NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Glycogen Synthase Kinases: a class of protein-serine-threonine kinases that was originally found as one of the three types of kinases that phosphorylate glycogen synthase. glycogen synthase kinases along with ca(2+)-calmodulin dependent protein kinases and cyclic amp-dependent protein kinases regulate glycogen synthase activity
Glycogen-Synthase-D Phosphatase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphorylated, inactive glycogen synthase d to active dephosphoglycogen synthase i. ec 3.1.3.42
Glycogenolysis: the release of glucose from glycogen by glycogen phosphorylase (phosphorolysis). the released glucose-1-phosphate is then converted to glucose-6-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase before entering glycolysis. glycogenolysis is stimulated by glucagon or epinephrine via the activation of phosphorylase kinase
Glycolaldehyde Dehydrogenase: an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of glycolaldehyde to glycolate, using nad and nadp as coenzymes
Glycolates: derivatives of acetic acid which contain an hydroxy group attached to the methyl carbon
Glycolipids: any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see glycerides), a sphingoid, a ceramide (ceramides) (n-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (from iupac's webpage)
Glycols: a generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-oh) located on different carbon atoms. they are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights
Glycolysis: a metabolic process that converts glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid through a series of enzymatic reactions. energy generated by this process is conserved in two molecules of atp. glycolysis is the universal catabolic pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from complex carbohydrates, such as glycogen and starch
Glycomics: the systematic study of the structure and function of the complete set of glycans (the glycome) produced in a single organism and identification of all the genes that encode glycoproteins
Glycopeptides: proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. the protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight
Glycophorins: the major sialoglycoprotein of human erythrocyte membranes. it consists of at least two sialoglycopeptides and is composed of 60% carbohydrate including sialic acid and 40% protein. it is involved in a number of different biological activities including the binding of mn blood groups, influenza viruses, kidney bean phytohemagglutinin, and wheat germ agglutinin
Glycoprotein Hormones, alpha Subunit: the alpha chain of pituitary glycoprotein hormones (thyrotropin; follicle stimulating hormone; luteinizing hormone) and the placental chorionic gonadotropin. within a species, the alpha subunits of these four hormones are identical; the distinct functional characteristics of these glycoprotein hormones are determined by the unique beta subunits. both subunits, the non-covalently bound heterodimers, are required for full biologic activity
Glycoproteins: conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins; mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins
Glycopyrrolate: a muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics
Glycosaminoglycans: heteropolysaccharides which contain an n-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. the repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either n-acetylglucosamine (see acetylglucosamine) or n-acetylgalactosamine (see acetylgalactosamine)
Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors: compounds that inhibit or block the activity of glycoside hydrolases such as alpha-amylases and alpha-glucosidases
Glycoside Hydrolases: any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the glycosidic linkage of glycosides and the addition of water to the resulting molecules
Glycosides: any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. they are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (from dorland, 28th ed; from miall's dictionary of chemistry, 5th ed)
Glycosphingolipids: lipids containing at least one monosaccharide residue and either a sphingoid or a ceramide (ceramides). they are subdivided into neutral glycosphingolipids comprising monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylsphingoids and monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylceramides; and acidic glycosphingolipids which comprises sialosylglycosylsphingolipids (gangliosides); sulfoglycosphingolipids (formerly known as sulfatides), glycuronoglycosphingolipids, and phospho- and phosphonoglycosphingolipids. (from iupac's webpage)
Glycosuria: the appearance of an abnormally large amount of glucose in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. it can be due to hyperglycemia or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (renal glycosuria)
Glycosuria, Renal: an autosomal inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of glucose by the proximal renal tubules. the urinary loss of glucose can reach beyond 50 g/day. it is attributed to the mutations in the sodium-glucose transporter 2 encoded by the slc5a2 gene
