NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Blood Buffy Coat: the fraction of a blood sample, following centrifugation, that is distinguished as a thin light-colored layer between the red blood cells, underneath it, and the plasma, above it. it is composed mostly of white blood cells and platelets
Blood Cell Count: the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. a complete blood count (cbc) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin; hematocrit; and erythrocyte indices
Blood Circulation Time: determination of the shortest time interval between the injection of a substance in the vein and its arrival at some distant site in sufficient concentration to produce a recognizable end result. it represents approximately the inverse of the average velocity of blood flow between two points
Blood Coagulation: the process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot
Blood Coagulation Disorders: hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as coagulation protein disorders; blood platelet disorders; blood protein disorders or nutritional conditions
Blood Coagulation Disorders, Inherited: hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of inherited abnormalities in blood coagulation
Blood Coagulation Factor Inhibitors: substances, usually endogenous, that act as inhibitors of blood coagulation. they may affect one or multiple enzymes throughout the process. as a group, they also inhibit enzymes involved in processes other than blood coagulation, such as those from the complement system, fibrinolytic enzyme system, blood cells, and bacteria
Blood Coagulation Factors: endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process
Blood Component Removal: any procedure in which blood is withdrawn from a donor, a portion is separated and retained, at the same time the remainder is returned to the donor
Blood Component Transfusion: the transfer of blood components such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma from a donor to a recipient or back to the donor. this process differs from the procedures undertaken in plasmapheresis and types of cytapheresis; (plateletpheresis and leukapheresis) where, following the removal of plasma or the specific cell components, the remainder is transfused back to the donor
Blood Culture: test to determine the presence of blood infection (e.g. sepsis; bacteremia)
Blood Flow Restriction Therapy: a technique which combines low intensity exercise with blood flow occlusion by use of a cuff. the cuff is placed close to the muscle being exercised thereby recreating a hypoxia to mimic the effects of high intensity exercise
Blood Flow Velocity: a value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed
Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous: the noninvasive measurement or determination of the partial pressure (tension) of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide locally in the capillaries of a tissue by the application to the skin of a special set of electrodes. these electrodes contain photoelectric sensors capable of picking up the specific wavelengths of radiation emitted by oxygenated versus reduced hemoglobin
Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring: self evaluation of whole blood glucose levels outside the clinical laboratory. a digital or battery-operated reflectance meter may be used. it has wide application in controlling unstable insulin-dependent diabetes
Blood Group Antigens: sets of cell surface antigens located on blood cells. they are usually membrane glycoproteins or glycolipids that are antigenically distinguished by their carbohydrate moieties
Blood Group Incompatibility: an antigenic mismatch between donor and recipient blood. antibodies present in the recipient's serum may be directed against antigens in the donor product. such a mismatch may result in a transfusion reaction in which, for example, donor blood is hemolyzed. (from saunders dictionary & encyclopedia of laboratory medicine and technology, 1984)
Blood Grouping and Crossmatching: testing erythrocytes to determine presence or absence of blood-group antigens, testing of serum to determine the presence or absence of antibodies to these antigens, and selecting biocompatible blood by crossmatching samples from the donor against samples from the recipient. crossmatching is performed prior to transfusion
Blood Patch, Epidural: the injection of autologous blood into the epidural space either as a prophylactic treatment immediately following an epidural puncture or for treatment of headache as a result of an epidural puncture
Blood Platelets: non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. they are mainly involved in blood coagulation
Blood Preservation: the process by which blood or its components are kept viable outside of the organism from which they are derived (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism)
Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory: method in which repeated blood pressure readings are made while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. it allows quantitative analysis of the high blood pressure load over time, can help distinguish between types of hypertension, and can assess the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy
Blood Proteins: proteins that are present in blood serum, including serum albumin; blood coagulation factors; and many other types of proteins
Blood Safety: the degree to which the blood supply for blood transfusions is free of harmful substances or infectious agents, and properly typed and crossmatched (blood grouping and crossmatching) to insure serological compatibility between blood donors and recipients
Blood Specimen Collection: the taking of a blood sample to determine its character as a whole, to identify levels of its component cells, chemicals, gases, or other constituents, to perform pathological examination, etc
