76
16.68
16.26
Intake
of
P2O5
In
feed
67.27
73.82
82.10
80.35
88.7
82.16
77.08
73.82
85.43
85.43
82.16
80.35
50.91
54.18
50.9
37.83
41.1
60.73
60.73
47.64
47.64
60.91
67.27
67.27
Average
percent-
age of
P2O5
excret-
ed in
milk
from
the
total
intake
42.9
45.0
34.34
31.9
47.1
29.5
37.89
34.65
38.67
30.68
35.24
31.73
20.05
26.91
31.65
23.33
17.22
21.04
35.55
24.95
30.26
20.57
34.69
34.04
21st to 22nd
Intake
of
CaO
in
feed
104.23
105.48
107.6
106.86
108.48
107.6
105.98
105.11
108.48
108.48
107.6
106.86
98.1
98.97
98.9
95.47
95.47
100.73
101.6
93.1
98.1
98.1
103.35
102.48
Average
percent-
age of
CaO
excret-
ed in
milk
from
the
total
intake
21.7
24.15
19.5
18.2
21.97
15.2
19.3
18.0
24.78
24.12
23.36
17.06
8.45
9.47
10.01
6.34
3.97
8.48
16.0
7.87
10.1
6.35
17.0
16.6
Intake
of
P2O5
in
food
88.77
98.35
104.94
103.14
109.73
104.94
98.35
93.56
109.73
109.73
104.94
103.14
55.24
60.03
60.03
40.87
40.87
69.61
74.4
55.24
55.24
55.24
83.88
79.19
Average.
percent
age of
P2O5
excret-
ed in
milk
from
the
total
intake
30.5
30.6
27.53
23.7
33.33
19.0
30.36
26.37
20.00
25.71
26.03
22.17
20.06
21.8
23.32
21.73
13.5
16.7
29.9
18.0
25.05
15.34
28.2
28.88
The Italic sized figures show negative balances.
S. V. DESAI AND M. L.
MATHUR
217
FIG. 11. Sarajan—second calver and low yielder; milk yield, etc. in the second 100 days of lactation
218
Calcium and Phosphorus in Milk and Feeds
FIG. 12. Choreng—adult and low yielder; milk yield, etc. in the third 100 days of lactation
Indian J. vet. Sci., Vol. 15, Part III]
PLATE
XII
FIG. 1. Olveria indica, general anatomy.
Ventral view.
FIG. 2. Eggs
FIG. 3. Microphotograph of the excretory system.
PLATE XIII
[Indian J. vet. Sci., Vol. 15, Part III
FIG. 1. Micro photograph of a portion of a longitudinal vertical section showing
the Laurers canal (l.c.) and the excretory duct (ex.d.)
FIG. 2. The lymphatic system and ampullae (vitellaria and
uterus omitted)—a recostruction.
224
Nature and Incidence of Helminth Infection in Cattle
TABLE III
Relative degree of infection by Various parasites—Host : Goat
Host: Croat
Parasite
Trematodes
Cotylophoron cotylophorum . . .
C. ovatum
.
.
.
.
.
Gastrothylax crumenifer . . .
Paramphistomum cervi . . .
Fasciola gigentica .
.
.
.
Fasciola hepatica .
.
.
.
Schistosoma spindalis .
.
.
.
S. indicum
.
.
.
.
.
S.
bovis
.
.
.
.
.
S. hacmatobium
.
.
.
.
Cestodes
Cysticercus ovis .
.
.
.
.
Stilasia vittata .
.
.
.
S. globipunctuta .
.
.
.
S. hepatica
.
.
.
.
.
A riteling lahorcu .
.
.
.
A.centripunctata . . . .
A. woodlandi .
.
.
.
.
A. sudanca .
.
.
.
.
A.
goughi
.
.
.
.
.
Moniczia expansa .
.
.
.
M. benedini
.
.
.
.
.
Echinococcus granulosus . . .
Cysticercus tenuicollis . . .
Cysticercus cellule sae . . .
Nematodes
Trichocephalus ovis .
.
.
.
Haemonchus contortus . . .
Bunostomum trigonocephalum . .
Oesophagostomum columbiamum .
Oe. radiatum
.
.
.
.
.
Bunostomum phlebetomum . .
