NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Polypharmacy: the use of multiple drugs administered to the same patient, most commonly seen in elderly patients. it includes also the administration of excessive medication. since in the united states most drugs are dispensed as single-agent formulations, polypharmacy, though using many drugs administered to the same patient, must be differentiated from drug combinations, single preparations containing two or more drugs as a fixed dose, and from drug therapy, combination, two or more drugs administered separately for a combined effect. (from segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Polyphloretin Phosphate: a polymeric mixture of polyesters of phosphoric acid and phloretin. it blocks some cellular responses to prostaglandins
Polyphosphates: linear polymers in which orthophosphate residues are linked with energy-rich phosphoanhydride bonds. they are found in plants, animals, and microorganisms
Polyplacophora: a class in the phylum mollusca comprised of flattened, elongated marine mollusks, commonly called chitons. they are unique in that they possess seven or eight separate shell plates
Polyplacophora: třída mořských měkkýšů, kteří žijí na skalách v příbojové zóně, ale i v hlubokých vodách. vědecké pojmenování polyplacophora (z řec. polys - mnoho, plak - ploténka, phorein - nést) se vztahuje ke stavbě schránky - je tvořena osmi (zřídka sedmi) skloubenými destičkami z chitinu a uhličitanu. je známo asi 1000 druhů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Polyploidy: the chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of chromosomes; includes triploidy (symbol: 3n), tetraploidy (symbol: 4n), etc
Polypodiaceae: the fern plant family of the order polypodiales, class filicopsida, division pteridophyta, subkingdom tracheophyta
Polypodiaceae: čeleď kapradin řádu polypodiales, třídy filicopsida, oddělení pteridophyta, podříše tracheophyta
Polypodium: a plant genus of the family polypodiaceae. members contain polypodoside
Polypodium: rod rostlin čeledi polypodiaceae. zástupci obsahují polypodosid
Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy: a choroid neovascularization characterized by serosanguineous retinal pigment epithelial detachment and leakage of serous exudate sometimes associated with aneurysmal polypoidal lesions
Polyporaceae: a family of bracket fungi, order polyporales, living in decaying plant matter and timber
Polyporaceae: čeleď hub řádu polyporales. zástupci žijí na hnijícím rostlinném substrátu a dřevě
Polyporales: an order of fungi in the phylum basidiomycota having macroscopic basidiocarps. the members are characterized by their saprophytic activities as decomposers, particularly in the degradation of cellulose and lignin. a large number of species in the order have been used medicinally. (from alexopoulos, introductory mycology, 4th ed, pp504-68)
Polyporales: řád stopkovýtrusných hub s makroskopickými bazidiokarpy. patří sem patogeni napadající živé stromy, ale i saprofytické, dřevokazné houby. řada druhů se používá v lékařství
Polyporus: a genus of basidiomyceteous fungi in the family polyporaceae found mostly on living trees or dead wood
Polyporus: rod stopkovýtrusých hub čeledi polyporaceae. většinou se vyskytují na živých nebo odumřelých stromech a jejich zbytcích
Polyposis, Gastric: a hereditary condition characterized by the presence of multiple gastric polyps and an increased susceptibility for developing stomach adenocarcinoma in affected individuals. autosomal dominant inheritance is suspected. omim: 175020
Polyprenols: long chain isoprene compounds that include a hydroxyl group at the terminal carbon atom
Polypropylene fumarate-phloroglucinol triglycidyl methacrylate: polypropylene fumarate/phloroglucinol triglycidyl methacrylate oligomeric blend for use as a biodegradable orthopaedic cement
Polypropylenes: propylene or propene polymers. thermoplastics that can be extruded into fibers, films or solid forms. they are used as a copolymer in plastics, especially polyethylene. the fibers are used for fabrics, filters and surgical sutures
Polyproteins: proteins which are synthesized as a single polymer and then cleaved into several distinct proteins
Polyps: discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the digestive tract or the respiratory tract. polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the mucous membrane of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base
Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein: a rna-binding protein that binds to polypyriminidine rich regions in the introns of messenger rnas. polypyrimidine tract-binding protein may be involved in regulating the alternative splicing of mrnas since its presence on an intronic rna region that is upstream of an exon inhibits the splicing of the exon into the final mrna product
Polyradiculoneuropathy: diseases characterized by injury or dysfunction involving multiple peripheral nerves and nerve roots. the process may primarily affect myelin or nerve axons. two of the more common demyelinating forms are acute inflammatory polyradiculopathy (guillain-barre syndrome) and polyradiculoneuropathy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating. polyradiculoneuritis refers to inflammation of multiple peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots
Polyradiculoneuropathy, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating: a slowly progressive autoimmune demyelinating disease of peripheral nerves and nerve roots. clinical manifestations include weakness and sensory loss in the extremities and enlargement of peripheral nerves. the course may be relapsing-remitting or demonstrate a step-wise progression. protein is usually elevated in the spinal fluid and cranial nerves are typically spared. guillain-barre syndrome features a relatively rapid progression of disease which distinguishes it from this condition. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1337)