Blood Stains: antigenic characteristics and dna fingerprint patterns identified from blood stains. their primary value is in criminal cases
Blood Substitutes: substances that are used in place of blood, for example, as an alternative to blood transfusions after blood loss to restore blood volume and oxygen-carrying capacity to the blood circulation, or to perfuse isolated organs
Blood Transfusion: the introduction of whole blood or blood component directly into the blood stream. (dorland, 27th ed)
Blood Transfusion, Autologous: reinfusion of blood or blood products derived from the patient's own circulation. (dorland, 27th ed)
Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine: in utero transfusion of blood into the fetus for the treatment of fetal diseases, such as fetal erythroblastosis (erythroblastosis, fetal)
Blood Urea Nitrogen: the urea concentration of the blood stated in terms of nitrogen content. serum (plasma) urea nitrogen is approximately 12% higher than blood urea nitrogen concentration because of the greater protein content of red blood cells. increases in blood or serum urea nitrogen are referred to as azotemia and may have prerenal, renal, or postrenal causes. (from saunders dictionary & encyclopedia of laboratory medicine and technology, 1984)
Blood Vessel Prosthesis: device constructed of either synthetic or biological material that is used for the repair of injured or diseased blood vessels
Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation: surgical insertion of blood vessel prostheses to repair injured or diseased blood vessels
Blood Vessels: any of the tubular vessels conveying the blood (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins)
Blood Viscosity: the internal resistance of the blood to shear forces. the in vitro measure of whole blood viscosity is of limited clinical utility because it bears little relationship to the actual viscosity within the circulation, but an increase in the viscosity of circulating blood can contribute to morbidity in patients suffering from disorders such as sickle cell anemia and polycythemia
Blood Volume: volume of circulating blood. it is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume
Blood Volume Determination: method for determining the circulating blood volume by introducing a known quantity of foreign substance into the blood and determining its concentration some minutes later when thorough mixing has occurred. from these two values the blood volume can be calculated by dividing the quantity of injected material by its concentration in the blood at the time of uniform mixing. generally expressed as cubic centimeters or liters per kilogram of body weight
Blood-Air Barrier: the barrier between capillary blood and alveolar air comprising the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium with their adherent basement membrane and epithelial cell cytoplasm. pulmonary gas exchange occurs across this membrane
Blood-Aqueous Barrier: the selectively permeable barrier, in the eye, formed by the nonpigmented layer of the epithelium of the ciliary body, and the endothelium of the blood vessels of the iris. tight junctions joining adjacent cells keep the barrier between cells continuous
Blood-Borne Infections: diseases due to or propagated by body fluids from hosts whose blood has been contaminated with pathogens
Blood-Borne Pathogens: infectious organisms, including pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi, that are present in the blood
Blood-Brain Barrier: specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells with tight junctions that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue
Blood-Nerve Barrier: the barrier between the perineurium of peripheral nerves and the endothelium (endothelium, vascular) of endoneurial capillaries. the perineurium acts as a diffusion barrier, but ion permeability at the blood-nerve barrier is still higher than at the blood-brain barrier
Blood-Retinal Barrier: a specialized transport barrier, in the eye, formed by the retinal pigment epithelium, and the endothelium of the blood vessels of the retina. tight junctions joining adjacent cells keep the barrier between cells continuous
Blood-Testis Barrier: a specialized barrier, in the testis, between the interstitial blood compartment and the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules. the barrier is formed by layers of cells from the vascular endothelium of the capillary blood vessels, to the seminiferous epithelium of the seminiferous tubules. tight junctions form between adjacent sertoli cells, as well as between the endothelial cells
Bloodless Medical and Surgical Procedures: the treatment of patients without the use of allogeneic blood transfusions or blood products
Bloodletting: puncture of a vein to draw blood for therapeutic purposes. bloodletting therapy has been used in talmudic and indian medicine since the medieval time, and was still practiced widely in the 18th and 19th centuries. its modern counterpart is phlebotomy
Bloom Syndrome: an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by telangiectatic erythema of the face, photosensitivity, dwarfism and other abnormalities, and a predisposition toward developing cancer. the bloom syndrome gene (blm) encodes a recq-like dna helicase
Bloomův syndrom: vzácný autozomálně recesivně dědičný syndrom s poruchou růstu již v prenatálním období, imunitními poruchami, častějšími malignitami, fotosenzitivitou, erytémem s teleangiektaziemi vznikajícími v dětství zejm. na obličeji s možným šířením na horní končetiny. bývají též orgánové změny, snížená fertilita, častější diabetes. mutován je gen blm pro dna helikázu (bloom helikáza podílející se na udržení genetické stability) lokalizovaný na 15q26.1. postihuje především potomky východoevropských židů (aškenazy). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Blotting, Far-Western: a method that is derived from western blotting (blotting, western) and is used to detect protein-protein interactions. the blotted proteins are probed with a non-antibody protein which can then be tagged with a labeled antibody
