NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Axinella: rod hub čeledi axinellidae, které mají kostru rozlišenou na axiální a extraaxiální oblast. typovým druhem je axinella polypoides
Axitinib: a benzamide and indazole derivative that acts as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. it is used in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma
Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase: a member of the tyro3-axl-mer (tam) receptor protein-tyrosine kinases subfamily. involved in several cellular functions including growth, migration, cell aggregation, and anti-inflammation
Axon Fasciculation: process of organizing neighboring axons into a bundle or a fascicle during neurite outgrowth mediated by cell adhesion molecules
Axon Guidance: the mechanism by which a neuronal process outgrows toward a target led by the growth cone. local guidance cues are provided by cell surface proteins that act on the growing axon
Axon Initial Segment: first segment of axon that connects distal axon segments to the neuronal cell body at the axon hillock region. the axon initial segment is not protected by the myelin sheath and has properties critical for axonal growth. the axon initial segment and the axon hillock form an axonal trigger zone
Axonal Transport: the directed transport of organelles and molecules along nerve cell axons. transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (alberts et al., molecular biology of the cell, 3d ed, pg3)
Axonemal Dyneins: dyneins that are responsible for ciliary and flagellar beating
Axoneme: a bundle of microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins forming the core of each cilium or flagellum. in most eukaryotic cilia or flagella, an axoneme shaft has 20 microtubules arranged in nine doublets and two singlets
Axons: nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body
Axotomy: transection or severing of an axon. this type of denervation is used often in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival, toward an understanding of nervous system disease
Azabicyclo Compounds: bicyclic bridged compounds that contain a nitrogen which has three bonds. the nomenclature indicates the number of atoms in each path around the rings, such as [2.2.2] for three equal length paths. some members are tropanes and beta lactams
Azacitidine: a pyrimidine analogue that inhibits dna methyltransferase, impairing dna methylation. it is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into rna. azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent
Azacosterol: diaza derivative of cholesterol which acts as a hypocholesteremic agent by blocking delta-24-reductase, which causes the accumulation of desmosterol
Azadirachta: a plant genus of the family meliaceae. members contain azadirachtin a (a limonoid commonly referred to as azadirachtin) and other triterpenes. they have been used in pesticides. the old name of melia azadirachta is very similar to a related plant, melia azedarach
Azadirachta: rod rostlin čeledi meliaceae (zederachovité), jehož zástupci obsahují azadirachtin a (limonoid běžně označovaný jako azadirachtin) a další triterpeny. tyto látky mají insekticidní, baktericidní, antioxidační i protinádorové účinky. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Azaguanine: one of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. it functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids
Azaserine: antibiotic substance produced by various streptomyces species. it is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent
Azasteroids: steroidal compounds in which one or more carbon atoms in the steroid ring system have been substituted with nitrogen atoms
Azathioprine: an immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. according to the fourth annual report on carcinogens (ntp 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (merck index, 11th ed)
Azauridine: a triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. it interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. as the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic
Azerbaijan: a country located in southwestern asia, bordering the caspian sea, between iran and russia, with a small european portion north of the caucasus range. the capital is baku
Azetidinecarboxylic Acid: a proline analog that acts as a stoichiometric replacement of proline. it causes the production of abnormal proteins with impaired biological activity
Azinphosmethyl: an organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. it has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide
Aziridines: saturated azacyclopropane compounds. they include compounds with substitutions on carbon or nitrogen atoms
Azirines: unsaturated azacyclopropane compounds that are three-membered heterocycles of a nitrogen and two carbon atoms
Azithromycin: a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. it has been used in the treatment of mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis
Azlocillin: a semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin
Azo Compounds: organic chemicals where aryl or alkyl groups are joined by two nitrogen atoms through a double bond (r-n=n-r'; r and r' may be either aryl or alkyl). they may be used as dyes
Azoarcus: a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria including species which are often associated with grasses (poaceae) and which fix nitrogen as well as species which anaerobically degrade toluene and other mono-aromatic hydrocarbons
Azoarcus: rod gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních bakterií. patří sem druhy fixující dusík, které žijí v endosymbiotickém soužití s různými druhy travin (poaceae) a také druhy, které anaerobně rozkládají toluen a další monoaromatické uhlovodíky
Azoospermia: a condition of having no sperm present in the ejaculate (semen)