Polyradiculopathy: disease or injury involving multiple spinal nerve roots. polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots
Polyribonucleotide Nucleotidyltransferase: an enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the reaction rna(n+1) and orthophosphate to yield rna(n) and a nucleoside diphosphate, or the reverse reaction. adp, idp, gdp, udp, and cdp can act as donors in the latter case. (from dorland, 27th ed) ec 2.7.7.8
Polyribonucleotides: a group of 13 or more ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties
Polyribosomes: a multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of ribosomes held together by messenger rna; (rna, messenger); they represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro. (from rieger et al., glossary of genetics: classical and molecular, 5th ed)
Polysaccharide-Lyases: a group of carbon-oxygen lyases. these enzymes catalyze the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond in polysaccharides leading to an unsaturated product and the elimination of an alcohol. ec 4.2.2
Polysaccharides: long chain polymeric carbohydrates composed of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds
Polysaccharides, Bacterial: polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof
Polysomnography: simultaneous and continuous monitoring of several parameters during sleep to study normal and abnormal sleep. the study includes monitoring of brain waves, to assess sleep stages, and other physiological variables such as breathing, eye movements, and blood oxygen levels which exhibit a disrupted pattern with sleep disturbances
Polysorbates: sorbitan mono-9-octadecanoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivatives; complex mixtures of polyoxyethylene ethers used as emulsifiers or dispersing agents in pharmaceuticals
Polystyrenes: polymerized forms of styrene used as a biocompatible material, especially in dentistry. they are thermoplastic and are used as insulators, for injection molding and casting, as sheets, plates, rods, rigid forms and beads
Polytene Chromosomes: extra large chromosomes, each consisting of many identical copies of a chromosome lying next to each other in parallel
Polytetrafluoroethylene: homopolymer of tetrafluoroethylene. nonflammable, tough, inert plastic tubing or sheeting; used to line vessels, insulate, protect or lubricate apparatus; also as filter, coating for surgical implants or as prosthetic material. synonyms: fluoroflex; fluoroplast; ftoroplast; halon; polyfene; ptfe; tetron
Polythelia, Familial: an autosomal dominant congenital abnormality characterized by supernumerary nipples and/or accessory breasts in females. omim: 163700
Polythiazide: a thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p826)
Polyubiquitin: an oligomer formed from the repetitive linking of the c-terminal glycine of one ubiquitin molecule via an isopeptide bond to a lysine residue on a second ubiquitin molecule. it is structurally distinct from ubiquitin c, which is a single protein containing a tandemly arrayed ubiquitin peptide sequence
Polyunsaturated Alkamides: amides composed of unsaturated aliphatic fatty acids linked with amines by an amide bond. they are most prominent in asteraceae; piperaceae; and rutaceae; and also found in aristolochiaceae; brassicaceae; convolvulaceae; euphorbiaceae; menispermaceae; poaceae; and solanaceae. they are recognized by their pungent taste and for causing numbing and salivation
Polyurethanes: a group of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers containing polyisocyanate. they are used as elastomers, as coatings, as fibers and as foams
Polyuria: urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (diabetes mellitus; diabetes insipidus)
Polyvinyl Alcohol: a polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. it is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products
Polyvinyl Chloride: a polyvinyl resin used extensively in the manufacture of plastics, including medical devices, tubing, and other packaging. it is also used as a rubber substitute
Polyvinylpyridine N-Oxide: inhibits the cytotoxic action of quartz and is reported to have delayed the development of experimental silicosis in rats
Polyynes: hydrocarbons that contain multiple acetylene groups, i.e., more than one triple bond; or an oxidized form of polyenes
Pomegranate: a deciduous shrub or small tree in the family lythraceae, order myrtales, superorder rosanae. it bears edible reddish-purple fruit berries with seeds and pulp produced from the ovary of a single flower
Poncirus: a plant genus of the family rutaceae. members contain ponfolin, a coumarin (coumarins)
Poncirus: rod rostlin čeledi rutaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují kumarin ponfolin
Ponds: inland bodies of standing freshwater usually smaller than lakes. they can be man-made or natural but there is no universal agreement as to their exact size. some consider a pond to be a small body of water that is shallow enough for sunlight to reach the bottom
Pongamia: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. members contain karanjin. some species of this genus have been reclassified to other genera of fabaceae including callerya, derris and millettia
Pongamia: rod rostlin z čeledi fabaceae (bobovité). členové obsahují karanjin. některé druhy tohoto rodu byly překlasifikovány do jiných rodů čeledi fabaceae, jako např. callerya, derris a millettia
Pongo: a genus of orangutans in the family hominidae, comprising two species. among the primates, the orangutan is second in size only to the gorilla (gorilla gorilla)
Pongo: rod hominida žijící na ostrovech borneo a sumatra. vytvořil zde tři druhy: orangutana sumaterského (pongo abelii), orangutana tapanulijského (pongo tapanuliensis) a orangutana bornejského (pongo pygmaeus), u něhož byly navíc zjištěny tři poddruhy (subspecie). po gorile druhý největší primát. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Pongo abelii: a species of orangutan, family hominidae, found in the forests on the island of sumatra
