Clarification about SegWit transaction size and bech32

Clarification about SegWit transaction size and bech32
2017-12-18 17:38 ` Mark Friedenbach
  
From: Alberto De Luigi @ 2017-12-18 16:40 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: bitcoin-dev

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Hello guys,

I have a few questions about the SegWit tx size, I'd like to have
confirmation about the following statements. Can you correct mistakes or
inaccuracies? Thank you in advance.

 

In general, SegWit tx costs more than legacy tx (source
https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/10/28/segwit-costs/):

 

*	Compared to P2PKH, P2WPKH uses 3 fewer bytes (-1%) in the
scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes as P2PKH scriptSig.
*	Compared to P2SH, P2WSH uses 11 additional bytes (6%) in the
scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes as P2SH scriptSig.
*	Compared to P2PKH, P2WPKH/P2SH uses 21 additional bytes (11%), due
to using 24 bytes in scriptPubKey, 3 fewer bytes in scriptSig than in P2PKH
scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes as P2PKH scriptSig.
*	Compared to P2SH, P2WSH/P2SH uses 35 additional bytes (19%), due to
using 24 bytes in scriptPubKey, 11 additional bytes in scriptSig compared to
P2SH scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes as P2SH scriptSig.

 

But still it is convenient to adopt segwit because you move the bytes to the
blockweight part, paying smaller fee. In general, a tx with 1 input and 1
output is about 190kb. If it's a Segwit tx, 82kb in the non-witness part
(blocksize), 108 in the witness part (blockweight).

See source:

4 bytes version

1 byte input count

Input

36 bytes outpoint

1 byte scriptSigLen (0x00)

0 bytes scriptSig

4 bytes sequence

1 byte output count

8 bytes value

1 byte scriptPubKeyLen

22 bytes scriptPubKey (0x0014{20-byte keyhash})

4 bytes locktime

https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/59408/with-100-segwit-transactio
ns-what-would-be-the-max-number-of-transaction-confi

 

Which means, if you fill a block entirely with this kind of tx, you can
approximately double the capacity of the blockchain (blocksize capped to
1mb, blockweight a little bit more than 2mb)

 

My concern is about segwit adoption by the exchanges. 

SegWit transactions cost 10bytes more than legacy transactions for each
output (vout is 256 bits instead of 160). Exchanges aggregate tx adding many
outputs, which is of course something good for bitcoin scalability, since
this way we save space and pay less fees.

But when a tx has at least 10 outputs, using segwit you don't save space,
instead:

- the total blockweight is at least 100bytes higher (10bytes x 10 outputs),
so the blockchain is heavier 

- you don't save space inside the blocksize, so you cannot validate more
transactions of this kind (with many outputs), nor get cheaper fee

- without cheaper fees exchanges have no incentives for segwit adoption
before they decide to adopt LN

 

In general we can say that using SegWit:

- you decrease the fee only for some specific kind of transactions, and just
because you move some bytes to the blockweight

- you don't save space in the blockchain, on the contrary the total weight
of the blockchain increases (so it's clear to me why some time ago Luke
tweeted to not use SegWit unless really necessary... but then it's not clear
why so much haste in promoting BIP148 the 1st august risking a split)

 

If it's all correct, does something change with bech32? I'm reading bech32
allows to save about 22% of the space. Is this true for whatever kind of tx?
Immediate benefits of segwit for scalability are only with bech32?

 

Bech32 is non-compatible with the entire ecosystem (you cannot receive coins
from the quasi-totality of wallets in circulation), I would say it is a hard
fork. But the bare segwit is really so different? the soft fork is "soft"
for the reference client Bitcoin Core, but outside you cannot know what
happens, there are plenty of implementations (especially frontend
customization) which don't work with segwit and need to upgrade. To upgrade
takes a lot of time, especially when services are so crowded and so many new
people want to step in. At this point, if bech32 brings only efficiency (but
correct me if it's not so) and it is well planned, it could be a consensual
upgrade, maybe together with a 2x blocksize? Is there a specific plan for
some upgrade in 2018? I personally think it is far easier to reach consensus
on a blocksize increase una tantum rather than a dynamic increase. You
cannot predict the technology growth: will it be linear, exponential, or
suddenly stop for a while, maybe right before a huge innovation? I think a
hard fork bech32 upgrade + 2x could help a lot in scalability while we test
LN, and it might be the only way to effectively promote (or should I say
enforce?) SegWit adoption.

 

thank you,

Alberto De Luigi

(.com)


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 permalink raw reply	[|nested]
2017-12-18 16:40 Alberto De Luigi

  2017-12-18 21:41   ` mail
  
From: Mark Friedenbach @ 2017-12-18 17:38 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Alberto De Luigi, Bitcoin Protocol Discussion

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Addresses are entirely a user-interface issue. They don’t factor into the bitcoin protocol at all.

The bitcoin protocol doesn’t have addresses. It has a generic programmable signature framework called script. Addresses are merely a UI convention for representing common script templates. 1.. addresses and 3… addresses have script templates that are not as optimal as could be constructed with post-segwit assumptions. The newer bech32 address just uses a different underlying template that achieves better security guarantees (for pay-to-script) or lower fees (for pay-to-pubkey-hash). But this is really a UI/UX issue.

A “fork” in bitcoin-like consensus systems has a very specific meaning. Changing address formats is not a fork, soft or hard.