Azoospermia, Nonobstructive: azoospermia that is caused by hereditary defects which disrupt sperm development before or during meiosis. mutations and polymorphisms in the usp9y (omim: 415000), slc26a8 (omim: 606766), dazl (omim: 601486), and sycp3 (omim: 270960) have been identified
Azores: a group of nine islands and several islets belonging to portugal in the north atlantic ocean off the coast of portugal. the islands are named after the acores, the portuguese for goshawks, living there in abundance. (webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p102 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p42)
Azorhizobium: a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped, obligate aerobes which are motile by peritrichous flagella on solid medium and one lateral flagellum in liquid medium. under microaerobic conditions azorhizobium fixes nitrogen. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Azorhizobium: rod gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých, obligátně aerobních bakterií, které se na pevném kultivačním médiu pohybují pomocí peritrichálních bičíků a v tekutém pomocí jednoho laterálního bičíku. za mikroaerobních podmínek tyto bakterie fixují dusík
Azorhizobium caulinodans: a species of azorhizobium which forms nodules on the roots of the tropical legume sesbania rostrata. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Azorhizobium caulinodans: druh bakterie rodu azorhizobium, která tvoří hlízky na kořenech tropické luštěniny sesbania rostrata
Azory: souostroví a zámořské autonomní území portugalska nacházející se v atlantském oceánu v oblasti makaronésie, přibližně 1500 km od lisabonu a asi 3900 km od východního pobřeží severní ameriky. souostroví patří mezi tzv. "nejvzdálenější regiony" evropské unie. jde o významnou turistickou oblast. souostroví je tvořeno devíti obydlenými ostrovy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Azospirillum: a genus of gram-negative aerobic bacteria that occurs free-living in the soil or associated with the roots of cereal crops or grasses (poaceae)
Azospirillum: rod gramnegativních, aerobních bakterií, které žijí volně v půdě nebo na kořenech obilí a travin (poaceae)
Azospirillum brasilense: a species of motile, free-living, gram-negative bacteria that occur in the soil. they are aerobic or microaerophilic and are sometimes capable of nitrogen fixation
Azospirillum brasilense: druh gramnegativní, pohyblivé, volně žijící bakterie. vyskytuje se v půdě. je aerobní nebo mikroaerofilní a někdy může fixovat dusík
Azospirillum lipoferum: a species of gram-negative to gram-variable, nitrogen-fixing bacteria. they are free-living in soil or found in association with plant roots. it is the type species of the genus azospirillum
Azospirillum lipoferum: druh gramnegativní až gramvariabilní bakterie fixující dusík. vyskytuje se volně v půdě nebo v asociaci s kořeny rostlin. typový druh rodu azospirillum
Azotemia: a biochemical abnormality referring to an elevation of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. azotemia can be produced by kidney diseases or other extrarenal disorders. when azotemia becomes associated with a constellation of clinical signs, it is termed uremia
Azotobacter: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria found in soil and water. its organisms occur singly, in pairs or irregular clumps, and sometimes in chains of varying lengths
Azotobacter: rod gramnegativních, aerobních bakterií, které se vyskytují v půdě a ve vodě. žijí jednotlivě, ve dvojicích nebo v nepravidelných shlucích a někdy tvoří různě dlouhé řetízky
Azotobacter vinelandii: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria first isolated from soil in vineland, new jersey. ammonium and nitrate are used as nitrogen sources by this bacterium. it is distinguished from other members of its genus by the ability to use rhamnose as a carbon source. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Azotobacter vinelandii: druh gramnegativní, aerobní bakterie, která byla poprvé izolována z půdy ve vinelandu v new jersey. pro tento organismus jsou zdrojem dusíku amoniak a dusitany. od ostatních členů rodu azotobacter se liší schopností využívat rhamnózu jako zdroj uhlíku
Azoxymethane: a potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. it is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas
Aztreonam: a monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from chromobacterium violaceum. it is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. it may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms
Azulenes: compounds based on a seven-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. heat can rearrange them to naphthalenes which have two fused six-membered rings. they are similar to guaiazulenes which are sesquiterpenes with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
Azure Stains: phenothiazines with an amino group at the 3-position that are green crystals or powder. they are used as biological stains
Azurin: a bacterial protein from pseudomonas, bordetella, or alcaligenes which operates as an electron transfer unit associated with the cytochrome chain. the protein has a molecular weight of approximately 16,000, contains a single copper atom, is intensively blue, and has a fluorescence emission band centered at 308nm
Azygos Vein: a vein which arises from the right ascending lumbar vein or the vena cava, enters the thorax through the aortic orifice in the diaphragm, and terminates in the superior vena cava
B-8801 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
B-Cell Activating Factor: a tumor necrosis factor superfamily member that plays a role in the regulation of b-lymphocyte survival. it occurs as a membrane-bound protein that is cleaved to release an biologically active soluble form with specificity to transmembrane activator and caml interactor protein; b-cell activation factor receptor; and b-cell maturation antigen