Blotting, Northern: detection of rna that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled nucleic acid probes
Blotting, Southern: a method (first developed by e.m. southern) for detection of dna that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled nucleic acid probes
Blotting, Southwestern: a method that is used to detect dna-protein interactions. proteins are separated by electrophoresis and blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane similar to western blotting (blotting, western) but the proteins are identified when they bind labeled dna probes (as with southern blotting (blotting, southern)) instead of antibodies
Blotting, Western: identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes
Blount disease: a developmental condition characterized by disordered endochondral ossification of the medial part of the proximal tibial physis resulting in multiplanar deformities of the lower limb. it is a genetically heterogeneous disorder with distinct infantile (omim: 188700) and adolescent (omim: 259200) forms
Blue Light: that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths between 450 to 495 nm. exposure to blue light at night can suppress the secretion of melatonin, disrupt sleep, and cause shifts in circadian rhythm
Blue Toe Syndrome: a condition that is caused by recurring atheroembolism in the lower extremities. it is characterized by cyanotic discoloration of the toes, usually the first, fourth, and fifth toes. discoloration may extend to the lateral aspect of the foot. despite the gangrene-like appearance, blue toes may respond to conservative therapy without amputation, surgical
Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: a hereditary hemangioma with bladderlike morphology that occurs primarily on the trunk and upper arms. nocturnal pain and regional hyperhidrosis may also occur, as well as bleeding hemangiomas in the gastrointestinal tract. appears to exhibit autosomal dominant inheritance. omim: 112200
Blueberry Plants: several species of the genus vaccinium which produce the edible blueberry fruit
Bluetongue: a reovirus infection, chiefly of sheep, characterized by a swollen blue tongue, catarrhal inflammation of upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and often by inflammation of sensitive laminae of the feet and coronet
Bluetongue virus: the type species of orbivirus causing a serious disease in sheep, especially lambs. it may also infect wild ruminants and other domestic animals
Blushing: involuntary reddening, especially of the face, associated with feelings of embarrassment, confusion or shame
Bocavirus: a genus in the subfamily parvovirinae comprising three species: bovine parvovirus, canine minute virus, and human bocavirus
Bocavirus: rod virů podčeledi parvovirinae obsahující tři druhy: bovinní parvovirus, minute virus psů a lidský bocavirus
Bodily Secretions: endogenous substances produced through the activity of intact cells of glands, tissues, or organs
Body Burden: the total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal
Body Constitution: the physical characteristics of the body, including the mode of performance of functions, the activity of metabolic processes, the manner and degree of reactions to stimuli, and power of resistance to the attack of pathogenic organisms
Body Contouring: plastic surgery to shape many areas of the body simultaneously. this may include lipectomy or rhytidoplasty or both
Body Dissatisfaction: person's negative thoughts about his or her own body. this includes judgements about size and shape, muscle tone and generally involves a discrepancy between one's own body type and an ideal body type. (grogan, 2008)
Body Dysmorphic Disorders: preoccupations with appearance or self-image causing significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning
Body Fat Distribution: deposits of adipose tissue throughout the body. the pattern of fat deposits in the body regions is an indicator of health status. excess abdominal fat increases health risks more than excess fat around the hips or thighs, therefore, waist-hip ratio is often used to determine health risks
Body Fluid Compartments: the two types of spaces between which water and other body fluids are distributed: extracellular and intracellular
Body Height: the distance from the sole to the crown of the head with body standing on a flat surface and fully extended
Body Integrity Identity Disorder: condition in which individuals desire the amputation of one or more healthy limbs or who desire a paralysis
Body Mass Index: an indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of body weight to body height. bmi=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). bmi correlates with body fat (adipose tissue). their relationship varies with age and gender. for adults, bmi falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (national center for health statistics, centers for disease control and prevention)
Body Modification, Non-Therapeutic: the wounding of the body or body parts by branding, cutting, piercing (body piercing), or tattooing as a cultural practice or expression of creativity or identity
Body Odor: strong or unusual odor related to the body. occasional abnormal body odor may be a temporary effect of a metabolic change
Body Packing: concealing of drugs within the gastrointestinal tract or other body orifice for purposes of drug smuggling or to avoid detection by law enforcement. contraband other than drugs is also sometimes smuggled this way
Body Patterning: the processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. they specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc
Body Satisfaction: the subjective perception and evaluation of one's own body in terms of different aspects such as size, shape, musculature or muscle tone, weight, and fitness
Body Surface Potential Mapping: recording of regional electrophysiological information by analysis of surface potentials to give a complete picture of the effects of the currents from the heart on the body surface. it has been applied to the diagnosis of old inferior myocardial infarction, localization of the bypass pathway in wolff-parkinson-white syndrome, recognition of ventricular hypertrophy, estimation of the size of a myocardial infarct, and the effects of different interventions designed to reduce infarct size. the limiting factor at present is the complexity of the recording and analysis, which requires 100 or more electrodes, sophisticated instrumentation, and dedicated personnel. (braunwald, heart disease, 4th ed)
Body Temperature Changes: significant alterations in temperature of the human body, above or below 98.6 degrees f. or 37 degrees c. when taken orally
Body Weight: the mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. it is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms
Body Weight Changes: a clinical manifestation consisting of alterations in an individual's weight from his or her norm
Body Weights and Measures: measurements of the height, weight, length, area, etc., of the human and animal body or its parts
Body-Weight Trajectory: a general pattern of body weight gain or loss over many years. weight change trajectory is influenced by several determinants in children and adults
Boehmeria: a plant genus of the family urticaceae. members contain cryptopleurine, beta-sitosterol, daucosterol and 19 alpha-hydroxyursolic acid
Boehmeria: rod rostlin čeledi urticaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují kryptopleurin, beta-sitosterol, daukosterol a kyselinu 19 alfa-hydroxyursolovou
Boidae: a family of snakes comprising the boas, anacondas, and pythons. they occupy a variety of habitats through the tropics and subtropics and are arboreal, aquatic or fossorial (burrowing). some are oviparous, others ovoviviparous. contrary to popular opinion, they do not crush the bones of their victims: their coils exert enough pressure to stop a prey's breathing, thus suffocating it. there are five subfamilies: boinae, bolyerinae, erycinae, pythoninae, and tropidophiinae. (goin, goin, and zug, introduction to herpetology, 3d ed, p315-320)
Boidae: čeleď zahrnující největší a nejtěžší hady světa dorůstající délky až 10 m a hmotnosti až 250 kg, tak i hady malé nepřesahující délku 50 cm. jde o nejedovaté škrtiče. v současnosti se tato čeleď dělí na tři podčeledi: boinae, erycinae a ungaliophiinae. žijí v různých tropických a subtropických oblastech celého světa. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Bolívie: vnitrozemský stát jižní ameriky. na západě hraničí s peru a chile, na jihu s argentinou, na jihovýchodě s paraguayí a na východě a severu pak s brazílií. oficiální hlavní město je sucre, vláda sídlí v la paz. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Bombacaceae: a plant family of the order malvales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida of tropical trees
Bombacaceae: čeleď tropických dřevin řádu malvales, podtřídy dilleniidae, třídy magnoliopsida
Bombax: a plant genus of the family bombacaceae. the fine silky hairs covering the seeds have been used like kapok (ceiba) for floatation, stuffing, and insulation
Bombax: rod rostlin čeledi malvaceae. vlákna z plodů některých druhů poskytují indický kapok. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Bombesin: a tetradecapeptide originally obtained from the skins of toads bombina bombina and b. variegata. it is also an endogenous neurotransmitter in many animals including mammals. bombesin affects vascular and other smooth muscle, gastric secretion, and renal circulation and function
Bombs: a weapon designed to explode when deployed. it frequently refers to a hollow case filled with explosive agents
Bombyx: a genus of silkworm moths in the family bombycidae of the order lepidoptera. the family contains a single species, bombyx mori from the greek for silkworm + mulberry tree (on which it feeds). a native of asia, it is sometimes reared in this country. it has long been raised for its silk and after centuries of domestication it probably does not exist in nature. it is used extensively in experimental genetics. (from borror et al., an introduction to the study of insects, 4th ed, p519)
Bonamia (rostlina): rod rostlin čeledi convolvulaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují bonaspektiny (seskvilignany tetrahydrofuranového typu)
Bonamia Plant: a plant genus of the family convolvulaceae. members contain bonaspectins (tetrahydrofuran-type sesqui-lignans)
Bond Well LC: consists of citric acid, fecl3, hema, semihybrid resin compositeand organic acid
Bond-It dentin-bonding agent: composed of primer a: ntg-gma (glyerol dimethacrylate), mg, acetone; primer b: pmda, gma, acetone, resin-light cure, methacrylic esters
Bone Anteversion: malalignment of a bone in which its head and neck is rotated excessively forward or inward
Bone Cements: adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. a mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste
Bone Conduction: transmission of sound waves through vibration of bones in the skull to the inner ear (cochlea). by using bone conduction stimulation and by bypassing any outer ear or middle ear abnormalities, hearing thresholds of the cochlea can be determined. bone conduction hearing differs from normal hearing which is based on air conduction stimulation via the ear canal and the tympanic membrane