There are many benefits to segregated witness. You may find this page helpful:

https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/01/26/segwit-benefits/ <https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/01/26/segwit-benefits/>

> On Dec 18, 2017, at 8:40 AM, Alberto De Luigi via bitcoin-dev <bitcoin-dev@lists•linuxfoundation.org> wrote:
> 
> Hello guys,
> I have a few questions about the SegWit tx size, I'd like to have confirmation about the following statements. Can you correct mistakes or inaccuracies? Thank you in advance.
>  
> In general, SegWit tx costs more than legacy tx (source https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/10/28/segwit-costs/ <https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/10/28/segwit-costs/>):
>  
> Compared to P2PKH, P2WPKH uses 3 fewer bytes (-1%) in the scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes as P2PKH scriptSig.
> Compared to P2SH, P2WSH uses 11 additional bytes (6%) in the scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes as P2SH scriptSig.
> Compared to P2PKH, P2WPKH/P2SH uses 21 additional bytes (11%), due to using 24 bytes in scriptPubKey, 3 fewer bytes in scriptSig than in P2PKH scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes as P2PKH scriptSig.
> Compared to P2SH, P2WSH/P2SH uses 35 additional bytes (19%), due to using 24 bytes in scriptPubKey, 11 additional bytes in scriptSig compared to P2SH scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes as P2SH scriptSig.
>  
> But still it is convenient to adopt segwit because you move the bytes to the blockweight part, paying smaller fee. In general, a tx with 1 input and 1 output is about 190kb. If it's a Segwit tx, 82kb in the non-witness part (blocksize), 108 in the witness part (blockweight).
> See source:
> 4 bytes version
> 1 byte input count
> Input
> 36 bytes outpoint
> 1 byte scriptSigLen (0x00)
> 0 bytes scriptSig
> 4 bytes sequence
> 1 byte output count
> 8 bytes value
> 1 byte scriptPubKeyLen
> 22 bytes scriptPubKey (0x0014{20-byte keyhash})
> 4 bytes locktime
> https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/59408/with-100-segwit-transactions-what-would-be-the-max-number-of-transaction-confi <https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/59408/with-100-segwit-transactions-what-would-be-the-max-number-of-transaction-confi>
>  
> Which means, if you fill a block entirely with this kind of tx, you can approximately double the capacity of the blockchain (blocksize capped to 1mb, blockweight a little bit more than 2mb)
>  
> My concern is about segwit adoption by the exchanges. 
> SegWit transactions cost 10bytes more than legacy transactions for each output (vout is 256 bits instead of 160). Exchanges aggregate tx adding many outputs, which is of course something good for bitcoin scalability, since this way we save space and pay less fees.
> But when a tx has at least 10 outputs, using segwit you don't save space, instead:
> - the total blockweight is at least 100bytes higher (10bytes x 10 outputs), so the blockchain is heavier 
> - you don't save space inside the blocksize, so you cannot validate more transactions of this kind (with many outputs), nor get cheaper fee
> - without cheaper fees exchanges have no incentives for segwit adoption before they decide to adopt LN
>  
> In general we can say that using SegWit:
> - you decrease the fee only for some specific kind of transactions, and just because you move some bytes to the blockweight
> - you don’t save space in the blockchain, on the contrary the total weight of the blockchain increases (so it's clear to me why some time ago Luke tweeted to not use SegWit unless really necessary... but then it's not clear why so much haste in promoting BIP148 the 1st august risking a split)
>  
> If it's all correct, does something change with bech32? I'm reading bech32 allows to save about 22% of the space. Is this true for whatever kind of tx? Immediate benefits of segwit for scalability are only with bech32?
>  
> Bech32 is non-compatible with the entire ecosystem (you cannot receive coins from the quasi-totality of wallets in circulation), I would say it is a hard fork. But the bare segwit is really so different? the soft fork is "soft" for the reference client Bitcoin Core, but outside you cannot know what happens, there are plenty of implementations (especially frontend customization) which don’t work with segwit and need to upgrade. To upgrade takes a lot of time, especially when services are so crowded and so many new people want to step in. At this point, if bech32 brings only efficiency (but correct me if it’s not so) and it is well planned, it could be a consensual upgrade, maybe together with a 2x blocksize? Is there a specific plan for some upgrade in 2018? I personally think it is far easier to reach consensus on a blocksize increase una tantum rather than a dynamic increase. You cannot predict the technology growth: will it be linear, exponential, or suddenly stop for a while, maybe right before a huge innovation? I think a hard fork bech32 upgrade + 2x could help a lot in scalability while we test LN, and it might be the only way to effectively promote (or should I say enforce?) SegWit adoption.
>  
> thank you,
> Alberto De Luigi
> (.com)
> _______________________________________________
> bitcoin-dev mailing list
> bitcoin-dev@lists•linuxfoundation.org <mailto:bitcoin-dev@lists•linuxfoundation.org>
> https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev <https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev>

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 permalink raw reply	[|nested]
2017-12-18 17:38 ` Mark Friedenbach

  2017-12-18 22:03     ` Mark Friedenbach
  
From: mail @ 2017-12-18 21:41 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Mark Friedenbach;  Bitcoin Protocol Discussion

Hi Mark,
thank you. I understand your point, but despite what we define as a 
fork, when a software uses a particular address, it becomes part of the 
rules of that software. If another software doesn't recognize that 
address as a bitcoin address, then the rules it enforces aren't 
compatible with the behaviour of the first software. If you send me your 
bitcoins, I can't receive it, exactly like if it was in another chain. 
This happens even if there isn't such a situation where miners verify 
that transaction on a chain, while other miners reject it.

If we want to change the addresses, we need consensus and the coordinate 
upgrade of the entire network. In case we haven't consensus, most of the 
clients cannot send and receive bitcoins, which is a huge problem.
For this reason I think it is something we should discuss in order to 
make a coordinated upgrade, exactly like what we do when we propose a 
fork. And it would be better to do it precisely as a part of a fork, 
like a 2x (or whatever other upgrade gaining enough consensus)

Apart from the proposal of an upgrade to bench32, do you agree with the 
rest of my points? I know segwit is valuable because it fixes tx 
malleability and so on... thank you for your link, but that wasn't the 
point I wanted to highlight!

