NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Perceptual Defense: selective perceiving such that the individual protects himself from becoming aware of something unpleasant or threatening, e.g., obscene words are not heard correctly, or violent acts are not seen accurately
Perceptual Disorders: cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. these include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body
Perceptual Distortion: lack of correspondence between the way a stimulus is commonly perceived and the way an individual perceives it under given conditions
Perceptual Masking: the interference of one perceptual stimulus with another causing a decrease or lessening in perceptual effectiveness
Perches: a common name for fish of the family percidae, belonging to the suborder percoidei, order perciformes
Perchlorates: compounds that contain the cl(=o)(=o)(=o)o- structure. included under this heading is perchloric acid and the salts and ester forms of perchlorate
Perciformes: ostnoploutví (perciformes) jsou rozsáhlým sběrným parafyletickým nebo dokonce polyfyletickým řádem kostnatých ryb. tvoří velmi rozmanitou skupinu, která se vyznačuje pozoruhodným množstvím tvarů, barev, specializovaných adaptací a rozmanitého chování. vyskytují se téměř ve všech prostředích. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Perciformes: the most diversified of all fish orders and the largest vertebrate order. it includes many of the commonly known fish such as porgies, croakers, sunfishes, dolphin fish, mackerels, tuna, etc
Percoidea: ostnoploutvé ryby (řádu perciformes) patřící do čeledí moronidae, serranidae a centrarchidae
Percoll: colloidal silica (ludox hs) with polyvinylpyrrolidone
Percussion: act of striking a part with short, sharp blows as an aid in diagnosing the condition beneath the sound obtained
Percutaneous Collagen Induction: an alternative treatment for skin dysfunctions that stimulates collagen production by encouraging normal wound healing that occurs after any trauma by inducing microlesions
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: a family of percutaneous techniques that are used to manage coronary occlusion, including standard balloon angioplasty (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty), the placement of intracoronary stents, and atheroablative technologies (e.g., atherectomy; endarterectomy; thrombectomy; percutaneous transluminal laser angioplasty). ptca was the dominant form of pci, before the widespread use of stenting
Pereflat: antiflatulent, eupeptic; each tablet contains protein "atomizate" & activated polysilane (simethicone) 310 mg & lyophilized granulated whole pancreas (pancreatin) 172 mg
Perfectionism: a personality trait characterized by a person's striving for flawlessness and setting excessively high performance standards, accompanied by overly critical self-evaluations and concerns regarding others' evaluations
Perforant Pathway: a pathway of fibers that originates in the lateral part of the entorhinal cortex, perforates the subiculum of the hippocampus, and runs into the stratum moleculare of the hippocampus, where these fibers synapse with others that go to the dentate gyrus where the pathway terminates. it is also known as the perforating fasciculus
Perforator Flap: a mass of tissue for transplantation that includes the skin and/or the subcutaneous fat, and the perforating blood vessel that traverses the underlying tissue to supply blood to the skin. perforator flaps are named after the anatomical region or muscle from where they are transplanted and/or the perforating blood vessel
Perforin: a calcium-dependent pore-forming protein synthesized in cytolytic lymphocytes and sequestered in secretory granules. upon immunological reaction between a cytolytic lymphocyte and a target cell, perforin is released at the plasma membrane and polymerizes into transmembrane tubules (forming pores) which lead to death of a target cell
Performance Anxiety: anxiety related to the execution of a task. (campbell's psychiatric dictionary, 9th ed.)
