Xenotransplantation [electronic resource]: International Policy Issues /
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Paris : OECD Publishing,
1999.
Over one million people world-wide have benefited from successful tissue and organ transplants and survival rates have dramatically improved. But transplantation has become a victim of its own success. The demand for human organs can no longer be met and deaths of persons on waiting lists have more than doubled since 1988. A number of alternatives have been proposed to fill the gap between the supply and demand of organs and the past few years have seen the development of various approaches derived from recent advances in biotechnology. Among these technologies is xenotransplantation - the transplantation of viable cells, tissues and organs from one animal species to another. Xenotransplantation of cells and tissues has been approved for clinical trials in a number of OECD countries. However, opinions about the risks from these early procedures and whether to proceed any further vary. At the New York 1998 Workshop on "International issues in transplantation biotechnology including the use of non-human cells, tissues and organs", world leaders in the field reported on the state of the art and unmet needs in transplantation, addressing in particular the potential, the risks, the ethics and socio-economic impacts of xenotransplantation. Based on presentations, transcripts of round-table discussions and comments raised at the workshop, this book provides an overview of the field and of current regulatory frameworks and addresses the most pressing international policy considerations on xenotransplantation.
 SUMMARY OF POLICY CONSIDERATIONS FROM THE NY’98 WORKSHOP -- Part I. Transplantation -- 1. INTERNATIONAL TRANSPLANTATION ISSUES: PROBLEMS AND NEEDS -- The core of the problem: the shortage of organ donors -- Can the organ procurement gap be narrowed? -- 2. IMMUNOLOGICAL HURDLES FOR TRANSPLANTATION -- Current methods to prevent rejection  -- New immunosuppressive drugs -- Infections in organ transplant recipients on immunosuppressive treatment -- 3. NEW APPROACHES TO INDUCE TOLERANCE -- Inbred miniature swine and cloning  -- Part II. Xenotransplantation -- 1. A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE -- 2. PIGS AS ORGAN DONORS -- Science: perspectives and issues  -- Will pig organs be physiologically capable of supporting prolonged human life -- Infectious risk: What precautions should be taken to avoid the transfer of porcine pathogens?  -- Micro-organisms that pigs may harbour -- 3. BABOONS AS ORGAN DONORS  -- What is the risk of infectious disease when performing baboon-to-man transplants -- Part III. International Policy Issues in Xenotransplantation -- 1. HANDLING THE RISK: THE CHALLENGE OF INTERNATIONAL SURVEILLANCE -- Notification systems -- Registry systems  -- Archive systems  -- 2. INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION -- Current developments on national and international draft guidelines on xenotransplantation -- 3. LESSONS LEARNED IN GENE THERAPY -- 4. INDUSTRY INVOLVEMENT -- 5. ECONOMIC ASPECTS -- 6. SOCIO-LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS -- Legal issues -- Ethical issues  -- Animal welfare and husbandry -- Public perception -- Developing countries -- Patient monitoring  -- CONCLUDING CONSIDERATIONS -- -What is the actual economic burden to society of diseases where xenotransplantation may have a role?  -- What are the options today to alleviate organ shortage?  -- What are the options today to alleviate the burden of disease where xenotransplantation may have a role? -- What are the options for treatment derived from recent technological advances? -- What public health tools are there to reduce or eliminate the risk of transmission of infectious agents?  -- What are the key features of an international framework to detect, identify, monitor, evaluate and manage xenozoonotic risk -- What can we learn from the international regulatory experience on gene therapy? -- How can the OECD and other international organisations assist the development of international public health tools?  -- What can we learn about animal welfare and about accessibility, equity and acceptance in the context of xenotransplantation?  -- What are the salient features that prevent the adoption of xenotransplantation?  -- What are the research gaps that must be addressed to move the field forward? -- Annex I Working Party on Xenografts (of The Nuffield Council on Bioethics): Summary of Recommendations  -- Annex II Article 152 of the Amsterdam Treaty (ex Article 129)  -- Annex III Recommendation of the Council of Europe  -- Annex IV Workshop on Transplantations, Including Xenotransplantations: Proposed Strategy for Developing Research into and Accessibility to these Technologies in Africa and the Third World -- Annex V Joint OECD-New York Academy of Sciences Workshop Programme -- Annex VI Steering and Expert Group for the Preparation of the OECD Workshop New York ‘98  -- References
Over one million people world-wide have benefited from successful tissue and organ transplants and survival rates have dramatically improved. But transplantation has become a victim of its own success. The demand for human organs can no longer be met and deaths of persons on waiting lists have more than doubled since 1988. A number of alternatives have been proposed to fill the gap between the supply and demand of organs and the past few years have seen the development of various approaches derived from recent advances in biotechnology. Among these technologies is xenotransplantation - the transplantation of viable cells, tissues and organs from one animal species to another. Xenotransplantation of cells and tissues has been approved for clinical trials in a number of OECD countries. However, opinions about the risks from these early procedures and whether to proceed any further vary. At the New York 1998 Workshop on "International issues in transplantation biotechnology including the use of non-human cells, tissues and organs", world leaders in the field reported on the state of the art and unmet needs in transplantation, addressing in particular the potential, the risks, the ethics and socio-economic impacts of xenotransplantation. Based on presentations, transcripts of round-table discussions and comments raised at the workshop, this book provides an overview of the field and of current regulatory frameworks and addresses the most pressing international policy considerations on xenotransplantation.
Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
Science and Technology
Xenografts
Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc
Transplantation immunology
Artiodactyla
Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms
Social Control Policies
Technology, Industry, and Agriculture
Infection
Transplantation
Investigative Techniques
Probability
Epidemiologic Methods
Mammals
Outcome Assessment (Health Care)
Social Sciences
Mathematics
Animal Population Groups
Health Care Economics and Organizations
Environment and Public Health
Eukaryota
Sociology
Health Services
Health
Culture
Research
Medicine
Art
Persons
Prognosis
Biomedical Research
Organisms, Genetically Modified
Natural Science Disciplines
Technology, Industry, Agriculture
Organism Forms
Named Groups
Health Occupations
Science
Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment
Quality of Health Care
Diagnosis
Policy
Health Care
Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena
Mathematical Concepts
Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services
Population Characteristics
Humanities
Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care)
Organisms
Vertebrates
Surgical Procedures, Operative
Anthropology, Cultural
Bacterial Infections and Mycoses
Phenomena and Processes
Disciplines and Occupations
Anthropology
Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation
Diseases
Chordata
Health Services Administration
Animal Welfare
Animals, Genetically Modified
Primates
Swine
Public Policy
Economics
Human Body
Public Health
Risk
Statistics as Topic
Animal Experimentation
Developing Countries
Transplantation, Heterologous
Human Experimentation
International Cooperation
Animals
Social Control, Formal
Tissue Donors
Treatment Outcome
Internationality
Tissue and Organ Procurement
Industry
Organ Transplantation
Communicable Diseases
Biology
Health & Biological Sciences
Microbiology & Immunology