원소의 증기압 (데이터 문서)

증기 압력
# 증기 압력
{| class="wikitable" |- ! P/(Pa) ! rowspan="2" | 1 ! rowspan="2" | 10 ! rowspan="2" | 100 ! rowspan="2" | 200 ! rowspan="2" | 1 k ! rowspan="2" | 2 k ! rowspan="2" | 5 k ! rowspan="2" | 10 k ! rowspan="2" | 20 k ! rowspan="2" | 50 k ! rowspan="2" | 100 k ! rowspan="2" | 101325 |- ! reference |- ! colspan="13" | 1 H 수소 |- | use (T/K) | | | | | | | | 15 | | | 20 | |- | CRC.a (T/°C) | | | | | | | | -258.6 | | | -252.8 | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 10 (s) | 11.4 (s) | 12.2 (s) | 13.4 (s) | 14.5 | 16.0 | 18.2 | | 20.3 |- ! colspan="13" | 2 He 헬륨 |- | use (T/K) | | | | | | | | 3 | | | 4 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | | | | | | | | -270.6 | | | -268.9 | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 1.3 | 1.66 | 1.85 | 2.17 | 2.48 | 2.87 | 3.54 | | 4.22 |- ! colspan="13" | 3 Li 리튬 |- | use (T/K) | 797 | 885 | 995 | | 1144 | | | 1337 | | | 1610 | |- | CRC.f,k (T/°C) | 524.3 | 612.3 | 722.1 | | 871.2 | | | 1064.3 | | | 1337.1 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.673 - 8310 / (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 1000 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.061 - 8023 / (T/K) |- | 797.4 | 885.4 | 995.3 | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 1040 | 1145 | 1200 | 1275 | 1345 | 1415 | 1530 | | 1630 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.a (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 325..725 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.625 - 7480 / (T/K) |- | 777 | 867 | 981 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 4 Be 베릴륨 |- | use (T/K) | 1462 | 1608 | 1791 | | 2023 | | | 2327 | | | 2742 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 1189 (s) | 1335 | 1518 | | 1750 | | | 2054 | | | 2469 | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.048 - 17020 / (T/K) - 0.4440 log (T/K) |- | 1461.8 | | | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 1800 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.792 - 15731 / (T/K) |- | | 1606.5 | 1789.2 | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c,g (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 942..1284 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.115 - 18220 / (T/K) |- | 1504 | | | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c,g (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 1284..1582 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.075 - 16590 / (T/K) |- | | 1647 | 1828 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 5 B 붕소 |- | use (T/K) | 2348 | 2562 | 2822 | | 3141 | | | 3545 | | | 4072 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 2075 | 2289 | 2549 | | 2868 | | | 3272 | | | 3799 | |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 1052..1648 °C: log (P/Pa) = 13.255 - 21370 / (T/K) |- | 1612 | 1744 | 1899 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 6 C 탄소 (흑연) |- | use (T/K) | | 2839 | 3048 | | 3289 | | | 3572 | | | 3908 | |- | CRC.h (T/°C) | | 2566 (s) | 2775 (s) | | 3016 (s) | | | 3299 (s) | | | 3635 (s) | |- ! colspan="13" | 7 N 질소 |- | use (T/K) | 37 | 41 | 46 | | 53 | | | 62 | | | 77 | |- | CRC.a,d (T/°C) | -236 (s) | -232 (s) | -226.8 (s) | | -220.2 (s) | | | -211.1 (s) | | | -195.9 | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 48.1 (s) | 53.0 (s) | 55.4 (s) | 59.0 (s) | 62.1 (s) | 65.8 | 71.8 | | 77.4 |- ! colspan="13" | 8 O 산소 |- | use (T/K) | | | | | 61 | | | 73 | | | 90 | |- | CRC.a,i (T/°C) | | | | | -211.9 | | | -200.5 | | | -183.1 | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 55.4 | 61.3 | 64.3 | 68.8 | 72.7 | 77.1 | 83.9 | | 90.2 |- ! colspan="13" | 9 F 플루오린 |- | use (T/K) | 38 | 44 | 50 | | 58 | | | 69 | | | 85 | |- | CRC.a,d (T/°C) | -235 (s) | -229.5 (s) | -222.9 (s) | | -214.8 | | | -204.3 | | | -188.3 | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 53 | 58 | 61 | 65.3 | 68.9 | 73.0 | 79.3 | | 85.0 |- ! colspan="13" | 10 Ne 네온 |- | use (T/K) | 12 | 13 | 15 | | 18 | | | 21 | | | 27 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | -261 (s) | -260 (s) | -258 (s) | | -255 (s) | | | -252 (s) | | | -246.1 | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 16.3 (s) | 18.1 (s) | 19.0 (s) | 20.4 (s) | 21.6 (s) | 22.9 (s) | 24.9 | | 27.1 |- ! colspan="13" | 11 Na 나트륨 |- | use (T/K) | 554 | 617 | 697 | | 802 | | | 946 | | | 1153 | |- | CRC.f,k (T/°C) | 280.6 | 344.2 | 424.3 | | 529 | | | 673 | | | 880.2 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.304 - 5603 / (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 700 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.710 - 5377 / (T/K) |- | 553.8 | 617.3 | 697.4 | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 729 | 807 | 846 | 904 | 954 | 1010 | 1095 | | 1175 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.a (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 158..437 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.835 - 5480 / (T/K) |- | 557 | 620 | 699 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 12 Mg 마그네슘 |- | use (T/K) | 701 | 773 | 861 | | 971 | | | 1132 | | | 1361 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 428 (s) | 500 (s) | 588 (s) | | 698 | | | 859 | | | 1088 | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.495 - 7813 / (T/K) - 0.8253 log (T/K) |- | 700.9 | 772.7 | 861.2 | 892.0 | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 891 | 979 | 1025 | 1085 | 1140 | 1205 | 1295 | | 1375 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.a (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 287..605 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.945 - 7741 / (T/K) |- | 707 | 778 | 865 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 13 Al 알루미늄 |- | use (T/K) | 1482 | 1632 | 1817 | | 2054 | | | 2364 | | | 2790 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 1209 | 1359 | 1544 | | 1781 | | | 2091 | | | 2517 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.465 - 17342 / (T/K) - 0.7927 log (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 1800 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.917 - 16211 / (T/K) |- | 1484.9 | 1634.7 | 1818.0 | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 1885 | 2060 | 2140 | 2260 | 2360 | 2430 | 2640 | | 2790 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c,l (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 843..1465 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.115 - 15630 / (T/K) |- | 1406 | 1545 | | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 14 Si 규소 |- | use (T/K) | 1908 | 2102 | 2339 | | 2636 | | | 3021 | | | 3537 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 1635 | 1829 | 2066 | | 2363 | | | 2748 | | | 3264 | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 2380 | 2590 | 2690 | 2840 | 2970 | 3100 | 3310 | | 3490 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 1024..1410 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.325 - 19720 / (T/K) |- | 1600 | | | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 1410..1670 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.675 - 18550 / (T/K) |- | | 1738 | 1917 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 15 P 인 (흰색) |- | use (T/K) | 279 | 307 | 342 | | 388 | | | 453 | | | 549 | |- | CRC.c,e (T/°C) | 6 (s) | 34 (s) | 69 | | 115 | | | 180 | | | 276 | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 365 | 398 | 414 | 439 | 460 | 484 | 520.5 | | 553.6 |- ! colspan="13" | 15 P 인 (빨간색) |- | use (T/K) | 455 | 489 | 529 | | 576 | | | 635 | | | 704 | |- | CRC.b,c (T/°C) | 182 (s) | 216 (s) | 256 (s) | | 303 (s) | | | 362 (s) | | | 431 (s) | |- ! colspan="13" | 16 S 황 |- | use (T/K) | 375 | 408 | 449 | | 508 | | | 591 | | | 717 | |- | CRC.c (T/°C) | 102 (s) | 135 | 176 | | 235 | | | 318 | | | 444 | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 462 | 505.7 | 528.0 | 561.3 | 590.1 | 622.5 | 672.4 | | 717.8 |- ! colspan="13" | 17 Cl 염소 (원소) |- | use (T/K) | 128 | 139 | 153 | | 170 | | | 197 | | | 239 | |- | CRC.a (T/°C) | -145 (s) | -133.7 (s) | -120.2 (s) | | -103.6 (s) | | | -76.1 | | | -34.2 | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 158 (s) | 170 (s) | 176.3 | 187.4 | 197.0 | 207.8 | 224.3 | | 239.2 |- ! colspan="13" | 18 Ar 아르곤 |- | use (T/K) | | 47 | 53 | | 61 | | | 71 | | | 87 | |- | CRC.a,d,l (T/°C) | | -226.4 (s) | -220.3 (s) | | -212.4 (s) | | | -201.7 (s) | | | -186.0 | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 55.0 (s) | 60.7 (s) | 63.6 (s) | 67.8 (s) | 71.4 (s) | 75.4 (s) | 81.4 (s) | | 87.3 |- ! colspan="13" | 19 K 칼륨 |- | use (T/K) | 473 | 530 | 601 | | 697 | | | 832 | | | 1029 | |- | CRC.f,k (T/°C) | 200.2 | 256.5 | 328 | | 424 | | | 559 | | | 756.2 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.967 - 4646 / (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 600 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.408 - 4453 / (T/K) |- | 473.3 | 529.6 | 601.1 | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 633 | 704 | 740 | 794 | 841 | 894 | 975 | | 1050 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.a (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 91..338 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.485 - 4503 / (T/K) |- | 475 | 531 | 602 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 20 Ca 칼슘 |- | use (T/K) | 864 | 956 | 1071 | | 1227 | | | 1443 | | | 1755 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 591 (s) | 683 (s) | 798 (s) | | 954 | | | 1170 | | | 1482 | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.133 - 9517 / (T/K) - 1.4030 log (T/K) |- | 864.2 | 956.4 | 1071.5 | 1112.0 | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 1105 | 1220 | 1280 | 1365 | 1440 | 1525 | 1650 | | 1765 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.a (T/K) || colspan="12" | 408..817 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.425 - 9055 / (T/K) |- | 869 | 961 | 1075 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 21 Sc 스칸듐 |- | use (T/K) | 1645 | 1804 | (2006) | | (2266) | | | (2613) | | | (3101) | |- | CRC.c (T/°C) | 1372 (s) | 1531 (s) | 1733 (i) | | 1993 (i) | | | 2340 (i) | | | 2828 (i) | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.656 - 19721 / (T/K) + 0.2885 log (T/K) - 0.3663 (T/K) 10−3 |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 2000 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.801 - 17681 / (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 1058..1804 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.065 - 18570 / (T/K) |- | 1678 | 1845 | 2049 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 22 Ti 타이타늄 |- | use (T/K) | 1982 | 2171 | (2403) | | 2692 | | | 3064 | | | 3558 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 1709 | 1898 | 2130 (e) | | 2419 | | | 2791 | | | 3285 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 16.931 - 24991 / (T/K) - 1.3376 log (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 2400 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.364 - 22747 / (T/K) |- | 2001.7 | 2194.8 | | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 1134..1727 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.375 - 18640 / (T/K) |- | 1797 | 1988 | | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 1727..1965 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.105 - 20110 / (T/K) |- | | | 2209 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 23 V 바나듐 |- | use (T/K) | 2101 | 2289 | 2523 | | 2814 | | | 3187 | | | 3679 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 1828 (s) | 2016 | 2250 | | 2541 | | | 2914 | | | 3406 | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.750 - 27132 / (T/K) - 0.5501 log (T/K) |- | 2099.6 | | | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.935 - 25011 / (T/K) |- | | 2287.2 | 2517.5 | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 1465..2207 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.445 - 26620 / (T/K) |- | 2139 | 2326 | | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 24 Cr 크로뮴 |- | use (T/K) | 1656 | 1807 | 1991 | | 2223 | | | 2530 | | | 2942 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 1383 (s) | 1534 (s) | 1718 (s) | | 1950 | | | 2257 | | | 2669 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to 2000 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.806 - 20733 / (T/K) + 0.4391 log (T/K) - 0.4094 (T/K)−3 |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 2020 | 2180 | 2260 | 2370 | 2470 | 2580 | 2730 | | 2870 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c,l (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 907..1504 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.005 - 17560 / (T/K) |- | 1463 | 1596 | 1755 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 25 Mn 망가니즈 |- | use (T/K) | 1228 | 1347 | 1493 | | 1691 | | | 1955 | | | 2333 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 955 (s) | 1074 (s) | 1220 (s) | | 1418 | | | 1682 | | | 2060 | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 17.811 - 15097 / (T/K) - 1.7896 log (T/K) |- | 1229.2 | 1346.6 | 1490.0 | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 1560 | 1710 | 1780 | 1890 | 1980 | 2080 | 2240 | | 2390 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 717..1251 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.375 - 14100 / (T/K) |- | 1240 | 1359 | 1504 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 26 Fe 철 |- | use (T/K) | 1728 | 1890 | 2091 | | 2346 | | | 2679 | | | 3132 