NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Safety: freedom from exposure to danger and protection from the occurrence or risk of injury or loss. it suggests optimal precautions in the workplace, on the street, in the home, etc., and includes personal safety as well as the safety of property
Safety Management: the development of systems to prevent accidents, injuries, and other adverse occurrences in an institutional setting. the concept includes prevention or reduction of adverse events or incidents involving employees, patients, or facilities. examples include plans to reduce injuries from falls or plans for fire safety to promote a safe institutional environment
Safety-Based Drug Withdrawals: removal of a drug from the market due to the identification of an intrinsic property of the drug that results in a serious risk to public health
Safety-Based Medical Device Withdrawals: removal of a medical device from the market due to the identification of an intrinsic property of the device that results in a serious risk to public health
Safety-net Providers: providers that by mandate or mission organize and deliver a significant level of health care and other health-related services to the uninsured, medicaid recipients, and other vulnerable patients
Safflower Oil: an oily liquid extracted from the seeds of the safflower, carthamus tinctorius. it is used as a dietary supplement in the management of hypercholesterolemia. it is used also in cooking, as a salad oil, and as a vehicle for medicines, paints, varnishes, etc. (dorland, 28th ed & random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Safrole: a member of the benzodioxoles that is a constituent of several volatile oils, notably sassafras oil. it is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide piperonyl butoxide and the drug n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (mdma)
Sagittal Abdominal Diameter: the height of the abdomen as measured in the supine position
Sagittal Sinus Thrombosis: formation or presence of a blood clot (thrombus) in the superior sagittal sinus or the inferior sagittal sinus. sagittal sinus thrombosis can result from infections, hematological disorders, craniocerebral trauma; and neurosurgical procedures. clinical features are primarily related to the increased intracranial pressure causing headache; nausea; and vomiting. severe cases can evolve to seizures or coma
Sagittaria: a plant genus of the family alismataceae that grows in salty marshes and is used for phytoremediation of oil spills. the unisexual flowers have 3 sepals and 3 petals. members contain trifoliones (diterpenes)
Sagittaria: rod rostlin čeledi alismataceae, který roste ve vodách, bažinách a na slaniskách. může se využít pro fytoremediaci ropných skvrn. jednopohlavné květy mají tři kališní a tři korunní lístky. zástupci obsahují trifoliony (diterpeny)
Saguinus: a genus in the subfamily callitrichinae consisting of 12 species and found in panama as well as south america. species seen most frequently in the literature are s. oedipus (cotton-top marmoset), s. nigricollis, and s. fusicollis
Saguinus: rod ploskonosých opic podčeledi callitrichinae (kosmani), které žijí v lesích panamy a jižní ameriky. zahrnuje 12 druhů, nejčastěji se vyskytuje s. oedipus, s. nigricollis a s. fusicollis
Saimiri: a genus of the family cebidae consisting of four species: s. boliviensis, s. orstedii (red-backed squirrel monkey), s. sciureus (common squirrel monkey), and s. ustus. they inhabit tropical rain forests in central and south america. s. sciureus is used extensively in research studies
Saimiri: rod opic čeledi cebidae (malpovití) žijící v pralesích střední a jižní ameriky. zahrnuje čtyři druhy: s. boliviensis (kotul amazonský), s. orstedii (kotul rudohřbetý), s. sciureus (kotul veverovitý) a s. ustus (kotul nahouchý). kotul veverovitý se často používá ve výzkumných studiích
Saimiriinae: podčeleď opic čeledi cebidae (malpovití), žijící v pralesích střední a jižní ameriky. patří sem jen jeden rod - kotul (saimiri)
Saimirinae: a subfamily of cebidae inhabiting the forests of central and south america. this subfamily of new world monkeys consists of one genus, the saimiri or squirrel monkeys
Saint John's wort extract: herbal preparation and extracts made from hypericum including saint john's wort. contains hypericin; hyperforin and pseudohypericin
Saint Kitts and Nevis: an independent federation of the leeward islands in the west indies, consisting of saint christopher, nevis, and sombrero. its capital is basseterre. it was discovered by columbus in 1493, settled by the british in 1625, the first of the leeward islands to be colonized by them. it was held jointly by the french and english 1628-1713, but returned to great britain by the treaty of utrecht in 1713. it was held by the french 1782-83. under the british for the next 200 years, it gained its independence in 1983. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p1045; embassy, telephone 202-686-2636)
Saint Lucia: an independent state in the west indies. its capital is castries. it was probably discovered by columbus in 1502 and first settled by the english in 1605. contended for by the french and english in the 17th century, it was regarded as neutral in 1748 but changed hands many times in the wars of the 19th century. it became a self-governing state in association with great britain in 1967 and achieved independence in 1979. columbus named it for the day on which he discovered it, the feast of st. lucy, a sicilian virgin martyr. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p1051 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p477)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: a self-governing state of the windward islands in the west indies, comprising saint vincent and the northern islets of the grenadines. its capital is kingstown. it is one of the original homes of the carib indians supposed to have been sighted by columbus in 1498. it was in english hands from 1627 till held by the french 1779-83. saint vincent subsequently became a british possession and, with other nearby british territories, was administered by the governor of the windward islands till 1959. it attained a measure of independence in 1969 but achieved full independence as saint vincent and the grenadines in 1979. saint vincent was the 4th century spanish martyr on whose feast day columbus discovered the island. grenadines is derived from the spanish kingdom of granada. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p1054 & the europa world year book 1993, p2441)
