NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Humpback Whale: the species megaptera novaeangliae, in the family balaenopteridae, characterized by its huge flippers and the arching of their back when diving. they are also known for their breaching and singing
Humulus: a plant genus in the cannabaceae family. best known for the buds of humulus lupulus l. used in beer
Humulus: rod rostlin z čeledi konopovité (cannabidaceae). jeho plodem je chmelová hlávka. mezi známé zástupce patří chmel otáčivý (humulus lupulus), užívaný v procesu výroby piva, dále například chmel japonský (humulus scandens). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Hungary: a country in europe, northwest of romania, south of slovakia, and east of austria. the capital is budapest
Hunt's syndrome: two syndromes with terms bearing ramsey hunt: myoclonic cerebellar dyssynergia and herpes zoster oticus
Hunter-McAlpine syndrome: craniosynostosis, mental deficiency, almond-shaped palpebral fissures, downturned mouth, mild acral-skeletal anomalies, and short stature
Huntingtin Protein: a protein that is highly expressed in the nervous system as well as other tissues; its size and structure vary due to polymorphisms. expanded cag trinucleotide repeats have been identified in the huntingtin (hd) gene of patients with huntington disease and are associated with abnormal protein aggregates. huntingtin interacts with proteins involved in a variety of gene expression and cellular processes; it is also essential for embryonic development
Huntington Disease: a familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive chorea and dementia in the fourth or fifth decade of life. common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; depression; hallucinations; and delusions. eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; athetosis; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. the juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including seizures; ataxia; dementia; and chorea. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)
Huntingtonova nemoc: autozomálně dominantně dědičné nevyléčitelné onemocnění mozku, projevující se ve středním věku poruchami hybnosti (chorea) a demencí. počáteční projevy zahrnují nekoordinovanou motoriku, paranoiu, snížené sebeovládání, deprese, halucinace, bludy. na závěr přichází rozpad původní osobnosti, nesoběstačnost, demence a smrt
Huperzia: a plant genus of the family lycopodiaceae. members contain huperzine, one of the cholinesterase inhibitors
Huperzia: rod rostlin čeledi lycopodiaceae. zástupci obsahují alkaloid huperzin, cholinesterázový inhibitor
Hurriseal: hurriseal is tradename; essential components are benzalkonium chloride, hydroxyethyl methacrylate (hema), sodium fluoride & water
Hutchinson's Melanotic Freckle: a cellular subtype of malignant melanoma. it is a pigmented lesion composed of melanocytes occurring on sun-exposed skin, usually the face and neck. the melanocytes are commonly multinucleated with a starburst appearance. it is considered by many to be the in situ phase of lentigo maligna melanoma
HvrB protein, Rhodobacter capsulatus: from rhodobacter capsulatus; an activator of s-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase expression & a member of the lysr family; amino acid sequence given in first source; genbank l23836
Hyacinthus: a plant genus of the family hyacinthaceae (asparagaceae). do not confuse with water hyacinth (eichhornia)
Hyacinthus: rod jednoděložných rostlin z čeledi chřestovité (asparagaceae). v minulosti byl řazen do čeledi hyacintovité (hyacinthaceae), případně do čeledi liliovité v širším pojetí (liliaceae s.l.). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Hyaenidae: a family of large terrestrial carnivores possessing long legs, coarse guard hairs and a bushy tail. it comprises hyenas and aardwolves
Hyaenidae: malá čeleď šelem. způsobem života a vzhledem připomínají psovité, i když jsou fylogeneticky bližší kočkovitým a cibetkovitým. jsou to středně velcí masožravci obývající afriku, blízký východ a indický subkontinent. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 https://cs.wikipedia.org)
Hyalectins: a group of high molecular weight chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans that form aggregates with hyaluronic acid
Hyalin: a clear, homogenous, structureless, eosinophilic substance occurring in pathological degeneration of tissues
Hyaline Cartilage: a type of cartilage characterized by a homogenous amorphous matrix containing predominately type ii collagen and ground substance. hyaline cartilage is found in articular cartilage; costal cartilage; laryngeal cartilages; and the nasal septum
Hyaline Fibromatosis Syndrome: autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hyaline deposition in the skin, bone, gastrointestinal tract, muscles and glands; multiple subcutaneous skin nodules; gingival hypertrophy; and joint contractures. mutations in the capillary morphogenesis protein-2 are associated with the disorder
Hyaline Membrane Disease: a respiratory distress syndrome in newborn infants, usually premature infants with insufficient pulmonary surfactants. the disease is characterized by the formation of a hyaline-like membrane lining the terminal respiratory airspaces (pulmonary alveoli) and subsequent collapse of the lung (pulmonary atelectasis)
Hyalohyphomycosis: opportunistic infections caused by a heterogeneous group of mitosporic fungi with clear (hyalo-) hyphae in the host. common causative agents include acremonium; aspergillus; chrysosporium; fusarium; paecilomyces; penicillium; pseudallescheria; scedosporium; and scopulariopsis. normally a dermatomycoses, it can become invasive in the immunocompromised host