Performance-Enhancing Substances: agents that improve the ability to carry out activities such as athletics, mental endurance, work, and resistance to stress. the substances can include prescription drugs; dietary supplements; phytochemicals; and illicit drugs
Perfume: a substance, extract, or preparation for diffusing or imparting an agreeable or attractive smell, especially a fluid containing fragrant natural oils extracted from flowers, woods, etc., or similar synthetic oils. (random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Perfusion Imaging: the creation and display of functional images showing where the blood flow reaches by following the distribution of tracers injected into the blood stream
Perfusion Index: the ratio of arterial blood flow (pulsatile flow) to venous, capillary, and tissue blood flow (non-pulsatile blood flow) - as measured regionally or peripherally
Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging: a specialized type of mri technique that provides information about hemodynamic parameters such as cerebral blood volume, cerebral blood flow, and transit time. in perfusion mri, an exogenous contrast agent is usually injected to provide superior tissue contrast and easy delineation of perfusion abnormalities. endogenous markers can also be used
Pergolide: a long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat parkinson disease and hyperprolactinemia but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for heart valve diseases
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. it may cause neuropathy and hepatitis
Peri-Implantitis: an inflammatory process with loss of supporting bone in the tissues surrounding functioning dental implants
Periamygdaloid Cortex: the surface of the parahippocampal gyrus overlying the cortical amygdaloid nucleus
Perianal Glands: a type of sebaceous gland located in the area surrounding the anus of some mammals such as dogs, cats, opossums, and guinea pigs
Periapical Abscess: acute or chronic inflammation of tissues surrounding the apical portion of a tooth, associated with the collection of pus, resulting from infection following pulp infection through a carious lesion or as a result of an injury causing pulp necrosis. (dorland, 27th ed)
Periapical Diseases: diseases of the periapical tissue surrounding the root of the tooth, which is distinguished from dental pulp diseases inside the tooth root
Periapical Granuloma: chronic nonsuppurative inflammation of periapical tissue resulting from irritation following pulp disease or endodontic treatment
Periapical Periodontitis: inflammation of the periapical tissue. it includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is periapical granuloma. suppurative inflammation is periapical abscess
Periapical Tissue: tissue surrounding the apex of a tooth, including the apical portion of the periodontal membrane and alveolar bone
Periaqueductal Gray: central gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in the mesencephalon. physiologically it is probably involved in rage reactions, the lordosis reflex; feeding responses, bladder tonus, and pain
Periarthritis: inflammation of the tissues around a joint. (dorland, 27th ed)
Pericardial Effusion: fluid accumulation within the pericardium. serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. hemopericardium is associated with trauma. lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of thoracic duct. severe cases can lead to cardiac tamponade
Pericardial Effusion, Chronic: chronic inflammation of the pericardium associated with accumulation of pericardial fluid that contains cholesterol crystals. omim: 260900
Pericardial Fluid: watery fluid produced in the serous and visceral pericardium surrounding the surface of the heart
Pericardial Window Techniques: surgical construction of an opening or window in the pericardium. it is often called subxiphoid pericardial window technique
Pericardiectomy: surgical excision (total or partial) of a portion of the pericardium. pericardiotomy refers to incision of the pericardium
Pericardiocentesis: puncture and aspiration of fluid from the pericardium
Pericarditis: inflammation of the pericardium from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. pericarditis usually leads to pericardial effusion, or constrictive pericarditis
Pericarditis, Constrictive: inflammation of the pericardium that is characterized by the fibrous scarring and adhesion of both serous layers, the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium leading to the loss of pericardial cavity. the thickened pericardium severely restricts cardiac filling. clinical signs include fatigue, muscle wasting, and weight loss
Pericarditis, Tuberculous: inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart (pericardium) due to mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. pericarditis can lead to swelling (pericardial effusion), compression of the heart (cardiac tamponade), and preventing normal beating of the heart
Pericardium: a conical fibro-serous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels (aorta; venae cavae; pulmonary artery). pericardium consists of two sacs: the outer fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium. the latter consists of an outer parietal layer facing the fibrous pericardium, and an inner visceral layer (epicardium) resting next to the heart, and a pericardial cavity between these two layers
Pericytes: unique slender cells with multiple processes extending along the capillary vessel axis and encircling the vascular wall, also called mural cells. pericytes are imbedded in the basement membrane shared with the endothelial cells of the vessel. pericytes are important in maintaining vessel integrity, angiogenesis, and vascular remodeling
Perifolliculitis Capitis Abscedens Et Suffodiens, Familial: a chronic dermatitis of the scalp characterized by the presence of large and small pus-filled, interconnected nodules, itching, and alopecia. it may be more common in african american males. omim: 260910
Perilipin-1: a lipid droplet protein that is expressed primarily by adipocytes of white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. it co-localizes with macrophages and foam cells of artherosclerotic lesions and stabilizes lipid droplets by inhibiting hormone sensitive lipase. it may also protect triglycerides against hydrolysis within the plasma membrane and modulate cholesterol ester hydrolase activity