Saints: persons officially recognized or acknowledged as pre-eminent for consecration, holiness, and piety, especially through canonization by a branch of the christian church. (from webster, 3d ed)
Salacia: a plant genus of the family celastraceae. members contain friedelane-type triterpenes and sesquiterpenes, eudesmane
Salacia: rod rostlin čeledi celastraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují triterpeny friedelanového typu a eudesmanové seskviterpeny
Salads: a prepared mixture of cooked and/or raw vegetables, fruit, or other foods, garnished with a dressing condiment, and eaten as a meal or side dish
Salamandra: a genus of european newts in the salamandridae family. the two species of this genus are salamandra salamandra (european fire salamander) and salamandra atra (european alpine salamander)
Salamandra: rod evropských mloků čeledi salamandridae. zahrnuje druhy: salamandra salamandra (mlok skvrnitý) a salamandra atra (mlok černý)
Salamandridae: a family of caudata consisting of 15 living genera and about 42 species and occurring in north america, europe, asia, and north africa
Salamandridae: čeleď řádu urodela zahrnující 15 žijících rodů a asi 42 druhů, které se vyskytují v severní americe, evropě, asii a severní africe
Salicaceae: a plant family of the order malpighiales, superorder rosanae, class magnoliopsida. the leaves are alternate and simple, and staminate (male) flowers consist of one to several stamens; pistillate (female) flowers consist of a single-chambered ovary with several ovules that produce silky seeds
Salicaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu malpígiotvaré (malpighiales). stálezelené nebo opadavé stromy a keře se střídavými jednoduchými listy s palisty. květy jsou jedno nebo oboupohlavné, pravidelné. plodem je tobolka, bobule nebo peckovice. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Salicylanilides: 2-hydroxy-n-phenylbenzamides. n-phenyl substituted salicylamides. derivatives have been used as fungicides, anti-mildew agents and topical antifungal agents. in concentrated form may cause irritation of skin and mucous membranes
Salicylates: the salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis
Salicylic Acid: a compound obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves. it has bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and keratolytic actions
Saline Solution: a crystalloid solution that contains 9.0g of sodium chloride per liter of water. it has a variety of uses, including: as a contact lens solution, in ophthalmic solutions and nasal lavage, in wound irrigation, and for fluid therapy
Saline Solution, Hypertonic: hypertonic sodium chloride solution. a solution having an osmotic pressure greater than that of physiologic salt solution (0.9 g nacl in 100 ml purified water)
Saline Waters: water from natural sources which contain significant concentrations of dissolved salts such as sodium chloride
Salinity: degree of saltiness, which is largely the osmolar concentration of sodium chloride plus any other salts present. it is an ecological factor of considerable importance, influencing the types of organisms that live in an environment
Saliva: the clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. it contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin
Saliva, Artificial: a solution used for irrigating the mouth in xerostomia and as a substitute for saliva
Salivary Calculi: the presence of calculi in a salivary duct or gland
Salivary Cystatins: a group of closely-related cystatins found in saliva
Salivary Duct Calculi: presence of small calculi in the terminal salivary ducts (salivary sand), or stones (larger calculi) found in the larger ducts
Salivary Ducts: any of the ducts which transport saliva. salivary ducts include the parotid duct, the major and minor sublingual ducts, and the submandibular duct
Salivary Elimination: the discharge of substances from the blood supply via diffusion into the saliva from the oral mucosa or from the salivary glands
Salivary Gland Adenoma, Pleomorphic: the most common tumor of the human parotid gland. it is a benign, slow-growing tumor, but local recurrences are observed. it can be caused by t(3;8)(p21;q12) translocations that result in a fusion between pleomorphic adenoma gene-1 (plag1) and the beta-1-catenin gene (ctnnb1) and the tcea1 gene. omim: 181030
Salivary Gland Calculi: calculi occurring in a salivary gland. most salivary gland calculi occur in the submandibular gland, but can also occur in the parotid gland and in the sublingual and minor salivary glands
Salivary Gland Fistula: a fistula between a salivary duct or gland and the cutaneous surface of the oral cavity
Salivary Gland Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the salivary glands
Salivary Glands: glands that secrete saliva in the mouth. there are three pairs of salivary glands (parotid gland; sublingual gland; submandibular gland)
Salivary Glands, Minor: accessory salivary glands located in the lip, cheek, tongue, floor of mouth, palate and intramaxillary
