NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
D-Xylulose Reductase: an enzyme that plays a role in the pentoses and glucuronates interconversion pathway by catalyzing the oxidation of xylitol to d-xylulose. this enzyme has been found to be specific for nad+
D-ZAPO protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia
D-alanintransaminasa: enzym obsahující pyridoxalfosfát, který katalyzuje reverzibilní přenos aminoskupiny mezi d-alaninem a alfa-ketoglutarátem za vzniku pyruvátu, respektive d-glutamátu. hraje roli při syntéze bakteriální buněčné stěny. tento enzym byl dříve klasifikován jako ec 2.6.1.10
D-aspartátoxidasa: peroxisomální flavoenzym závislý na fad, který katalyzuje oxidační deaminaci d-aspartátu na oxaloacetát a čpavek pomocí kyslíku jako akceptoru elektronů
DAB-Am-16: a generation 3.0 polypropylenimine hexadecamine dendrimer
DAC protocol 2: chemotherapy protocol consisting of doxifluridine (floxuridine/aa), & other cpds; used in the treatment of advanced breast cancer
DAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia
DASH dieta: dietní opatření doporučovaná několika odbornými amer. společnostmi ke snížení tlaku krve. dieta je založena na dostatečném příjmu vláknin (celozrnných výrobků), ovoce, zeleniny, netučných mléčných výrobků, libového masa, drůbeže, ryb, ořechů v určitém množství během dne s ohledem na celkový energetický příjem a snížení příjmu sodíku. má příznivý účinek i na inzulinovou rezistenci, která se s hypertenzí často pojí, zlepšuje účinek léků atd. (upraveno podle: velký lékařský slovník online, 2022 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
DAT protocol 1: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of acute leukemia
DAT protocol 2: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of acute leukemia
DAT-COAP regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of myeloid leukemia
DATOP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
DATV regimen: chemotherapy regimen consisting of above 4 compounds; used in the treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with high complete remission rate
DAV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of dacarbazine, acnu, and vincristine
DAV regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of myeloid blast crisis of cml
DAVH protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of advanced breast cancer
DAVTH protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 5 cpds; has been used in therapy of breast cancer
DAVTHML regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 6 cpds; has been used in therapy of metastatic breast cancer
DAX-1 Orphan Nuclear Receptor: an orphan nuclear receptor that is implicated in regulation of steroidogenic pathways. it is unlike most orphan nuclear receptors in that it appears to lack an essential dna-binding domain and instead acts as a transcriptional co-repressor. mutations in the gene dax-1 cause congenital adrenal hypoplasia
DBCT protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of advanced melanoma
DBNL protein, human: a 55 kda actin-binding cytoskeleton adapter protein that is coupled to signal transduction from lymphocyte antigen receptors; a substrate for src & syk kinases; refseq nm_014063
DBPT protocol: chemotherapy regimen consisting of above cpds; used in the therapy of malignant melanoma
DBPT regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of malignant melanoma
DBVCy protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of daunoblastin, bleomycin, vincristine & cytostasan
DC(M)VP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds and cytarabine or mercaptopurine; dvmp refers to protocol with mercaptopurine
DCC Receptor: a receptor for netrin-1 that contains four membrane distal (n-terminal) ig-like c2 domains and six membrane proximal (c-terminal) fibronectin type iii domains. it is expressed primarily in the nerve axons and differentiated intestinal cells and is required for axon guidance, mediating axon attraction of neuronal growth cones; however, it may also trigger axon repulsion through association with the unc5 netrin-1 receptor. dcc also induces apoptosis when it is unbound from netrin-1. deletions of the dcc gene are observed in tumor metastases and the protein is not expressed in undifferentiated colorectal carcinoma cells
DCMP Deaminase: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of deoxycytidylic acid to deoxyuridylic acid and ammonia. it plays an important role in the regulation of the pool of deoxynucleotides in higher organisms. the enzyme also acts on some 5-substituted deoxycytidylic acids. ec 3.5.4.12
DCTER protocol: an induction therapy consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia
DCTP regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in therapy of adult non-lymphocyte leukemia
DCVP-1-asp protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all)
DD superrodina: rodina strukturně příbuzných protein-proteinových interakčních domén charakterizovaných uzavřeným svazkem šesti alfa-helixů s topologií řeckého klíče a vnitřní pseudo-dvojčetnou symetrií. death-like domény se vyskytují u mnoha proteinů, které jsou nezbytné pro apoptózu, včetně proteinů s doménou card a receptorů domény smrti
DD-CA9 protein, soybean: homologous to antifungal lectins; isolated from soybean; genbank aj010265
DD-karboxypeptidasa: karboxypeptidáza, která je specifická pro proteiny, které obsahují na svém c-konci dva alaninové zbytky. enzymy této třídy hrají důležitou roli v biosyntéze bakteriální buněčné stěny
DD1 protocol: chemotherapeutic protocol consisting of the above compounds; modified t10 protocol for postoperative chemotherapy of poor responders to the t10 protocol; ifosfamide is used in addition to methotrexate, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide and dactinomycin
