Handbook of Water and Wastewater Systems Protection [electronic resource] /
Clark, Robert M.editor.
Hakim, Simon.editor.
Ostfeld, Avi.editor.
Following the events of 9/11, the Administrator of the US Environmental Protection Agency created the Water Protection Task Force (WPTF), which identified water and wastewater systems as a major area of vulnerability to deliberate attack. The WPTF suggested that there are steps that can be taken to reduce these vulnerabilities and to make it as difficult as possible for potential saboteurs to succeed. The WPTF recommended that be scrutinized with renewed vigor to secure water and wastewater systems against these possible threats. It also recommended that water and wastewater systems have a response plan in place in the event an act of terrorism occurs. The WPTF identified water distribution networks as an area of special vulnerability and highlighted the need for rapid on-line detection methods that are accurate and have a wide detection range. As a result of these recommendations novel technologies from various fields of science and engineering are now addressing water security issues and water and wastewater utilities are looking for innovative solutions. Once such technologies are available, there will be a rapid implementation process that will present many business opportunities for the private sector. However, in addition to terrorist threats water and wastewater systems are inherently vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods. This volume will address the problems associated with both intended terrorist attacks and natural disasters affecting water or wastewater systems. The book is divided into parts based on the kinds of threats facing water and wastewater systems: (1) a direct attack on water and wastewater infrastructure storage reservoirs, and distribution and collection networks; (2) a cyber attack disabling the functionality of the water and wastewater systems or taking over control of key components which might result in system failures; and (3) a deliberate chemical or biological contaminant injection at one of the water distribution system's nodes. It will examine unique plans, technological and managerial innovations for protecting such systems, and includes descriptions of projects that were implemented to respond to natural disasters. Case studies are presented that discuss existing projects and evaluate their performance, with an emphasis on providing guidelines and techniques that can be implemented by water and wastewater planners and managers to deal with natural and manmade disasters should they occur.
Description based upon print version of record.
Acknowledgement; Contents; Contributors; 1 Securing Water and Wastewater Systems: An Overview; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 History of Water Supply Vulnerability; 1.3 Threats from Earthquakes; 1.3.1 The Loma Prieta Earthquake; 1.3.2 The Northridge Earthquake; 1.3.3 Kobe City Earthquake; 1.3.4 Technological and Institutional Adaptation; 1.3.4.1 Technological Adaptations; 1.3.4.2 Institutional Adaptations; 1.4 Vulnerable Characteristics of US Water Supply Systems; 1.5 The Threat of Terrorism to Urban Water Systems; 1.5.1 Bioterrorism and Chemical Contamination; 1.6 Countermeasures Against Terrorism
1.6.1 Physical Countermeasures1.6.2 Sensor Networks; 1.7 Cyber Security; 1.7.1 Laws and Regulations Governing the Internet; 1.7.2 Internet Recovery; 1.7.3 Examples of Internet Interruption; 1.7.3.1 Case Study -- The Slammer Worm; 1.7.3.2 Case Study -- A Root Server Attack; 1.7.3.3 Case Study -- The Baltimore Train Tunnel Fire; 1.7.3.4 Case Study -- The September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attack on the World Trade Center; 1.7.3.5 Case Study -- Hurricane Katrina; 1.7.4 Cyber Attacks in the Public Sector; 1.7.4.1 The ''Stuxnet'' Virus; 1.8 Material to Be Included in This Book
1.8.1 Current State of Water Supply and Wastewater Systems Security: An Overview1.8.2 Characteristics of Water and Wastewater Systems in the United States; 1.8.3 Chemical and Microbiological Threats for Water System Contamination; 1.8.4 Monitoring for Natural and Manmade Threats in Water and Wastewater Systems; 1.8.5 Modeling Contaminant Propagation and Contaminant Threats; 1.8.6 Case Study Applications; 1.8.7 Distribution System Modeling, SCADA Systems, Security and Surveillance Systems; 1.8.8 Institutional and Management Issues in Responding to Natural and Manmade Threats
1.8.9 Developing Techniques and Approaches for Natural and Manmade Threat Response1.9 Summary and Conclusions; References; 2 Water/Wastewater Infrastructure Security: Threats and Vulnerabilities; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Why Secure Water Infrastructure?; 2.3 Threats to Water Systems; 2.3.1 Evolving Threat Environment; 2.3.1.1 September 11 Terrorist Attacks; 2.3.1.2 Hurricane Katrina; 2.3.2 Threat Assessments; 2.3.3 Natural Disasters; 2.3.3.1 Human-Caused Incidents; 2.3.3.2 External Threats; 2.3.3.3 Internal Threats; 2.3.3.4 Cyber Threats; 2.3.4 Design Basis Threat
2.3.5 Continuity Threats to Workforce and Infrastructure2.3.5.1 The Dual Threat: Aging Infrastructure and Aging Workforce; 2.3.5.2 Aging Infrastructure; 2.3.5.3 Interdependent Infrastructure Failures; 2.3.5.4 Workforce Illness; 2.4 Water System Vulnerabilities; 2.4.1 Above-Ground Structures; 2.4.2 Below-Ground Structures; 2.4.3 SCADA and Cyber Systems; 2.4.4 Vulnerability Assessments; References; 3 EPA Drinking Water Security Research Program; 3.1 Background; 3.2 Research Drivers; 3.3 Objectives and Desired Outcomes; 3.4 Water Security Research; 3.4.1 Protection and Prevention
3.4.1.1 Blast Vulnerability Assessment Tool
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
Following the events of 9/11, the Administrator of the US Environmental Protection Agency created the Water Protection Task Force (WPTF), which identified water and wastewater systems as a major area of vulnerability to deliberate attack. The WPTF suggested that there are steps that can be taken to reduce these vulnerabilities and to make it as difficult as possible for potential saboteurs to succeed. The WPTF recommended that be scrutinized with renewed vigor to secure water and wastewater systems against these possible threats. It also recommended that water and wastewater systems have a response plan in place in the event an act of terrorism occurs. The WPTF identified water distribution networks as an area of special vulnerability and highlighted the need for rapid on-line detection methods that are accurate and have a wide detection range. As a result of these recommendations novel technologies from various fields of science and engineering are now addressing water security issues and water and wastewater utilities are looking for innovative solutions. Once such technologies are available, there will be a rapid implementation process that will present many business opportunities for the private sector. However, in addition to terrorist threats water and wastewater systems are inherently vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods. This volume will address the problems associated with both intended terrorist attacks and natural disasters affecting water or wastewater systems. The book is divided into parts based on the kinds of threats facing water and wastewater systems: (1) a direct attack on water and wastewater infrastructure storage reservoirs, and distribution and collection networks; (2) a cyber attack disabling the functionality of the water and wastewater systems or taking over control of key components which might result in system failures; and (3) a deliberate chemical or biological contaminant injection at one of the water distribution system's nodes. It will examine unique plans, technological and managerial innovations for protecting such systems, and includes descriptions of projects that were implemented to respond to natural disasters. Case studies are presented that discuss existing projects and evaluate their performance, with an emphasis on providing guidelines and techniques that can be implemented by water and wastewater planners and managers to deal with natural and manmade disasters should they occur.
Political science.
Water-supply.
Hydrogeology.
Management.
Political Science.
Water Industry/Water Technologies.
Hydrogeology.
Management.