B-Cell Activation Factor Receptor: a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that specifically binds b-cell activating factor. it is found on b-lymphocytes and plays a role in maturation and survival of b-cells. signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with tnf receptor-associated factors
B-Cell CLL-Lymphoma 10 Protein: a signal transducing adaptor protein that contains an n-terminal card domain and functions in the adaptive immune response. it promotes pro-caspase-9 maturation and apoptosis, activation of nf-kappa b, and is a substrate for malt1 paracaspase
B-Cell Lymphoma 3 Protein: a member of the i kappa b family, b-cell lymphoma 3-encoded (bcl-3) protein is involved in the regulation of transcriptional activation of nf-kappa b target genes
B-Cell Maturation Antigen: a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily found on mature b-lymphocytes. it has specificity for b cell activating factor and tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13. signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with tnf receptor-associated factors
B-DNA: nejčastější druh dvoušroubovice dna, který za normálních podmínek v buňkách zcela převažuje. dvoušroubovice b-dna je pravotočivá, na jednu otáčku připadá cca 10,5 párů bází, vzestup vůči ose na jeden pár je 0.338 nm a průměr dvoušroubovice činí 2 nm
B-DOMP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds & n(4)-behenoyl-1-cytarabine; used in treatment of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia
B-DOPA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of hodgkins disease
B-Lymphocyte Subsets: a classification of b-lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells
B-Lymphocytes: lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. they are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation
B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory: b-cells that have a role in regulating the immune response including the production of cytokines. this function is in addition to their traditional role in making antibodies
B-buněčný lymfom: skupina heterogenních lymfoidních nádorů mající původ v maligní transformaci b-lymfocytů
B-lymfocyty: buňky imunitního systému zodpovědné především za specifickou, protilátkami zprostředkovanou imunitní odpověď. jako složka adaptivní imunity mají rovněž velký význam pro imunitní paměť, čehož se mj. využívá i při očkování. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
B-prolymfocytární leukemie: nádor prolymfocytů ovlivňující krev, kostní dřeň a slezinu. projevuje se zmnožením prolymfocytů, které přesahují 55% z lymfatických buněk v krvi a hlubokou splenomegalií
B-triple-V protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide, & behenoyl ara-c; used in the treatment of acute leukemia
B30.2-SPRY Domain: a protein interaction domain that is characterized by a bent beta-sandwich consisting of two antiparallel beta-sheets. it occurs in eukaryotic proteins, including many tripartite motif proteins, which function in a variety of cellular processes
B7 Antigens: a family of cell-surface proteins found on antigen-presenting cells. b7 antigens are ligands for specific cell surface receptor subtypes found on t-cells. they play an immunomodulatory role by stimulating or inhibiting the t-cell activation process
B7-1 Antigen: a costimulatory ligand membrane glycoprotein that contains a v2 type and c2 immunoglobulin domain and is expressed by antigen-presenting cells. it binds to ctla-4 antigen with high specificity and to cd28 antigen with low specificity. the interaction of cd80 with cd28 antigen provides a costimulatory signal to t-lymphocytes, while its interaction with ctla-4 antigen may play a role in inducing peripheral tolerance
B7-2 Antigen: a costimulatory ligand glycoprotein that contains a c2 and v-type immunoglobulin domain. it is expressed by antigen-presenting cells and binds to cd28 antigen with high specificity and to ctla-4 antigen with low specificity. the interaction of cd86 with cd28 antigen provides a stimulatory signal to t-lymphocytes, while its interaction with ctla-4 antigen may play a role in inducing peripheral tolerance
B7-H1 Antigen: an inhibitory b7 antigen that contains v-type and c2 type immunoglobulin domains. it has specificity for the t-cell receptor programmed cell death 1 protein and provides negative signals that control and inhibit t-cell responses. it is found at higher than normal levels on tumor cells, suggesting its potential role in tumor immune evasion
BACOD protocol: used for treatment of non hodgkin's lymphoma; chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds
BACOD-VP16 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; reduces cerebral glucose metabolism; used for the treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
BAEC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 4 cpds; used in therapy of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
BALB 3T3 Cells: cell lines developed from disaggregated balb/c mouse embryos. they are extremely sensitive to contact inhibition, and highly susceptible to transformation by sv40 virus and murine sarcoma virus (sarcoma viruses, murine)
BAP protocol 2: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of ovarian germ-cell malignancy
BAP regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of advanced thyroid cancer
BAPP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of invasive thymoma
BAVC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above main headings; used in treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia
BBA1 protein, Synthetic: synthetic peptide that mimic betabetaalpha structure of zinc fingers without metal ion; amino acid
BBVDD protocol: chemotherapy regimen consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of advanced refractory lymphomas
