NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Egg Hypersensitivity: allergic reaction to eggs that is triggered by the immune system
Egg White: the white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. it contains albumin. (random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Egg Yolk: cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. it is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins
Eggs: animal reproductive bodies, or the contents thereof, used as food. the concept is differentiated from ovum, the anatomic or physiologic entity
Ego: the conscious portion of the personality structure which serves to mediate between the demands of the primitive instinctual drives, (the id), of internalized parental and social prohibitions or the conscience, (the superego), and of reality
Egocentrism: self-centered preoccupation or concern regarding one's own needs, abilities, wishes, desires, or preferences
Egtazic Acid: a chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than edetic acid
Egypt: a country in northern africa, bordering the mediterranean sea, between libya and the gaza strip, and the red sea north of sudan, and includes the asian sinai peninsula its capital is cairo
Egypt: stát ležící na pomezí severní afriky a jihozápadní asie. egypt je středomořská země ohraničená pásmem gazy (palestina) a izraelem na severovýchodě, akabským zálivem a rudým mořem na východě, súdánem na jihu a libyí na západě. k egyptu rovněž patří sinajský poloostrov, který je ohraničen suezským a akabským zálivem. sinajský poloostrov patří geograficky již k asii. hlavní město je káhira. egypt patří k zemím s nejdelší historií, jeho dědictví můžeme sledovat podél delty nilu zpět do 6. - 4. tisíciletí př. n. l. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Egypt, Ancient: a civilization of ancient northeastern africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the nile river in the area of egypt. it was active from 3100 b.c. until its conquest by alexander the great in 332 b.c
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: a heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited collagen diseases caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of fibrillar collagen. there are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Type IV: a subtype of ehlers-danlos syndrome (eds) characterized by vascular pathologies, e.g., aortic dissection in addition to common eds findings, e.g., hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability. it is associated with mutations in collagen type iii alpha 1 chain gene (collagen type iii)
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Type VII, Autosomal Dominant: prom mutation in col1a1
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Type VII, Autosomal Recessive: prom
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, musculocontractural type 1: an autosomal recessive form of ehlers-danlos syndrome characterized by craniofacial dysmorphism, congenital contractures of thumbs and fingers, clubfeet, severe kyphoscoliosis, muscular hypotonia, hyperextensible thin skin with easy bruisability and atrophic scarring, wrinkled palms, joint hypermobility, and ocular involvement. mutations in the chst14 gene have been identified. omim: 601776
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type 3: a hypermobility type of ehlers-danlos syndrome (eds), characterized by hyperxtensibility of the joints, recurrent joint dislocations, and the onset of osteoarthritis in the fourth decade of life. mitral valve prolapse may also be present. skin abnormalities are less severe than in other forms of the eds. mutations in the col3a1 and the tnxb genes have been identified. omim: 130020
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, progeroid form: mutation in b4galt7
Ehlersův-Danlosův syndrom: dědičné onemocnění s porušenou tvorbou kolagenu, které se projevuje nápadnou volností kloubů, hyperelastičností a zranitelností kůže; často bývá postižena rovněž pojivová tkáň vnitřních orgánů. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Ehlersův-Danlosův syndrom, typ IV: podtyp ehlersova-danlosova syndromu (eds) charakterizovaný postižením cév, např. disekcí aorty, spolu s obecnými projevy jako je hypermobilita kloubů, hyperelasticita a zranitelnost kůže a snížená schopnost hojení ran. souvisí s mutacemi genu pro alfa 1 řetězec kolagenu typu iii
Ehrlichia: rod malých aerobních bakterií, které jsou obligátními intracelulárními parazity a svou strukturou stěny jsou obdobné gramnegativním bakteriím. patří do čeledi rickettsiaceae. jsou přenášeny hmyzími vektory, nejč. klíšťaty. množí se zejm. v leukocytech, v nichž jsou patrné jako inkluze jsou ve vakuolách. lidská onemocnění ehrlichiózy byla diagnostikována zejm. v usa a japonsku. vyvolávají rovněž onemocnění zvířat psů aj. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Ehrlichia: small, often pleomorphic, coccoid to ellipsoidal organisms occurring intracytoplasmically in circulating lymphocytes. they are the etiologic agents of tick-borne diseases of humans; dogs; cattle; sheep; goats; and horses
Ehrlichia canis: druh gramnegativní bakterie čeledi anaplasmataceae, která způsobuje ehrlichiózu u psů. nejčastějším vektorem je klíště piják hnědý (rhipicephalus sanguineus). bakterie může také být patogenní pro člověka
Ehrlichia canis: species of gram-negative bacteria in the family anaplasmataceae, causing ehrlichiosis in dogs. the most common vector is the brown dog tick. it can also cause disease in humans
Ehrlichia chaffeensis: a species of gram-negative bacteria that is the causative agent of human ehrlichiosis. this organism was first discovered at fort chaffee, arkansas, when blood samples from suspected human ehrlichiosis patients were studied
Ehrlichia chaffeensis: druh gramnegativní bakterie, která způsobuje ehrlichiózu u lidí. tento organismus byl poprvé izolován z krve pacientů s podezřením na lidskou ehrlichiózu ve fort chaffee, v arkansasu