Thank you,
Alberto




Il 2017-12-18 18:38 Mark Friedenbach ha scritto:
> Addresses are entirely a user-interface issue. They don’t factor
> into the bitcoin protocol at all.
> 
> The bitcoin protocol doesn’t have addresses. It has a generic
> programmable signature framework called script. Addresses are merely a
> UI convention for representing common script templates. 1.. addresses
> and 3… addresses have script templates that are not as optimal as
> could be constructed with post-segwit assumptions. The newer bech32
> address just uses a different underlying template that achieves better
> security guarantees (for pay-to-script) or lower fees (for
> pay-to-pubkey-hash). But this is really a UI/UX issue.
> 
> A “fork” in bitcoin-like consensus systems has a very specific
> meaning. Changing address formats is not a fork, soft or hard.
> 
> There are many benefits to segregated witness. You may find this page
> helpful:
> 
> https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/01/26/segwit-benefits/ [4]
> 
>> On Dec 18, 2017, at 8:40 AM, Alberto De Luigi via bitcoin-dev
>> <bitcoin-dev@lists•linuxfoundation.org> wrote:
>> 
>> Hello guys,
>> I have a few questions about the SegWit tx size, I'd like to have
>> confirmation about the following statements. Can you correct
>> mistakes or inaccuracies? Thank you in advance.
>> 
>> In general, SegWit tx costs more than legacy tx (source
>> https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/10/28/segwit-costs/ [1]):
>> 
>> * Compared to P2PKH, P2WPKH uses 3 fewer bytes (-1%) in the
>> scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes as P2PKH
>> scriptSig.
>> * Compared to P2SH, P2WSH uses 11 additional bytes (6%) in the
>> scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes as P2SH
>> scriptSig.
>> * Compared to P2PKH, P2WPKH/P2SH uses 21 additional bytes (11%),
>> due to using 24 bytes in scriptPubKey, 3 fewer bytes in scriptSig
>> than in P2PKH scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes as
>> P2PKH scriptSig.
>> * Compared to P2SH, P2WSH/P2SH uses 35 additional bytes (19%), due
>> to using 24 bytes in scriptPubKey, 11 additional bytes in scriptSig
>> compared to P2SH scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes
>> as P2SH scriptSig.
>> 
>> But still it is convenient to adopt segwit because you move the
>> bytes to the blockweight part, paying smaller fee. In general, a tx
>> with 1 input and 1 output is about 190kb. If it's a Segwit tx, 82kb
>> in the non-witness part (blocksize), 108 in the witness part
>> (blockweight).
>> See source:
>> 4 bytes version
>> 1 byte input count
>> Input
>> 36 bytes outpoint
>> 1 byte scriptSigLen (0x00)
>> 0 bytes scriptSig
>> 4 bytes sequence
>> 1 byte output count
>> 8 bytes value
>> 1 byte scriptPubKeyLen
>> 22 bytes scriptPubKey (0x0014{20-byte keyhash})
>> 4 bytes locktime
>> 
> https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/59408/with-100-segwit-transactions-what-would-be-the-max-number-of-transaction-confi
>> [2]
>> 
>> Which means, if you fill a block entirely with this kind of tx, you
>> can approximately double the capacity of the blockchain (blocksize
>> capped to 1mb, blockweight a little bit more than 2mb)
>> 
>> My concern is about segwit adoption by the exchanges.
>> SegWit transactions cost 10bytes more than legacy transactions for
>> each output (vout is 256 bits instead of 160). Exchanges aggregate
>> tx adding many outputs, which is of course something good for
>> bitcoin scalability, since this way we save space and pay less fees.
>> But when a tx has at least 10 outputs, using segwit you don't save
>> space, instead:
>> 
>> - the total blockweight is at least 100bytes higher (10bytes x 10
>> outputs), so the blockchain is heavier
>> - you don't save space inside the blocksize, so you cannot validate
>> more transactions of this kind (with many outputs), nor get cheaper
>> fee
>> - without cheaper fees exchanges have no incentives for segwit
>> adoption before they decide to adopt LN
>> 
>> In general we can say that using SegWit:
>> - you decrease the fee only for some specific kind of transactions,
>> and just because you move some bytes to the blockweight
>> - you don’t save space in the blockchain, on the contrary the
>> total weight of the blockchain increases (so it's clear to me why
>> some time ago Luke tweeted to not use SegWit unless really
>> necessary... but then it's not clear why so much haste in promoting
>> BIP148 the 1st august risking a split)
>> 
>> If it's all correct, does something change with bech32? I'm reading
>> bech32 allows to save about 22% of the space. Is this true for
>> whatever kind of tx? Immediate benefits of segwit for scalability
>> are only with bech32?
>> 
>> Bech32 is non-compatible with the entire ecosystem (you cannot
>> receive coins from the quasi-totality of wallets in circulation), I
>> would say it is a hard fork. But the bare segwit is really so
>> different? the soft fork is "soft" for the reference client Bitcoin
>> Core, but outside you cannot know what happens, there are plenty of
>> implementations (especially frontend customization) which don’t
>> work with segwit and need to upgrade. To upgrade takes a lot of
>> time, especially when services are so crowded and so many new people
>> want to step in. At this point, if bech32 brings only efficiency
>> (but correct me if it’s not so) and it is well planned, it could
>> be a consensual upgrade, maybe together with a 2x blocksize? Is
>> there a specific plan for some upgrade in 2018? I personally think
>> it is far easier to reach consensus on a blocksize increase una
>> tantum rather than a dynamic increase. You cannot predict the
>> technology growth: will it be linear, exponential, or suddenly stop
>> for a while, maybe right before a huge innovation? I think a hard
>> fork bech32 upgrade + 2x could help a lot in scalability while we
>> test LN, and it might be the only way to effectively promote (or
>> should I say enforce?) SegWit adoption.
>> 
>> thank you,
>> Alberto De Luigi
>> (.com)_______________________________________________
>> bitcoin-dev mailing list
>> bitcoin-dev@lists•linuxfoundation.org
>> https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev [3]
> 
> 
> 
> Links:
> ------
> [1] https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/10/28/segwit-costs/
> [2]
> https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/59408/with-100-segwit-transactions-what-would-be-the-max-number-of-transaction-confi
> [3] https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev
> [4] https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/01/26/segwit-benefits/




 permalink raw reply	[|nested]
2017-12-18 21:41   ` mail

  2017-12-18 22:19       ` mail
  
From: Mark Friedenbach @ 2017-12-18 22:03 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: mail;  Bitcoin Protocol Discussion

Why would I send you coins to anything other than the address you provided to me? If you send me a bech32 address I use the native segwit scripts. If you send me an old address, I do what it specifies instead. The recipient has control over what type of script the payment is sent to, without any ambiguity.