Salivary Proline-Rich Proteins: a family of proline-rich proteins that constitute the majority of the protein component of saliva. salivary proline-rich proteins occur as acidic, basic and glycosylated basic proteins. they perform a variety of functions such as adhering to the acquired enamel pellicle, acting as lubricants and precipitating tannins
Salivary Proteins and Peptides: proteins and peptides found in saliva and the salivary glands. some salivary proteins such as alpha-amylases are enzymes, but their composition varies in different individuals
Salivary alpha-Amylases: a subclass of alpha-amylase isoenzymes that are secreted into saliva
Salivation: the discharge of saliva from the salivary glands that keeps the mouth tissues moist and aids in digestion
Salix: a plant genus of the family salicaceae. members contain salicin, which yields salicylic acid
Salix: rod rostlin čeledi salicaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují salicin. z tohoto glykosidu lze vyrobit kyselinu salicylovou
Salmeterol Xinafoate: a selective adrenergic beta-2 receptor agonist that functions as a bronchodilator when administered by inhalation. it is used to manage the symptoms of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Salmo salar: a commercially important species of salmon in the family salmonidae, order salmoniformes, which occurs in the north atlantic
Salmo salar: komerčně důležitý druh lososa čeledi salmonidae (lososovití), který se vyskytuje v severním atlantickém oceánu
Salmon: fish of the genera oncorhynchus and salmo in the family salmonidae. they are anadromous game fish, frequenting the coastal waters of both the north atlantic and pacific. they are known for their gameness as a sport fish and for the quality of their flesh as a table fish. (webster, 3d ed)
Salmonella: a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. it is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility
Salmonella: rod gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které jako jediný zdroj uhlíku využívají kyselinu citronovou. jsou patogeny člověka, způsobují břišní tyfus, gastroenteritidu a bakteriemii. nejčastější klinickou manifestací je alimentární infekce. zástupci tohoto rodu se rozlišují podle antigenních charakteristik, fermentace sacharidů a na základě citlivosti k určité skupině bakteriofágů
Salmonella Food Poisoning: poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of salmonella. conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply
Salmonella Phages: viruses whose host is salmonella. a frequently encountered salmonella phage is bacteriophage p22
Salmonella Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with salmonella. this includes vaccines used to prevent typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever; (typhoid-paratyphoid vaccines), and vaccines used to prevent nontyphoid salmonellosis
Salmonella arizonae: druh gramnegativní, tyčinkovité bakterie, která je široce rozšířená u gekonovitých a u hadů. podílí se na infekcích střev, kostí a kloubů člověka
Salmonella arizonae: gram-negative rods widely distributed in lizards and snakes, and implicated in enteric, bone (bone diseases), and joint infections (joint diseases) in humans
Salmonella enterica: a subgenus of salmonella containing several medically important serotypes. the habitat for the majority of strains is warm-blooded animals
Salmonella enterica: druh bakterie rodu salmonella, který zahrnuje několik lékařsky významných sérotypů. většina kmenů žije v teplokrevných živočiších
Salmonella enteritidis: a serotype of salmonella enterica which is an etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in man and other animals
Salmonella enteritidis: sérotyp druhu salmonella enterica, který je původcem gastroenteritidy člověka a dalších živočichů
Salmonella paratyphi A: a serotype of salmonella enterica that causes mild paratyphoid fever in humans
Salmonella paratyphi A: sérotyp druhu salmonella enterica, který je původcem mírné formy paratyfu člověka
Salmonella paratyphi B: a serotype of salmonella enterica which is an agent of paratyphoid fever in humans
Salmonella paratyphi B: sérotyp druhu salmonella enterica, který je původcem paratyfu člověka
Salmonella paratyphi C: a serotype of salmonella enterica which is an agent of paratyphoid fever in asia, africa, and southern europe
Salmonella paratyphi C: sérotyp druhu salmonella enterica, který je původcem paratyfu v asii, africe a v jižní evropě
Salmonella typhi: a serotype of salmonella enterica which is the etiologic agent of typhoid fever
Salmonella typhi: sérotyp druhu salmonella enterica, který je původcem tyfu
Salmonella typhimurium: a serotype of salmonella enterica that is a frequent agent of salmonella gastroenteritis in humans. it also causes paratyphoid fever
Salmonella typhimurium: sérotyp druhu salmonella enterica, který je častým původcem salmonelové gastroenteritidy člověka a také způsobuje paratyfus
Salmonidae: a family of anadromous fish comprising salmon; trout; whitefish; and graylings. they are the most important food and game fishes. their habitat is the northern atlantic and pacific, both marine and inland, and the great lakes. (nelson: fishes of the world, 1976, p97)
Salmonidae: čeleď anadromních, tažných ryb, kam patří např. losos, pstruh, síh a lipan. mají velký význam jako zdroj potravy i v oblasti sportovního rybaření. vyskytují se v severním atlantiku a pacifiku a v řekách, které do nich ústí
Salmoniformes: an order of fish comprising salmons, trouts, whitefish, graylings, and other families. they are both marine and freshwater fish, found in all oceans and are quite numerous in the northern hemisphere. (from nelson: fishes of the world)
Salmoniformes: řád ryb s jedinou žijící čeledí salmonidae (lososovití), kam patří např. losos, pstruh, síh a lipan. jsou anadromní (za účelem rozmnožování migrují z mořské vody do sladké), žijí ve všech oceánech s největším výskytem na severní polokouli