Ehrlichia ruminantium: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the family anaplasmataceae, that causes heartwater disease in ruminants
Ehrlichia ruminantium: druh gramnegativní bakterie čeledi anaplasmataceae, která je původcem hydroperikarditidy přežvýkavců
Ehrlichiosis: a tick-borne disease characterized by fever; headache; myalgias; anorexia; and occasionally rash. it is caused by several bacterial species and can produce disease in dogs; cattle; sheep; goats; horses; and humans. the primary species causing human disease are ehrlichia chaffeensis; anaplasma phagocytophilum; and ehrlichia ewingii
Ehrlichův tumor: transplantabilní tumor z hrudního karcinomu myši, který roste v podobě solidního adenokarcinomu nebo jako ascitický tumor. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2015 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Eichhornia: a plant genus of the family pontederiaceae that is used as a biological filter for treating wastewater
Eichhornia: rod rostlin čeledi pontederiaceae. rostliny se používají jako biologický filtr pro čištění odpadních vod
Eicosanoic Acids: 20-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids
Eicosanoids: a class of compounds named after and generally derived from c20 fatty acids (eicosanoic acids) that includes prostaglandins; leukotrienes; thromboxanes, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. they have hormone-like effects mediated by specialized receptors (receptors, eicosanoid)
Eicosapentaenoic Acid: important polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish oils. it serves as the precursor for the prostaglandin-3 and thromboxane-3 families. a diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid lowers serum lipid concentration, reduces incidence of cardiovascular disorders, prevents platelet aggregation, and inhibits arachidonic acid conversion into the thromboxane-2 and prostaglandin-2 families
Eidetic Imagery: a visual image which is recalled in accurate detail. it is a sort of projection of an image on a mental screen
Eikenella: a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the human mouth and intestine. organisms of this genus can be opportunistic pathogens
Eikenella: rod gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které žijí v ústní dutině a ve střevech člověka. tyto organismy mohou být oportunními patogeny
Eikenella corrodens: druh gramnegativní bakterie izolované z infekčního materiálu dýchacího a intestinálního traktu a dále z ústní dutiny, intestinálního a urogenitálního traktu. pravděpodobně je součástí normální mikrobiální flóry člověka a zvířat
Eikenella corrodens: gram-negative bacteria isolated from infections of the respiratory and intestinal tracts and from the buccal cavity, intestinal tract, and urogenital tract. they are probably part of the normal flora of man and animals
Eimeria: a genus of protozoan parasites of the subclass coccidia. various species are parasitic in the epithelial cells of the liver and intestines of man and other animals
Eimeria: rod parazitických prvoků podtřídy coccidia. různé druhy parazitují v epitelových buňkách jater a střev domácích i volně žijících zvířat a člověka
Eimeria tenella: a species of coccidian protozoa that mainly infects domestic poultry
Eimeria tenella: druh kokcidií parazitujících na drůbeži
Eimeriida: an order of parasitic organisms in the class coccidia. families include cryptosporidiidae; eimeriidae; and sarcocystidae
Eimeriida: řád parazitických organismů třídy coccidia. zahrnuje čeledi: cryptosporidiidae, eimeriidae a sarcocystidae
Eimeriidae: a large family of parasites in the order eimeriida. they cause coccidiosis in a number of vertebrates including humans
Eimeriidae: velká čeleď parazitických prvoků řádu eimeriida. způsobují kokcidiózu u mnoha obratlovců včetně člověka
Einsteinium: a man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol es, and atomic number 99. its known isotopes range in mass number from 240-258. its valence can be +2 or +3. einsteinium was originally discovered in the debris from a thermonuclear explosion in 1952
Eisenmenger Complex: a condition associated with ventricular septal defect and other congenital heart defects that allow the mixing of pulmonary and systemic circulation, increase blood flow into the lung, and subsequent responses to low oxygen in blood. this complex is characterized by progressive pulmonary hypertension; hypertrophy of the right ventricle; cyanosis; and erythrocytosis
Eisenmengerův syndrom: soubor příznaků vrozené srdeční vady, při které se defekt komorového septa (vsd) sdružuje s dextropozicí aorty (nasedá nad defektem). vada je cyanotická a označuje se někdy jako prostá transpozice s nasedající aortou. plný obraz klasické eisenmengerovy tetralogie se objeví po rozvoji plicní hypertenze s hypertrofií pravé komory a obrácením zkratu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Ejaculation: the emission of semen to the exterior, resulting from the contraction of muscles surrounding the male internal urogenital ducts
Ejaculatory Ducts: paired ducts in the human male through which semen is ejaculated into the urethra
Ejaculatory Dysfunction: the inability in males to ejaculate, or to have a normal time to ejaculation
Ekvádor: stát v jižní americe, leží na rovníku a zároveň je jeho pobřeží omýváno vodami tichého oceánu. jeho sousedy jsou kolumbie na severu a peru na jihovýchodě. součástí ekvádoru jsou rovněž galapágy, které leží asi 1 000 kilometrů západně od ekvádorského pobřeží v tichém oceánu. hlavním městem je quito, největším guayaquil. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
El Nino-Southern Oscillation: el nino-southern oscillation or enso is a cycle of extreme alternating warm el niño and cold la nina events which is the dominant year-to-year climate pattern on earth. both terms refer to large-scale changes in sea-surface temperature across the eastern tropical pacific. enso is associated with a heightened risk of certain vector-borne diseases. (from http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/lanina_new_faq.html, accessed 5/12/2020)
