NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
CpG Islands: areas of increased density of the dinucleotide sequence cytosine--phosphate diester--guanine. they form stretches of dna several hundred to several thousand base pairs long. in humans there are about 45,000 cpg islands, mostly found at the 5' ends of genes. they are unmethylated except for those on the inactive x chromosome and some associated with imprinted genes
CpG ostrůvky: místa v genomu s vysokou frekvencí cpg dinukleotidů (vyšší než 50 %), která se často vyskytují v oblasti promotoru. jejich délka je několik set až tisíc bazí. asi 60 % genů má promotory asociované s těmito cpg ostrůvky. ty jsou nemetylovány u aktivních genů, zde se vážou transkripční faktory. metylace této oblasti je spojena s inaktivací genů. (upraveno podle wikiskripta 2021 http://www.wikiskripta.eu/)
Cpp1 protein, soybean: binds the leghemoglobin c3 promoter
Crack Cocaine: the purified, alkaloidal, extra-potent form of cocaine. it is smoked (free-based), injected intravenously, and orally ingested. use of crack results in alterations in function of the cardiovascular system, the autonomic nervous system, the central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal system. the slang term crack was derived from the crackling sound made upon igniting of this form of cocaine for smoking
Cracked Tooth Syndrome: incomplete fracture of any part of a tooth, characterized by pain during mastication and sensitivity to heat, cold, sweet or sour tastes, and alcohol; it is often undiagnosed because the tooth is usually x-ray negative and normal to pulp vitality tests
Crambe: rod živočišných hub čeledi crambeidae, jejichž charakteristickým znakem jsou desmoidní jehlice. typovým druhem je crambe crambe
Crambe (rostlina): rod rostlin čeledi brassicaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují krambin
Crambe Sponge: a genus of sponges in the family crambeidae characterized by desmoid spicules. the type species is crambe crambe
Crangonidae: a family of shrimp in the class crustacea, order decapoda, containing a single genus, crangon, with multiple species
Crangonidae: čeleď krevet třídy crustacea, řádu decapoda, zahrnující 24 rodů
Cranial Fontanelles: any of six membrane-covered openings between the cranial sutures in the incompletely ossified skull of the fetus or newborn infant. the fontanelles normally close sometime after birth
Cranial Fossa, Anterior: the compartment containing the inferior part and anterior extremities of the frontal lobes (frontal lobe) of the cerebral hemispheres. it is formed mainly by orbital parts of the frontal bone and the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone
Cranial Fossa, Middle: the compartment containing the anterior extremities and half the inferior surface of the temporal lobes (temporal lobe) of the cerebral hemispheres. lying posterior and inferior to the anterior cranial fossa (cranial fossa, anterior), it is formed by part of the temporal bone and sphenoid bone. it is separated from the posterior cranial fossa (cranial fossa, posterior) by crests formed by the superior borders of the petrous parts of the temporal bones
Cranial Fossa, Posterior: the infratentorial compartment that contains the cerebellum and brain stem. it is formed by the posterior third of the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid (sphenoid bone), by the occipital, the petrous, and mastoid portions of the temporal bone, and the posterior inferior angle of the parietal bone
Cranial Irradiation: the exposure of the head to roentgen rays or other forms of radioactivity for therapeutic or preventive purposes
Cranial Nerve Diseases: disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. with the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate
Cranial Nerve Injuries: dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. penetrating and nonpenetrating craniocerebral trauma; neck injuries; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries
Cranial Nerve Neoplasms: benign and malignant neoplasms that arise from one or more of the twelve cranial nerves
Cranial Nerves: twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers
Cranial Sinuses: large endothelium-lined venous channels situated between the two layers of dura mater, the endosteal and the meningeal layers. they are devoid of valves and are parts of the venous system of dura mater. major cranial sinuses include a postero-superior group (such as superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, transverse, and occipital) and an antero-inferior group (such as cavernous, petrosal, and basilar plexus)
Craniocerebral Trauma: traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage
Craniofacial Abnormalities: congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones
Craniofacial Anomalies, Empty Sella Turcica, Corneal Endothelial Changes, and Abnormal Retinal and Auditory Bipolar Cells: mutation in vsx1; also abnormal retinal and auditory bipolar neurons
Craniofacial Dysostosis: autosomal dominant craniosynostosis with shallow orbits; exophthalmos; and maxillary hypoplasia
Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia: mostly benign fibro-osseous proliferation of the facial bones and skull. it can be either monostotic (localized to a single bone) or polyostotic (localized to more than one bone) type
Craniofacial deafness hand syndrome: features of flat facial profile, hypertelorism, hypoplastic nose with slitlike nares, and a sensorineural hearing loss
Craniofrontonasal dysplasia: an x-linked developmental disorder that is more severe in heterozygous females than in hemizygous males. females have frontonasal dysplasia, craniofacial asymmetry, craniosynostosis; bifid nasal tip, grooved nails, wiry hair, and thoracic skeleton abnormalities; males typically show only hypertelorism. it is caused by mutations in the ephrin-b1 (efnb1) gene. omim: 304110