Salpingitis: inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped fallopian tubes, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy, ectopic)
Salpingo-oophorectomy: combined surgical resection of the fallopian tube and the ovary
Salsola: a plant genus of the family chenopodiaceae. the extract may be called lochein. tumbleweed may occasionally refer to amaranthus
Salsola: rod rostlin podčeledi salsoloideae, čeledi amaranthaceae. ze slanobýlu chlumního se připravuje extrakt lochein, používaný v tradičním lékařství
Salsoline Alkaloids: tetrahydroisoquinolinol alkaloids in both dextro and levo forms, originally found in salsola plants
Salt Gland: a compound tubular gland, located around the eyes and nasal passages in marine animals and birds, the physiology of which figures in water-electrolyte balance. the pekin duck serves as a common research animal in salt gland studies. a rectal gland or rectal salt gland in the dogfish shark is attached at the junction of the intestine and cloaca and aids the kidneys in removing excess salts from the blood. (storer, usinger, stebbins & nybakken: general zoology, 6th ed, p658)
Salt Stress: the condition that results from ion toxicity due to ion imbalances (e.g., excessive na+ and deficiency in mg++)
Salt Tolerance: the ability of organisms to sense and adapt to high concentrations of salt in their growth environment
Salt-Tolerant Plants: plants that can grow well in soils that have a high salinity
Salts: substances produced from the reaction between acids and bases; compounds consisting of a metal (positive) and nonmetal (negative) radical. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Salvador: země ve střední americe, hraničí na severu s tichým oceánem, jeho sousedy jsou guatemala a honduras. hlavním městem je san salvador
Salvadoraceae: a plant family of the order celastrales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida, a small family growing in the tropics. members contain piperidine alkaloids and glucosinolates
Salvadoraceae: nevelká čeleď tropických suchomilných rostlin z řádu brassicales (brukvotvarých). zástupci obsahují piperidinové alkaloidy a glukosinoláty
Salvage Therapy: a therapeutic approach, involving chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery, after initial regimens have failed to lead to improvement in a patient's condition. salvage therapy is most often used for neoplastic diseases
Salvia hispanica: a plant species of the salvia genus known for its seeds which are used in foods and supplements. common name chia sometimes includes salvia columbariae
Salvia hispanica: bylina z čeledi hluchavkovitých, pocházející z horských oblastí střední ameriky. je pěstována pro jedlá semínka zvaná chia. v kalifornii roste příbuzná rostlina salvia columbariae, jejíž semínka jsou známa jako "zlatá chia". (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Salvia miltiorrhiza: a plant species which is known as an oriental traditional medicinal plant
Salvia officinalis: a plant species of the salvia genus known as a spice and medicinal plant
Samarium: an element of the rare earth family of metals. it has the atomic symbol sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. the oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors
Sambucus: a plant genus in the family caprifoliaceae known for elderberries
Sambucus nigra: a plant species in the genus sambucus, known for the elderberry fruit. the plant is also a source of sambucus nigra lectins and ribosome-inactivating protein
Sammartino De Crecchio Syndrome: superficial annular corneal dystrophy, ichthyosis nigrans, microcephaly and mild mental subnormality
Samoa: a group of islands in the southwest central pacific, divided into american samoa and the independent state of samoa (western samoa). first european contact was made in 1722 by jacob roggeveen, a dutchman. in 1768 they were named navigators islands by louis de bougainville. the present name may derive from that of a local chieftain or from a local word meaning place of the moa, a now-extinct island bird. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p1061 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p481)
Samoa: samoa (dříve západní samoa) je stát v západní části samojských ostrovů v polynésii (ve východní části souostroví se nachází americká samoa). hlavní město je apia. oblast dnešní samoy byla osídlena polynésany v 10.-7. století př. n. l. roku 1722 ostrovy objevili nizozemští a francouzští mořeplavci (nazvali je plavecké ostrovy). první kolonisté však byli britové. v roce 1899 si německo a usa rozdělily sféry vlivu, samojské ostrovy byly rozděleny 171. poledníkem. západní část byla spravována německem (později novým zélandem), východní usa. 1. ledna 1962 byla vyhlášena nezávislost. východní část zůstala nadále pod správou usa jako americká samoa. v roce 1997 země ze svého oficiálního názvu vypustila označení západní. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Sample Size: the number of units (persons, animals, patients, specified circumstances, etc.) in a population to be studied. the sample size should be big enough to have a high likelihood of detecting a true difference between two groups. (from wassertheil-smoller, biostatistics and epidemiology, 1990, p95)
Sampling Studies: studies in which a number of subjects are selected from all subjects in a defined population. conclusions based on sample results may be attributed only to the population sampled
Samson Viljoen syndrome: lateral facial cleft, cleft lip and palate, anophthalmia, microtia, clavicular agenesis and asternia
San Marino: malý jihoevropský stát ze všech stran obklopený itálií. úředním jazykem je také italština. leží v italském vnitrozemí, nedaleko turistického centra rimini. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
San Splint: synthetic 1,4-polyisoprene; isomer of natural rubber molecule; material used in orthotic devices
