Learning : principles and applications /
Klein, Stephen B.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1.An Introduction to Learning -- The Gift of Knowledge -- A Definition of Learning -- Functionalism -- Behaviorism -- Associationism -- Thorndike -- Pavlov -- Watson -- Ethics of Conducting Research -- Conducting Research With Human Subjects -- Use of Nonhuman Animals in Research -- Critical-Thinking Questions -- Key Terms -- 2.Traditional Learning Theories -- The Oldies but Goodies -- Traditional Learning Theories -- Hull's Drive Theory -- Unconditioned Sources of Drive -- Acquired Drives -- Reinforcing Function of Drive Reduction -- Elimination of Unsuccessful Behavior -- Incentive Motivation -- Evaluation of Drive Theory -- Spence's Acquired Motive Approach -- Anticipation of Reward -- Avoidance of Frustrating Events -- Nature of Anticipatory Behavior -- Guthrie's Contiguity View -- Impact of Reward -- Impact of Punishment -- Importance of Practice -- Breaking a Habit -- Evaluation of Contiguity Theory -- Tolman's Purposive Behaviorism --
Contents note continued: Flexibility of Behavior -- Motivation Processes -- Is Reward Necessary for Learning? -- Evaluation of Purposive Behaviorism -- Critical-Thinking Questions -- Key Terms -- 3.The Modification of Instinctive Behavior -- Do You Have a Light? -- Instinctive Basis of Behavior -- Interaction of Energy and Environment -- Importance of Experience -- Evaluation of Lorenz-Tinbergen Model -- Habituation and Sensitization -- Characteristics of Habituation and Sensitization -- Nature of Habituation and Sensitization -- Dishabituation -- Learning in the Aplysia californica -- Opponent-Process Theory -- Initial Reaction -- Intensification of the Opponent B State -- Addictive Process -- Search for Pleasure -- Critical-Thinking Questions -- Key Terms -- 4.Principles and Applications of Pavlovian Conditioning -- A Lingering Fear -- Principles of Pavlovian Conditioning -- Conditioning Process -- Conditioning Techniques -- Temporal Relationships Between the CS and the UCS --
Contents note continued: Conditions Affecting the Acquisition of a Conditioned Response -- Extinction of the Conditioned Response -- Other Inhibitory Processes -- A CR Without CS-UCS Pairings -- Applications of Pavlovian Conditioning -- Systematic Desensitization -- Explorations for the Future -- Critical-Thinking Questions -- Key Terms -- 5.Theories of Pavlovian Conditioning -- He Never Saw It Coming -- Nature of the Conditioned Response -- Stimulus-Substitution Theory -- Conditioning of an Opponent Response -- Sometimes-Opponent-Process (SOP) Theory -- Affective Extension of SOP, or AESOP -- Nature of the Pavlovian Conditioning Process -- Rescorla-Wagner Associative Model -- Evaluation of the Rescorla-Wagner Model -- Comparator Theory of Classical Conditioning -- Mackintosh's Attentional View -- Retrospective Processing View -- Critical-Thinking Questions -- Key Terms -- 6.Principles and Applications of Appetitive Conditioning -- A Loss of Control --
Contents note continued: Principles of Appetitive Conditioning -- Skinner's Contribution -- Distinction Between Instrumental and Operant Conditioning -- Types of Reinforcers -- Shaping -- Schedules of Reinforcement -- How Readily Is an Instrumental or Operant Response Learned? -- Extinction of an Appetitive Response -- Application of Appetitive Conditioning -- Contingency Management -- Implementation of the Contingency Management Program -- Critical-Thinking Questions -- Key Terms -- 7.Principles and Applications of Aversive Conditioning -- A Good Spanking -- Principles of Aversive Conditioning -- Escape Conditioning -- Avoidance of Aversive Events -- Punishment -- Applications of Aversive Conditioning -- Response Prevention or Flooding -- Punishment -- Critical-Thinking Questions -- Key Terms -- 8.Theories of Appetitive and Aversive Conditioning -- A Lack of Control -- Theories of Appetitive Conditioning -- Nature of Reinforcement -- Principles of Behavioral Economics --