Gaigeria pachycelis .
.
.
.
Gongylonema pulchrum . . .
G. verrucosum
.
.
.
.
Cooperia, curticei
.
.
. .
Ostertagia ostertugi .
.
.
.
O. circumcinetata . . . .
Trichostongylus colubriformis . .
Strongyloides papillosum . . .
Oesophagostomum venulosum . .
Nagpur
No. of animals
examined.
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
Percentage of Infected
animals
43
9
16
5
17
8
8
8
4
2
37
28
15
14
11
12
2
10
2
5
3
4
2
45
57
45
32
19
18
22
5
7
11
6
1
4
2
5
Degree of
Infection
Minimum
3
2
2
5
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
3
3
2
3
4
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
4
2
5
4
1
2
3
6
8
8
2
3
Maximum
2025
67
320
40
40
33
50
12
33
5
620
112
450
86
50
68
11
50
5
9
4
17
3
40
600
105
200
100
68
80
18
15
40
150
8
200
76
120
Average
146
16
56
34
6
14
10
5
11
5
3
35
49
23
14
11
7
11
3.5
6
3
6
2
13
45
22
28
24
19
15
10
4
3
18
8
61
39
21
Jubbulpore
No. of animals
examined
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Percentage of Infected
animals
33
46
16
16
16
16
66
16
16
16
16
16
100
100
33
33
16
33
16
33
16
Degree of
Infection
Minimum
2
..
..
..
..
..
3
..
..
..
..
..
4
2
2
8
..
3
..
3
..
Maximum
3
..
..
..
..
..
42
..
..
..
..
..
111
26
3
43
..
4
..
7
..
Average
3
1
1
1
1
1
39
48
77
2
3
3
47
15
3
10
2
3
2
5
4
Amraoti
No. of animals
examined
3
3
3
3
3
3
3.66
Percentage of Infected
animals
66
100
66
100
66
66
56
Degree or
Infection
Minimum
2
2
2
40
20
20
14
Maximum
3
3
3
70
25
30
14
Average
2.5
2.6
2.5
57
22.5
25
14
Mhow and Indore
No.
of animals
examined
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
Percentage of Infected
animals
16
24
16
16
8
32
8
81
73
24
8
8
Degree of
Infection
Minimum
2
2
3
2
90
1
1
1
4
4
1
700
Maximum
7
90
12
9
90
3
1
3
400
9
1
700
Average
32
8
6
90
2
1
38
63
7
1
700
M. A.
MOGHE
225
TABLE IV
Relative degree of infection by various parasites—Host: Sheep
Host: Sheep
Parasite
Trematodes
Cotylophoron cotylophorum
. . .
C. oratum
.
.
.
. .
Gastrothylax crumenifer . . .
Paramphistomum cervi . . .
Fasciola gigantica . . . .
F.
hepatica
.
.
.
. .
Schistosoma spindalis . . .
S. indicum
.
.
.
. .
S. bovis . . . . .
S. haematobium . . . .
Cestodes
Cysticercus ovis . . . . .
Stilesia vittata . . . .
S. glabipunctata . . . .
S. hepatica . . . . .
Aritellina lahorcy . . . .
A.centripunctata . . . .
A. woodlandi . . . . .
A.sudancu . . . . .
A. goughi . . . . .
Moniezm expansa . . . .
M. benedini
. . . . .
Echinococeus granulosus . . .
Cysticercus tenuicullis . . . .
Nemulodes
Trichucepludus ovis . . . .
Haemonchus contortus . . .
oesotomum trigonocephalum . .
Oesophagostomum columbiamum .
Oe. radiatum . . . . .
Bunostomum
phlebetomum . .
Gogeria pachycelis . . . .
Gongylonema pulchrum . . .
G. verrucosum . . . .
Setaria digitata . . . .
Cooperia curticei . . . .
Ostertagia osterlayi . . . .
Trichostongylus colubriformis . .
Strongyloides papillosum
. . .
Ocsophagostomum venulosum . .