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 1455 (s) | 1617 | 1818 | | 2073 | | | 2406 | | | 2859 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 12.106 - 21723 / (T/K) + 0.4536 log (T/K) - 0.5846 (T/K) 10−3 |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 2100 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.353 - 19574 / (T/K) |- | | 1890.7 | 2092.8 | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 2110 | 2290 | 2380 | 2500 | 2610 | 2720 | 2890 | | 3030 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c,f (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 1094..1535 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.755 - 20000 / (T/K) |- | 1701 | | | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c,f (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 1535..1783 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.535 - 21400 / (T/K) |- | | 1855 | 2031 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 27 Co 코발트 |- | use (T/K) | 1790 | 1960 | 2165 | | 2423 | | | 2755 | | | 3198 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 1517 | 1687 | 1892 | | 2150 | | | 2482 | | | 2925 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.982 - 22576 / (T/K) - 1.0280 log (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 2150 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.494 - 20578 / (T/K) |- | 1790.3 | 1960.9 | 2167.5 | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 1249..2056 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.555 - 21960 / (T/K) |- | 1900 | 2081 | 2298 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 28 Ni 니켈 |- | use (T/K) | 1783 | 1950 | 2154 | | 2410 | | | 2741 | | | 3184 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 1510 | 1677 | 1881 | | 2137 | | | 2468 | | | 2911 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.563 - 22606 / (T/K) - 0.8717 log (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 2150 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.672 - 20765 / (T/K) |- | 1779.0 | 1945.7 | 2146.9 | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 2230 | 2410 | 2500 | 2630 | 2740 | 2860 | 3030 | | 3180 |- | SMI.c,q || colspan="12" | 고체, 1157..1455 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.405 - 21840 / (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c,q (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 1455..1884 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.675 - 20600 / (T/K) |- | 1764 | 1930 | 2129 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 29 Cu 구리 |- | use (T/K) | 1509 | 1661 | 1850 | | 2089 | | | 2404 | | | 2836 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 1236 | 1388 | 1577 | | 1816 | | | 2131 | | | 2563 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.129 - 17748 / (T/K) - 0.7317 log (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 1850 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.855 - 16415 / (T/K) |- | 1512.2 | 1665.7 | 1853.8 | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 1940 | 2110 | 2200 | 2320 | 2420 | 2540 | 2710 | | 2860 |- | SMI.c,f || colspan="12" | 고체, 946..1083 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.935 - 18060 / (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c,f (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 1083..1628 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.845 - 16580 / (T/K) |- | 1529 | 1684 | 1875 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 30 Zn 아연 |- | use (T/K) | 610 | 670 | 750 | | 852 | | | 990 | | | (1185) | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 337 (s) | 397 (s) | 477 | | 579 | | | 717 | | | 912 (e) | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.108 - 6776 / (T/K) |- | 610.0 | 670.4 | | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 750 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.384 - 6286 / (T/K) |- | | | 749.8 | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 780 | 854 | 891 | 945 | 991 | 1040 | 1120 | | 1185 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.a (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 211..405 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.065 - 6744 / (T/K) |- | 609 | 670 | | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 31 Ga 갈륨 |- | use (T/K) | 1310 | 1448 | 1620 | | 1838 | | | 2125 | | | 2518 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 1037 | 1175 | 1347 | | 1565 | | | 1852 | | | 2245 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.663 - 14208 / (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 1600 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.760 - 13984 / (T/K) - 0.3413 log (T/K) |- | 1307.4 | 1444.4 | 1613.8 | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 1665 | 1820 | 1900 | 2000 | 2100 | 2200 | 2350 | | 2480 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 771..1443 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.915 - 13360 / (T/K) |- | 1347 | 1499 | 1688 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 32 Ge 저마늄 |- | use (T/K) | 1644 | 1814 | 2023 | | 2287 | | | 2633 | | | 3104 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 1371 | 1541 | 1750 | | 2014 | | | 2360 | | | 2831 | |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 897..1635 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.065 - 15150 / (T/K) |- | 1505 | 1671 | 1878 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 33 As 비소 |- | use (T/K) | 553 | 596 | 646 | | 706 | | | 781 | | | 874 | |- | CRC.c (T/°C) | 280 (s) | 323 (s) | 373 (s) | | 433 (s) | | | 508 (s) | | | 601 (s) | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 656 (s) | 701 (s) | 723 (s) | 754 (s) | 780 (s) | 808 (s) | 849 (s) | | 883 (s) |- ! colspan="13" | 34 Se 셀레늄 |- | use (T/K) | 500 | 552 | 617 | | 704 | | | 813 | | | 958 | |- | CRC.c (T/°C) | 227 | 279 | 344 | | 431 | | | 540 | | | 685 | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 636 | 695 | 724 | 767 | 803 | 844 | 904 | | 958 |- ! colspan="13" | 35 Br 브로민 |- | use (T/K) | 185 | 201 | 220 | | 244 | | | 276 | | | 332 | |- | CRC.a (T/°C) | -87.7 (s) | -71.8 (s) | -52.7 (s) | | -29.3 (s) | | | 2.5 | | | 58.4 | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 227 (s) | 244.1 (s) | 252.1 (s) | 263.6 (s) | 275.7 | 290.0 | 312.0 | | 332.0 |- ! colspan="13" | 36 Kr 크립톤 |- | use (T/K) | 59 | 65 | 74 | | 84 | | | 99 | | | 120 | |- | CRC.d (T/°C) | -214.0 (s) | -208.0 (s) | -199.4 (s) | | -188.9 (s) | | | -174.6 (s) | | | -153.6 | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 77 (s) | 84.3 (s) | 88.1 (s) | 93.8 (s) | 98.6 (s) | 103.9 (s) | 112.0 (s) | | 119.7 |- ! colspan="13" | 37 Rb 루비듐 |- | use (T/K) | 434 | 486 | 552 | | 641 | | | 769 | | | 958 | |- | CRC.f,k (T/°C) | 