> On Dec 18, 2017, at 1:41 PM, mail@albertodeluigi•com wrote:
> 
> Hi Mark,
> thank you. I understand your point, but despite what we define as a fork, when a software uses a particular address, it becomes part of the rules of that software. If another software doesn't recognize that address as a bitcoin address, then the rules it enforces aren't compatible with the behaviour of the first software. If you send me your bitcoins, I can't receive it, exactly like if it was in another chain. This happens even if there isn't such a situation where miners verify that transaction on a chain, while other miners reject it.
> 
> If we want to change the addresses, we need consensus and the coordinate upgrade of the entire network. In case we haven't consensus, most of the clients cannot send and receive bitcoins, which is a huge problem.
> For this reason I think it is something we should discuss in order to make a coordinated upgrade, exactly like what we do when we propose a fork. And it would be better to do it precisely as a part of a fork, like a 2x (or whatever other upgrade gaining enough consensus)
> 
> Apart from the proposal of an upgrade to bench32, do you agree with the rest of my points? I know segwit is valuable because it fixes tx malleability and so on... thank you for your link, but that wasn't the point I wanted to highlight!
> 
> Thank you,
> Alberto
> 
> 
> 
> 
> Il 2017-12-18 18:38 Mark Friedenbach ha scritto:
>> Addresses are entirely a user-interface issue. They don’t factor
>> into the bitcoin protocol at all.
>> The bitcoin protocol doesn’t have addresses. It has a generic
>> programmable signature framework called script. Addresses are merely a
>> UI convention for representing common script templates. 1.. addresses
>> and 3… addresses have script templates that are not as optimal as
>> could be constructed with post-segwit assumptions. The newer bech32
>> address just uses a different underlying template that achieves better
>> security guarantees (for pay-to-script) or lower fees (for
>> pay-to-pubkey-hash). But this is really a UI/UX issue.
>> A “fork” in bitcoin-like consensus systems has a very specific
>> meaning. Changing address formats is not a fork, soft or hard.
>> There are many benefits to segregated witness. You may find this page
>> helpful:
>> https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/01/26/segwit-benefits/ [4]
>>> On Dec 18, 2017, at 8:40 AM, Alberto De Luigi via bitcoin-dev
>>> <bitcoin-dev@lists•linuxfoundation.org> wrote:
>>> Hello guys,
>>> I have a few questions about the SegWit tx size, I'd like to have
>>> confirmation about the following statements. Can you correct
>>> mistakes or inaccuracies? Thank you in advance.
>>> In general, SegWit tx costs more than legacy tx (source
>>> https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/10/28/segwit-costs/ [1]):
>>> * Compared to P2PKH, P2WPKH uses 3 fewer bytes (-1%) in the
>>> scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes as P2PKH
>>> scriptSig.
>>> * Compared to P2SH, P2WSH uses 11 additional bytes (6%) in the
>>> scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes as P2SH
>>> scriptSig.
>>> * Compared to P2PKH, P2WPKH/P2SH uses 21 additional bytes (11%),
>>> due to using 24 bytes in scriptPubKey, 3 fewer bytes in scriptSig
>>> than in P2PKH scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes as
>>> P2PKH scriptSig.
>>> * Compared to P2SH, P2WSH/P2SH uses 35 additional bytes (19%), due
>>> to using 24 bytes in scriptPubKey, 11 additional bytes in scriptSig
>>> compared to P2SH scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes
>>> as P2SH scriptSig.
>>> But still it is convenient to adopt segwit because you move the
>>> bytes to the blockweight part, paying smaller fee. In general, a tx
>>> with 1 input and 1 output is about 190kb. If it's a Segwit tx, 82kb
>>> in the non-witness part (blocksize), 108 in the witness part
>>> (blockweight).
>>> See source:
>>> 4 bytes version
>>> 1 byte input count
>>> Input
>>> 36 bytes outpoint
>>> 1 byte scriptSigLen (0x00)
>>> 0 bytes scriptSig
>>> 4 bytes sequence
>>> 1 byte output count
>>> 8 bytes value
>>> 1 byte scriptPubKeyLen
>>> 22 bytes scriptPubKey (0x0014{20-byte keyhash})
>>> 4 bytes locktime
>> https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/59408/with-100-segwit-transactions-what-would-be-the-max-number-of-transaction-confi
>>> [2]
>>> Which means, if you fill a block entirely with this kind of tx, you
>>> can approximately double the capacity of the blockchain (blocksize
>>> capped to 1mb, blockweight a little bit more than 2mb)
>>> My concern is about segwit adoption by the exchanges.
>>> SegWit transactions cost 10bytes more than legacy transactions for
>>> each output (vout is 256 bits instead of 160). Exchanges aggregate
>>> tx adding many outputs, which is of course something good for
>>> bitcoin scalability, since this way we save space and pay less fees.
>>> But when a tx has at least 10 outputs, using segwit you don't save
>>> space, instead:
>>> - the total blockweight is at least 100bytes higher (10bytes x 10
>>> outputs), so the blockchain is heavier
>>> - you don't save space inside the blocksize, so you cannot validate
>>> more transactions of this kind (with many outputs), nor get cheaper
>>> fee
>>> - without cheaper fees exchanges have no incentives for segwit
>>> adoption before they decide to adopt LN
>>> In general we can say that using SegWit:
>>> - you decrease the fee only for some specific kind of transactions,
>>> and just because you move some bytes to the blockweight
>>> - you don’t save space in the blockchain, on the contrary the
>>> total weight of the blockchain increases (so it's clear to me why
>>> some time ago Luke tweeted to not use SegWit unless really
>>> necessary... but then it's not clear why so much haste in promoting
>>> BIP148 the 1st august risking a split)
>>> If it's all correct, does something change with bech32? I'm reading
>>> bech32 allows to save about 22% of the space. Is this true for
>>> whatever kind of tx? Immediate benefits of segwit for scalability
>>> are only with bech32?
>>> Bech32 is non-compatible with the entire ecosystem (you cannot
>>> receive coins from the quasi-totality of wallets in circulation), I
>>> would say it is a hard fork. But the bare segwit is really so
>>> different? the soft fork is "soft" for the reference client Bitcoin
>>> Core, but outside you cannot know what happens, there are plenty of
>>> implementations (especially frontend customization) which don’t
>>> work with segwit and need to upgrade. To upgrade takes a lot of
>>> time, especially when services are so crowded and so many new people
>>> want to step in. At this point, if bech32 brings only efficiency
>>> (but correct me if it’s not so) and it is well planned, it could
>>> be a consensual upgrade, maybe together with a 2x blocksize? Is
>>> there a specific plan for some upgrade in 2018? I personally think
>>> it is far easier to reach consensus on a blocksize increase una
>>> tantum rather than a dynamic increase. You cannot predict the
>>> technology growth: will it be linear, exponential, or suddenly stop
>>> for a while, maybe right before a huge innovation? I think a hard
>>> fork bech32 upgrade + 2x could help a lot in scalability while we
>>> test LN, and it might be the only way to effectively promote (or
>>> should I say enforce?) SegWit adoption.
>>> thank you,
>>> Alberto De Luigi
>>> (.com)_______________________________________________
>>> bitcoin-dev mailing list
>>> bitcoin-dev@lists•linuxfoundation.org
>>> https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev [3]
>> Links:
>> ------
>> [1] https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/10/28/segwit-costs/
>> [2]
>> https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/59408/with-100-segwit-transactions-what-would-be-the-max-number-of-transaction-confi
>> [3] https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev
>> [4] https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/01/26/segwit-benefits/
> 
> 


