NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Mollusca: a phylum of the kingdom metazoa. mollusca have soft, unsegmented bodies with an anterior head, a dorsal visceral mass, and a ventral foot. most are encased in a protective calcareous shell. it includes the classes gastropoda; bivalvia; cephalopoda; aplacophora; scaphopoda; polyplacophora; and monoplacophora
Molluscipoxvirus: a genus of poxviridae, subfamily chordopoxvirinae, infecting humans. transmission is by direct contact among children, by sexual contact among young adults, or by fomites. molluscum contagiosum virus is the type species
Molluscipoxvirus: rod virů čeledi poxviridae, podčeledi chordopoxvirinae, který infikuje člověka. k přenosu dochází přímým kontaktem mezi dětmi, sexuálním kontaktem mladých dospělých nebo prostřednictvím fomitů. typovým druhem je virus molluscum contagiosum
Molluscum Contagiosum: a common, benign, usually self-limited viral infection of the skin and occasionally the conjunctivae by a poxvirus (molluscum contagiosum virus). (dorland, 27th ed)
Molluscum contagiosum virus: a species of molluscipoxvirus causing skin lesions in humans. it is transmitted by direct contact or from non-living reservoirs (fomites), such as books or clothing
Mollusk Venoms: venoms from mollusks, including conus and octopus species. the venoms contain proteins, enzymes, choline derivatives, slow-reacting substances, and several characterized polypeptide toxins that affect the nervous system. mollusk venoms include cephalotoxin, venerupin, maculotoxin, surugatoxin, conotoxins, and murexine
Moloney murine leukemia virus: a strain of murine leukemia virus (leukemia virus, murine) arising during the propagation of s37 mouse sarcoma, and causing lymphoid leukemia in mice. it also infects rats and newborn hamsters. it is apparently transmitted to embryos in utero and to newborns through mother's milk
Moloney murine sarcoma virus: a replication-defective murine sarcoma virus (sarcoma viruses, murine) isolated from a rhabdomyosarcoma by moloney in 1966
Moloney syndrome: fine hair, absent/decreased lashes, absent/decreased eyebrows, visual loss-mild/suspected, dysplastic/thick/grooved toenails and fingernails
Moloneyho virus myšího sarkomu: replikačně defektní virus myšího sarkomu izolovaný v r. 1966 moloneyem z rhabdomyosarkomu
Molsidomine: a morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. it acts as nitric oxide donors and is a vasodilator that has been used in angina pectoris
Molteno Implants: devices implanted to control intraocular pressure by allowing aqueous fluid to drain from the anterior chamber. (hoffman, pocket glossary of ophthalmologic terminology, 1989)
Molting: periodic casting off feathers; hair; or cuticle. molting is a process of sloughing or desquamation, especially the shedding of an outer covering and the development of a new one. this phenomenon permits growth in arthropods, skin renewal in amphibians and reptiles, and the shedding of winter coats in birds and mammals
Molybdenum: a metallic element with the atomic symbol mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. it is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase
Molybdenum Cofactors: enzyme co-factors that contain molybdenum. they play an essential role in a variety of cellular redox reactions
Molybdenum cofactor deficiency: a genetically heterogeneous rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by onset in infancy of poor feeding, intractable seizures, and severe psychomotor retardation. characteristic biochemical abnormalities include decreased serum uric acid and increased urine sulfite levels due to the combined enzymatic deficiency of xanthine dehydrogenase and sulfite oxidase, both of which use molybdenum as a cofactor. most affected individuals die in early childhood. omim: 252150
Molybdoferredoxin: a non-heme iron-sulfur protein isolated from clostridium pasteurianum and other bacteria. it is a component of nitrogenase, which is active in nitrogen fixation, and consists of two subunits with molecular weights of 59.5 kda and 50.7 kda, respectively
Mometasone Furoate: a pregnadienediol derivative anti-allergic agent and anti-inflammatory agent that is used in the management of asthma and allergic rhinitis. it is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders
Mometasone Furoate, Formoterol Fumarate Drug Combination: a pharmaceutical preparation of mometasone furoate and formoterol fumarate that is used as an inhaled dosage form for the treatment of asthma
Momordica: a plant genus of the family cucurbitaceae. it is a source of momordin
Momordica: rod rostlin čeledi cucurbitaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují momordin
Momordica charantia: a plant species of the family cucurbitaceae. it is a source of ribosome-inactivating proteins and triterpene glycosides
Momordica charantia: rod rostlin čeledi cucurbitaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují proteiny inaktivující ribozomy a triterpenové glykozidy
Monaco: european principality bordering the mediterranean sea on the southern coast of france, near the border with italy
