인간 두뇌의 영역 목록

인간 두뇌의 브로드만 영역 다양한 색상으로 강조된 뇌의 가장 유명한 부분 인간 두뇌의 해부학적 영역은 표준 신경해부학 계층에 따라 정렬된다. 기능, 연결 및 발달 영역은 적절한 경우 괄호 안에 나열된다.
# 마름뇌 (후뇌)
마름뇌 발달 중인 인간 두뇌의 배아 척추동물 세분 **후뇌**(hindbrain) 또는 **마름뇌**(rhombencephalon)는 척추동물의 [[중추신경계 부분의 발달 분류이다. 여기에는 숨뇌, 다리뇌, 소뇌가 포함된다.]]
## 마이엘렌세팔론 (Myelencephalon)
* 숨뇌 (Medulla oblongata, 연수) ** Medullary pyramids ** Arcuate nucleus ** Olivary body *** Inferior olivary nucleus ** Rostral ventrolateral medulla ** Caudal ventrolateral medulla ** Solitary nucleus (Nucleus of the solitary tract) ** Respiratory center-Respiratory groups *** Dorsal respiratory group *** Ventral respiratory group or Apneustic centre **** Pre-Bötzinger complex **** Botzinger complex **** Retrotrapezoid nucleus **** Nucleus retrofacialis **** Nucleus retroambiguus **** Nucleus para-ambiguus ** Paramedian reticular nucleus ** Gigantocellular reticular nucleus ** Parafacial zone ** Cuneate nucleus ** Gracile nucleus ** Perihypoglossal nuclei *** Intercalated nucleus *** Prepositus nucleus *** Sublingual nucleus ** Area postrema **Medullary cranial nerve nuclei *** Inferior salivatory nucleus *** Nucleus ambiguus *** Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve *** Hypoglossal nucleus ** Chemoreceptor trigger zone
## 뒤뇌

### 다리뇌 (교뇌)
* Pontine nuclei *Pontine cranial nerve nuclei ***Chief* or *pontine* nucleus of the trigeminal nerve sensory nucleus (V) ** Motor nucleus for the trigeminal nerve (V) ** Abducens nucleus (VI) ** Facial nerve nucleus (VII) ** 속귀신경 nuclei (vestibular nuclei and cochlear nuclei) (VIII) ** Superior salivatory nucleus * Pontine tegmentum ** Pontine micturition center (Barrington's nucleus) ** Locus coeruleus ** Pedunculopontine nucleus ** Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus ** Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus ** Nucleus incertus * Parabrachial area ** Medial parabrachial nucleus ** Lateral parabrachial nucleus ** Subparabrachial nucleus (Kölliker-Fuse nucleus) *** Pontine respiratory group * Superior olivary complex ** Medial superior olive ** Lateral superior olive **Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body * Paramedian pontine reticular formation * Parvocellular reticular nucleus * Caudal pontine reticular nucleus * Cerebellar peduncles ** Superior cerebellar peduncle ** Middle cerebellar peduncle ** Inferior cerebellar peduncle
### 넷째뇌실 (제사뇌실, Fourth ventricle)

### 소뇌
* Cerebellar vermis * Cerebellar hemispheres ** Anterior lobe ** Posterior lobe ** Flocculonodular lobe * Cerebellar nuclei ** Fastigial nucleus ** Interposed nucleus *** Globose nucleus *** Emboliform nucleus ** Dentate nucleus
# 중간뇌 (중뇌)
중간뇌의 단면. * Tectum ** Corpora quadrigemina *** Inferior colliculi *** Superior colliculi * Pretectum * Tegmentum ** Periaqueductal gray ** Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus ** Midbrain reticular formation ** Dorsal raphe nucleus ** Red nucleus ** Ventral tegmental area *** Parabrachial pigmented nucleus *** Paranigral nucleus *** Rostromedial tegmental nucleus ** Caudal linear nucleus ** Rostral linear nucleus of the raphe ** Interfascicular nucleus ** Substantia nigra *** Pars compacta *** Pars reticulata ** Interpeduncular nucleus * Cerebral peduncle ** Crus cerebri *Mesencephalic cranial nerve nuclei ** Oculomotor nucleus (III) ** Edinger-Westphal nucleus ** Trochlear nucleus (IV) * Mesencephalic duct (cerebral aqueduct, aqueduct of Sylvius)
# 앞뇌 (전뇌)

## 사이뇌 (간뇌)
사이뇌 (Diencephalon, 간뇌)
### 시상상부 (Epithalamus)
* Pineal body (pineal gland) * Habenular nuclei * Stria medullaris * Taenia thalami