Craniomandibular Disorders: diseases or disorders of the muscles of the head and neck, with special reference to the masticatory muscles. the most notable examples are temporomandibular joint disorders and temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome
Craniometaphyseal Dysplasia, Autosomal Dominant: dominant form due to mutation in human homolog of mouse ankh gene
Craniopharyngioma: a benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from rathke's pouch. the two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. the adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. the cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1998, ch14, p50)
Craniosynostoses: premature closure of one or more cranial sutures. it often results in plagiocephaly. craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as acrocephalosyndactylia; and craniofacial dysostosis
Craniosynostosis, Type 2: hereditary autosomal dominant disorder associated with mutations in the msx2 gene; omim: 604757
Craniosynostosis, anal anomalies, and porokeratosis: craniosynostosis and clavicular hypoplasia, delayed closure of the fontanel, anal anomalies and genitourinary malformations
Crassostrea: a genus of oysters in the family ostreidae, class bivalvia
Crassostrea: rod ústřic čeledi ostreidae, třídy bivalvia
Crassulaceae: the stonecrop plant family of the order rosales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida that grow in warm, dry regions. the leaves are thick. the flower clusters are red, yellow, or white
Crassulaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu lomikamenotvaré (saxifragales), v cronquistově systému byla čeleď řazena do řádu růžotvaré (rosales). tato čeleď je kosmopolitně rozšířena a zahrnuje asi 900 až 1500 druhů ve 35 rodech. její zástupci jsou převážně suchomilné sukulenty se zdužnatělými listy. tlusticovité často obsahují třísloviny a alkaloidy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: a water-saving mode of photosynthesis whereby carbon dioxide (co2) taken up during the nocturnal opening of stomata (stomata, plant) is fixed to produce malate, which is accumulated in vacuoles overnight as malic acid and subsequently decarboxylated during the day with the resulting co2 produced being re-fixed by rubisco and re-assimilated through the reductive pentose phosphate cycle. cam photosynthesis is found mostly in plants in arid areas, but it is also found in aquatic plants and orchids
Crataegus: a genus in the family rosaceae of shrubs and small trees native to the north temperate zone. it is best known for a traditional medication for the heart
Crataegus: rod dřevin čeledi rosaceae. jsou to keře až malé stromy rostoucí v mírném pásmu severní polokoule. léčivé rostliny, které se používají zejména při onemocnění srdce a nervové soustavy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Craterostigma: a plant genus of the order lamiales, family linderniaceae
Craterostigma: rod rostlin čeledi linderniaceae, řádu lamiales
Craving: an intense, urgent, or abnormal desire or longing (for food, drugs, alcohol, etc.)
Creatine: an amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. in muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine
Creatine Kinase: a transferase that catalyzes formation of phosphocreatine from atp + creatine. the reaction stores atp energy as phosphocreatine. three cytoplasmic isoenzymes have been identified in human tissues: the mm type from skeletal muscle, the mb type from myocardial tissue and the bb type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins
Creatine Kinase, BB Form: a form of creatine kinase found in the brain
Creatine Kinase, MB Form: an isoenzyme of creatine kinase found in the cardiac muscle
Creatine Kinase, MM Form: an isoenzyme of creatine kinase found in the muscle
Creatine Kinase, Mitochondrial Form: a form of creatine kinase found in the mitochondria
Creatine deficiency, X-linked: an x-linked disorder of creatine (cr) transport characterized by intellectual disability, severe speech delay, behavioral abnormalities, and seizures. it has a prevalence of 0.3 to 3.5% in males. carrier females may show mild neuropsychologic impairment. mutations in the slc6a8 gene have been identified. omim: 300352
Creatinine: a waste product produced by dietary protein digestion and breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. creatinine levels in the blood can be an indicator of kidney function
Credentialing: the recognition of professional or technical competence through registration, certification, licensure, admission to association membership, the award of a diploma or degree, etc
Crenarchaeota: a kingdom in the domain archaea comprised of thermoacidophilic, sulfur-dependent organisms. the two orders are sulfolobales and thermoproteales
Crenarchaeota: kmen domény archea (archaea), který také zahrnuje termoacidofilní archebakterie závislé na síře. patří sem řády caldisphaerales, cenarcheales, desulforococcales, sulfolobales a thermoproteales
Creosote: a greasy substance with a smoky odor and burned taste created by high temperature treatment of beech and other wood; coal tar; or resin of the creosote bush. it contains cresols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are carcinogens. it has been widely used as wood preservative and in pesticides and had former use medicinally in disinfectants; laxatives; and dermatologic agents
Cresols: any of three isomeric crystalline aromatic methylphenols, also known as hydroxytoluenes
Crest Gum Care: a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice containing 0.454% stannous fluoride in a stabilized dentifrice matrix containing sodium gluconate (chelat)-stannous chloride (reservoir-antioxidant) in a silica abrasive; designed to prevent gingivitis and dental plaque