Bone Cysts: benign unilocular lytic areas in the proximal end of a long bone with well defined and narrow endosteal margins. the cysts contain fluid and the cyst walls may contain some giant cells. bone cysts usually occur in males between the ages 3-15 years
Bone Cysts, Aneurysmal: fibrous blood-filled cyst in the bone. although benign it can be destructive causing deformity and fractures
Bone Demineralization Technique: removal of mineral constituents or salts from bone or bone tissue. demineralization is used as a method of studying bone strength and bone chemistry
Bone Demineralization, Pathologic: decrease, loss, or removal of the mineral constituents of bones. temporary loss of bone mineral content is especially associated with space flight, weightlessness, and extended immobilization. osteoporosis is permanent, includes reduction of total bone mass, and is associated with increased rate of fractures. calcification, physiologic is the process of bone remineralizing. (from dorland, 27th ed; stedman, 25th ed; nicogossian, space physiology and medicine, 2d ed, pp327-33)
Bone Density: the amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. this is the definition used in clinical practice. actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. it is most frequently measured by x-ray absorptiometry or tomography, x ray computed. bone density is an important predictor for osteoporosis
Bone Density Conservation Agents: agents that inhibit bone resorption and/or favor bone mineralization and bone regeneration. they are used to heal bone fractures and to treat metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis
Bone Development: the growth and development of bones from fetus to adult. it includes two principal mechanisms of bone growth: growth in length of long bones at the epiphyseal cartilages and growth in thickness by depositing new bone (osteogenesis) with the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bone Diseases, Developmental: diseases resulting in abnormal growth or abnormal morphogenesis of bones
Bone Diseases, Endocrine: diseases of the bones related to hyperfunction or hypofunction of the endocrine glands
Bone Fragility with Contractures, Arterial Rupture, and Deafness: mutation in plod3
Bone Lengthening: increase in the longest dimension of a bone to correct anatomical deficiencies, congenital, traumatic, or as a result of disease. the lengthening is not restricted to long bones. the usual surgical methods are internal fixation and distraction
Bone Malalignment: displacement of bones out of line in relation to joints. it may be congenital or traumatic in origin
Bone Marrow: the soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells
Bone Marrow Cells: cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see adipocytes); stromal cells; megakaryocytes; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells
Bone Marrow Failure Disorders: inherited or acquired diseases characterized by insufficient and/or dysplastic blood cells
Bone Marrow Neoplasms: neoplasms located in the bone marrow. they are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as multiple myeloma. most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic
Bone Marrow Purging: techniques for the removal of subpopulations of cells (usually residual tumor cells) from the bone marrow ex vivo before it is infused. the purging is achieved by a variety of agents including pharmacologic agents, biophysical agents (laser photoirradiation or radioisotopes) and immunologic agents. bone marrow purging is used in both autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation
Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2: a gpi-linked membrane glycoprotein and antiviral factor that functions as a homodimer. it is induced by interferon-gamma and blocks the release of enveloped mammalian viruses by directly tethering nascent viral particles to the membranes of infected cells
Bone Marrow Transplantation: the transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or mesenchymal stem cell transplantation
Bone Matrix: extracellular substance of bone tissue consisting of collagen fibers, ground substance, and inorganic crystalline minerals and salts
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1: a bone morphogenetic protein family member that includes an active tolloid-like metalloproteinase domain. the metalloproteinase activity of bone morphogenetic protein 1 is specific for the removal of the c-propeptide of procollagen and may act as a regulator of extracellular matrix deposition. alternative splicing of mrna for bone morphogenetic protein 1 results in the production of several protein isoforms
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15: a protein that plays a role in granulosa cells where it regulates folliculogenesis. mutations in the gene for bone morphogenetic protein 15 are linked to reproductive abnormalities such as premature ovarian failure
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2: a potent osteoinductive protein that plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into osteoblasts
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 3: a bone morphogenetic protein that is found at high concentrations in a purified osteoinductive protein fraction from bone. bone morphogenetic protein 3 is referred to as osteogenin, however it may play a role in variety of developmental processes
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4: a bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of bone formation. it also functions as a regulator of mesoderm formation during embryonic development
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 5: a bone morphogenetic protein that may play a role in cartilage formation. it is a potent regulator of the growth of chondrocytes and the synthesis of cartilage matrix proteins. evidence for its role in cartilage formation can be seen in mice, where genetic mutations that cause loss of bone morphogenetic protein 5 function result in the formation of small malformed ears