Nagpur
No. of animals
examined
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
Per cent age of Infected
animals
51
2
20
3
3
21
6
19
5
3
34
19
17
22
9
7
2
5
2
3
2
7
3
75
74
32
33
38
11
10
4
3
5
1
5
6
Degree of
Infection
Minimum
3
3
3
12
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
8
3
13
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
3
3
2
9
3
62
15
12
Maximum
984
5
696
12
19
12
45
24
7
4
7
2000
400
105
210
20
50
8
15
6
20
6
3
45
500
150
90
258
80
15
6
7
25
62
270
47
Average
96
4
91
4
8
4
9
5
5
3
3
26
49
34
12
13
29
4
14
5
12
2
2
8
55
28
21
37
19
9
4
10
8
62
87
24
Jubbulpore
No. of animals
examined
8
8
8
5
5
8
5
5
5
5
5
5
8
5
5
8
8
8
5
5
5
8
8
5
8
5
5
5
5
5
Percentage of Infected
animals
50
38
13
20
20
25
40
20
20
60
20
20
25
20
20
13
13
13
100
100
40
50
25
20
13
20
40
20
20
40
Degree of
Infection
Minimum
50
40
..
..
4
1
..
...
2
..
..
3
..
..
..
..
..
2
28
4
7
10
..
2
..
..
7
Maximum
400
260
..
..
10
3
..
..
32
..
..
16
..
..
..
..
..
23
270
8
60
18
..
9
..
..
18
Average
229
170
60
3
2
10
2
2
2
21
29
112
10
7
5
4
2
2
13
150
6
24
14
4
4
3
5
9
3 1
12
Amraoti
No. of animals
examined
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Percentage of Infected
animals
25
75
25
25
75
75
75
25
Degree of
Infection
Minimum
..
2
..
..
1
40
10
150
Maximum
..
13
..
..
9
100
80
150
Average
1
8
4
2
3
67
34
150
Mhow and Indore
No. of animals
examined.
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
Percentage of infected
animals
16
16
8
24
8
8
16
89
73
57
16
8
16
24
Degree of
Infection
Minimum
2
1
..
2
..
..
2
1
1
2
3
..
20
4
Maximum
4
1
..
8
..
..
4
35
200
25
8
..
25
11
Average
32
1
8
5
3
8
3
8
42
14
6
2
22
7
226
Nature and Incidence of Helminth Infection in Cattle
TABLE V
Relative degree of infection by various parasites—Host: Cattle
Host: Cattle
Parasites
Trematodes
Cotylophoron cotylophorum
. . .
Gasteothylax crumenifer . . .
Paramphistomum
cervi . . .
Fasciola
gigantica
.
.
.
.
Fasciola hepatica
.
.
.
.
Schistosoma spindalis .
.
.
.
Schistosoma indicum
.
.
.
.
Schistosoma bovis
.
.
.
.
Schistosoma hœmatobium . . .
Fischœderius clongatus . . .
Cestoda
cysticercus ovis .
.
.
.
.
Stilesia vittata
.
.
.
.
.
Moniezia expansa
.
.
.
.
M. benedini
.
.
.
.
.
Echinococeus granulosus . . .
Cysticercus bovis . . . .
Cysticercus tenuicollis .
.
.
.
Nematodes
Trichoccphalus
ovis
.
.
.
.
Hœmonchus controlus .
.
.
.
Oesophagostomum
columbianam . .
Oc. radiatum . . . .
Gongylonema pulchrum . . .
G. verrucosum
.
.
.
.
.
Setaria digitata .
.
.
.
.
S. labiato-papillosa . . . .
Hœmonchus similis
.
.
.
.
Bunostomum
bovis
.
.
.
.
Mecistocirrus digitalus . . .
Oesophagostomum
cenulosum . .
Nagpur
No. of animals
examined
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
Percentage of Infected
animals
72
54
21
9
9
15
51
12
12
6
4
12
3
3
12
6
12
27
24
12
15
24
3
6
12
3
Degree of
Infection
Minimum
66
5
4
2
1
20
8
1
20
2
..
1
..
..
2
1
2
2
3
9
1
1
..
1
3
1
Maximum
4000
1500
600
9
9
250
900
350
300
6
..
9
..
..
15
11
35
40
25
15
9
3
..
2
6
1
Average
899
479
282
3
5
130
145
170
159
4
6
6
20
20
23
6
34
11
15
19
5
2
3
2
7
1
Jubbulpore
No. of animals
examined
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
Percentage of Infected
animals
50
100
100
100
100
50
100
100
100
50
100
Degree of
Infection
Minimum
..
