Drinking Water Treatment [electronic resource] : Focusing on Appropriate Technology and Sustainability /
Ray, Chittaranjan.editor.
Jain, Ravi.editor.
Sustainable technologies for water supply are urgently needed if water has to be supplied to billions of less fortunate people with inadequate access to water. These technologies must be simple, less expensive, less energy intensive, and easy to maintain for their adaptation among the poor masses.   Four appropriate technologies are discussed here: solar pasteurization, membrane desalination, natural filtration (riverbank filtration), and solar distillation. Solar pasteurization can be a useful means of producing water at remote, but sunny locations where fuel may not be easily available for boiling water. Membrane desalination will remain as a viable means of drinking water production for individual households to large communities. Various membrane filtration techniques as well as the means to "democratize" membrane filtration have been presented. Riverbank filtration is a "natural" filtration technique where drinking water is produced by placing wells on the banks of rivers. The riverbed/bank material and the underlying aquifer act as natural filters to remove pollutants from river water. Solar distillation can be a viable method of drinking water production for individual households to small communities without the input of external energy. Sustainability framework and technology transfer are discussed through transdisciplinary analysis.
Description based upon print version of record.
Preface; Contents; Contributors; Chapter-1; Introduction; 1.1 Nature and Extent of the Problem; 1.2 Water Contaminants; 1.3 Topics Covered; Chapter-2; Drinking Water Treatment Technology-Comparative Analysis; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Natural Filtration; 2.3 Riverbank Filtration; 2.4 Slow Sand Filtration; 2.5 Membrane Filtration; 2.5.1 Pressurized Systems; 2.5.2 Gravity-Fed Systems; 2.6 Solar Distillation; 2.7 Solar Pasteurization; 2.7.1 Flat Panel Collectors; 2.7.2 Compound Parabolic Collectors; 2.7.3 UV Irradiation; 2.8 Technology Development Challenges
2.9 Technological Implementation-Case Studies2.9.1 Natural Filtration; 2.9.1.1 Haridwar, India; 2.9.1.2 Nainital, India; 2.9.2 Membrane Filtration in Singapore; 2.9.3 Solar Distillation-Mexico/United States Border; 2.9.4 Solar Pasteurization-Nyanza Province, Kenya; Abstract; Chapter-3; Solar Pasteurization; 3.1 Microbiology of Water Pasteurization; 3.2 Use of Solar Cookers for Drinking Water Production; 3.3 Devices Designed Specifically for Water; 3.4 Simple Devices from Common Materials; 3.5 Commercial Devices in Production; 3.6 Devices with Recovery Heat Exchange
3.7 Water Pasteurization Indicators3.8 Multi-use Systems; 3.9 Summary; Abstract; Chapter-4; Membrane Desalination; 4.1 Desalination Technologies; 4.2 Thermal Desalination Technologies; 4.2.1 Multistage Flash Distillation; 4.2.2 Multiple-Effect Distillation; 4.3 Membrane Processes; 4.3.1 Reverse Osmosis; 4.3.2 Electrodialysis; 4.4 Emerging Membrane Technologies; 4.4.1 Membrane Distillation; 4.4.2 Forward Osmosis; 4.5 Global Growth of Membrane Desalination; 4.6 Desalination Environment Interactions; 4.6.1 Intake Structures; 4.6.2 Brine Discharge; 4.6.3 Brine Discharge from Brackish Water Plants
4.6.4 Energy Use in Desalination4.7 Mitigation of Environmental Impacts; 4.7.1 Reducing the Impact of Seawater Intake Structures; 4.7.2 Reducing the Impact of Brine Discharge; 4.7.3 Reducing Carbon Footprint of Desalination; 4.7.3.1 Reducing Energy Consumption in RO; 4.7.3.2 Renewable Energy; 4.8 Membrane-Based Desalination at the Small and Medium Scale; 4.8.1 Energy Sources and Their Suitability for Desalination; 4.8.1.1 Solar Thermal Desalination; 4.8.1.2 Solar Electricity Powered RO; 4.8.1.3 Solar Electricity-Electrodialysis; 4.8.1.4 Wind Electricity-RO; 4.8.1.5 Wind Mechanical-RO
4.8.1.6 Diesel-RO4.8.1.7 Manually/Animal Operated RO; 4.8.2 Membrane Material Choices; 4.8.3 Membrane Modules; 4.9 Integrated Approaches; 4.10 Conclusions; Abstract; Chapter-5; Bank Filtration as Natural Filtration; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Natural Filtration's Implications for Sustainability; 5.2.1 Energy Consumption, Resource Requirements and Waste Generation; 5.2.2 Other Environmental Advantages; 5.2.3 Flexibility and Adaptability of System Operation; 5.3 How Does It Work?; 5.4 Regulatory Perspective; 5.4.1 United States; 5.4.2 Europe; 5.5 Key Planning Considerations
5.5.1 Define Project Objectives
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Sustainable technologies for water supply are urgently needed if water has to be supplied to billions of less fortunate people with inadequate access to water. These technologies must be simple, less expensive, less energy intensive, and easy to maintain for their adaptation among the poor masses.   Four appropriate technologies are discussed here: solar pasteurization, membrane desalination, natural filtration (riverbank filtration), and solar distillation. Solar pasteurization can be a useful means of producing water at remote, but sunny locations where fuel may not be easily available for boiling water. Membrane desalination will remain as a viable means of drinking water production for individual households to large communities. Various membrane filtration techniques as well as the means to "democratize" membrane filtration have been presented. Riverbank filtration is a "natural" filtration technique where drinking water is produced by placing wells on the banks of rivers. The riverbed/bank material and the underlying aquifer act as natural filters to remove pollutants from river water. Solar distillation can be a viable method of drinking water production for individual households to small communities without the input of external energy. Sustainability framework and technology transfer are discussed through transdisciplinary analysis.
Environmental engineering.
Biotechnology.
Water-supply.
Environmental sciences.
Civil engineering.
Hydrogeology.
Geology.
Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology.
Water Industry/Water Technologies.
Math. Appl. in Environmental Science.
Civil Engineering.
Hydrogeology.
Geology.