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6: a bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of bone formation. it plays additional roles in regulating cell differentiation of non-osteoblastic cell types and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7: a bone morphogenetic protein that is widely expressed during embryonic development. it is both a potent osteogenic factor and a specific regulator of nephrogenesis
Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors: a family of cell surface receptors that bind bone morphogenetic proteins. they are protein serine-threonine kinases that mediate signal transduction pathways through smad proteins
Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I: a subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with high affinity for bone morphogenetic proteins. they can interact with and undergo phosphorylation by bone morphogenetic protein receptors, type ii. they signal primarily through receptor-regulated smad proteins
Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II: a subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with low affinity for bone morphogenetic proteins. they are constitutively active protein serine-threonine kinases that can interact with and phosphorylate type i bone morphogenetic protein receptors
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins: bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. they are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. the active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins
Bone Nails: rods of bone, metal, or other material used for fixation of the fragments or ends of fractured bones
Bone Plates: implantable fracture fixation devices attached to bone fragments with screws to bridge the fracture gap and shield the fracture site from stress as bone heals. (umdns, 1999)
Bone Regeneration: renewal or repair of lost bone tissue. it excludes bony callus formed after bone fractures but not yet replaced by hard bone
Bone Remodeling: the continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first an increase in bone resorption (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive bone formation (osteoblastic activity). the process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. the process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. an imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis
Bone Retroversion: attachment of a bone in which its head and neck is rotated excessively backward
Bone Substitutes: synthetic or natural materials for the replacement of bones or bone tissue. they include hard tissue replacement polymers, natural coral, hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and various other biomaterials. the bone substitutes as inert materials can be incorporated into surrounding tissue or gradually replaced by original tissue
Bone Wires: steel wires, often threaded through the skin, soft tissues, and bone, used to fix broken bones. kirschner wires or apparatus also includes the application of traction to the healing bones through the wires
Bone and Bones: a specialized connective tissue that is the main constituent of the skeleton. the principal cellular component of bone is comprised of osteoblasts; osteocytes; and osteoclasts, while fibrillar collagens and hydroxyapatite crystals form the bone matrix
Bone-Anchored Prosthesis: a prosthesis designed to attach directly to the bone via fixtures implanted into the bone rather than a socket
Bone-Implant Interface: region of interaction between the bone and prostheses and implants which becomes bonded through cellular and extracellular interactions similar to osseointegration
Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Grafting: fixation of the anterior cruciate ligament, during surgical reconstruction, by the use of a bone-patellar tendon graft
Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Grafts: a bone-patellar tendon graft used for fixation of the anterior cruciate ligament during surgical reconstruction of the knee
Bones of Lower Extremity: the bones of the upper and lower leg. they include the pelvic bones
Bones of Upper Extremity: the bones of the upper and lower arm. they include the clavicle and scapula
Bongkrekic Acid: an antibiotic produced by pseudomonas cocovenenans. it is an inhibitor of mitochondrial adp, atp translocases. specifically, it blocks adenine nucleotide efflux from mitochondria by enhancing membrane binding
Bony Callus: the bony deposit formed between and around the broken ends of bone fractures during normal healing
Book Classification: a general term covering bibliographical and bibliothecal classifications. it mostly refers to library classification for arrangement of books and documents on the shelves. (harrod's librarians' glossary, 7th ed, p85)
Book Collecting: seeking, locating, acquiring, organizing, cataloging, displaying, storing, and maintaining whatever books are of interest to a given individual collector
Book Illustrations: works consisting of photographs, prints, drawings, portraits, plates, diagrams, facsimiles, maps, tables, or other representations or systematic arrangements of data designed to elucidate or decorate the contents of a publication. (from the ala glossary of library and information science, 1983, p114)
Book Imprints: information relating to the publication, printing, distribution, issue, release, or production of a book
Book Industry: the aggregate enterprise of manufacturing and technically producing books. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Bookbinding: joining together of a number of leaves or folios (most frequently of paper, parchment, or vellum) within covers to form a codex or book