El Salvador: a country in central america, bordering the north pacific ocean, between guatemala and honduras. the capital is san salvador
Elaeagnaceae: a plant family of the order rhamnales, subclass rosidae class magnoliopsida. the plants have a characteristic silvery or rusty-colored sheen, caused by tiny distinctive scales. flowers have a tubular structure of four sepals. root nodules host the frankia (actinomycetes) nitrogen-fixing symbionts
Elaeagnaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu růžotvaré (rosales). jsou to dřeviny se střídavými nebo vstřícnými, často stříbřitými jednoduchými listy a květy bez koruny. hlošinovité mají na kořenech nitrogenní bakterie, jejichž schopnost vázat vzdušný dusík umožňuje těmto dřevinám osidlovat nehostinné půdy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Elaeagnus umbellata extract: fruit extract from six genotypes of autumn olive (elaeagnus umbellata thunb.) ('brilliant rose', 'delightful', 'jewel', natural 1, natural 2, and 'sweet tart') with free radical scavenging and antiproliferative activities
Elaeocarpaceae: a plant family of the order malvales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida
Elaeocarpaceae: čeleď elaeocarpaceae byla v minulosti řazena do řádu slézotvaré (malvales). v systému apg byla tato čeleď na základě molekulárních studií přeřazena do řádu šťavelotvaré (oxalidales). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Elafin: a secretory proteinase inhibitory protein that was initially purified from human skin. it is found in a variety mucosal secretions and is present at high levels in sputum. elafin may play a role in the innate immunity (immunity, innate) response of the lung
Elapid Venoms: venoms from snakes of the family elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and australian snakes. the venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. many of the toxins have been characterized
Elapidae: a family of extremely venomous snakes which include coral snakes, cobras and sea snakes. they are widely distributed, occurring in the southern united states, south america, africa, southern asia, australia, and the pacific islands. like viperids (viperidae), they have fangs in the front part of the upper jaw which discharge venom that is neurotoxic
Elapidae: čeleď hadů, která se vyskytuje v tropických a subtropických oblastech celého světa, včetně dvou oceánů. všichni tito hadi jsou jedovatí. mají vždy napevno usazené jedové zuby v přední části tlamy. nejsou pohyblivé, jako je tomu u zmijovitých. jejich jed je velmi silný a mezi korálovce se řadí nejjedovatější hadi světa. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Elasmobranchii: a subclass of cartilaginous fish comprising the sharks; rays; skates (skates (fish);), and sawfish. elasmobranchs are typically predaceous, relying more on smell (the olfactory capsules are relatively large) than sight (the eyes are relatively small) for obtaining their food
Elasmobranchii: podtřída paryb zahrnující žraloky a rejnoky. příčnoústí jsou dravci, mají výborný sluch a čich
Elastic Cartilage: a type of cartilage whose matrix contains elastic fibers and elastic lamellae, in addition to the normal components of hyaline cartilage matrix. elastic cartilage is found in the external ear; eustachian tube; epiglottis; and larynx
Elastic Modulus: numerical expression indicating the measure of stiffness in a material. it is defined by the ratio of stress in a unit area of substance to the resulting deformation (strain). this allows the behavior of a material under load (such as bone) to be calculated
Elastic Tissue: connective tissue comprised chiefly of elastic fibers. elastic fibers have two components: elastin and microfibrils
Elasticity Imaging Techniques: non-invasive imaging methods based on the mechanical response of an object to a vibrational or impulsive force. it is used for determining the viscoelastic properties of tissue, and thereby differentiating soft from hard inclusions in tissue such as microcalcifications, and some cancer lesions. most techniques use ultrasound to create the images - eliciting the response with an ultrasonic radiation force and/or recording displacements of the tissue by doppler ultrasonography
Elastin-Like Polypeptides: synthetic biopolymers that are formed by repeating amino acid sequences that are naturally found in tropoelastin. they are useful for various purposes, including drug delivery systems, tissue scaffolds, and antineoplastic agents
Elastomers: a generic term for all substances having the properties of stretching under tension, high tensile strength, retracting rapidly, and recovering their original dimensions fully. they are generally polymers
Elastosis perforans serpiginosa: a condition characterized by transepidermal elimination of elastic tissue and the development of lesions in a serpiginous pattern, where scar tissue is deposited beneath the dermis. it occurs in several connective tissue disorders including marfan syndrome; ehlers-danlos syndrome; osteogenesis imperfecta; pseudoxanthoma elasticum as well as down syndrome. it may also occur in isolation as autosomal dominant genetic trait. omim: 130100
Elbow Fractures: fractures of the distal humerus and the proximal ulna and the radius at the elbow joint, including the head, anatomic and surgical necks, and tuberosities
Elbow Tendinopathy: inflammation (tendinitis) or degeneration (tendinosis) of the tendons of the elbow
Elcebond: laboratory-processed composite resin which bonds to a silane-coated nickel-chromium-beryllium alloy
Elder Abuse: emotional, nutritional, financial, or physical maltreatment, exploitation, or abandonment of the older person generally by family members or by institutional personnel