Perilipin-2: a perilipin that is expressed by many different cell types. it binds fatty acids and cholesterol, stabilizes triglycerides, and localizes to both the surface and hydrophobic core of lipid droplets, as well as the endoplasmic recticulum and plasma membrane in macrophages. it also plays a central role in the biogenesis of lipid droplets and foam cells and is highly expressed by macrophages at atherosclerotic lesions in human arteries along with the inflammation markers tnf-alpha; mcp-1 receptor; and il-6
Perilipin-3: a perilipin that localizes to lipid droplets; cytoplasm; endosomes; and plasma membrane, especially in macrophages. it functions as a transporter of free fatty acids to lipid droplets to promote their biogenesis and growth. it is also required for the transport of the mannose-6-phosphate receptor from endosomes to the trans-golgi network. its structure consists of four helix bundles that interact with the hydrophobic lipid droplet surface
Perilipin-4: a perilipin protein characterized by an extensive 11-mer repeat region, which forms five adjacent alpha-helices. it is expressed primarily in white adipose tissue and differentiating adipocytes, as well as skeletal muscle and heart. it is soluble in the cytoplasm but re-localizes to the surface of lipid droplets under high lipid conditions
Perilipin-5: a perilipin that functions in lipogenesis; lipolysis; and fatty acid oxidation in brown adipose tissue; heart, liver, and skeletal muscle. it recruits mitochondria to the surface of lipid droplets where it functions in both the storage of fatty acids as triglycerides, and their release for mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in response to metabolic needs
Perilipins: a family of vertebrate and insect lipid droplet associated proteins. they consist of a conserved n-terminal pat domain (an alpha-helical region of about 110 amino acids), an 11-mer repeat region, and lipid-binding hydrophobic regions or 4-helix bundles near their c-termini. perilipins transiently or constitutively localize to lipid droplets in adipocytes and foam cells, especially in regions adjacent to the plasma membrane and endoplasmic recticulum. they are critical for lipid droplet synthesis and homeostasis as well as the regulation of lipid metabolism. genetic variations in perilipins are associated with atherosclerosis; obesity; and diabetes mellitus
Perilla: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae that is a source of perilla alcohol and the oil is rich in alpha-linolenic acid (alpha-18:3)
Perilla frutescens: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae that is an ingredient of banxia houpu (drugs, chinese herbal)
Perilymph: the fluid separating the membranous labyrinth from the osseous labyrinth of the ear. it is entirely separate from the endolymph which is contained in the membranous labyrinth. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed, p1396, 642)
Perimeningeal Infections: infectious processes, including abscesses, effusions, and empyemas which occur in the epidural or subdural spaces surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Perimenopause: the transitional period before and after menopause. perimenopausal symptoms are associated with irregular menstrual cycle and widely fluctuated hormone levels. they may appear 6 years before menopause and subside 2 to 5 years after menopause
Perinatal Care: the care of women and a fetus or newborn given before, during, and after delivery from the 28th week of gestation through the 7th day after delivery
Perinatal Death: the death of a fetus of gestational age 28 weeks or more, or the death of a live-born infant less than 28 days of age
Perinatal Mortality: deaths occurring from the 28th week of gestation to the 28th day after birth in a given population
Perinatology: the branch of medicine dealing with the fetus and newborn during the perinatal period. the perinatal period begins with the twenty-eighth week of gestation and ends twenty-eight days after birth
Perindopril: an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. it is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure
Perineum: the body region lying between the genital area and the anus on the surface of the trunk, and to the shallow compartment lying deep to this area that is inferior to the pelvic diaphragm. the surface area is between the vulva and the anus in the female, and between the scrotum and the anus in the male
Period Circadian Proteins: circadian rhythm signaling proteins that influence circadian clock by interacting with other circadian regulatory proteins and transporting them into the cell nucleus
Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction: a histochemical technique for staining carbohydrates. it is based on periodic acid oxidation of a substance containing adjacent hydroxyl groups. the resulting aldehydes react with schiff reagent to form a colored product
Periodic fever, familial, autosomal dominant: an inherited condition characterized by recurrent episodes of fever; onset is typically in early childhood. fevers usually persist for about three weeks, though they can be longer or shorter, and may not occur again for several weeks or several years. other symptoms may include abdominal pain; myalgia; arthralgia; skin rash and systemic inflammation; amyloidosis may also occur in some cases. there is often no trigger, but episodes are sometimes preceded by infections, injury, or stress. germline mutations in the tnfrsf1a gene have been identified. omim: 142680
Periodical: publication intended to be issued on an ongoing basis, generally more frequently than annually, containing separate articles, stories, or writings
Periodical Index: work consisting of a subject approach to the contents of a periodical issuing an annual, biennial, quinquennial, decennial, etc., index. the heading is used for the overall body of articles published by a periodical in the same sense that bibliography is useful when published as a single article
Periodicity: the tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian)
Periodization: a systematic training calendar designed to provide variations in performance targeting, while maximizing results and reducing the potential for overtraining. term only applies to exercise
