NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
376 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VI, IV
I quite agree with Dr. McIsaac that green healthy plants can be fed safely, and
it is clearly mentioned in my article that normally it forms a wholesome fodder
for animals. The point to discuss is whether the plant when wilted and stunted
or under other abnormal conditions mentioned in the article, acquires toxic
properties or not. Dr. McIsaac holds that it is absolutely safe to feed the cattle
on sorghum under all conditions.
Now let us analyse the facts in the light of recent research and analytic
works done on sorghum in India and abroad.
1. Tarantino, G. B. (1935) Toxicity of young sorghum, Clin. Vet. Milano.
58, 66-73.
Experiments were conducted to determine the variations in toxicity of the
plant. One horse, two oxen and two goats were given a diet consisting solely of
sorghum which had been grown for 30 days. On the 4th day of feeding the
horse and oxen became ill and died unexpected in a short time.
2. Busso,L. (1934) Cyanogenetic plants, sorghum gentile poisoning in
cattle. Boll. 1st. Zooprofil, Sper, Turin. March, pp. 34-46.
The cyanogenetic compounds occur in plants at the points of greatest meta-
bolic activity and their formation is influenced by such factors as light, soil-condi-
tions, moisture, etc. Varieties of sorghum have recently been grown in Italy for
cattle-fodder and the author records several cases of poisoning. These plants
contain a cyanogenetic glucoside and an enzyme which together produce a
dangerous amount of prussic acid under certain conditions. In one case, two
animals died and several others became ill after they had received a diet consisting
solely of sorghum gentile. Young sorghum plants or those grown under unsuitable
climatic conditions or on land which has been heavily manured with nitrates are
likely to be dangerous.
3. In the Punjab it is commonly known as sokar (stunted) jowar poisoning.
Col. G. K. Walker, the late Principal of the Punjab Veterinary College, Lahore,
says in The Veterinary Bulletin No. 1921, " When crops of jowar suffer from want
of water it is found that the leaves of the young plants elaborate a poison. If
eaten by cattle the following symptoms are noticed. Dullness followed by
tympanites, foaming at the mouth, etc. Death frequently results."
4. Coleman, F. F. (1934) carried out a comprehensive series of analysis for
hydrocyanic acid (cyanogenetic glucoside) on several species of sorghum at various
stages of growth. In all species hydrocyanic acid content decreased as the
plants matured. (For details please see the Rept. Dept. Agri. 1933-34,
pp. 144-147).
5. Peters, Slade, and Avery (1903). Poisoning of cattle by common sorghum
and Kaffir corn. Nebr. Agr. Sol. Bull. 77 (Experimental station U. S. A.). They
say that the poisonous character of the plant was due to the elaboration in it
CORRESPONDENCE
377
of certain compounds capable of decomposing and yielding the poisonous hydro-
cyanic acid when masticated and taken into the stomach. A case of a heifer is
described which dropped to the ground in ten minutes after having been driven
into a sorghum field.
6. Wittman, J. J. and West, R. M. (1915). Notes on the hydrocyanic acid
contents of sorghum. Jour. Agric. Research, Vol. 4, p. 179. They have shown
that inadequate water supply is usually accompanied by high prussic acid
content.
Avery says that the amount of hydrocyanic acid is greater in stunted
plants. Maxwell believes that soil rich in nitrogen produces plants rich in the
glucocides.
I would quote a few more experimental works done in the neighbouring pro-
vince of Dr. McIsaac, viz., Madras.
7. Acharya, C. N. (1933) Indian Jour. of Agricultural Science, Vol. III,
Part V, pp. 851-868. Investigation on the development of prussic acid in cholam
(Sorghum, vulgare). He commences his article with "That cholam (Sorghum
vulgare) under certain conditions of growth becomes highly poisonous for cattle,
has been known for a long time past." He analysed the plant by three different
methods and found the highest percentage of prussic acid in stunted Sorghum
vulgare plants (vide Table 3, page 855). He further mentions that a field of Peri¬
amanjal cholam (sorghum) suffering from serious drought and highly stunted
(Field No. 77) was taken up for examination, and its prussic acid contents compared
with that of cholam growing in the adjacent part of the same field, which had been
supplied with drain water and had grown luxuriantly. The stunted plants
showed nearly 6 to 7 times the percentage of prussic acid. This effect of drought
was examined in a number of other fields also, and in each case it was noticed
that drought is one of the factors promoting the accumulation of prussic acid in
cholam.
8. Bensen and Sobha Rao (1906) Bull. Dept. of Agriculture, Madras, No. 55.
Cholam (sorghum vulgare) is largely used as cattle fodder throughout India, and
several deaths of stock have been reported from time to time.
Space does not permit of more quotations from the works of different
authors, but as Dr. McIsaac is interested in the subject, I give the following
references for his information.