Crest Pro-Health Dentifrice: stabilized stannous fluoride and sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice for dentinal hypersensitivity
Crest Tartar Control: dentifrice composed of 5.0% soluble pyrophosphate, 0.243% sodium fluoride in a toothpaste matrix containing silica abrasive
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Sporadic: the most common type of creutzfeldt-jakob syndrome (85% of cases), where the patient has no known risk factors for the disease, such as inherited prnp mutations or exposure to animals with bovine spongiform encephalopathy. omim: 123400
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome: a rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ataxia; aphasia, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, myoclonus, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. a familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant cjd (potentially associated with encephalopathy, bovine spongiform) have been described. pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of prions. (from n engl j med, 1998 dec 31;339(27))
Creutzfeldtova-Jakobova nemoc: onemocnění mozku, jehož vyvolávajícím činitelem jsou priony (dř. tzv. pomalé virózy). vzácné onemocnění, které vede k demenci a k dalším těžkým poruchám nervové činnosti a končí během několika měsíců smrtí. vyskytuje se častěji ve vyšším středním věku a není geograficky vázána. menší část onemocnění má genetický podklad. způsob přenosu není zcela prozkoumán. k přenosu může zřejmě dojít např. při léčbě růstovým hormonem z kadaverózních hypofýz, studuje se možnost přenosu ze zvířat konzumací masa; běžným stykem k infekci zřejmě nedochází. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2014 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Crew Resource Management, Healthcare: a range of healthcare related training designed to reduce medical errors and improve patient safety by emphasizing teamwork and human factors (see human engineering)
Cri-du-Chat Syndrome: an infantile syndrome characterized by a cat-like cry, failure to thrive, microcephaly, mental retardation, spastic quadriparesis, micro- and retrognathia, glossoptosis, bilateral epicanthus, hypertelorism, and tiny external genitalia. it is caused by a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5 (5p-)
Cricetinae: a subfamily in the family muridae, comprising the hamsters. four of the more common genera are cricetus, cricetulus; mesocricetus; and phodopus
Cricetulus: a genus of the family muridae consisting of eleven species. c. migratorius, the grey or armenian hamster, and c. griseus, the chinese hamster, are the two species used in biomedical research
Cricetulus: rod hlodavců čeledi muridae (myšovití). dva druhy tohoto rodu se používají v biomedicínském výzkumu: c. migratorius (křečík šedý) a c. griseus (křečík čínský)
Cricoid Cartilage: the small thick cartilage that forms the lower and posterior parts of the laryngeal wall
Crigler Najjar syndrome, type 2: crigler najjar syndrome, type 2
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome: a familial form of congenital hyperbilirubinemia transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. it is characterized by icterus and brain damage caused by a glucuronyl transferase deficiency in the liver and faulty bilirubin conjugation
Criglerův-Najjarův syndrom: dědičný defekt glukuronyltransferázy s poruchou konjugace bilirubinu a ikterem. těžké formy (forma i s úplným chyběním enzymu) vedou k závažnému postižení již v dětství, hyperbilirubinemie může vést k jádrovému ikteru (terapií může být transplantace jater). forma ii má sníženou aktivitu enzymu, kterou lze zvýšit indukcí fenobarbitalem. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Crime: a violation of the criminal law, i.e., a breach of the conduct code specifically sanctioned by the state, which through its administrative agencies prosecutes offenders and imposes and administers punishments. the concept includes unacceptable actions whether prosecuted or going unpunished
Crime Victims: individuals subjected to and adversely affected by criminal activity. (apa, thesaurus of psychological index terms, 1994)
Crimean War: conflict between russia (pre-1917); the ottoman empire; england; france; and sardinia
Criminal Law: a branch of law that defines criminal offenses, regulates the apprehension, charging and trial of suspected persons, and fixes the penalties and modes of treatment applicable to convicted offenders
Criminal Psychology: the branch of psychology which investigates the psychology of crime with particular reference to the personality factors of the criminal
Criminology: the study of crime and criminals with special reference to the personality factors and social conditions leading toward, or away from crime
Crinivirus: a genus of plant viruses in the family closteroviridae. transmission is by whiteflies. lettuce infectious yellows virus is the type species
Crinivirus: rod rostlinných virů čeledi closteroviridae. jsou přenášeny molicemi. typovým druhem je virus infekční žloutenky salátu
Crinum: rod rostlin čeledi amaryllidaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují alkaloidy
Crisis Intervention: brief therapeutic approach which is ameliorative rather than curative of acute psychiatric emergencies. used in contexts such as emergency rooms of psychiatric or general hospitals, or in the home or place of crisis occurrence, this treatment approach focuses on interpersonal and intrapsychic factors and environmental modification. (apa thesaurus of psychological index terms, 7th ed)
Crisponi syndrome: muscle contractions, tetanoform, with characteristic face, camptodactyly, hyperthermia, and sudden death ciss1: mutation in crlf1; ciss2: mutation in clcf1