Hyaluronan Receptors: acidic sulfated integral membrane glycoproteins expressed in several alternatively spliced and variable glycosylated forms on a wide variety of cell types including mature t-cells, b-cells, medullary thymocytes; granulocytes; macrophages; erythrocytes, and fibroblasts. their interaction with hyaluronic acid mediates binding of lymphocytes to high endothelial venules
Hyaluronan Synthases: membrane-associated glucuronosyltransferases that catalyze the reaction of udp-n-acetyl-d-glucosamine and udp-d-glucuronate to produce hyaluronan. hyaluronan synthase 2 (has2) is essential for embryogenesis and its expression by tumor cells is associated with metastasis
Hyaluronic Acid: a natural high-viscosity mucopolysaccharide with alternating beta (1-3) glucuronide and beta (1-4) glucosaminidic bonds. it is found in the umbilical cord, in vitreous body and in synovial fluid. a high urinary level is found in progeria
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: an enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosamine and d-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) there has been use as antineoplastic agents to limit neoplasm metastasis
Hybrid Cells: any cell, other than a zygote, that contains elements (such as nuclei and cytoplasm) from two or more different cells, usually produced by artificial cell fusion
Hybrid Renal Replacement Therapy: procedures involving non-continuous blood purification (e.g., dialysis, filtration or perfusion) via vascular access with settings for dialysate and blood flow rates and treatment duration settings hybrid between crrt technique and irrt technique
Hybrid Vigor: the adaptive superiority of the heterozygous genotype with respect to one or more characters in comparison with the corresponding homozygote
Hybridization, Genetic: the genetic process of crossbreeding between genetically dissimilar parents to produce a hybrid
Hybridomas: cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. the resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure monoclonal antibodies or t-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent cell
Hycanthone: potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of lucanthone
Hydantoins: compounds based on imidazolidine dione. some derivatives are anticonvulsants
Hydatidiform Mole: trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. it is characterized by the swelling of the chorionic villi and elevated human chorionic gonadotropin. hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype
Hydatidiform Mole, Invasive: a uterine tumor derived from persistent gestational trophoblasts, most likely after a molar pregnancy (hydatidiform mole). invasive hyadatiform mole develops in about 15% of patients after evacuation of a complete mole and less frequently after other types of gestation. it may perforate the myometrium and erode uterine vessels causing hemorrhage
Hydra: a genus of freshwater polyps in the family hydridae, order hydroida, class hydrozoa. they are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals
Hydra: rod nezmarů, jednoduchých sladkovodních žahavců (z třídy polypovců), dravých živočichů vyznačujících se radiální symetrií. biologové se o nezmary zajímají mj. kvůli jejich regeneračním schopnostem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Hydractinia: a colonial marine hydroid genus in the order cnidaria, class hydrozoa, and family hydractiniidae
Hydralazine: a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent
Hydranencephaly: a congenital condition where the greater portions of the cerebral hemispheres and corpus striatum are replaced by csf and glial tissue. the meninges and the skull are well formed, which is consistent with earlier normal embryogenesis of the telencephalon. bilateral occlusions of the internal carotid arteries in utero is a potential mechanism. clinical features include intact brainstem reflexes without evidence of higher cortical activity. (menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, p307)
Hydrangea: a plant genus of the family hydrangeaceae. members contain hydrangenol, thunberginols, hydramacrosides a and b, and secoiridoid glucosides
Hydrangea: rod rostlin čeledi hydrangeaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují hydrangenol, thunberginoly, sekoiridoidní glukosidy a hydramakrosidy a a b
Hydrangeaceae: a plant family of the order rosales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida
Hydrangeaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu dřínotvaré (cornales). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Hydrarthrosis: accumulation of watery fluid in the cavity of a joint. (dorland, 27th ed)
Hydrastis: a plant genus of the family ranunculaceae. members contain berberine
Hydrastis: rod rostlin čeledi ranunculaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují berberin
Hydraulic Fracking: a drilling technology in which natural gas is extracted from large deposits of impermeable rock formations known as shale, deep within the earth's crust. this drilling technique involves injecting large volumes of high-pressure fracturing fluid (a mixture of water, sand, and chemicals) several thousand feet underground, thereby creating cracks or fissures in the shale formation, and releasing trapped gas
Hydrazines: substituted derivatives of hydrazine (formula h2n-nh2)
Hydrazones: compounds of the general formula r:n.nr2, as resulting from the action of hydrazines with aldehydes or ketones. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Hydro-Lyases: enzymes that catalyze the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond leading to unsaturated products via the removal of water. ec 4.2.1
HydroLink: exhibits amphiphilic properties; monomer with crosslinker; no other info avail 12/89