Elder Nutritional Physiological Phenomena: nutritional physiology of adults aged 65 years of age and older
Elective Surgical Procedures: surgery which could be postponed or not done at all without danger to the patient. elective surgery includes procedures to correct non-life-threatening medical problems as well as to alleviate conditions causing psychological stress or other potential risk to patients, e.g., cosmetic or contraceptive surgery
Electric Countershock: an electrical current applied to the heart to terminate a cardiac arrhythmia
Electric Fish: fishes which generate an electric discharge. the voltage of the discharge varies from weak to strong in various groups of fish. the electric organ and electroplax are of prime interest in this group. they occur in more than one family
Electric Injuries: injuries caused by electric currents. the concept excludes electric burns (burns, electric), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock
Electric Organ: in about 250 species of electric fishes, modified muscle fibers forming disklike multinucleate plates arranged in stacks like batteries in series and embedded in a gelatinous matrix. a large torpedo ray may have half a million plates. muscles in different parts of the body may be modified, i.e., the trunk and tail in the electric eel, the hyobranchial apparatus in the electric ray, and extrinsic eye muscles in the stargazers. powerful electric organs emit pulses in brief bursts several times a second. they serve to stun prey and ward off predators. a large torpedo ray can produce of shock of more than 200 volts, capable of stunning a human. (storer et al., general zoology, 6th ed, p672)
Electric Stimulation Therapy: application of electric current in treatment without the generation of perceptible heat. it includes electric stimulation of nerves or muscles, passage of current into the body, or use of interrupted current of low intensity to raise the detection threshold of the skin to pain
Electrical Equipment and Supplies: apparatus and instruments that generate and operate with electricity, and their electrical components
Electrical Synapses: specialized junctions between neurons which connect the cytoplasm of one neuron to another allowing direct passage of an ion current
Electroacupuncture: a form of acupuncture with electrical impulses passing through the needles to stimulate nerve tissue. it can be used for analgesia; anesthesia; rehabilitation; and treatment for diseases
Electrocardiography: recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the heart as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. the recording is monitored by a tracing on slow moving chart paper or by observing it on a cardioscope, which is a cathode ray tube display
Electrocardiography, Ambulatory: method in which prolonged electrocardiographic recordings are made on a portable tape recorder (holter-type system) or solid-state device (real-time system), while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. it is useful in the diagnosis and management of intermittent cardiac arrhythmias and transient myocardial ischemia
Electrochemical Techniques: the utilization of an electrical current to measure, analyze, or alter chemicals or chemical reactions in solution, cells, or tissues
Electrochemistry: the study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes
Electrochemotherapy: a cancer treatment modality that uses pulsed electrical currents to permeabilize cell membranes (electroporation) and thereby enhance the uptake of chemotherapeutic agents into the body's cells
Electrocoagulation: procedures using an electrically heated wire or scalpel to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. it is different from electrosurgery which is used more for cutting tissue than destroying and in which the patient is part of the electric circuit
Electroconvulsive Therapy: electrically induced convulsions primarily used in the treatment of severe affective disorders and schizophrenia
Electrocorticography: recording of brain electrical activities in which the electrodes are placed directly on the cerebral cortex
Electrodes: electric conductors through which electric currents enter or leave a medium, whether it be an electrolytic solution, solid, molten mass, gas, or vacuum
Electrodes, Implanted: surgically placed electric conductors through which electric stimulation is delivered to or electrical activity is recorded from a specific point inside the body
Electrodiagnosis: diagnosis of disease states by recording the spontaneous electrical activity of tissues or organs or by the response to stimulation of electrically excitable tissue
Electroencephalography: recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain
Electroencephalography Phase Synchronization: adjustment of brain waves from two or more neuronal groups within or across a brain structure (e.g., cortical and limbic brain structures) to become uniform in eeg oscillation patterns in response to a stimulus. it is interpreted as a brain integration sign during many processes such as learning, memory, and perception and involves reciprocal neural connections
Electrogalvanism, Intraoral: chemical reaction that occurs when saliva comes into contact with the metals in dental fillings. this reaction can send electric currents through the brain causing negative symptoms
Electrokymography: radiographic technique combining a photoelectric recording system with fluoroscopy. it is used especially with electrocardiography to study heart motion
Electrolysis: destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution
Electrolytes: substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (electrolysis). (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Electromagnetic Phenomena: characteristics of electricity and magnetism such as charged particles and the properties and behavior of charged particles, and other phenomena related to or associated with electromagnetism