Crisscross Heart: a developmental malformation of the heart characterized by a twisted but not defective atrioventicular connection. the abnormal rotation of the ventricular mass around its long axis results in the crossing of the inflow streams of the two ventricles. other features include hypoplasia of the tricuspid valve and right ventricle
Cristobal: a bis-gma/barium-glass polymer ceramic restorative system
Crithidia: a genus of parasitic protozoans found in the digestive tract of invertebrates, especially insects. organisms of this genus have an amastigote and choanomastigote stage in their life cycle
Crithidia: rod parazitických prvoků žijících v trávicím traktu bezobratlých, zejména hmyzu. v rámci životního cyklu tvoří amastigotní a choanomastigotní morfologická stadia
Crithidia fasciculata: a species of monogenetic, parasitic protozoa usually found in insects
Crithidia fasciculata: monogenetický druh prvoka parazitujícího obvykle u hmyzu
Critical Care Outcomes: a measure of the mortality and morbidity rates among patients who receive critical care and intensive care as determined from the date of hospital discharge or release
Critical Pathways: schedules of medical and nursing procedures, including diagnostic tests, medications, and consultations designed to effect an efficient, coordinated program of treatment. (from mosby's medical, nursing & allied health dictionary, 4th ed)
Critical Period, Psychological: a specific stage in animal and human development during which certain types of behavior normally are shaped and molded for life
Crizotinib: a piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases, including anaplastic lymphoma kinase (alk) and hepatocyte growth factor receptor (hgfr; c-met). it is used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer
Crk-Associated Substrate Protein: a highly phosphorylated 130 kda protein that associates with oncogene protein crk and oncogene protein src. it undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation in signaling pathways that regulate cell migration and cell proliferation
Crocus: a plant genus, in the iridaceae family, known as a source of saffron
Crocus: rod rostlin čeledi iridaceae. šafrán setý se pěstuje pro koření
Crohn Disease: a chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the digestive tract from mouth to anus, mostly found in the ileum, the cecum, and the colon. in crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the mucosa to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. epithelioid granulomas may be seen in some patients
Crohnova nemoc: zánětlivé střevní onemocnění, které postihuje různé úseky střeva, často konečnou část tenkého střeva - ileum (ileitis terminalis). časté je rovněž postižení kolon, mohou však být postiženy prakticky jakékoliv úseky trávicí trubice. nejč. nemoc vzniká v mladším věku, v současné době vzestup incidence. příčina není zcela jasná, je pravděpodobný podíl imunitních mechanismů. stěna střeva je ztluštělá a celá prostoupená zánětem. vytvářejí se v ní vředy (aftoidní), píštěle, abscesy, má vzhled charakteru "dlažebních kostek", průsvit střeva se zužuje. histologicky má zánět granulomatózní charakter. nemoc se projevuje průjmy, bolestmi břicha, poruchou trávení a vstřebávání (malabsorpcí), celkovými příznaky (zvýšenou teplotou aj.) a příznaky mimostřevními. nemoc má kolísavý průběh s obdobími klidu a aktivity. léčebně se podávají např. protizánětlivé léky - mesalazin, kortikoidy, v těžších případech rovněž imunosupresiva. nověji se osvědčují látky působící proti tnf. někdy je nutný i chirurgický zákrok, i když nelze vyloučit recidivu na jiném místě trávicí trubice. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Cromakalim: a potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. it has also been tried in patients with asthma. (martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)
Crome syndrome: congenital cataracts, renal tubular necrosis and encephalopathy
Cromolyn Sodium: a chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized mast cells. it is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack
Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome: a nonfamilial polyposis syndrome that is characterized by the presence of diffuse gastrointestinal polyposis, skin hyperpigmentation, alopecia; diarrhea, and protein-losing enteropathy. it was first reported by cronkhite and canada in 1955
Cronkhiteův-Canadové syndrom: nespecifický polypózní syndrom, který je charakterizován přítomností difuzní gastrointestinální polypózy, průjmem a exsudativní enteropatií. poprvé byl tento syndrom hlášen v roce 1955 cronkhitem a canadovou
Cronobacter: rod gramnegativních oportunních patogenů přenášených potravou. r
Cronobacter sakazakii: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus chronobacter, found in the environment and in foods
Cronobacter sakazakii: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu cronobacter, která se vyskytuje v různém prostředí a v potravinách
Crop Production: the science and practice of cultivating plants that have economic value to man. it includes plant breeding, seed production, weeding, use of fertilizers, harvesting, storage, transportation, and marketing
Crop Protection: the science and practice of preventing, minimizing, or eliminating damage to agricultural crops by pest organisms, weeds, and disease-causing agents
Crop, Avian: a thin-walled distention of the alimentary tract protruding just outside the body cavity in the distal end of the neck (esophagus), used for the temporary storage of food and water
Crops, Agricultural: cultivated plants or agricultural produce such as grain, vegetables, or fruit. (from american heritage dictionary, 1982)
Cross Circulation: the circulation in a portion of the body of one individual of blood supplied from another individual