 permalink raw reply	[|nested]
2017-12-18 22:03     ` Mark Friedenbach

  
From: mail @ 2017-12-18 22:19 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Mark Friedenbach;  Bitcoin Protocol Discussion

Mark,
suppose I am an average user. Give me a bech32 address and ask me to 
send a few coins there. I am 100% sure you will never receive my coins. 
I will call you back saying: "Mark, sorry, I tried with three different 
wallets, but it seems what you gave me is not a bitcoin address!"

My point is: we want SegWit is used and implemented more and more by the 
community. But if besides malleability fix, the main effect of sw 
adoption is this:

1) The blockahin is heavier (transactions require more space)
2) the fee is smaller only for some kind of tx
3) the transactions of the exchanges, which aggregate outputs, would be 
heavier and pay a higher fee using segwit!

then how can we expect people, exchanges and services to adopt segwit?

Thank you,
Alberto De Luigi



Il 2017-12-18 23:03 Mark Friedenbach ha scritto:
> Why would I send you coins to anything other than the address you
> provided to me? If you send me a bech32 address I use the native
> segwit scripts. If you send me an old address, I do what it specifies
> instead. The recipient has control over what type of script the
> payment is sent to, without any ambiguity.
> 
>> On Dec 18, 2017, at 1:41 PM, mail@albertodeluigi•com wrote:
>> 
>> Hi Mark,
>> thank you. I understand your point, but despite what we define as a 
>> fork, when a software uses a particular address, it becomes part of 
>> the rules of that software. If another software doesn't recognize that 
>> address as a bitcoin address, then the rules it enforces aren't 
>> compatible with the behaviour of the first software. If you send me 
>> your bitcoins, I can't receive it, exactly like if it was in another 
>> chain. This happens even if there isn't such a situation where miners 
>> verify that transaction on a chain, while other miners reject it.
>> 
>> If we want to change the addresses, we need consensus and the 
>> coordinate upgrade of the entire network. In case we haven't 
>> consensus, most of the clients cannot send and receive bitcoins, which 
>> is a huge problem.
>> For this reason I think it is something we should discuss in order to 
>> make a coordinated upgrade, exactly like what we do when we propose a 
>> fork. And it would be better to do it precisely as a part of a fork, 
>> like a 2x (or whatever other upgrade gaining enough consensus)
>> 
>> Apart from the proposal of an upgrade to bench32, do you agree with 
>> the rest of my points? I know segwit is valuable because it fixes tx 
>> malleability and so on... thank you for your link, but that wasn't the 
>> point I wanted to highlight!
>> 
>> Thank you,
>> Alberto
>> 
>> 
>> 
>> 
>> Il 2017-12-18 18:38 Mark Friedenbach ha scritto:
>>> Addresses are entirely a user-interface issue. They don’t factor
>>> into the bitcoin protocol at all.
>>> The bitcoin protocol doesn’t have addresses. It has a generic
>>> programmable signature framework called script. Addresses are merely 
>>> a
>>> UI convention for representing common script templates. 1.. addresses
>>> and 3… addresses have script templates that are not as optimal as
>>> could be constructed with post-segwit assumptions. The newer bech32
>>> address just uses a different underlying template that achieves 
>>> better
>>> security guarantees (for pay-to-script) or lower fees (for
>>> pay-to-pubkey-hash). But this is really a UI/UX issue.
>>> A “fork” in bitcoin-like consensus systems has a very specific
>>> meaning. Changing address formats is not a fork, soft or hard.
>>> There are many benefits to segregated witness. You may find this page
>>> helpful:
>>> https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/01/26/segwit-benefits/ [4]
>>>> On Dec 18, 2017, at 8:40 AM, Alberto De Luigi via bitcoin-dev
>>>> <bitcoin-dev@lists•linuxfoundation.org> wrote:
>>>> Hello guys,
>>>> I have a few questions about the SegWit tx size, I'd like to have
>>>> confirmation about the following statements. Can you correct
>>>> mistakes or inaccuracies? Thank you in advance.
>>>> In general, SegWit tx costs more than legacy tx (source
>>>> https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/10/28/segwit-costs/ [1]):
>>>> * Compared to P2PKH, P2WPKH uses 3 fewer bytes (-1%) in the
>>>> scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes as P2PKH
>>>> scriptSig.
>>>> * Compared to P2SH, P2WSH uses 11 additional bytes (6%) in the
>>>> scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes as P2SH
>>>> scriptSig.
>>>> * Compared to P2PKH, P2WPKH/P2SH uses 21 additional bytes (11%),
>>>> due to using 24 bytes in scriptPubKey, 3 fewer bytes in scriptSig
>>>> than in P2PKH scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes as
>>>> P2PKH scriptSig.
>>>> * Compared to P2SH, P2WSH/P2SH uses 35 additional bytes (19%), due
>>>> to using 24 bytes in scriptPubKey, 11 additional bytes in scriptSig
>>>> compared to P2SH scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes
>>>> as P2SH scriptSig.
>>>> But still it is convenient to adopt segwit because you move the
>>>> bytes to the blockweight part, paying smaller fee. In general, a tx
>>>> with 1 input and 1 output is about 190kb. If it's a Segwit tx, 82kb
>>>> in the non-witness part (blocksize), 108 in the witness part