DDT: a polychlorinated pesticide that is resistant to destruction by light and oxidation. its unusual stability has resulted in difficulties in residue removal from water, soil, and foodstuffs. this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen: fourth annual report on carcinogens (ntp-85-002, 1985). (from merck index, 11th ed)
DEAD Box Protein 20: a multifunctional protein that is both a dead-box rna helicase and a component of the smn protein complex
DEAD Box Protein 58: a dead-box rna helicase that contains an n-terminal death-like domain, aaa+ atpase domain, and c-terminal rna helicase activity. it functions as an innate immune receptor through its recognition of viral nucleic acids. it also induces the expression of interferon type i and proinflammatory cytokines. its ligands include: 5'-triphosphorylated single-stranded rna, double-stranded rna (dsrna), and short dsrna (less than 1 kb in length)
DEAD box protein 20: multifunkční protein, který je zároveň rna-helikázou rodiny dead-box a součástí proteinového komplexu smn
DEAD box protein 58: rna-helikáza rodiny dead-box, která obsahuje n-koncovou death-like doménu, aaa+ atpázovou doménu a c-koncovou aktivitu rna-helikázy. díky rozpoznávání virových nukleových kyselin funguje jako receptor vrozené imunity. indukuje také expresi interferonu typu i a prozánětlivých cytokinů. mezi jeho ligandy patří např: 5'-trifosforylovaná jednovláknová rna, dvojvláknová rna (dsrna) a krátká dsrna (o délce menší než 1 kb)
DEAD-box RNA Helicases: a large family of rna helicases that share a common protein motif with the single letter amino acid sequence d-e-a-d (asp-glu-ala-asp). in addition to rna helicase activity, members of the dead-box family participate in other aspects of rna metabolism and regulation of rna function
DEAD-box RNA-helikasy: velká rodina rna-helikáz, které mají společný proteinový motiv s jednopísmennou aminokyselinovou sekvencí d-e-a-d (asp-glu-ala-asp). kromě aktivity rna-helikázy se členové rodiny dead-box podílejí na dalších aspektech metabolismu rna a regulaci funkce rna
DEAE-Cellulose: cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications
DEB-M protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of cisplatin, etoposide & bleomycin or mitomycin; used in the treatment of head & neck cancer
DECAV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of dacarbazine, doxorubicin, cisplatin & vindesine
DED doména: homotypický proteinový interakční modul nadrodiny domén smrti. skládá se ze svazku šesti alfa-helixů. ded doména je sekvenčně a strukturně podobná doméně smrti a doméně card. vyskytuje se v mnoha proteinech nezbytných pro apoptózu
DEET: a compound used as a topical insect repellent that may cause irritation to eyes and mucous membranes, but not to the skin
DEFICIENS Protein: deficiens is a homeotic gene involved in the genetic control of antirrhinum majus flower development. its protein is one of the four founder proteins that structurally define the superfamily of mads domain proteins
DEMOB protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 4 cpds; used in therapy of brain lymphoma
DF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of advanced gastric adenocarcinoma
DFCI 85-01 protocol: protocol incorporates a high cumulative dose of l-asparaginase; used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia; other drugs not specified
DFCI 91-01 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used against acute lymphoblastic leukemia in infants
DFCI 95-01 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of compounds:asparaginase, dexamethasone doxorubicin; used against acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children
DFMO-PCV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above four cpds for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme
DFP-10825: rnai molecule consisting of shrna against the thymidylate synthase and a cationic liposome; has anti-tumor activity in mouse model
DHACT protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
DHAOx protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of dexamethasone, cytarabine, and oxaliplatin; used to treat non-hodgkin's lymphoma
DHAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of dexamethasone, high-dose cytarabine & cisplatin; used in the therapy of lymphomas & hodkin's disease
DICE protocol: used in the therapy of advanced refractory non-hodgkin's lymphoma; chemotherapy regimen consisting of above cpds
DIZE protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of etopofos/etophos (etoposide/aa) & above cpds for the treatment of hodgkin's disease
DM-kinasa: serin/threoninová proteinkináza zodpovědná za různé funkce kosterního svalstva, aktivitu srdečního převodního systému, homeostázu vápníku, vychytávání vápníku prostřednictvím sarkoplazmatického retikula a synaptickou plasticitu. je kódován genem dmpk a jeho abnormální expandovaná trinukleotidová repetice ctg v 3'-utr je spojena s myotonickou dystrofií 1
DMAP protocol: used in treatment of advanced malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors and patients with other advanced leiomyosarcomas
DMF Index: decayed, missing and filled teeth, a routinely used statistical concept in dentistry
DMP-504: a strongly basic anion-exchange polyalkylammonium-based bile acid sequestrant
DMV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of mitolactol, mitomycin c & vinblastine
DMV regimen: chemotherapy protocol consiting of the above cpds; used in treatment of metastatic breast cancer
DNA: a deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain dna in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. dna, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine)
DNA: deoxyribonukleotidový polymer, který je primárním genetickým materiálem všech buněk. eukaryotické a prokaryotické organismy normálně obsahují dna ve dvouvláknovém stavu, přesto několik důležitých biologických procesů přechodně zahrnuje jednovláknové oblasti. dna, která se skládá z polysacharido-fosfátové páteře s výběžky purinů (adenin a guanin) a pyrimidinů (thymin a cytosin), tvoří dvojitou šroubovici, která je držena pohromadě vodíkovými vazbami mezi puriny a pyrimidiny (adenin na thymin a guanin na cytosin)
DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1: a dna (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase that contains a central cxxc type zinc finger motif. it binds poly(adp)-ribose and its expression is regulated by poly (adp-ribose) polymerase-1. dnmt1 methylates cpg residues, with a preference for hemimethylated dna, and associates with dna replication sites in s phase to maintain the methylation pattern in the newly synthesized strand, which is essential for epigenetic processes. it also associates with chromatin during g2 phase and mitosis to maintain dna methylation independently of replication. it is responsible for maintaining methylation patterns established in development; mutations in the dnmt1 gene are associated with hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1 class e
DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases: enzymes that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from s-adenosylmethionine to the 5-position of cytosine residues in dna
DNA Adducts: the products of chemical reactions that result in the addition of extraneous chemical groups to dna
DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic: techniques for standardizing and expediting taxonomic identification or classification of organisms that are based on deciphering the sequence of one or a few regions of dna known as the dna barcode
DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded: interruptions in the sugar-phosphate backbone of dna, across both strands adjacently
DNA Breaks, Single-Stranded: interruptions in one of the strands of the sugar-phosphate backbone of double-stranded dna
DNA Cleavage: a reaction that severs one of the covalent sugar-phosphate linkages between nucleotides that compose the sugar phosphate backbone of dna. it is catalyzed enzymatically, chemically or by radiation. cleavage may be exonucleolytic - removing the end nucleotide, or endonucleolytic - splitting the strand in two
DNA Copy Number Variations: stretches of genomic dna that exist in different multiples between individuals. many copy number variations have been associated with susceptibility or resistance to disease
DNA Damage: injuries to dna that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a mutation or a block of dna replication. these deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. they include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the dna backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (pyrimidine dimers) or interstrand crosslinking. damage can often be repaired (dna repair). if the damage is extensive, it can induce apoptosis
DNA Damage Tolerance: strategies that cells use to continue dna replication when replicative dna polymerases stall at dna damage-blocked replication forks. these dna damage tolerant replication mechanisms bypass the dna damage, which may be repaired subsequently by various dna repair mechanisms
DNA Degradation, Necrotic: the random catabolism of dna accompanying the irreversible damage to tissue which leads to the pathological death of one or more cells
DNA Demethylation: removal of methyl groups from dna by enzymes (such as dioxygenases and n-demethylases) or by chemical reagents
DNA End-Joining Repair: the repair of double-strand dna breaks by rejoining the broken ends of dna to each other directly
DNA Fingerprinting: a technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their dna sequence. uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. in forensic studies, restriction fragment length polymorphism of multiple, highly polymorphic vntr loci or microsatellite repeat loci are analyzed. the number of loci used for the profile depends on the allele frequency in the population
DNA Footprinting: a method for determining the sequence specificity of dna-binding proteins. dna footprinting utilizes a dna damaging agent (either a chemical reagent or a nuclease) which cleaves dna at every base pair. dna cleavage is inhibited where the ligand binds to dna. (from rieger et al., glossary of genetics: classical and molecular, 5th ed)
DNA Fragmentation: splitting the dna into shorter pieces by endonucleolytic dna cleavage at multiple sites. it includes the internucleosomal dna fragmentation, which along with chromatin condensation, are considered to be the hallmarks of apoptosis
DNA Glycosylases: a family of dna repair enzymes that recognize damaged nucleotide bases and remove them by hydrolyzing the n-glycosidic bond that attaches them to the sugar backbone of the dna molecule. the process called base excision repair can be completed by a dna-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase which excises the remaining ribose sugar from the dna
DNA Gyrase: a bacterial dna topoisomerase ii that catalyzes atp-dependent breakage of both strands of dna, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. gyrase binds to dna as a heterotetramer consisting of two a and two b subunits. in the presence of atp, gyrase is able to convert the relaxed circular dna duplex into a superhelix. in the absence of atp, supercoiled dna is relaxed by dna gyrase
DNA Helicases: proteins that catalyze the unwinding of duplex dna during replication by binding cooperatively to single-stranded regions of dna or to short regions of duplex dna that are undergoing transient opening. in addition, dna helicases are dna-dependent atpases that harness the free energy of atp hydrolysis to translocate dna strands
