폴로늄 동위 원소

**폴로늄**은 안정 동위 원소 없이 원자량 186~227 사이에 33가지의 방사성 동위 원소로만 구성되어 있다. 폴로늄 동위 원소 중 가장 안정한 것은 209Po로 반감기는 약 103년이나, 천연 동위 원소 중에서 가장 안정한 것은 210Po으로 반감기는 138.376일이다. 자연에는 극미량 존재하므로 표준 원자량은 정해져 있지 않으나, 폴로늄의 성질과 관련한 연구는 주로 210Po를 통해 이루어졌다저자=박준우.
# 폴로늄-210
폴로늄-210 210Po은 반감기 138.376일을 거쳐 알파 붕괴하여 206Pb로 붕괴한다. 이때 폴로늄 1mg이 붕괴하면서 방출하는 알파 입자의 개수는 226Ra 5g이 방출하는 알파 입자의 수와 같다.이렇게 방출된 알파 입자는 주변의 공기를 들뜨게 하여 이온화시키므로 주변 공기는 푸르게 보인다. 이처럼 알파 입자를 대량으로 방출하므로 인공 위성에 사용하는 소형 전력 공급원으로 사용하기도 한다. 참고로 1g의 210Po은 140와트의 전력을 발생시킨다. | | | 0+ | | |- | 189Po | | | 84 | | 105 | 188.998481(24) | 5(1) ms | | | 3/2-# | | |- | rowspan=2|190Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 106 | rowspan=2|189.995101(14) | rowspan=2|2.46(5) ms | α (99.9%) | 186Pb | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (0.1%) | 190Bi |- | rowspan=2|191Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 107 | rowspan=2|190.994574(12) | rowspan=2|22(1) ms | α | 187Pb | rowspan=2|3/2-# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (드묾) | 191Bi |- | | 191mPo | | colspan="3" | 130(21) keV | 93(3) ms | | | (13/2+) | | |- | rowspan=2|192Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 108 | rowspan=2|191.991335(13) | rowspan=2|32.2(3) ms | α (99%) | 188Pb | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (1%) | 192Bi |- | | 192mPo | | colspan="3" | 2600(500)# keV | ~1 µs | | | 12+# | | |- | rowspan=2|193Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 109 | rowspan=2|192.99103(4) | rowspan=2|420(40) ms
[370(+46-40) ms] | α | 189Pb | rowspan=2|3/2-# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (드묾) | 193Bi |- | rowspan=2 | 193mPo | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" | 100(30)# keV | rowspan=2|240(10) ms
[243(+11-10) ms] | α | 189Pb | rowspan=2|(13/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (드묾) | 193Bi |- | rowspan=2|194Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 110 | rowspan=2|193.988186(13) | rowspan=2|0.392(4) s | α | 190Pb | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (드묾) | 194Bi |- | | 194mPo | | colspan="3" | 2525(2) keV | 15(2) µs | | | (11-) | | |- | rowspan=2|195Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 111 | rowspan=2|194.98811(4) | rowspan=2|4.64(9) s | α (75%) | 191Pb | rowspan=2|3/2-# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (25%) | 195Bi |- | rowspan=3 | 195mPo | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 colspan="3" | 110(50) keV | rowspan=3|1.92(2) s | α (90%) | 191Pb | rowspan=3|13/2+# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β+ (10%) | 195Bi |- | IT (0.01%) | 195Po |- | rowspan=2|196Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 112 | rowspan=2|195.985535(14) | rowspan=2|5.56(12) s | α (94%) | 192Pb | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (6%) | 196Bi |- | | 196mPo | | colspan="3" | 2490.5(17) keV | 850(90) ns | | | (11-) | | |- | rowspan=2|197Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 113 | rowspan=2|196.98566(5) | rowspan=2|53.6(10) s | β+ (54%) | 197Bi | rowspan=2|(3/2-) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (44%) | 193Pb |- | rowspan=3 | 197mPo | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 colspan="3" | 230(80)# keV | rowspan=3|25.8(1) s | α (84%) | 193Pb | rowspan=3|(13/2+) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β+ (16%) | 197Bi |- | IT (0.01%) | 