Aerogels Handbook [electronic resource] /
Aegerter, Michel Andre.editor.
Leventis, Nicholas.editor.
Koebel, Matthias M.editor.
Aerogels are the lightest solids known. Up to 1000 times lighter than glass and with a density as low as only four times that of air, they show very high thermal, electrical and acoustic insulation values and hold many entries in Guinness World Records. Originally based on silica, R&D efforts have extended this class of materials to non-silicate inorganic oxides, natural and synthetic organic polymers, carbon, metal and ceramic materials, etc. Composite systems involving polymer-crosslinked aerogels and interpenetrating hybrid networks have been developed and exhibit remarkable mechanical strength and flexibility. Even more exotic aerogels based on clays, chalcogenides, phosphides, quantum dots, and biopolymers such as chitosan are opening new applications for the construction, transportation, energy, defense and healthcare industries. Applications in electronics, chemistry, mechanics, engineering, energy production and storage, sensors, medicine, nanotechnology, military and aerospace, oil and gas recovery, thermal insulation and household uses are being developed with an estimated annual market growth rate of around 70% until 2015. The Aerogels Handbook summarizes state-of-the-art developments and processing of inorganic, organic, and composite aerogels, including the most important methods of synthesis, characterization as well as their typical applications and their possible market impact. Readers will find an exhaustive overview of all aerogel materials known today, their fabrication, upscaling aspects, physical and chemical properties, and most recent advances towards applications and commercial products, some of which are commercially available today. Key Features: •Edited and written by recognized worldwide leaders in the field •Appeals to a broad audience of materials scientists, chemists, and engineers in academic research and industrial R&D •Covers inorganic, organic, and composite aerogels •Describes military, aerospace, building industry, household, environmental, energy, and biomedical applications among others.
Description based upon print version of record.
Part I: History of Aerogels; Chapter 1:; 1.1 The Founding Studies by Kistler; 1.2 Further Studies on the Synthesis Chemistry of Aerogels; 1.3 Technical Characterization of Aerogels and Development of Their Applications; 1.4 Recent Aerogel Developments; References; Part II: Materials and Processing: Inorganic - Silica Based Aerogels; Chapter 2:; 2.1 Elaboration; 2.1.1 Sol-Gel Synthesis; 2.1.2 Ageing; 2.1.3 Drying; 2.1.4 Synthesis Flexibility; 2.2 Main Properties and Applications of Silica Aerogels; 2.2.1 Texture; 2.2.2 Chemical Characteristics
2.2.3 Physical Properties and Some Related ApplicationsThermal Conductivity; Optical Properties; Acoustic Properties; Mechanical Properties; Dielectric Properties; Entrapment, Release, Sorption, and Storage; 2.3 Conclusion; References; Chapter 3:; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Aerogel Fabrication Techniques; 3.2.1 Forming the Wet Sol Gel; 3.2.2 Drying the Wet Gel; Ambient Pressure Drying Processes; Freeze-Drying; Supercritical Extraction Methods; Comparison of Methods; 3.3 Hydrophobic Aerogels; 3.3.1 What Makes an Aerogel Hydrophobic?; 3.3.2 How Do We Measure Hydrophobicity?; Water Uptake Measurement
Contact Angle MeasurementSpectroscopic Measurements; Fourier Transform Infrared; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; 3.4 A Review of the Literature; 3.4.1 Review of Co-precursor Methods; 3.4.2 Review of Silylation Methods; 3.4.3 Effect of Drying Method on Hydrophobicity; 3.5 Applications; 3.5.1 Environmental Clean-up and Protection; 3.5.2 Biological Applications; 3.5.3 Superhydrophobic Surfaces; 3.6 Conclusion; References; Chapter 4:; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Synthesis and Characterization; 4.2.1 Sol-Gel Synthesis and Supercritical Drying; 4.2.2 Materials Characterization; 4.3 Water-Surface Interactions
4.3.1 Water Droplet Sliding4.3.2 Liquid Marbles: Superhydrophobic Aerogel-Coated Water Droplets; 4.4 Mechanical and Elastic Properties; 4.4.1 Effect of Synthesis Parameters on Material Elasticity; 4.4.2 Potential Applications in Mechanical Damping; 4.5 Hydrocarbon Sorption Behavior; 4.5.1 Uptake Capacity; 4.5.2 Desorption Rate; 4.5.3 Process Reversibility and Reuse of Aerogels; 4.5.4 Economic Factors; 4.6 Summary; References; Chapter 5:; 5.1 Introduction; 5.1.1 Silica Aerogels; 5.1.2 Why Use Sodium Silicate?; 5.1.3 The Need for Ambient Pressure Drying
5.1.4 Necessity of Surface Chemical Modification5.2 Preparation of Sodium Silicate Based Aerogels via Ambient Pressure Drying; 5.2.1 Gel Preparation by the Sol-Gel Route; Neutralization; Condensation; 5.2.2 Washing/Solvent Exchange/Surface Modification; Combined Washing, Solvent Exchange, and Hydrophobization (CSH); Consecutive Washing, Solvent Exchange, and Hydrophobization Steps; 5.2.3 Drying of Modified Gels; 5.3 Effects of Various Process Parameters on the Physicochemical Properties of the Aerogels; 5.3.1 Effect of the Sodium Silicate Concentration in the Sol; 5.3.2 Effect of Sol pH
5.3.3 Effect of Aging (ta) and Washing (tw) Periods
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Aerogels are the lightest solids known. Up to 1000 times lighter than glass and with a density as low as only four times that of air, they show very high thermal, electrical and acoustic insulation values and hold many entries in Guinness World Records. Originally based on silica, R&D efforts have extended this class of materials to non-silicate inorganic oxides, natural and synthetic organic polymers, carbon, metal and ceramic materials, etc. Composite systems involving polymer-crosslinked aerogels and interpenetrating hybrid networks have been developed and exhibit remarkable mechanical strength and flexibility. Even more exotic aerogels based on clays, chalcogenides, phosphides, quantum dots, and biopolymers such as chitosan are opening new applications for the construction, transportation, energy, defense and healthcare industries. Applications in electronics, chemistry, mechanics, engineering, energy production and storage, sensors, medicine, nanotechnology, military and aerospace, oil and gas recovery, thermal insulation and household uses are being developed with an estimated annual market growth rate of around 70% until 2015. The Aerogels Handbook summarizes state-of-the-art developments and processing of inorganic, organic, and composite aerogels, including the most important methods of synthesis, characterization as well as their typical applications and their possible market impact. Readers will find an exhaustive overview of all aerogel materials known today, their fabrication, upscaling aspects, physical and chemical properties, and most recent advances towards applications and commercial products, some of which are commercially available today. Key Features: •Edited and written by recognized worldwide leaders in the field •Appeals to a broad audience of materials scientists, chemists, and engineers in academic research and industrial R&D •Covers inorganic, organic, and composite aerogels •Describes military, aerospace, building industry, household, environmental, energy, and biomedical applications among others.
Ceramics.
Glass.
Composites (Materials).
Composite materials.
Inorganic chemistry.
Mechanics.
Mechanics, Applied.
Materials science.
Nanotechnology.
Polymers  .
Ceramics, Glass, Composites, Natural Materials.
Inorganic Chemistry.
Solid Mechanics.
Characterization and Evaluation of Materials.
Nanotechnology.
Polymer Sciences.