DNA Ligase ATP: atp-dependent cellular enzyme which catalyzes dna replication, repair and recombination through formation of internucleotide ester bonds between phosphate and deoxyribose moieties. vertebrate cells encode three well-characterized dna ligases, dna ligase i, iii and iv, all of which are related in structure and sequence. dna ligases either require atp or nad. however, archaebacterial, viral, and some eubacterial dna ligases are atp-dependent
DNA Ligases: poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide)ligases. enzymes that catalyze the joining of preformed deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes during repair of a single-stranded break in duplex dna. the class includes both ec 6.5.1.1 (atp) and ec 6.5.1.2 (nad)
DNA Methylation: addition of methyl groups to dna. dna methyltransferases (dna methylases) perform this reaction using s-adenosylmethionine as the methyl group donor
DNA Methyltransferase 3A: a methyltransferase that catalyzes the addition of a methyl group to cytosine residues of cpg dinucleotides and is required for genome-wide de novo dna methylation
DNA Methyltransferase 3B: a dna (cytosine 5) methyltransferase that has an essential role in the establishment of dna methylation patterns during development
DNA Mismatch Repair: a dna repair pathway involved in correction of errors introduced during dna replication when an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. excinucleases recognize the base pair mismatch and cause a segment of polynucleotide chain to be excised from the daughter strand, thereby removing the mismatched base. (from oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology, 2001)
DNA Modification Methylases: enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. they are responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern, on either adenine or cytosine residues, in a specific short base sequence in the host cell's own dna. this methylated sequence will occur many times in the host-cell dna and remain intact for the lifetime of the cell. any dna from another species which gains entry into a living cell and lacks the characteristic methylation pattern will be recognized by the restriction endonucleases of similar specificity and destroyed by cleavage. most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms
DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase: a non-template-directed dna polymerase normally found in vertebrate thymus and bone marrow. it catalyzes the elongation of oligo- or polydeoxynucleotide chains and is widely used as a tool in the differential diagnosis of acute leukemias in man. ec 2.7.7.31
DNA Nucleotidyltransferases: enzymes that catalyze the incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides into a chain of dna. ec 2.7.7.-
DNA Packaging: the folding of an organism's dna molecule into a compact, orderly structure that fits within the limited space of a cell or virus particle
DNA Polymerase I: a dna-dependent dna polymerase characterized in prokaryotes and may be present in higher organisms. it has both 3'-5' and 5'-3' exonuclease activity, but cannot use native double-stranded dna as template-primer. it is not inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents and is active in both dna synthesis and repair
DNA Polymerase II: a dna-dependent dna polymerase characterized in e. coli and other lower organisms. it may be present in higher organisms and has an intrinsic molecular activity only 5% of that of dna polymerase i. this polymerase has 3'-5' exonuclease activity, is effective only on duplex dna with gaps or single-strand ends of less than 100 nucleotides as template, and is inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents
DNA Polymerase III: a dna-dependent dna polymerase characterized in e. coli and other lower organisms but may be present in higher organisms. use also for a more complex form of dna polymerase iii designated as dna polymerase iii* or pol iii* which is 15 times more active biologically than dna polymerase i in the synthesis of dna. this polymerase has both 3'-5' and 5'-3' exonuclease activities, is inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, and has the same template-primer dependence as pol ii
DNA Polymerase beta: a dna repair enzyme that catalyzes dna synthesis during base excision dna repair
DNA Polymerase gamma: a dna-directed dna polymerase that functions in the replication of mitochondrial dna. mutations in the gene that encodes this enzyme (polg) are associated with some forms of ophthalmoplegia, chronic external progressive
DNA Polymerase iota: a highly error-prone dna polymerase. it is a member of the y-family of dna polymerases that are dna damage tolerant and involved in translesion dna synthesis. dna polymerase iota is an orthologue of yeast rad30. its replication fidelity is template dependent and favors hoogsteen base-pairing at its active site
DNA Polymerase theta: a specialized dna polymerase that in humans is encoded by the polq gene. it is involved in dna repair pathways, including dna end-joining repair and recombinational dna repair
DNA Primase: a single-stranded dna-dependent rna polymerase that functions to initiate, or prime, dna synthesis by synthesizing oligoribonucleotide primers. ec 2.7.7.-
DNA Primers: short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of dna that are complementary to sequences of messenger rna and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mrna. primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques
DNA Probes: species- or subspecies-specific dna (including complementary dna; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure dna-dna homologies, to group subspecies, etc. the dna probe hybridizes with a specific mrna, if present. conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, southern blot assays, and dna:rna hybrid-specific antibody tests. conventional labels for the dna probe include the radioisotope labels 32p and 125i and the chemical label biotin. the use of dna probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections
DNA Probes, HLA: dna probes specific for the human leukocyte antigen genes, which represent the major histocompatibility determinants in humans. the four known loci are designated as a, b, c, and d. specific antigens are identified by a locus notation and number, e.g., hla-a11. the inheritance of certain hla alleles is associated with increased risk for certain diseases (e.g., insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus)
DNA Probes, HPV: dna probes specific for the identification of human papilloma virus
DNA Repair: the removal of dna lesions and/or restoration of intact dna strands without base pair mismatches, intrastrand or interstrand crosslinks, or discontinuities in the dna sugar-phosphate backbones
DNA Repair Enzymes: enzymes that are involved in the reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded dna molecule without mismatch from a molecule, which contained damaged regions
DNA Repair-Deficiency Disorders: disorders resulting from defective dna repair processes or the associated cellular responses to dna damage
DNA Repeat Expansion: an increase number of repeats of a genomic, tandemly repeated dna sequence from one generation to the next
DNA Replication Timing: the temporal order in which the dna of the genome is replicated
DNA Restriction Enzymes: enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. they catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of dna sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's dna. cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. the function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign dna that invades the host cell. most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. they are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of dnas, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. ec 3.21.1
DNA Restriction-Modification Enzymes: systems consisting of two enzymes, a modification methylase and a restriction endonuclease. they are closely related in their specificity and protect the dna of a given bacterial species. the methylase adds methyl groups to adenine or cytosine residues in the same target sequence that constitutes the restriction enzyme binding site. the methylation renders the target site resistant to restriction, thereby protecting dna against cleavage
DNA Sequence, Unstable: a region of dna that is highly polymorphic and is prone to strand breaks, rearrangements or other mutations because of the nature of its sequence. these regions often harbor palindromic, or repetitive sequences (repetitive sequences, nucleic acid). variability in stability of the dna sequence is seen at chromosome fragile sites
DNA Shuffling: the use of dna recombination (recombination, genetic) to prepare a large gene library of novel, chimeric genes from a population of randomly fragmented dna from related gene sequences
DNA Topoisomerase IV: a bacterial dna topoisomerase ii that catalyzes atp-dependent breakage of both strands of dna, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. topoisomerase iv binds to dna as a heterotetramer consisting 2 parc and 2 pare subunits. topoisomerase iv is a decatenating enzyme that resolves interlinked daughter chromosomes following dna replication
DNA Topoisomerases: enzymes that regulate the topology of dna by actions such as breaking, relaxing, passing, and rejoining strands of dna in cells. these enzymes are important components of the dna replication system. they are classified by their substrate specificities. dna topoisomerase i enzymes act on a single strand of dna. dna topoisomerase ii enzymes act on double strands of dna
DNA Topoisomerases, Type I: dna topoisomerases that catalyze atp-independent breakage of one of the two strands of dna, passage of the unbroken strand through the break, and rejoining of the broken strand. dna topoisomerases, type i enzymes reduce the topological stress in the dna structure by relaxing the superhelical turns and knotted rings in the dna helix
DNA Topoisomerases, Type II: dna topoisomerases that catalyze atp-dependent breakage of both strands of dna, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. these enzymes bring about relaxation of the supercoiled dna and resolution of a knotted circular dna duplex
DNA Transformation Competence: the ability of bacterial cells to take up exogenous dna and be genetically transformed by it
DNA Transposable Elements: discrete segments of dna which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. dna transposable elements include bacterial is (insertion sequence) elements, tn elements, the maize controlling elements ac and ds, drosophila p, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human tigger elements and the tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom
DNA Tumor Viruses: dna viruses producing malignant tumors. of the six major groupings of dna viruses four contain members which are actually or potentially oncogenic: the adenoviridae, the herpesviridae, the papovaviridae, and the poxviridae
DNA archebakterií: deoxyribonukleová kyselina, která tvoří genetický materiál archebakterií
DNA bakterií: deoxyribonukleová kyselina, která tvoří genetický materiál bakterií
DNA chloroplastová: deoxyribonukleová kyselina, která tvoří genetický materiál chloroplastů
DNA enzyme ED5: a designed dna enzyme that targets early growth response factor-1 (egr-1) mrna; base
DNA fungální: deoxyribonukleová kyselina, která tvoří genetický materiál plísní (hub)
DNA gyráza: bakteriální dna-topoizomeráza ii, která katalyzuje přerušení obou vláken dna v závislosti na atp, průchod nepřerušených vláken přes zlomy a opětovné spojení přerušených vláken. gyráza se váže na dna jako heterotetramer sestávající ze dvou podjednotek a a dvou podjednotek b. v přítomnosti atp je gyráza schopna přeměnit uvolněný kruhový duplex dna na nadšroubovici. v nepřítomnosti atp je nadšroubovicová dna relaxována dna gyrázou