Electromagnetic Radiation: waves of oscillating electric and magnetic fields which move at right angles to each other and outward from the source
Electromyography: recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes
Electron Microscope Tomography: a tomographic technique for obtaining 3-dimensional images with transmission electron microscopy
Electron Probe Microanalysis: identification and measurement of elements and their location based on the fact that x-rays emitted by an element excited by an electron beam have a wavelength characteristic of that element and an intensity related to its concentration. it is performed with an electron microscope fitted with an x-ray spectrometer, in scanning or transmission mode
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy: a technique applicable to the wide variety of substances which exhibit paramagnetism because of the magnetic moments of unpaired electrons. the spectra are useful for detection and identification, for determination of electron structure, for study of interactions between molecules, and for measurement of nuclear spins and moments. (from mcgraw-hill encyclopedia of science and technology, 7th edition) electron nuclear double resonance (endor) spectroscopy is a variant of the technique which can give enhanced resolution. electron spin resonance analysis can now be used in vivo, including imaging applications such as magnetic resonance imaging
Electron Transport: the process by which electrons are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular oxygen. (from bennington, saunders dictionary and encyclopedia of laboratory medicine and technology, 1984, p270)
Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins: a complex of enzymes and proton pumps located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria and in bacterial membranes. the protein complex provides energy in the form of an electrochemical gradient, which may be used by either mitochondrial proton-translocating atpases or bacterial proton-translocating atpases
Electron Transport Complex I: a flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase complex that catalyzes the conversion of ubiquinone to ubiquinol. in mitochondria the complex also couples its reaction to the transport of protons across the internal mitochondrial membrane. the nadh dehydrogenase component of the complex can be isolated and is listed as ec 1.6.99.3
Electron Transport Complex II: a flavoprotein oxidase complex that contains iron-sulfur centers. it catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate and couples the reaction to the reduction of ubiquinone to ubiquinol
Electron Transport Complex III: a multisubunit enzyme complex that contains cytochrome b group; cytochrome c1; and iron-sulfur centers. it catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol to ubiquinone, and transfers the electrons to cytochrome c. in mitochondria the redox reaction is coupled to the transport of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Electron Transport Complex IV: a multisubunit enzyme complex containing cytochrome a group; cytochrome a3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. it is the terminal oxidase complex of the respiratory chain and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced cytochrome c group and donates them to molecular oxygen, which is then reduced to water. the redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Electron-Transferring Flavoproteins: flavoproteins that serve as specific electron acceptors for a variety of dehydrogenases. they participate in the transfer of electrons to a variety of redox acceptors that occur in the respiratory chain
Electronic Health Records: media that facilitate transportability of pertinent information concerning patient's illness across varied providers and geographic locations. some versions include direct linkages to online consumer health information that is relevant to the health conditions and treatments related to a specific patient
Electronic Mail: messages between computer users via computer communication networks. this feature duplicates most of the features of paper mail, such as forwarding, multiple copies, and attachments of images and other file types, but with a speed advantage. the term also refers to an individual message sent in this way
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: devices or objects designed to provide nicotine in the form of an inhaled aerosol
Electronic Nose: a device used to detect airborne odors, gases, flavors, volatile substances or vapors
Electronic Supplementary Materials: supporting content or information, such as animation, datasets, multimedia files, video, movies, audio files, text files, or software, which is submitted for publication in an online journal or an online edition of a journal. this information may be referenced in the text of the article with a link to the supplementary data provided. catalog: do not use
Electronic Waste: discarded electronic devices containing valuable and sometimes hazardous materials such as lead, nickel, cadmium, and mercury. (from http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/ecycling/faq.htm#impact accessed 4/25/2010)
Electronics: the study, control, and application of the conduction of electricity through gases or vacuum, or through semiconducting or conducting materials. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Electronics, Medical: the research and development of electrical equipment and supplies for such medical applications as diagnosis, therapy, research, anesthesia control, cardiac control, and surgery. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Electrons: stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. positively charged electrons are called positrons. the numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. beams of electrons are called cathode rays