Periodontal Abscess: localized circumscribed purulent area of inflammation in the periodontal tissue. it is a derivative of marginal periodontitis and commonly associated with suprabony and infrabony pockets and interradicular involvements, in contrast to periapical abscess which is attributable to pulp necrosis
Periodontal Atrophy: degradation or wasting of the periodontium tissues that may involve the gum (gingiva), the alveolar bone (alveolar process), the dental cementum, or the periodontal ligament
Periodontal Attachment Loss: loss or destruction of periodontal tissue caused by periodontitis or other destructive periodontal diseases or by injury during instrumentation. attachment refers to the periodontal ligament which attaches to the alveolar bone. it has been hypothesized that treatment of the underlying periodontal disease and the seeding of periodontal ligament cells enable the creating of new attachment
Periodontal Cyst: an epithelium-lined sac containing fluid; usually found at the apex of a pulp-involved tooth. the lateral type occurs less frequently along the side of the root
Periodontal Debridement: removal or disruption of dental deposits and plaque-retentive dental calculus from tooth surfaces and within the periodontal pocket space without deliberate removal of cementum as done in root planing and often in dental scaling. the goal is to conserve dental cementum to help maintain or re-establish healthy periodontal environment and eliminate periodontitis by using light instrumentation strokes and nonsurgical techniques (e.g., ultrasonic, laser instruments)
Periodontal Diseases: pathological processes involving the periodontium including the gum (gingiva), the alveolar bone (alveolar process), the dental cementum, and the periodontal ligament
Periodontal Dressings: surgical dressings, after periodontal surgery, applied to the necks of teeth and the adjacent tissue to cover and protect the surgical wound. (boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed, p218)
Periodontal Index: a numerical rating scale for classifying the periodontal status of a person or population with a single figure which takes into consideration prevalence as well as severity of the condition. it is based upon probe measurement of periodontal pockets and on gingival tissue status
Periodontal Ligament: the fibrous connective tissue surrounding the tooth root, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone (alveolar process)
Periodontal Pocket: an abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption
Periodontal Prosthesis: any restorative and replacement device that is used as a therapeutic aid in the treatment of periodontal disease. it is an adjunct to other forms of periodontal therapy and does not cure periodontal disease by itself. (boucher's clinical dental terminology, 3d ed)
Periodontal Splints: fixed or removable devices that join teeth together. they are used to repair teeth that are mobile as a result of periodontitis
Periodontics: a dental specialty concerned with the histology, physiology, and pathology of the tissues that support, attach, and surround the teeth
Periodontitis: inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. this may involve any part of the periodontium. periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (chronic periodontitis; aggressive periodontitis) instead of age of onset. (from 1999 international workshop for a classification of periodontal diseases and conditions, american academy of periodontology)
Periodontium: the structures surrounding and supporting the tooth. periodontium includes the gum (gingiva), the alveolar bone (alveolar process), the dental cementum, and the periodontal ligament
Periosteum: thin outer membrane that surrounds a bone. it contains connective tissue, capillaries, nerves, and a number of cell types
Periostin: a multifunctional extracellular matrix protein that modulates cell adhesion to induce attachment to the extracellular matrix and cell migration. it has a role inflammation and neoplasm metastasis
Periostitis: inflammation of the periosteum. the condition is generally chronic, and is marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and an aching pain. acute periostitis is due to infection, is characterized by diffuse suppuration, severe pain, and constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis. (dorland, 27th ed)
Peripac Improved: contains polyacrylic acid & butyl phthalate as plasticizer
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: a rare form of dilated cardiomyopathy which causes heart enlargement and weakness during the last month of pregnancy or within five months of delivery
Peripheral Arterial Disease: lack of perfusion in the extremities resulting from atherosclerosis. it is characterized by intermittent claudication, and an ankle brachial index of 0.9 or less
Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease 1: peripheral arterial occlusive disease (paod) results from atherosclerosis of large and medium peripheral arteries, as well as the aorta and often coexists with coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease. in addition to risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, a genetic factor mapping to chromosome 1p31 has been identified. omim: 606787
Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation: transplantation of peripheral blood stem cells. it is a less invasive alternative to direct marrow harvesting of hematopoietic stem cells. enrichment of stem cells in peripheral blood can be achieved by inducing mobilization of stem cells from the bone marrow
Peripheral Blood Stem Cells: hematopoietic stem cells found in peripheral blood circulation
Peripheral Nerves: the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. the connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium
Peripheral Nervous System: the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. the peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. the autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. the somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors
Peripheral Nervous System Agents: drugs that act principally at one or more sites within the peripheral neuroeffector systems, the autonomic system, and motor nerve-skeletal system. (from smith and reynard, textbook of pharmacology, 1991, p75)