160.4 | 212.5 | 278.9 | | 368 | | | 496.1 | | | 685.3 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.863 - 4215 / (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 550 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.318 - 4040 / (T/K) |- | 433.6 | 485.7 | 552.1 | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 583 | 649 | 684 | 735 | 779 | 829 | 907 | | 978 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.d (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 59.4..283 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.545 - 4132 / (T/K) |- | 433 | 484 | 548 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 38 Sr 스트론튬 |- | use (T/K) | 796 | 882 | 990 | | 1139 | | | 1345 | | | 1646 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 523 (s) | 609 (s) | 717 (s) | | 866 | | | 1072 | | | 1373 | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.232 - 8572 / (T/K) - 1.1926 log (T/K) |- | 795.7 | 882.0 | 989.9 | 1028.0 | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 1040 (s) | 1150 | 1205 | 1285 | 1355 | 1430 | 1550 | | 1660 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 361..750 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.255 - 8324 / (T/K) |- | 812 | 899 | 1008 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 39 Y 이트륨 |- | use (T/K) | 1883 | 2075 | (2320) | | (2627) | | | (3036) | | | (3607) | |- | CRC.c (T/°C) | 1610.1 | 1802.3 | 2047 (i) | | 2354 (i) | | | 2763 (i) | | | 3334 (i) | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.741 - 22306 / (T/K) - 0.8705 log (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 2300 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.801 - 20341 / (T/K) |- | 1883.3 | 2075.4 | | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 1249..2056 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.555 - 21970 / (T/K) |- | 1901 | 2081 | 2299 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 40 Zr 지르코늄 |- | use (T/K) | 2639 | 2891 | 3197 | | 3575 | | | 4053 | | | 4678 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 2366 | 2618 | 2924 | | 3302 | | | 3780 | | | 4405 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.014 - 31512 / (T/K) - 0.7890 log (T/K) |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.812 - 30295 / (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 1527..2127 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.505 - 25870 / (T/K) |- | 2249 | | | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 2127..2459 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.165 - 27430 / (T/K) |- | | 2457 | 2698 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 41 Nb 나이오븀 |- | use (T/K) | 2942 | 3207 | 3524 | | 3910 | | | 4393 | | | 5013 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 2669 | 2934 | 3251 | | 3637 | | | 4120 | | | 4740 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 13.828 - 37818 / (T/K) - 0.2575 log (T/K) |- | SMI.n || colspan="12" | 2194..2539 °C: log (P/Pa) = 13.495 - 40400 / (T/K) |- ! colspan="13" | 42 Mo 몰리브데넘 |- | use (T/K) | 2742 | 2994 | 3312 | | 3707 | | | 4212 | | | 4879 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 2469 (s) | 2721 | 3039 | | 3434 | | | 3939 | | | 4606 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 16.535 - 34626 / (T/K) - 1.1331 log (T/K) |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 3420 | 3720 | 3860 | 4060 | 4220 | 4410 | 4680 | | 4900 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.r (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 1923..2533 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.925 - 30310 / (T/K) |- | 2774 | | | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 43 Tc 테크네튬 |- | use (T/K) | (2727) | (2998) | (3324) | | (3726) | | | (4234) | | | (4894) | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 2454 (e) | 2725 (e) | 3051 (e) | | 3453 (e) | | | 3961 (e) | | | 4621 (e) | |- ! colspan="13" | 44 Ru 루테늄 |- | use (T/K) | 2588 | 2811 | 3087 | | 3424 | | | 3845 | | | 4388 | |- | CRC.b (*T*/°C) | 2315 (s) | 2538 | 2814 | | 3151 | | | 3572 | | | 4115 | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.761 - 34154 / (T/K) - 0.4723 log (T/K) |- | 2597.6 | | | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 1913..2946 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.625 - 33800 / (T/K) |- | 2677 | 2908 | 3181 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 45 Rh 로듐 |- | use (T/K) | 2288 | 2496 | 2749 | | 3063 | | | 3405 | | | 3997 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 2015 | 2223 | 2476 | | 2790 | | | 3132 | | | 3724 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.174 - 29010 / (T/K) - 0.7068 log (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.808 - 26792 / (T/K) |- | 2269.0 | 2478.9 | | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 1681..2607 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.675 - 30400 / (T/K) |- | 2398 | 2604 | 2848 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 46 Pd 팔라듐 |- | use (T/K) | 1721 | 1897 | 2117 | | 2395 | | | 2753 | | | 3234 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 1448 (s) | 1624 | 1844 | | 2122 | | | 2480 | | | 2961 | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.508 - 19813 / (T/K) - 0.9258 log (T/K) |- | 1721.0 | | | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 2100 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.432 - 17899 / (T/K) |- | | 1897.7 | | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 1156..2000 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.585 - 19230 / (T/K) |- | 1817 | 2006 | 2240 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 47 Ag 은 |- | use (T/K) | 1283 | 1413 | 1575 | | 1782 | | | 2055 | | | 2433 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 1010 | 1140 | 1302 | | 1509 | | | 1782 | | | 2160 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.133 - 14999 / (T/K) - 0.7845 log (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 1600 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.758 - 13827 / (T/K) |- | 1285.3 | 1417.0 | 1578.8 | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 1640 | 1790 | 1865 | 1970 | 2060 | 2160 | 2310 | | 2440 |- | SMI.a || colspan="12" | 고체, 767..961 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.405 - 14850 / (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.a (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 961..1353 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.785 - 14090 / (T/K) |- | 1306 | 1440 | 1604 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 48 Cd 카드뮴 |- | use (T/K) | 530 | 583 | 654 | | 745 | | | 867 | | | 1040 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 257 (s) | 310 (s) | 381 | | 472 | | | 594 | | | 