### 셋째뇌실 (제삼뇌실, Third ventricle)
* Subcommissural organ * Circumventricular organs (also Fourth ventricle)
### 시상
* Anterior nuclear group ** Anteroventral nucleus (aka ventral anterior nucleus) ** Anterodorsal nucleus ** Anteromedial nucleus * Medial nuclear group ** Medial dorsal nucleus ** Midline nuclear group ** Paratenial nucleus ** Reuniens nucleus ** Rhomboidal nucleus ** Intralaminar nuclear group ** Centromedian nucleus ** Parafascicular nucleus ** Paracentral nucleus ** Central lateral nucleus * Lateral nuclear group ** Lateral dorsal nucleus ** Lateral posterior nucleus ** Pulvinar * Ventral nuclear group ** Ventral anterior nucleus ** Ventral lateral nucleus ** Ventral posterior nucleus *** Ventral posterior lateral nucleus *** Ventral posterior medial nucleus * Metathalamus ** Medial geniculate body ** Lateral geniculate body * Thalamic reticular nucleus
### 시상하부(hypothalamus) *(대뇌변연계)* *(시상하부-뇌하수체-부신 축)*
*Anterior **Medial area ***Parts of preoptic area ****Medial preoptic nucleus ***** INAH 1 ***** INAH 2 ***** INAH 3 ***** INAH 4 **** Median preoptic nucleus *** Suprachiasmatic nucleus *** Paraventricular nucleus *** Supraoptic nucleus (mainly) *** Anterior hypothalamic nucleus **Lateral area ***Parts of preoptic area ****Lateral preoptic nucleus ***Anterior part of Lateral nucleus ***Part of supraoptic nucleus **Other nuclei of preoptic area ***Median preoptic nucleus ***Periventricular preoptic nucleus *Tuberal **Medial area *** Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus *** Ventromedial nucleus *** Arcuate nucleus **Lateral area ***Tuberal part of Lateral nucleus *** Lateral tuberal nuclei *Posterior **Medial area ***Mammillary nuclei (part of mammillary bodies) *** Posterior nucleus **Lateral area ***Posterior part of Lateral nucleus * Surface ** Median eminence ** Mammillary bodies ** Pituitary stalk (infundibulum) * Optic chiasm * Subfornical organ * Periventricular nucleus * Tuber cinereum **Tuberal nucleus ** Tuberomammillary nucleus * Tuberal region * Mammillary nucleus
### 시상밑부 (시상저부, Subthalamus) *(시상하부-뇌하수체-부신 축)*
* Subthalamic nucleus * Zona incerta
### 뇌하수체 *(시상하부-뇌하수체-부신 축)*
* Neurohypophysis * Pars intermedia (Intermediate Lobe) * Adenohypophysis
## 끝뇌 (종뇌) 대뇌 반구
red: orange: [[parietal lobe yellow: occipital lobe green: temporal lobe blue: cerebellum black: brainstem ]]
### 백색질
* Centrum semiovale * Corona radiata * Internal capsule * External capsule * Extreme capsule
### 겉질밑 (피질하)
* Hippocampus (Medial Temporal Lobe) ** Dentate gyrus ** Cornu ammonis (CA fields) *** Cornu ammonis area 1 (CA1) *** Cornu ammonis area 2 (CA2) *** Cornu ammonis area 3 (CA3) *** Cornu ammonis area 4 (CA4) * Amygdala *(limbic system)* *(limbic lobe)* ** Central nucleus *(autonomic nervous system)* ** Medial nucleus *(accessory olfactory system)* ** Cortical and basomedial nuclei *(main olfactory system)* ** Lateral and basolateral nuclei *(frontotemporal cortical system)* * Extended amygdala ** Stria terminalis *** Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis * Claustrum * Basal ganglia ** Striatum *** Dorsal striatum (a.k.a. neostriatum) **** Putamen **** Caudate nucleus *** Ventral striatum **** Nucleus accumbens **** Olfactory tubercle ** Globus pallidus (forms nucleus lentiformis with putamen) *** Ventral pallidum ** Subthalamic nucleus * Basal forebrain ** Anterior perforated substance ** Substantia innominata ** Nucleus basalis ** Diagonal band of Broca ** Septal nuclei *** Medial septal nuclei ** Lamina terminalis *** Vascular organ of lamina terminalis
### Rhinencephalon *(paleocortex)*
* Olfactory bulb * Olfactory tract * Anterior olfactory nucleus * Piriform cortex * Anterior commissure * Uncus * Periamygdaloid cortex
### 대뇌 피질 *(신피질)*
* 전두엽 **대뇌 피질 *** 일차운동피질 (Precentral gyrus, M1) *** Premotor cortex *** 보조 운동 영역 *** 전전두피질 **** 안와전두피질 **** Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex **** Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex **** Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex **** Ventromedial prefrontal cortex ** Gyri *** Superior frontal gyrus *** Middle frontal gyrus *** Inferior frontal gyrus ** 브로드만 영역: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 24, 25, 32, 33, 44, 45, 46, 47 * 마루엽 (두정엽) **Cortex *** Primary somatosensory cortex (S1) *** Secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) *** Posterior parietal cortex ** Gyri *** Postcentral gyrus *(Primary somesthetic area)* **Other *** Precuneus ** Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3 *(Primary somesthetic area)*; 5, 7, 23, 26, 29, 31, 39, 40 * 뒤통수엽 (후두엽) **Cortex *** Primary visual cortex (V1) *** V2 *** V3 *** V4 *** ** Gyri *** Lateral occipital gyrus **Other *** Cuneus ** Brodmann areas 17 *(V1, primary visual cortex)*; 18, 19 * 관자엽 (측두엽) **Cortex *** Primary auditory cortex (A1) *** Secondary auditory cortex (A2) *** Inferior temporal cortex *** V5/MT *** Posterior inferior temporal cortex ** Gyri *** Superior temporal gyrus *** Middle temporal gyrus *** Inferior temporal gyrus *** Entorhinal cortex *** Perirhinal cortex *** Parahippocampal gyrus *** Fusiform gyrus ** Brodmann areas: 20, 21, 22, 27, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42 **Other *** Medial superior temporal area (MST) * 뇌섬엽 * 띠이랑 ** Anterior cingulate ** Posterior cingulate ** Retrosplenial cortex ** Indusium griseum ** Subgenual area 25 ** 브로드만 영역 23, 24; 26, 29, 30 *(retrosplenial areas)*; 31, 32
# 신경 경로
* Superior longitudinal fasciculus ** Arcuate fasciculus * Uncinate fasciculus * Perforant pathway * Thalamocortical radiations * Corpus callosum * Anterior commissure * Amygdalofugal pathway * Interthalamic adhesion * Posterior commissure * Habenular commissure * Fornix * Mammillotegmental fasciculus * Incertohypothalamic pathway * Cerebral peduncle * Medial forebrain bundle * Medial longitudinal fasciculus * Myoclonic triangle * Solitary tract * Major dopaminergic pathways from dopaminergic cell groups ** Mesocortical pathway ** Mesolimbic pathway ** Nigrostriatal pathway ** Tuberoinfundibular pathway * Serotonergic pathways ** Raphe Nuclei * Norepinephrine Pathways ** Locus coeruleus and other noradrenergic cell groups * Epinephrine pathways from adrenergic cell groups * Glutamate and acetylcholine pathways from mesopontine nuclei
## 운동계 / Descending fibers
* Extrapyramidal system * 피라미드로 ** 겉질척수로 또는 Cerebrospinal fibers *** Lateral corticospinal tract *** 앞겉질척수로 ** Corticopontine fibers *** Frontopontine fibers *** Temporopontine fibers ** Corticobulbar tract * Corticomesencephalic tract * Tectospinal tract * Interstitiospinal tract * Rubrospinal tract * Rubro-olivary tract * Olivocerebellar tract * Olivospinal tract * Vestibulospinal tract ** Lateral vestibulospinal tract ** Medial vestibulospinal tract * Reticulospinal tract * Lateral raphespinal tract * Alpha system * Gamma system
## 몸감각계
* 등쪽기둥–안쪽섬유띠 경로 (dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway, DCML) ** 널판다발 (gracile fasciculus) ** 쐐기다발 (cuneate fasciculus) ** 안쪽섬유띠 (Medial lemniscus) * 척수시상로 ** Lateral spinothalamic tract ** Anterior spinothalamic tract ** Spinomesencephalic tract * Spinocerebellar tract * Spino-olivary tract * Spinoreticular tract