Sand: a hard granular material that is a component of soil. it is composed of very small pieces (between 0.06 and 2.0 millimeters in diameter) of disintegrating rock
Sandfly fever Naples virus: a species in the genus phlebovirus causing phlebotomus fever, an influenza-like illness. related serotypes include toscana virus and tehran virus
Sandhoff Disease: an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an accumulation of g(m2) ganglioside in neurons and other tissues. it is caused by mutation in the common beta subunit of hexosaminidase a and hexosaminidase b. thus this disease is also known as the o variant since both hexosaminidase a and b are missing. clinically, it is indistinguishable from tay-sachs disease
Sandhoffova nemoc: hereditární onemocnění postihující metabolismus lipidů, spočívající v deficitu obou izoenzymů b-hexosaminidázy (a i b). dědičnost je autozomálně recesivní (lokus 5q11). infantilní typ imituje tayovu-sachsovu nemoc, s tím, že zde je vždy přítomna hepatosplenomegalie. juvenilní typ se manifestuje v první dekádě života ataxií, dysartrií a mentálním zaostáváním. prognóza obou forem je infaustní. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Sanguinaria: a plant genus of the family papaveraceae, a species of which is the source of sanguinarine extract used in mouthwashes
Sanguinaria: rod rostlin čeledi papaveraceae. extrakt z krevnice kanadské je součástí zubních past a ústních vod
Sanguisorba: a plant genus of the family rosaceae. members contain sanguiin
Sanguisorba: rod rostlin čeledi rosaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují sanguiin
Sanicula: a plant genus of the family apiaceae. commonly called snakeroot but that name is used for many other plants such as asarum; aristolochia; and polygala
Sanitary Engineering: a branch of engineering concerned with the design, construction, and maintenance of environmental facilities conducive to public health, such as water supply and waste disposal
Sanitary Surveys, Water Supply: review of public systems to assess their capability to supply safe drinking water. (from: https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/sanitary-surveys)
Sanonic SS-90: a nonionic surfactant, sanonic ss-90 (polyoxyethylene alkyl ether) which is one of polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactants
Sansevieria: a plant genus of the family asparagaceae that contains steroidal saponins
Sansevieria: rod rostlin čeledi asparagaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují steroidní saponiny
Santalaceae: a plant family of the order santalales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida. they are parasites that form connections (haustoria) to their hosts to obtain water and nutrients. the one-seeded fruit may be surrounded by a brightly colored nut-like structure
Santalaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu santálotvaré (santalales). santálovité jsou poloparazitické keře, stromy a byliny, připojující se kořenovými útvary nazývanými haustoria ke kořenům nebo kmenům a větvím hostitelských rostlin. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Santalaceae, Loranthaceae: parazitické rostliny řádu santalales (santálotvaré). patří sem čeledi viscaceae, loranthaceae a eremolepidaceae. obsah toxinů, lektinů, tyraminu, fenethylaminu a dalších sloučenin může být ovlivněný hostitelskou rostlinou
Santalum: a plant genus of the family santalaceae which is the source of sandalwood oil
Santalum: rod rostlin čeledi santalaceae. ze santalového dřeva se získává santalový olej
Santonin: anthelmintic isolated from the dried unexpanded flower heads of artemisia maritima and other species of artemisia found principally in russian and chinese turkestan and the southern ural region. (from merck, 11th ed.)
Santos Mateus Leal syndrome: hirschsprung disease associated with polydactyly, unilateral renal agenesis, hypertelorism, and congenital deafness
Sanwet IM-5000-SG: a commercially available superabsorbent polymer from hoechst, used in the concentration of bovine serum albumin (bsa)
Sao Tome and Principe: islands in the gulf of guinea, just north of the equator, and west of gabon
Sapajus: a genus of the family cebidae, subfamily cebinae, consisting of capuchin monkeys with characteristic tufts of hair over the eyes and sides of the head. many were formerly classified under genus cebus. sapajus inhabits the forests of central and south america
Sapajus: rod ploskonosých opic čeledi cebidae (malpovití), podčeledi cebinae (malpy). rod sapajus se od rodu cebus (kam jsou řazeny zbylé malpy) odlišuje například kratšími končetinami, korunou chlupů na hlavě a přítomností vousů u samců. jeho zástupci žijí v pralesích střední a jižní ameriky. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Sapajus apella: a species of the genus sapajus, subfamily cebinae, family cebidae, consisting of tufted capuchin monkeys with characteristic black head cap and sideburn coloration with tufts of dark fur above the ears. s. apella was known as cebus apella and c. a. apella
Sapajus apella: ploskonosá opice z čeledi malpovitých (cebidae). vyskytuje se v amazonii a přilehlých regionech. žije v různých lesních biotopech. zbarvení je hnědavě šedé se světlejším břichem, končetiny jsou černé. čelo porůstají dlouhé tvrdé vlasy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Sapindaceae: the soapberry plant family of the order sapindales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida. some members contain saponins
Sapindaceae: čeleď mýdelníkovité patří do řádu sapindales (mýdelníkotvaré) a třídy vyšších dvouděložných rostlin (rosopsida). někteří zástupci obsahují saponiny
Sapindus: rod rostlin z čeledi sapindaceae (mýdelníkovité), obsahuje saponiny
Sapium: a plant genus of the family euphorbiaceae that contains bukittinggine and phorbol esters
