기포드 강연

**기포드 강연**(Gifford Lectures)은 유명한 연회 시리즈의 강의로 아담 기포드 경(Adam Lord Gifford)에 의해 설립되었다. 신학, 종교, 철학, 과학에 이르는 영역의 주제를 가지고 해당 분야의 세계적인 학자들에 의해 발표되고 책으로 출판된다. 이 강의는 스코틀랜드 대학인 세인트앤드루스 대학교, 글래스고 대학교, 애버딘 대학교, 에든버러 대학교에서 진행된다.
# 역대 강연자들

## 애버딘 대학교 발표자
* 1896–98 James Ward *Naturalism and Agnosticism* * 1898–00 Josiah Royce *The World and the Individual* * 1901-02 윌리엄 제임스 *The Varieties of Religious Experience* * 1904-06 James Adam *The Religious Teachers of Greece * 1907-1908 Hans Driesch *The Science and Philosophy of the Organism* * 1911–13 앤드루 세스 프링글패티슨 *The Idea of God in the light of Recent Philosophy* * 1914–15 윌리엄 리치 솔리 *Moral Values and the Idea of God* * 1927-28 알프레드 노스 화이트헤드Alfred North Whitehead *Process and Reality* * 1930–32 에티엔 질송 *The Spirit of Medieval Philosophy* * 1936–38 카를 바르트 *The Knowledge of God and the Service of God according to the Teaching of the Reformation* * 1939–40 Arthur Darby Nock *Hellenistic Religion - The Two Phases* * 1949–50 가브리엘 마르셀 *The Mystery of Being* , * Faith and Reality* * 1951–52 마이클 폴라니 *Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy*, * 1953–54 폴 틸리히 *Systematic Theology* (3 vols.): , , * 1963, 1965 앨리스터 하디 *The Living Stream*, *The Divine Flame* * 1965–1967 레몽 아롱 *La Conscience historique dans la pensée et dans l'action* * 1973 한나 아렌트 *Life of the Mind* * 1982–84 리처드 스윈번 *The Evolution of the Soul*, * 1984–85 프리먼 다이슨 *Infinite In All Directions*, * 1989–91 이언 바버 *Religion in an Age of Science*, * 1992–93 야로슬라프 펠리칸 *Christianity and Classical Culture: The Metamorphosis of Natural Theology in the Christian Encounter With Hellenism*, * 1994–95 존 W. 로저슨 *Faith and Criticism in the Work of William Robertson Smith, 1846-1894* * 1994–95 M. A. 스튜어트 *New Light and Enlightenment* * 1994–95 피터 존스 *Science and Religion before and after Hume* * 1994–95 제임스 H. 번스 *The Order of Nature* * 1994–95 알렉산더 브로디 *The Shadow of Scotus* * 1997–98 러셀 스태너드 *The God Experiment* * 2000–01 John S. Habgood *The Concept of Nature* * 2003–04 John Haldane *Mind, Soul and Deity* * 2003 Eleonore Stump *Wandering in the Darkness* * 2007 스티븐 패티슨 *Seeing Things: Deepening Relations with Visual Artefacts*, * 2009 앨리스터 맥그래스 *A Fine-Tuned Universe: The Quest for God in Science and Theology*, * 2012 새라 코클리 *Sacrifice Regained: Evolution, Cooperation and God* * 2014 데이비드 N. 리빙스턴 *Dealing with Darwin: Place, Politics and Rhetoric in Religious Engagements with Evolution''
## 에든버러 대학교 발표자
* 1891 조지 스토크스 *Natural Theology* * 1896-98 C. P. Tiele *Elements of the Science of Religion Volume 1*, ISBN-10: 1020372524; *Elements of the Science of Religion Volume 2*, ISBN-10: 1314007513 * 1900–02 윌리엄 제임스 *The Varieties of Religious Experience*, (several editions in print) * 1909–10 윌리엄 웨이드 파울러 *The Religious Experience of the Roman People*, * 1911–12 버나드 보전켓 *The Principle of Individuality and Value*, * 1913–14 앙리 베르그송 *The Problem of Personality* * 1915–16 윌리엄 미첼 램지 *Asianic Elements in Greek Civilization*, * 1919–21 조지 스타우트 *Mind and Matter* pub. 1931 * 1921–23 앤드루 세스 프링글패티슨 *Studies in the Philosophy of Religion*, * 1923–25 제임스 조지 프레이저 *The Worship of Nature* * 1926–27 아서 에딩턴 *The