Cross Protection: protection conferred on a host by inoculation with one strain or component of a microorganism that prevents infection when later challenged with a similar strain. most commonly the microorganism is a virus
Cross Reactions: serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen
Cross-Cultural Comparison: comparison of various psychological, sociological, or cultural factors in order to assess the similarities or diversities occurring in two or more different cultures or societies
Cross-Linking Reagents: reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other
Cross-Over Studies: studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. in the case of two treatments, a and b, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order a, b and half to receive them in the order b, a. a criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (last, a dictionary of epidemiology, 2d ed)
Cross-Priming: class i-restricted activation of cd8-positive lymphocytes resulting from antigen presentation of exogenous antigens (cross-presentation). this is in contrast to normal activation of these lymphocytes (direct-priming) which results from presentation of endogenous antigens
Cross-Sectional Studies: studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. this contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time
Crosses, Genetic: deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. the parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species
Crossing Over, Genetic: the reciprocal exchange of segments at corresponding positions along pairs of homologous chromosomes by symmetrical breakage and crosswise rejoining forming cross-over sites (holliday junctions) that are resolved during chromosome segregation. crossing-over typically occurs during meiosis but it may also occur in the absence of meiosis, for example, with bacterial chromosomes, organelle chromosomes, or somatic cell nuclear chromosomes
Crotalaria: rod rostlin z čeledi fabaceae (bobovité), který obsahuje crotalarin
Crotalid Venoms: venoms from snakes of the subfamily crotalinae or pit vipers, found mostly in the americas. they include the rattlesnake, cottonmouth, fer-de-lance, bushmaster, and american copperhead. their venoms contain nontoxic proteins, cardio-, hemo-, cyto-, and neurotoxins, and many enzymes, especially phospholipases a. many of the toxins have been characterized
Crotalinae: a subfamily of snakes commonly known as pit vipers, crotaline snakes, or pit adders in the family viperidae. they are distinguished by a deep pit called a fossa or loreal, which functions as a heat-sensing organ located between the eye and nostril on either side of the head
Crotalinae: podčeleď hadů čeledi zmijovitých (viperidae). vyskytují se v americe a jižní a jihovýchodní asii. na rozdíl od zmijí mají na hlavě (konkrétně mezi očima a nozdrami) termoreceptory, které mohou zjistit i nepatrné teplotní rozdíly a umožňují jim bezpečně vyhledávat potravu, kterou většinou tvoří teplokrevní obratlovci. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Crotalus: a genus of snakes of the subfamily crotalinae, having a hollowed out pit in the maxillary bone between the eye and nostril. most well recognized species are found in the southwestern united states and northern mexico. several species are found as far north as canada and as far south as brazil. they are named for the jointed rattle (greek krotalon) at the tip of their tail
Crotalus: rod hadů podčeledi crotalinae (chřestýši) z čeledi viperidae (zmijovití), žijící na americkém kontinentu. jsou typičtí tím, že mají na konci ocasu chřestící zrohovatělé články. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Croton: a plant genus of the family euphorbiaceae. the common name of dragon's blood is also used for dracaena and daemonorops (arecaceae). croton tiglium is the source of croton oil
Croton: rod rostlin čeledi euphorbiaceae. ze semen krotonu počistivého (croton tiglium) se získává krotonový olej
Croton Oil: viscous, nauseating oil obtained from the shrub croton tiglium (euphorbaceae). it is a vesicant and skin irritant used as pharmacologic standard for skin inflammation and allergy and causes skin cancer. it was formerly used as an emetic and cathartic with frequent mortality
Croton lechleri: common name dragon's blood is used to describe several croton species and unrelated plants found in peru and ecuador. these plants produce a red viscous latex sap commonly referred to as dragon's blood used as a wound healing agent by natives. the principle compound in these saps is alkaloid taspine
Crotonates: derivatives of butyric acid that include a double bond between carbon 2 and 3 of the aliphatic structure. included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobutryrate structure
Crotoxin: a specific complex of toxic proteins from the venom of crotalus durissus terrificus (south american rattlesnake). it can be separated into a phospholipase a and crotapotin fragment; the latter consists of three different amino acid chains, potentiates the enzyme, and is specifically neurotoxic
Croup: inflammation involving the glottis or vocal cords and the subglottic larynx. croup is characterized by a barking cough, hoarseness, and persistent inspiratory stridor (a high-pitched breathing sound). it occurs chiefly in infants and children
Crowdsourcing: social media model for enabling public involvement and recruitment in participation. use of social media to collect feedback and recruit volunteer subjects
Crown Compounds: macrocyclic organic ring compounds that include repeating non-carbon elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. the alternating crown structure conveys the ability of the compounds to act as chelating agents