767 | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.945 - 5799 / (T/K) |- | 529.8 | 583.1 | | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 650 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.248 - 5392 / (T/K) |- | | | 653.7 | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 683 | 748 | 781 | 829 | 870 | 915 | 983 | | 1045 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.a (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 148..321 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.905 - 5798 / (T/K) |- | 532 | 585 | | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 49 In 인듐 |- | use (T/K) | 1196 | 1325 | 1485 | | 1690 | | | 1962 | | | 2340 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 923 | 1052 | 1212 | | 1417 | | | 1689 | | | 2067 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.997 - 12548 / (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 1500 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.380 - 12276 / (T/K) |- | 1182.7 | 1308.7 | 1464.9 | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c,m (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 667..1260 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.055 - 12150 / (T/K) |- | 1208 | 1342 | 1508 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 50 Sn 주석 (원소) |- | use (T/K) | 1497 | 1657 | 1855 | | 2107 | | | 2438 | | | 2893 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 1224 | 1384 | 1582 | | 1834 | | | 2165 | | | 2620 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.042 - 15710 / (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 1850 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.268 - 15332 / (T/K) |- | 1493.2 | 1654.3 | 1854.4 | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 1930 | 2120 | 2210 | 2350 | 2470 | 2600 | 2800 | | 2990 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 823..1609 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.095 - 13110 / (T/K) |- | 1441 | 1620 | 1848 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 51 Sb 안티모니 |- | use (T/K) | 807 | 876 | 1011 | | 1219 | | | 1491 | | | 1858 | |- | CRC.b,c (T/°C) | 534 (s) | 603 (s) | 738 | | 946 | | | 1218 | | | 1585 | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 1065 | 1220 | 1295 | 1405 | 1495 | 1595 | 1740 | | 1890 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 466..904 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.545 - 9913 / (T/K) |- | 940 | 1039 | 1160 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 52 Te 텔루륨 |- | use (T/K) | | | (775) | | (888) | | | 1042 | | | 1266 | |- | CRC.d (T/°C) | | | 502 (e) | | 615 (e) | | | 768.8 | | | 992.4 | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 806 | 888 | 929 | 990 | 1040 | 1100 | 1190 | | 1270 |- ! colspan="13" | 53 I 아이오딘 (rhombic) |- | use (T/K) | 260 | 282 | 309 | | 342 | | | 381 | | | 457 | |- | CRC.a,b (T/°C) | -12.8 (s) | 9.3 (s) | 35.9 (s) | | 68.7 (s) | | | 108 (s) | | | 184.0 | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 318 (s) | 341.8 (s) | 353.1 (s) | 369.3 (s) | 382.7 (s) | 400.8 | 430.6 | | 457.5 |- ! colspan="13" | 54 Xe 제논 (원소) |- | use (T/K) | 83 | 92 | 103 | | 117 | | | 137 | | | 165 | |- | CRC.d,m (T/°C) | -190 (s) | -181 (s) | -170 (s) | | -155.8 (s) | | | -136.6 (s) | | | -108.4 | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 107 (s) | 117.3 (s) | 122.5 (s) | 130.1 (s) | 136.6 (s) | 143.8 (s) | 154.7 (s) | | 165.0 |- ! colspan="13" | 55 Cs 세슘 |- | use (T/K) | 418 | 469 | 534 | | 623 | | | 750 | | | 940 | |- | CRC.f,k (T/°C) | 144.5 | 195.6 | 260.9 | | 350.0 | | | 477.1 | | | 667.0 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.717 - 3999 / (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 550 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.171 - 3830 / (T/K) |- | 417.6 | 468.7 | 534.1 | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 559 | 624 | 657 | 708 | 752 | 802 | 883 | | 959 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.e (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 45..277 °C: log (P/Pa) = 8.985 - 3774 / (T/K) |- | 420 | 473 | 540 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 56 Ba 바륨 |- | use (T/K) | 911 | 1038 | 1185 | | 1388 | | | 1686 | | | 2170 | |- | CRC.e (T/°C) | 638 (s) | 765 | 912 | | 1115 | | | 1413 | | | 1897 | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 17.411 - 9690 / (T/K) - 2.2890 log (T/K) |- | 911.0 | | | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 1200 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.013 - 8163 / (T/K) |- | | 1018.7 | 1164.0 | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 1165 | 1290 | 1360 | 1455 | 1540 | 1635 | 1780 | | 1910 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 418..858 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.005 - 8908 / (T/K) |- | 890 | 989 | 1113 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 57 La 란타넘 |- | use (T/K) | (2005) | (2208) | (2458) | | (2772) | | | (3178) | | | (3726) | |- | CRC.c (T/°C) | 1732 (i) | 1935 (i) | 2185 (i) | | 2499 (i) | | | 2905 (i) | | | 3453 (i) | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 12.469 - 22551 / (T/K) - 0.3142 log (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 2450 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.917 - 21855 / (T/K) |- | 2001.9 | 2203.8 | 2450.9 | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 1023..1754 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.005 - 18000 / (T/K) |- | 1636 | 1799 | 1999 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 58 Ce 세륨 |- | use (T/K) | 1992 | 2194 | 2442 | | 2754 | | | 3159 | | | 3705 | |- | CRC.g (T/°C) | 1719 | 1921 | 2169 | | 2481 | | | 2886 | | | 3432 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.145 - 21752 / (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 2450 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.617 - 21200 / (T/K) |- | 1996.8 | 2204.4 | 2460.3 | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 1004..1599 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.865 - 20100 / (T/K) |- | 1562 | 1694 | 1850 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 59 Pr 프라세오디뮴 |- | use (T/K) | 1771 | 1973 | (2227) | | (2571) | | | (3054) | | | (3779) | |- | CRC.c (T/°C) | 1497.7 | 1699.4 | 1954 (i) | | 2298 (i) | | | 2781 (i) | | | 3506 (i) | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.865 - 18720 / (T/K) - 0.9512 log (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 2200 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.778 - 17315 / (T/K) |- | 1770.8 | 1972.5 | | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 60 Nd 네오디뮴 |- | use (T/K) | 1595 | 1774 | 1998 | | (2296) | | | (2715) | | | (3336) | |- | CRC.c (T/°C) | 