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms: neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. this includes neurofibromas; schwannomas; granular cell tumors; and malignant peripheral nerve sheath neoplasms. (from devita jr et al., cancer: principles and practice of oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)
Peripheral Tolerance: the mechanism, in peripheral lymphoid organs (lymph nodes; spleen; tonsils; and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue), that prevents mature lymphocytes from reacting to self-antigens. this is accomplished through a variety of means including clonal anergy and clonal deletion
Peripheral Vascular Diseases: pathological processes involving any one of the blood vessels in the vasculature outside the heart
Peripherins: type iii intermediate filament proteins expressed mainly in neurons of the peripheral and central nervous systems. peripherins are implicated in neurite elongation during development and axonal regeneration after injury
Periphyton: a complex mixture of organisms (algae, cyanobacteria, heterotrophic microbes, detritus, etc.) clinging on the surfaces of plants and other objects projecting from the bottom sediments of aquatic ecosystems
Periplaneta: a genus in the family blattidae containing several species, the most common being p. americana, the american cockroach
Periplaneta: rod švábů čeledi blattidae (švábovití) zahrnující několik druhů, nejznámější je šváb americký (p. americana)
Periplasm: the space between the inner and outer membranes of a cell that is shared with the cell wall
Periplasmic Binding Proteins: periplasmic proteins that scavenge or sense diverse nutrients. in the bacterial environment they usually couple to transporters or chemotaxis receptors on the inner bacterial membrane
Periploca: a plant genus of the family apocynaceae. it is a source of periplocosides (pregnane steroid glycosides)
Periploca: rod rostlin čeledi apocynaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují periplokosidy (pregnanové steroidní glykosidy)
Periprosthetic Fractures: fractures around joint replacement prosthetics or implants. they can occur intraoperatively or postoperatively
Perirhinal Cortex: an area in the temporal lobe that is important for memory encoding and retrieval. it is bordered caudally by the parahippocampal cortex (see hippocampus) and ventrally and medially by the entorhinal cortex
Perissodactyla: an order of ungulates having an odd number of toes, including the horse, tapir, and rhinoceros. (dorland, 27th ed)
Perissodactyla: lichokopytníci (perissodactyla) jsou řádem býložravých savců, u kterých osa končetiny prochází třetím, často největším prstem. patří mezi ně koňovití, tapíři a nosorožci. lichokopytníci jsou prstochodci, poslední články prstů jsou chráněny rohovitými kopyty. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Peristalsis: a movement, caused by sequential muscle contraction, that pushes the contents of the intestines or other tubular organs in one direction
Perisylvian syndrome: an x-linked dominant malformation of cortical development in which the brain surface is irregular and the normal gyral pattern replaced by multiple small, partly fused gyri separated by shallow sulci. microscopic examination shows a simplified 4-layered or unlayered cortex. neuologic findings include mild intellectual disability, epilepsy, and pseudobulbar palsy. omim: 300388
Peritoneal Cavity: the space enclosed by the peritoneum. it is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. the two sacs are connected by the foramen of winslow, or epiploic foramen
Peritoneal Dialysis: dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure
Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory: portable peritoneal dialysis using the continuous (24 hours a day, 7 days a week) presence of peritoneal dialysis solution in the peritoneal cavity except for periods of drainage and instillation of fresh solution
Peritoneal Fibrosis: disorder characterized by a wide range of structural changes in peritoneum, resulting from fibrogenic or inflammatory processes. peritoneal fibrosis is a common complication in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis and contributes to its gradual decrease in efficiency
Peritoneal Lavage: washing out of the peritoneal cavity. the procedure is a diagnostic as well as a therapeutic technique following abdominal trauma or inflammation
Peritoneal Stomata: natural openings in the subdiaphragmatic lymphatic plexus in the peritoneum, delimited by adjacent mesothelial cells. peritoneal stomata constitute the principal pathways for the drainage of intraperitoneal contents from the peritoneal cavity to the lymphatic system
Peritoneovenous Shunt: an operation for the continuous emptying of ascitic fluid into the venous system. fluid removal is based on intraperitoneal and intrathoracic superior vena cava pressure differentials and is performed via a pressure-sensitive one-way valve connected to a tube traversing the subcutaneous tissue of the chest wall to the neck where it enters the internal jugular vein and terminates in the superior vena cava. it is used in the treatment of intractable ascites
Peritoneum: a membrane of squamous epithelial cells, the mesothelial cells, covered by apical microvilli that allow rapid absorption of fluid and particles in the peritoneal cavity. the peritoneum is divided into parietal and visceral components. the parietal peritoneum covers the inside of the abdominal wall. the visceral peritoneum covers the intraperitoneal organs. the double-layered peritoneum forms the mesentery that suspends these organs from the abdominal wall
Peritonitis: inflammation of the peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. primary peritonitis is due to infection of the peritoneal cavity via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. secondary peritonitis arises from the abdominal cavity itself through rupture or abscess of intra-abdominal organs
Peritonitis, Tuberculous: a form of peritonitis seen in patients with tuberculosis, characterized by lesion either as a miliary form or as a pelvic mass on the peritoneal surfaces. most patients have ascites, abdominal swelling, abdominal pain, and other systemic symptoms such as fever; weight loss; and anemia
Peritonsillar Abscess: an accumulation of purulent material in the area between the palatine tonsil and its capsule
Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Neoplasms: a family of mesenchymal tumors composed of histologically and immunohistochemically distinctive perivascular epithelioid cells. these cells do not have a normal anatomic homolog. (from fletcher cdm, et. al., world health organization classification of tumors: pathology and genetics of tumors of soft tissue and bone, 2002)
Periventricular Laminar Heterotopia: periventricular heterotopia characterized by ectopic groups of neurons and glial cells that have a laminar rather than nodular organization
Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia: a disorder resulting from a defect in the pattern of neuronal migration in which ectopic collections of neurons lie along the lateral ventricles of the brain or just beneath, contiguously or in isolated patches
Permaflex denture lining material: a benzene dimethyl polysiloxane material; do not confuse with duragel 75, a polymethylmethacrylate used for contact lenses
Permalink GC: an ultraviolet light-activated coating material (uv-cam); provides a hard cross-linked polymer surface covering and smoothing dentures
Permeability: property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions
Permethrin: a pyrethroid insecticide commonly used in the treatment of lice infestations and scabies
Permissiveness: the attitude that grants freedom of expression and activity to another individual, but not necessarily with sanction or approval
Permite C: a high-copper admix (lathe-cut plus spherical particle) amalgam
Perna: a genus of freshwater mussel in the family mytilidae, class bivalvia. it is found in tropical and warm temperate coastal waters. most species have green in their shells
Perna: rod sladkovodních mlžů čeledi mytilidae, třídy bivalvia. vyskytuje se v tropických a teplých pobřežních vodách. většina druhů má dozelena zbarvené lastury
Peromyscus: a genus of the subfamily sigmodontinae consisting of 49 species. two of these are widely used in medical research. they are p. leucopus, or the white-footed mouse, and p. maniculatus, or the deer mouse
Peroneal Nerve: the lateral of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. the peroneal (or fibular) nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to parts of the leg and foot
Peroneal Neuropathies: disease involving the common peroneal nerve or its branches, the deep and superficial peroneal nerves. lesions of the deep peroneal nerve are associated with paralysis of dorsiflexion of the ankle and toes and loss of sensation from the web space between the first and second toe. lesions of the superficial peroneal nerve result in weakness or paralysis of the peroneal muscles (which evert the foot) and loss of sensation over the dorsal and lateral surface of the leg. traumatic injury to the common peroneal nerve near the head of the fibula is a relatively common cause of this condition. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1995, ch51, p31)
Peronospora: a genus of oomycetes in the family peronosporaceae. most species are obligatory parasites and many are plant pathogens
Peronospora: rod oomycet čeledi peronosporaceae. většinou jsou obligátní paraziti a mnoho druhů je patogeny rostlin
Peroxidase: a hemeprotein from leukocytes. deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. it catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. ec 1.11.1.7
Peroxidasin: a peroxidase originally isolated from drosophila that catalyzes the oxidation of bromide by hydrogen peroxide and generates hypobromite as a reactive intermediate. its functions include a role in extracellular matrix assembly of collagen type iv; laminin; and fibronectin
Peroxides: a group of compounds that contain a bivalent o-o group, i.e., the oxygen atoms are univalent. they can either be inorganic or organic in nature. such compounds release atomic (nascent) oxygen readily. thus they are strong oxidizing agents and fire hazards when in contact with combustible materials, especially under high-temperature conditions. the chief industrial uses of peroxides are as oxidizing agents, bleaching agents, and initiators of polymerization. (from hawley's condensed chemical dictionary, 11th ed)
Peroxins: proteins that are essential for the assembly of peroxisomes. they recognize and transport cytoplasmic proteins that contain peroxisomal targeting signals (pts) to the peroxisome. mutations in peroxin (pex) genes are associated with several peroxisomal disorders
Peroxiredoxin III: a thioredoxin-dependent hydroperoxidase that is localized in the mitochondrial matrix. the enzyme plays a crucial role in protecting mitochondrial components from elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide
Peroxiredoxin VI: a peroxiredoxin that is a cytosolic bifunctional enzyme. it functions as a peroxiredoxin via a single redox-active cysteine and also contains a ca2+-independent acidic phospholipase a2 activity
Peroxiredoxins: a family of ubiquitously-expressed peroxidases that play a role in the reduction of a broad spectrum of peroxides like hydrogen peroxide; lipid peroxides and peroxinitrite. they are found in a wide range of organisms, such as bacteria; plants; and mammals. the enzyme requires the presence of a thiol-containing intermediate such as thioredoxin as a reducing cofactor
Peroxisomal Bifunctional Enzyme: a monomeric protein found in liver peroxisomes that contains two enzymatically active domains; an enoyl-coa hydratase/3,2-trans-enoyl-coa isomerase domain, and an (s)-3-hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase domain. the enzyme is stereospecific with regards to how cis and trans double bonds are metabolized. it is complemented by peroxisomal multifunctional protein-2, which has the opposite stereospecificity
Peroxisomal Biogenesis Factor 2: a multi-pass transmembrane protein that contains a c-terminal ring finger domain. it localizes to the peroxisome membrane and is essential for peroxisome biogenesis. mutations in the pex2 gene are associated with zellweger syndrome and infantile refsum disease