128
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Maximum
..
3400
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Average
6
1764
15
23
16
42
15
3
4
1
1
Amraoti
No. of animals
examined
8
13
3
Percentage of Infected
animals
67
10
33
Degree of
Infection
Minimum
3
2
..
Maximum
60
3
..
Average
35
3
16
Mhow and Indore*
No. of animals
examined
10
4
Percentage of Infected
animals
30
75
Degree of
Infection
Minimum
15
14
Maximum
50
40
Average
33
32
Not in cattle
4 10
4
10
4
10 4
10
25
30
50
10
50
30
50
10
.. 7
7
..
8
2
7
..
.. 250
45
..
12
90
15
..
11
110
26
4
10
32
11
9
Not found in buffalo
10 10 ..
.. 40
Not found in buffalo
10
10 .. ..
60
Not found in buffalo
10
10 .. ..
3
Not found in buffalo
Not found in cattle
4
10
25
10
...
...
...
...
32
6
Not found in buffalo
10
4
10
4
10
30
25
10
25
10
5
..
..
..
..
20
..
..
..
..
11
4
2
2
1
Not found in buffalo
10
10 .. .. 2
Not fond in buffalo
10
4
10
4
10
4
10
10
25
30
25
10
25
10
..
..
4
..
..
..
..
..
..
18
..
..
..
..
8
5
9
3 3
4-
3
Not found in buffalo
10
4
10
4
10
20
25
50
25
30
1
..
5
..
3
2
..
40
..
40
2
3
24
4
4
Not found inbufflo
* Upper line of figures refers to cattle; lower line to buffaloes.
228
Nature and Incidence of Helminth Infection in Cattle
TABLE VII
Seasonal variation in the incidence of infection—Host : Sheep
Host : Sheep
Parasite
Trematodes
Cotylophoron cotylophorum
Fasciola hepntica
F. gigantica
....
Schistosoma indicum
S. spindalis
....
Gastrothylax crumenifer .
Schistosoma bovis
Cotylophoron ovalum
Paramphistomum cervi
Schistosoma huematoblium
Cestodes
Moniezia benedini .
Cysticercus bovis
Stilesia globipundata
Avitellina centripundata .
Stilesia vittata
Avitellina woodlandi
Stilesia hepatica
Avitellina sudanea .
A. goughi
....
A. lahorea
....
Moniezia expansa .
Cysticercus tenuicollis
Echinococcus granulosus .
Nematodes
Oesophagostomum radiatum
Trichocephalus ovis
Bunostomum trigonocephalus
Hæmonchus contortus
Gaigeria pachyscelis
Oe. columbianum
Ostertagia ostertagi .
Oe. venulosum
Bunostomum phlebotum .
Cooperin curticei
Trichostrongylus colubrifarmis .
Goxgylonema pulchrum
G. verrucosum
Cold season
October, November, December
(1940, 41, 42),January,Feb¬
ruary (1941, 42, 43)
No. of animals
examined
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
Percentage of Infected
animals
46.8
26
2.6
15.6
5.2
26
2.6
2.6
2.6
..
..
44.2
15.6
7.8
20.8
18.2
2.6
2.6
7.8
2.6
5.4
7.8
39
75.4
46.8
85.8
20.8
46.8
104
7.8
5.4
5.2
5.4
5.4
Degree of
infection
Minimum
4
1
..
4
3
3
Maximum
984
7
..
15
45
320
No infection
..
..
..
..
..
..
No infection
2
1
8
1
7
15
20
96
No infection
5
..
..
8
..
1
3
1
1
1
2
3
1
21
..
..
14
..
3
3
52
33
78
300
14
62
Ave r
a ge
35
5
4
7
24
87
3
12
4
51
5
9
4
13
4
13
11
6
2
3
3
9
31
48
4
19
No infection
19
3
3
42
2
3
47
80
12
270
5
8
29
44
67
156
4
7
Dry season
March (1941, 42, 43), April,
May, June, (1941, 42, 43)
No. of animals
examined
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
Percentage of Infected
animals
43.4
9.3
28
15.5
9.3
6.2
28
6.2
21.7
12.4
3.1
3.1
6.2
3.1
6.2
24.8
65.1
18.6
34.1
6.2
12.1
6.2
6.2
3.1
3.1
3.1
Degree of
infection
Minimum
3
1
Maximum
400
42
Average
109
4
No infection
1
24
5
No infection
1
2
200
5
46
2
No infection
No infection
No infection
4
1
15
20
3
35
12
2
25
No inefetion
2 2000
68
No
infection
3
..