Electronystagmography: recording of nystagmus based on changes in the electrical field surrounding the eye produced by the difference in potential between the cornea and the retina
Electrooculography: recording of the average amplitude of the resting potential arising between the cornea and the retina in light and dark adaptation as the eyes turn a standard distance to the right and the left. the increase in potential with light adaptation is used to evaluate the condition of the retinal pigment epithelium
Electroosmosis: the motion of a liquid through a membrane (or plug or capillary) consequent upon the application of an electric field across the membrane. (oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology, 2001)
Electrophoresis: an electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current
Electrophoresis, Agar Gel: electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium
Electrophoresis, Capillary: a highly-sensitive (in the picomolar range, which is 10,000-fold more sensitive than conventional electrophoresis) and efficient technique that allows separation of proteins; nucleic acids; and carbohydrates. (segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Electrophoresis, Cellulose Acetate: electrophoresis in which cellulose acetate is the diffusion medium
Electrophoresis, Disc: electrophoresis in which discontinuities in both the voltage and ph gradients are introduced by using buffers of different composition and ph in the different parts of the gel column. the term 'disc' was originally used as an abbreviation for 'discontinuous' referring to the buffers employed, and does not have anything to do with the shape of the separated zones
Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field: gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. this technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded dna molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. however, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate dna molecules up to several million base-pairs in length
Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional: electrophoresis in which a second perpendicular electrophoretic transport is performed on the separate components resulting from the first electrophoresis. this technique is usually performed on polyacrylamide gels
Electrophoresis, Microchip: a highly miniaturized version of electrophoresis performed in a microfluidic device
Electrophoresis, Paper: electrophoresis in which paper is used as the diffusion medium. this technique is confined almost entirely to separations of small molecules such as amino acids, peptides, and nucleotides, and relatively high voltages are nearly always used
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium
Electrophoresis, Starch Gel: electrophoresis in which a starch gel (a mixture of amylose and amylopectin) is used as the diffusion medium
Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay: an electrophoretic technique for assaying the binding of one compound to another. typically one compound is labeled to follow its mobility during electrophoresis. if the labeled compound is bound by the other compound, then the mobility of the labeled compound through the electrophoretic medium will be retarded
Electrophorus: a genus of fish, in the family gymnotiformes, capable of producing an electric shock that immobilizes fish and other prey. the species electrophorus electricus is also known as the electric eel, though it is not a true eel
Electrophorus: rod ryb čeledi gymnotiformes schopný vygenerovat silný elektrický výboj, který slouží k omráčení kořisti (drobných ryb) nebo útočícího predátora. druh electrophorus electricus je známý jako elektrický úhoř, i když taxonomicky nepatří k úhořovitým
Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac: methods to induce and measure electrical activities at specific sites in the heart to diagnose and treat problems with the heart's electrical system
Electrophysiological Phenomena: the electrical properties, characteristics of living organisms, and the processes of organisms or their parts that are involved in generating and responding to electricity
Electrophysiology: the study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms
Electroporation: a technique in which electric pulses, in kilovolts per centimeter and of microsecond-to-millisecond duration, cause a loss of the semipermeability of cell membranes, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, and increased uptake by cells of drugs, molecular probes, and dna. depending on the dosage, the formation of openings in the cell membranes caused by the electric pulses may or may not be reversible
Electroporation Therapies: treatment modalities that use pulsed electrical currents to permeabilize cell membranes and thereby enhance uptake of substances into cells of the body
Electroshock: induction of a stress reaction in experimental subjects by means of an electrical shock; applies to either convulsive or non-convulsive states
Electrosurgery: division of tissues by a high-frequency current applied locally with a metal instrument or needle. (stedman, 25th ed)
Electrowetting: reducing the surface tension at a liquid/solid interface by the application of an electric current across the interface thereby enhancing the wettability of the surface
Eledoisin: a peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (eledone spp., mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. its actions resemble those of substance p; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)
Elejalde Disease: differentiate from elejalde syndrome = acrocephalopolydactylous dysplasia
