Policing in America /
Gaines, Larry K.
Kappeler, Victor E.
Waltham, MA : Anderson Pub.,
c2011.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
1. The police in American society -- The government structure and policing -- Constitutional government -- Separation of powers -- Principles of Federalism -- Police and the law -- Police in the criminal justice system -- The roles and functions of police in modern society -- Roles performed by the police -- Police activities -- Styles of police departments -- Diversity of the police establishment -- Federal law enforcement agencies -- Justice Department agencies -- Federal Bureau of Investigation -- Drug Enforcement Administration -- U.S. Marshals Service -- Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms -- Department of Homeland Security -- Transportation Security Agency -- U.S. Customs and Border Protection -- U.S. Secret Service -- Citizenship and Immigration services -- Immigration and Customs enforcement -- Federal Emergency Management Agency -- U.S. Coast Guard -- Miscellaneous Federal law enforcement agencies -- State law enforcement agencies -- State Police and Highway Patrols -- Limited-purpose state law enforcement agencies -- Local law enforcement agencies --
2. Historical perspectives -- An overview of policing in ancient times -- The birth of civilization in Mesopotamia -- Civilization in Ancient Egypt -- The rise of Greek city-states -- The Roman Empire's contribution to policing -- Police development in England -- Medieval England -- Early English law enforcement -- The English reformers -- Henry Fielding -- Patrick Colquhoun -- Sir Robert Peel -- Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne -- American policing in retrospect -- Early American policing -- Policing America: the modern era -- The political entrenchment phase -- The reform efforts -- Investigative commissions -- Police administrative reform -- General political reform -- Professional policing comes to America -- The law enforcement role -- The bureaucratic model -- Science and technology -- Public and community relations return to policing -- The community policing era -- The post-community policing era? --
3. Police human resources -- Toward a theory of police selection -- Affirmative action and police selection -- Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act -- Minorities in policing -- Women in policing -- Sexual harassment -- Recruiting police officers -- Establishing minimum selection standards -- Residency requirements -- Vision standards -- Educational standards -- Physical agility standards -- Background and work history -- Medical standards -- Psychological screening -- The police selection process -- The written test -- The oral interview board -- The assessment center -- Training police officers -- Basic or academy training -- Field training officer (FTO) programs -- In-service training -- Police officer career development -- Lateral expansion -- Vertical expansion -- Impact of race and gender on police officer careers --
4. Organization and management -- The specifics of police administration (POSDCORB) -- Levels of administration and supervision -- Principles of organization and police administration -- Classical organizational principles -- Hierarchy -- Specialization -- Procedural guidelines -- Organizational documentation -- Organizational authority -- Appointment based on qualifications -- Problems with classical organizational principles and traditional police administration -- Human relations organizational theory -- The Hawthorne Studies -- McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y -- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs -- Innovative management strategies in policing -- Participative management -- Vertical staff meetings -- Problem-solving groups -- Contingency management -- Total quality management -- Culture -- Customers -- Counting -- Managing community policing -- Crime analysis and COMPSTAT -- Police collective bargaining -- Contract negotiation --
5. Police operations -- Allocating police personnel -- Receiving and managing calls for service -- Police patrol -- Deploying patrol personnel -- One-officer and two-officer patrol units -- Methods and techniques of patrol -- Foot patrol -- Horse patrol -- Bicycle patrol -- Aircraft patrol -- Watercraft patrol -- Police patrol strategies -- Routine preventive patrol -- Routine preventive patrol reconsidered -- Maximizing resources for directed patrol -- Reducing patrol time -- Delayed police response -- Differential police response -- Not responding to certain calls -- Directed patrol -- D-runs -- Split force -- Saturation patrol or crackdowns -- Suspect-oriented techniques -- Racial profiling and traffic stops -- Criminal investigations -- Investigations: a historical perspective -- The detective as secretive rogue -- The detective as inquisitor -- The detective as bureaucrat -- The investigation process -- Preliminary investigation -- Follow-up or latent investigation -- Research on the effectiveness of investigations -- The traffic function -- The police and the traffic function -- Driving-under the influence enforcement -- Police paramilitary units -- Distinguishing police paramilitary units from regular police -- Police partnerships --
6. Police discretion -- The nature of police discretion -- Administrative discretion -- Enforcement discretion -- The police decision-making process -- The decision to invoke the Criminal Justice Process -- Offender variables -- Age -- Race -- Socioeconomic status -- Demeanor -- Gender -- Situation variables -- Seriousness of offense -- Officer-initiated actions and citizen calls for assistance -- System variables --  Community expectations -- Community support agencies -- Departmental culture -- Community policing -- Discretionary situations in law enforcement -- Domestic violence -- Vice crimes -- Prostitution and human trafficking -- Pornography -- Gambling -- The investigation of vice -- Policing hate crimes -- Disenfranchised populations -- The homeless -- The mentally ill -- Controlling police discretion -- Understanding the need for control mechanisms -- Internal control mechanisms -- External control mechanisms -- Control by the citizens -- Legislative control -- Control by the courts --