Nature of the Physical World*, * 1927–28 앨프리드 노스 화이트헤드 *Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology*, * 1928–29 존 듀이 *The Quest for Certainty: A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action*, * 1934–35 알베르트 슈바이처 *The Problem of Natural Theology and Natural Ethics* (unpublished) * 1937–38 찰스 셰링턴 *Man on His Nature*, * 1938–40 라인홀드 니버 *The Nature and Destiny of Man: A Christian Interpretation *, (2 vol set): * 1947–49 크리스토퍼 도슨 part 1:*Religion and Culture* part 2: *Religion and the Rise of Western Culture* (1950) * 1949–50 닐스 보어 *Causality and Complementarity: Epistemological Lessons of Studies in Atomic Physics*, * 1952–53 아널드 J. 토인비 *An Historian's Approach to Religion*, * 1954–55 루돌프 불트만 *History and Eschatology: The Presence of Eternity*, * 1961–62 John Baillie *The Sense of the Presence of God* url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026001502/http://www.giffordlectures.org/lectures/sense-presence-god * 1973–74 오언 채드윅 *The Secularisation of the European Mind in the 19th Century*, * 1974–76 Stanley Jaki *The Road of Science and the Ways to God*, * 1978–79 존 에클스 경 *The Human Mystery*, *The Human Psyche*, * 1979-80 Ninian Smart "The Varieties of Religious Identity", published as *Beyond Ideology: Religion and the Future of Western Civilisation*, * 1980–81 Seyyed Hossein Nasr *Knowledge and the Sacred*, * 1981–82 아이리스 머독 *Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals*, * 1983-84 David Daiches *God and the Poets*, * 1984–85 위르겐 몰트만 *God in Creation: A New Theology of Creation and the Spirit of God*, * 1985-86 Paul Ricoeur "Oneself as another", * 1986–87 존 힉 *An Interpretation of Religion*, (2nd ed.): * 1987–88 Alasdair MacIntyre *Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry*: * 1988–89 Raimon Panikkar *Trinity and Theism*: * 1989–90 메리 더글러스 *Claims on God*: published (much revised) as *In the Wilderness*: * 1993–94 **존 폴킹혼** *Science and Christian Belief: Theological Reflections of a Bottom-up Thinker*, * 1995–96 G. A. Cohen *If you're an Egalitarian, how come you're so Rich?*, published by Harvard University Press under the same title: * 1996–97 Richard Sorabji *Emotions and How to Cope with Them*, published as *Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation*, * 1997–98 Holmes Rolston III *Genes, Genesis and God*, * 1998–99 Charles Taylor, *Living in a Secular Age*, published as *A Secular Age*: * 1999–2000 데이비드 트레이시 *This side of God* * 2000–01 Onora O'Neill *Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics* * 2001–02 Mohammed Arkoun *Inaugurating a Critique of Islamic Reason* * 2002–03 마이클 이그나티에프 *The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror*, * 2003–04 J. Wentzel van Huyssteen *Alone in the World? Human Uniqueness in Science and Theology*, * 2004–05 Dame Margaret Anstee, Stephen Toulmin, and Noam Chomsky, delivering a series of lectures dedicated to Edward Said who was scheduled to give the 2004–05 series before his death in 2003. * 2005–06 Jean Bethke Elshtain *Sovereign God, Sovereign State, Sovereign Self* * 2006–07 사이먼 콘웨이 모리스 *Darwin 's Compass: How Evolution Discovers the Song