Elementary Particle Interactions: the interactions of particles responsible for their scattering and transformations (decays and reactions). because of interactions, an isolated particle may decay into other particles. two particles passing near each other may transform, perhaps into the same particles but with changed momenta (elastic scattering) or into other particles (inelastic scattering). interactions fall into three groups: strong, electromagnetic, and weak. (from mcgraw-hill encyclopedia of science & technology, 7th ed)
Elementary Particles: individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation
Elements: substances that comprise all matter. each element is made up of atoms that are identical in number of electrons and protons and in nuclear charge but may differ in mass or number of neutrons
Elements, Radioactive: unstable elements with atomic numbers greater than 83 that exist in nature solely as radioisotopes
Eleocharis: a plant genus of the family cyperaceae. corm of eleocharis species (e.g., eleocharis dulcis) is edible and commonly referred to as water chestnut which sometimes also referred to fruits of unrelated plant genus trapa (e.g., invasive aquatic plant trapa natans)
Eleocharis: rod rostlin čeledi cyperaceae - šáchorovité. bahnička jedlá (eleocharis dulcis) je vlhkomilná, teplomilná, vytrvalá bylina rostoucí ve sladkovodních mokřadech. bývá pěstována pro drobné hlízy vyrůstající v bahnité půdě, oblíbené hlavně v jihoasijské kuchyni - tzv. vodní kaštany. z míst pěstování často uniká do volné přírody, kde se dále šíří a pak je považována za invazní rostlinu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2024 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Elephantiasis: hypertrophy and thickening of tissues from causes other than filarial infection, the latter being described as elephantiasis, filarial
Elephantiasis, Filarial: parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by wuchereria bancrofti or brugia malayi. it is also called lymphatic filariasis
Elephants: large mammals in the family elephantidae, with columnar limbs, bulky bodies, and elongated snouts. they are the only surviving members of the proboscidea mammals
Elettaria: a plant genus of the family zingiberaceae, order zingiberales, subclass zingiberidae. elettaria cardamomum (l.) maton is the source of cardamom used in spices
Elettaria: rod rostlin čeledi zingiberaceae (zázvorovité). plody a oddenky kardamomníku obecného (elettaria cardamomum (l.) maton) se používají jako koření
Eleusine: a plant genus of the family poaceae. finger millet or raggee (e. coracana) is an important food grain in southern asia and parts of africa
Eleusine: rod rostlin čeledi poaceae (lipnicovité). e. coracana je významnou obilninou v jižní asii a v různých částech afriky
Eleutherococcus: a plant genus in the family araliaceae, order apiales, subclass rosidae. it is best known as an adaptogen and a substitute for panax ginseng
Elevated Plus Maze Test: a maze test in which an animal is placed on the center of elevated platform and is allowed to choose one of four arms configured like a plus sign. animals are inherently wary of open elevated areas and tend to avoid the open arms
Elevators and Escalators: mechanical ascending and descending devices which convey objects and/or people
Elimination Diets: temporary dietary restrictions designed to help identify specific foods or food additives that trigger allergic reactions, symptoms of digestive system disorders, or other adverse food reactions
Eliminative Behavior, Animal: behavior associated with the elimination of feces and urine from the body
Elite Controllers: infected individuals with naturally low levels of pathogen replication (e.g., hiv long-term survivors with low viral load of hiv) and remain healthy. some elite controllers have immune systems which prevent disease progression (e.g., high cd4 counts). studies of how they remain disease-free may contribute to development of new therapeutic approaches and targets
Ellagic Acid: a fused four ring compound occurring free or combined in galls. isolated from the kino of eucalyptus maculata hook and e. hemipholia f. muell. activates factor xii of the blood clotting system which also causes kinin release; used in research and as a dye
Elliott Ludman Teebi syndrome: multiple congenital anomalies, severe psychomotor retardation and symmetrical circumferential skin creases of arms and legs
Ellipticines: pyrido-carbazoles originally discovered in the bark of ochrosia elliptica. they inhibit dna and rna synthesis and have immunosuppressive properties
Elliptocytosis, Hereditary: an intrinsic defect of erythrocytes inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. the erythrocytes assume an oval or elliptical shape
Ellis Yale Winter syndrome: microcephaly, congenital heart disease, lung segmentation defects and unilateral renal agenesis
Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome: dwarfism occurring in association with defective development of skin, hair, and teeth, polydactyly, and defect of the cardiac septum. (dorland, 27th ed)
Ellisův-van Creveldův syndrom: ektodermální chondrodysplazie, autozomálně recesivní porucha charakterizovaná trpaslictvím s normální délkou trupu a zkrácením končetin (distálním směrem je zkrácení markantnější), polydaktylií, srdečními vadami. forma disproporčního nanismu. syn. creveldův syndrom, kauffmannův syndrom (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Elongation Factor 2 Kinase: a monomeric calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that specifically phosphorylates peptide elongation factor 2. the enzyme lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase, however it is regulated by phosphorylation by protein kinase a and through intramolecular autophosphorylation
Elongin: a heterotrimeric protein complex composed of 110 kda elongin a, 18 kda elongin b, and 15 kda elongin c subunits. it functions as a positive regulator of rna polymerase ii, increasing its rate of transcriptional elongation by suppressing transient pausing along the dna template. elongin a is the transcriptionally active component; elongins b and c enhance its activity
Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: a pharmaceutical preparation of the anti-hiv agents elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate that is used in the treatment of hiv infections
Elymus: a plant genus of the family poaceae. the common name of wild rye is used with some other grasses
Elyzol Dentalgel: a 25% dentalgel; a suspension of 40% metronidazole benzoate in a mixture of glyceryl-monooleate and sesame oil
Emaciation: clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition (malnutrition)
Emanuel syndrome: caused by a t(11;22)(q23;q11.2) translocation
Embelia: rod rostlin čeledi primulaceae, dříve zařazovaný do myrsinaceae. zástupci obsahují embelin
Embolectomy: surgical removal of an obstructing clot or foreign material which has been transported from a distant vessel by the bloodstream. removal of a clot at its original site is called thrombectomy
Embolic Protection Devices: vascular filters or occlusive devices that provide mechanical protection of the distal end organ from blood clots or embolism-causing debri dislodged during endovascular procedures
Embolic Stroke: an ischemic stroke due to a blood clot, emboli or other types of blockage which forms somewhere other than the brain and subsequently travels near and restricts blood flow to the brain. most often the origin of the clot is from the heart and is referred to as cardioembolic stroke
Embolism: blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream
Embolism and Thrombosis: a collective term for pathological conditions which are caused by the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in a blood vessel, or by blocking of a blood vessel with an embolus, undissolved materials in the blood stream
Embolism, Air: blocking of a blood vessel by air bubbles that enter the circulatory system, usually after trauma; surgical procedures, or changes in atmospheric pressure
Embolism, Amniotic Fluid: blocking of maternal circulation by amniotic fluid that is forced into uterine veins by strong uterine contraction near the end of pregnancy. it is characterized by the sudden onset of severe respiratory distress and hypotension that can lead to maternal death
Embolism, Cholesterol: blocking of a blood vessel by cholesterol-rich atheromatous deposits, generally occurring in the flow from a large artery to small arterial branches. it is also called arterial-arterial embolization or atheroembolism which may be spontaneous or iatrogenic. patients with spontaneous atheroembolism often have painful, cyanotic digits of acute onset
Embolism, Fat: blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. it is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of corticosteroids
Embolism, Paradoxical: blockage of an artery due to passage of a clot (thrombus) from a systemic vein to a systemic artery without its passing through the lung which acts as a filter to remove blood clots from entering the arterial circulation. paradoxical embolism occurs when there is a defect that allows a clot to cross directly from the right to the left side of the heart as in the cases of atrial septal defects or open foramen ovale. once in the arterial circulation, a clot can travel to the brain, block an artery, and cause a stroke
Embolization, Therapeutic: a method of hemostasis utilizing various agents such as gelfoam, silastic, metal, glass, or plastic pellets, autologous clot, fat, and muscle as emboli. it has been used in the treatment of spinal cord and intracranial arteriovenous malformations, renal arteriovenous fistulas, gastrointestinal bleeding, epistaxis, hypersplenism, certain highly vascular tumors, traumatic rupture of blood vessels, and control of operative hemorrhage
Embryo Culture Techniques: the technique of maintaining or growing mammalian embryos in vitro. this method offers an opportunity to observe embryonic development; metabolism; and susceptibility to teratogens
Embryo Disposition: utilization or disposal of an embryo that is fertilized but not immediately transplanted and resulting course of action
Embryo Implantation: endometrial implantation of embryo, mammalian at the blastocyst stage
Embryo Implantation, Delayed: delay in the attachment and implantation of blastocyst to the uterine endometrium. the blastocyst remains unattached beyond the normal duration thus delaying embryonic development
Embryo Loss: early pregnancy loss during the embryo, mammalian stage of development. in the human, this period comprises the second through eighth week after fertilization
Embryo Research: experimentation on, or using the organs or tissues from, a human or other mammalian conceptus during the prenatal stage of development that is characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. in humans, this includes the period from the time of fertilization to the end of the eighth week after fertilization
Embryo Transfer: the transfer of mammalian embryos from an in vivo or in vitro environment to a suitable host to improve pregnancy or gestational outcome in human or animal. in human fertility treatment programs, preimplantation embryos ranging from the 4-cell stage to the blastocyst stage are transferred to the uterine cavity between 3-5 days after fertilization in vitro
Embryo, Mammalian: the entity of a developing mammal (mammals), generally from the cleavage of a zygote to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. for the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the fetus
Embryo, Nonmammalian: the developmental entity of a fertilized egg (zygote) in animal species other than mammals. for chickens, use chick embryo
Embryoid Bodies: spontaneous aggregations of human embryonic stem cells that occur in vitro after culturing in a medium that lacks leukemic inhibitory factor. the embryoid bodies can further differentiate into cells that represent different lineages
Embryology: the study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life