Sapium: rod rostlin čeledi euphorbiaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují bukittinggin a forbolové estery
Sapogenins: the aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. it may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature
Saponaria: a plant species of the family caryophyllaceae. it is a source of saponins. the common name soapwort is also used with vaccaria. the common name of bouncing bet is occasionally used with viola
Saponins: a type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycone moiety, and a sugar. the sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose
Saporins: type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins derived from saponaria officinalis that function through endohydrolysis of the n-glycosidic bond at single adenosine residues of 28s ribosomal rna. they are used as immunotoxins
Saposins: a group of four homologous sphingolipid activator proteins that are formed from proteolytic cleavage of a common protein precursor molecule referred to as prosaposin
Sapotaceae: a plant family of the order ebenales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida that are tropical trees which have elongate latex cells. several members bear sweet edible fruits and produce triterpenoid saponins
Sapotaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin řádu ericales, třídy rosopsida. cronquist i dahlgren ji řadili do řádu ebenales. jsou to většinou stromy nížinných tropických deštných pralesů celého světa, které mají tzv. latexové buňky. zapotovité jsou ekonomicky důležité především dřevem, jedlými plody, olejem ze semen a latexem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Sapovirus: a genus of the family caliciviridae associated with worldwide sporadic outbreaks of gastroenteritis in humans. the first recorded outbreak was in human infants in sapporo, japan in 1977. the genus is comprised of a single species, sapporo virus, containing multiple strains
Sapovirus: rod virů čeledi caliciviridae, které způsobují sporadické epidemie gastroenteritidy u lidí. první výskyt byl zaznamenán v roce 1977 u kojenců v japonském městě sapporo. patří sem jediný druh, virus sapporo, s četnými kmeny
Saprolegnia: a genus of oomycetes in the family saprolegniaceae. it is a parasite and pathogen of freshwater fishes
Saprolegnia: rod oomycet z čeledi saprolegniaceae. je to parazit a patogen sladkovodních ryb
Saquinavir: an hiv protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an hiv protease cleavage site. it is a highly specific inhibitor of hiv-1 and hiv-2 proteases, and also inhibits cytochrome p-450 cyp3a
Saralasin: an octapeptide analog of angiotensin ii (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. it is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin ii that is used in the diagnosis of hypertension
Saran: rn given is for saran 683, a copolymer of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride
Sarcina: a genus of gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria whose organisms divide in three perpendicular planes and occur in packets of eight or more cells. it has been isolated from soil, grains, and clinical specimens
Sarcina: rod grampozitivních, anaerobních, kokoidních bakterií. sarciny se dělí ve třech na sebe kolmých rovinách a tvoří kolonie o osmi a více buňkách. vyskytují se v půdě, obilovinách a klinickém materiálu
Sarcocystidae: a family of parasitic organisms in the order eimeriidae. they form tissue-cysts in their intermediate hosts, ultimately leading to pathogenesis in the final hosts that includes various mammals (including humans) and birds. the most important genera include neospora; sarcocystis; and toxoplasma
Sarcocystidae: čeleď parazitických prvoků řádu eimeriidae. tvoří asexuální stadia ve tkáních svých mezihostitelů, kde čekají na definitivního hostitele. v těle definitivního hostitele dochází k jejich rozmnožování. jsou parazity různých savců (včetně člověka) a ptáků. k nejvýznamnějším rodům patří neospora, sarcocystis a toxoplasma
Sarcocystis: a genus of protozoa found in reptiles, birds, and mammals, including humans. this heteroxenous parasite produces muscle cysts in intermediate hosts such as domestic herbivores (cattle, sheep, pigs) and rodents. final hosts are predators such as dogs, cats, and man
Sarcocystis: rod prvoků infikujících plazy, ptáky a savce včetně člověka. tento heteroxenní parazit tvoří cysty ve svalovině mezihostitelů, např. domácích býložravců (dobytek, ovce, prasata) a hlodavců. konečnými hostiteli jsou dravci, jako např. psi, kočky a člověk
Sarcocystosis: infection of the striated muscle of mammals by parasites of the genus sarcocystis. disease symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, and paralysis are produced by sarcocystin, a toxin produced by the organism
Sarcoglycanopathies: deficiencies or mutations in the genes for the sarcoglycan complex subunits. a variety of phenotypes are associated with these mutations including a subgroup of autosomal recessive limb girdle muscular dystrophies, cardiomyopathies, and respiratory deficiency
Sarcoglycans: a family of transmembrane dystrophin-associated proteins that play a role in the membrane association of the dystrophin-associated protein complex
Sarcoidosis: an idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. it usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary: sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. the clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (cecil textbook of medicine, 19th ed, p431)
Sarcolemma: the excitable plasma membrane of a muscle cell. (glick, glossary of biochemistry and molecular biology, 1990)
Sarcoma: a connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant
Sarcoma Virus, Woolly Monkey: a species of gammaretrovirus producing tumors in primates. originally isolated from a fibrosarcoma in a woolly monkey, wmsv is a replication-defective v-onc virus which carries the sis oncogene. in order to propagate, wmsv requires a replication-competent helper virus