1. Slade, H. B. (1903). Prussic acid in sorghum. Jour. Amer. Chem.
Society, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 25.
2. Pinckey, R. M. (1924). Effect of Nitrate application upon Hydrocyanic
acid content of sorghum. Jour. Agric. Research, Vol. 27, p. 717.
3. Pease, H. T. (1897). Poisoning of cattle by Andropogon sorghum. Jour.
of Comp. Med. and Vety. Arch., Vol. 18, p. 679
378 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VI, IV
4. Maxwell, W. (1903). Sorghum poisoning. Queensland Agric. Jour.
Vol. 13, No. 5, p. 473.
5. Alway, F. I. and Trumball, R. S. (1909). Occurrence of Prussic Acid in
sorghum and maize. Nebr. Agr. Expt. St. 23rd. Ann. Rep., p. 35.
6. Belfour, A. (1903-4). Cyanogenesis in Sorghum vulgare. First Report
Welcome Res. Lab. Gordon Mem. Coll. Khartoum, p. 46.
7. Francis, C. K. (1915). Poisoning of Livestock while feeding on plants
of the sorghum group. Okla. Agr. Exp. Stn. Sl. Cix Imp. 38.
8. Avery, S. (1902). Laboratory notes on poison in sorghum Jour. of Compar.
Med. and Vet. Arch. Vol. 23, No. 11, p. 704.
9. Dr. Steyn observed in a case of Cynodon transvaalense where the plant
growing in moist conditions yielded no prussic acid, whereas the plants growing
on a dry ridge showed a strong reaction.
10. Dr. A. C. Leechmann in the Onderstepport Jour. of Vet. Sc. and Anim.
Ind. July, 1935, gives a long list of 88 grasses containing prussic acid or
cyanogenetic glucoside. In the list six varieties of sorghum have been mentioned,
and Sorghum vulgare is one of them. In this article entitled " Hydrocyanic acid
in grasses " the author has discussed in detail the influence of climatic condi-
tions, wilting, stunting, drought and soil, etc., on the production of hydrocyanic
acid and the toxicity of the plants.
As Sorghum vulgare has been shown to be toxic, under certain conditions,
in several parts of the world, it would appear reasonable to expect similar condi-
tions in Mysore.
I would, however, like to make a few suggestions regarding this difference
found in Mysore.
The following points deserve serious consideration :—
1. The most prominent symptom is tympanites and when death occurs in
sorghum poisoning it is usually attributed to this or to some acute disease such
as H. S.
2. Duration of Hydrocyanic acid poisoning is short. The cases are seldom
brought to the hospital and thus a veterinarian often does not get an
opportunity to diagnose and treat a case.
3. If any cases are seen the diagnosis will probably be " fodder poisoning."
This is a vague term and steps to have the fodder and ingesta analysed are
rarely taken.
4. The analysis of the stunted plants should be carried out for the identifi-
cation of hydrocyanic acid and in cases reported to have died of tympanites the
ingesta should be examined,
CORRESPONDENCE
379
The beginning of my paper is " The subject of plant poisoning in animals
has received very little attention in India, which is mainly due to the difficulty
in its diagnosis from the clinical symptoms alone, and the fact that majority
of field veterinarians are unable to secure the collaboration of a chemist for ana-
lysis of suspected sample of fodder or ingesta. " In my article, stress is laid
on chemical tests and a simple test for the detection of hydrocyanic acid is
given which is suitable for adoption under field conditions. This would be of a
great help in the diagnosis of hydrocyanic acid poisoning. This is not a fact that
cases of sorghum poisoning do not occur but they remain undiagnosed. It is
regretted that Dr. McIsaac has taken my paper as extremely alarming. I wish
to emphasize that it was written merely as a warning against the feeding of
wilted and stunted sorghum plants. This warning is not from me only but also
from leading research workers and chemists working in the Agricultural and
Veterinary Departments in India and abroad. It is especially significant when
Mr. Acharya, working in an adjoining province found the highest percentage of
hydrocyanic acid present in the stunted sorghum of Madras. What is true of
Madras and other countries should apply to Mysore, provided the same conditions
favouring the production of hydrocyanic acid exist.
Further Dr. McIsaac says that ryots are unable to spend money on sulphur.
The stunted jola should be dried in the shade to eliminate hydrocyanic acid before
feeding it to cattle. They can certainly do this much, which costs nothing.
(Please see my article, page 377*).
In South Africa a disease (Geilsiekte) affecting sheep and cattle had been
known for a long time, and Brown reported this in 1864, and MacOwen referred
to heavy losses caused by this disease in 1877. This condition remained undiag-
nosed for a long time even in the hands of experts. It was Dr. Steyn who dis-
covered the actual cause of Geilsiekte, for the first time in 1929, to be prussic acid
poisoning due to the ingestion of wilted grasses. It is, therefore, not at all sur-
prising if cases of sorghum poisoning remain undiagnosed in Mysore or elsewhere.
