억제 조절

심리학 사이드바 **억제 조절**(inhibitory control) 또는 **반응 억제**(response inhibition)는 개인이 충동과 자연스럽고 습관적인, 또는 지배적인 행동 반응(Aka **선행 반응**)을 억제하여 목표 달성과 일치하는 더 적절한 행동을 선택할 수 있게 하는 인지 과정이자 더 구체적으로는 집행 기능이다.url-access = subscriptionquote = Core EFs are inhibition [response inhibition (self-controlsndresisting temptations and resisting acting impulsively) and interference control (selective attention and cognitive inhibition)], working memory, and cognitive flexibility (including creatively thinking “outside the box,” seeing anything from different perspectives, and quickly and flexibly adapting to changed circumstances). ... EFs and prefrontal cortex are the first to suffer, and suffer disproportionately, if something is not right in your life. They suffer first, and most, if you are stressed (Arnsten 1998, Liston et al. 2009, Oaten & Cheng 2005), sad (Hirt et al. 2008, von Hecker & Meiser 2005), lonely (Baumeister et al. 2002, Cacioppo & Patrick 2008, Campbell et al. 2006, Tun et al. 2012), sleep deprived (Barnes et al. 2012, Huang et al. 2007), or not physically fit (Best 2010, Chaddock et al. 2011, Hillman et al. 2008). Any of these can cause you to appear to have a disorder of EFs, such as ADHD, when you do not. You can see the deleterious effects of stress, sadness, loneliness, and lack of physical health or fitness at the physiological and neuroanatomical level in prefrontal cortex and at the behavioral level in worse EFs (poorer reasoning and problem solving, forgetting things, and impaired ability to exercise discipline and self-control). ...
EFs can be improved (Diamond & Lee 2011, Klingberg 2010). ... At any age across the life cycle EFs can be improved, including in the elderly and in infants. There has been much work with excellent results on improving EFs in the elderly by improving physical fitness (Erickson & Kramer 2009, Voss et al. 2011) ... Inhibitory control (one of the core EFs) involves being able to control one’s attention, behavior, thoughts, and/or emotions to override a strong internal predisposition or external lure, and instead do what’s more appropriate or needed. Without inhibitory control we would be at the mercy of impulses, old habits of thought or action (conditioned responses), and/or stimuli in the environment that pull us this way or that. Thus, inhibitory control makes it possible for us to change and for us to choose how we react and how we behave rather than being unthinking creatures of habit. It doesn’t make it easy. Indeed, we usually are creatures of habit and our behavior is under the control of environmental stimuli far more than we usually realize, but having the ability to exercise inhibitory control creates the possibility of change and choice. ... The subthalamic nucleus appears to play a critical role in preventing such impulsive or premature responding (Frank 2006). 자기조절은 억제 조절의 중요한 측면이다. 예를 들어, 다이어트 중에 케이크를 갈망할 때 그것을 먹고 싶어하는 자연적인 행동 반응을 성공적으로 억제하려면 억제 조절을 사용해야 한다. 전전두피질, 꼬리핵, 시상하핵은 억제 조절 인식을 조절하는 것으로 알려져 있다.quote =bull Executive function, the cognitive control of behavior, depends on the prefrontal cortex, which is highly developed in higher primates and especially humans.
bull Working memory is a short-term, capacity-limited cognitive buffer that stores information and permits its manipulation to guide decision-making and behavior. ...
These diverse inputs and back projections to both cortical and subcortical structures put the prefrontal cortex in a position to exert what is often called “top-down” control or cognitive control of behavior. ... The prefrontal cortex receives inputs not only from other cortical regions, including association cortex, but also, via the thalamus, inputs from subcortical structures subserving emotion and motivation, such as the amygdala (Chapter 14) and ventral striatum (or nucleus accumbens; Chapter 15). ...
In conditions in which prepotent responses tend to dominate behavior, such as in **drug addiction**, where drug cues can elicit drug seeking (Chapter 15), or in **attention deficit hyperactivity disorder** (**ADHD**; described below), significant negative consequences can result. ... ADHD can be conceptualized as a disorder of executive function; specifically, ADHD is characterized by reduced ability to exert and maintain cognitive control of behavior. Compared with healthy individuals, those with ADHD have diminished ability to suppress inappropriate prepotent responses to stimuli (impaired response inhibition) and diminished ability to inhibit responses to irrelevant stimuli (impaired interference suppression). ... Functional neuroimaging in humans demonstrates activation of the prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus (part of the striatum) in tasks that demand inhibitory control of behavior. ... Early results with structural MRI show thinning of the cerebral cortex in ADHD subjects compared with age-matched controls in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, areas involved in working memory and attention. 억제 조절은 탐닉과 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 모두에서 손상된다.quote = Animal and human imaging studies have revealed ... a key role in the preoccupation/anticipation stage for a widely distributed network involving the orbitofrontal cortex-dorsal striatum, prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, hippocampus, and insula involved in craving and the cingulate gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal, and inferior frontal cortices in disrupted inhibitory control. 건강한 성인과 ADHD 환자 모두에서 억제 조절은 저용량(치료용)의 메틸페니데이트 또는 암페타민으로 단기적으로 향상된다.pmc=4377121 억제 조절은 지속적인 유산소 운동을 통해 장기적으로 향상될 수도 있다.doi-access = freedoi-access = free
# 테스트
**억제 조절 테스트**는 개인이 목표 지향적인 행동에 더욱 적응하도록 자극에 대한 자연적이고 습관적인 또는 지배적인 행동 반응을 억제하는 능력을 측정하는 신경심리검사이다. 억제 조절을 측정하는 신경심리검사 중 일부는 스트루프 과제, 고/노고 과제, 사이먼 과제, 플랭커 과제, 반사시 과제, 만족 지연 과제 및 정지 신호 과제를 포함한다.
# 성별 차이
여성은 원치 않거나 습관적인 행동에 대한 억제 조절을 발휘하는 기초 능력이 남성보다 더 크고, 조절적인 환경적 맥락 요인에 다르게 반응하는 경향이 있다.doi-access=freepmid=16613646 예를 들어, 음악을 듣는 것은 여성의 반응 억제율을 상당히 향상시키는 경향이 있지만, 남성의 반응 억제율을 감소시킨다.