>>>> (blockweight).
>>>> See source:
>>>> 4 bytes version
>>>> 1 byte input count
>>>> Input
>>>> 36 bytes outpoint
>>>> 1 byte scriptSigLen (0x00)
>>>> 0 bytes scriptSig
>>>> 4 bytes sequence
>>>> 1 byte output count
>>>> 8 bytes value
>>>> 1 byte scriptPubKeyLen
>>>> 22 bytes scriptPubKey (0x0014{20-byte keyhash})
>>>> 4 bytes locktime
>>> https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/59408/with-100-segwit-transactions-what-would-be-the-max-number-of-transaction-confi
>>>> [2]
>>>> Which means, if you fill a block entirely with this kind of tx, you
>>>> can approximately double the capacity of the blockchain (blocksize
>>>> capped to 1mb, blockweight a little bit more than 2mb)
>>>> My concern is about segwit adoption by the exchanges.
>>>> SegWit transactions cost 10bytes more than legacy transactions for
>>>> each output (vout is 256 bits instead of 160). Exchanges aggregate
>>>> tx adding many outputs, which is of course something good for
>>>> bitcoin scalability, since this way we save space and pay less fees.
>>>> But when a tx has at least 10 outputs, using segwit you don't save
>>>> space, instead:
>>>> - the total blockweight is at least 100bytes higher (10bytes x 10
>>>> outputs), so the blockchain is heavier
>>>> - you don't save space inside the blocksize, so you cannot validate
>>>> more transactions of this kind (with many outputs), nor get cheaper
>>>> fee
>>>> - without cheaper fees exchanges have no incentives for segwit
>>>> adoption before they decide to adopt LN
>>>> In general we can say that using SegWit:
>>>> - you decrease the fee only for some specific kind of transactions,
>>>> and just because you move some bytes to the blockweight
>>>> - you don’t save space in the blockchain, on the contrary the
>>>> total weight of the blockchain increases (so it's clear to me why
>>>> some time ago Luke tweeted to not use SegWit unless really
>>>> necessary... but then it's not clear why so much haste in promoting
>>>> BIP148 the 1st august risking a split)
>>>> If it's all correct, does something change with bech32? I'm reading
>>>> bech32 allows to save about 22% of the space. Is this true for
>>>> whatever kind of tx? Immediate benefits of segwit for scalability
>>>> are only with bech32?
>>>> Bech32 is non-compatible with the entire ecosystem (you cannot
>>>> receive coins from the quasi-totality of wallets in circulation), I
>>>> would say it is a hard fork. But the bare segwit is really so
>>>> different? the soft fork is "soft" for the reference client Bitcoin
>>>> Core, but outside you cannot know what happens, there are plenty of
>>>> implementations (especially frontend customization) which don’t
>>>> work with segwit and need to upgrade. To upgrade takes a lot of
>>>> time, especially when services are so crowded and so many new people
>>>> want to step in. At this point, if bech32 brings only efficiency
>>>> (but correct me if it’s not so) and it is well planned, it could
>>>> be a consensual upgrade, maybe together with a 2x blocksize? Is
>>>> there a specific plan for some upgrade in 2018? I personally think
>>>> it is far easier to reach consensus on a blocksize increase una
>>>> tantum rather than a dynamic increase. You cannot predict the
>>>> technology growth: will it be linear, exponential, or suddenly stop
>>>> for a while, maybe right before a huge innovation? I think a hard
>>>> fork bech32 upgrade + 2x could help a lot in scalability while we
>>>> test LN, and it might be the only way to effectively promote (or
>>>> should I say enforce?) SegWit adoption.
>>>> thank you,
>>>> Alberto De Luigi
>>>> (.com)_______________________________________________
>>>> bitcoin-dev mailing list
>>>> bitcoin-dev@lists•linuxfoundation.org
>>>> https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev [3]
>>> Links:
>>> ------
>>> [1] https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/10/28/segwit-costs/
>>> [2]
>>> https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/59408/with-100-segwit-transactions-what-would-be-the-max-number-of-transaction-confi
>>> [3] https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev
>>> [4] https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/01/26/segwit-benefits/
>> 
>> 




 permalink raw reply	[|nested]
From: Alberto De Luigi @ 2017-12-19 13:45 UTC ( / )
  To: 'Gregory Maxwell', 'Bitcoin Protocol Discussion'

Thank you Gregory,
so SegWit P2PHK have strictly less weight than P2WPKH, 3 fewer bytes (-1%) no matter the n. of outputs.
Instead, Segwit P2WPKH/P2SH cost 11% more than P2PHK, while compared to P2SH, SegWit transaction P2WSH and P2WSH/P2SH cost respectively 6% and 19% more space. And it can be much more if outputs are, as you say, an absurd number, which is the case of tx made by an exchange.

I understand there is a rationale for the overhead size. It's transparent from here: https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/01/26/segwit-benefits
I don't understand your two points, which are new to me, maybe I lack of some technical details?
1) outputs were previously undercosted
2) a great many TXOUTs are putting a serious long term cost on the network

But independently from that, my point is: does an exchange have economic incentives in adopting SegWit? I think the answer is no.
Does SegWit help making bitcoin more scalable? Not until Lightning Network, since transactions just take up more space. 

