새뮤얼 즈웨이머

서명 = 미국 개혁교회 아바비아 선교의 창설멤버들, 제임스 캔틴, 랜싱, 그리고 새뮤얼 즈웨이머 **새뮤얼 즈웨이머**발음 출처: 확인날짜=2020-03-24(Samuel Zwemer, 1867년 4월 12일 ~ 1952년 4월 2일)는 미국의 선교사, 여행가, 신학자로, **이슬람의 사도**(The Apostle to Islam)라는 별명으로 알려져 있다.
# 생애
새뮤얼 매리너스 즈웨이머는 미시간주 브리즐랜드에서 태어났다. 미시간 홀랜드에 있는 호프 칼리지와 뉴브런즈윅 신학교를 졸업하고 호프 칼리지, 럿거스 대학교에서 명예학 박사를 받았다.
## 신학
즈웨이머는 부모의 칼빈주의 따른 신학으로 모든 것들에서 하나님의 주권을 강조하였다‘His father taught him the [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism Heidelberg Catechism] as a boy and he remembered many of the answers all his life.’ Wilson Sr. *Apostle*, 241.‘His theology was conservative Calvinism and he believed with all his heart in the whole of the Bible as the Word of God, and in the Reformed Faith.’ J. Christy Wilson Sr. *Apostle to Islam: a biography of Samuel M. Zwemer* (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1952), 241. 성경은 그의 믿음과 사역의 사고에 실제적으로 작동하게 했다.‘The Bible was so much a part of his life that thought and word seemed naturally to take the form of Biblical phrase’ J. Christy Wilson Sr. *Apostle to Islam: a biography of Samuel M. Zwemer* (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1952), 241. 그는 신론을 공부하고 성경의 하나님과 대조적인 것을 알았지만 좀더 토착화하였다.Hubers, ‘Samuel Zwemer’, 118. See Samuel Zwemer, Arabia: The Cradle of Islam, (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1900), 171 and then Samuel Zwemer, ‘The Allah of Islam and the God of Jesus Christ’, *The Moslem World* 36/4 (1946): 66-67. e.g. ‘The ninety-nine excellent names of Allah can also (with one or two exceptions) be found as attributes of Jehovah in the Old Testament Scriptures.’ 그래서 이슬람의 신의 개념은 동양의 칼빈주의적 개념에서 이해가 되었다.Samuel Zwemer, ‘Calvinism and the Missionary Enterprise’, ThTo 7/2 (1950): 212-214.Zwemer, ‘Editorial’, *The Moslem World* 1/2, (1911): 97. He wrote: ‘there is a sense in which Christianity is as intolerant as Islam;’
## 선교학
즈웨이머의 선교의 최고의 목적은 사람들의 구원이 아니라 하나님의 영광이었다.Samuel Zwemer, *Thinking Missions with Christ*, (London: Marshall, Organ & Scott, 1934), 67. See Vander Werff, Christian Mission to Muslims, 260. 그는 칼빈이 본 것처럼 이 세상은 하나님의 영광의 극장인데 하나님의 복음이 전파됨으로써 그의 영광의 극장이 된다고 보았다.Calvin quoted by Zwemer in ‘Calvinism’, 208. 결국 그의 선교학이란 하나님의 주권이 기초이며 하나님의 영광이 목표이며 하나님의 의지가 동기가 된다.Zwemer, ‘Calvinism and the Missionary Enterprise’. *Theology Today* 7:2 (1950): 214.