Bookplate: works consisting of book owner's identification labels. they are usually intended for attaching inside a book or similar object. (from thesaurus for graphic materials ii: genre and physical characteristic terms, 1995)
Bookplates as Topic: works about labels pasted in books to mark their ownership and sometimes to indicate their location in a library
Books: non-periodical written or printed works consisting of sheets of pages fastened or bound together within covers
Books, Illustrated: books containing photographs, prints, drawings, portraits, plates, diagrams, facsimiles, maps, tables, or other representations or systematic arrangement of data designed to elucidate or decorate its contents. (from the ala glossary of library and information science, 1983, p114)
Boosting Machine Learning Algorithms: a form of ensemble learning methods which combines weak learners to create strong ones, which reduces training errors and bias in the training models. there are different types of boosting such as gradient boosting, xgboost, and adaboost
Boraginaceae: the borage plant family is in the class magnoliopsida, subclass asteridae, order lamiales. it is characterized by hairy foliage, usually alternate and simple; flowers are funnel-shaped or tubular. some of the species contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Boraginaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu lamiales, podtřídy asteridae, třídy magnoliopsida. pro většinu zástupců jsou charakteristické květy v květenství zvaném vijan a drsné ochlupení listů a stonků. listy jsou nejčastěji střídavé a jednoduché. květy mají srostlé korunní lístky. charakteristickými účinnými obsahovými látkami jsou zejména alkaloidy na bázi pyrrolizidinu. do čeledi náleží rostliny používané především v minulosti jako léčivky a některé užitkové rostliny poskytující např. barviva. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Boranes: the collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. numerous boranes are known. some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Border Disease: congenital disorder of lambs caused by a virus closely related to or identical with certain strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus
Border disease virus: a species of pestivirus causing a congenital sheep disease characterized by an abnormally hairy birth-coat, tremors, and poor growth
Borderline Personality Disorder: a personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (dsm-iv)
Bordetella: a genus of gram-negative aerobic bacteria whose cells are minute coccobacilli. it consists of both parasitic and pathogenic species
Bordetella: rod gramnegativních, aerobních kokobacilů zahrnující jak parazitické, tak patogenní druhy
Bordetella avium: a species of bordetella isolated from the respiratory tracts of turkeys and other birds. it causes a highly contagious bordetellosis
Bordetella avium: druh bakterie rodu bordetella izolované z dýchacích cest krůt a dalších ptáků. způsobuje vysoce nakažlivou bordetelózu
Bordetella bronchiseptica: a species of bordetella that is parasitic and pathogenic. it is found in the respiratory tract of domestic and wild mammalian animals and can be transmitted from animals to man. it is a common cause of bronchopneumonia in lower animals
Bordetella bronchiseptica: druh patogenní a parazitické bakterie rodu bordetella. vyskytuje se v dýchacích cestách divokých i domestikovaných savců a z nich se může přenést i na člověka. je běžným původcem bronchopneumonie nižších zvířat
Bordetella parapertussis: a species of bordetella with similar morphology to bordetella pertussis, but growth is more rapid. it is found only in the respiratory tract of humans
Bordetella parapertussis: druh bakterie rodu bordetella, která se morfologií podobá druhu bordetella pertussis, ale její růst probíhá daleko rychleji. vyskytuje se pouze v dýchacích cestách člověka
Bordetella pertussis: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the causative agent of whooping cough. its cells are minute coccobacilli that are surrounded by a slime sheath
Bordetella pertussis: druh gramnegativní, aerobní bakterie rodu bordetella, která je příčinným agens černého kašle. je to krátká tyčinka ovoidního tvaru, opatřená slizovým pouzdrem
Boredom: a psychological state resulting from any activity that lacks motivation, or from enforced continuance in an uninteresting situation
Boric Acids: inorganic and organic derivatives of boric acid either b(oh)3 or, preferably h3bo3
Borinic Acids: inorganic or organic compounds that contain the general structure r2b(oh)
Borna Disease: an encephalomyelitis of horses, sheep and cattle caused by borna disease virus
Borna disease virus: a species in the genus bornavirus, family bornaviridae, causing a rare and usually fatal encephalitic disease in horses and other domestic animals and possibly deer. its name derives from the city in saxony where the condition was first described in 1894, but the disease occurs in europe, n. africa, and the near east
Bornaviridae: a family in the order mononegavirales comprising one genus bornavirus. this family has a unique form of mrna processing: replication and transcription takes place in the nucleus
Bornaviridae: čeleď virů řádu mononegavirales zahrnující jediný rod - bornavirus. tato čeleď má specifický způsob zpracování mrna: replikace a transkripce probíhá v buněčném jádře
Borneo: an island in the malay archipelago, east of sumatra, north of java, and west of celebes. it is the third largest island in the world. its name is a portuguese alteration of brunei, located on it. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p163; room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p73)