Hydroa Vacciniforme: a vesicular and bullous eruption having a tendency to recur in summer during childhood and commonly appearing on sun-exposed skin. the lesions are surrounded by an erythematous zone and resemble a vaccination. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Hydrobiology: the study of aquatic life inhabiting bodies of water, including growth, morphology, physiology, genetics, distribution, and interactions with other organisms and the environment. it includes marine hydrobiology
Hydrobromic Acid: hydrobromic acid (hbr). a solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water
Hydrocarbons: organic compounds that primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms with the carbon atoms forming a linear or circular structure
Hydrocarbons, Acyclic: organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen where no carbon atoms join to form a ring structure
Hydrocarbons, Alicyclic: organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen. three or more carbon atoms are arranged in a cyclic structure and they possess aliphatic properties
Hydrocarbons, Aromatic: organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen in the form of an unsaturated, usually hexagonal ring structure. the compounds can be single ring, or double, triple, or multiple fused rings
Hydrocarbons, Brominated: hydrocarbon compounds with one or more hydrogen atoms substituted with bromine
Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated: hydrocarbon compounds with one or more of the hydrogens replaced by chlorine
Hydrocarbons, Cyclic: organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen forming a closed ring that may be either alicyclic or aromatic
Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated: inert liquid or gaseous halocarbon compounds in which fluorine replaces some or all hydrogen atoms
Hydrocarbons, Halogenated: hydrocarbon compounds with one or more hydrogen atoms substituted with halogens
Hydrocarbons, Iodinated: hydrocarbon compounds with one or more hydrogen atoms substituted with iodine
Hydrocephalus: excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia
Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure: a form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see gait disorders, neurologic), progressive intellectual decline, and urinary incontinence. spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. this condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of csf including subarachnoid hemorrhage, chronic meningitis, and other conditions. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)
Hydrocephalus, X-Linked, with Congenital Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudoobstruction: mutation in l1cam
Hydrocephalus, X-linked: the most common inherited (x-linked recessive) form of hydrocephalus. it is characterized by enlarged cerebral ventricles and intellectual disability, and often includes spastic paraparesis and adducted thumbs. the most severe cases die pre- or perinatally with gross hydrocephalus and enlarged head circumference. mutations in the l1cam gene have been identified. omim: 307000
Hydrocharitaceae: a plant family of the order hydrocharitales, subclass alismatidae, class liliopsida (monocotyledons)
Hydrocharitaceae: čeleď jednoděložných rostlin z řádu alismatales - žabníkotvaré
Hydrochloric Acid: a strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. it is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice
Hydrochlorothiazide: a thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. it reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. this results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. it is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism
Hydrocodone: narcotic analgesic related to codeine, but more potent and more addicting by weight. it is used also as cough suppressant
Hydrocortisone: the main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions
Hydrodynamics: the motion of fluids, especially noncompressible liquids, under the influence of internal and external forces
Hydroflumethiazide: a thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822)
Hydrofluoric Acid: hydrofluoric acid. a solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. it is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns
Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate: a network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications fabricated by photopolymerization of polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate. its general formulae is c3h5c(o)(och2ch2)noc(o)c3h5 where n denotes a number of average polyglycol (och2ch2) repeats
Hydrogels: water swollen, rigid, 3-dimensional network of cross-linked, hydrophilic macromolecules, 20-95% water. they are used in paints, printing inks, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Hydrogen: the first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol h, and atomic number 1. protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope deuterium (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope tritium (atomic weight 3). hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas
Hydrogen Bonding: a low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. it plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds
Hydrogen Cyanide: hydrogen cyanide (hcn); a toxic liquid or colorless gas. it is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials
Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange-Mass Spectrometry: a mass spectrometry method utilizing hydrogen-deuterium exchange kinetics to study conformational and dynamic changes especially of proteins, such as interactions during ligand binding and allosteric effects during catalysis