Pongo abelii: jeden ze tří druhů orangutanů. žije pouze na indonéském ostrově sumatra. je vzácnější než orangutan bornejský. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Pongo pygmaeus: a species of orangutan, family hominidae, found in the forests on the island of borneo
Pongo pygmaeus: lidoop z rodu orangutan, který žije na ostrově borneo. spolu s orangutanem sumaterským a orangutanem tapanulijským patří k jedinému rodu lidoopů, který pochází z asie. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Pons: the front part of the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) that lies between the medulla and the midbrain (mesencephalon) ventral to the cerebellum. it is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. the pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the cerebellum to the cerebrum
Pontederiaceae: a plant family of the order liliales, subclass liliidae, class liliopsida (monocotyledons). most species are perennials, native primarily to tropical america. they have creeping rootstocks, fibrous roots, and leaves in clusters at the base of the plant or borne on branched stems. the fruit is a capsule containing many seeds, or a one-seeded winged structure
Pontederiaceae: čeleď jednoděložných rostlin z řádu křížatkotvaré (commelinales). jsou to jednoleté nebo vytrvalé vodní rostliny, které jsou přirozeně rozšířeny v tropech až teplejší části mírného pásma velké části světa. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Pontine Tegmentum: the dorsal region of pons bounded by the middle cerebellar peduncles and the ventral part of the pons. it is continuous with the tegmentum mesencephali and contains cerebellar nuclei, lemnisci and reticular formation
Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia Type 1: a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder characterized by central and peripheral motor dysfunction associated with anterior horn cell degeneration. mutations in the vrk1 gene have been identified. omim: 607596
Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia Type 2B: aka pch2b; mutations in tsen2
Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia Type 2C: mutations in tsen34; aka pch2c
Pooled Testing: mixing of several samples together in a batch or pooled sample, then testing the pooled sample with a diagnostic test. this approach increases the number of individuals that can be tested using the same amount of resources.(cdrh-eua-templates@fda.hhs.gov)
Popliteal Artery: the continuation of the femoral artery coursing through the popliteal fossa; it divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries
Popliteal Artery Aneurysm: an abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the popliteal artery located behind the knee joint
Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome: entrapment of the popliteal artery in the leg due to an abnormal course of the artery often associated with onset of development and/or overuse of the gastrocnemius or popliteus muscles on the back of the leg. it is most often associated with runners and other athletes with enlarged calf muscle that compresses the popliteal artery
Popliteal Cyst: a synovial cyst located in the back of the knee, in the popliteal space arising from the semimembranous bursa or the knee joint
Popliteal Vein: the vein formed by the union of the anterior and posterior tibial veins; it courses through the popliteal space and becomes the femoral vein
Popular Culture: choices and ways of doing things that predominate or are fashionable among ordinary people in a society during a point in time
Population Characteristics: qualities and characterization of various types of populations within a social or geographic group, with emphasis on demography, health status, and socioeconomic factors
Population Dynamics: the pattern of any process, or the interrelationship of phenomena, which affects growth or change within a population
Population Groups: individuals classified according to their sex, racial and ethnic origin, religion, common place of living, financial or social status, or some other cultural or behavioral attribute
Population Groups, US: individuals classified according us federal government used for us federal data on race and ethnicity. race and ethnicity terms are self-identified social construct. mesh may contain outdated and offensive population terms only to assist users who are interested in retrieving comprehensive search results for studies such as in longitudinal studies
Population Growth: increase, over a specific period of time, in the number of individuals living in a country or region
Population Health: the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group. these populations are often geographic regions, such as nations or communities, but they can also be other groups. (from am j public health. 2003 march; 93(3): 380-383)
Population Health Management: community engagement, facility management, and organization, access to care that is timely and affordable; the availability of effective services, and high-quality primary health care. (world health organization)
Population Surveillance: ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy
Populus: a plant genus of the family salicaceae. balm of gilead is a common name used for p. candicans, or p. gileadensis, or p. jackii, and sometimes also used for abies balsamea or for commiphora
PoraPak Rxn RP: adsorbent for monitoring dissolved hydrophobic organic contaminants
Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome: a worldwide emerging disease of weaned piglets first recognized in swine herds in western canada in 1997. this syndrome is characterized by progressive weight loss, rapid (tachypnea) and difficult (dyspnea) breathing, and yellowing of skin. pmws is caused by porcine circovirus infection, specifically type 2 or pcv-2