BCG Vaccine: an active immunizing agent and a viable avirulent attenuated strain of mycobacterium bovis, which confers immunity to mycobacterial infections. it is used also in immunotherapy of neoplasms due to its stimulation of antibodies and non-specific immunity
BCMV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of head & neck squamous cell, nonseminomatous germ cell & nasopharyngeal cancers
BCP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment for multiple myeloma
BCPE protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in the therapy of advanced mycosis fungoides
BCPP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of multiple myeloma
BCTP 401 nanoemulsion: a nontoxic antimicrobial nanoemulsion made of bctp and a liposome (p10); p10 is made of water, tween 60, soybean oil, glycerol monooleate, refined soya sterols, and cetylpyridinium chloride
BCTP nanoemulsion: a nontoxic antimicrobial nanoemulsion made of soybean oil, triton x-100 and tri-n-butyl phosphate in 20% water
BCVP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of multiple myeloma
BEACOPP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above seven compounds for treating hodgkin's disease
BEAM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of relapsed lymphoma
BEAM regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; mini-beam used for treatment of hodgkin's and non-hodgkin's lymphoma
BECALM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of ederly patients with poor-prognosis non-hodgkin's lymphoma
BEM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in the treatment of hematological malignancies
BEMOP-CA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
BEMP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of diffuse large cell lymphoma
BEMP protocol 2: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix
BEP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of testicular neoplasms
BEPV protocol: for treatment of metastatic testicular tumors; chemotherapy protocol which consists of above cpds
BF-9 protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia
BFHM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of malignant gliomas
BFM 78 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds used in acute myelogenous leukemia
BFM-86 protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds including doxorubicin and dexamethasone; used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
BFM-ALL 81 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used against acute lymphoblastic leukemia in infants
BGM 84 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia
BH-AC-AMP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of n(4)-behenoyl-1-beta-arabinofuranosylcytosine, aclarubicin, 6-mercaptopurine & prednisolone
BH-AC-DMP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of n(4)-behenoyl-ara-c, daunorubicin, 6-mercaptopurine & prednisolone; the induction phase of jalsg aml89 protocol
BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein: a member of the bcl-2 protein family that reversibly binds membranes. it is a pro-apoptotic protein that is activated by caspase cleavage
BHAC-AMP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of enocitabine (cytarabine/aa) & other cpds for acute monocytic leukemia
BHAC-DMPV protocol: chemotherapy regimen used in the therapy of chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia; consist of above cpds & behenoyl-cytosine arabinose
BIC protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; designed to evaluate tumor response and palliation in patients with advanced cervical cancer
BIOCEM: consists of bisphenol-a-glycidyl methacrylate & tricalcium phosphate with or without bioceramic a2 as a filler
BIP protocol: chemotherapy protocol containing the above cpds; used in treatment of advanced recurrent cervical carcinoma
BK Virus: a species of polyomavirus apparently infecting over 90% of children but not clearly associated with any clinical illness in childhood. the virus remains latent in the body throughout life and can be reactivated under certain circumstances
BLM-M protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of bleomycin & mitomycin
BMC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma
BMF phase II protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all)
BMFt protocol: chemotherapy protocol; consists of above cpds; used in the treatment of advanced cervical carcinoma
BMPD protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma of central nervous system
BMVC protocol: chemotherapy protocol containing above cpds; used to treat refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia
BNT162 Vaccine: mrna vaccine against sars-cov-2 developed by pfizer and biontech
BNT162b5: a combined mrna vaccine, developed by pfizer and biontech against sars-cov-2 with a mixture of the original strain of sars-cov-2 and ba.4 and ba.5 lineages of the omicron variant of sars-cov-2
BNT162b5: kombinovaná mrna vakcína vyvinutá společnostmi pfizer a biontech proti sars-cov-2, se směsí původní varianty viru sars-cov-2 a subvariant omikronu ba.4 a ba.5 viru sars-cov-2
BOLD protocol: chemotherapy protocol containing the above cpds; used in treatment of disseminated melanoma
BOM regimen: chemotherapy protocol containing bleomycin, vincristine & mitomycin c; used as second-line treatment for chemotherapy of recurrent cervical cancer
BOMES protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of primary t cell leptomeningeal lymphoma
BOMP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of bleomycin, cisplatin, vincristine & mitomycin; used in treatment of gynecological carcinomas & cervical carcinoma
BOP-CISCA-POMB-ACE regimen: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds for the treatment of non-seminomatous germ cell tumors