..
3
60
..
..
7
22
3
15
5
No infection
..
2
2
1
2
2
4
4
..
4
50
45
30
50
15
90
5
3
56
8
16
24
9
30
No infection
12
4
..
..
..
25
60
..
..
..
18
32
25
15
4
No infection
Wet season
—
No. of animals
examined
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
Percentage of Infected
animals
51.3
13.5
5.4
10.8
10.8
13.5
54
2.7
5.1
2.7
21.6
24.3
8.1
10.8
5.4
29.7
8.1
8.1
4.5
5.4
40.5
64.8
21.6
81
16.2
29.7
2.7
16.2
5.4
5.4
2.7
2.7
Degree of
infection
Minimum
3
1
4
1
3
2
5
..
1
..
..
Maximum
300
5
19
12
16
696
7
..
6
..
..
Average
48
11
11
6
6
71
6
5
4
1
No infection
1
1
2
1
8
1
3
4
400
19
60
50
105
8
1
71
12
20
29
63
5
No infection
7
1
210
5
10
3
No infection
1
3
1
3
5
6
1
..
4
258
37
150
500
13
70
..
2
53
17
9
83
3
19
62
No infection
5
15
61
..
..
15
24
156
..
..
5
20
108
6
9
M. A.
MOGHE
229
TABLE VIII
Seasonal variation in the incidence of infection—Host: Cattle
Host: Cattle
Parasite
Tremalodes
Cotylophoron
colylophorum
Fasciola gigantica .
F.
hepatica
.
.
.
.
Gastrothylax crumenifer
.
Paramphistomum
cervi
Schistosoma bovis
S. hæmalobium
S. indicum .
.
.
.
S. spindalis
.
.
.
.
Castodes
Moniezia benedini
.
Moniezia expansa .
Cystocercus bovis
C.
tenuicollis
Echinococeus granulosus ..
Nematodes
Bunostomum bovis
Gongylonema pulehrum
Gongylonema verrucosum .
Hamcnchus
contocitus
.
Hæmoncius similis
Mecistoeirrus digitatus
Oesophagostomum
columbianum
Oe. radiatum .
.
.
.
Oe. venulosum
ostertagi ostertagi .
Setaria digitata
S.labiato-papillosa .
Trichocephalus ovis
Cold season
Octobor—February
No. of animals
examined
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
Percentage of Infected
animals
91
9
63
9
9
45
9
9
6
9
9
27
9
18
18
54
9
9
27
18
Degree of
Infection
Minimum
66
..
30
Maximum
4000
..
1500
Average
1750
2
715
No infection
..
..
41
..
..
..
900
..
1
90
304
250
No infection
..
2
..
6
6
4
No infection
No infection
..
..
3
..
1
..
..
25
..
11
8
9
12
9
0
No infection
1
9
5
No infection
1
38
9
No infection
..
..
1
15
..
..
2
48
7
1
2
31
Dry season
March—June
No. of animals
examined
15
15
15
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
Percentage of Infected
animals
66
7
13
54
33
14
20
54
13
7
7
13
6
14
14
7
14
7
20
27
7
Degree of
Infection
Minimum
50
..
1
5
4
200
20
8
100
Maximum
1000
..
9
700
600
350
300
60
200
No infection
No infection
6
10
12
9
21
15
No infection
Average
304
3
5
324
311
325
182
9
150
2
20
7
1
15
13
Noinfection
3
2
6
35
No infection
No infection
1
1
..
9
3
..
4
18
5
6
2
5
Wet season
July—September
No. of animals
examined
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
Percentage of lnfected
animals
57
14
14
29
29
14
57
29
14
43
14
14
14
29
29
14
11
14
14
Degree of
Infection
Minimum
300
..
..
250
20
..
Maximum
500
..
..
300
400
..