Hydrogen Peroxide: a strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. it is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials
Hydrogen Sulfide: a flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. it is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: the normality of a solution with respect to hydrogen ions; h+. it is related to acidity measurements in most cases by ph = log 1/2[1/(h+)], where (h+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Hydrogenase: an enzyme found in bacteria. it catalyzes the reduction of ferredoxin and other substances in the presence of molecular hydrogen and is involved in the electron transport of bacterial photosynthesis
Hydrogenation: addition of hydrogen to a compound, especially to an unsaturated fat or fatty acid. (from stedman, 26th ed)
Hydrogenophilaceae: a family of gram-negative bacteria in the order hydrogenophilales, class betaproteobacteria
Hydrogenophilaceae: čeleď gramnegativních bakterií řádu hydrogenophilales, třídy betaproteobacteria
Hydrogensulfite Reductase: an enzyme found primarily in sulfur-reducing bacteria where it plays an important role in the anaerobic carbon oxidation pathway
Hydrolases: any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., esterases, glycosidases (glycoside hydrolases), lipases, nucleotidases, peptidases (peptide hydrolases), and phosphatases (phosphoric monoester hydrolases). ec 3
Hydrology: science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water on and below the earth's surface, and atmosphere
Hydrolysis: the process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water
Hydrolyzable Tannins: polymeric derivatives of gallic acid that are esters of a sugar
Hydromorphone: an opioid analgesic made from morphine and used mainly as an analgesic. it has a shorter duration of action than morphine
Hydronephrosis: abnormal enlargement or swelling of a kidney due to dilation of the kidney calices and the kidney pelvis. it is often associated with obstruction of the ureter or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the urinary bladder
Hydrophiidae: a subfamily of marine elapid snakes comprising about 50 species with flattened oar-like tails used as sculls. they are found mostly in the coastal waters of south asia and australia. the largest reach a length of almost 9 feet but most species are only about a third as long. they are all venomous. (goin, goin, and zug, introduction to herpetology, 3d ed, pp331-3; moore: poisonous snakes of the world, 1980, p159)
Hydrophiidae: podčeleď mořských hadů z čeledi korálovcovití. tito jedovatí hadi se vyskytují zejména v pobřežních vodách jižní asie a austrálie. mají zploštělé tělo s veslovitým ocasem. v současnosti je známo asi 50 druhů vodnářů. největší dorůstají délky přes dva metry, ale většina druhů nepřesáhne 70 cm
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions: the thermodynamic interaction between a substance and water
Hydrophthalmos: congenital open-angle glaucoma that results from dysgenesis of the angle structures accompanied by increased intraocular pressure and enlargement of the eye. treatment is both medical and surgical
Hydrophyllaceae: the waterleaf plant family of the order solanales, subclass asteridae, class magnoliopsida. they have alternate leaves, regular flowers with five-lobed corollas (united petals), and a one- or two-celled ovary
Hydrophyllaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu boraginales, třídy rosopsida. mají peřenosečné listy, květy ve dvojvijanu s méně než 8 tyčinkami či pouze samičí květy, semeník nerozdělený, plod tobolka. (upraveno podle květena lesů, luk a strání 2020 http://www.kvetena.com/)
Hydropneumothorax: a collection of fluid and gas within the pleural cavity. (dorland, 27th ed)
Hydroponics: a technique for growing plants in culture solutions rather than in soil. the roots are immersed in an aerated solution containing the correct proportions of essential mineral salts. (from concise dictionary of biology, 1990)
Hydrops Fetalis: abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in two or more fetal compartments, such as skin; pleura; pericardium; placenta; peritoneum; amniotic fluid. general fetal edema may be of non-immunologic origin, or of immunologic origin as in the case of erythroblastosis fetalis
Hydroquinones: derivatives of hydroquinone (1,4-dihydrobenzene) made by reduction of benzoquinones
Hydrotherapy: external application of water for therapeutic purposes, such as whirlpool baths or water shiatsu
Hydrothermal Vents: hot springs on the ocean floor. they are commonly found near volcanically active places such as mid-oceanic ridges
Hydrothorax: a collection of watery fluid in the pleural cavity. (dorland, 27th ed)
Hydroxocobalamin: injectable form of vitamin b 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat vitamin b 12 deficiency
Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene: a n-hydroxylated derivative of 2-acetylaminofluorene that has demonstrated carcinogenic action
Hydroxyapatites: a group of compounds with the general formula m10(po4)6(oh)2, where m is barium, strontium, or calcium. the compounds are the principal mineral in phosphorite deposits, biological tissue, human bones, and teeth. they are also used as an anticaking agent and polymer catalysts. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Hydroxybenzoate Ethers: benzoate derivatives that contain one or more alkyl or aryl groups linked to the benzene ring structure by oxygen
Hydroxybenzoates: benzoate derivatives substituted by one or more hydroxy groups in any position on the benzene ring
Hydroxychloroquine: a chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. it inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (from gilman et al., goodman and gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 9th ed, p970)