Peroxisomal Disorders: a heterogeneous group of inherited metabolic disorders marked by absent or dysfunctional peroxisomes. peroxisomal enzymatic abnormalities may be single or multiple. biosynthetic peroxisomal pathways are compromised, including the ability to synthesize ether lipids and to oxidize long-chain fatty acid precursors. diseases in this category include zellweger syndrome; infantile refsum disease; rhizomelic chondrodysplasia (chondrodysplasia punctata, rhizomelic); hyperpipecolic acidemia; neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy; and adrenoleukodystrophy (x-linked). neurologic dysfunction is a prominent feature of most peroxisomal disorders
Peroxisomal Multifunctional Protein-2: a dimeric protein found in liver peroxisomes that plays an important role in fatty acid metabolism and steroid metabolism. the dimer is formed by cleavage of a single protein precursor and contains an enoyl-coa hydratase-2 domain and a second domain that displays (s)-3-hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase and 17-beta-estradiol dehydrogenase activities. the enzyme is stereospecific with regards to arrangement of the substrate double bonds and position of the 3-hydroxy group of the reaction intermediate. it is complemented by peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme, which has the opposite reaction stereospecificity
Peroxisomal Targeting Signal 2 Receptor: a cytoplasmic receptor and peroxin that contains a series of wd40 repeats and binds to peroxisome targeting signal 2. it is essential for protein import into peroxisomes; mutations in the human pex7 gene are associated with peroxisomal disorders such as type 1 chondrodysplasia punctata, rhizomelic
Peroxisomal Targeting Signals: protein sorting signals that target proteins to peroxisomes
Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorder, Complementation Group 4: peroxisome biogenesis disorders cg4, cg6, and cgc share impaired pex6 function and pxaaa1 gene variation
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha: a transcriptional co-activator for nuclear receptors. it is characterized by an n-terminal lxxll sequence, a region that interacts with ppar gamma, and a c-terminal rna recognition motif. it increases expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein to regulate genes involved in metabolic reprogramming in response to dietary restriction and the integration of circadian rhythms with energy metabolism
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: transcription factors that are activated by ligands and heterodimerize with retinoid x receptors and bind to peroxisome proliferator response elements in the promoter regions of target genes
Peroxisome Proliferators: a class of nongenotoxic carcinogens that induce the production of hepatic peroxisomes and induce hepatic neoplasms after long-term administration
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders: the peroxisome biogenesis disorders (pbds) neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (nald) and infantile refsum disease (ird) represent the milder manifestations of the zellweger syndrome spectrum. most patients survive to adolesence and affected children experience hypotonia but are able to achieve developmental milestones. in addition, craniofacial features are similar to but less pronounced than in zellweger syndrome. patients also may experience seizures. and have renal cysts. in contrast to zs, they may also develop sensorineural hearing loss and retinitis pigmentosa. caused by mutations in the pex genes. omim: 601539
Peroxisome-Targeting Signal 1 Receptor: a cytoplasmic receptor and peroxin that contains a series of tetratricopeptide repeats and binds to peroxisome targeting signal 1 (skl-type). it is essential for protein import into peroxisomes; mutations in the pex5 gene are associated with peroxisomal disorders such as zellweger syndrome
Peroxisomes: microbodies which occur in animal and plant cells and in certain fungi and protozoa. they contain peroxidase, catalase, and allied enzymes. (from singleton and sainsbury, dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology, 2nd ed)
Peroxynitrous Acid: a potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, nitric oxide and the superoxide anion (superoxides)
Perphenazine: an antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of chlorpromazine
Persea: a plant genus in the lauraceae family. the tree, persea americana mill., is known for the avocado fruit, the food of commerce
Persea: rod rostlin čeledi lauraceae. plodem stromu persea americana mill. je hospodářsky významné avokádo
Persia: an ancient civilization, known as early as 2000 b.c. the persian empire was founded by cyrus the great (550-529 b.c.) and for 200 years, from 550 to 331 b.c., the persians ruled the ancient world from india to egypt. the territory west of india was called persis by the greeks who later called the entire empire persia. in 331 b.c. the persian wars against the greeks ended disastrously under the counterattacks by alexander the great. the name persia in modern times for the modern country was changed to iran in 1935. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p546 & asimov, words on the map, 1962, p176)
Persian Gulf Syndrome: unexplained symptoms reported by veterans of the persian gulf war with iraq in 1991. the symptoms reported include fatigue, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, headaches, loss of memory, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and extreme sensitivity to commonly occurring chemicals. (nature 1994 may 5;369(6475):8)
Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome: a syndrome of persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn infant (infant, newborn) without demonstrable heart diseases. this neonatal condition can be caused by severe pulmonary vasoconstriction (reactive type), hypertrophy of pulmonary arterial muscle (hypertrophic type), or abnormally developed pulmonary arterioles (hypoplastic type). the newborn patient exhibits cyanosis and acidosis due to the persistence of fetal circulatory pattern of right-to-left shunting of blood through a patent ductus arteriosus (ductus arteriosus, patent) and at times a patent foramen ovale (foramen ovale, patent)
Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous: a developmental ocular anomaly in which the primary vitreous body and its surrounding hyaloid vasculature failed to regress. it is usually unilateral and characterized by cataract; microphthalmos (small eyeballs), and retrolenticular fibrovascular tissue. (from yanoff: ophthalmology, 2nd ed.)