7. Police of force -- The meaning of excessive force -- Legal standards of police use of force -- Patterns of police use of force -- Determinants of police use of force -- Controlling police discretion in situations involving the use of force -- Use-of-force continuum -- Use-of-force policy considerations -- Use of force by off-duty police officers -- Early warning systems to identify problem officers -- Less-than-lethal force -- Oleoresin capsicum (OC) spray -- Impact munitions -- Conduct energy devices -- Net widening and use of force -- Homicides and assaults of police officers -- The dangers of policing in context -- Suicide by cop --
8. Police culture and behavior -- The psychological perspective -- The sociological perspective -- Types of police officers -- The anthropological perspective -- The police subculture -- The Law and police culture -- The police worldview -- Police bravery, autonomy, and secrecy -- Police isolation and solidarity -- Police postulates and the Code -- Police subcultures of violence and social context -- Police stress -- Sources of police stress -- Effects of police stress -- Police suicide -- Alcoholism and drug abuse -- Mortality and health problems -- Reducing police stress --
9. Ethics and deviance -- Sources of ethics -- Justice -- Law -- Agency policy -- Professional Code of Ethics -- Social norms and personal values -- A conflict of values -- Police crime, abuse of authority, occupational deviance, and corruption -- Bribery -- Extortion -- Narcotics violations -- The scope and forms of police corruption -- Rotten apples or systemic abuse? -- Deviant behavior -- Statistical definition of deviance -- Absolutist definition of deviance -- Reacitivist definition of deviance -- Normative definition of deviance -- Alcohol and other drugs of abuse -- Sexual misconduct -- Sexual harassment -- Police sexual violence -- Stacking-up, jacking-up, and using cover charges -- Gratuities -- Goldbricking versus quotas --
10. Civil liberty -- The incidence of civil suits -- Police fear of litigation -- Lawsuits, police perceptions, and behavior -- Frivolous lawsuits -- The cost of civil liberty -- Litigants in liability cases -- Police civil liability and Tort Law -- Strict Tort liability -- Intentional Torts -- Wrongful death -- Assault and battery -- False arrest and imprisonment -- Negligence -- Legal duty -- Breach of duty -- Proximate cause -- Damage or injury -- Common claims of police negligence -- Negligent operation of emergency vehicles -- Negligent failure to protect -- Negligent failure to arrest -- Negligent failure to render assistance -- Negligent selection, hiring, and retention -- Negligent police supervision and direction -- Negligent entrustment and assignment -- Negligent failure to discipline and investigate -- Defenses to claims of police negligence -- Contributory negligence -- Comparative negligence -- Assumption of risk -- Police liability under Federal Law -- Acting under Color of State Law -- Violation of a Constitutional Right -- Municipal liability for failure to train -- Defenses to Section 1983 lawsuits -- Absolute immunity -- Qualified immunity -- Probable cause -- Good faith -- Preventing liability --
11. The police in the modern community -- An overview of public perceptions of the police -- Public attitudes toward the police -- Individual-level variables -- Age -- Race -- Gender -- Socioeconomic status -- Contact with the police -- Major incidents -- Crime prevention -- The theory of crime prevention -- Primary crime prevention techniques and programs -- Environmental design -- Neighborhood watches -- Media programs -- Juvenile curfews -- Community policing -- The philosophical dimensions -- Broad police function -- Citizen input -- Neighborhood variation -- The strategic dimension -- Geographical focus -- Prevention focus -- Substantive focus -- The programmatic dimensions -- Reoriented police operations -- Problem solving and situational crime prevention -- Community engagement -- Management issues -- Operational examples --
12. Policing the drug problem -- The nature and extent of the drug problem -- Drugs and crime -- the nation's drug strategy -- Interdiction -- Drug prevention programs -- Drug treatment -- The illegal drug delivery system -- Criminal organizations -- Colombian drug cartels -- Organized criminal groups -- Mexican Mafia -- Outlaw motorcycle gangs -- Youth street gangs -- Drug enforcement techniques and programs -- Attacking high-level distributors -- Drug enforcement at the retail level -- Traditional enforcement -- Gang strategies -- Citywide street sweeps -- Neighborhood crackdowns -- Public housing and drugs -- Third-party policing -- Community policing and drugs --
13. Globalization, terrorism, and homeland security -- Globalization, conflict, and policing -- Globalization -- Terrorism, politics, and police -- Defining terrorism and its variations -- Weapons of mass destruction -- Nuclear weapons -- Biological weapons -- Chemical weapons -- Extremist groups -- Extremist groups and the Middle East -- Hamas -- Hezbollah -- Islamic Jihad -- Al Qaeda -- Extremist groups and the United States -- The Arizona Patriots -- Patriot Council -- Oklahoma Constitutional Militia -- Ku Klux Klan -- Extremist groups and Israel -- The Jewish Defense League -- Kach -- Fighting Jewish Organization -- Homeland security -- The National Infrastructure Protection Plan -- Threat identification -- Threat assessment -- Target assessment -- Response-protection decisions -- Homeland security and local policing -- Intelligence-led policing and threat assessment -- Fusion centers -- Critical infrastructure identification -- Enforcement and critical infrastructure personnel -- Public education -- New York City and homeland security.
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