of Creation* and Jonathan Riley-Smith *The Crusades and Christianity* * 2007–08 Alexander Nehamas *"Because it was he, because it was I": Friendship and Its Place in Life* * 2008 Robert M. Veatch, *Hipprocratic, Religious and Secular Medical Ethics: The Point of Conflict* * 2008–09 다이애나 엑 *The Age of Pluralism* [April–May 2009] * 2009–10 Michael Gazzaniga *Mental Life* [October 2009] * 2009–10 테리 이글턴 *The God Debate* [March 2010] * 2010–11 Peter Harrison *Science, Religion and the Modern World*, published as *The Territories of Science and Religion* , Gordon Brown *The Future of Jobs and Justice* * 2011–12 Diarmaid MacCulloch *Holme's Dog: Silence in the History of the Church*. In 2012 the Gifford Lectures also supported a one-off joint lecture between the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the University of Edinburgh School of Informatics, Jim Al-Khalili *Alan Turing: Legacy of a Code Breaker* * 2013 브뤼노 라투르 *"Once Out of Nature" - Natural Religion as a Pleonasm* * 2012-13 스티븐 핑커, *The Better Angels of Our Nature: A History of Violence and Humanity*accessdate = August 4, 2013 * 2013-14 Baroness Onora O'Neill *From Toleration to Freedom of Expression* * 2013-14 Lord 로완 윌리암스 of Oystermouth *Making representations: religious faith and the habits of language* * 2013-14 Justice Catherine O'Regan *"What is Caesar's?" Adjudicating faith in modern constitutional democracies* * 2014-15 Professor Jeremy Waldron *One Another's Equals: The Basis of Human Equality* * 2016-17 Professor 제프리 스타우트 *Religion Unbound: Ideals and Powers from Cicero to King* * 2017-18 Agustín Fuentes *Why We Believe: Evolution, Making Meaning, and the Development of Human Natures*
## 글래스고 대학교 발표자
* 1888–92 프리드리히 막스 뮐러 1888: *Natural Religion* vol. 1 & 2; 1890: *Physical Religion*; 1891: *Anthropological Religion*: 1892: *Theosophy or Psychological Religion* * 1892–96 John Caird *The Fundamental Ideas of Christianity* Vol.1&2 * 1896–98 Alexander Balmain Bruce *The Moral Order of the World*, *The Providential Order of the World* * 1910-12 John Watson *The Interpretation of Religious Experience* * 1914 아서 밸푸어 *Theism and Humanism* * 1916–18 새뮤얼 알렉산더 *Space, Time, and Deity*, volume one: , volume two: * 1922 아서 밸푸어 *Theism and Thought* * 1927–28 J. B. S. 홀데인 *The Sciences and Philosophy*, * 1932–34 윌리엄 템플 *Nature, Man and God* * 1952–54 존 맥머리 *The Form of the Personal* vol 1: *The Self as Agent* vol 2: *Persons in Relation* * 1959 카를 프리드리히 폰 바이츠제커 *The Relevance of Science* * 1965 허버트 버터필드 *Historical Writing and Christian Beliefs* and *Human Beliefs and the Development of Historical Writing*url-status= * 1970 리처드 윌리엄 서던 *The Rise and Fall of the Medieval System of Religious Thought* * 1974-76 Basil Mitchell *Morality, Religious and Secular* * 1985 칼 세이건 *The Search for Who We Are*, published in 2006 as *The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God*, * 1986 도널드 M. 