DNA helmintů: deoxyribonukleová kyselina, která tvoří genetický materiál helmintů (parazitických červů)
DNA methyltransferasa 3A: metyltransferáza, která katalyzuje adici metylové skupiny na cytosinové zbytky cpg dinukleotidů a je nutná pro de novo metylaci dna genomu
DNA modifikační methylasy: enzymy, které jsou součástí restrikčně-modifikačních systémů. jsou zodpovědné za vytvoření druhově charakteristického metylačního vzoru buď na adeninových, nebo cytosinových zbytcích v určité krátké sekvenci bází v dna hostitelské buňky. tato metylovaná sekvence se v dna hostitelské buňky vyskytuje mnohokrát a zůstává neporušená po celou dobu života buňky. jakákoli dna jiného druhu, která se dostane do živé buňky a postrádá charakteristický metylační vzorec, bude rozpoznána restrikčními endonukleázami s podobnou specifitou a zničena štěpením. většina těchto enzymů byla studována v bakteriálních systémech, ale několik jich bylo nalezeno i v eukaryotických organismech
DNA polymeráza gama: dna polymeráza řízená dna, která funguje při replikaci mitochondriální dna. mutace v genu, který kóduje tento enzym (polg), jsou spojeny s některými formami chronické externí progresivní oftalmoplegie
DNA primery: krátké sekvence (obecně asi 10 párů bází) dna, které jsou komplementární k sekvencím messenger rna a umožňují, aby reverzní transkriptázy začaly kopírovat přilehlé sekvence mrna. primery jsou široce používány v genetických a molekulárně biologických technikách
DNA restrikčně-modifikační enzymy: systémy sestávající ze dvou enzymů: modifikační metylázy a restrikční endonukleázy. jsou si blízce příbuzné svou specifitou a chrání dna daného bakteriálního druhu. metyláza přidává metylové skupiny k adeninovým nebo cytosinovým zbytkům ve stejné cílové sekvenci, která tvoří vazebné místo restrikčního enzymu. metylace činí cílové místo odolným vůči restrikci, čímž chrání dna před štěpením
DNA rostlinná: deoxyribonukleová kyselina, která tvoří genetický materiál rostlin
DNA sondy: druhově nebo poddruhově specifická dna (včetně komplementární dna, konzervovaných genů, celých chromozomů nebo celých genomů) používaná v hybridizačních studiích za účelem identifikace mikroorganismů, měření homologie dna-dna, seskupování poddruhů atd. dna sonda hybridizuje se specifickou mrna, pokud je tato přítomna. konvenční techniky používané pro testování hybridizačního produktu zahrnují dot-blot testy, southernův blotting a testy dna:rna specifických hybridních protilátek. běžné značky pro dna sondu zahrnují radioizotopové značky 32p a 125i a chemickou značku biotin. použití dna sond pro diagnostiku infekcí poskytuje specifickou, citlivou, rychlou a nenákladnou náhradu za techniky buněčné kultury
DNA sondy HLA: dna sondy specifické pro geny kódující lidské leukocytární antigeny, které představují hlavní determinanty histokompatibility u lidí. čtyři známé lokusy jsou označeny jako a, b, c a d. specifické antigeny jsou identifikovány označením lokusu a číslem, např. hla-a11. dědičnost určitých alel hla je spojena se zvýšeným rizikem určitých onemocnění (např. insulin dependentní diabetes mellitus)
DNA sondy HPV: dna sondy specifické pro identifikaci lidského papilomaviru
DNA testy na papilomavirus: způsoby zjišťování či typizace dna alfa-papilomaviru v biologických tkáních a tekutinách
DNA vazebné proteiny: proteiny, které se vážou na dna. rodina proteinů vázajících jak dvouřetězcovou, tak jednořetězcovou dna. zahrnuje také specifické sérové proteiny, které se mohou použít jako markery nádorových onemocnění
DNA viry: dna viry jsou viry, které ve své částici (virionu) obsahují deoxyribonukleovou kyselinu (dna). dna může v těchto virech obsahovat jeden nebo dva řetězce (ssdna - jednovláknová dna, dsdna - dvoušroubovicová dna. podle přítomnosti dodatečných lipidových a bílkovinných obalů se dělí na obalené viry a neobalené viry. typickými představiteli dna virů jsou: herpes viry, poxiviry - viry pravých neštovic, lidský papilomavirus, virus hepatitidy b. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
DNA virů: deoxyribonukleová kyselina, která tvoří genetický materiál virů
DNA řas: deoxyribonukleová kyselina, která tvoří genetický materiál řas
DNA řízené RNA-polymerasy: enzym syntetizující rna podle dna během transkripce. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
DNA, A-Form: an isoform of dna that occurs in an environment rich in sodium and potassium ions. it is a right-handed helix with 11 base pairs per turn, a pitch of 0.256 nm per base pair and a helical diameter of 2.3 nm
DNA, Algal: deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of algae
DNA, Antisense: dna that is complementary to the sense strand. (the sense strand has the same sequence as the mrna transcript. the antisense strand is the template for mrna synthesis.) synthetic antisense dnas are used to hybridize to complementary sequences in target rnas or dnas to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes
DNA, Archaeal: deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of archaea
DNA, B-Form: the most common form of dna found in nature. it is a right-handed helix with 10 base pairs per turn, a pitch of 0.338 nm per base pair and a helical diameter of 1.9 nm
DNA, Bacterial: deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria
DNA, C-Form: an isoform of dna that occurs under experimental conditions. it is a right-handed helix that is less compact than the b-form of dna
DNA, Catenated: circular dna that is interlaced together as links in a chain. it is used as an assay for the activity of dna topoisomerases. catenated dna is attached loop to loop in contrast to concatenated dna which is attached end to end
DNA, Chloroplast: deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of chloroplasts