Contents note continued: Pain of Failure -- Theories of Aversive Conditioning -- Nature of Avoidance Learning -- Nature of Punishment -- Critical-Thinking Questions -- Key Terms -- 9.Biological Influences on Learning -- A Nauseating Experience -- Generality of the Laws of Learning -- Behavior Systems Approach -- Animal Misbehavior -- Schedule-Induced Behavior -- Schedule-Induced Polydipsia -- Other Schedule-Induced Behaviors -- Nature of Schedule-Induced Behavior -- Does Schedule-Induced Behavior Occur in Humans? -- Flavor Aversion Learning -- Selectivity of Flavor Aversion Learning -- Nature of Flavor Aversion Learning -- Flavor Aversion Learning in Humans -- Flavor Preference Learning -- Nature of Flavor Preference Learning -- Neural Basis of Flavor Preference Learning -- Imprinting -- Infant Love -- Sexual Preference -- Nature of Imprinting -- Avoidance of Aversive Events -- Species-Specific Defense Reactions -- Predispositions and Avoidance Learning --
Contents note continued: Biology of Reinforcement -- Electrical Stimulation of the Brain -- Influence of the Medial Forebrain Bundle -- Mesolimbic Reinforcement System -- Critical-Thinking Questions -- Key Terms -- 10.Stimulus Control of Behavior -- A Case of Mistaken Identity -- Stimulus Generalization Process -- Generalization Gradients -- Nature of the Stimulus Generalization Process -- Discrimination Learning -- Discrimination Paradigms -- Behavioral Contrast -- Occasion Setting -- Nature of Discrimination Learning -- Continuity Versus Discontinuity -- Critical-Thinking Questions -- Key Terms -- 11.Cognitive Control of Behavior -- The Insurmountable Barrier -- Tolman's Purposive Behaviorism -- Learning Principles -- Place-Learning Studies -- Is Reward Necessary for Learning? -- Concept of an Expectation -- Mental Representation of Events -- Types of Mental Representations -- Importance of Habits -- Cognitive View of Depression -- Learned Helplessness Theory --
Contents note continued: Attributional Theory of Helplessness -- Hopelessness Theory of Depression -- Biological Influences on Learned Helplessness -- Cognitive View of Phobic Behavior -- Phobias and Expectations -- Self-Efficacy and Phobic Behavior -- Importance of Our Experiences -- Application: A Modeling Treatment for Phobias -- Alternative View -- Concept Learning -- Structure of a Concept -- Studying Concept Learning -- Theories of Concept Learning -- Language -- Structure of Language -- Syntax: The Rules of Language -- Semantics: The Meaning of Language -- Acquisition of Language -- Application: Teaching Primates Language -- Critical-Thinking Questions -- Key Terms -- 12.Memory Processes -- A Fleeting Experience -- Measures of Memory -- Three-Stage View of Memory Storage -- Sensory Register -- Iconic Memory -- Echoic Memory -- Nature of a Sensory Memory -- Short-Term Store -- Span of Short-Term Memory -- Disrupting Short-Term Memory -- Limited Storage Capacity --
Contents note continued: Organization of Our Experiences -- Rehearsal Function of the Short-Term Store -- Rehearsal Systems Approach -- Phonological Loop -- Visuospatial Sketchpad -- Central Executive -- Episodic Buffer -- Neural Correlates of Working Memory -- Is There a Short-Term Memory? -- Long-Term Store -- Episodic Versus Semantic Memories -- Procedural Versus Declarative Memories -- Cellular Modification Theory -- Anatomical Basis of Memory Storage -- Medial Temporal Lobe -- A Look Into the Past -- Memory Retrieval -- Attributes of Memory -- Context Attribute -- Affective Attribute -- Forgetting -- How Quickly We Forget -- Interference -- Reconstruction of the Past -- Anatomical Basis of Memory Retrieval -- Application: Mnemonics -- Method of Loci -- Remembering Names -- Do Mnemonics Work? -- Critical-Thinking Questions -- Key Terms.
Learning.
Conditioned response.