BOPP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used to treat glioblastoma multiforme
BOVAPEC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of hodgkin's lymphoma
BRCA1 Protein: the phosphoprotein encoded by the brca1 gene (gene, brca1). it contains an n-terminal ring finger domain and is a protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit. in normal cells the brca1 protein is localized in the nucleus, whereas in the majority of breast cancer cell lines and in malignant pleural effusions from breast cancer patients, it is localized mainly in the cytoplasm. (science 1995;270(5237):713,789-91)
BRCA2 Protein: a large, nuclear protein, encoded by the brca2 gene (gene, brca2). mutations in this gene predispose humans to breast and ovarian cancer. the brca2 protein is an essential component of dna repair pathways, suppressing the formation of gross chromosomal rearrangements. (from genes dev. 2000;14(11):1400-6)
BRL 10739: ribonuclease-resistant complex of double-stranded rna (brl 5907) & one of its soluble polyquaternary ammonium complexes isolated from mycophage; quaternary ammonium polymer structure
BRUE: stav postihující kojence nebo děti, který je charakterizovaný kombinací apnoe, změny barvy kůže, změny svalového tonu, dušení a dávení
BTB-POZ Domain: a homodimerization protein interaction domain occurring at the n terminus of proteins that contain multiple copies of either cys2-his2 zinc fingers or kelch repeats. it is characterized by a tightly intertwined dimer with an extensive hydrophobic interface. a surface-exposed groove lined with conserved amino acids is formed at the dimer interface, suggesting a peptide-binding site. many btb proteins are transcriptional regulators that are thought to regulate chromatin structure
BV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of patients with kaposi's sarcoma
BV-CAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of bleomycin, vincristine, cytoxan, adriamyucin & cis-platinum
BVAM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpdd; used in treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma of the central nervous system
BVMM protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of advanced squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity
BVMP regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in therapy of prostatic neoplasms
BVP resin: cross linked resin; removes pathogenic human viruses from aqueous solution
Babesia: a genus of tick-borne protozoan parasites that infests the red blood cells of mammals, including humans. there are many recognized species, and the distribution is world-wide
Babesia: prvok vyvolávající babesiózu. velikost cca 2 m, vyvíjí se v klíšťatech a u teplokrevných živočichů. b. bovis a b. divergens se vyskytují u skotu, b. microti u drobných hlodavců. vývoj u nich probíhá v erytrocytech. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Babesia bovis: a species of protozoa that is a cause of bovine babesiosis. ticks of the genera boophilus, rhipicephalus, and ixodes are the chief vectors
Babesia bovis: druh prvoků, kteří způsobují babeziózu skotu. hlavními přenašeči jsou klíšťata rodů boophilus, rhipicephalus a ixodes
Babesia microti: a species of protozoa infecting humans via the intermediate tick vector ixodes scapularis. the other hosts are the mouse peromyscus leucopus and meadow vole microtus pennsylvanicus, which are fed on by the tick. other primates can be experimentally infected with babesia microti
Babesia microti: druh prvoků způsobujících infekci u lidí. přenašeči jsou klíšťata druhu ixodes scapularis. dalšími hostiteli jsou myši druhu peromyscus leucopus a hraboši microtus pennsylvanicus. experimentálně lze infikovat i jiné primáty
Babesiosis: a group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. they are caused by protozoa of the genus babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. in the u.s., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick ixodes scapularis
Babinského reflex: extenzní reflex, fyziologický u dětí do 2 let. vyšetřuje se podrážděním planta pedis ostrým předmětem od paty po laterální ploše směrem k palci. při lézi pyramidové dráhy se vybaví extenze palce dorzální flexe. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Babuvirus: a genus in the family nanoviridae infecting bananas. the type species is banana bunchy top virus
Babuvirus: rod virů čeledi nanoviridae, které napadají banánovníky. typovým druhem je virus bbtv (banana bunchy top virus)
Baccharis: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. other plants called broom include cytisus; spartium; and bromus
Bacillaceae: a family of bacteria which produce endospores. they are mostly saprophytes from soil, but a few are insect or animal parasites or pathogens
Bacillaceae: čeleď sporulujících bakterií. většinou žijí saprofyticky v půdě, ale několik druhů je parazity či patogeny hmyzu nebo jiných živočichů
Bacillales: an order of gram-positive bacteria in the class bacilli, phylum firmicutes
Bacillales: řád grampozitivních bakterií ve třídě bacilli, kmen firmicutes
Bacillus: a genus of bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic
Bacillus: rod sporulujících, tyčinkovitých bakterií čeledi bacillaceae. většina druhů žije saprofyticky v půdě, jen několik druhů je patogenních
Bacillus Phages: viruses whose host is bacillus. frequently encountered bacillus phages include bacteriophage phi 29 and bacteriophage phi 105
Bacillus altitudinis: "bacillus cellulasensis" a heterotypic synonym per ncbi taxonomy 2020
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens: a non-pathogenic species of bacillus that occurs in soil as well as some fermented vegetables and fermented dairy products. it produces bacteriocins and antifungal agents and is used in food preservation as well as a probiotic
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens: nepatogenní druh bakterií rodu bacillus. vyskytuje se v půdě a také ve zkvašené zelenině a v kysaných mléčných výrobcích. produkuje bakteriociny a antifungální látky. používá se pro uchovávání potravin i jako probiotikum
Bacillus anthracis: a species of bacteria that causes anthrax in humans and animals
Bacillus anthracis: druh bakterie způsobující antrax u lidí a zvířat
Bacillus cereus: a species of rod-shaped bacteria that is a common soil saprophyte. its spores are widespread and multiplication has been observed chiefly in foods. contamination may lead to food poisoning
Bacillus cereus: druh tyčinkovité bakterie, která je běžným půdním saprofytem. bacillus cereus je častý kontaminant potravin a může způsobovat otravu jídlem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Bacillus clausii: alkalofilní druh rodu bacillus, který se vyskytuje v půdě. produkuje antibakteriální látky a používá se jako probiotikum
Bacillus clausii: an alkalophilic species of bacillus that occurs in soil. it produces anti-bacterial agents and is used as a probiotic
Bacillus coagulans: a microaerophilic, lactic acid producing species of bacillus that occurs in fermented foods. it also produces anti-infective agents and is used as a probiotic
Bacillus coagulans: mikroaerofilní druh rodu bacillus produkující kyselina mléčnou. vyskytuje se ve fermentovaných potravinách a nápojích. také vytváří antiinfekční látky a používá se jako probiotikum
Bacillus firmus: a species of bacillus that occurs in soil and marine sediments. many strains are alkalophilic and able to metabolize heavy metals; it may therefore be a useful species for environmental biodegradation
Bacillus firmus: druh rodu bacillus, který se vyskytuje v půdě a mořských sedimentech. mnoho kmenů je alkalofilních a schopných metabolizovat těžké kovy. mohou proto být užitečné při bioremediaci
Bacillus licheniformis: a species of bacillus that occurs in soil and is frequently found on bird feathers. some strains cause foodborne disease, whereas other strains produce antifungal agents and antibacterial agents and function as probiotics. this species can also produce enzymes for industrial applications
Bacillus licheniformis: druh rodu bacillus, který se vyskytuje v půdě a často v ptačím peří. některé kmeny způsobují alimentární nemoci, jiné produkují antifungální a antibakteriální látky a fungují jako probiotika. b. licheniformis má také řadu využití v průmyslových biotechnologiích (např. produkce enzymů)
Bacillus megaterium: a species of bacteria whose spores vary from round to elongate. it is a common soil saprophyte
Bacillus megaterium: druh bakterie rodu bacillus, která je běžným půdním saprofytem. spory mají kulovitý až protáhlý tvar
Bacillus pumilus: a species of bacillus that occurs in soil, especially around the roots of some plants where it has anti-fungal and anti-nematode activities. it can also produce enzymes for industrial applications
Bacillus pumilus: druh bakterie rodu bacillus. vyskytuje se v půdě, zejména u kořenů některých rostlin, kde působí antifungálně a antinematodně. také se využívá v průmyslových biotechnologiích (např produkce enzymů)
Bacillus subtilis: a species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte
Bacillus subtilis: druh grampozitivních bakterií, které jsou běžným saprofytem půdy a vody
Bacillus thuringiensis: a species of gram-positive bacteria which may be pathogenic for certain insects. it is used for the biological control of the gypsy moth
Bacillus thuringiensis: grampozitivní půdní bakterie z rodu bacillus a kmene firmicutes. je aerobní a produkuje spory. ty obsahují toxiny, které mají insekticidní účinky na některé skupiny hmyzu a proto se užívá k produkci pesticidů a také geneticky modifikovaných (transgenních) rostlin. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins: endotoxins produced by bacillus thuringiensis used in transgenic plants and insecticides. when eaten by a susceptible insect they are protease activated in the insect midgut resulting in death from bacterial septicemia
Bacitracin: a complex of cyclic peptide antibiotics produced by the tracy-i strain of bacillus subtilis. the commercial preparation is a mixture of at least nine bacitracins with bacitracin a as the major constituent. it is used topically to treat open infections such as infected eczema and infected dermal ulcers. (from goodman and gilman, the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 8th ed, p1140)
Back: the rear surface of an upright primate from the shoulders to the hip, or the dorsal surface of tetrapods
Back Injuries: general or unspecified injuries to the posterior part of the trunk. it includes injuries to the muscles of the back
Back Pain: acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the thorax; lumbosacral region; or the adjacent regions
Background Radiation: radiation from sources other than the source of interest. it is due to cosmic rays and natural radioactivity in the environment
Backtracking Algorithms: a general algorithmic technique that considers solutions one option at a time backtracking to get the desired solution. this allows searching every possible option recursively
Baclofen: a gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is a specific agonist of gaba-b receptors. it is used in the treatment of muscle spasticity, especially that due to spinal cord injuries. its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission
Bacopa: a plant genus of the family plantaginaceae. members contain bacopaside, bacopasaponins and other dammarane type jujubogenins
Bacopa: rod rostlin čeledi plantaginaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují bakopasid, bakopasaponiny a další jujubogeniny damaranového typu
Bacteremia: the presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. the majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion
Bacteria: bakterie (bacteria, dříve též bacteriophyta či schizomycetes), nebo také eubakterie (eubacteria), je doména jednobuněčných prokaryotických organismů. mívají kokovitý, tyčinkovitý nebo spirálovitý tvar a zpravidla dosahují velikosti v řádu několika mikrometrů. typickou součástí bakteriálních buněk je peptidoglykanová buněčná stěna, jaderná oblast (nukleoid), dna bez intronů, plazmidy a prokaryotický typ ribozomů. u bakterií se nevyskytuje pohlavní rozmnožování, namísto toho se nejčastěji dělí binárně. bakteriální metabolismus můžeme rozdělit podle tří kritérií: druh užívané energie (bakterie fototrofní a chemotrofní), zdroj uhlíku (bakterie autotrofní a heterotrofní) a donor elektronů (bakterie litotrofní a organotrofní). tyto vlastnosti jsou vzájemně kombinovatelné (např. cyanobakterie jsou fotoautotrofní). bakterie jsou nejrozšířenější skupinou organismů na světě. dříve se druhy bakterií klasifikovaly podle vnějšího vzhledu (gramovo barvení), jedním ze základních znaků pro taxonomii byl typ metabolismu. dnes jsou moderní zejména genetické metody. díky nim se dnes rozlišuje asi 25 základních kmenů bakterií. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2021 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Bacteria: one of the three domains of life (the others being eukarya and archaea), also called eubacteria. they are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. bacteria can be classified by their response to oxygen: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or phototrophy (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: chemolithotrophy (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for carbon; nitrogen; etc.; heterotrophy (from organic sources) or autotrophy (from carbon dioxide). they can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their cell walls) with crystal violet dye: gram-negative or gram-positive
Bacteria, Anaerobic: bacteria that can survive and grow in the complete, or nearly complete absence of oxygen
Bacterial Adhesion: physicochemical property of fimbriated (fimbriae, bacterial) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. it is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity
Bacterial Capsules: an envelope of loose gel surrounding a bacterial cell which is associated with the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. some capsules have a well-defined border, whereas others form a slime layer that trails off into the medium. most capsules consist of relatively simple polysaccharides but there are some bacteria whose capsules are made of polypeptides
Bacterial Chromatophores: organelles of phototrophic bacteria which contain photosynthetic pigments and which are formed from an invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane
Bacterial Infections and Mycoses: infections caused by bacteria and fungi, general, specified, or unspecified
Bacterial Outer Membrane: the outermost cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria composed of phospholipids; lipopolysaccharides (lps), and bacterial outer membrane proteins. the bacterial outer membrane lps demonstrates cytotoxicity (see lipid a and bacterial o antigen)
Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases: membrane-bound proton-translocating atpases that serve two important physiological functions in bacteria. one function is to generate adenosine triphosphate by utilizing the energy provided by an electrochemical gradient of protons across the cellular membrane. a second function is to counteract a loss of the transmembrane ion gradient by pumping protons at the expense of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis
Bacterial Secretion Systems: in gram negative bacteria, multiprotein complexes that function to translocate pathogen protein effector molecules across the bacterial cell envelope, often directly into the host. these effectors are involved in producing surface structures for adhesion, bacterial motility, manipulation of host functions, modulation of host defense responses, and other functions involved in facilitating survival of the pathogen. several of the systems have homologous components functioning similarly in gram positive bacteria
Bacterial Shedding: the expelling of bacteria from the body. important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract
Bacterial Toxins: toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases
Bacterial Transferrin Receptor Complex: a complex of proteins that forms a receptor for transferrin in bacteria. many pathogenic bacteria utilize the transferrin-binding complex to acquire their supply of iron from serum
Bacterial Translocation: the passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to extra-intestinal sites, such as the mesenteric lymph node complex, liver, spleen, kidney, and blood. factors that promote bacterial translocation include overgrowth with gram-negative enteric bacilli, impaired host immune defenses, and injury to the intestinal mucosa resulting in increased intestinal permeability. bacterial translocation from the lung to the circulation is also possible and sometimes accompanies mechanical ventilation
Bacterial Typing Techniques: procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. the most frequently employed typing systems are bacteriophage typing and serotyping as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping
Bacterial Vaccines: suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease
Bacteriochlorophyll A: a specific bacteriochlorophyll that is similar in structure to chlorophyll a
Bacteriochlorophylls: pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria
Bacteriocin Plasmids: plasmids encoding bacterial exotoxins (bacteriocins)
Bacteriocins: substances elaborated by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or related species. they are protein or lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes used in taxonomy studies of bacteria