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome: a syndrome characterized by outbreaks of late term abortions, high numbers of stillbirths and mummified or weak newborn piglets, and respiratory disease in young unweaned and weaned pigs. it is caused by porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus. (radostits et al., veterinary medicine, 8th ed, p1048)
Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus: a mutant strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus causing mild or subclinical respiratory infections in young swine. it may also play a role in post-weaning porcine respiratory disease complex, especially when combined with other respiratory agents
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: a species of coronavirus causing acute enteritis in swine. infections have been seen mostly in europe, where it is endemic, and in china
Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus: a species of arterivirus causing reproductive and respiratory disease in pigs. the european strain is called lelystad virus. airborne transmission is common
Porcupines: common name for large, quilled rodents (rodentia) comprised of two families: old world porcupines (hystricidae) and new world porcupines (erethizontidae)
Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins: proteins secreted from an organism which form membrane-spanning pores in target cells to destroy them. this is in contrast to porins and membrane transport proteins that function within the synthesizing organism and complement immune proteins. these pore forming cytotoxic proteins are a form of primitive cellular defense which are also found in human lymphocytes
Porencephaly: cortical malformations characterized by white matter-lined cleft or cyst associated with ischemia and hemorrhagic insults. symptoms include delayed growth and development, hypotonia; seizures; spastic hemiplegia and macrocephaly; microcephaly; or hydrocephalus. mutations in the genes encoding collagen type iv are associated with familial types
Porfiromycin: toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from mitomycin and also from streptomyces ardus and other species. it is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties
Poria: a genus of basiodiomycetous fungi in the family coriolaceae. members are known for infesting wood
Poria: rod stopkovýtrusých hub čeledi coriolaceae. patří k dřevokazným houbám
Porifera: kmen jednodušších, většinou mořských živočichů s vakovitým tělem. žijí přisedle, jen larvy jsou plovoucí. buňky nevytvářejí pravé tkáně, metabolizují a dýchají samy za sebe, mnohé mohou měnit funkci podle změny umístění. živí se filtrováním drobných organismů z vody. jsou to hermafrodité nebo gonochoristi. množí se i nepohlavně pučením, tvořením gemulí i po odlomení části, neboť mají ohromnou schopnost regenerace. pravděpodobně jsou postranní slepou větví časné evoluce. jsou zdrojem alkaloidů, sterolů a dalších komplexních látek užitečných v lékařství a biologickém výzkumu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Porifera: the phylum of sponges which are sessile, suspension-feeding, multicellular animals that utilize flagellated cells called choanocytes to circulate water. most are hermaphroditic. they are probably an early evolutionary side branch that gave rise to no other group of animals. except for about 150 freshwater species, sponges are marine animals. they are a source of alkaloids; sterols; and other complex molecules useful in medicine and biological research
Porins: porins are protein molecules that were originally found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and that form multi-meric channels for the passive diffusion of water; ions; or other small molecules. porins are present in bacterial cell walls, as well as in plant, fungal, mammalian and other vertebrate cell membranes and mitochondrial membranes
Pork Meat: meat or flesh of a pig (sus scrofa) used as food
Porokeratosis: a heritable disorder of faulty keratinization characterized by the proliferation of abnormal clones of keratinocytes and lesions showing varying atrophic patches surrounded by an elevated, keratotic border. these keratotic lesions can progress to overt cutaneous neoplasm. several clinical variants are recognized, including porokeratosis of mibelli, linear porokeratosis, disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis, palmoplantar porokeratosis, and punctate porokeratosis
Porokeratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris: ppkp2 not included
Porokeratosis, Disseminated Superficial Actinic, 3: aka dsap3
Porokeratosis, Disseminated Superficial Actinic, 4: aka dsap4
Poroma: a benign adnexal neoplasm derived from cells of the terminal duct of eccrine or apocrine sweat gland lineage. they typically manifest as solitary papules and occur only in the skin but unlike in acrospiroma involves the epidermis
Porosity: condition of having pores or open spaces. this often refers to bones, bone implants, or bone cements, but can refer to the porous state of any solid substance
Porphobilinogen Synthase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of porphobilinogen from two molecules of 5-aminolevulinic acid. ec 4.2.1.24
Porphyra: a genus of red algae in the family bangiaceae. it is the most widely consumed seaweed in the world and especially in asia
Porphyra: rod červených řas (ruduch) čeledi bangiaceae. jeho zástupci patří k nejčastěji konzumovaným řasám na světě, zejména v asii
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda: an autosomal dominant or acquired porphyria due to a deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the liver. it is characterized by photosensitivity and cutaneous lesions with little or no neurologic symptoms. type i is the acquired form and is strongly associated with liver diseases and hepatic toxicities caused by alcohol or estrogenic steroids. type ii is the familial form