1322.3 | 1501.2 | 1725.3 | | 2023 (i) | | | 2442 (i) | | | 3063 (i) | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.002 - 17264 / (T/K) - 0.9519 log (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 2000 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.918 - 15824 / (T/K) |- | 1595.5 | 1774.4 | 1998.5 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 62 Sm 사마륨 |- | use (T/K) | 1001 | 1106 | 1240 | | (1421) | | | (1675) | | | (2061) | |- | CRC.c (T/°C) | 728 (s) | 833 (s) | 967 (s) | | 1148 (i) | | | 1402 (i) | | | 1788 (i) | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.994 - 11034 / (T/K) - 1.3287 log (T/K) |- | 1002.5 | 1109.2 | 1242.2 | 1289.0 | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 63 Eu 유로퓸 |- | use (T/K) | 863 | 957 | 1072 | | 1234 | | | 1452 | | | 1796 | |- | CRC.g (T/°C) | 590 (s) | 684 (s) | 799 (s) | | 961 | | | 1179 | | | 1523 | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.246 - 9459 / (T/K) - 1.1661 log (T/K) |- | 874.6 | 968.8 | 1086.5 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 64 Gd 가돌리늄 |- | use (T/K) | (1836) | (2028) | (2267) | | (2573) | | | (2976) | | | (3535) | |- | CRC.c (T/°C) | 1563 (i) | 1755 (i) | 1994 (i) | | 2300 (i) | | | 2703 (i) | | | 3262 (i) | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.350 - 20861 / (T/K) - 0.5775 log (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 2250 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.563 - 19389 / (T/K) |- | 1835.6 | 2027.5 | 2264.3 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 65 Tb 터븀 |- | use (T/K) | 1789 | 1979 | (2201) | | (2505) | | | (2913) | | | (3491) | |- | CRC.c (T/°C) | 1516.1 | 1706.1 | 1928 (i) | | 2232 (i) | | | 2640 (i) | | | 3218 (i) | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.516 - 20457 / (T/K) - 0.9247 log (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 2200 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.417 - 18639 / (T/K) |- | 1789.3 | 1979.3 | 2214.4 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 66 Dy 디스프로슘 |- | use (T/K) | 1378 | 1523 | (1704) | | (1954) | | | (2304) | | | (2831) | |- | CRC.c (T/°C) | 1105 (s) | 1250 (s) | 1431 (i) | | 1681 (i) | | | 2031 (i) | | | 2558 (i) | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.585 - 15336 / (T/K) - 1.1114 log (T/K) |- | 1382.3 | 1526.5 | | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 67 Ho 홀뮴 |- | use (T/K) | 1432 | 1584 | (1775) | | (2040) | | | (2410) | | | (2964) | |- | CRC.c (T/°C) | 1159 (s) | 1311 (s) | 1502 (i) | | 1767 (i) | | | 2137 (i) | | | 2691 (i) | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.791 - 15899 / (T/K) - 1.1753 log (T/K) |- | 1434.8 | 1585.2 | | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 68 Er 어븀 |- | use (T/K) | 1504 | 1663 | (1885) | | (2163) | | | (2552) | | | (3132) | |- | CRC.c (T/°C) | 1231 (s) | 1390 (s) | 1612 (i) | | 1890 (i) | | | 2279 (i) | | | 2859 (i) | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.922 - 16642 / (T/K) - 1.2154 log (T/K) |- | 1504.7 | 1663.0 | | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, m.p. to 1900 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.674 - 14380 / (T/K) |- | | | 1873.9 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 69 Tm 툴륨 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 1117 | 1235 | 1381 | | 1570 | | | (1821) | | | (2217) | |- | CRC.c (T/°C) | 844 (s) | 962 (s) | 1108 (s) | | 1297 (s) | | | 1548 (i) | | | 1944 (i) | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K ~ 1400 K: log (P/Pa) = 13.888 - 12270 / (T/K) - 0.9564 log (T/K) |- | 1118.3 | 1235.5 | 1381.0 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 70 Yb 이터븀 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 736 | 813 | 910 | | 1047 | | | (1266) | | | (1465) | |- | CRC.c (T/°C) | 463 (s) | 540 (s) | 637 (s) | | 774 (s) | | | 993 (i) | | | 1192 (i) | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K ~ 900 K: log (P/Pa) = 14.117 - 8111 / (T/K) - 1.0849 log (T/K) |- | 737.0 | 814.4 | | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 71 Lu 루테튬 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 1906 | 2103 | 2346 | | (2653) | | | (3072) | | | (3663) | |- | CRC.c (T/°C) | 1633 (s) | 1829.8 | 2072.8 | | 2380 (i) | | | 2799 (i) | | | 3390 (i) | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K ~ 녹는점: log (P/Pa) = 13.799 - 22423 / (T/K) - 0.6200 log (T/K) |- | 1905.9 | | | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 녹는점 ~ 2350 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.654 - 20302 / (T/K) |- | | 2103.0 | 2346.0 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 72 Hf 하프늄 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 2689 | 2954 | 3277 | | 3679 | | | 4194 | | | 4876 | |- | CRC.e (T/°C) | 2416 | 2681 | 3004 | | 3406 | | | 3921 | | | 4603 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K ~ 녹는점: log (P/Pa) = 14.451 - 32482 / (T/K) - 0.6735 log (T/K) |- ! colspan="13" | 73 Ta 탄탈럼 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 3297 | 3597 | 3957 | | 4395 | | | 4939 | | | 5634 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 3024 | 3324 | 3684 | | 4122 | | | 4666 | | | 5361 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 248 K ~ 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 21.813 - 41346 / (T/K) - 3.2152 log (T/K) + 0.7437 (T/K) 10−3 |- | SMI.o,p || colspan="12" | 고체, 2407..2820 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.125 - 40210 / (T/K) |- ! colspan="13" | 74 W 텅스텐 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 3477 | 3773 | 4137 | | 4579 | | | 5127 | | | 5823 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 3204 (s) | 3500 | 3864 | | 4306 | | | 4854 | | | 5550 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K ~ 2350 K: log (P/Pa) = 7.951 - 44094 / (T/K) + 1.3677 log (T/K) |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 2200 K ~ 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = -49.521 - 57687 / (T/K) - 12.2231 log (T/K) |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 4300 | 4630 | 4790 | 5020 | 5200 | 5400 | 5690 | | 5940 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.s (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 2554..3309 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.365 - 40260 / (T/K) |- | 3542 | | | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 75 Re 레늄 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 3303 | 3614 | 4009 | | 4500 | | | 5127 | | | 5954 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 3030 (s) | 3341 | 3736 | | 4227 | | | 4854 | | | 5681 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K ~ 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 16.549 - 40726 / (T/K) - 1.1629 log (T/K) |- ! colspan="13" | 76 Os 오스뮴 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 3160 | 3423 | 3751 | | 4148 | | | 4638 | | | 5256 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 2887 (s) | 3150 | 3478 | | 3875 | | | 4365 | | | 4983 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K ~ 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 14.425 - 41198 / (T/K) - 0.3896 log (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 2101..3221 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.715 - 37000 / (T/K) |- | 2910 | 3158 | 3453 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 77 Ir 이리듐 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 2713 | 2957 | 3252 | | 3614 | | | 4069 | | | 4659 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 2440 (s) | 2684 | 2979 | | 3341 | | | 3796 | | | 4386 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K ~ 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 15.512 - 35099 / (T/K) - 0.7500 log (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 1993..3118 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.185 - 34110 / (T/K) |- | 2799 | 3050 | 3349 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 78 Pt 백금 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 2330 | (2550) | 2815 | | 3143 | | | 3556 | | | 4094 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 2057 | 2277 (e) | 2542 | | 2870 | | | 3283 | | | 3821 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K ~ 녹는점: log (P/Pa) = 4.888 - 29387 / (T/K) + 1.1039 log (T/K) - 0.4527 (T/K) 10−3 |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 녹는점 ~ 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.392 - 26856 / (T/K) |- | 2357.4 | | | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 2910 | 3150 | 3260 | 3420 | 3560 | 3700 | 3910 | | 4090 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 1606..2582 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.758 - 27500 / (T/K) |- | 2339 | 2556 | 2818 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 79 Au 금 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 1646 | 1814 | 2021 | | 2281 | | | 2620 | | | 3078 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 1373 | 1541 | 1748 | | 2008 | | | 2347 | | | 2805 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K ~ 녹는점: log (P/Pa) = 14.158 - 19343 / (T/K) - 0.7479 log (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 녹는점 ~ 2050 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.838 - 18024 / (T/K) |- | 1663.0 | 1832.1 | 2039.4 | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 2100 | 2290 | 2390 | 2520 | 2640 | 2770 | 2960 | | 3120 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.a (T/K) || colspan="12" | 1083..1867 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.775 - 18520 / (T/K) |- | 1719 | 1895 | 2111 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 80 Hg 수은 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 315 | 350 | 393 | | 449 | | | 523 | | | 629 | |- | CRC.j,k (T/°C) | 42.0 | 76.6 | 120.0 | | 175.6 | | | 250.3 | | | 355.9 | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 298 K ~ 400 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.122 - 3190 / (T/K) |- | 315.2 | 349.7 | 392.8 | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 408 | 448.8 | 468.8 | 498.4 | 523.4 | 551.2 | 592.9 | | 629.8 |- ! colspan="13" | 81 Tl 탈륨 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 882 | 977 | 1097 | | 1252 | | | 1461 | | | 1758 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 609 | 704 | 824 | | 979 | | | 1188 | | | 1485 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K ~ 녹는점: log (P/Pa) = 10.977 - 9447 / (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 녹는점 ~ 1100 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.265 - 9037 / (T/K) |- | 880.4 | 975.4 | 1093.4 | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 1125 | 1235 | 1290 | 1370 | 1440 | 1515 | 1630 | | 1730 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.a (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 405..821 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.275 - 8920 / (T/K) |- | 868 | 962 | 1078 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 82 Pb 납 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 978 | 1088 | 1229 | | 1412 | | | 1660 | | | 2027 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 705 | 815 | 956 | | 1139 | | | 1387 | | | 1754 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K ~ 녹는점: log (P/Pa) = 10.649 - 10143 / (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 녹는점 ~ 1200 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.917 - 9701 / (T/K) |- | 978.2 | 1087.9 | | | | | | | | | | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 1285 | 1420 | 1485 | 1585 | 1670 | 1760 | 1905 | | 2030 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.a (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 483..975 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.815 - 9600 / (T/K) |- | 978 | 1089 | 1228 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 83 Bi 비스무트 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 941 | 1041 | 1165 | | 1325 | | | 1538 | | | 1835 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 668 | 768 | 892 | | 1052 | | | 1265 | | | 1562 | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 1225 | 1350 | 1410 | 1505 | 1580 | 1670 | 1800 | | 1920 |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 474..934 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.265 - 9824 / (T/K) |- | 957 | 1060 | 1189 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 84 Po 폴로늄 |- | 사용 (T/K) | | | | | (846) | | | 1003 | | | 1236 | |- | CRC.d (T/°C) | | | | | 573 (e) | | | 730.2 | | | 963.3 | |- ! colspan="13" | 85 At 아스타틴 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 361 | 392 | 429 | | 475 | | | 531 | | | 607 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 88 (s) | 119 (s) | 156 (s) | | 202 (s) | | | 258 (s) | | | 334 | |- ! colspan="13" | 86 Rn 라돈 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 110 | 121 | 134 | | 152 | | | 176 | | | 211 | |- | CRC.d (T/°C) | -163 (s) | -152 (s) | -139 (s) | | -121.4 (s) | | | -97.6 (s) | | | -62.3 | |- | KAL (T/K) | | | | 139 (s) | 152 (s) | 158 (s) | 168 (s) | 176 (s) | 184 (s) | 198 (s) | | 211 |- ! colspan="13" | 87 Fr 프랑슘 |- | 사용 (T/K) | (404) | (454) | (519) | | (608) | | | (738) | | | (946) | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 131 (e) | 181 (e) | 246 (e) | | 335 (e) | | | 465 (e) | | | 673 (e) | |- ! colspan="13" | 88 Ra 라듐 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 819 | 906 | 1037 | | 1209 | | | 1446 | | | 1799 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 546 (s) | 633 (s) | 