Hydroxycholecalciferols: hydroxy analogs of vitamin d 3; (cholecalciferol); including calcifediol; calcitriol; and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3
Hydroxycholesterols: cholesterol which is substituted by a hydroxy group in any position
Hydroxycorticosteroids: a group of corticosteroids carrying hydroxy groups, usually in the 11- or 17-positions. they comprise the bulk of the corticosteroids used systemically. as they are relatively insoluble in water, salts of various esterified forms are often used for injections or solutions
Hydroxydopamines: dopamines with a hydroxy group substituted in one or more positions
Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids: eicosatetraenoic acids substituted in any position by one or more hydroxy groups. they are important intermediates in a series of biosynthetic processes leading from arachidonic acid to a number of biologically active compounds such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes
Hydroxyestrones: estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. they are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens
Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives: starches that have been chemically modified so that a percentage of oh groups are substituted with 2-hydroxyethyl ether groups
Hydroxyethylrutoside: monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders
Hydroxyl Radical: the univalent radical oh. hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent
Hydroxylamine: a colorless inorganic compound (honh2) used in organic synthesis and as a reducing agent, due to its ability to donate nitric oxide
Hydroxylation: placing of a hydroxyl group on a compound in a position where one did not exist before. (stedman, 26th ed)
Hydroxylysine: a hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens
Hydroxymercuribenzoates: hydroxylated benzoic acid derivatives that contain mercury. some of these are used as sulfhydryl reagents in biochemical studies
Hydroxymethyl and Formyl Transferases: enzymes that catalyze the transfer of hydroxymethyl or formyl groups. ec 2.1.2
Hydroxymethylbilane Synthase: an enzyme that catalyzes the tetrapolymerization of the monopyrrole porphobilinogen into the hydroxymethylbilane preuroporphyrinogen (uroporphyrinogens) in several discrete steps. it is the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of heme. in humans, deficiency in this enzyme encoded by hmbs (or pbgd) gene results in a form of neurological porphyria (porphyria, acute intermittent). this enzyme was formerly listed as ec 4.3.1.8
Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases: enzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction of alpha-carboxyl group of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a to yield mevalonic acid
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors: compounds that inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl coa reductases. they have been shown to directly lower cholesterol synthesis
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductases, NAD-Dependent: specific hydroxymethylglutaryl coa reductases that utilize the cofactor nad. this class of enzymes performs a catabolic role in microorganisms such as pseudomonas mevalonii where it oxidatively acetylates mevalonic acid to form 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a and nadh
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Synthase: an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coa from acetyl-coa and acetoacetyl-coa. this is a key enzyme in steroid biosynthesis. this enzyme was formerly listed as ec 4.1.3.5
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-Reductases, NADP-dependent: specific hydroxymethylglutaryl coa reductases that utilize the cofactor nad. in liver enzymes of this class are involved in cholesterol biosynthesis
Hydroxyphenylazouracil: inhibitor of dna replication in gram-positive bacteria
Hydroxyprogesterones: metabolites or derivatives of progesterone with hydroxyl group substitution at various sites
Hydroxyproline: a hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. a deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation
Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases: catalyzes reversibly the oxidation of hydroxyl groups of prostaglandins
Hydroxypyruvate Reductase: an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of d-glycerate to hydroxypyruvate in the presence of nadp
Hydroxyquinolines: the 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: enzymes of the oxidoreductase class that catalyze the dehydrogenation of hydroxysteroids. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 1.1.-
Hydroxysteroids: steroids in which one or more hydroxy groups have been substituted for hydrogen atoms either within the ring skeleton or on any of the side chains
Hydroxytestosterones: 17 beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-ones. testosterone derivatives formed by the substitution of one or more hydroxyl groups in any position
Hydroxyurea: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits dna synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase
Hydroxyzine: a histamine h1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. unlike its major metabolite cetirizine, it does cause drowsiness. it is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative
Hydrozoa: a class in the phylum cnidaria which alternates between polyp and medusa forms during their life cycle. there are over 2700 species in five orders