Sarcoma Viruses, Feline: species of gammaretrovirus isolated from fibrosarcoma in cats. the viruses are actually recombinant feline leukemia viruses (felv) where part of the genome has been replaced by cellular oncogenes. it is unique to individuals and not transmitted naturally to other cats. fesvs are replication defective and require felv to reproduce
Sarcoma Viruses, Murine: a group of replication-defective viruses, in the genus gammaretrovirus, which are capable of transforming cells, but which replicate and produce tumors only in the presence of murine leukemia viruses (leukemia virus, murine)
Sarcoma, Alveolar Soft Part: a variety of rare sarcoma having a reticulated fibrous stroma enclosing groups of sarcoma cells, which resemble epithelial cells and are enclosed in alveoli walled with connective tissue. it is a rare tumor, usually occurring between 15 and 35 years of age. it appears in the muscles of the extremities in adults and most commonly in the head and neck regions of children. though slow-growing, it commonly metastasizes to the lungs, brain, bones, and lymph nodes. (devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 3d ed, p1365)
Sarcoma, Avian: connective tissue tumors, affecting primarily fowl, that are usually caused by avian sarcoma viruses
Sarcoma, Clear Cell: a sarcoma of young adults occurring in the lower extremities and acral regions. it is found intimately bound to tendons as a circumscribed but unencapsulated melanin-bearing tumor of neuroectodermal origin. clear cell sarcoma is associated with a specific t(12;22)(q13;q12) translocation
Sarcoma, Endometrial Stromal: a highly malignant subset of neoplasms arising from the endometrial stroma. tumors in this group infiltrate the stroma with a wide range of atypia cells and numerous mitoses. they are capable of widespread metastases (neoplasm metastasis)
Sarcoma, Ewing: a malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. the tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females
Sarcoma, Experimental: experimentally induced neoplasms of connective tissue in animals to provide a model for studying human sarcoma
Sarcoma, Kaposi: a multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. the tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in jewish and italian males in europe and the united states. an aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of africa. a third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. there is also a high incidence in aids patients. (from dorland, 27th ed & holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) hhv-8 is the suspected cause
Sarcoma, Myeloid: an extramedullary tumor of immature myeloid cells or myeloblasts. granulocytic sarcoma usually occurs with or follows the onset of acute myeloid leukemia
Sarcoma, Small Cell: a sarcoma characterized by the presence of small cells, cells measuring 9-14 micrometers with a faint or indistinct rim of cytoplasm and an oval-to-elongated nucleus with relatively dense chromatin. (from segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Sarcoma, Synovial: a malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. the legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. there are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). these sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (from dorland, 27th ed; devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 3d ed, p1363)
Sarcomeres: the repeating contractile units of the myofibril, delimited by z bands along its length
Sarcopenia: progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles
Sarcophagidae: family of flies in the order diptera, commonly known as flesh flies. they lay their eggs in dead or decaying matter or open wounds
Sarcophagidae: čeleď much řádu diptera (dvoukřídlí) známých jako masařky. kladou své larvy do hnijícího masa nebo otevřených ran živočichů
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: a network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle fibers that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases: calcium-transporting atpases that catalyze the active transport of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles from the cytoplasm. they are primarily found in muscle cells and play a role in the relaxation of muscles
Sarcoptes scabiei: a species of mite that causes scabies in humans and sarcoptic mange in other animals. specific variants of s. scabiei exist for humans and animals, but many have the ability to cross species and cause disease
Sarcoptes scabiei: parazitický roztoč, který způsobuje onemocnění zvané svrab (sarkaptóza, lid. prašivina). jedná se o ektoparazita z čeledi zákožkovitých (sarcoptidae), který žije ve svrchních vrstvách kůže, kde si vrtá chodbičky způsobující svědění. s. scabiei parazituje u lidí a asi 47 dalších savců ze sedmi různých řádů po celém světě. z domácích zvířat se vyskytuje nejčastěji u psů a prasat. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Sarcoptidae: family of mites, in the superfamily sarcoptoidea, order astigmata. they are slow moving, obligate parasites that infect mammals and birds. the species sarcoptes scabiei causes scabies
Sarcoptidae: čeleď zákožkovití (sarcoptidae) zahrnuje roztoče parazitující v kůži zvířat a člověka. druh s. scabiei (zákožka svrabová) způsobuje u lidí svědivé onemocnění zvané svrab. na člověka je přenosný i druh s. canis a n. cati. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Sarcosine Dehydrogenase: a liver mitochondrial matrix flavoenzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of sarcosine to glycine and formaldehyde. mutation in the enzyme causes sarcosinemia, a rare autosomal metabolic defect characterized by elevated levels of sarcosine in blood and urine