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent: an autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of hydroxymethylbilane synthase in the liver, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of heme. clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, abdominal pain, and elevated level of aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen in the urine
Porphyria, Erythropoietic: an autosomal recessive porphyria that is due to a deficiency of uroporphyrinogen iii synthase in the bone marrow; also known as congenital erythropoietic porphyria. this disease is characterized by splenomegaly; anemia; photosensitivity; cutaneous lesions; accumulation of hydroxymethylbilane; and increased excretion of uroporphyrins and coproporphyrins
Porphyria, Hepatoerythropoietic: an autosomal recessive cutaneous porphyria that is due to a deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in both the liver and the bone marrow. similar to porphyria cutanea tarda, this disorder is caused by defects in the fifth enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of heme, but is a homozygous enzyme deficiency with less than 10% of the normal enzyme activity. cutaneous lesions are severe and mutilating
Porphyria, Variegate: an autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (ec 1.3.3.4) in the liver, the seventh enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of heme. clinical features include both neurological symptoms and cutaneous lesions. patients excrete increased levels of porphyrin precursors, coproporphyrins and protoporphyrinogen
Porphyrias: a diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of heme in the liver, the bone marrow, or both. they are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues
Porphyrias, Hepatic: a group of metabolic diseases due to deficiency of one of a number of liver enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of heme. they are characterized by the accumulation and increased excretion of porphyrins or its precursors. clinical features include neurological symptoms (porphyria, acute intermittent), cutaneous lesions due to photosensitivity (porphyria cutanea tarda), or both (hereditary coproporphyria). hepatic porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic tissues
Porphyridium: a genus of red algae in the family porphyridiaceae. a single stellate chloroplast is present in each cell which has no cell wall
Porphyridium: rod jednobuněčných červených řas (ruduch) čeledi porphyridiaceae. v každé buňce je jeden hvězdicovitý chloroplast, buněčná stěna chybí
Porphyrinogens: colorless reduced precursors of porphyrins in which the pyrrole rings are linked by methylene (-ch2-) bridges
Porphyrins: a group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. the nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. the porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin
Porphyromonas: a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, nonsporeforming, nonmotile rods or coccobacilli. organisms in this genus had originally been classified as members of the bacteroides genus but overwhelming biochemical and chemical findings indicated the need to separate them from other bacteroides species, and hence, this new genus was created
Porphyromonas: rod gramnegativních, anaerobních, nesporulujících, nepohyblivých tyčinek či kokobacilů. tyto organismy byly původně zařazeny do rodu bacteroides, ale na základě biochemických a chemických nálezů byly převedeny do nového rodu
Porphyromonas endodontalis: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus porphyromonas, family porphyromonadaceae. it is a key pathogen in endodontic infections
Porphyromonas endodontalis: druh gramnegativních bakterií rodu porphyromonas, čeledi porphyromonadaceae. je významným patogenem u infekcí endodontu
Porphyromonas gingivalis: a species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified within the bacteroides genus. this bacterium produces a cell-bound, oxygen-sensitive collagenase and is isolated from the human mouth
Porphyromonas gingivalis: druh gramnegativních, anaerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které byly původně zařazeny do rodu bacteroides. tyto organismy produkují kolagenázu vázanou uvnitř buněk a citlivou na kyslík. byly izolované z lidské dutiny ústní
Porpoises: mammals of the family phocoenidae comprising four genera found in the north pacific ocean and both sides of the north atlantic ocean and in various other seas. they differ from dolphins in that porpoises have a blunt snout and a rather stocky body while dolphins have a beak-like snout and a slender, streamlined body. they usually travel in small groups. (from walker's mammals of the world, 5th ed, pp1003-4)
Pors-on 4 alloy: consists of palladium, silver, tin, indium, zinc, and ruthenium
Port-Wine Stain: a vascular malformation of developmental origin characterized pathologically by ectasia of superficial dermal capillaries, and clinically by persistent macular erythema. in the past, port wine stains have frequently been termed capillary hemangiomas, which they are not; unfortunately this confusing practice persists: hemangioma, capillary is neoplastic, a port-wine stain is non-neoplastic. port-wine stains vary in color from fairly pale pink to deep red or purple and in size from a few millimeters to many centimeters in diameter. the face is the most frequently affected site and they are most often unilateral. (from rook et al., textbook of dermatology, 5th ed, p483)
Portable X-Ray: a portable imaging device used to perform radiographic examinations outside the traditional radiology department. mobile x-ray machines provide diagnostic imaging when patients cannot be easily moved or in locations that lack permanent imaging facilities
Portacaval Shunt, Surgical: surgical portasystemic shunt between the portal vein and inferior vena cava
Portal System: a system of vessels in which blood, after passing through one capillary bed, is conveyed through a second set of capillaries before it returns to the systemic circulation. it pertains especially to the hepatic portal system
Portal Vein: a short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein
Portal Vein, Cavernous Transformation Of: idiopathic extrahepatic portal hypertension (ehph) due to cavernous transformation of the portal vein. omim: 601004
Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical: surgical venous shunt between the portal and systemic circulation to effect decompression of the portal circulation. it is performed primarily in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices resulting from portal hypertension. types of shunt include portacaval, splenorenal, mesocaval, splenocaval, left gastric-caval (coronary-caval), portarenal, umbilicorenal, and umbilicocaval
Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic: a type of surgical portasystemic shunt to reduce portal hypertension with associated complications of esophageal varices and ascites. it is performed percutaneously through the jugular vein and involves the creation of an intrahepatic shunt between the hepatic vein and portal vein. the channel is maintained by a metallic stent. the procedure can be performed in patients who have failed sclerotherapy and is an additional option to the surgical techniques of portocaval, mesocaval, and splenorenal shunts. it takes one to three hours to perform. (jama 1995;273(23):1824-30)
Portion Size: the amount of a particular food one chooses to eat at a single meal. it is different from serving size, which is a reference amount of food as defined by an authoritative source, such as the food guide pyramid devised by the united states department of agriculture
Portoenterostomy, Hepatic: operation for biliary atresia by anastomosis of the bile ducts into the jejunum or duodenum
Portography: examination of the portal circulation by the use of x-ray films after injection of radiopaque material
Portoriko: nezačleněné území spojených států amerických, ležící v karibském moři mezi ostrovy hispaniola a souostrovím malých antil. portoriko je nejmenší z ostrovů velkých antil. portoriko je nejmenší z ostrovů velkých antil. k portoriku náleží i několik blízkých menších ostrovů. hlavním městem je san juan. občané portorika jsou zároveň občany usa. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Portrait: work consisting of graphic representations, especially of the face, of real persons, usually posed, living or dead. they are pictures whose purpose is the portrayal of an individual or group of individuals, not pictures which merely include people as part of an event or scene. (from thesaurus for graphic materials ii, p540, 1995)
Portraits as Topic: works about graphic representations, especially of the face, of real persons, usually posed, living or dead. (from thesaurus for graphic materials ii, p540, 1995)
Portugal: a country in southwestern europe, bordering the north atlantic ocean, west of spain. the capital is lisbon
Portugalsko: země v jihozápadní evropě, hraničící se severním atlantickým oceánem, západně od španělska. hlavním městem je lisabon
Portulacaceae: a plant family of the order caryophyllales, subclass caryophyllidae, class magnoliopsida. there are no true petals; each flower has two to six sepals. they produce betacyanin and betaxanthin pigments and lack anthocyanins
Portulacaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu caryophyllales, podtřídy caryophyllidae, třídy magnoliopsida. květy nemají pravé okvětní lístky, každý květ má dva až šest kališních lístků. zástupci obsahují pigmenty betakyanin a betaxanthin a chybí jim antokyany
Position-Specific Scoring Matrices: tabular numerical representations of sequence motifs displaying their variability as likelihood values for each possible residue at each position in a sequence. position-specific scoring matrices (pssms) are calculated from position frequency matrices
Positive Regulatory Domain I-Binding Factor 1: a transcriptional repressor protein that contains an n-terminal pr-set domain, four c-terminal cys2-his2 zinc fingers, and binds the prdi element in the interferon-beta gene. it has methyltransferase activity and mediates gene transcription in tissue-specific innate and adaptive immune lymphocyte t-cells, repressing expression of proteins that promote exit of these tissue-specific t-cell populations from non-lymphoid organs
Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor B: a transcriptional elongation factor complex that is comprised of a heterodimer of cyclin-dependent kinase 9 and one of several cyclins including type t cyclins and cyclin k. it functions by phosphorylating the carboxy-terminal domain of rna polymerase ii
Positive-Pressure Respiration: a method of mechanical ventilation in which pressure is maintained to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of expiration, thus reducing the shunting of blood through the lungs and improving gas exchange
Positive-Pressure Respiration, Intrinsic: non-therapeutic positive end-expiratory pressure occurring frequently in patients with severe airway obstruction. it can appear with or without the administration of external positive end-expiratory pressure (positive-pressure respiration). it presents an important load on the inspiratory muscles which are operating at a mechanical disadvantage due to hyperinflation. auto-peep may cause profound hypotension that should be treated by intravascular volume expansion, increasing the time for expiration, and/or changing from assist mode to intermittent mandatory ventilation mode. (from harrison's principles of internal medicine, 12th ed, p1127)
Positive-Strand RNA Viruses: rna viruses that have their genetic material encoded in the form of single-stranded, positive-sense rna. unlike retroviruses they do not employ dna intermediates in their life-cycle
Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography: an imaging technique that combines a positron-emission tomography (pet) scanner and a ct x ray scanner. this establishes a precise anatomic localization in the same session
Positron-Emission Tomography: an imaging technique using compounds labelled with short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides (such as carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15 and fluorine-18) to measure cell metabolism. it has been useful in study of soft tissues such as cancer; cardiovascular system; and brain. single-photon emission-computed tomography is closely related to positron emission tomography, but uses isotopes with longer half-lives and resolution is lower
Post and Core Technique: use of a metal casting, usually with a post in the pulp or root canal, designed to support and retain an artificial crown
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome: post acute stage of covid-19 virus infection including signs, symptoms, and conditions that continue or develop after acute covid-19 infection. persistent symptoms may include fatigue; dyspnea; and memory loss
Post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome: a reperfusion syndrome characterized by various pathophysiological processes after cardiac arrest. it may include post-cardiac arrest brain injury (hypoxia-ischemia, brain), cardiocirculatory dysfunction, (e.g., systemic ischemia), hyperglycemia; multiple organ failure and delayed death
Post-Concussion Syndrome: the organic and psychogenic disturbances observed after closed head injuries (head injuries, closed). post-concussion syndrome includes subjective physical complaints (i.e. headache, dizziness), cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes. these disturbances can be chronic, permanent, or late emerging
Post-Dural Puncture Headache: a secondary headache disorder attributed to low cerebrospinal fluid pressure caused by spinal puncture, usually after dural or lumbar puncture
Post-Exercise Hypotension: transient reduction in blood pressure levels immediately after exercises that lasts 2-12 hours. the reduction varies but is typically 5-20 mm hg when compared to pre-exercise levels. it exists both in normotensive and hypertensive individuals and may play a role in excercise related physiologic adaptation
Post-Exercise Recovery: the subsequent return to a resting or recovered state following a bout of exercise as the body adapts to the stress associated with exercise, replenishes muscle glycogen, and repairs body tissue
Post-Exercise Recovery Techniques: therapeutic modalities following a bout of exercise to reduce markers of muscle damage, soreness, fatigue, and inflammation
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis: the prevention of infection or disease following exposure to a pathogen
Post-Infectious Disorders: debilitating disorder characterized by fatigue and other symptoms related to cognitive, autonomous, and immune dysfunction experienced in the aftermath of infections
Post-Lyme Disease Syndrome: a condition caused by long-lasting and ongoing infection with the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi resulting in progressive inflammatory neurologic, neuromuscular, and dermatologic manifestations including encephalitis; myelitis; acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans; and arthritis
Post-Synaptic Density: cytoskeleton specialization at the cytoplasmic side of postsynaptic membrane in synapses. it is involved in neuronal signaling and neuronal plasticity and comprised of glutamate receptors; scaffolding molecules (e.g., psd95, psd93), and other proteins (e.g., cacmkii)
Post-Traumatic Headache: secondary headache attributed to trauma of the head and/or the neck
Postal Service: the functions and activities carried out by the u.s. postal service, foreign postal services, and private postal services such as federal express
Postanesthesia Nursing: the specialty or practice of nursing in the care of patients in the recovery room following surgery and/or anesthesia
Postcard: card on which a message may be written or printed for mailing without an envelope. art & architectural thesaurus online www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/aat/ accessed 12/18/2008
Postcards as Topic: works about cards on which a message may be written or printed for mailing without an envelope
Postcholecystectomy Syndrome: abdominal symptoms after removal of the gallbladder. the common postoperative symptoms are often the same as those present before the operation, such as colic, bloating, nausea, and vomiting. there is pain on palpation of the right upper quadrant and sometimes jaundice. the term is often used, inaccurately, to describe such postoperative symptoms not due to gallbladder removal
Postdoctoral Training: training for terminal degree holders in biological and biomedical science specialties who have already obtained a doctoral degree
Poster: work consisting of single or multi-sheet notices made to attract attention to events, activities, causes, goods, or services. they are for posting, usually in a public place and are chiefly pictorial. they are intended to make an immediate impression from a distance. posters do not include poster presentations at conferences and meetings. (from thesaurus for graphic materials ii: genre and physical characteristic headings, 1995)
Posterior Capsular Rupture, Ocular: a breach in the continuity of the posterior chamber of the eyeball
Posterior Capsule of the Lens: the posterior aspect of the casing that surrounds the natural crystalline lens
Posterior Capsulotomy: procedures performed to remove capsule opacification that develops on the posterior capsule of the lens following removal of a primary cataract
Posterior Cerebellar Commissure: a bundle of nerve fibers that crosses the midline in the tectum mesencephali dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct
Posterior Cerebral Artery: artery formed by the bifurcation of the basilar artery. branches of the posterior cerebral artery supply portions of the occipital lobe; parietal lobe; inferior temporal gyrus, brainstem, and choroid plexus
Posterior Cervical Sympathetic Syndrome: a pathological condition that is characterized by a host of cranial symptoms, such as headaches, abnormal functions of the eyes and the ears, and psychological and mental disorders. this syndrome usually appears after neck injuries, inflammation, or neoplasm
Posterior Cruciate Ligament: a strong ligament of the knee that originates from the anterolateral surface of the medial condyle of the femur, passes posteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia
Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: rebuilding of the posterior cruciate ligament to restore functional stability of the knee
Posterior Eye Segment: the back two-thirds of the eye that includes the anterior hyaloid membrane and all of the optical structures behind it: the vitreous humor; retina; choroid; and optic nerve
Posterior Horn Cells: neurons in the spinal cord dorsal horn whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the central nervous system. they receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. they send their axons either directly to anterior horn cells or to the white matter ascending and descending longitudinal fibers
Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome: a condition that is characterized by headache; seizures; and visual loss with edema in the posterior aspects of the cerebral hemispheres, such as the brain stem. generally, lesions involve the white matter (nerve fibers) but occasionally the grey matter (nerve cell bodies)
Posterior Thalamic Nuclei: a transitional diencephalic zone of the thalamus consisting of complex and varied cells lying caudal to the ventral posterolateral nucleus, medial to the rostral part of the pulvinar, and dorsal to the medial geniculate body. it contains the limitans, posterior, suprageniculate, and submedial nuclei
Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction: a condition characterized by a broad range of progressive disorders ranging from tenosynovitis to tendon rupture with or without hindfoot collapse to a fixed, rigid, flatfoot deformity. pathologic changes can involve associated tendons, ligaments, joint structures of the ankle, hindfoot, and midfoot. posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is the most common cause of acquired flatfoot deformity in adults
Posters as Topic: works about single or multi-sheet notices made to attract attention to events, activities, causes, goods, or services. they are for display, usually in a public place and are chiefly pictorial
Postgastrectomy Syndromes: sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (dumping syndrome and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies
Posthumous Conception: conception after the death of the male or female biological parent through techniques such as the use of gametes that have been stored during his or her lifetime or that were collected immediately after his or her death
Postmenopause: the physiological period following the menopause, the permanent cessation of the menstrual life
Postmodernism: a late 20th-century philosophical approach or style of cultural analysis that seeks to reveal the cultural or social construction of concepts conventionally assumed to be natural or universal. (from e.r. dubose, the illusion of trust: toward a medical theological ethics in the postmodern age, kluwer, 1995)
Postmortem Imaging: the generation of images of the body's structures, organs, and tissues after death
Postnatal Care: the care provided to women and their newborns for the first few months following childbirth
Postoperative Care: the period of care beginning when the patient is removed from surgery and aimed at meeting the patient's psychological and physical needs directly after surgery. (from dictionary of health services management, 2d ed)
Postoperative Complications: pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. they may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery
Postoperative Hemorrhage: hemorrhage following any surgical procedure. it may be immediate or delayed and is not restricted to the surgical wound
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia
Postpartum Hemorrhage: excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with obstetric labor or childbirth. it is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as blood pressure and hematocrit. postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum)
Postpartum Period: in females, the period that is shortly after giving birth (parturition)
Postpartum Thyroiditis: transient autoimmune thyroiditis occurring in the postpartum period. it is characterized by the presence of high titers of autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin. clinical signs include the triphasic thyroid hormone pattern: beginning with thyrotoxicosis, followed with hypothyroidism, then return to euthyroid state by 1 year postpartum
Postpericardiotomy Syndrome: a nonspecific hypersensitivity reaction caused by trauma to the pericardium, often following pericardiotomy. it is characterized by pericardial effusion; high titers of anti-heart antibodies; low-grade fever; lethargy; loss of appetite; or abdominal pain
Postphlebitic Syndrome: a condition characterized by a chronically swollen limb, often a leg with stasis dermatitis and ulcerations. this syndrome can appear soon after phlebitis or years later. postphlebitic syndrome is the result of damaged or incompetent venous valves in the limbs. distended, tortuous varicose veins are usually present. leg pain may occur after long period of standing
Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome: a syndrome characterized by new neuromuscular symptoms that occur at least 15 years after clinical stability has been attained in patients with a prior history of symptomatic poliomyelitis. clinical features include new muscular weakness and atrophy of the limbs, bulbar innervated musculature, and muscles of respiration, combined with excessive fatigue, joint pain, and reduced stamina. the process is marked by slow progression and periods of stabilization. (from ann ny acad sci 1995 may 25;753:68-80)