197Po |- | rowspan=2|198Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 114 | rowspan=2|197.983389(19) | rowspan=2|1.77(3) min | α (57%) | 194Pb | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (43%) | 198Bi |- | | 198m1Po | | colspan="3" | 2565.92(20) keV | 200(20) ns | | | 11- | | |- | | 198m2Po | | colspan="3" | 2691.86(20) keV | 750(50) ns | | | 12+ | | |- | rowspan=2|199Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 115 | rowspan=2|198.983666(25) | rowspan=2|5.48(16) min | β+ (92.5%) | 199Bi | rowspan=2|(3/2-) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (7.5%) | 195Pb |- | rowspan=3 | 199mPo | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 colspan="3" | 312.0(28) keV | rowspan=3|4.17(4) min | β+ (73.5%) | 199Bi | rowspan=3|13/2+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | α (24%) | 195Pb |- | IT (2.5%) | 199Po |- | rowspan=2|200Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 116 | rowspan=2|199.981799(15) | rowspan=2|11.5(1) min | β+ (88.8%) | 200Bi | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (11.1%) | 196Pb |- | rowspan=2|201Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 117 | rowspan=2|200.982260(6) | rowspan=2|15.3(2) min | β+ (98.4%) | 201Bi | rowspan=2|3/2- | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (1.6%) | 197Pb |- | rowspan=3 | 201mPo | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 colspan="3" | 424.1(24) keV | rowspan=3|8.9(2) min | IT (56%) | 201Po | rowspan=3|13/2+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | ε (41%) | 201Bi |- | α (2.9%) | 197Pb |- | rowspan=2|202Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 118 | rowspan=2|201.980758(16) | rowspan=2|44.7(5) min | β+ (98%) | 202Bi | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (2%) | 198Pb |- | | 202mPo | | colspan="3" | 2626.7(7) keV | >200 ns | | | 11- | | |- | rowspan=2|203Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 119 | rowspan=2|202.981420(28) | rowspan=2|36.7(5) min | β+ (99.89%) | 203Bi | rowspan=2|5/2- | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0.11%) | 199Pb |- | rowspan=2 | 203m1Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" | 641.49(17) keV | rowspan=2|45(2) s | IT (99.96%) | 203Po | rowspan=2|13/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0.04%) | 199Pb |- | | 203m2Po | | colspan="3" | 2158.5(6) keV | >200 ns | | | | | |- | rowspan=2|204Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 120 | rowspan=2|203.980318(12) | rowspan=2|3.53(2) h | β+ (99.33%) | 204Bi | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0.66%) | 200Pb |- | rowspan=2|205Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 121 | rowspan=2|204.981203(21) | rowspan=2|1.66(2) h | β+ (99.96%) | 205Bi | rowspan=2|5/2- | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0.04%) | 201Pb |- | | 205m1Po | | colspan="3" | 143.166(17) keV | 310(60) ns | | | 1/2- | | |- | | 205m2Po | | colspan="3" | 880.30(4) keV | 645 µs | | | 13/2+ | | |- | | 205m3Po | | colspan="3" | 1461.21(21) keV | 57.4(9) ms | IT | 205Po | 19/2- | | |- | | 205m4Po | | colspan="3" | 3087.2(4) keV | 115(10) ns | | | 29/2- | | |- | rowspan=2|206Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 122 | rowspan=2|205.980481(9) | rowspan=2|8.8(1) d | β+ (94.55%) | 206Bi | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (5.45%) | 202Pb |- | | 206m1Po | | colspan="3" | 1585.85(11) keV | 222(10) ns | | | (8+)# | | |- | | 206m2Po | | colspan="3" | 2262.22(14) keV | 1.05(6) µs | | | (9-)# | | |- | rowspan=2|207Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 123 | rowspan=2|206.981593(7) | rowspan=2|5.80(2) h | β+ (99.97%) | 207Bi | rowspan=2|5/2- | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0.021%) | 203Pb |- | | 207m1Po | | colspan="3" | 68.573(14) keV | 205(10) ns | | | 1/2- | | |- | | 207m2Po | | colspan="3" | 1115.073(16) keV | 49(4) µs | | | 13/2+ | | |- | | 207m3Po | | colspan="3" | 1383.15(6) keV | 2.79(8) s | IT | 207Po | 19/2- | | |- | rowspan=2|208Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 124 | rowspan=2|207.9812457(19) | rowspan=2|2.898(2) a | α (99.99%) | **204Pb** | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (0.00277%) | 208Bi |- | rowspan=2|209Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 125 | rowspan=2|208.9824304(20) | rowspan=2|102(5) a | α (99.52%) | 205Pb | rowspan=2|1/2- | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (0.48%) | ***209Bi*** |- | 210Po | 라듐 F | | 84 | | 126 | 209.9828737(13) | 138.376(2) d | α | **206Pb** | 0+ | 미량238U의 중간 붕괴 생성물 | |- | | 210mPo | | colspan="3" | 5057.61(4) keV | 263(5) ns | | | 16+ | | |- | 211Po | 악티늄 C' | | 84 | | 127 | 210.9866532(14) | 0.516(3) s | α | **207Pb** | 9/2+ | 미량235U의 중간 붕괴 생성물 | |- | rowspan=2 | 211m1Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" | 1462(5) keV | rowspan=2|25.2(6) s | α (99.98%) | **207Pb** | rowspan=2|(25/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (0.016%) | 211Po |- | | 211m2Po | | colspan="3" | 2135.7(9) keV | 243(21) ns | | | (31/2-) | | |- | | 211m3Po | | colspan="3" | 4873.3(17) keV | 2.8(7) µs | | | (43/2+) | | |- | 212Po | 토륨 C' | | 84 | | 128 | 211.9888680(13) | 299(2) ns | α | **208Pb** | 0+ | 미량232Th의 중간 붕괴 생성물 | |- | rowspan=2 | 212mPo | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" | 2911(12) keV | rowspan=2|45.1(6) s | α (99.93%) | **208Pb** | rowspan=2|(18+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (0.07%) | 212Po |- | 213Po | | | 84 | | 129 | 212.992857(3) | 3.65(4) µs | α | 209Pb | 9/2+ | | |- | 214Po | 라듐 C' | | 84 | | 130 | 213.9952014(16) | 164.3(20) µs | α | 210Pb | 0+ | 미량 | |- | rowspan=2|215Po | rowspan=2|악티늄 A | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 131 | rowspan=2|214.9994200(27) | rowspan=2|1.781(4) ms | α (99.99%) | 211Pb | rowspan=2|9/2+ | rowspan=2|미량 | rowspan=2| |- | β- (2.3×10−4%) | 215At |- | rowspan=2|216Po | rowspan=2|토륨 A | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 132 | rowspan=2|216.0019150(24) | rowspan=2|0.145(2) s | α | 212Pb | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2|미량 | rowspan=2| |- | β-β- (드묾) | 216Rn |- | rowspan=2|217Po | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 133 | rowspan=2|217.006335(7) | rowspan=2|1.47(5) s | α (95%) | 213Pb | rowspan=2|5/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β- (5%) | 217At |- | rowspan=2|218Po | rowspan=2|라듐 A | rowspan=2 | 84 | rowspan=2 | 134 | rowspan=2|218.0089730(26) | rowspan=2|3.10(1) min | α (99.98%) | 214Pb | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2|미량 | rowspan=2| |- | β- (0.02%) | 218At |- | 219Po | | | 84 | | 135 | 219.01374(39)# | 2# min
[>300 ns] | | | 7/2+# | | |- | 220Po | | | 84 | | 136 | 220.01660(39)# | 40# s
[>300 ns] | | | 0+ | | |}