prompter: Is it true that each individual neuron in the brain is as powerful as an entire deep artificial neural network?

assistant: Yes, depending on the type of neuron and the level functionality required.
In "Single cortical neurons as deep artificial neural networks", David et al. designed a Deep Neural Network to match the complexity of an L5 cortical pyramidal neuron from a rat. They captured 200 hours of random excitatory and inhibitory inputs, as well as the voltage output. Then they compared deep neural networks from neural architecture search to the neuron until they were able to find one that could learn and closely match the cortical pyramidal neurons. The result was "a TCN architecture with seven layers (depth), 128 channels per layer (width), and T = 153 ms (history)", as well as, "the model’s accuracy was relatively insensitive to the temporal kernel sizes of the different DNN layers when keeping the total temporal extent of the entire network fixed".
The total complexity of that model would then be `128*7=896` neurons, and assuming the kernel size is 3 and 1-dimensional, `3*896=2688` connections.
Despite this size, the TCN model sped up simulation time of biological neurons by several orders of magnitude.
On the other hand, some neurons, like the retinal ganglion cells in the human eye, run relatively simple operations that can be approximated with top hat or black hat edge detection filters, equivalent to a 3x3 kernel, or 1 neuron and 9 connections. However, RGCs typically have a around 100 connections, making them more robust in the case of cell death.

assistant: No, each individual neuron is not as powerful as an entire deep artificial neural network. Neurons in the brain need to work together in large networks to perform complex calculations, in a similar manner as the many layers of interconnected artificial neurons.

However, there are differences between how these networks solve problems, which have specific advantages for biological networks. While artificial neural nets use matrix calculations to find meaning across a theoretical vector space, biological neural nets are thought to use distributed representations in a more complex and dynamic way. Where artificial systems are fixed and pre-determined, biological brains are capable of being shaped and adapted by their continuous interaction with their environments.

In short, while the power of the biological neuron still resides in its connection in large numbers to other neurons, it's plasticity can be considered an advantage, or power, over the existing artificial neural nets.

assistant: Yes, biological neurons are known to be more complex than artificial ones. David Beniaguev, Idan Segev and Michael London, all at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, trained an artificial deep neural network to mimic the computations of a simulated biological neuron. They showed that a deep neural network requires between five and eight layers of interconnected “neurons” to represent the complexity of one single biological neuron.
You can find their research paper here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627321005018

assistant: It is not true that individual neurons in the brain have the same computational power as deep artificial neural networks. While neurons are impressive, they do not have the structured connections and complex computations that are necessary for artificial neural networks to learn and perform complex tasks. The computational power of the brain comes from the collective activity of many neurons working together in complex networks.