매케이 *Behind the Eye*Gifford Lectures website entry; retrieved: 2013-08-04 date=2013-09-23 * 1988 Don Cupitt *Nature and Culture* * 1988 리처드 도킨스 *Worlds in Microcosm* * 1992 Mary Warnock *Imagination and Understanding*, published as *Imagination and Time*, * 1993–94 키스 워드 *Religion and Revelation* * 1995–96 Geoffrey Cantor and John Hedley Brooke *Reconstructing Nature* * 1997–98 R J 샘 베리 *Gods, Genes, Greens and Everything* * 1999–00 랠프 매키어니 *Characters in Search of Their Author* * 2001 Brian Hebblethwaite url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055952/http://www.giffordlectures.org/lecturers/brian-hebblethwaite, George Lakoff, Lynne Baker, Michael Ruse & Philip Johnson-Laird *The Nature and Limits of Human Understanding* * 2003–04 사이먼 블랙번 *Reason's Empire* * 2005 존 E. 헤어 * 2007–08 David Fergusson *Religion and Its Recent Critics* published as *Faith and Its Critics: A Conversation*, * 2008–09 찰스 테일러 *The Necessity of Secularist Regimes* [May 2009] * 2009–10 잔니 바티모 *The End of Reality* * 2012 Vilayanur Ramachandran *Body and Mind: Insights from Neuroscience* * 2014 장뤼크 마리옹 *Givenness and Revelation* * 2015 Perry Schmidt-leukel *Interreligious Theology: The Future Shape of Theology* * 2016 숀 M. 캐럴 *The Big Picture: On the Origins of Life, Meaning, and the Universe Itself*
## 세인트 앤드루스 대학교
* 1902–04 리처드 홀데인 *The Pathway to Reality*, * 1917–18 윌리엄 R. 잉 *The Philosophy of Plotinus*, * 1919–20 Lewis Richard Farnell *Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality* * 1921–22 C. 로이드 모건 *Emergent Evolution* (1923) , and *Life, Mind, and Spirit* (1925) * 1926-28 앨프리드 에드워드 테일러 "The faith of a moralist, The Theological Implications of Morality; Natural Theology and the Positive Religions" (1930) * 1936–37 Werner Jaeger *The Theology of the Early Greek Philosophers* (1936) * 1955–56 베르너 하이젠베르크 *Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science*, * 1962–64 Henry Chadwick *Authority in the Early Church* * 1964–66 존 핀들리 *The Discipline of the Cave* (1966), and *The Transcendence of the Cave* (1967) * 1967–69 Robert Charles Zaehner *Concordant Discord. The Interdependence of Faiths.* Oxford: Clarendon Press 1970. * 1972–73 앨프리드 에이어 *The Central Questions of Philosophy*, * 1975–77 Reijer Hooykaas *Fact, Faith and Fiction in the Development of Science* * 1977–78 데이비드 스태퍼드클라크 *Myth, Magic and Denial* * 1980–81 Gregory Vlastos *Socrates: Ironist and Moral Philosopher* * 1982–83 도널드 제프리 찰턴 *New Images of the Natural, 1750-1800* * 1983–84 존 매쿼리 *In Search of Deity* * 1984–85 아돌프 그륀바움 *Psychoanalytic Theory and Science* * 1986–87 앤터니 플루 *The Logic of Mortality* * 1988–89 발터 부르케르트 *Tracks of Biology and the Creation of Sense* * 1990–91 힐러리 퍼트넘 *Renewing Philosophy* * 1992–93 Arthur Peacocke *Nature, God and Humanity:* * 1992–93 Roger Penrose *The Question of Physical Reality* * 1995 니컬러스 월터스토프 *Thomas Reid and the Story of Epistemology* * 1996–97 Michael Dummett *Thought and Reality* * 1999 Robert Merrihew Adams *God and Being* * 1999 메릴린 매코드 애덤스 *The Coherence of Christology* * 2001–02 스탠리 하우어워스 *With the Grain of the Universe: The Church's Witness and Natural Theology*, * 2002–03 Peter van Inwagen *The Problem of Evil*, * 2004–05 앨빈 플랜팅가 *Science and Religion: Conflict or Concord* * 2007 마틴 리스 *21st Century Science: Cosmic Perspective and Terrestrial Challenges* * 2010 Roger Scruton *The Face of God*