Hydrozoa: třída z kmene žahavci. je známo asi 3200 druhů. zástupci žijí v moři, vzácněji i ve sladkých vodách. patří k nim například sladkovodní nezmaři a mořští trubýši. vyskytuje se u nich (podobně jako u ostatních žahavců) rodozměna, tedy střídá se pohlavní generace medúz s nepohlavní generací polypů, ale konkrétně u zástupců této třídy obvykle převládá stádium polypa. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Hygiene: the science dealing with the establishment and maintenance of health in the individual and the group. it includes the conditions and practices conducive to health. (webster, 3d ed)
Hygiene Hypothesis: the theory that infectious agents, symbiotic microorganisms, and parasites are normal stimulants for the maturation of the immune system toward a balanced immune response. the theory predicts that lack of such stimulation leads to allergies and autoimmune diseases
Hygromycin B: aminoglycoside produced by streptomyces hygroscopicus. it is used as an anthelmintic against swine infections by large roundworms, nodular worms, and whipworms
Hylobates: a genus of the family hylobatidae consisting of nine species. the members of this genus inhabit rain forests in southeast asia. they are arboreal and differ from other anthropoids in the great length of their arms and very slender bodies and limbs. their major means of locomotion is by swinging from branch to branch by their arms. hylobates means dweller in the trees
Hylobates: rod primátů čeledi hylobatidae (gibonovití), který zahrnuje několik druhů. zástupci tohoto rodu žijí v deštných pralesích jihovýchodní asie. jsou to stromové opice, které se liší od ostatních antropoidů dlouhými končetinami a štíhlým tělem. hlavním způsobem pohybu je skákání švihem z větve na větev v závěsu za prsty předních končetin (brachiace). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Hylobatidae: a family of the suborder haplorhini comprising four genera, hylobates (dwarf gibbons); hoolock; nomascus; and symphalangus
Hylobatidae: tato čeleď, kterou řadíme do nadčeledě hominoidi, mezi vývojově nejvyšší primáty, je složena z rodů hylobates, hoolock, nomascus a symphalangus. někdy bývá rod symphalangus vyjmut z označení gibon (místo něho se použije rod siamang) a jako giboni jsou uvažováni pouze zástupci zbylých tří rodů. původní jméno podrodu bunopithecus pro taxonomickou nepoužitelnost bylo změněno na dnešní jméno hoolock. v oligocénu a miocénu byli tito primáti pravděpodobně rozšířeni i v africe, dnes obývají pouze tropické pralesy jihovýchodní asie. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Hymecromone: a coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. it is also used in analytical chemistry techniques for the determination of nitric acid
Hymen: a thin fold of mucous membrane situated at the orifice of the vagina
Hymen, Imperforate: a hereditary austosomal recessive condition characterized by an imperforate hymen and amenorrhea. hematocolpos or hydrocolpos may also be present but internal and external genitalia are usually normal. omim: 237100
Hymenaea: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. members contain resins (resins, plant) and glucans
Hymenaea: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují pryskyřice a glukany
Hymenolepis: rod drobných tasemnic, které parazitují u ptáků a savců
Hymenolepis diminuta: a species of tapeworm (tapeworms) infecting rats and mice but rarely causing disease in humans. its life cycle involves rodents as the definitive host and beetles as the intermediate host
Hymenolepis diminuta: druh tasemnice čeledi hymenolepididae parazitující u hlodavců, nejčastěji myší a krys. vzácně ji lze nalézt také u lidí. tato tasemnice má dvouhostitelský cyklus, přičemž jako mezihostitel slouží někteří zástupci hmyzu. tasemnice se u definitivního hostitele vyskytuje ve střevě. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Hymenolepis nana: nejmenší zástupce tasemnic, jediný druh, který parazituje u člověka bez potřeby mezihostitele
Hymenolepis nana: the smallest species of tapeworms. it is the only cestode that parasitizes humans without requiring an intermediate host
Hymenoptera: an extensive order of highly specialized insects including bees, wasps, and ants
Hymenoptera: řád hmyzu vyznačující se dvěma páry blanitých křídel, náleží do něj vosy, včely a mravenci. patří k nejrozšířenějším zástupcům hmyzí říše. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Hymenostomatida: an order of ciliate protozoa. characteristics include a ventral oral area and a well-defined buccal cavity. it comprises three suborders: tetrahymenina, ophryoglenina, and peniculina
Hymenostomatida: řád nálevníků. charakteristická je ventrální orální oblast a dobře definovaná ústní dutina. zahrnuje tři podřády: tetrahymenina, ophryoglenina, and peniculina
Hyoid Bone: a mobile u-shaped bone that lies in the anterior part of the neck at the level of the third cervical vertebrae. the hyoid bone is suspended from the processes of the temporal bones by ligaments, and is firmly bound to the thyroid cartilage by muscles
Hyoscyamus: rod rostlin čeledi solanaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují tropany
Hypan: hydrophilic polyacrylonitrile copolymer; used as fast-swelling pressure-resistant laminaria during dilatation
Hyper-IgM Immunodeficiency Syndrome: a rare inherited immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by normal or elevated serum immunoglobulin m levels with absence of immunoglobulin g; immunoglobulin a; and immunoglobulin e. it results in a profound susceptibility to bacterial infections and an increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. several subtypes of hyper-igm immunodeficiency syndrome exist depending upon the location of genetic mutation
Hyper-IgM Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Type 1: an x-linked hyper-igm immunodeficiency subtype resulting from mutation in the gene encoding cd40 ligand