DNA, Circular: any of the covalently closed dna molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. small, polydisperse circular dna's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal dna and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal dna. it is a fragment of dna formed by a process of looping out and deletion, containing a constant region of the mu heavy chain and the 3'-part of the mu switch region. circular dna is a normal product of rearrangement among gene segments encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, as well as the t-cell receptor. (riger et al., glossary of genetics, 5th ed & segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
DNA, Complementary: single-stranded complementary dna synthesized from an rna template by the action of rna-dependent dna polymerase. cdna (i.e., complementary dna, not circular dna, not c-dna) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe
DNA, Concatenated: head to tail array of covalently joined dna sequences generated by concatenation. concatenated dna is attached end to end in contrast to catenated dna which is attached loop to loop
DNA, Cruciform: a cross-shaped dna structure that can be observed under the electron microscope. it is formed by the incomplete exchange of strands between two double-stranded helices or by complementary inverted repeat sequences that refold into hairpin loops on opposite strands across from each other
DNA, Environmental: dna found in the environment that is from the residual biological materials of the resident organisms
DNA, Fungal: deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi
DNA, Helminth: deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of helminths
DNA, Intergenic: any of the dna in between gene-coding dna, including untranslated regions, 5' and 3' flanking regions, introns, non-functional pseudogenes, and non-functional repetitive sequences. this dna may or may not encode regulatory functions
DNA, Kinetoplast: dna of kinetoplasts which are specialized mitochondria of trypanosomes and related parasitic protozoa within the order kinetoplastida. kinetoplast dna consists of a complex network of numerous catenated rings of two classes; the first being a large number of small dna duplex rings, called minicircles, approximately 2000 base pairs in length, and the second being several dozen much larger rings, called maxicircles, approximately 37 kb in length
DNA, Mitochondrial: double-stranded dna of mitochondria. in eukaryotes, the mitochondrial genome is circular and codes for ribosomal rnas, transfer rnas, and about 10 proteins
DNA, Plant: deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants
DNA, Protozoan: deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of protozoa
DNA, Recombinant: biologically active dna which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of dna from different sources. it includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining dna molecules are connected
DNA, Ribosomal: dna sequences encoding ribosomal rna and the segments of dna separating the individual ribosomal rna genes, referred to as ribosomal spacer dna
DNA, Ribosomal Spacer: the intergenic dna segments that are between the ribosomal rna genes (internal transcribed spacers) and between the tandemly repeated units of rdna (external transcribed spacers and nontranscribed spacers)
DNA, Satellite: highly repetitive dna sequences found in heterochromatin, mainly near centromeres. they are composed of simple sequences (very short) (see minisatellite repeats) repeated in tandem many times to form large blocks of sequence. additionally, following the accumulation of mutations, these blocks of repeats have been repeated in tandem themselves. the degree of repetition is on the order of 1000 to 10 million at each locus. loci are few, usually one or two per chromosome. they were called satellites since in density gradients, they often sediment as distinct, satellite bands separate from the bulk of genomic dna owing to a distinct base composition
DNA, Single-Stranded: a single chain of deoxyribonucleotides that occurs in some bacteria and viruses. it usually exists as a covalently closed circle
DNA, Superhelical: circular duplex dna isolated from viruses, bacteria and mitochondria in supercoiled or supertwisted form. this superhelical dna is endowed with free energy. during transcription, the magnitude of rna initiation is proportional to the dna superhelicity
DNA, Viral: deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses
DNA, Z-Form: a left-handed double helix of dna. its name derives from its narrow zigzag structure that is the least twisted and thinnest form of dna. z-dna forming regions within the genome may play an important role in gene expression regulation
DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase: a dna repair enzyme that catalyses the excision of ribose residues at apurinic and apyrimidinic dna sites that can result from the action of dna glycosylases. the enzyme catalyzes a beta-elimination reaction in which the c-o-p bond 3' to the apurinic or apyrimidinic site in dna is broken, leaving a 3'-terminal unsaturated sugar and a product with a terminal 5'-phosphate. this enzyme was previously listed under ec 3.1.25.2
DNA-(cytosin-5)-methyltransferasa 1: dna-(cytosin-5-)-methyltransferáza, která obsahuje centrální motiv zinkového prstu typu cxxc. váže poly(adp)-ribózu a její exprese je regulována poly(adp-ribóza)polymerázou-1. dnmt1 methyluje zbytky cpg, s preferencí pro hemimethylovanou dna. spojuje se s replikačními místy dna v s-fázi, aby udržovala methylační vzorec v nově syntetizovaném vlákně, což je nezbytné pro epigenetické procesy. spojuje se také s chromatinem během g2 fáze a během mitózy, aby udržovala methylaci dna nezávisle na replikaci. je zodpovědná za udržování methylačních vzorců vytvořených během vývoje; mutace v genu dnmt1 jsou spojeny s dědičnou senzorickou neuropatií třídy e, typu 1
DNA-(cytosin-5-)methyltransferasa: enzymy, které katalyzují přenos methylové skupiny z s-adenosylmethioninu na 5-pozici cytosinových reziduí v dna