Average
2G0
9
2
275
210
40
No infection
10
20
90
80
53
50
No infection
No infection
No infection
No infection
14
No infection
4
..
60
..
24
40
No infection
..
..
..
8
..
..
..
..
49
..
3
4
50
24
200
No infection
..
..
..
..
..
..
5
4
4
H
B. VASUDEVA RAO AND C. P.
ANANTHAKRISHNAN
233
TABLE II
Barium values of vanaspati
Sample
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Details of the Sample
Dalda
Tomco Vegetable Product, A
„ „
„
B
„ „ „ C
Hindustan Manufacturing Co., with aroma
„
„
without aroma
......
Bharat Vanaspati Co., A
„ „ B
Chamudni Vanaspati
...
Modi (Boat brand) Vanaspati ......
...
Cotex, Ghazibad
Snow White Food-product, flavoured, A .
.
.
„ „ „ „ „ „ B ¾ ....
„
„
C
„
„
„
unllavoured, A
„
„ „ B
„
„
„
„
C
Gunesh Flour Mills, Vanaspati
Lion Brand Grade, D
„ „ „ C
„ „ „ F
„ „ „ A
„
„
„
B
„ „ „ C
„
„ „ E
Margarine " Blue Brand "
Farm
Produced
ghee
„ „ „ ..........
....
„ „ „ .........
Saponifi-
cation
value
191.6
192.1
188.5
191.5
190.5
190.4
191.1
191.1
190.2
191.3
194.8
190.2
190.1
190.0
190.8
190.6
190.4
192.2
191.5
191.3
190.7
190.6
191.3
257.4
193.5
239.5
232.9
224.9
225.8
218.1
Barium value
Total
barium
value
A
261.8
262.5
257.7
261.8
260.4
260.4
261.2
261.2
260.0
261.5
266.3
260.0
259.9
261.1
260.8
260.6
260.4
262.7
261.8
261.5
260.7
260.6
261.5
351.9
264.5
327.4
318.4
307.4
308.7
298.7
Insoluble
barium
value
B
252.6
250.4
247.4
250.3
253.5
254.1
219.3
252.7
250.2
253.5
255.5
246.5
248.1
251.4
251.2
250.9
252.1
257.0
270.3
252.6
253.2
256.3
249.3
301.2
259.2
295.5
257.8
248.2
249.1
247.4
Soluble
barium
value
C
9.2
12.1
10.3
11.5
6.9
6.3
11.9
8.5
9.8
8.0
10.8
13.5
11.8
9.7
9.6
9.7
8.3
5.7
8.5
8.9
7.5
4.3
12.2
50.7
5.3
31.9
60.6
59.2
59.6
51.3
B—(200+
C)
+43.4
+38.3
+ 37.1
+ 38.8
+46.5
+ 47.8
+37.4
+ 44.2
+40.4
+45.5
+49.4
+33.0
+30.3
+41.7
+41.6
+ 41.2
+43.8
+51.3
+61.8
+42.7
+45.7
+52.0
+37.1
+50.5
+53.9
+63.6
—2.8
—11.0
—10.5
—3.9
248
Comparative Study of Rinderpest Bull-Goat-Viruses
TABLE I
Type of reaction observed among goat virus controls—Mukteswar Strain No. 2
Number of
passages
(1)
1 to 25
26 to 50
51 to 75
76 to 100
101 to 125
126 to 150
161 to 175
176 to 200 .
201 to 225 .
226 to 250
251 to 275
276 to 300
301 to 325
326 to 350
351 to 375
Total 375 pas-
sages
Number
of
control
calves
used
(2)
55
14
4
8
4
6
6
6
6
6
2
6
6
6
4
139
Type of reactions observed
Thermal
(3)
50
12
4
4
3
5
4
4
4
6
2
5
4
5
4
116
83.5
per cent
Diarrhœa
(4)
34
8
2
2
3
5
1
1
3
6
2
4
6
5
4
86
61.9
per cent
Mouth
lesions
(5)
11
7
1
2
4
1
2
2
1
3
3
2
39
28.1
per cent
Mortality
(6)
11
5
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
4
3
..
32
23
per cent
Number
of non-
reactors
(7)
6
2
..
4
1
1
2
2
2
..
..
1
..
..
..
