비웃음

찰스 다윈의 『[[인간과 동물의 감정 표현』에 사용된 비웃음의 묘사]] **비웃음**은 입술을 말리거나 코를 올리는 등 윗입술의 한쪽 모서리가 약간 올라가는 것을 특징으로 하는url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vjMTAAAAIBAJ&pg;=5298,4423791 경멸이나 혐오의 표정이다. 인간과 동물의 감정 표현에서 찰스 다윈은 "비웃음"을 "얼굴 한쪽의 송곳니만 보이는 방식으로 윗입술이 오므려지는 것"으로 정의했다.Charles Darwin, *The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals*, 1872, pp 249-250
# 대중문화
* 폭풍의 언덕에서 에밀리 브론테는 주인공인 히스클리프의 성격을 요약하기 위해 소설 내레이터인 가정부 엘렌 딘("넬리")이 인식한 비웃음을 사용했다.'My amiable lady!' he interrupted, with an almost diabolical sneer on his face. 'Where is she - my amiable lady?' (Chapter 2)|'Have you been listening at the door, Edgar?' asked the mistress, in a tone particularly calculated to provoke her husband, implying both carelessness and contempt of his irritation. Heathcliff, who had raised his eyes at the former speech, gave a sneering laugh at the latter (Chapter 11)|'Yes, she's dead!' I answered, checking my sobs and drying my cheeks. 'Gone to heaven, I hope; where we may, every one, join her, if we take due warning and leave our evil ways to follow good!' 'Did she take due warning, then?' asked Heathcliff, attempting a sneer. 'Did she die like a saint? (Chapter 16)|'Heathcliff did not glance my way, and I gazed up, and contemplated his features almost as confidently as if they had been turned to stone. His forehead, that I once thought so manly, and that I now think so diabolical, was shaded with a heavy cloud; his basilisk eyes were nearly quenched by sleeplessness, and weeping, perhaps, for the lashes were wet then: his lips devoid of their ferocious sneer, and sealed in an expression of unspeakable sadness. Had it been another, I would have covered my face in the presence of such grief. In his case, I was gratified; and, ignoble as it seems to insult a fallen enemy, I couldn't miss this chance of sticking in a dart: his weakness was the only time when I could taste the delight of paying wrong for wrong.' (Chapter 17)| I could doubt no more: he was dead and stark! I hasped the window; I combed his black long hair from his forehead; I tried to close his eyes: to extinguish, if possible, that frightful, life-like gaze of exultation before any one else beheld it. They would not shut: they seemed to sneer at my attempts; and his parted lips and sharp white teeth sneered too! (Chapter 34) * 공포 장르의 배우 빈센트 프라이스는 트레이드마크인 비웃음으로 캐릭터의 대사를 전달했다.*Smirk, sneer, and scream: great acting in horror cinema*. Mark Clark. McFarland, 2004. . p.96*Two for the Road: Our Love Affair with American Food*. Michael Stern. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2007. . pp.2-3 * 펑크 록 음악가 빌리 아이돌은 트레이드마크인 비웃음으로도 유명하다. * 해리 포터 이야기에서 드레이코 말포이와 그의 아버지는 불길한 비웃음으로 악명이 높다. 이는 금전적, 권력 또는 가족적 지위가 부족하다고 판단되는 사람들에 대한 이들 캐릭터의 권리 의식과 경멸을 나타내는 것이다.*Critical Perspectives on Harry Potter*. Elizabeth E. Heilman. Taylor & Francis, 2008. . p.51*Reading Harry Potter: critical essays*. Giselle Liza Anatol. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003. . p.184 * 한 명 이상의 평론가는 아메리칸 아이돌 및 브리튼스 갓 탤런트에서 볼 수 있는 것과 같은 대중문화 사법 패널이 불운한 참가자를 정기적으로 비웃는 것으로 묘사했다.*YouTube and Video Marketing: An Hour a Day*. Greg Jarboe. John Wiley and Sons, 2009. . p.245*Edges: assessment for learning in English*. Imelda Pilgrim, Lindsay McNab, Marian Slee, Cindy Torn. Heinemann, 2005. . p.78*Billboard*. May 4, 2002. p.43 * 캐나다의 TV 애니메이션 시리즈 더 라쿤스(The Raccoons)의 만화 캐릭터 시릴 스니어(Cyril Sneer)는 그의 이름을 딴('스니어'가 '비웃음'을 의미) 비웃음을 표출한다.*Animated TV specials: the complete directory to the first twenty-five years*. Scarecrow Press, 1989. *Billboard*. Jul 26, 1986. p.K-19 * 딕 체니 전 미국 부통령의 정치적 반대자들은 때때로 그가 자신들을 비웃는 표정으로 바라보는 것으로 인식하기도 했다.*Fog Facts: Searching for Truth in the Land of Spin*. Larry Beinhart. Nation Books, 2006. . p.62*Capitalists and conquerors: a critical pedagogy against empire*. Peter McLaren. Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. . p.2