assistant: In physics, symmetries play a crucial role in describing the behavior of particles and their interactions. A symmetry is a transformation that leaves the underlying laws of physics unchanged. For example, if you rotate a system of particles around a fixed point, and the resulting configuration of the particles looks the same, then the laws of physics must be the same before and after the rotation.

One important class of symmetries is known as Abelian symmetries. These are symmetries that commute, meaning that the order in which you perform the transformations doesn't matter. An example of an Abelian symmetry is electric charge conservation in particle physics. If you exchange two particles of opposite charge, the system is still the same.

Non-Abelian symmetries, on the other hand, do not commute. The order in which you perform the transformations matters. An example of a non-Abelian symmetry is color charge conservation in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). QCD is the theory that describes the strong force, which holds quarks and gluons together in protons and neutrons. Quarks come in different "colors" (red, green, and blue), and the strong force is mediated by "gluons" that carry color charge.

Some particles are in a non-Abelian symmetry because they carry a certain type of charge that transforms non-trivially under the symmetry group. For example, in QCD, quarks carry color charge, which is a non-Abelian symmetry. Other particles, like electrons, do not carry color charge and are not in this symmetry.

Non-Abelian symmetries play a crucial role in many areas of physics, from particle physics to condensed matter physics. Understanding their properties and behavior is an active area of research.

assistant: 1. **Riemann Hypothesis**
- Complex interplay of prime numbers and complex analysis
- Difficulty in proving or disproving non-trivial zeros
- Lack of powerful enough mathematical tools
2. **Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture**
- Insufficient understanding of elliptic curves
- Limited information on L-functions
- Incomplete knowledge of algebraic number theory
3. **Hodge Conjecture**
- Complexity of algebraic geometry
- Limited understanding of Hodge structures
- Inability to find a general strategy for proving or disproving the conjecture
4. **P versus NP**
- Lack of a clear algorithm to prove separation or equality
- Difficulty in proving lower bounds for computational complexity
- Potentially requiring novel techniques or insights
5. **Yang-Mills Existence and Mass Gap**
- Difficulty in understanding non-abelian gauge theories
- Insufficient mathematical foundation for quantum field theory
- Inability to rigorously prove existence and properties of Yang-Mills theories
6. **Navier-Stokes Equation**
- Nonlinearity and complexity of fluid dynamics
- Difficulty in establishing global existence and smoothness
- Inability to control the behavior of solutions over time
7. **Existence of a Solution for the Neumann Problem in Three Dimensions**
- Complexity of partial differential equations
- Limited understanding of boundary value problems
- Difficulty in proving existence and uniqueness of solutions
8. **Bounded Gaps Conjecture for Prime Numbers**
- Insufficient knowledge about prime number distribution
- Difficulty in establishing effective bounds
- Limited understanding of analytic number theory
9. **Twin Prime Conjecture**
- Inability to identify the underlying structure or pattern
- Difficulty in proving or disproving infinite occurrence
- Limitations of current number theory techniques
10. **Goldbach Conjecture**
- Lack of a clear approach to prove the conjecture
- Difficulty in establishing necessary conditions for all even numbers
- Insufficient understanding of additive number theory
11. **Collatz Conjecture**
- Nonlinear and chaotic nature of the conjecture
- Limited understanding of the underlying dynamics
- Difficulty in establishing convergence for all integers
12. **Hadamard Conjecture**
- Complexity of combinatorial design theory
- Limited understanding of Hadamard matrices
- Inability to find a general method for constructing or disproving existence
13. **Euler's Conjecture on Sums of Powers**
- Difficulty in proving or disproving the conjecture for all cases
- Insufficient understanding of Diophantine equations
- Limited knowledge of number theory techniques
14. **Fermat's Last Theorem for higher exponents**
- Complexity of generalizing Wiles' proof
- Limited understanding of Galois representations
- Insufficient knowledge of elliptic curves
15. **Baum–Connes Conjecture**
- Difficulty in understanding noncommutative geometry
- Complexity of the conjecture and its relation to operator algebras
- Incomplete understanding of K-theory
16. **Oppenheim Conjecture**
- Difficulty in studying quadratic forms
- Insufficient understanding of homogeneous dynamics
- Limited knowledge of Diophantine approximation
17. **The Continuum Hypothesis**
- Independence from standard set theory axioms (ZFC)
- Difficulty in determining the true nature of infinite sets
- Ambiguity in the role of the axiom of choice
18. **Novikov Conjecture**
- Complexity of topology and homotopy theory
- Limited understanding of higher-dimensional manifolds
- Difficulty in connecting algebraic and geometric properties of manifolds
19. **The Hirsch Conjecture**
- Complexity of combinatorial optimization and linear programming
- Difficulty in establishing bounds for the diameter of polytopes
- Inability to find a general strategy for proving or disproving the conjecture
20. **Schanuel's Conjecture**
- Insufficient understanding of transcendental numbers
- Difficulty in connecting algebraic and transcendental properties of numbers
- Limited knowledge of model theory and diophantine geometry

prompter: Name a few math problems that were previously unsolved until recently.