21
Reactions after retest
Among the reactors
to original
injection
(8)
Thermal in one .
nil
nil
Thermal in one .
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
Not retested .
do
nil
nil
nil
nil
Aniong the non-
reactors
(9)
Thermal in one
nil
nil
Diarrhœa in one
Thermal and diar-
rhœa in one
No reactions in
others
nil
Thermal, soft fae-
ces and mouth
lesions in one
Thermal in two
Thermal, diarrhœa
and mouth le-
sions in one, and
thermal
and
diarrbœa in the
other
Not retested
do
do
nil
nil
nil
nil
Remarks
(10)
Both died
Died
*Groups of twenty-five passages each are taken serially and classified.
NATURE OF REACTION OBSERVED
In both the strains, most of the reactors developed
a high temperature, varying from 103°F. to 105°F.,
from about the fourth day. The temperature per-
sisted for some days ; dullness, inappetence, suspen-
sion of rumination, nasal catarrh and catarrh of
the eyes were also observed. In many cases of
severe reactors diarrhœa set in from about the sixth
or seventh day, which in most of the fatal cases
was fetid, shooting and watery and persisted till
R.
KRISHAMURTI
249
death. Those that recovered after diarrhœa were
much emaciated. Congested buccal mucous mem-
brane was observed in many cases from about the
seventh day and, in some, ulcers were also noticed
on the eighth or ninth day. In most of the cases
congestion persisted for about a week. In moderate
cases, only a thermal rise was observed for three or
four days followed by passing of soft faeces for
two or three days and the animals gradually re-
turned to the normal condition.
On autopsy the striking lesions observed were the
acute gastro-enteritis and occasional ulceration of
abomasum and cæcum.
Animals which recovered from a severe type of
reaction were observed to be weak and much ema-
ciated.
FIELD TRIAL
Experiments were first conducted during the year
1932-33 in ten selected villages with goat virus
alone and, judging from the encouraging results
obtained in the experimental camps, the method
was given a wide trial for some years in clean areas.
Some inoculations in affected areas were also per-
formed. Table III shows the number of inocula-
tions performed by this method and the mortality
recorded amongst them. During the year 1935-36
TABLE II
Type of reaction observed among goat virus controls—Madras Strain No. 2
Number of
passages*
(1)
1 to 25
26 to 50
51 to 75
76 to 100
101 to 125
126 to 150
151 to 175
170 to 200
201 to 225
Total 225 pas-
sages
Number
of
control
calves
used
(2)
4
4
4
4
6
6
4
6
4
42
Type of reactions observed
Thermal
(3)
4
4
3
4
6
5
4
6
4
40
95.2
per cent
Diarrhœa
(4)
1
3
3
4
4
4
3
5
4
31
73.8
per cent
Mouth
lesions
(5)
1
1
3
..
.. 2
2
5
2
16
38.1
per cent
Mortality
(6)
..
.. 1
2
..
.. 2
2
..
7
16.7
per cent
Number
of non-
reactors
(7)
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Reactions after retest
Among the reactors
to original
injection
(8)
nil
nil
nil
Not retested
do
nil
nil
nil
nil
Among the non-
reactors
(9)
nil
nil
nil
Not retested
do
nil
nil
nil
nil
*Groups of 25 passages each are taken serially and classified.
TABLE III
Number of 'goat virus alone' inoculations performed and the mortality amongst them (Cattle and buffaloes only)
Years
(1)
1932-33 . . . . .
1933-34 . . . . .
1934-35 . . . . .
1935-36 . . . . .
1936-37 . . . . .
1937-38 . . . . .
1938-39 . . . . .
1939-40 . . . . .
1940-41 . . . . .
Number of inoculations performed
In clean areas
(2)
120
2,640
32,911
61,114
62,821
26,741
10,934
1,294
301
In affected
areas
(3)
..
..
..
..
84
3,756
..
..
..
Total inocula-
tions
(4)
129
2,640
32,911
61,114
62,905
30,497
10,934
1,294
301
Number of inoculated animals dying of the disease
Among those
inoculated
in clean
areas
(5)
1
4
22
88
51
23
14
..
Among those
inoculated
in affected
areas
(6)
..
..
..
..
3
..
..
..
..
Total deaths
(7)
1
4
22
88
54
23
14
..
..