It is not essential that stunted and wilted sorghum fed to cattle may prove
toxic or fatal in all cases. There are certain factors which influence the toxicity
of sorghum. (For details please see my article, page 377*). It is important both
from professional and livestock viewpoints to test the stunted and wilted Jowar,
especially when it is young, for the presence of hydrocyanic acid. Cattle having
been fed on such sorghum and showing symptoms of poisoning or having died of
tympanites within a few hours, should be suspected of hydrocyanic acid poison-
ing. The ingesta should be examined by the picrate method mentioned in my
article (page 379*) or sent to the Chemical Examiner.
Yours, etc.,
G. K. SHARMA.
* Published in the Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Vol. V,
Pt. IV, December, 1935.
NOTE
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( 380)
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INDEX TO AUTHORS
A
ANANT NARAYAN RAO, M. and VAITHYANATHA MUDALIAR, S., " Ob-
servations on the Treatment of Bovine Nasal Schistosomiasis "
—
and RAMAKRISHNA PELLAY, M., " Some
Notes on Cutaneous Myiasis in Animals in the Madras Presidency "
ARKWRIGHT, JOSEPH A., " Viruses as the Cause of Disease "
B
BACHAN SINGH, " Bovine Trypanosomiasis in the Central Provinces
with an Account of some Recent Outbreaks "
BHATIA, B. L., " Is Piroplasma taylori Sarwar a Valid New Species ?" .
BUCHANAN SMITH, A. D., " The Inheritance of Productivity in Farm
Livestock II. Milk"
C
CARBERY, M. and CHATTERJEE, Indubhushan, " Studies on the Deter-
mination of Digestibility Coefficients: II. The Estimation and
Computation of Digestibility Coefficients from Individual Tests
CERNAIANU, C, RADEF, I. and RADESCU, T., "L'acaprine dans le
traitment de la piroplasmose bovine vraie des bovides due a Piro-
plasrna bigeminum (Smith et Kilborne) (Acaprine in the Treatment
of true Bovine Piroplasmosis due to Piroplasma bigeminum (Smith
and Kilborne) " (Abstract)
CHATTERJEE, INDUBHUSHAN (CARBERY, M. and)
COLE, H. H. (HART, G. H. and)
COWELL, STUART J., " Diet and Disease "
CRUICKSHANK, E. M., " Vitamins and Minerals in Poultry Nutrition "
D
DHARMANI, LAL CHAND (LANDER, P. E. and)
E
EDWARDS, S. J. (STABLEFORTH, A. W. and)
PAGE
332
261
167
243
151
277
87
306
87
370
162
209
117
354
ii
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
F
FORBES, E. B., "Balanced Diets, Net Energy Values and Specific Dynamic
Effects"
FRANKE, KURT W., " A New Toxicant Occurring Naturally in Certain
Samples of Plant Foodstuffs : X. The Effect of Feeding Toxic Food-
stuffs in Varying Amounts and for Different Time Periods" (Abstract)
—
and POTTER, VAN R., " A New Toxicant Occurring
Naturally in Certain Samples of Plant Foodstuffs : IX. Toxic Effects
of Orally Ingested Selenium " (Abstract)
G
GANAPATHY IYER, S. (KAURA, R. L. and)
GREENWOOD, A. W., " The Inheritance of Productivity in Farm
Livestock III. Breeding for Egg-production " .
GULLICKSON, T. W. (WALLIS, G. CARROLL and)
H
HAMMOND, J., " The Inheritance of Productivity in Farm Livestock I.
Meat"
HANDA, B. N. (SARWAR, S. M. and)
HART, G. H. and COLE, H. H., " Reproductive Hormone Therapy in
Domestic Animals " (Abstract)
.......
HENDERSON, J. L. and ROADHOUSE, C. L., "Protecting the Natural
Flavour of Milk " (Abstract)
I
INGHAM, A. G., " Deficient Feed Makes Deficient Milk " (Abstract)
.
J
JOSEPH, L. S. (WYNNE SAYER and)
JOSHI, N. V. and RAM AYYAR, C. S., " An Aroma-producing Lactic
Acid Organism Isolated from Indian Dairy Products " .
K
KAURA, R. L. and GANAPATHY IYER, S., " Studies on the Diphtheritic
Form of Fowl-Pox in India "
.
KOLAYLI, C. and RAIF, M., " Études sur la pleuro-pneumonic infectieuse
des chévres d'Anatolie (Studies on the Infectious Pleuro-pneumonia
of Anatolian Goats) " (Abstract)
KRISHNA IYER, P. R., "An Unusual Case of Epizootic Lymphangitis
in a Mule"
KYLASAM AYYAR, K. (Saunders, P. T. and)
PAGE
203
372
372
313
284
181
270
100
370
210
112
352
141
313
208
251
1