Crown Ethers: macrocyclic polyethers with the repeating unit of (-ch2-ch2-o)n where n is greater than 2 and some oxygens may be replaced by nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus. these compounds are useful for coordinating cations. the nomenclature uses a prefix to indicate the size of the ring and a suffix for the number of heteroatoms
Crown Lengthening: technique combining controlled eruptive tooth movement techniques and incision of the supracrestal gingival attachment to allow for proper restoration of a destroyed or damaged crown of a tooth. controlled eruption of the tooth is obtained using orthodontic appliances. during this eruptive phase, repeated incisions are made at the junctional epithelium of the sulcus and the supracrestal connective tissue to prevent coronal displacement of the gingiva and of the attachment apparatus
Crown-Rump Length: in utero measurement corresponding to the sitting height (crown to rump) of the fetus. length is considered a more accurate criterion of the age of the fetus than is the weight. the average crown-rump length of the fetus at term is 36 cm. (from williams obstetrics, 18th ed, p91)
Crowns: a prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. it may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). it is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin
Crows: common name for the largest birds in the order passeriformes, family corvidae. these omnivorous black birds comprise most of the species in the genus corvus, along with ravens and jackdaws (which are often also referred to as crows)
Crush Injuries: excessive compression of parts of the body that causes muscle swelling, fracture, and/or neurological disturbances in the affected areas. crush injury with systemic manifestations is referred to as crush syndrome
Crush Syndrome: severe systemic manifestation of trauma and ischemia involving soft tissues, principally skeletal muscle, due to prolonged severe crushing. it leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane and to the release of potassium, enzymes, and myoglobin from within cells. ischemic renal dysfunction secondary to hypotension and diminished renal perfusion results in acute tubular necrosis and uremia
Crustacea: a large subphylum of mostly marine arthropods containing over 42,000 species. they include familiar arthropods such as lobsters (nephropidae), crabs (brachyura), shrimp (penaeidae), and barnacles (thoracica)
Crutches: wooden or metal staffs designed to aid a person in walking. (umdns,1999)
Crying: to utter an inarticulate, characteristic sound in order to communicate or express a feeling, or desire for attention
Cryoanesthesia: anesthesia achieved by lowering either body temperature (core cooling) or skin temperature (external cooling)
Cryoelectron Microscopy: electron microscopy involving rapid freezing of the samples. the imaging of frozen-hydrated molecules and organelles permits the best possible resolution closest to the living state, free of chemical fixatives or stains
Cryofibrinogenemia: a rare disorder characterized by the precipitation of protein complexes containing fibrin; fibrinogen; and fibronectin as well as immunoglobulins and plasma proteins in the blood upon exposure to cold temperatures. patients may experience skin symptoms such as raynaud phenomenon or purpura, as well as systemic effects including thrombosis; transient nephrotic syndrome; or hematuria. omim: 123540
Cryogels: macroporous hydrogels that are produced at subzero temperatures. cryogels have pores that are produced by growing ice crystals and have been developed with a tissue-like elasticity that is suitable for cell immunization experiments
Cryoglobulinemia: a condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of cryoglobulins in the blood. upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas
Cryoglobulins: abnormal immunoglobulins, especially igg or igm, that precipitate spontaneously when serum is cooled below 37 degrees celsius. it is characteristic of cryoglobulinemia
Cryopreservation: preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. in histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens
Cryoprotective Agents: substances that provide protection against the harmful effects of freezing temperatures
Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes: a group of rare autosomal dominant diseases, commonly characterized by atypical urticaria (hives) with systemic symptoms that develop into end-organ damage. the atypical hives do not involve t-cell or autoantibody. cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome includes three previously distinct disorders: familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome; muckle-wells syndrome; and cinca syndrome, that are now considered to represent a disease continuum, all caused by nlrp3 protein mutations
Cryosurgery: the use of freezing as a special surgical technique to destroy or excise tissue
Cryotherapy: a form of therapy consisting in the local or general use of cold. the selective destruction of tissue by extreme cold or freezing is cryosurgery. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Cryoultramicrotomy: the technique of using a cryostat or freezing microtome, in which the temperature is regulated to -20 degrees celsius, to cut ultrathin frozen sections for microscopic (usually, electron microscopic) examination
Crypsis dual-cure adhesive: an orthodontic adhesive; uses two pastes, a tooth-color catalyst and a bright yellow base
Cryptocarya: a plant genus of the family lauraceae. members contain cryptofolione, caryachine, grandisin and other compounds. some peumus species have been reclassified as cryptocarya
Cryptocarya: rod rostlin čeledi lauraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují kryptofolion, karyachin, grandisin a další sloučeniny