Hyper-Ige Recurrent Infection Syndrome, Autosomal Dominant: associated with mutation in stat3 gene; promote to hm
Hyperacusis: an abnormally disproportionate increase in the sensation of loudness in response to auditory stimuli of normal volume. cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; facial nerve diseases; stapes surgery; and other disorders may be associated with this condition
Hyperaldosteronism: a condition caused by the overproduction of aldosterone. it is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant hypertension and hypokalemia
Hyperalgesia: an increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by minimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing nociceptors or injury to a peripheral nerve
Hyperammonemia: elevated level of ammonia in the blood. it is a sign of defective catabolism of amino acids or ammonia to urea
Hyperamylasemia: a condition with abnormally elevated level of amylases in the serum. hyperamylasemia due to pancreatitis or other causes may be differentiated by identifying the amylase isoenzymes
Hyperandrogenism: a condition caused by the excessive secretion of androgens from the adrenal cortex; the ovaries; or the testes. the clinical significance in males is negligible. in women, the common manifestations are hirsutism and virilism as seen in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and adrenocortical hyperfunction
Hyperandrogenism, Nonclassic Type, due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: mutation in cyp21a2
Hyperargininemia: a rare autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle. it is caused by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme arginase. arginine is elevated in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and periodic hyperammonemia may occur. disease onset is usually in infancy or early childhood. clinical manifestations include seizures, microcephaly, progressive mental impairment, hypotonia, ataxia, spastic diplegia, and quadriparesis. (from hum genet 1993 mar;91(1):1-5; menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, p51)
Hyperbaric Oxygenation: the therapeutic intermittent administration of oxygen in a chamber at greater than sea-level atmospheric pressures (three atmospheres). it is considered effective treatment for air and gas embolisms, smoke inhalation, acute carbon monoxide poisoning, caisson disease, clostridial gangrene, etc. (from segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992). the list of treatment modalities includes stroke
Hyperbilirubinemia: a condition characterized by an abnormal increase of bilirubin in the blood, which may result in jaundice. bilirubin, a breakdown product of heme, is normally excreted in the bile or further catabolized before excretion in the urine
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary: inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood
Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal: accumulation of bilirubin, a breakdown product of heme proteins, in the blood during the first weeks of life. this may lead to neonatal jaundice. the excess bilirubin may exist in the unconjugated (indirect) or the conjugated (direct) form. the condition may be self-limiting (physiological neonatal jaundice) or pathological with toxic levels of bilirubin
Hypercalcemia, Idiopathic, of Infancy: severe hypercalcemia characterized by failure to thrive, vomiting, dehydration, and nephrocalcinosis. it is caused by mutations in the cyp24a1 gene. omim: 143880
Hypercalcemia, Infantile: severe hypercalcemia that occurs in infancy and is characterized by elevated calcium levels in blood and urine, failure to thrive, vomiting , dehydration, and nephrocalcinosis. hcinf1 is caused by mutations in the cyp24a1 gene (omim: 143880) and hcinf2 is caused by mutations in the slc34a1 gene (omim: 616963)
Hypercalciuria: excretion of abnormally high level of calcium in the urine, greater than 4 mg/kg/day
Hypercapnia: a clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
Hypercementosis: a regressive change of teeth characterized by excessive development of secondary cementum on the tooth surface. it may occur on any part of the root, but the apical two-thirds are most commonly affected. (dorland, 27th ed)
Hypercholesterolemia: a condition with abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. it is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population
Hypercholesterolemia, Autosomal Dominant, 3: mutation in pcsk9
Hyperekplexia: a neurological disorder characterized by an excessive startle reaction with abnormal reflex; myoclonic jerks; and muscle hypertonia
Hyperemesis Gravidarum: intractable vomiting that develops in early pregnancy and persists. this can lead to dehydration and weight loss
Hyperemia: the presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous)
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome: a heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. there is a massive increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs
Hyperesthesia: increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli
Hyperferritinemia: a finding of elevated serum level of ferritin. it is often associated with iron overload, repeated blood transfusions, malignancy, iron metabolic syndromes, virus infection, liver injury or dysfunction, and renal failure. hyperferritinemia in iron metabolic syndromes (e.g., still's diseases, and hemophagocytic syndrome) is referred to as dysmetabolic hyperferritinemia
Hypergammaglobulinemia: an excess of gamma-globulins in the serum due to chronic infections or paraproteinemias
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma: a serious complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. it is characterized by extreme hyperglycemia; dehydration; serum hyperosmolarity; and depressed consciousness leading to coma in the absence of ketosis and acidosis