DNA-Activated Protein Kinase: a serine-threonine protein kinase that, when activated by dna, phosphorylates several dna-binding protein substrates including the tumor suppressor protein p53 and a variety of transcription factors
DNA-Binding Proteins: proteins which bind to dna. the family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded dna and also includes specific dna binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases
DNA-Cytosine Methylases: methylases that are specific for cytosine residues found on dna
DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase: dna-dependent dna polymerases found in bacteria, animal and plant cells. during the replication process, these enzymes catalyze the addition of deoxyribonucleotide residues to the end of a dna strand in the presence of dna as template-primer. they also possess exonuclease activity and therefore function in dna repair
DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases: enzymes that catalyze dna template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an rna strand one nucleotide at a time. they can initiate a chain de novo. in eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of rna synthesized. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992)
DNA-Formamidopyrimidine Glycosylase: a dna repair enzyme that is an n-glycosyl hydrolase with specificity for dna-containing ring-opened n(7)-methylguanine residues
DNA-dependentní DNA-polymerasy: dna-dependentní dna-polymerázy, které se vyskytují v bakteriích, živočišných a rostlinných buňkách. během procesu replikace tyto enzymy katalyzují přidávání deoxyribonukleotidových zbytků na konec vlákna dna v přítomnosti dna jako templátu-primeru. mají také exonukleázovou aktivitu, a proto fungují při opravách dna
DNA-formamidopyrimidinglykosylasa: enzym pro opravu dna, který je n-glykosylhydrolasou se specificitou pro dna obsahující rezidua n(7)-methylguaninu s otevřeným kruhem
DNA-fotolyasa: enzym, který katalyzuje reaktivaci dna ozářené uv světlem. v molekule dna rozbíjí v pyrimidinových dimerech dvě vazby uhlík-uhlík
DNA-glykosylasy: rodina opravných enzymů pro dna, které rozpoznávají poškozené nukleotidové báze a odstraňují je hydrolýzou n-glykosidické vazby. oprava dna může být dokončena pomocí enzymu dna-lyáza (apurinová nebo apyrimidinová), který zbývající ribózu vyřízne z dna
DNA-helikasy: proteiny, které během replikace katalyzují rozvolnění duplexní dna tím, že se kooperativně vážou na jednořetězcové oblasti dna nebo na krátké oblasti duplexní dna, které procházejí přechodným otevřením. dna helikázy jsou navíc dna-dependentní atpázy, které využívají volnou energii hydrolýzy atp k přemisťování vláken dna
DNA-ligasa ATP: buněčný enzym závislý na atp, který katalyzuje replikaci, opravy a rekombinaci dna prostřednictvím tvorby internukleotidových esterových vazeb mezi fosfátovými a deoxyribózovými částmi. buňky obratlovců kódují tři dobře charakterizované dna ligázy, dna ligázu i, iii a iv, které jsou si příbuzné strukturou i sekvencí. dna ligázy vyžadují buď atp, nebo nad. archeální, virové a některé eubakteriální dna ligázy jsou však závislé na atp
DNA-ligasy: poly(deoxyribonukleotid):poly(deoxyribonukleotid)ligázy. enzymy, které katalyzují spojení předem vytvořených deoxyribonukleotidů ve fosfodiesterovou vazbu během genetických procesů během opravy jednořetězcového zlomu v duplexní dna. třída zahrnuje jak ec 6.5.1.1 (atp), tak ec 6.5.1.2 (nad)
DNA-lyasa (apurinová nebo apyrimidinová): dna reparační enzym. katalyzuje excizi ribózových zbytků na apurinových a apyrimidinových místech dna, které mohou vzniknout působením dna-glykosyláz. enzym katalyzuje betaeliminační reakci, při níž se přeruší vazba c-o-p 3' na apurinovém nebo apyrimidinovém místě v dna, přičemž zůstane 3'-koncový nenasycený cukr a produkt s koncovým 5'-fosfátem. tento enzym byl dříve zařazen pod ec 3.1.25.2
DNA-lyasa ABH1: dioxygenáza a alkylační opravný homolog. funguje na principu oxidační demetylace při rna a dna opravě substrátů, které obsahují 3-metylcytosin. funguje také jako jedna z histondemetyláz podílejících se na embryonálním vývoji a udržování pluripotence embryonálních kmenových buněk
DNA-methyltransferasa 3B: dna-(cytosin 5)-methyltransferáza, která hraje zásadní roli při vytváření vzorců methylace dna během vývoje
DNA-nukleotidylexotransferasa: dna polymeráza neřízená templátem, která se běžně vyskytuje v thymu a kostní dřeni obratlovců. katalyzuje prodlužování oligo- nebo polydeoxynukleotidových řetězců a je široce využívána jako nástroj v diferenciální diagnostice akutních leukemií u člověka. ec 2.7.7.31
DNA-nukleotidyltransferasy: enzymy, které katalyzují začlenění deoxyribonukleotidů do řetězce dna. ec 2.7.7.-
DNA-polymerasa I: dna-dependentní dna polymeráza popsaná u prokaryot a může se vyskytovat i u vyšších organismů. má jak 3'-5', tak 5'-3' exonukleázovou aktivitu, ale nemůže použít nativní dvouřetězcovou dna jako templát-primer. není inhibována sulfhydrylovými činidly a je aktivní při syntéze i opravě dna
DNA-polymerasa II: dna-dependentní dna-polymeráza popsaná u e. coli a dalších nižších organismů. může být přítomna i ve vyšších organismech, má 5% aktivity dna polymerázy i. tato polymeráza má 3'-5' exonukleázovou aktivitu, je účinná pouze na duplexní dna s mezerami nebo jednořetězcovými konci menšími než 100 nukleotidů jako templát a je inhibována sulfhydrylovými činidly
DNA-polymerasa III: dna-dependentní dna-polymeráza charakterizovaná u e. coli a dalších nižších organismů, ale může být přítomna i u vyšších organismů. používá se také pro složitější formu dna polymerázy iii označovanou jako dna polymeráza iii* nebo pol iii*, která je při syntéze dna patnáctkrát biologicky aktivnější než dna polymeráza i. tato polymeráza má 3'-5' i 5'-3' exonukleázovou aktivitu, je inhibována sulfhydrylovými činidly a má stejnou závislost na templátu a polymeru jako pol ii