Instead, if bech32 really makes possible to save up to 22% of space (I still need confirmation), it would help a lot in scaling bitcoin. We just need to coordinate the network to bring it on most of the wallets. Since using bech32 everybody will benefit and pay smaller fees there are economic incentives in implementing it. For this reason I think an agreement about a transition to bech32 as default address for every wallet is a highly realistic scenario, while widespread SegWit adoption without bech32 is not, in my opinion, because poor or negative economic incentives (including also the costs companies sustain for development).

I know an agreement is a political matter, should it be discussed elsewhere?
I think a network upgrade to bech32 addresses requires the same coordination of a hard fork, but.. just a hint: bech32 helps saving space, in the meanwhile we reach widespread segwit adoption. If transition is achieved, we would have blocks of 2mb fulfilled with transactions using bech32, which have a 20% discount. Compared to the current situation of 1.05mb average blocks and 400k tx daily, we could have about 2mb blocks and 960k tx daily...

Thank you,
Alberto De Luigi
(.com)



-----Original Message-----
From: Gregory Maxwell [mailto:gmaxwell@gmail•com]
Sent: martedì 19 dicembre 2017 09:06
To: mail@albertodeluigi•com; Bitcoin Protocol Discussion
<bitcoin-dev@lists•linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Mark Friedenbach <mark@friedenbach•org>
Subject: Re: [bitcoin-dev] Clarification about SegWit transaction size and
bech32

Alberto,

You are confused about the impact.  Ordinary P2WPKH have strictly less
weight no matter how many outputs you have.  P2WSH in very output heavy
transactions can be more, but this is inherent in the upgrade from
inadequate 80-bit security to 128-bit security, an intentional
change: because outputs were previously _radically_ undercosted in the
system and any party making a great many new TXOUTs are putting a serious
long term cost on the network,  and in any case it's except for transactions
that make an absurd number of P2WSH outputs at once the difference is pretty
small.