Borneo: největší ostrov velkých sund (což je skupina ostrovů v malajském souostroví) a s rozlohou 737 000 km² třetí největší ostrov na zemi. nachází se v jihovýchodní asii mezi indickým oceánem a tichým oceánem. název borneo je portugalským zkomolením názvu brum. indonéský název zní kalimantan. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2021 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Borohydrides: a class of inorganic or organic compounds that contain the borohydride (bh4-) anion
Boron: a trace element with the atomic symbol b, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy
Boron Compounds: inorganic or organic compounds that contain boron as an integral part of the molecule
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: a technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons
Boronic Acids: inorganic or organic compounds that contain the basic structure rb(oh)2
Borrelia: a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, helical bacteria, various species of which produce relapsing fever in humans and other animals
Borrelia: rod gramnegativních, anaerobních, spirálovitých bakterií. jeho zástupci jsou původci bakteriálních nemocí živočichů včetně člověka (lymeská nemoc, návratná horečka)
Borrelia burgdorferi: a specific species of bacteria, part of the borrelia burgdorferi group, whose common name is lyme disease spirochete
Borrelia burgdorferi: druh spirochety, která je součástí komplexu borrelia burgdorferi
Borrelia burgdorferi Group: gram-negative helical bacteria, in the genus borrelia, that are the etiologic agents of lyme disease. the group comprises many specific species including borrelia afzelii, borellia garinii, and borrelia burgdorferi proper. these spirochetes are generally transmitted by several species of ixodid ticks
Borrelia burgdorferi komplex: gramnegativní, spirálovité bakterie rodu borrelia, které jsou původci lymeské nemoci. patří sem řada druhů včetně borrelia afzelii, borellia garinii a borrelia burgdorferi. tyto spirochety jsou obvykle přenášeny různými druhy klíšťat rodu ixodes
Bortezomib: a pyrazine and boronic acid derivative that functions as a reversible proteasome inhibitor. it is used as an antineoplastic agent in the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma
Bosentan: a sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage pulmonary hypertension and systemic sclerosis
Bosna a Hercegovina: přímořská země v jihovýchodní evropě, na balkánském poloostrově. jejím hlavním a zároveň největším městem je sarajevo. bosna hraničí na severu, západě a jihu s chorvatskem, na východě se srbskem a na jihovýchodě s černou horou. bosna a hercegovina je téměř vnitrozemský stát, s výjimkou pásu 20 km na pobřeží jaderského moře. republika vznikla 1. března 1992 rozpadem jugoslávie. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: a country of eastern europe, formerly the province of bosnia in yugoslavia, uniting with the province of herzegovina to form the republic of bosnia and herzegovina in 1946. it was created 7 april 1992 as a result of the division of yugoslavia and recognized by the united states as an independent state. bosnia takes is name from the river bosna, in turn from the indoeuropean root bhog, current; herzegovina is from the serbian herceg (duke) + -ov (the possessive) + -ina (country or territory)
Boswellia: a plant genus of the family burseraceae used medicinally since ancient times. it is a source of salai guggal (the gum resin), boswellic acid (ursane type triterpenes), and frankincense
Boswellia: rod rostlin čeledi burseraceae. některé druhy jsou zdrojem kadidla. kadidlo bylo a mnohde dosud je důležitou složkou náboženských obřadů. ve starověkém egyptě bylo součásti balzamování mumií. již od dávnověku bylo v arabské medicíně používáno jako hojivý prostředek. obsahuje desítky terpenů, které mu dávají zvláštní vůni. důležitou složkou jsou tzv. boswellové kyseliny (pentacyklické triterpeny) s protizánětlivým účinkem. vědecky se zkoumá účinek hlavně při léčbě artritidy. destilací se z pryskyřice získává cenný kadidlovníkový olej používaný v aromaterapii. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Botany: the study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of plants
Bothrops: a genus of poisonous snakes of the viperidae family. about 50 species are known and all are found in tropical america and southern south america. bothrops atrox is the fer-de-lance and b. jararaca is the jararaca. (goin, goin, and zug, introduction to herpetology, 3d ed, p336)
Bothrops: rod zmijovitých hadů z podčeledi chřestýšovitých, endemicky se vyskytující ve střední a jižní americe. vědecký název bothrops pochází z řečtiny a znamená "jamkový obličej". tento název odkazuje na tepločivné jamky, jimiž jsou všichni hadi rodu vybaveni. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Bothrops asper: a species of venomous pit viper of the bothrops genus. bothrops asper are found in mexico, central america and northern south america including trinidad. b. asper is commonly called terciopelo
Bothrops atrox: a species of venomous pit viper of the bothrops genus. bothrops atrox are found in the tropical lowlands of northern south america east of the andes and trinidad where it is called mapepire balsain. b. atrox is more commonly called common lancehead and fer-de-lance. batroxobin is usually isolated from b. atrox venom
Bothrops jararaca: a species of venomous snakes of the bothrops genus. bothrops jararaca is found in south america and commonly called jararaca
Bothrops jararaca Venom: snake venoms isolated from bothrops jararaca. b. jararaca venoms contain a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase toxn jararhagin which binds to von willebrand factor
Botrytis: a mitosporic leotiales fungal genus of plant pathogens. it has teleomorphs in the genus botryotina
Botrytis: rod fytopatogenních mitosporických hub řádu leotiales. teleomorfní rod je botryotina
Botswana: a republic in southern africa, between namibia and zambia. it was formerly called bechuanaland. its capital is gaborone. the kalahari desert is in the west and southwest