Sarcosine Oxidase: a flavoprotein, this enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of sarcosine to glycine; formaldehyde; and hydrogen peroxide (h2o2)
Sargassum: jeden z největších rodů hnědých řas s více než 150 druhy. roste v tropických, subtropických a mírných mořích celého světa. některé druhy jsou přisedlé (bentické), ale většina roste volně v povrchových vodách (pelagické druhy). tyto řasy mají klíčovou roli při vytváření biotopů pro stovky druhů ryb, želv a bezobratlých živočichů
Sargassum: one of the largest genera of brown algae, comprised of more than 150 species found in tropical, subtropical, and temperate zones of both hemispheres. some species are attached (benthic) but most float in the open sea (pelagic). sargassum provides a critical habitat for hundreds of species of fishes; turtles; and invertebrates
Sarin: an organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. it is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent
Sarraceniaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu vřesovcotvaré (ericales). všichni zástupci náleží mezi masožravé rostliny. v minulosti byla tato čeleď často dávána do příbuzenstva ostatních masožravých čeledí jako jsou láčkovkovité (nepenthaceae) a rosnatkovité (droseraceae). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Sasa: a plant genus of the family poaceae. folin is the water-soluble extract from sasa albomarginata. sasa kurinensis is an ingredient of sho-ju-sen, a japanese herbal medicine
Sasa: rod rostlin čeledi poaceae. folin je vodný extrakt z rostlin sasa albomarginata. sasa kurinensis je součástí japonské bylinné směsi sho-ju-sen
Saskatchewan: a province of canada, lying between the provinces of alberta and manitoba. its capital is regina. it is entirely a plains region with prairie in the south and wooded country with many lakes and swamps in the north. the name was taken from the saskatchewan river from the cree name kisiskatchewani sipi, meaning rapid-flowing river. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p1083 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p486)
Saskatchewan: kanadská prérijní vnitrozemská provincie. saskatchewan je ohraničen na západě albertou, na severu severozápadními teritorii, na východě manitobou a na jihu státy usa montanou a severní dakotou. provincií se stal roku 1905. pěstuje se zde polovina světové produkce čočky. hlavní město je regina. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Sassafras: a plant genus in the lauraceae family. the tree bark has been used medicinally. drinks called sarsaparilla and root beer have been prepared from sassafras and smilax ornata (jamaican sarsaparilla)
Sassafras: rod rostlin čeledi lauraceae. kůra a kořeny se používají ve fytoterapii. z kůry mladých kořenů kašti bělavé se tradičně připravoval chutný čaj. kůra byla také součástí tradičního kořenového piva (root beer), v současnosti je však její použití v tomto výrobku zakázáno. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Satellite Cells, Perineuronal: the non-neuronal cells that surround the neuronal cell bodies of the ganglia. they are distinguished from the perineuronal satellite oligodendrocytes (oligodendroglia) found in the central nervous system
Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle: elongated, spindle-shaped, quiescent myoblasts lying in close contact with adult skeletal muscle. they are thought to play a role in muscle repair and regeneration
Satellite Communications: communications using an active or passive satellite to extend the range of radio, television, or other electronic transmission by returning signals to earth from an orbiting satellite
Satellite Imagery: composition of images of earth or other planets from data collected during space flight by remote sensing instruments onboard spacecraft. the satellite sensor systems measure and record absorbed, emitted, or reflected energy across the spectra, as well as global position and time
Satellite Viruses: defective viruses which can multiply only by association with a helper virus which complements the defective gene. satellite viruses may be associated with certain plant viruses, animal viruses, or bacteriophages. they differ from satellite rna; (rna, satellite) in that satellite viruses encode their own coat protein
Satiation: full gratification of a need or desire followed by a state of relative insensitivity to that particular need or desire
Satureja: rod rostlin z čeledi lamiaceae (hluchavkovité), užívá se jako koření
Saturn: saturn je v pořadí planet na šestém místě a po jupiteru druhá největší planeta sluneční soustavy. saturn je znám svou mohutnou soustavou planetárních prstenců. vedle prstenců obíhá kolem planety také početná rodina měsíců, jichž je k roku 2022 potvrzeno 83. nejznámější z nich jsou phoebe a titan. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Saturn: the sixth planet in order from the sun. it is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. its twelve natural satellites include phoebe and titan
Saudi Arabia: a country located in the middle east, bordering the persian gulf and the red sea, north of yemen. the capital is riyadh
Saudská Arábie: stát na blízkém východě v oblasti jihozápadní asie. zabírá velkou část arabského poloostrova. na severu a severovýchodě sousedí s jordánskem a irákem, na východě s kuvajtem, katarem a spojenými arabskými emiráty, na jihovýchodě s ománem a na jihu s jemenem. ze západu saúdskou arábii ohraničuje rudé moře a na severovýchodě perský záliv. hlavní město je rijád. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Saururaceae: a plant family of the order piperales, subclass magnoliidae class magnoliopsida. members contain sauristolactam, and aristololactam bii
Saururaceae: čeleď nižších dvouděložných rostlin řádu piperales (pepřotvaré), třídy magnoliopsida. zástupci obsahují sauristolaktam a aristololaktam bii