# 작품
* *Arabia, the Cradle of Islam* (1900)날짜=1 January 1900 * *Topsy Turvy Land* (1902), with his wife, Mrs. Amy E. Zwemer출판사=New York, Chicago [etc.] F. H. Revell company * *Raymond Lull* (1902)출판사=New York : Funk & Wagnalls * *Moslem Doctrine of God* (1906) * *The Mohammedan World of Today* (1906) * *Islam: a challenge to faith: studies on the Mohammedan religion and the needs and opportunities of the Mohammedan world*http://muhammadanism.org/Zwemer/islam_challenge/islam_challenge.pdf (1907) * *Our Moslem sisters: a cry of need from lands of darkness interpreted by those who heard it*,제목=Project Gutenberg (1907) — edited with Annie van Sommerhttp://muhammadanism.org/Zwemer/moslem_sisters/moslem_sisters.pdf * *The Moslem World* (1908)출판사=New York, Young people's missionary movement of the United States and Canada * *The Nearer and Farther East: Outline studies of Moslem lands, and of Siam, Burma, and Korea*출판사=Macmillan (1908), with Arthur Judson Brown출판사=New York, Macmillan * *The Unoccupied Mission Fields* (1910) * *Islam and missions: being papers read at the second Missionary conference on behalf of the Mohammedan world at Lucknow, January 23-28, 1911*이름3=C. G. (1911) * *The Moslem Christ*http://muhammadanism.org/Zwemer/moslem_christ.pdf (1911) * *The Unoccupied Mission Fields of Africa and Asia* (1911)출판사=London, Marshall Brothers, Ltd. * *Daylight In The Harem: A New Era For Moslem Women*http://muhammadanism.org/Zwemer/daylight_harem/daylight_harem_illustrations.pdf (1911) — Papers on present-day reform movements, conditions and methods of work among Moslem women read at the Lucknow Conference * *Zigzag Journeys in the Camel Country* (1912)출판사=New York, Chicago [etc.] Fleming H. Revell company * *Childhood in the Moslem World*http://muhammadanism.org/Zwemer/moslem_childhood_illustrations.pdf (1915)출판사=Fleming H. Revell Company * *Mohammed or Christ? An account of the rapid spread of Islam in all parts of the globe, the methods employed to obtain proselytes, its immense press, its strongholds, & suggested means to be adopted to counteract the evil* (1916)출판사=New York, London Fleming H. Revell * *The Disintegration of Islam* (1916) — student lectures on missions at Princeton TS출판사=New York ; Toronto : F.H. Revell * *A Moslem Seeker after God: Showing Islam at its best in the life and teaching of al-Ghazali, mystic and theologian of the eleventh century* (1920)출판사=New York : Fleming H. Revell * *The Influence of Animism on Islam : An Account of Popular Superstitions* (1920)출판사=London : Central Board of Missions and Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge * *The Moslem World, Volume 4*출판사=Hartford [etc.] Hartford Seminary Foundation [etc.] (1914) * *The Moslem World, Volume 8*출판사=Nile Mission Press (1918) * *The Moslem World, Volume 9*출판사=Nile Mission Press (1919) * *The Moslem World, Volume 10*출판사=Nile Mission Press (1919) * *The Moslem World, Volume 11*출판사=Nile Mission Press (1919) * *The Moslem World, Volume 12*출판사=Nile Mission Press (1919)출판사=Nile Mission Press * *The Law of Apostasy in Islam*http://muhammadanism.org/Zwemer/apostasy.pdf (1924) * *Moslem Women* (1926), with his wife, Mrs. Amy E. Zwemer * *The Glory of the Cross*http://muhammadanism.org/Zwemer/glory_cross.pdf (1928) * *Across the world of Islam*http://muhammadanism.org/Zwemer/across_world_islam/across_world_islam.pdf (1929) * *The exalted name of Christ* (1932), translated from Arabic by Oskar Hermansson and Gustaf Ahlbert, assisted by Abdu Vali Akhond * *Thinking Missions with Christ* (1934) * *Taking hold of God : studies on the nature, need and power of prayer* (1936)출판사=London : Marshall, Morgan & Scott * *It's Hard To Be A Christian: Some Aspects of the Fight for Character in the Life of the Pilgrim* (1937) * *The Solitary Throne, addresses Given at the Keswick Convention on the Glory and Uniqueness of the Christian Message*http://muhammadanism.org/Zwemer/solitary_throne.pdf (1937) * *The Golden Milestone : Reminiscences of Pioneer Days Fifty Years in Arabia* (1938), with James Cantine출판사=New York [etc.] : Fleming H. Revell * *Dynamic Christianity and the World Today* (1939) * *Studies in Popular Islam: A Collection of papers dealing with the Superstitions & Beliefs of the Common People* (1939) * *The Glory of the Manger: Studies on the Incarnation*http://muhammadanism.org/Zwemer/glory_manger.pdf (1940) * *The Art of Listening to God* (1940) * *The Cross Above the Crescent* (1941) * *Islam in Madagascar* (1941) * *Into All the World* (1943) * *Evangelism Today: Message Not Method* (1944) * *The Origin of Religion: Evolution or Revelation * (1945) — based on the Smyth Lectures 1935 * *Heirs of the Prophets* (1946) * *A factual survey of the Moslem world with maps and statistical tables* (1946) * *The Glory of the Empty Tomb*http://muhammadanism.org/Zwemer/glory_tomb.pdf (1947) * *How Rich the Harvest* (1948) * *Sons of Adam: Studies of Old Testament characters in New Testament light* (1951) * *Social And Moral Evils Of Islam* (2002) — reprint of an earlier work
# 최근 작품들
* *Call to Prayer* Diggory Press, * *Heirs of the Prophets* Diggory Press, * *Raymund Lull: First Missionary to the Moslems* Diggory Press, * *The Glory of the Cross* Diggory Press, * *The Law of Apostasy in Islam* Diggory Press, * *The Moslem Christ* Diggory Press, * *The Moslem Doctrine of God* Diggory Press, * *The Moslem World* * *The Influence of Animism on Islam: An Account of Popular Superstitions*