Bacteriology: the study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of bacteria, and bacterial infections
Bacteriolysis: rupture of bacterial cells due to mechanical force, chemical action, or the lytic growth of bacteriophages
Bacteriophage HK022: a tentative species in the genus lambda-like viruses, family siphoviridae
Bacteriophage IKe: a species of filamentous phage in the genus inovirus, family inoviridae. they are specific for enterobacteria that contain an incn plasmid
Bacteriophage M13: temperate bacteriophage of the genus inovirus which infects enterobacteria, especially e. coli. it is a filamentous phage consisting of single-stranded dna and is circularly permuted
Bacteriophage N4: a species in the genus n4-like viruses, in the family podoviridae, that infects e. coli
Bacteriophage P1: a species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus p1-like viruses, family myoviridae, which infects e. coli. it is the largest of the coliphages and consists of double-stranded dna, terminally redundant, and circularly permuted
Bacteriophage P2: a species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus p2-like viruses, family myoviridae, which infects e. coli. it consists of linear double-stranded dna with 19-base sticky ends
Bacteriophage P22: a species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus p22-like viruses, family podoviridae, that infects salmonella species. the genome consists of double-stranded dna, terminally redundant, and circularly permuted
Bacteriophage PRD1: bacteriophage and type species in the genus tectivirus, family tectiviridae. they are specific for gram-negative bacteria
Bacteriophage Pf1: a species of filamentous pseudomonas phage in the genus inovirus, family inoviridae
Bacteriophage Receptors: receptors on the bacterial cell surface which are recognized by bacteriophages
Bacteriophage T3: bacteriophage in the genus t7-like phages, of the family podoviridae, which is very closely related to bacteriophage t7
Bacteriophage T4: virulent bacteriophage and type species of the genus t4-like phages, in the family myoviridae. it infects e. coli and is the best known of the t-even phages. its virion contains linear double-stranded dna, terminally redundant and circularly permuted
Bacteriophage T7: virulent bacteriophage and type species of the genus t7-like phages, in the family podoviridae, that infects e. coli. it consists of linear double-stranded dna, terminally redundant, and non-permuted
Bacteriophage Typing: a technique of bacterial typing which differentiates between bacteria or strains of bacteria by their susceptibility to one or more bacteriophages
Bacteriophage lambda: a temperate inducible phage and type species of the genus lambda-like viruses, in the family siphoviridae. its natural host is e. coli k12. its virion contains linear double-stranded dna with single-stranded 12-base 5' sticky ends. the dna circularizes on infection
Bacteriophage mu: a temperate coliphage, in the genus mu-like viruses, family myoviridae, composed of a linear, double-stranded molecule of dna, which is able to insert itself randomly at any point on the host chromosome. it frequently causes a mutation by interrupting the continuity of the bacterial operon at the site of insertion
Bacteriophage phi 6: virulent bacteriophage and sole member of the genus cystovirus that infects pseudomonas species. the virion has a segmented genome consisting of three pieces of doubled-stranded dna and also a unique lipid-containing envelope
Bacteriophage phi X 174: the type species of the genus microvirus. a prototype of the small virulent dna coliphages, it is composed of a single strand of supercoiled circular dna, which on infection, is converted to a double-stranded replicative form by a host enzyme
Bacteriorhodopsins: rhodopsins found in the purple membrane of halophilic archaea such as halobacterium halobium. bacteriorhodopsins function as an energy transducers, converting light energy into electrochemical energy via proton pumps
Bacteriuria: the presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. these bacteria are from the urinary tract and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection
Bacteroidaceae: a family of gram-negative bacteria found primarily in the intestinal tracts and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. its organisms are sometimes pathogenic
Bacteroidaceae: čeleď gramnegativních bakterií, které se vyskytují hlavně ve střevech a na sliznicích teplokrevných živočichů. někdy mohou být patogenní
Bacteroides: a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. its organisms are normal inhabitants of the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital cavities of humans, animals, and insects. some species may be pathogenic
Bacteroides: rod gramnegativních, anaerobních bakterií tyčinkovitého tvaru. jsou normální součástí mikroflóry dutiny ústní, dýchacích cest, střev a urogenitálního traktu u člověka, zvířat a hmyzu. některé druhy mohou být patogenní
Bacteroides fragilis: druh gramnegativních bakterií, které jsou normální součástí mikroflóry dolního intestinálního traktu člověka a dalších živočichů. je to druh nejčastěji izolovaných anaerobních bakterií při infekcích měkkých tkání člověka
Bacteroides fragilis: gram-negative bacteria occurring in the lower intestinal tracts of man and other animals. it is the most common species of anaerobic bacteria isolated from human soft tissue infections
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron: a species of bacteroides that is a major constituent of the human gut microbiota. it normally produces enzymes important for the digestion of vegetable matter. however, it can also cause opportunistic infections that result in intra-abdominal sepsis; bacteremia; and peritonitis