Cryptochromes: flavoproteins that function as circadian rhythm signaling proteins in animals and as blue-light photoreceptors in plants. they are structurally-related to dna photolyases and it is believed that both classes of proteins may have originated from an earlier protein that played a role in protecting primitive organisms from the cyclical exposure to uv light
Cryptococcus: a mitosporic tremellales fungal genus whose species usually have a capsule and do not form pseudomycellium. teleomorphs include filobasidiella and fidobasidium
Cryptococcus: rod mitosporických hub řádu tremellales. zástupci zpravidla mají pouzdro a nevytvářejí pseudomycelium. teleomorfní rody jsou filobasidiella a fidobasidium
Cryptococcus gattii: a species of the fungus cryptococcus. its teleomorph is filobasidiella bacillispora
Cryptococcus gattii: druh houby rodu cryptococcus. teleomorfou je filobasidiella bacillispora
Cryptococcus neoformans: a species of the fungus cryptococcus. its teleomorph is filobasidiella neoformans
Cryptococcus neoformans: druh houby rodu cryptococcus. teleomorfou je filobasidiella neoformans
Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia: an interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, occurring between 21-80 years of age. it is characterized by a dramatic onset of a pneumonia-like illness with cough, fever, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. pathological features include prominent interstitial inflammation without collagen fibrosis, diffuse fibroblastic foci, and no microscopic honeycomb change. there is excessive proliferation of granulation tissue within small airways and alveolar ducts
Cryptolepis: a plant genus of the family asclepiadaceae. members contain the alkaloids quindoline, csa-3, cryptolepine, and neocryptolepine
Cryptolepis: rod rostlin čeledi apocynaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují alkaloidy chindolin, csa-3, kryptolepin a neokryptolepin
Cryptomeria: a plant genus of the family cupressaceae which produce pollen that is a major allergen
Cryptomeria: kryptomerie japonská (cryptomeria japonica, (l.f.) d.don) je jediný zástupce monotypického rodu kryptomerie (cryptomeria). jsou to stálezelené jehličnaté stromy. kryptomerie původně pochází z japonska a jihovýchodní číny. je reliktem jurského období. její pyl je velkým alergenem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cryptomicrotia brachydactyly syndrome: bilateral cryptomicrotia, brachytelomesophalangy, hypoplastic toe nails, and excess fingertip arch
Cryptophyta: a class of eukaryota (traditionally algae), characterized by biflagellated cells and found in both freshwater and marine environments. pigmentation varies but only one chloroplast is present. unique structures include a nucleomorph and ejectosomes
Cryptophyta: skrytěnky, též kryptomonády (cryptophyceae, cryptomonada), v širším smyslu také cryptophyta či cryptista, jsou jednobuněční eukaryotičtí bičíkovci, obvykle dnes řazení do říše chromista nebo považovaní za eukaryota incertae sedis. žijí v sladké i slané vodě. skrytěnky jsou drobní protisté s dvěma bičíky, jedním kratším a druhým delším. jsou sice obvykle autotrofní - získávají organické látky fotosyntézou - ale mnohé druhy se též vyživují i heterotrofně pomocí fagocytózy a osmotrofie. k fotosyntéze jim slouží chloroplasty vzniklé sekundární endosymbiózou (pohlcením) jisté ruduchy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cryptorchidism: a developmental defect in which a testis or both testes failed to descend from high in the abdomen to the bottom of the scrotum. testicular descent is essential to normal spermatogenesis which requires temperature lower than the body temperature. cryptorchidism can be subclassified by the location of the maldescended testis
Cryptosporidiidae: a family of parasitic organisms in the order eimeriida. cryptosporidium is the most important genus
Cryptosporidiidae: čeleď parazitických prvoků řádu eimeriida. nevýznamějším rodem je cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidiosis: intestinal infection with organisms of the genus cryptosporidium. it occurs in both animals and humans. symptoms include severe diarrhea
Cryptosporidium: a genus of coccidian parasites of the family cryptosporidiidae, found in the intestinal epithelium of many vertebrates including humans
Cryptosporidium: prvok patřící k střevním kokcidiím, původce střevní kryptosporidiózy. kosmopolitně rozšířený mikroorganismus o velikosti cca 2-6 μm s velmi odolnými oocystami. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Cryptosporidium parvum: a species of parasitic protozoa that infects humans and most domestic mammals. its oocysts measure five microns in diameter. these organisms exhibit alternating cycles of sexual and asexual reproduction
Cryptosporidium parvum: prvok patřící k střevním kokcidiím, původce střevní kryptosporidiózy. kosmopolitně rozšířený mikroorganismus o velikosti cca 2-6 μm s velmi odolnými oocystami. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Cryptoxanthins: mono-hydroxylated xanthophylls formed from the hydroxylation of beta-carotene. isomers include: beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-cryptoxanthin, and zeinoxanthin. the alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin are provitamin a precursors
Crystal Arthropathies: joint disorders that are characterized by accumulation of microcrystals in and around the joint including in the synovial fluid. they are classified according to the chemical nature of the crystals such as calcium pyrophosphate; basic calcium phosphates; and monosodium urate (see uric acid)
Crystallins: a heterogeneous family of water-soluble structural proteins found in cells of the vertebrate lens. the presence of these proteins accounts for the transparency of the lens. the family is composed of four major groups, alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, and several minor groups, which are classed on the basis of size, charge, immunological properties, and vertebrate source. alpha, beta, and delta crystallins occur in avian and reptilian lenses, while alpha, beta, and gamma crystallins occur in all other lenses
Crystallization: the formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Crystallography: the branch of science that deals with the geometric description of crystals and their internal arrangement. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Crystallography, X-Ray: the study of crystal structure using x-ray diffraction techniques. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Crystalloid Solutions: isotonic solutions of mineral salts, such as ringer's lactate and sodium chloride (saline solution), used in fluid therapy to rehydrate blood volume
Crystalluria: crystals in the urine found in urinary sediment analysis. urinary crystalline may be formed from various metabolites (e.g., calcium oxalates; calcium phosphates; urates) and drugs (e.g., sulphadiazine; acyclovir; and triamterene)
Ctenocephalides: a genus of fleas in the family pulicidae. it includes the cat flea (ctenocephalides felis), one of the most common species on earth
Ctenocephalides: rod blech čeledi pulicidae. patří sem blecha kočičí (ctenocephalides felis), jeden z celosvětově nejrozšířenějších druhů blech
Ctenophora: kmen mořských láčkovců charakterizovaný osmi hřebeny řady tavené řasy na povrchu těla. žebernatky (ctenophora)1. mají 8 podélných "žeber" poledníkového průběhu. žebra jsou z příčně umístěných lupínků, které vznikly srůstem až 100 000 brv. lupínky se synchronně pohybují jako vesla a tím se celý živočich pohybuje. 2. nemají žahavé buňky (cnidocyty), ale lepivé buňky (coloblasty). lepivé buňky vystřelí vlákno, které se přilepí na kořist. na rozdíl od kmene cnidaria (žahavci) postrádají ostnaté buňky, ale jsou to žraví dravci a mají lepkavé buňky (kolloblasty) pro zachycení kořisti. většina druhů je transparentní a mnohé světélkují (bioluminiscence).
Ctenophora: phylum of marine colenterates characterized by eight comb rows of fused cilia on the body surface. in contrast to cnidaria they lack stinging cells, but they are voracious predators and possess sticky cells (colloblasts) for capturing prey. most species are transparent and many exhibit bioluminescence
Cu50-Ti20-Ni30 alloy: serves as an antibacterial protective coating
Cuba: an island in the greater antilles in the west indies, south of florida. with the adjacent islands it forms the republic of cuba. its capital is havana. it was discovered by columbus on his first voyage in 1492 and conquered by spain in 1511. it has a varied history under spain, great britain, and the united states but has been independent since 1902. the name cuba is said to be an indian name of unknown origin but the language that gave the name is extinct, so the etymology is a conjecture. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p302 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p132)
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome: compression of the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel, which is formed by the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, humeral-ulnar aponeurosis, and medial ligaments of the elbow. this condition may follow trauma or occur in association with processes which produce nerve enlargement or narrowing of the canal. manifestations include elbow pain and paresthesia radiating distally, weakness of ulnar innervated intrinsic hand muscles, and loss of sensation over the hypothenar region, fifth finger, and ulnar aspect of the ring finger. (joynt, clinical neurology, 1995, ch51, p43)
Cubozoa: a class of highly venomous jellyfish in the phylum cnidaria. they are referred to as box jellyfish based upon their cube (box) shape
Cubozoa: třída medúz čtyřhranek, z kmene cnidaria - žahavci, charakteristická krychlovým tvarem, považují se za nejjedovatější medúzy
Cucumaria: a genus of large sea cucumbers possessing the primitive radial configuration of podia in all five ambulacral areas
Cucumaria: rod velkých sumýšů s primitivním paprsčitým uspořádáním panožky
Cucumber Mosaic Virus Satellite: a satellite rna (not a satellite virus) which has several types. different cucumoviruses can act as helper viruses for different types
Cucumis: a plant genus of the family cucurbitaceae, order violales, subclass dilleniidae best known for cucumber (cucumis sativus) and cantaloupe (cucumis melo). watermelon is a different genus, citrullus. bitter melon may refer to momordica or this genus
Cucumis: rod rostlin z čeledi tykvovité (cucurbitaceae). zahrnuje známé druhy zeleniny, jako je okurka (c. sativus), cukrový meloun (c. melo) a některé další druhy, například kiwano neboli metulony (c. metuliferus) a anagurie (cucumis anguria). zástupci tohoto rodu jsou velmi často popínavé rostliny s úponky. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cucumis melo: a plant species of the family cucurbitaceae, order violales, subclass dilleniidae known for the melon fruits with reticulated (net) surface including cantaloupes, honeydew, casaba, and persian melons
Cucumis melo: druh melounu čeledi cucurbitaceae, pěstovaný v mnoha kultivarech. dužnina plodů se nejčastěji konzumuje samotná syrová, lze je však i vařit či její plátky sušit. některé odrůdy se pěstují pro semena, ze kterých se získává melounový olej, některé pouze pro svou příjemnou vůni. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cucumis sativus: a creeping annual plant species of the cucurbitaceae family. it has a rough succulent, trailing stem and hairy leaves with three to five pointed lobes