On Mon, Dec 18, 2017 at 10:19 PM, Alberto De Luigi via bitcoin-dev
<bitcoin-dev@lists•linuxfoundation.org> wrote:
> Mark,
> suppose I am an average user. Give me a bech32 address and ask me to
> send a few coins there. I am 100% sure you will never receive my
> coins. I will call you back saying: "Mark, sorry, I tried with three
> different wallets, but it seems what you gave me is not a bitcoin
> address!"
>
> My point is: we want SegWit is used and implemented more and more by
> the community. But if besides malleability fix, the main effect of sw
> adoption is this:
>
> 1) The blockahin is heavier (transactions require more space)
> 2) the fee is smaller only for some kind of tx
> 3) the transactions of the exchanges, which aggregate outputs, would
> be heavier and pay a higher fee using segwit!
>
> then how can we expect people, exchanges and services to adopt segwit?
>
> Thank you,
> Alberto De Luigi
>
>
>
>
> Il 2017-12-18 23:03 Mark Friedenbach ha scritto:
>>
>> Why would I send you coins to anything other than the address you
>> provided to me? If you send me a bech32 address I use the native
>> segwit scripts. If you send me an old address, I do what it specifies
>> instead. The recipient has control over what type of script the
>> payment is sent to, without any ambiguity.
>>
>>> On Dec 18, 2017, at 1:41 PM, mail@albertodeluigi•com wrote:
>>>
>>> Hi Mark,
>>> thank you. I understand your point, but despite what we define as a
>>> fork, when a software uses a particular address, it becomes part of
>>> the rules of that software. If another software doesn't recognize
>>> that address as a bitcoin address, then the rules it enforces aren't
>>> compatible with the behaviour of the first software. If you send me
>>> your bitcoins, I can't receive it, exactly like if it was in another
>>> chain. This happens even if there isn't such a situation where
>>> miners verify that transaction on a chain, while other miners reject it.
>>>
>>> If we want to change the addresses, we need consensus and the
>>> coordinate upgrade of the entire network. In case we haven't
>>> consensus, most of the clients cannot send and receive bitcoins, which
>>> is a huge problem.
>>> For this reason I think it is something we should discuss in order
>>> to make a coordinated upgrade, exactly like what we do when we propose a
>>> fork.
>>> And it would be better to do it precisely as a part of a fork, like
>>> a 2x (or whatever other upgrade gaining enough consensus)
>>>
>>> Apart from the proposal of an upgrade to bench32, do you agree with
>>> the rest of my points? I know segwit is valuable because it fixes tx
>>> malleability and so on... thank you for your link, but that wasn't
>>> the point I wanted to highlight!
>>>
>>> Thank you,
>>> Alberto
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> Il 2017-12-18 18:38 Mark Friedenbach ha scritto:
>>>>
>>>> Addresses are entirely a user-interface issue. They don’t factor
>>>> into the bitcoin protocol at all.
>>>> The bitcoin protocol doesn’t have addresses. It has a generic
>>>> programmable signature framework called script. Addresses are
>>>> merely a UI convention for representing common script templates.
>>>> 1.. addresses and 3… addresses have script templates that are not
>>>> as optimal as could be constructed with post-segwit assumptions.
>>>> The newer bech32 address just uses a different underlying template
>>>> that achieves better security guarantees (for pay-to-script) or
>>>> lower fees (for pay-to-pubkey-hash). But this is really a UI/UX issue.
>>>> A “fork” in bitcoin-like consensus systems has a very specific
>>>> meaning. Changing address formats is not a fork, soft or hard.
>>>> There are many benefits to segregated witness. You may find this
>>>> page
>>>> helpful:
>>>> https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/01/26/segwit-benefits/ [4]
>>>>>
>>>>> On Dec 18, 2017, at 8:40 AM, Alberto De Luigi via bitcoin-dev
>>>>> <bitcoin-dev@lists•linuxfoundation.org> wrote:
>>>>> Hello guys,
>>>>> I have a few questions about the SegWit tx size, I'd like to have
>>>>> confirmation about the following statements. Can you correct
>>>>> mistakes or inaccuracies? Thank you in advance.
>>>>> In general, SegWit tx costs more than legacy tx (source
>>>>> https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/10/28/segwit-costs/ [1]):
>>>>> * Compared to P2PKH, P2WPKH uses 3 fewer bytes (-1%) in the
>>>>> scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes as P2PKH
>>>>> scriptSig.
>>>>> * Compared to P2SH, P2WSH uses 11 additional bytes (6%) in the
>>>>> scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes as P2SH
>>>>> scriptSig.
>>>>> * Compared to P2PKH, P2WPKH/P2SH uses 21 additional bytes (11%),
>>>>> due to using 24 bytes in scriptPubKey, 3 fewer bytes in scriptSig
>>>>> than in P2PKH scriptPubKey, and the same number of witness bytes
>>>>> as P2PKH scriptSig.
>>>>> * Compared to P2SH, P2WSH/P2SH uses 35 additional bytes (19%), due
>>>>> to using 24 bytes in scriptPubKey, 11 additional bytes in
>>>>> scriptSig compared to P2SH scriptPubKey, and the same number of
>>>>> witness bytes as P2SH scriptSig.
>>>>> But still it is convenient to adopt segwit because you move the
>>>>> bytes to the blockweight part, paying smaller fee. In general, a
>>>>> tx with 1 input and 1 output is about 190kb. If it's a Segwit tx,
>>>>> 82kb in the non-witness part (blocksize), 108 in the witness part
>>>>> (blockweight).
>>>>> See source:
>>>>> 4 bytes version
>>>>> 1 byte input count
>>>>> Input
>>>>> 36 bytes outpoint
>>>>> 1 byte scriptSigLen (0x00)
>>>>> 0 bytes scriptSig
>>>>> 4 bytes sequence
>>>>> 1 byte output count
>>>>> 8 bytes value
>>>>> 1 byte scriptPubKeyLen
>>>>> 22 bytes scriptPubKey (0x0014{20-byte keyhash})
>>>>> 4 bytes locktime
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/59408/with-100-segwit-t
>>>> ransactions-what-would-be-the-max-number-of-transaction-confi
>>>>>
>>>>> [2]
>>>>> Which means, if you fill a block entirely with this kind of tx,
>>>>> you can approximately double the capacity of the blockchain
>>>>> (blocksize capped to 1mb, blockweight a little bit more than 2mb)
>>>>> My concern is about segwit adoption by the exchanges.
>>>>> SegWit transactions cost 10bytes more than legacy transactions for
>>>>> each output (vout is 256 bits instead of 160). Exchanges aggregate
>>>>> tx adding many outputs, which is of course something good for
>>>>> bitcoin scalability, since this way we save space and pay less fees.
>>>>> But when a tx has at least 10 outputs, using segwit you don't save
>>>>> space, instead:
>>>>> - the total blockweight is at least 100bytes higher (10bytes x 10
>>>>> outputs), so the blockchain is heavier
>>>>> - you don't save space inside the blocksize, so you cannot
>>>>> validate more transactions of this kind (with many outputs), nor
>>>>> get cheaper fee
>>>>> - without cheaper fees exchanges have no incentives for segwit
>>>>> adoption before they decide to adopt LN In general we can say that
>>>>> using SegWit:
>>>>> - you decrease the fee only for some specific kind of
>>>>> transactions, and just because you move some bytes to the
>>>>> blockweight
>>>>> - you don’t save space in the blockchain, on the contrary the
>>>>> total weight of the blockchain increases (so it's clear to me why
>>>>> some time ago Luke tweeted to not use SegWit unless really
>>>>> necessary... but then it's not clear why so much haste in
>>>>> promoting
>>>>> BIP148 the 1st august risking a split) If it's all correct, does
>>>>> something change with bech32? I'm reading
>>>>> bech32 allows to save about 22% of the space. Is this true for
>>>>> whatever kind of tx? Immediate benefits of segwit for scalability
>>>>> are only with bech32?
>>>>> Bech32 is non-compatible with the entire ecosystem (you cannot
>>>>> receive coins from the quasi-totality of wallets in circulation),
>>>>> I would say it is a hard fork. But the bare segwit is really so
>>>>> different? the soft fork is "soft" for the reference client
>>>>> Bitcoin Core, but outside you cannot know what happens, there are
>>>>> plenty of implementations (especially frontend customization)
>>>>> which don’t work with segwit and need to upgrade. To upgrade takes
>>>>> a lot of time, especially when services are so crowded and so many
>>>>> new people want to step in. At this point, if bech32 brings only
>>>>> efficiency (but correct me if it’s not so) and it is well planned,
>>>>> it could be a consensual upgrade, maybe together with a 2x
>>>>> blocksize? Is there a specific plan for some upgrade in 2018? I
>>>>> personally think it is far easier to reach consensus on a
>>>>> blocksize increase una tantum rather than a dynamic increase. You
>>>>> cannot predict the technology growth: will it be linear,
>>>>> exponential, or suddenly stop for a while, maybe right before a
>>>>> huge innovation? I think a hard fork bech32 upgrade + 2x could
>>>>> help a lot in scalability while we test LN, and it might be the
>>>>> only way to effectively promote (or should I say enforce?) SegWit
>>>>> adoption.
>>>>> thank you,
>>>>> Alberto De Luigi
>>>>> (.com)_______________________________________________
>>>>> bitcoin-dev mailing list
>>>>> bitcoin-dev@lists•linuxfoundation.org
>>>>> https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev [3]
>>>>
>>>> Links:
>>>> ------
>>>> [1] https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/10/28/segwit-costs/
>>>> [2]
>>>>
>>>> https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/59408/with-100-segwit-t
>>>> ransactions-what-would-be-the-max-number-of-transaction-confi
>>>> [3] https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev
>>>> [4] https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/01/26/segwit-benefits/
>>>
>>>
>>>
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> bitcoin-dev mailing list
> bitcoin-dev@lists•linuxfoundation.org
> https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev