비교역사학

**비교역사학**은 같은 시대에 존재했거나 비슷한 문화적 조건을 공유했던 여러 사회를 비교하는 것이다. 사회비교역사학은 몽테스키외, 볼테르, 애덤 스미스 등으로 대표되는 18세기 계몽주의 지식인들 사이에서 중요한 전문분야로 등장했다. 19세기 사회학자와 경제학자들은 드 토크빌, 마르크스, 베버가 예시하는 것처럼 종종 비교역사학을 탐구했다.Stephen Kalberg, *Max Weber's Comparative-Historical Sociology* (University of Arizona Press, 1994) 20세기 전반에는 (독일인) 오스발트 슈펭글러,Spengler (1918) (러시아계 미국인) 피티림 소로킨,Sorokin (1950); Sorokin (1959) 그리고 (영국인) 아널드 J. 토인비의 비교사를 따라가는 대규모 독서 대중이 있었다.Toynbee (1934-61) 그러나 1950년대 이후 비교사는 대중의 시야에서 사라지고 이제는 전문학자들의 독립적인 영역이 되었다.Barraclough (1979), chapter 1. 배링턴 무어, 세이무어 마틴 립셋, 찰스 틸리, 마이클 만을 비롯한 몇몇 사회학자들도 이 분야에서 유명하다.Mann (1993) 역사가들은 일반적으로 서로 다른 사회의 특정 제도(은행, 여성의 권리, 인종적 정체성)를 비교하는 것을 받아들인다. 그러나 1950년대 토인비에 대한 적대적인 반응 이후로 일반적으로 전 세계의 광범위한 범위를 포괄하는 포괄적인 비교 연구에는 별로 관심을 두지 않는다.William H. McNeill, *Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life* (1989) ch 1
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