Monako: městský stát (knížectví) ležící na středomořském pobřeží francouzské riviery - azurového pobřeží. monako je nejmenší stát západní evropy a druhý nejmenší stát na světě (po vatikánu) a současně země s druhou největší hustotou osídlení. jeho jediným sousedem je francie. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Monarda: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae. the common names of beebalm or lemonbalm are also used for melissa. the common name of bergamot is also used for citrus bergamia (citrus)
Monarda: rod rostlin z čeledi hluchavkovitých, pochází ze severní ameriky
Monascus: a genus in the family monascaceae, order eurotiales. one species, monascus purpureus, has multiple uses in traditional chinese medicine (medicine, chinese traditional)
Monascus: rod vřeckovýtrusných hub čeledi monascaceae, řádu eurotiales. druh monascus purpureus má řadu využití v tradiční čínské medicíně
Monckeberg Medial Calcific Sclerosis: thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of muscular arteries due to calcification of the tunica media, the concentric layers of helically arranged smooth muscle cells
Monckebergova medioskleróza: skleróza arterií s degenerací medie a kalcifikací (mönckebergova kalcifikace). podkladem je tuková degenerace, častější je u mužů, bývá v souvislosti s diabetem či insuficiencí ledvin. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Monensin: an antiprotozoal agent produced by streptomyces cinnamonensis. it exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. it does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies
Mongolia: the country is bordered by russia on the north and china on the west, south, and east. the capita is ulaanbaatar
Mongolian Spot: a bluish-gray to gray-brown benign, melanocytic nevus found usually in the lumbosacral region of dark-skinned people, especially those of east asian ancestry. it is usually congenital or appears shortly after birth, and disappears in childhood
Mongolsko: vnitrozemský stát ve střední asii, hraničící na severu s ruskem (3 000 km) a na jihu s čínskou lidovou republikou. hlavním městem je ulánbátar. území mongolska se rozkládá na části území tzv. vnějšího mongolska, zatímco tzv. vnitřní mongolsko je dnes jako autonomní oblast součástí čínské lidové republiky. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Monieziasis: infection of ruminants with tapeworms of the genus moniezia
Monilethrix: rare autosomal dominant disorder of the hair shaft. the clinical features of the disease include hypotrichosis, dry, and/or brittle hair, with varying degrees of alopecia. mutations in the hair-specific keratin genes krthb1, krthb3, or krthb6 are associated with monilethrix. autosomal recessive monilethrix with limited hypotrichosis are also known. mutations in dsg4, liph, and p2ry5 protein genes are associated with the recessive form of monilethrix
Moniliformis: a genus of roundworms of the phylum acanthocephala, parasitic in rats, mice, hamsters, dogs and cats. occasional infection in man produces inflammation and ulceration of the intestinal mucosa
Moniliformis: rod parazitických červů kmene acanthocephala (vrtejši), kteří parazitují v krysách, myších, křečcích, psech a kočkách. příležitostná infekce vyvolává u lidí zánět a ulceraci střevní sliznice
Monimiaceae: a plant family of the order laurales, subclass magnoliidae, class magnoliopsida
Monimiaceae: čeleď nižších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu laurales (vavřínotvaré), podtřídy magnoliidae, třídy magnoliopsida
Monitoring, Ambulatory: the use of electronic equipment to observe or record physiologic processes while the patient undergoes normal daily activities
Monitoring, Immunologic: testing of immune status in the diagnosis and therapy of cancer, immunoproliferative and immunodeficiency disorders, and autoimmune abnormalities. changes in immune parameters are of special significance before, during and following organ transplantation. strategies include measurement of tumor antigen and other markers (often by radioimmunoassay), studies of cellular or humoral immunity in cancer etiology, immunotherapy trials, etc
Monitoring, Intraoperative: the constant checking on the state or condition of a patient during the course of a surgical operation (e.g., checking of vital signs)
Monitoring, Physiologic: the continuous measurement of physiological processes, blood pressure, heart rate, renal output, reflexes, respiration, etc., in a patient or experimental animal; includes pharmacologic monitoring, the measurement of administered drugs or their metabolites in the blood, tissues, or urine
Monkey Diseases: diseases of old world and new world monkeys. this term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= ape diseases)
Monkeypox virus: a species of orthopoxvirus that is the etiological agent of mpox, monkeypox
Monks: members of a religious community of men typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience
Monoacylglycerol Lipases: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycerol monoesters of long-chain fatty acids ec 3.1.1.23
Monoamine Oxidase: an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. it is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (from goodman and gilman's, the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) ec 1.4.3.4
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: a chemically heterogeneous group of drugs that have in common the ability to block oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. (from gilman, et al., goodman and gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 8th ed, p414)
Monobactams: monocyclic, bacterially produced or semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics. they lack the double ring construction of the traditional beta-lactam antibiotics and can be easily synthesized
Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters: a family of proteins involved in the transport of monocarboxylic acids such as lactic acid and pyruvic acid across cellular membranes
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance: conditions characterized by the presence of m protein (monoclonal protein) in serum or urine without clinical manifestations of plasma cell dyscrasia
Monocrotaline: a pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. the alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment
Monocrotophos: an organophosphate insecticide that inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. it has been shown to be genotoxic
Monocyclic Sesquiterpenes: sesquiterpene compounds that contain a single ring structure
Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins: chemokines that are chemoattractants for monocytes. these cc chemokines (cysteines adjacent) number at least three including chemokine ccl2
Monocyte-Macrophage Precursor Cells: parent cells in the lineage that gives rise to monocytes and macrophages
Monocytes: large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles
Monocytes, Activated Killer: monocytes made cytotoxic by in vitro incubation with cytokines, especially interferon-gamma. the cells are used for adoptive immunotherapy in cancer patients
Monodelphis: a genus of short-tailed opossums in the family didelphidae found in south american, chiefly brazil. they are opossums least well-adapted to arboreal life
Monodelphis: rod vačic čeledi didelphidae (vačicovití) žijící v jižní americe, především v brazílii. tyto vačice jsou nejméně adaptované na stromový způsob života
Monogen: monogen enteral formula for the management of pediatric postoperative chylothorax
Monoglycerides: glycerol esterified with a single acyl (fatty acids) chain
Monograph: work that is any publication that is not a serial or integrating resource. in cataloging usage, it is usually on a single subject or related subjects and is complete in itself, whether constructed of chapters, sections, or parts. while any article encountered in indexing journals can be, strictly speaking, a monograph, as a publication type, a monograph will refer to a cataloging item
Monoiodotyrosine: a product from the iodination of tyrosine. in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine
Monokines: soluble mediators of the immune response that are neither antibodies nor complement. they are produced largely, but not exclusively, by monocytes and macrophages
Monomeric Clathrin Assembly Proteins: a subclass of clathrin assembly proteins that occur as monomers
Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins: a class of monomeric, low molecular weight (20-25 kda) gtp-binding proteins that regulate a variety of intracellular processes. the gtp bound form of the protein is active and limited by its inherent gtpase activity, which is controlled by an array of gtpase activators, gdp dissociation inhibitors, and guanine nucleotide exchange factors. this enzyme was formerly listed as ec 3.6.1.47
Mononegavirales: an order comprising four families of eukaryotic viruses possessing linear, non-segmented, negative-strand rna genomes. the families are bornaviridae; filoviridae; paramyxoviridae; and rhabdoviridae
Mononegavirales: řád virů infikujících eukaryota. jejich genom obsahuje lineární, nesegmentovaný, negativní řetězec rna. patří sem čtyři čeledi: bornaviridae, filoviridae, paramyxoviridae a rhabdoviridae
Mononegavirales Infections: infections with viruses of the order mononegavirales. the concept includes filoviridae infections; paramyxoviridae infections; and rhabdoviridae infections
Mononeuropathies: disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ischemia; traumatic injury; compression; connective tissue diseases; cumulative trauma disorders; and other conditions
Mononuclear Phagocyte System: mononuclear cells with pronounced phagocytic ability that are distributed extensively in lymphoid and other organs. it includes macrophages and their precursors; phagocytes; kupffer cells; histiocytes; dendritic cells; langerhans cells; and microglia. the term mononuclear phagocyte system has replaced the former reticuloendothelial system, which also included less active phagocytic cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. (from illustrated dictionary of immunology, 2d ed.)
Monophenol Monooxygenase: an enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction between l-tyrosine, l-dopa, and oxygen to yield l-dopa, dopaquinone, and water. it is a copper protein that acts also on catechols, catalyzing some of the same reactions as catechol oxidase. ec 1.14.18.1
Monosaccharide Transport Proteins: a large group of membrane transport proteins that shuttle monosaccharides across cell membranes
Monosaccharides: single chain carbohydrates that are the most basic units of carbohydrates. they are typically colorless crystalline substances with a sweet taste and have the same general formula cnh2non
Monosomy: the condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. in a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2n-1
Monoterpene Aldehydes and Ketones: monoterpene compounds that include a double bonded oxygen attached to the one or more of the carbon atoms
Monoterpenes: compounds with a core of 10 carbons generally formed via the mevalonate pathway from the combination of 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. they are cyclized and oxidized in a variety of ways. due to the low molecular weight many of them exist in the form of essential oils (oils, volatile)
Monotremata: an order of egg-laying mammals that includes the platypus and tachyglossidae
Monotremata: ptakořitní (monotremata) jsou jediným žijícím řádem podtřídy vejcorodých savců. jsou známí především tím, že kladou vejce, místo aby rodili mláďata jako vačnatci nebo placentálové. tato malá skupina zahrnuje ptakopyska a ježury. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Montana: state bounded on the north by canada, on the east by north dakota and south dakota, on the south by idaho and wyoming, and on the west by idaho and utah
Montana: stát na severozápadě spojených států amerických. montana hraničí na východě se severní dakotou, na jihovýchodě s jižní dakotou, na jihu s wyomingem, na jihozápadě a západě s idahem a na severu s kanadskými provinciemi britská kolumbie, alberta a saskatchewan. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Montanoa: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. steroidal activity has been observed in animals. members of this genus contain sesquiterpene lactones such as tomentosin, oxepins such as zoapatanol, and kaurene type diterpenes
Montanoa: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují seskviterpenové laktony (např. tomentosin), oxepiny (např. zoapatanol) a kaurenové diterpeny. vykazují steroidní aktivitu u zvířat
Monte Carlo Method: in statistics, a technique for numerically approximating the solution of a mathematical problem by studying the distribution of some random variable, often generated by a computer. the name alludes to the randomness characteristic of the games of chance played at the gambling casinos in monte carlo. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed, 1993)
Monteggia's Fracture: fracture in the proximal half of the shaft of the ulna, with dislocation of the head of the radius
Monteggiova fraktura: zlomenina v oblasti proximální třetiny loketní kosti (ulny) s luxací hlavičky radia. má typ extenční (častější) a flekční. léčí se operačně. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2015 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Moon: the natural satellite of the planet earth. it includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil
Moorella: a genus of gram positive, acetogenic, thermophilic bacteria in the family thermoanaerobacteraceae. known habitats include hot springs, horse manure, emu droppings, and sewage sludge
Moorella: rod grampozitivních, acetogenních, termofilních bakterií z čeledi thermoanaerobacteraceae. mezi jejich známá stanoviště patří horké prameny, koňský hnůj, trus emu a odpadní vody
Mopidamol: a phosphodiesterase inhibitor which inhibits platelet aggregation. formerly used as an antineoplastic
Moraceae: the mulberry plant family of the order urticales, subclass hamamelidae, class magnoliopsida. they have milky latex and small, petalless male or female flowers
Moraceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu růžotvaré (rosales). čeleď je celosvětově rozšířena, nejvíce zástupců je v tropech. morušovníkovité jsou byliny i dřeviny, mají jednoduché střídavé listy, nenápadné květy a často velká a nápadná plodenství. při poranění roní bílou latexovou šťávu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Moral Status: a philosophical description of intrinsic self-worth and dignity which bestows basic rights of life, liberty, and freedom from harm
Morale: the prevailing temper or spirit of an individual or group in relation to the tasks or functions which are expected
Moraxella: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria occurring as rods (subgenus moraxella) or cocci (subgenus branhamella). its organisms are parasitic on the mucous membranes of humans and other warm-blooded animals
Moraxella: rod gramnegativních, aerobních bakterií, které se vyskytují jako tyčinky (podrod moraxella) nebo koky (podrod branhamella). tyto organismy parazitují na sliznicích lidí a dalších teplokrevných živočichů
Moraxella bovis: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is most frequently isolated from bovine eyes in cases of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (keratoconjunctivitis, infectious), but also occurs in unaffected eyes and the nasal cavity of cattle
Moraxella bovis: druh gramnegativní, aerobní bakterie. je to komenzál sliznice horních dýchacích cest a spojivky skotu, může však vyvolat infekční keratokonjuktivitidu skotu
Moraxella catarrhalis: druh gramnegativní, aerobní, kokoidní bakterie. má nízkou virulenci, kolonizuje nosohltan a příležitostně způsobuje meningitidu, bakteriemii, empyém, perikarditidu a pneumonii
Moraxella catarrhalis: gram-negative aerobic cocci of low virulence that colonize the nasopharynx and occasionally cause meningitis; bacteremia; empyema; pericarditis; and pneumonia
Moraxellaceae: a family of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria in the order pseudomonadales. some strains are parasites of the mucosal membranes of animals and humans; others are found in association with food products or in the environment
Moraxellaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, aerobních bakterií řádu pseudomonadales. některé druhy parazitují na sliznicích zvířat a lidí, jiné se vyskytují v potravinách nebo v prostředí
Morbidity: the proportion of patients with a particular disease during a given year per given unit of population
Morbillivirus: a genus of the family paramyxoviridae (subfamily paramyxovirinae) where the virions of most members have hemagglutinin but not neuraminidase activity. all members produce both cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies. measles virus is the type species
Morbillivirus: rod virů podčeledi paramyxovirinae, čeledi paramyxoviridae. viriony většiny zástupců mají hemaglutininovou aktivitu, ale nikoli neuraminidázovou aktivitu. všechny druhy tvoří jak cytoplazmatické, tak jaderné inkluze. typovým druhem je virus spalniček
Morbillivirus Infections: infections with viruses of the genus morbillivirus, family paramyxoviridae. infections mainly cause acute disease in their hosts, although in some cases infection is persistent and leads to degenerative conditions
Morcellation: use of a non-cautery-dependent mechanical device that simultaneously cuts and aspirates polyp and/or myoma tissue
Morganella: a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, straight rods which are motile by peritrichous flagella. these organisms are chemoorganotrophic and have both a respiratory and fermentative type of metabolism. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Morganella: rod gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních, přímých tyčinek, které se pohybují pomocí peritrichních bičíků. tyto bakterie jsou chemoorganotrofní a mají jak mají jak fermentativní, tak i respiratorní typ metabolismu
Morganella morganii: a species of morganella formerly classified as a proteus species. it is found in the feces of humans, dogs, other mammals, and reptiles. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Morganella morganii: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu morganella, dříve klasifikované jako druh rodu proteus. vyskytuje se ve stolici lidí, psů a dalších savců a plazů
Morgellons Disease: an unexplained illness which is characterized by skin manifestations including non-healing lesions, itching, and the appearance of fibers
Moricizine: an antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances
Morillo-Cucci Passarge syndrome: facial dysmorphia, hyperextensibility of joints, clinodactyly, growth retardation and mental retardation
Morinda: a plant genus of the family rubiaceae. members contain iridoid glycosides and anthraquinones
Morinda: rod rostlin čeledi rubiaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují iridoidní glykosidy a anthrachinony
Moringa: a plant genus of the family moringaceae, order capparales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida
Moringa: rod rostlin čeledi moringaceae, z řádu brassicales (brukvotvaré), třídy rosopsida
Moringa oleifera: a plant species of the family moringaceae, order capparales, subclass dilleniidae. it is a source of niaziminin and hypotensive thiocarbamate glycosides
Moringa oleifera: druh rodu moringa, čeledi moringaceae, z řádu brassicales (brukvotvaré), třídy rosopsida. všestranně užitková dřevina obsahující niaziminin a thiokarbamátové glykosidy s hypotenzním účinkem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Moritella: a genus of gram-negative, curved or straight rod-shaped bacteria, in the family alteromonadaceae. they are chemo-organotrophic, halophilic, and associated with cold marine habitats
Moritella: rod gramnegativních, zakřivených nebo přímých tyčinkovitých bakterií čeledi moritellaceae. jsou chemoorganotrofní, halofilní a vyskytují se v habitatech chladných moří
Morning Sickness: symptoms of nausea and vomiting in pregnant people that usually occur in the morning during the first 2 to 3 months of pregnancy. severe persistent vomiting during pregnancy is called hyperemesis gravidarum
Morocco: a country located in north africa, bordering the atlantic ocean and the mediterranean sea, with a southern border with western sahara, eastern border with algeria. the capital is rabat
Morphinans: compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. they include some of the opioids found in papaver that are used as analgesics
Morphine: the principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle
Morphogenesis: the development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism
Morpholinos: synthetic analogs of nucleic acids composed of morpholine ring derivatives (morpholines) linked by phosphorodimidates. one standard dna nucleic acid base (adenine; guanine; cytosine; or thymine) is bound to each morpholine ring
Morphological and Microscopic Findings: morphological findings useful in differentiation and classification of results in cytodiagnosis and related techniques
Morris Water Maze Test: a maze test often used to evaluate spatial learning and memory in rodent models by measuring the time it takes for a submerged platform in an open swimming arena to be found
Morrisovo vodní bludiště: test, který se často užívá u hlodavčích modelů pro hodnocení prostorového učení a paměti. měří se čas nalezení ponořené plošinky v nádrži s vodou
Mortierella: a genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family mortierellaceae, order mucorales. its species are abundant in soil and can cause rare infections in humans and animals. mortierella alpinais is used for production of arachidonic acid
Mortierella: rod zygomycet čeledi mortierellaceae, řádu mucorales. hojně se vyskytují v půdě a vzácně mohou infikovat člověka a zvířata. mortierella alpina se používá pro výrobu kyseliny arachidonové
Morton Neuroma: a nerve inflammation in the foot caused by chronic compression of the plantar nerve between the metatarsal bones
Mortonova neuralgie: neuralgie v oblasti metatarsů (metatarsalgie), nejč. u 4. metatarsu. má záchvatovitý charakter, později i trvalý charakter, vystřeluje do prstů, lze ji vyvolat tlakem na chodidlo. může být změněna i senzitivní složka. postiženy jsou nn. digitales plantares communes, vliv má dlouhodobé přetěžování. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Mortuary Practice: activities associated with the disposition of the dead. it excludes cultural practices such as funeral rites
Morula: an early embryo that is a compact mass of about 16 blastomeres. it resembles a cluster of mulberries with two types of cells, outer cells and inner cells. morula is the stage before blastula in non-mammalian animals or a blastocyst in mammals
Morus: rod ovocných stromů čeledi moraceae. listy morušovníku jsou jedinou potravou housenky motýla bource morušového a mají tedy nezastupitelný význam při výrobě přírodního hedvábí. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Mosaic Viruses: viruses which produce a mottled appearance of the leaves of plants
Mosaic variegated aneuploidy syndrome: a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by mosaicism, with aneuploidies, particularly trisomies and monosomies of different chromosomes occuring in the cells of various tissues; aneuploid cells usually constitute more than 25%. affected individuals typically have severe intrauterine growth retardation and microcephaly. various other congenital abnormalities and developmental disabilities may also be present, as well as an increased risk for developing cancer. germline mutations in the bub1b gene have been identified. omim: 257300
Mosaicism: the occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from a single zygote, as opposed to chimerism in which the different cell populations are derived from more than one zygote
Mosambik: republika v jihovýchodní africe, sousedící na severu s tanzanií, na severozápadě s malawi a zambií, na západě se zimbabwe, na jihu se svazijskem a jihoafrickou republikou a na východě s indickým oceánem. území dnešního mosambiku objevil v roce 1498 mořeplavec vasco da gama a v roce 1505 bylo toto území kolonizováno portugalskem. mosambik získal nezávislost v roce 1975. hlavní město maputo. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Mosquito Control: the reduction or regulation of the population of mosquitoes through chemical, biological, or other means
Mosquito Nets: free-standing or supported lightweight meshwork fabric made of cotton, silk, polyester or other material, having openings too small to allow entry of mosquitoes or other insects, thereby protecting against insect bites; insect stings, and insect-borne diseases
Mosquito Vectors: mosquitoes (members of the family culicidae) that transmit pathogens or their intermediate forms from one host to another
Mosquito-Borne Diseases: infectious diseases transmitted by mosquito vectors. mosquito-borne human viral diseases include chikungunya, dengue, viral encephalitis (e.g., japanese and st. louis types), west nile, yellow fever, zika virus infections. mosquito-borne human parasitic diseases include malaria and lymphatic filariasis. equine encephalomyelitis and dirofilariasis are mosquito-borne viral diseases mostly in animals
Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal: axons of certain cells in the dentate gyrus. they project to the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus and to the proximal dendrites of pyramidal cells of the hippocampus. these mossy fibers should not be confused with mossy fibers that are cerebellar afferents (see nerve fibers)
Motilin: a peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the duodenum. at low ph it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high ph it has a stimulating effect
Motion: physical motion, i.e., a change in position of a body or subject as a result of an external force. it is distinguished from movement, a process resulting from biological activity
Motion Capture: technological process of recording the motion and movement of objects (e.g., surgical instrument in robotic surgery), body parts (e.g., eye movement), animals or people
Motion Pictures: the art, technique, or business of producing motion pictures for entertainment, propaganda, or instruction
Motion Sickness: disorder caused by motion. it includes sea sickness, train sickness, roller coaster rides, rocking chair, hammock swing, car sickness, air sickness, or space motion sickness. symptoms include nausea, vomiting and/or dizziness
Motion Therapy, Continuous Passive: movement of a body part initiated and maintained by a mechanical or electrical device to restore normal range of motion to joints, muscles, or tendons after surgery, prosthesis implantation, contracture flexion, or long immobilization
Motivation: those factors which cause an organism to behave or act in either a goal-seeking or satisfying manner. they may be influenced by physiological drives or by external stimuli
Motivational Interviewing: it is a client-centered, directive method for eliciting intrinsic motivation to change using open-ended questions, reflective listening, and decisional balancing. this nonjudgmental, nonconfrontational interviewing style is designed to minimize a patient's resistance to change by creating an interaction that supports open discussion of risky or problem behavior
Motor Cortex: area of the frontal lobe concerned with primary motor control located in the dorsal precentral gyrus immediately anterior to the central sulcus. it is comprised of three areas: the primary motor cortex located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain; the premotor cortex located anterior to the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex
Motor Disorders: motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with activities of daily living appropriate to chronological age. (from dsm-5)
Motor Endplate: the specialized postsynaptic region of a muscle cell. the motor endplate is immediately across the synaptic cleft from the presynaptic axon terminal. among its anatomical specializations are junctional folds which harbor a high density of cholinergic receptors
Motor Neuron Disease: diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. in progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see muscular atrophy, spinal) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. with progressive bulbar palsy (bulbar palsy, progressive), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. in primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1089)
Motor Neurons, Gamma: motor neurons which activate the contractile regions of intrafusal skeletal muscle fibers, thus adjusting the sensitivity of the muscle spindles to stretch. gamma motor neurons may be static or dynamic according to which aspect of responsiveness (or which fiber types) they regulate. the alpha and gamma motor neurons are often activated together (alpha gamma coactivation) which allows the spindles to contribute to the control of movement trajectories despite changes in muscle length
Motor Skills Disorders: marked impairments in the development of motor coordination such that the impairment interferes with activities of daily living. (from dsm-v)
Motor Vehicles: automobiles, trucks, buses, or similar engine-driven conveyances. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Motorized Mobility Scooter: a device ridden while seated that is typically propelled by an electric motor, and is used by those with limited or impaired mobility
Mougeotia: a genus of filamentous algae in the order zygnematales, family zygnemataceae, that possess chloroplasts that can orient to the direction of light
Mougeotia: rod vláknitých řas čeledi zygnemataceae, řádu zygnematales. jejich chloroplasty mají schopnost natočit se vůči zdroji záření
Mousa Al din Al Nassar syndrome: spinocerebellar degeneration with macular corneal dystrophy, congenital cataracts, and myopia
Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells: pluripotent stem cells derived from the blastocyst inner cell mass of day 3.5 mouse embryos
Mouth: the oval-shaped oral cavity located at the apex of the digestive tract and consisting of two parts: the vestibule and the oral cavity proper
Mouth Breathing: abnormal breathing through the mouth, usually associated with obstructive disorders of the nasal passages
Mouth Mucosa: lining of the oral cavity, including mucosa on the gums; the palate; the lip; the cheek; floor of the mouth; and other structures. the mucosa is generally a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium covering muscle, bone, or glands but can show varying degree of keratinization at specific locations
Mouth Protectors: devices or pieces of equipment placed in or around the mouth or attached to instruments to protect the external or internal tissues of the mouth and the teeth
Mouth Rehabilitation: process of restoring damaged or decayed teeth using various restorative and non-cosmetic materials so that oral health is improved
Mouthwashes: solutions for rinsing the mouth, possessing cleansing, germicidal, or palliative properties. (from boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed)
Movement: the act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. it differs from locomotion in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. differentiate also from motor activity, movement associated with behavior
Movement Disorders: syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions
MoviPrep: is a new polyethylene glycol (peg)-based bowel cleansing preparation approved for use in adults prior to colonoscopy
Movin DC: phenolic polyoxymethylene deriv; disinfectant with antifungal properties against trichophyton, candida & microsporum
Moving and Lifting Patients: moving or repositioning patients within their beds, from bed to bed, bed to chair, or otherwise from one posture or surface to another
Mowat-Wilson syndrome: a rare developmental disorder that occurs in 1 in 50,000-70,000 births. the most severe cases are characterized by intellectual disability, delayed motor development, epilepsy, and a wide spectrum of clinically heterogeneous features suggestive of neurocristopathies at the cephalic, cardiac, and vagal levels. de novo autosomal dominant mutations in the zeb2 gene have been identified. omim: 235730
Moxalactam: broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the cephalosporins except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain cephalosporins. it has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections
Moxibustion: the burning of a small, thimble sized, smoldering plug of dried leaves on the skin at an acupuncture point. usually the plugs contain leaves of mugwort or moxa
Moxifloxacin: a fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of dna topoisomerase ii and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent
Moxisylyte: an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in raynaud's disease. it is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)
Moyamoya Disease: a noninflammatory, progressive occlusion of the intracranial carotid arteries and the formation of netlike collateral arteries arising from the circle of willis. cerebral angiogram shows the puff-of-smoke (moyamoya) collaterals at the base of the brain. it is characterized by endothelial hyperplasia and fibrosis with thickening of arterial walls. this disease primarily affects children but can also occur in adults
Moyamoya disease 1: a hereditary autosomal recessive form of moyamoya disease. susceptibility has been mapped to chromosome 3. omim: 252350
Mozambique: a republic in southern africa, south of tanzania, east of zambia and zimbabwe, bordered on the west by the indian ocean. its capital is maputo. it was formerly called portuguese east africa
Mpox, Monkeypox: a viral disease infecting primates and rodents. its clinical presentation in humans is similar to smallpox including fever; headache; cough; and a painful rash. it is caused by monkeypox virus and is usually transmitted to humans through bites or via contact with an animal's blood. interhuman transmission is relatively low (significantly less than smallpox)
Mthfr Deficiency, Thermolabile Type: mutation in mthfr
MtrB protein, Streptomyces argillaceus: required for resistance to mithramycin; isolated from streptomyces argillaceus; amino acid ; genbank u43537; do not confuse with mtrb from bacillus
Mucin 5AC: a gel-forming mucin that is primarily found on the surface of gastric epithelium and in the respiratory tract. mucin 5ac was originally identified as two distinct proteins, however a single gene encodes the protein which gives rise to the mucin 5a and mucin 5c variants
Mucin-1: carbohydrate antigen elevated in patients with tumors of the breast, ovary, lung, and prostate as well as other disorders. the mucin is expressed normally by most glandular epithelia but shows particularly increased expression in the breast at lactation and in malignancy. it is thus an established serum marker for breast cancer
Mucin-2: a gel-forming mucin found predominantly in small intestine and variety of mucous membrane-containing organs. it provides a protective, lubricating barrier against particles and infectious agents
Mucin-3: a membrane-bound mucin subtype that is primarily found in intestinal mucosa. two closely-related subtypes of this protein have been identified in humans
Mucin-4: a transmembrane mucin that is found in a broad variety of epithelial tissue. mucin-4 may play a role in regulating cellular adhesion and in cell surface signaling from the erbb-2 receptor protein-tyrosine kinase. mucin-4 is a heterodimer of alpha and beta chains. the alpha and beta chains result from the proteolytic cleavage of a precursor protein
Mucin-5B: a gel-forming mucin that is predominantly expressed by submucosal glands of airway tissues and the sublingual gland. it is one of the principal components of high molecular weight salivary mucin
Mucin-6: a gel-forming mucin that is predominantly associated with the gastric epithelium
Mucinoses: mucoid states characterized by the elevated deposition and accumulation of mucin (mucopolysaccharides) in dermal tissue. the fibroblasts are responsible for the production of acid mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) in the ground substance of the connective tissue system. when fibroblasts produce abnormally large quantities of mucopolysaccharides as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, or heparin, they accumulate in large amounts in the dermis
Mucinosis, Follicular: a disease of the pilosebaceous unit, presenting clinically as grouped follicular papules or plaques with associated hair loss. it is caused by mucinous infiltration of tissues, and usually involving the scalp, face, and neck. it may be primary (idiopathic) or secondary to mycosis fungoides or reticulosis
Mucins: high molecular weight mucoproteins that protect the surface of epithelial cells by providing a barrier to particulate matter and microorganisms. membrane-anchored mucins may have additional roles concerned with protein interactions at the cell surface
Mucocele: a retention cyst of the salivary gland, lacrimal sac, paranasal sinuses, appendix, or gallbladder. (stedman, 26th ed)
Mucociliary Clearance: a non-specific host defense mechanism that removes mucus and other material from the lungs by ciliary and secretory activity of the tracheobronchial submucosal glands. it is measured in vivo as mucus transfer, ciliary beat frequency, and clearance of radioactive tracers
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome: an acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. the principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities
Mucoepidermoid Tumor: a malignant epithelial tumor of glandular tissue, especially the salivary glands, characterized by acini with mucus-producing cells and by the presence of malignant squamous elements. most mucoepidermoid tumors are low-grade lesions readily cured by adequate excision. they may appear in any age group. they grow slowly. if high-grade, they behave aggressively, widely infiltrating the salivary gland and producing lymph node and distant metastases. (dorland, 27th ed; from devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 3d ed, p575)
Mucolipidoses: a group of inherited metabolic diseases characterized by the accumulation of excessive amounts of acid mucopolysaccharides, sphingolipids, and/or glycolipids in visceral and mesenchymal cells. abnormal amounts of sphingolipids or glycolipids are present in neural tissue. intellectual disability and skeletal changes, most notably dysostosis multiplex, occur frequently. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1992, ch56, pp36-7)
Mucolipidosis III Gamma: results from mutation in gene for gamma subunit of n-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase (gnptg)
Mucopolysaccharidoses: group of lysosomal storage diseases each caused by an inherited deficiency of an enzyme involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). the diseases are progressive and often display a wide spectrum of clinical severity within one enzyme deficiency
Mucopolysaccharidosis I: a group of autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorders caused by mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme, alpha-l-iduronidase (idua), required for the degradation of heparan and dermatan sulfates. this leads to abnormal accumulation of these glycosaminoglycans in various tissues causing a wide range of clinical presentations including cognitive and musculoskeletal disorders
Mucopolysaccharidosis II: systemic lysosomal storage disease marked by progressive physical deterioration and caused by a deficiency of l-sulfoiduronate sulfatase. this disease differs from mucopolysaccharidosis i by slower progression, lack of corneal clouding, and x-linked rather than autosomal recessive inheritance. the mild form produces near-normal intelligence and life span. the severe form usually causes death by age 15
Mucopolysaccharidosis III: mucopolysaccharidosis characterized by heparitin sulfate in the urine, progressive mental retardation, mild dwarfism, and other skeletal disorders. there are four clinically indistinguishable but biochemically distinct forms, each due to a deficiency of a different enzyme
Mucopolysaccharidosis IV: genetic disorder of mucopolysaccharide metabolism characterized by skeletal abnormalities, joint instability, development of cervical myelopathy, and excessive urinary keratan sulfate. there are two biochemically distinct forms, each due to a deficiency of a different enzyme
Mucopolysaccharidosis VI: mucopolysaccharidosis with excessive chondroitin sulfate b in urine, characterized by dwarfism and deafness. it is caused by a deficiency of n-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (arylsulfatase b)