Persistent Infection: infection which lasts for a long period with continuous display of clinical features. persistent infection arises due to inability of host cells to clear primary infections completely. when persistent infections are cleared so that infection symptoms are under control they are often referred to as chronic infections. latent infections are infections in which manifestation of clinical symptoms appear later
Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava: finding of the superior vena cava on the left instead of the usual right side of the ascending aorta. in bilateral superior vena cava it is found on both sides
Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome: an autosomal recessive congenital abnormality where mullerian derivatives, uterus and tubes, persist in otherwise normally virilized males. mutations in the amh gene and amhr2 gene have been identified. omim: 261550
Persistent Organic Pollutants: toxic chemicals that persist for long periods of time in the environment and that contaminate ecosystems where they are released and where they are transported to by wind, water, and the food chain
Persistent Vegetative State: vegetative state refers to the neurocognitive status of individuals with severe brain damage, in whom physiologic functions (sleep-wake cycles, autonomic control, and breathing) persist, but awareness (including all cognitive function and emotion) is abolished
Person-Centered Psychotherapy: a nondirective psychotherapy approach originated by carl rogers. the goals of therapy are to promote the client's congruence, self awareness, and self acceptance. this approach views the client as naturally directed toward self actualization, and only needing facilitative conditions in order to promote this tendency
Personal Autonomy: self-directing freedom and especially moral independence. an ethical principle holds that the autonomy of persons ought to be respected. (bioethics thesaurus)
Personal Construct Theory: a psychological theory based on dimensions or categories used by a given person in describing or explaining the personality and behavior of others or of himself. the basic idea is that different people will use consistently different categories. the theory was formulated in the fifties by george kelly. two tests devised by him are the role construct repertory test and the repertory grid test. (from stuart sutherland, the international dictionary of psychology, 1989)
Personal Narrative: work consisting of accounts of individual experience in relation to a particular field or of participation in related activities
Personal Narratives as Topic: works about accounts of individual experience in relation to a particular field or of participation in related activities
Personal Protective Equipment: specialized clothing or equipment worn for protection against health hazards. personal protective equipment may include masks; respiratory protective devices; head protective devices; eye protective devices; ear protective devices; protective clothing; and protective footwear
Personal Satisfaction: the individual's experience of a sense of fulfillment of a need or want and the quality or state of being satisfied
Personal Trainers: fitness professionals who work with people to identify and achieve their personal fitness and health goals. they create exercise programs and motivate clients through feedback and accountability
Personality Assessment: the determination and evaluation of personality attributes by interviews, observations, tests, or scales. articles concerning personality measurement are considered to be within scope of this term
Personality Inventory: check list, usually to be filled out by a person about himself, consisting of many statements about personal characteristics which the subject checks
Personally Identifiable Information: information that can be used to distinguish or trace an individual's identity, either alone or when combined with other personal or identifying information that is linked or linkable to a specific individual
Personhood: the state or condition of being a human individual accorded moral and/or legal rights. criteria to be used to determine this status are subject to debate, and range from the requirement of simply being a human organism to such requirements as that the individual be self-aware and capable of rational thought and moral agency
Personnel Delegation: to entrust to the care or management of another, to transfer or to assign tasks within an organizational or administrative unit or structure
Personnel Staffing and Scheduling Information Systems: computer-based systems for use in personnel management in a facility, e.g., distribution of caregivers with relation to patient needs
Persons: persons as individuals (e.g., abortion applicants) or as members of a group (e.g., hispanic americans). it is not used for members of the various professions (e.g., physicians) or occupations (e.g., librarians) for which occupational groups is available
Persons with Disabilities: persons with physical or mental disabilities that affect or limit their activities of daily living and that may require special accommodations
Persons with Hearing Disabilities: persons with any degree of loss of hearing that has an impact on their activities of daily living or that requires special assistance or intervention
Persons with Intellectual Disabilities: persons diagnosed as having significantly lower than average intelligence and considerable problems in adapting to everyday life or lacking independence in regard to activities of daily living
Persons with Psychiatric Disorders: persons with psychiatric illnesses or diseases, particularly psychotic and severe mood disorders
Persons with Visual Disabilities: persons with loss of vision such that there is an impact on activities of daily living
Persuasive Communication: a mode of communication concerned with inducing or urging the adoption of certain beliefs, theories, or lines of action by others