## 시각계
* Optic tract * Optic radiation * Retinohypothalamic tract
## 청각계
* Medullary striae of fourth ventricle * Trapezoid body * Lateral lemniscus
## 신경
* 뇌 줄기 ** 뇌 신경 *** 종말 신경 (0) *** 후각 신경 (I) *** 시각 신경 (II) *** 눈돌림 신경 (III) *** 도르래 신경 (IV) *** 삼차 신경 (V) (1,2,3) *** 갓돌림 신경 (VI) *** 얼굴 신경 (VII) *** 속귀 신경 (VIII) *** 혀인두 신경 (IX) *** 미주 신경 (X) *** 더부 신경 (XI) *** 혀밑 신경 (XII)
# 신경 내분비계
* Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones ** 시상하부-뇌하수체-부신 축 (HPA axis) ** 시상하부-뇌하수체-생식샘 축 (HPG axis) ** HPT axis ** GHRH - GH * 시상하부-신경뇌하수체 계통 (Hypothalamic–neurohypophyseal system)
# 신경 혈관계
* Middle cerebral artery * Posterior cerebral artery * Anterior cerebral artery * Vertebral artery * Basilar artery * Circle of Willis (arterial system) * Blood–brain barrier * Glymphatic system * Venous systems * Circumventricular organs
# 신경전달물질 경로
* Noradrenaline system * Dopamine system * Serotonin system * Cholinergic system * GABA * Neuropeptides ** Opioid peptides *** Endorphins *** Enkephalins *** Dynorphins ** Oxytocin ** Substance P
# 경막 뇌척수막 체계 Dural meningeal system
* 뇌척수액 *Brain-cerebrospinal fluid barrier * 뇌척수막 ** 경막 ** Arachnoid mater ** Pia mater * Epidural space * Subdural space * Subarachnoid space **Arachnoid septum ** Superior cistern ** Cistern of lamina terminalis ** Chiasmatic cistern ** Interpeduncular cistern ** Pontine cistern ** Cisterna magna ** Spinal subarachnoid space * Ventricular system ** Lateral ventricles *** Angular bundle *** Anterior horn ***Body of lateral ventricle ***Inferior horn *** Posterior horn **** Calcar avis *** Subventricular zone ** Third ventricle ** Fourth ventricle **Foramina *** Interventricular Foramina *** Cerebral Aqueduct *** Foramina of Luschka *** Foramen of Magendie
# 대뇌변연계
고포유류 피질(paleomammalian cortex)이라고도 알려진 둘레 계통(limbic system, 변연계)은 주로 중뇌에 있는 대뇌의 내측 측두엽 바로 아래, 시상의 양쪽에 위치한 일련의 뇌 구조이다.Schacter, Daniel L. 2012. *Psychology*.sec. 3.20 변연계의 일부로 구조를 분류하는 것은 역사적이며 기능적으로 서로 다른 두 구성 요소(따라서 경계를 의미하는 limbus라는 이름) 사이의 경계에 있는 구조의 위치와 감정 과정에서 구조가 공유하는 역할(둘레 계통 참조)에서 비롯된다. 따라서 변연계와 뇌 구조의 다른 분류에는 구조가 중복된다. 다음 영역은 변연계의 일부로 간주된다.url-status=:pmid=20711399 * 피질 영역: ** Limbic lobe ** Orbitofrontal cortex: a region in the frontal lobe involved in the process of decision-making ** Piriform cortex: part of the olfactory system ** Entorhinal cortex: related to memory and associative components ** Hippocampus and associated structures: play a central role in the consolidation of new memories ** Fornix: a white matter structure connecting the hippocampus with other brain structures, particularly the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei * 겉질밑 영역(피질하영역): ** Septal nuclei: a set of structures that lie in front of the lamina terminalis, considered a pleasure zone ** Amygdala: located deep within the temporal lobes and related with a number of emotional processes ** Nucleus accumbens: involved in reward, pleasure, and addiction * 사이뇌(간뇌) 구조: ** Hypothalamus: a center for the limbic system, connected with the frontal lobes, septal nuclei, and the brain stem reticular formation via the medial forebrain bundle, with the hippocampus via the fornix, and with the thalamus via the mammillothalamic fasciculus; regulates many autonomic processes ** Mammillary bodies: part of the hypothalamus that receives signals from the hippocampus via the fornix and projects them to the thalamus ** Anterior nuclei of thalamus: receive input from the mammillary bodies and involved in memory processing 둘레 계통에 포함된 다른 영역은 다음과 같다: * Stria medullaris * Gudden의 중앙 회색 및 등쪽 및 배쪽 핵