prompter: Give a summary of Phenylketonuria:
What is it, what are the causes (is it genetic?) and effects, how is it diagnosed, how common is it, and are there any treatments or cures? If there are more notable things about PKU, include those as well.

assistant: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to process an amino acid called phenylalanine. PKU occurs when the body lacks the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), which is responsible for breaking down phenylalanine into other chemicals that the body can use.

PKU is caused by a mutation in the PAH gene, which is inherited from both parents. If both parents are carriers of the mutated gene, their child has a 25% chance of inheriting two copies of the mutated gene and developing PKU.

If left untreated, PKU can cause intellectual disability, seizures, behavioral problems, and other neurological issues. However, PKU can be managed through a strict low-phenylalanine diet, which includes limiting or avoiding high-protein foods such as meat, dairy, and eggs.

PKU is typically diagnosed through newborn screening, which involves taking a blood sample from a newborn baby's heel within the first few days of life. If PKU is detected, further testing is done to confirm the diagnosis.

PKU is rare, affecting about 1 in every 10,000 to 15,000 newborns in the United States. However, the incidence varies by population, with a higher prevalence among certain ethnic groups.

There is currently no cure for PKU, but the strict low-phenylalanine diet can effectively manage the condition and prevent complications. Additionally, medication and supplements may be used to help manage PKU symptoms.

People with PKU must follow the low-phenylalanine diet for life, and regular monitoring and medical care are necessary to manage the condition effectively. Without treatment, PKU can cause severe and permanent damage to the brain and nervous system.

assistant: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare genetic disorder in which the body cannot break down an amino acid called phenylalanine. This leads to a buildup of phenylalanine in the body, which can cause brain damage and other serious health problems if left untreated.

PKU is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), which is needed to break down phenylalanine. The condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that a child must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to develop the disorder.

Symptoms of PKU include intellectual disability, seizures, behavioral problems, and skin rashes. If left untreated, these symptoms can become more severe over time.

PKU is diagnosed through newborn screening tests, which are routine tests done shortly after birth to check for a variety of genetic and metabolic disorders. The screening test measures the level of phenylalanine in the baby's blood. If the level is high, further testing is done to confirm a diagnosis of PKU.

PKU is relatively rare, affecting approximately 1 in 10,000 to 15,000 newborns in the United States.

There is no cure for PKU, but the condition can be managed through a strict low-phenylalanine diet. This involves avoiding high-protein foods such as meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products, as well as some fruits, vegetables, and grains. People with PKU also take supplements to ensure they get enough of other essential amino acids and nutrients. With early and consistent treatment, most people with PKU can lead normal lives with little to no symptoms.

assistant: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomally recessive genetic disorder which results in the toxic accumulation of the amino acid phenylalanine. Classical PKU is caused by mutations in the gene that encodes phenylalanine hydrolxylase (PAH). If undiagnosed or unmanaged, PKU can lead to neurological issues, intellectual disability, and birth complications. Diagnoses are made by analyzing the phenylanalnine content in blood, commonly performed at birth in countries that practice newborn screening. In the United States, PKU occurs in approximately 1 in 10,000 - 15,000 infants, and is most common in people of European or Native American ancestry. Although there are currently no cures for PKU, the disease can be managed through dietary interventions with foods low in phenylalanine and fortified with other amino acids and micronutrients.