Hyperglycinemia, Nonketotic: an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by deficiencies in the mitochondrial glycine cleavage system
Hypergravity: condition wherein the force of gravity is greater than or is increased above that on the surface of the earth. this is expressed as being greater than 1 g
Hyperheparinemia: a congenital susceptibility to hemmorhage due to an excess of clotting inhibitor. the blood clotting defected may be corrected in vitro by protamine sulfate and toluidine blue. omim: 144050
Hyperhidrosis: excessive sweating. in the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. its chief cause is thought to be emotional. generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise
Hyperhidrosis Palmaris Et Plantaris: a form of hyperhidrosis characterized by excessive perspiration of the eccrine sweat gland in the palm, sole, and axilla. perspiration in those affected may be aggravated by emotional stimuli and is more frequent in persons of east asian descent. nearly half of cases may be familial, with inheritance mapped to chromosome 14. omim: 144110
Hyperhomocysteinemia: condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (>13.9 μmol/l). hyperhomocysteinemia can be familial or acquired. development of the acquired hyperhomocysteinemia is mostly associated with vitamins b and/or folate deficiency (e.g., pernicious anemia, vitamin malabsorption). familial hyperhomocysteinemia often results in a more severe elevation of total homocysteine and excretion into the urine, resulting in homocystinuria. hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporotic fractures and complications during pregnancy
Hypericum: genus of perennial plants in the family clusiaceae (sometimes classified as hypericaceae). herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. hypericum contains flavonoids; glycosides; mucilage, tannins; volatile oils (oils, essential), hypericin and hyperforin
Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia, Familial, 5: mutation in insulin receptor
Hyperinsulinism: a syndrome with excessively high insulin levels in the blood. it may cause hypoglycemia. etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (insulinoma); autoantibodies against insulin (insulin antibodies); defective insulin receptor (insulin resistance); or overuse of exogenous insulin or hypoglycemic agents
Hyperinsulinism, autosomal recessive: persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy due to focal adenomatous hyperplasia
Hyperkalemia: abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. it is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated t waves and depressed p waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). in severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (dorland, 27th ed)
Hyperkeratosis, Epidermolytic: a form of congenital ichthyosis inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by erythroderma and severe hyperkeratosis. it is manifested at birth by blisters followed by the appearance of thickened, horny, verruciform scales over the entire body, but accentuated in flexural areas. mutations in the genes that encode keratin-1 and keratin-10 have been associated with this disorder
Hyperkinesis: excessive movement of muscles of the body as a whole, which may be associated with organic or psychological disorders
Hyperlactatemia: increase in blood lactate concentration often associated with septic shock; lung injury; sepsis; and drug toxicity. when hyperlactatemia is associated with low body ph (acidosis) it is lactic acidosis
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined: a type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma cholesterol and/or triglycerides. multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (upstream stimulatory factors) on chromosome 1
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I: an inherited condition due to a deficiency of either lipoprotein lipase or apolipoprotein c-ii (a lipase-activating protein). the lack of lipase activities results in inability to remove chylomicrons and triglycerides from the blood which has a creamy top layer after standing
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II: a group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either low-density lipoproteins alone or also in very-low-density lipoproteins (pre-beta lipoproteins)
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III: an autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (idl or broad-beta-lipoprotein). idl has a cholesterol to triglycerides ratio greater than that of very-low-density lipoproteins. this disorder is due to mutation of apolipoproteins e, a receptor-binding component of vldl and chylomicrons, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV: a hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. it is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma triglycerides, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in very-low-density lipoproteins (pre-beta lipoproteins). in contrast, the plasma cholesterol and phospholipids usually remain within normal limits
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type V: a severe type of hyperlipidemia, sometimes familial, that is characterized by the elevation of both plasma chylomicrons and triglycerides contained in very-low-density lipoproteins. type v hyperlipoproteinemia is often associated with diabetes mellitus and is not caused by reduced lipoprotein lipase activity as in hyperlipoproteinemia type i
Hyperlipoproteinemias: conditions with abnormally elevated levels of lipoproteins in the blood. they may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation