NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Foraminifera: an order of amoeboid eukaryotes characterized by reticulating pseudopods and a complex life cycle with an alternation of generations. most are less than 1mm in size and found in marine or brackish water
Foraminifera: dírkonošci jsou jednobuněční mořští prvoci z říše rhizaria. vytvářejí vápnité, často velmi ozdobné schránky s mnoha drobnými otvůrky, z nichž vychází panožky. jednobuněčnou nebo vícebuněčnou schránku vyplňuje protoplazma, která z ní částečně vystupuje ústím nebo drobnými póry. dírkovci se vyskytují od prvohor dodnes. mnohé rody se v určitých obdobích mimořádně rozšířily, jejich schránky měly podíl na tvorbě hornin. většina z nich má velikost menší než 1 mm a nachází se v mořské nebo brakické vodě. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Foraminotomy: surgical enlargement of the intervertebral foramina to relieve nerve root compression
Forced Expiratory Flow Rates: the rate of airflow measured during a forced vital capacity determination
Forced Expiratory Volume: measure of the maximum amount of air that can be expelled in a given number of seconds during a forced vital capacity determination . it is usually given as fev followed by a subscript indicating the number of seconds over which the measurement is made, although it is sometimes given as a percentage of forced vital capacity
Forced Labor, Employment: forced labor occurs when individuals are compelled against their will to provide work or service through the use of force, fraud, or coercion. (https://www.dhs.gov/blue-campaign/forced-labor)
Forearm: part of the upper extremity in humans and primates extending from the elbow to the wrist
Forearm Injuries: injuries to the part of the upper limb of the body between the wrist and elbow
Forecasting: the prediction or projection of the nature of future problems or existing conditions based upon the extrapolation or interpretation of existing scientific data or by the application of scientific methodology
Forefoot, Human: the forepart of the foot including the metatarsals and the toes
Foreign Medical Graduates: physicians who hold degrees from medical schools in countries other than the ones in which they practice
Foreign Professional Personnel: persons who have acquired academic or specialized training in countries other than that in which they are working. the concept excludes physicians for which foreign medical graduates is the likely heading
Foreign-Body Migration: migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body
Forelimb: a front limb of a quadruped. (the random house college dictionary, 1980)
Forensic Anthropology: scientific study of human skeletal remains with the express purpose of identification. this includes establishing individual identity, trauma analysis, facial reconstruction, photographic superimposition, determination of time interval since death, and crime-scene recovery. forensic anthropologists do not certify cause of death but provide data to assist in determination of probable cause. this is a branch of the field of physical anthropology and qualified individuals are certified by the american board of forensic anthropology. (from am j forensic med pathol 1992 jun;13(2):146)
Forensic Ballistics: the science of studying projectiles in motion, ballistics, being applied to law. ballistics on firearm projectiles, such as bullets, include the study of what happens inside the weapon, during the flight of the projectile, and when the projectile strikes the target, such as body tissue
Forensic Entomology: the use of insects and related arthropods that inhabit decomposing corpses or remains in the conduct of medico-legal or medico-criminal investigations
Forensic Genetics: the application of genetic analyses and molecular diagnostic techniques to legal matters and crime analysis
Forensic Imaging: the use of various imaging and image enhancement techniques in forensic investigative disciplines. it often includes forensic medicine platforms such as x-rays; ct xray; and mri
Forensic Microbiology: the scientific discipline dedicated to analyzing evidence from bioterrorism, biocrime, hoax, or inadvertent microorganism/toxin release for attribution purposes
Forensic Nursing: the application of nursing knowledge to questions of law. it is a specialty of nursing practice involving victims of crime which includes not only attending to the physical and emotional distress of victims, but also the identifying, collecting, and preserving evidence for law enforcement and the criminal justice system
Forensic Psychiatry: psychiatry in its legal aspects. this includes criminology, penology, commitment of persons with psychiatric disorders, the psychiatrist's role in compensation cases, the problems of releasing information to the court, and of expert testimony
Forensic Psychology: a specialty in professional psychology characterized by activities primarily intended to provide professional psychological expertise within the judicial and legal systems
Forensic Sciences: disciplines that apply sciences to law. forensic sciences include a wide range of disciplines, such as forensic toxicology; forensic anthropology; forensic medicine; forensic dentistry; and others
Foreskin: the double-layered skin fold that covers the glans penis, the head of the penis
Forest Therapy: sitting or walking in a forest or forested area and taking in all of the environmental stimuli of the forest - the sounds, images, atmopheric conditions, etc. as a form of therapy
Foret1 element, Fusarium oxysporum: has been sequenced; isolated from fusarium oxysporum; contains sequences homologous to protease, reverse transcriptase, and ribonuclease h; has high sequence similarity with retroviral pol genes
Forkhead Box Protein L2: a forkhead box transcription factor that is expressed in the developing eyelid and during very early development of the gonad, prior to sex determination. it is essential for development of the ovary and inhibits sox9 transcription factor to prevent differentiation to testes. it also induces apoptosis in ovarian cells. mutations in the foxl2 gene are associated with blepharophimosis; ptosis, and epicanthus inversus (bpes with ovarian failure)
Forkhead Box Protein M1: a forkhead box transcription factor that is expressed primarily in adult organs which contain proliferating cells such as the thymus, testis, ovary, and small intestine. it controls the expression of cell cycle genes essential for dna replication and mitosis, and also functions in dna repair
Forkhead Box Protein O1: a forkhead box transcription factor that is a major target of insulin signaling and regulator of metabolic homeostasis in response to oxidative stress. it binds to the insulin response element (ire) and the related daf-16 family binding element (dbe). its activity is suppressed by insulin and it also regulates osteoblast proliferation, controls bone mass, and skeletal regulation of glucose metabolism. it promotes gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes and regulates gene expression in adipose tissue. it is also an important cell death regulator. chromosomal aberrations involving the foxo1 gene occur in rhabdomyosarcoma
Forkhead Box Protein O3: a forkhead box transcription factor and transcriptional activator which triggers type 1 programmed cell death (apoptosis) in the absence of apoptosis inhibiting proteins, including neuronal cell death induced by oxidative stress. it recognizes and binds to the dna sequence 5'-(ag)taaa(tc)a-3' and also functions in post-transcriptional regulation of the c-myc proto-oncogene
Forkhead Transcription Factors: a subclass of winged helix dna-binding proteins that share homology with their founding member fork head protein, drosophila
Form: document used for acquiring particular information or for presenting particular information in a prescribed sequence and format, often with blank spaces or lines or other methods to prompt for insertion of the requested information
Formaldehyde: a highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. in solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (from reynolds, martindale the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717)
Formaldehyde poisoning: poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of formaldehyde
Formate Dehydrogenases: flavoproteins that catalyze reversibly the reduction of carbon dioxide to formate. many compounds can act as acceptors, but the only physiologically active acceptor is nad. the enzymes are active in the fermentation of sugars and other compounds to carbon dioxide and are the key enzymes in obtaining energy when bacteria are grown on formate as the main carbon source. they have been purified from bovine blood. ec 1.2.1.2
Formate-Tetrahydrofolate Ligase: a carbon-nitrogen ligase that catalyzes the formation of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate from formate and tetrahydrofolate in the presence of atp. in higher eukaryotes the enzyme also contains methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (nadp+) and methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activity
Formates: derivatives of formic acids. included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are formed with a single carbon carboxy group
Formative Feedback: information communicated to the learner that is intended to modify the learner's thinking or behavior for the purpose of improving learning
Formazans: colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts
Formic Acid Esters: ester derivatives of formic acid with the formula h-coo-r
Formicidae: mravencovití (formicidae) jsou jednou z nejúspěšnějších skupin hmyzu v živočišné říši. mravenci se vyskytují téměř všude na zemi, v tropických deštných lesích mohou tvořit až 15 % celkové živočišné biomasy. mravenci jsou sociální hmyz žijící v koloniích ve zbudovaných hnízdech, kterým se v češtině obvykle říká mraveniště. mohou vytvářet několik kast, základními kastami jsou královna (gyne), samec (aner) a dělnice (ergate). někdy jsou kolonie mravenců pro svůj vysoký stupeň organizace nad úrovní jedince označovány jako superorganismus. nejdůležitějším komunikačním prvkem jsou mravenčí pachy, tedy feromony. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Formiminoglutamic Acid: measurement of this acid in the urine after oral administration of histidine provides the basis for the diagnostic test of folic acid deficiency and of megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy
Formins: a family of multidomain microfilament proteins associated with actin filaments. they generally have multiple formin-homology domains (e.g., fh2 domain) and additionally have a rhogtpase-binding domain and a diaphanous inhibitory domain. formins and homologs are involved in actin reorganization
Formocresols: compounds consisting of formaldehyde, cresol, glycerin, and water. they are used in the pulpotomy of primary teeth and as root canal irrigants
Formoterol Fumarate: an adrenergic beta-2 receptor agonist with a prolonged duration of action. it is used to manage asthma and in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Forms and Records Control: a management function in which standards and guidelines are developed for the development, maintenance, and handling of forms and records
Forms as Topic: works about documents used for acquiring particular information or for presenting particular information in a prescribed sequence and format, often with blank spaces or lines or other methods to prompt for insertion of the requested information
Formularies as Topic: works about lists of drugs or collections of recipes, formulas, and prescriptions for the compounding of medicinal preparations. formularies differ from pharmacopeia in that they are less complete, lacking full descriptions of the drugs, their formulations, analytic composition, chemical properties, etc. in hospitals, formularies list all drugs commonly stocked in the hospital pharmacy
Formularies, Dental as Topic: works about reference lists of descriptions and uses of drugs related to oral medicine and dentistry
Formularies, Homeopathic as Topic: works about formularies concerned with homeopathic remedies
Formulary: work that consists of lists of drugs or collections of recipes, formulas, and prescriptions for the compounding of medicinal preparations
Formulary, Dental: works on or about reference lists of descriptions and uses of drugs related to oral medicine and dentistry
Formulary, Homeopathic: work about formulary concerned with homeopathic remedies
Formycins: pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from nocardia interforma. they are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties
Formyltetrahydrofolates: tetrahydrofolates which are substituted by a formyl group at either the nitrogen atom in the 5 position or the nitrogen atom in the 10 position. n(5)-formyltetrahydrofolate is leucovorin (citrovorum factor) while n(10)-formyltetrahydrofolate is an active coenzyme which functions as a carrier of the formyl group in a number of enzymatic reactions
Forney Robinson Pascoe syndrome: mitral regurgitation, conductive deafness, and fusion of cervical vertebrae and of carpal and tarsal bones. omim: 157800
Fornix, Brain: heavily myelinated fiber bundle of the telencephalon projecting from the hippocampal formation to the hypothalamus. some authorities consider the fornix part of the limbic system. the fimbria starts as a flattened band of axons arising from the subiculum and hippocampus, which then thickens to form the fornix
Forssman Antigen: a glycolipid, cross-species antigen that induces production of antisheep hemolysin. it is present on the tissue cells of many species but absent in humans. it is found in many infectious agents
Forssmanův antigen: glykolipid, který vyvolává tvorbu heterofilních protilátek v hostitelském organismu. je přítomen v tkáňových buňkách mnoha druhů, ale chybí u lidí. nachází se v mnoha infekčních agens
Forsythia: rod rostlin čeledi oleaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují suspensasid
Fos-Related Antigen-2: a basic-leucine zipper transcription factor that is closely related to c-fos proteins. it forms heterodimeric complexes with c-jun proteins to regulate gene transcription
Foscarnet: an antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and hiv
Fosfomycin: an antibiotic produced by streptomyces fradiae
Fosinopril: a phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. it is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat
Fossil Fuels: any combustible hydrocarbon deposit formed from the remains of prehistoric organisms. examples are petroleum, coal, and natural gas
Fossils: remains, impressions, or traces of animals or plants of past geological times which have been preserved in the earth's crust
Founder Effect: a phenomenon that is observed when a small subgroup of a larger population establishes itself as a separate and isolated entity. the subgroup's gene pool carries only a fraction of the genetic diversity of the parental population resulting in an increased frequency of certain diseases in the subgroup, especially those diseases known to be autosomal recessive
Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography: three-dimensional computed tomographic imaging with the added dimension of time, to follow motion during imaging
Fourier Analysis: analysis based on the mathematical function first formulated by jean-baptiste-joseph fourier in 1807. the function, known as the fourier transform, describes the sinusoidal pattern of any fluctuating pattern in the physical world in terms of its amplitude and its phase. it has broad applications in biomedicine, e.g., analysis of the x-ray crystallography data pivotal in identifying the double helical nature of dna and in analysis of other molecules, including viruses, and the modified back-projection algorithm universally used in computerized tomography imaging, etc. (from segen, the dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Fourierova analýza: matematický postup, pomocí kterého lze obecnou funkci reprezentovat či aproximovat součtem (sumací) jednodušších trigonometrických funkcí. tuto metodu poprvé formuloval francouzský matematik a fyzik jean-baptiste joseph fourier v r. 1807. tento proces rozložení obecných kolísavých průběhů na příspěvky sinusového tvaru se nazývá také jako fourierova transformace. je možné jej použít na převod z časové oblasti signálu do oblasti frekvenční nebo z oblasti prostorové do oblasti prostorové frekvence. v obou případech je výsledkem převodu vyjádření v hodnotách amplitudy a fáze jednotlivých příspěvků. metoda má široké uplatnění i v biomedicíně, např. v analýze rentgenových krystalografických dat při stanovení dvouvláknové šroubovicové struktury dna, při analýze dalších molekul včetně virů a dále při rekonstrukci obrazu pomocí ct tomografie, atd
Fournier Gangrene: an acute necrotic infection of the scrotum; penis; or perineum. it is characterized by scrotum pain and redness with rapid progression to gangrene and sloughing of tissue. fournier gangrene is usually secondary to perirectal or periurethral infections associated with local trauma, operative procedures, or urinary tract disease
Fournierova gangréna: infekce skrota a hráze pokračující do gangrény, vyvolaná smíšenou bakteriální flórou a kandidou. zejm. u diabetiků. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Fourth Ventricle: an irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, located between the medulla oblongata; the pons; and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. it is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space
Fovea Centralis: an area approximately 1.5 millimeters in diameter within the macula lutea where the retina thins out greatly because of the oblique shifting of all layers except the pigment epithelium layer. it includes the sloping walls of the fovea (clivus) and contains a few rods in its periphery. in its center (foveola) are the cones most adapted to yield high visual acuity, each cone being connected to only one ganglion cell. (cline et al., dictionary of visual science, 4th ed)
Foveomacular Retinitis: a photochemical injury to retina tissues, usually at the retinal pigment epithelium. it is commonly associated with sungazing, eclipse viewing, welding, or using a laser pointer without proper eye protection resulting in subjective visual disturbances (e.g., floaters) and reduced visual acuity
Fowl adenovirus A: the type species of the genus aviadenovirus, family adenoviridae, an oncogenic virus of birds. this is also called celo virus for chick embryo lethal orphan virus
Fowlpox: a poxvirus infection of poultry and other birds characterized by the formation of wart-like nodules on the skin and diphtheritic necrotic masses (cankers) in the upper digestive and respiratory tracts
Fowlpox virus: the type species of the genus avipoxvirus. it is the etiologic agent of fowlpox
Fox-Fordyce Disease: chronic pruritic disease, usually in women, characterized by small follicular papular eruptions in apocrine glands areas. it is caused by obstruction and rupture of intraepidermal apocrine ducts
Foxes: any of several carnivores in the family canidae, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than wolves. they are classified in several genera and found on all continents except antarctica
Foxova-Fordyceova nemoc: chronické svědivé onemocnění, zpravidla u žen, charakterizované výsevem malých folikulárních pupínků v oblasti apokrinních žláz. je způsobené obstrukcí a protržením intraepidermálních apokrinních kanálků
Fractals: patterns (real or mathematical) which look similar at different scales, for example the network of airways in the lung which shows similar branching patterns at progressively higher magnifications. natural fractals are self-similar across a finite range of scales while mathematical fractals are the same across an infinite range. many natural, including biological, structures are fractal (or fractal-like). fractals are related to chaos (see nonlinear dynamics) in that chaotic processes can produce fractal structures in nature, and appropriate representations of chaotic processes usually reveal self-similarity over time
Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide Testing: test to measure the levels of nitric oxide (an endothelium-dependent relaxing factor) in the exhaled air. feno test is used to determine levels of inflammation in the pulmonary endothelium often associated with endothelium associated diseases, e.g., asthma
Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial: the ratio of maximum blood flow to the myocardium with coronary stenosis present, to the maximum equivalent blood flow without stenosis. the measurement is commonly used to verify borderline stenosis of coronary arteries
Fractional Precipitation: a method which uses specific precipitation reactions to separate or collect substances from a solution
Fractionation, Field Flow: separation of molecules and particles by a simultaneous action of carrier liquid flow and focusing field forces (electrical, sedimentation, or thermal), without a stationary phase
Fracture Dislocation: fracture of a bone near an articulation with concomitant dislocation of that joint
Fracture Fixation: the use of metallic devices inserted into or through bone to hold a fracture in a set position and alignment while it heals
Fracture Fixation, Internal: the use of internal devices (metal plates, nails, rods, etc.) to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment
Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary: the use of nails that are inserted into bone cavities in order to keep fractured bones together
Fracture Healing: the physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. it includes bony callus formation and normal replacement of bone tissue
Fractures, Avulsion: tearing away of the cortical bone fragment at the location of a strong ligament or tendon attachment. the bone fragment detachment site often occurs near a soft site (e.g., growth plate) at the base where ligaments; tendons; or joint capsules attach. in younger patients it is most often caused by a sudden forceful pull on a tendon in the opposite direction of the bone movement. in the elderly it is associated with osteoporotic insufficiency fractures
Fractures, Closed: fractures in which the break in bone is not accompanied by an external wound
Fractures, Comminuted: a fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed into a number of pieces
Fractures, Compression: crumbling or smashing of cancellous bone by forces acting parallel to the long axis of bone. it is applied particularly to vertebral body fractures (spinal fractures). (blauvelt and nelson, a manual of orthopedic terminology, 1994, p4)
Fractures, Malunited: union of the fragments of a fractured bone in a faulty or abnormal position. if two bones parallel to one another unite by osseous tissue, the result is a crossunion. (from manual of orthopaedic terminology, 4th ed)
Fractures, Multiple: injuries involving the breaking of either several bones or one bone in two or more places
Fractures, Open: fractures in which there is an external wound communicating with the break of the bone
Fractures, Spontaneous: fractures occurring as a result of disease of a bone or from some undiscoverable cause, and not due to trauma. (dorland, 27th ed)
Fractures, Stress: fractures due to the strain caused by repetitive exercise. they are thought to arise from a combination of muscle fatigue and bone failure, and occur in situations where bone remodeling predominates over repair. the most common sites of stress fractures are the metatarsus; fibula; tibia; and femoral neck
Fractures, Ununited: a fracture in which union fails to occur, the ends of the bone becoming rounded and eburnated, and a false joint occurs. (stedman, 25th ed)
Fragile Site 16p12: deletion = chromomsome 16p12.1 deletion syndrome
Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein: a rna-binding protein that is found predominately in the cytoplasm. it helps regulate genetic translation in neurons and is absent or under-expressed in fragile x syndrome
Fragile X Syndrome: a condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the x chromosome (at gene loci fraxa or fraxe) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, seizures, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. intellectual disability occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of fraxa. (from menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, p226)
Fragile X Tremor Ataxia Syndrome: an ataxia caused by expanded trinucleotide repeats in the fmr1 gene on the x chromosome. occurs predominantly in men over 50 years of age. in addition to ataxia, tremor, brain atrophy, and dementia also occur. omim: 300623
Frail Elderly: older adults or aged individuals who are lacking in general strength and are unusually susceptible to disease or to other infirmity
Frailty: a state of increased vulnerability to stressors, following declines in function and reserves across multiple physiologic systems, characterized by muscle weakness; fatigue; slowed motor performance; low physical activity; and unintentional weight loss
Frameshift Mutation: a type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides deleted from or inserted into a protein coding sequence is not divisible by three, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frames of the entire coding sequence downstream of the mutation. these mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously
Frameshifting, Ribosomal: a directed change in translational reading frames that allows the production of a single protein from two or more overlapping genes. the process is programmed by the nucleotide sequence of the mrna and is sometimes also affected by the secondary or tertiary mrna structure. it has been described mainly in viruses (especially retroviruses); retrotransposons; and bacterial insertion elements but also in some cellular genes
Framycetin: a component of neomycin that is produced by streptomyces fradiae. on hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine b. (from merck index, 11th ed)
France: a country in western europe bordered by the atlantic ocean, the english channel, the mediterranean sea, and the countries of belgium, germany, italy, spain, switzerland, the principalities of andorra and monaco, and by the duchy of luxembourg. its capital is paris
Francie: země v západní evropě, kterou ohraničují atlantský oceán, lamanšský průliv, středozemní moře a tyto země: belgie, německo, itálie, španělsko, švýcarsko, knížectví andorry a monaka a lucemburské velkovévodství. hlavním městem je paříž
Francisella: jediný rod čeledi francisellaceae. často se vyskytuje v přírodních vodách. může parazitovat u člověka a dalších savců, u ptáků a členovců
Francisella: the lone genus of bacteria in the family francisellaceae, frequently found in natural waters. it can be parasitic in humans, other mammals; birds; and arthropods
Francisella tularensis: etiologické agens tularemie u lidí a dalších teplokrevných živočichů
Francisella tularensis: the etiologic agent of tularemia in man and other warm-blooded animals
Francium: a radioactive alkali metal with the atomic symbol fr, and atomic number 87. the mass numbers of known isotopes are 204-213, 217-224. its valence is +1
Francouzská Guyana: francouzský zámořský departement, zámořský region a zároveň zámořské území evropské unie v jižní americe. je nejrozlehlejším departementem, pozemní hranice má se surinamem a brazílií. francouzskou kolonií je od 17. století. v letech 1854 až 1936 území fungovalo jako trestanecká kolonie pro těžké zločince (známé ďábelské ostrovy). hlavní město je cayenne. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Frankia: aktinobakterie rodu frankia jsou bakterie, které vstoupily do specifického symbiotického svazku s některými cévnatými rostlinami (prostřednictvím bakterií v hlízách na kořenech). frankia takto spolupracuje s rostlinami z osmi čeledí. většinou jde o dřeviny. patří mezi ně olše, rakytník, hlošina nebo skalnička dryádka. (upraveno podle stránek ústavu experiment. botaniky av čr http://www.ueb.cas.cz/cs/content/partneri-z-podzemi)
Frankia: genus of bacteria in the family frankiaceae. they are nitrogen-fixing root-nodule symbionts of many species of woody dicotyledonous plants
Frankincense: resin exudate from certain trees of the genus boswellia in the burseraceae family
Fraser Jequier Chen syndrome: chondrodysplasia, situs inversus totalis, cleft epiglottis and larynx, hexadactyly of hands and feet, pancreatic cystic dysplasia, renal dysplasia/abs
Fraser Syndrome: rare autosomal recessive congenital malformation syndrome characterized by cryptophthalmos, syndactyly and urogenital abnormalities. other anomalies of bone, ear, lung, and nose are common. mutations on fras1 and frem2 are associated with the syndrome
Fraserův syndrom: kryptooftalmie, orofaciální a urogenitální defekty, syndaktylie, hypoplazie ledvin, mentální retardace a skeletální abnormality. dědičnost je autozomálně recesivní. (cit. medicabáze.cz, 2018 http://www.medicabaze.cz). se syndromem se pojí mutace genů fras1 a frem2
Frasier Syndrome: a syndrome characterized by chronic kidney failure and gonadal dysgenesis in phenotypic females with karyotype of 46,xy or female individual with a normal 46,xx karyotype. it is caused by donor splice-site mutations of wilms tumor suppressor gene (genes, wilms tumor) on chromosome 11
Frataxin: a protein involved in the transfer of iron and sulfur to iron-sulfur cluster (isc) assembly complex for de novo synthesis of a [2fe-2s] cluster, the first step of the mitochondrial iron-sulfur protein biogenesis. deficiency leads to the neurodegenerative disease friedreich ataxia
Fraud: exploitation through misrepresentation of the facts or concealment of the purposes of the exploiter
Fraxinus: a plant genus of the family oleaceae. members contain secoiridoid glucosides
Fraxinus: rod rostlin čeledi oleaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují sekoiridoidní glukosidy
Free Radical Scavengers: substances that eliminate free radicals. among other effects, they protect pancreatic islets against damage by cytokines and prevent myocardial and pulmonary reperfusion injury
Free Radicals: highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. free radicals include reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (rons). they are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated
Free Tissue Flaps: a mass of tissue that has been cut away from its surrounding areas to be used in tissue transplantation
Freedom Compomer: contains udma resin/multifunctional methacrylic ester, strontium-fluoro-silicate glass, photo initiators /stabilizers
Freedom of Movement: the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state or nation. the right to leave any country and to return as provided in the universal declaration of human rights, section 13, 1948
Freedom of Religion: the right to practice, worship, observe, and teach one's beliefs without external constraints
Freeman-Sheldon syndrome: an autosomal dominant craniofacial dystosis that is phenotypically similar to distal arthrogryposis type 1 (omim: 108120). in addition to contractures of the hands and feet, it is characterized by oropharyngeal abnormalities, scoliosis, and a distinctive facies that includes a very small oral orifice (often only a few millimeters in diameter at birth), puckered lips, and an h-shaped dimple of the chin; hence, fss has been called 'whistling face syndrome.' mutations in the myh3 gene have been identified. omim: 193700
Freemartinism: a condition occurring in the female offspring of dizygotic twins (twin, dizygotic) in a mixed-sex pregnancy, usually in cattle. freemartinism can occur in other mammals. when placental fusion between the male and the female fetuses permits the exchange of fetal cells and fetal hormones, testicular hormones from the male fetus can androgenize the female fetus producing a sterile xx/xy chimeric female(chimerism)
Freeze Drying: method of tissue preparation in which the tissue specimen is frozen and then dehydrated at low temperature in a high vacuum. this method is also used for dehydrating pharmaceutical and food products
Freeze Etching: a replica technique in which cells are frozen to a very low temperature and cracked with a knife blade to expose the interior surfaces of the cells or cell membranes. the cracked cell surfaces are then freeze-dried to expose their constituents. the surfaces are now ready for shadowing to be viewed using an electron microscope. this method differs from freeze-fracturing in that no cryoprotectant is used and, thus, allows for the sublimation of water during the freeze-drying process to etch the surfaces
Freeze Fracturing: preparation for electron microscopy of minute replicas of exposed surfaces of the cell which have been ruptured in the frozen state. the specimen is frozen, then cleaved under high vacuum at the same temperature. the exposed surface is shadowed with carbon and platinum and coated with carbon to obtain a carbon replica
Freeze Substitution: a modification of the freeze-drying method in which the ice within the frozen tissue is replaced by alcohol or other solvent at a very low temperature
Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic: an induced response to threatening stimuli characterized by the cessation of body movements, except for those that are involved with breathing, and the maintenance of an immobile posture
French Guiana: a french overseas department on the northeast coast of south america. its capital is cayenne. it was first settled by the french in 1604. early development was hindered because of the presence of a penal colony. the name of the country and the capital are variants of guyana, possibly from the native indian guarani guai (born) + ana (kin), implying a united and interrelated race of people. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p418 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p195)
Freudian Theory: philosophic formulations which are basic to psychoanalysis. some of the conceptual theories developed were of the libido, repression, regression, transference, id, ego, superego, oedipus complex, etc
Freudova teorie: filozofické formulace, které jsou základem psychoanalýzy. mezi freudovské pojmy patří libido, represe, regrese, transference, id, ego, superego, oidipovský komplex atd
Freund's Adjuvant: an antigen solution emulsified in mineral oil. the complete form is made up of killed, dried mycobacteria, usually m. tuberculosis, suspended in the oil phase. it is effective in stimulating cell-mediated immunity (immunity, cellular) and potentiates the production of certain immunoglobulins in some animals. the incomplete form does not contain mycobacteria
Freundovo adjuvans: emulzní směs roztoku antigenu a minerálního oleje, popř. s přídavkem usmrcených mykobakterií pro zvýšení účinku antigenu, podává se injekčně. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2021 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Friction: surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact
Fried Goldberg Mundel syndrome: severe lower limb malformation associated with other deformities
Friedreich Ataxia: an autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. clinical manifestations include gait ataxia, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1081; n engl j med 1996 oct 17;335(16):1169-75) the severity of friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of gaa repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (from durr et al, n engl j med 1996 oct 17;335(16):1169-75)
Friedreichova ataxie: autozomálně-recesivně dědičné onemocnění míchy a mozečku způsobující těžké poruchy koordinace pohybů (ataxii), poruchy citlivosti, reflexů aj. onemocnění začíná v dětství (obv. před 10. rokem), je pomalu progresivní, více jsou postiženy dolní končetiny, bývají též poruchy řeči, nystagmus, kyfoskolióza a jiné abnormality. inteligence je normální. častý je rovněž výskyt kardiomyopatie, která může být příčinou smrti. mutován je mitochondriální protein frataxin (lokus 9q13), přítomna je trinukleotidová expanze (gaa). je narušena funkce mitochondrií (zejm. mitochondriální transport železa), je vyšší citlivost k poškození aktivními formami kyslíku aj. výskyt se udává cca 1:50 000. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Friend murine leukemia virus: a strain of murine leukemia virus (leukemia virus, murine) producing leukemia of the reticulum-cell type with massive infiltration of liver, spleen, and bone marrow. it infects dba/2 and swiss mice
Fritillaria: a plant genus of the family liliaceae. members of this genus produce imperialine, a steroidal alkaloid which acts at muscarinic receptors
Fritillaria: rod rostlin čeledi liliaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují imperialin (steroidní alkaloid, který působí na muskarinové receptory)
Frizzled Receptors: a family of seven-pass transmembrane cell-surface proteins that combines with low density liprotein receptor-related protein-5 or low density liprotein receptor-related protein-5 to form receptors for wnt proteins. frizzled receptors often couple with heterotrimeric g proteins and regulate the wnt signaling pathway
Frontal Bone: the bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face
Frontal Lobe: the part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus
Frontal Sinus: one of the paired, but seldom symmetrical, air spaces located between the inner and outer compact layers of the frontal bone in the forehead
Frontal Sinusitis: inflammation of the nasal mucosa in the frontal sinus. in many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria streptococcus pneumoniae or haemophilus influenzae
Frontline Workers: these include (but are not limited to) health care workers, protective service workers (police and ems), cashiers in grocery and general merchandise stores, production and food processing workers, janitors and maintenance workers, agricultural workers, and truck drivers. (cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/eciw_4.0_guidance_on_essential_critical_infrastructure_workers_final3_508_0.pdf)
Frontonasal dysplasia: craniofacial abnormalities defined by two or more of the following findings: (1) true ocular hypertelorism; (2) broadening of the nasal root; (3) median facial cleft affecting the nose and/or upper lip and palate; (4) unilateral or bilateral clefting of the alae nasi; (5) lack of formation of the nasal tip; (6) anterior cranium bifidum occultum (omim: 168500); and (7) a v-shaped or widow's peak frontal hairline. most reported cases are sporadic, but a few familial cases have been reported. mutations in the alx3 gene have been identified. omim: 136760
Frontotemporal Dementia: the most common clinical form of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight
Frontotemporal Dementia With Motor Neuron Disease: an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by hexanucleotide repeat expansion (ggggcc) in a noncoding region of the c9orf72 gene. it is characterized by adult onset of frontotemporal dementia or als in an affected individual, with significant intrafamilial variation. patients tend to show a lower age of onset, shorter survival, bulbar symptom onset, increased incidence of neurodegenerative disease in relatives, and a propensity toward psychosis or hallucinations compared to patients with other forms of als and/or ftd. psychiatric disturbances may also predate the onset of dementia. omim: 105550
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration: heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by frontal and temporal lobe atrophy associated with neuronal loss, gliosis, and dementia. patients exhibit progressive changes in social, behavioral, and/or language function. multiple subtypes or forms are recognized based on presence or absence of tau protein inclusions. ftld includes three clinical syndromes: frontotemporal dementia, semantic dementia, and primary progressive nonfluent aphasia
Frozen Sections: thinly cut sections of frozen tissue specimens prepared with a cryostat or freezing microtome
Fructokinases: a class of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose in the presence of atp. ec 2.7.1.-
Fructosamine: an amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the n-terminal amino group of proteins. the fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical amadori rearrangement
Fructose: a monosaccharide in sweet fruits and honey that is soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. it is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding
Fructose Intolerance: an autosomal recessive fructose metabolism disorder due to deficient fructose-1-phosphate aldolase (ec 2.1.2.13) activity, resulting in accumulation of fructose-1-phosphate. the accumulated fructose-1-phosphate inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, causing severe hypoglycemia following ingestion of fructose. prolonged fructose ingestion in infants leads ultimately to hepatic failure and death. patients develop a strong distaste for sweet food, and avoid a chronic course of the disease by remaining on a fructose- and sucrose-free diet
Fructose Metabolism, Inborn Errors: inherited abnormalities of fructose metabolism, which include three known autosomal recessive types: hepatic fructokinase deficiency (essential fructosuria), hereditary fructose intolerance, and hereditary fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency. essential fructosuria is a benign asymptomatic metabolic disorder caused by deficiency in fructokinase, leading to decreased conversion of fructose to fructose-1-phosphate and alimentary hyperfructosemia, but with no clinical dysfunction; may produce a false-positive diabetes test
Fructose-1,6-Diphosphatase Deficiency: an autosomal recessive fructose metabolism disorder due to absent or deficient fructose-1,6-diphosphatase activity. gluconeogenesis is impaired, resulting in accumulation of gluconeogenic precursors (e.g., amino acids, lactate, ketones) and manifested as hypoglycemia, ketosis, and lactic acidosis. episodes in the newborn infant are often lethal. later episodes are often brought on by fasting and febrile infections. as patients age through early childhood, tolerance to fasting improves and development becomes normal
Fructose-Bisphosphatase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of d-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and water to d-fructose 6-phosphate and orthophosphate. ec 3.1.3.11
Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase: an enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the cleavage of fructose 1,6-biphosphate to form dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. the enzyme also acts on (3s,4r)-ketose 1-phosphates. the yeast and bacterial enzymes are zinc proteins. (enzyme nomenclature, 1992) e.c. 4.1.2.13
Fructosediphosphates: diphosphoric acid esters of fructose. the fructose-1,6- diphosphate isomer is most prevalent. it is an important intermediate in the glycolysis process
Fructosuria: a benign hereditary defect of fructose metabolism that results in a sharp increase in fructose excretion in the urine following ingestion of dietary fructose, sucrose, or sorbitol. it is caused by mutations in the ketohexokinase (khk) gene. omim: 229800
Fructuronate Reductase: an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of mannonate to fructuronate in the presence of nad. also reduces d-tagaturonate to d-altronate. ec 1.1.1.57
Fruit: the fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a plant, enclosing the seed or seeds
Fruiting Bodies, Fungal: the fruiting 'heads' or 'caps' of fungi, which as a food item are familiarly known as mushrooms, that contain the fungal spores
Frullania: a plant genus of the family jubulaceae, subclass jungermanniae. members contain eudesmane-type sesquiterpene lactones and cause contact dermatitis
Frullania: rod rostlin čeledi jubulaceae, podtřídy jungermanniae. zástupci obsahují eudesmanolidy, seskviterpenové laktony způsobující kontaktní dermatitidy
Frustration: the motivational and/or affective state resulting from being blocked, thwarted, disappointed or defeated
Fu-CF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 2 cpds; used in the chemotherapy of breast cancer & other tumors
FuMi protocol: for treatment of estrogen-receptor-negative breast cancer; chemotherapy protocol which consists of above 2 cpds
Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy: disorder caused by loss of endothelium of the central cornea. it is characterized by hyaline endothelial outgrowths on descemet's membrane, epithelial blisters, reduced vision, and pain
Fuchsova endoteliální dystrofie: dystrofie rohovky, kdy kvůli patologickým výchlipkám descemetské membrány dochází k progresivnímu úbytku endoteliálních buněk. klinicky se projeví jako bulózní keratopatie (edém stromatu, vznik epitelových bul, bolest). bývá navíc spojena s kataraktou. obvykle se projeví až po čtvrté dekádě života. (upraveno podle wikiskripta 2018 http://www.wikiskripta.eu/)
Fucose: a six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula c6h12o5. it lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule
Fucosidosis: an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-l-fucosidase activity resulting in an accumulation of fucose containing sphingolipids; glycoproteins, and mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) in lysosomes. the infantile form (type i) features psychomotor deterioration, muscle spasticity, coarse facial features, growth retardation, skeletal abnormalities, visceromegaly, seizures, recurrent infections, and macroglossia, with death occurring in the first decade of life. juvenile fucosidosis (type ii) is the more common variant and features a slowly progressive decline in neurologic function and angiokeratoma corporis diffusum. type ii survival may be through the fourth decade of life. (from menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, p87; am j med genet 1991 jan;38(1):111-31)
Fucosyl Galactose alpha-N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetylgalactosamine from udp n-acetylgalactosamine to various 2-fucosylgalactosides as acceptors. ec 2.4.1.40
Fucosyltransferases: enzymes catalyzing the transfer of fucose from a nucleoside diphosphate fucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate, a glycoprotein, or a glycolipid molecule. elevated activity of some fucosyltransferases in human serum may serve as an indicator of malignancy. the class includes ec 2.4.1.65; ec 2.4.1.68; ec 2.4.1.69; ec 2.4.1.89
Fucus: a genus of brown algae in the family fucaceae. it is found in temperate, marine intertidal areas along rocky coasts and is a source of alginates. some species of fucus are referred to as kelp
Fucus: rod hnědých řas (phaeophyceae) z čeledi fucaceae (chaluhovité). nacházejí se v klidných příbřežních oblastech moře podél skalnatých pobřeží a jsou zdrojem alginátů. některé druhy chaluh rodu fucus se řadí do řádu kelp (laminariales)
Fuel Oils: complex petroleum hydrocarbons consisting mainly of residues from crude oil distillation. these liquid products include heating oils, stove oils, and furnace oils and are burned to generate energy