2
Cachar and Assam. It was also reported from the Persian Gulf, Persia and Tonquin. There were also
strong reasons for believing that animals have succumbed to this disease in Abysinnia, the Zambesi,
East Africa, Australia, North America, Brazil and Southern Europe.
Since the publication of the above report numerous fresh centres have been brought to light.
Out of the thirty-one districts in the Punjab, Surra has been found up to the present to be enzootic in
twenty-two, the worst being the Karnal District. In the North-Western Provinces the disease has
been observed in the Saharanpur, Muzzafarnagar, Meerut, Bulandshahar, Gaziabad and Fyzabad Dis-
tricts ; in the north-east portion of the Jalpaiguri District, Bengal. In addition widespread out-
breaks have occurred in the Ahmedabad, Baroda and neighbouring localities which have carried off
thousands of equines. Spontaneous cases of Surra have also been recognized in Lower Burmah, Rájpu¬
tána and Bikanir. One horse also arrived in Bombay from the Persian Gulf suffering from Surra.
In other parts of the world the trypanosoma has been reported from Algeria (Equines), France
(Bovines), Korea (Equines and Bovines), Egypt and Syria (Equines), while in Zululand a trypanosoma
has been observed in the blood of equines, bovines and canines, which is indistinguishable microscopi-
cally from the flagellated protozoon found in the circulation of animals in India.
SECTION III.
OUTBREAKS OF SURRA.
A.—IN INDIA AND BURMAH.
B.—IN OTHER COUNTRIES.
The following accounts of outbreaks of Surra in different parts of the Indian Empire have been
collected since the appearance of the first Surra Report in 1893. In addition extracts of some
papers published have been added dealing with cases which have occurred in other countries than those
included in the above notice.
Unfortunately much literature which may bear on this subject remains unexamined, as the pub-
lished works can only be consulted in European libraries.
In dealing with Surra in the Punjab a short account of each district has been added, in order to
give a general idea of the physical characters of the country in which the disease is found, to those
readers who are not acquainted with our Indian possessions. This information has been collated from
the Gazetteers published by Government during the past twenty years.
A.—IN INDIA AND BURMAH.
PUNJAB.
Gurgaon District.
This district lies in the extreme south-east corner of the Punjab. It is very irregular in shape
and offers considerable variety in physical conditions, climate and soil. It lies at an elevation of 600
to 700 feet above the level of the sea.
It is divided into five tahsils, viz. Gurgaon, Firozpur, Nuh, Palwal and Rewari. The Gurgaon
and Rewari tahsils, forming the northern and western parts of the district, are generally sandy, the
lands lying near the hills are very inferior and very much cut up by ravines ; further from the hills the
soil is better and approaches a light loam in its character ; in some parts it presents a desolate appearance
of high hillocks of sand. To the south-east and south-west of Gurgaon is the low basin of the Najaf¬
garh Jhil. The banks of the Jumna which bound the district on the east are generally high, but in
the north-west corner of the Palwal Tahsil there is a small tract between the main and a small branch
channel of the river low-lying and liable to inundation. From the Jumna and this tract westwards
there is a stretch of country some 30 to 35 miles from north to south and 15 to 20 miles from east to
west of a level good loam gradually rising from the Jumna and then sloping to the east and south and
extending over most of the Palwal Tahsil and eastern portions of Nuh and Firozpur tahsils.
This is
now much cut up by canals and is for the most part irrigated in the Palwal Tahsil. Between this plain
and the range of hills dividing Gurgaon from Ulwar there is in Nuh a low-lying tract of country which
is the receptacle for the drainage of the Firozpur valley and parts of Ulwar to the south, of highlands
just mentioned to the east, of the hills that lie on the sides of the Bhundsi valley to the north, and of
the eastern slopes to the west. In this part of the country the prevailing soil is clay excepting in the
immediate vicinity of the hills, where it is very sandy, as it is also to the north-east of Nuh and in the
north-west of Palwal. The part of Nuh which lies above the hills is a high lying tableland of con-
sistent but sandy loam. The part of Firozpur not contained in the plain consists of a valley between
two ranges of hills.
The marked physical characteristics of the district are found in its Jhils or lakes and the hill
ranges which are connected with the great Aravali chain, of which they are among the most northern spurs.
The district comprises an area of 1,938 square miles with a population of 641,848 souls.
The average rainfall of the tract may be taken at about 25 inches, the average in each tahsil
being—Gurgaon 26.6, Rewari 22.4, Nuh 24.0, Palwal 25.5 and Firozpur 22.3 inches annually.
The flooded tracts near Nuh are terribly fever-stricken in years of abundant rainfall, and a few
men can stand a lengthened residence at Nuh without injury to their constitution. The higher parts