764 | | 936 | | | 1173 | | | 1526 | |- ! colspan="13" | 90 Th 토륨 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 2633 | 2907 | 3248 | | 3683 | | | 4259 | | | 5055 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 2360 | 2634 | 2975 | | 3410 | | | 3986 | | | 4782 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K ~ 녹는점: log (P/Pa) = 13.674 - 31483 / (T/K) - 0.5288 log (T/K) |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 액체, 녹는점 ~ 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = -13.447 - 24569 / (T/K) + 6.6473 log (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 1686..2715 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.645 - 28440 / (T/K) |- | 2442 | 2672 | 2949 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 91 Pa 프로트악티늄 |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K ~ 녹는점: log (P/Pa) = 15.558 - 34869 / (T/K) - 1.0075 log (T/K) |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 액체, 녹는점 ~ 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.183 - 32874 / (T/K) |- ! colspan="13" | 92 U 우라늄 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 2325 | 2564 | 2859 | | 3234 | | | 3727 | | | 4402 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 2052 | 2291 | 2586 | | 2961 | | | 3454 | | | 4129 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K ~ 녹는점: log (P/Pa) = 5.776 - 27729 / (T/K) + 2.6982 log (T/K) - 1.5471 (T/K) 10−3 |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 녹는점 ~ 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 25.741 - 28776 / (T/K) - 4.0962 log (T/K) |- | 2422.6 | | | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | SMI.c (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 1461..2338 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.005 - 25800 / (T/K) |- | 2149 | 2344 | 2579 | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 93 Np 넵투늄 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 2194 | 2437 | | | | | | | | | | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K ~ 녹는점: log (P/Pa) = 24.649 - 24886 / (T/K) - 3.9991 log (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 녹는점 ~ 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 15.082 - 23378 / (T/K) - 1.3250 log (T/K) |- | 2194.1 | 2436.6 | | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 94 Pu 플루토늄 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 1756 | 1953 | 2198 | | 2511 | | | 2926 | | | 3499 | |- | CRC.b (T/°C) | 1483 | 1680 | 1925 | | 2238 | | | 2653 | | | 3226 | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 500 K ~ 녹는점: log (P/Pa) = 23.864 - 18460 / (T/K) - 4.4720 log (T/K) |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K ~ 600 K: log (P/Pa) = 31.166 - 19162 / (T/K) - 6.6675 log (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 녹는점 ~ 2450 K: log (P/Pa) = 8.672 - 16658 / (T/K) |- | 1920.9 | 2171.3 | | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 95 Am 아메리슘 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 1239 | 1356 | | | | | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K ~ 녹는점: log (P/Pa) = 16.317 - 15059 / (T/K) - 1.3449 log (T/K) |- | 1238.7 | 1356.1 | | | | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="13" | 96 Cm 퀴륨 |- | 사용 (T/K) | 1788 | 1982 | | | | | | | | | | |- | CR2 || colspan="12" | 고체, 298 K ~ 녹는점: log (P/Pa) = 13.375 - 20364 / (T/K) - 0.5770 log (T/K) |- | rowspan="2" | CR2 (T/K) || colspan="12" | 액체, 녹는점 ~ 2200 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.229 - 18292 / (T/K) |- | 1788.2 | 1982.0 | | | | | | | | | | |}
# 참고
* 값은 지정된 압력에 도달하는 데 필요한 온도로 표시된다. * 대부분의 방정식에서 인용된 범위 내에서 유효한 결과가 비교를 위해 표에 포함된다. * 방정식의 원래 첫 번째 계수에는 파스칼 단위로 압력을 제공하는 변환 계수가 포함된다 (CR2: 5.006, SMI: -0.875). * 참고. SMI는 온도 척도 ITS-48을 사용한다. 변환은 수행되지 않았지만, 이는 거의 중요하지 않다. * 표준 압력에서의 온도는 정상 끓는점과 같아야 하지만, 상당한 확산으로 인해 다른 곳에 보고된 값과 반드시 일치할 필요는 없다. * log는 밑이 10인 로그를 의미한다. * (T/K)는 켈빈(K) 단위의 온도를 의미한다. * (P/Pa)는 파스칼(Pa) 단위의 압력을 의미한다.
## CRC.a-m
David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Vapor Pressure :일반적으로 몇 도의 불확실성을 가정해야 한다. (e)는 실험 데이터 영역을 벗어나는 외삽된 값을 나타내며, 더 큰 불확실성을 가질 수 있다. (i)는 이상 기체 열역학 함수로부터 계산된 값을 나타낸다. (s)는 물질이 이 온도에서 고체임을 나타낸다. 다음 출처에서 인용했다. :***a** - Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1994. :***b** - Stull, D., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, Gray, D.E., Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. :***c** - Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K., and Wagman, D.D., Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1973. :***d** - TRCVP, Vapor Pressure Database, Version 2.2P, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M; University, College Station, TX. :***e** - Barin, I., Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances, VCH Publishers, New York, 1993. :***f** - Ohse, R.W. Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1994. :***g** - Gschneidner, K.A., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 77th Edition, p. 4-112, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1996. :***h** - pages=555–563. :***i** - Wagner, W., and de Reuck, K.M., International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, No. 9. Oxygen, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. :***j** - Marsh, K.N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. :***k** - bibcode=1984CaMQ...23..309A :***l** - bibcode=1989JPCRD..18..639S :***m** - bibcode=1994JPCRD..23...63S
## CR2
David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements :이 방정식은 관측된 압력을 ±5% 이상의 정확도로 재현한다. 이 계수의 출처는 다음이다. :*bibcode=1984CaMQ...23..309A == =KAL
## National Physical Laboratory, Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants; Section 3.4.4, D. Ambrose, Vapour pressures from 0.2 to 101.325 kPa. 2006년 1월 검색.
SMI.a-s === W.E. Forsythe (ed.), Smithsonian Physical Tables 9th ed., online version (1954; Knovel 2003). Table 363, Evaporation of Metals :이 방정식은 관측된 압력을 만족스러운 근사치로 재현한다고 설명된다. 다음 출처를 참고하라. :***a** - K.K. Kelley, Bur. Mines Bull. 383, (1935). :***b** - bibcode=1941RvMP...13..310D :***c** - Brewer, The thermodynamic and physical properties of the elements, Report for the Manhattan Project, (1946). :***d** - bibcode=1926PhRv...27..578K :***e** - bibcode=1937PhRv...51..753T :***f** - doi=10.1021/ja01286a001 :***g** - pages=442–444;pages=2279 :***h** - bibcode=1934PhRv...46..763R :***i** - pages=468–470. :***j** - bibcode=1935JChPh...3..627R :***k** - Int. National Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 306, (1928). :***l** - language=de :***m** - page=141 :***n** - pages=34–48 :***o** - bibcode=1939PhRv...55..748L :***p** - bibcode=1942PhRv...61..513F :***q** - pages=1382–1390 :***r** - bibcode=1927PhRv...30..201J :***s** - H.A. Jones, I. Langmuir, Gen. Electric Rev., vol. 30, p. 354, (1927).