Glycosylation: the synthetic chemistry reaction or enzymatic reaction of adding carbohydrate or glycosyl groups. glycosyltransferases carry out the enzymatic glycosylation reactions. the spontaneous, non-enzymatic attachment of reducing sugars to free amino groups in proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids is called glycation (see maillard reaction)
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-Lyase: a type c phospholipase specific for glycosylphosphatidylinositols. it plays a role in the breaking of gpi membrane anchors
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency: a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutation in the pigm gene. affected individuals present with seizures beginning in early childhood, hepatic and portal vein thrombosis; splenomegaly, and decreased expression of gpi-linked proteins. omim: 610293
Glycosylphosphatidylinositols: compounds containing carbohydrate or glycosyl groups linked to phosphatidylinositols. they anchor gpi-linked proteins or polysaccharides to cell membranes
Glycosyltransferases: enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups to an acceptor. most often another carbohydrate molecule acts as an acceptor, but inorganic phosphate can also act as an acceptor, such as in the case of phosphorylases. some of the enzymes in this group also catalyze hydrolysis, which can be regarded as transfer of a glycosyl group from the donor to water. subclasses include the hexosyltransferases; pentosyltransferases; sialyltransferases; and those transferring other glycosyl groups. ec 2.4
Glycylglycine: the simplest of all peptides. it functions as a gamma-glutamyl acceptor
Glycyrrhetinic Acid: an oleanolic acid from glycyrrhiza that has some antiallergic, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. it is used topically for allergic or infectious skin inflammation and orally for its aldosterone effects in electrolyte regulation
Glycyrrhiza: a genus of leguminous herbs or shrubs whose roots yield glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivative, carbenoxolone
Glycyrrhiza: rod bylin a keřů čeledi fabaceae, jejichž kořeny obsahují kyselinu glycyrhetinovou a její derivát - karbenoxolon
Glycyrrhizic Acid: a widely used anti-inflammatory agent isolated from the licorice root. it is metabolized to glycyrrhetinic acid, which inhibits 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and other enzymes involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids. therefore, glycyrrhizic acid, which is the main and sweet component of licorice, has been investigated for its ability to cause hypermineralocorticoidism with sodium retention and potassium loss, edema, increased blood pressure, as well as depression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Glymphatic System: a vascular waste clearance system in the brain analogous to the lymphatic system that facilitates transporting of solutes and waste products from cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and brain interstitial fluid (isf). csf from the subarachnoid space enters the brain periarterial spaces, into the interstitium via channels (e.g., aquaporin 4 protein) on astrocytic endfeet and exchanges with brain isf before perivenous drainage of solutes and waste
Glyoxal: a 2-carbon aldehyde with carbonyl groups on both carbons
Glyoxylates: derivatives of glyoxylic acid (the structural formula c2h2o3), including its salts and esters
Glyoxysomes: microbodies which occur in plant cells, and in some eukaryotic microorganisms, and which contain enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle. (singleton and stainsbury, dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology, 2nd ed)
Glyphosate: active compound in herbicidal formulations that inhibits 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase
Glypicans: a family of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored, cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans that may play a role in cell growth processes and cell differentiation by modulating ligand-receptor interactions
Gnaphalium: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. the common name of cudweed is also used for other plants including evax, hesperevax, pseudognaphalium, and omalotheca. the common name of everlasting is also used for other plants including anaphalis, antennaria, helichrysum, gamochaeta, and pseudognaphalium
Gnathostoma: a genus of parasitic nematodes that occurs in mammals including man. infection in humans is either by larvae penetrating the skin or by ingestion of uncooked fish
Gnathostoma: rod parazitických hlístic, které žijí v těle savců včetně člověka. k infikování člověka může dojít penetrací larvy přes kůži nebo alimentární nákazou z nedostatečně zpracovaných ryb
Gnathostomiasis: infections with nematodes of the genus gnathostoma, superfamily thelazioidea. gnathostomiasis is a food-borne zoonosis caused by eating undercooked or raw fish or meat
Gnetophyta: oddělení semenných rostlin zahrnující pouze několik zástupců
Gnetum: a plant genus of the family gnetaceae, order gnetales class gnetopsida, division gnetophyta. members contain stilbenes and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids
Gnetum: rod rostlin čeledi gnetaceae, řádu gnetales, třídy gnetopsida, oddělení gnetophyta. zástupci produkují stilbeny a benzylisochinolinové alkaloidy
Goats: any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus capra, in the family bovidae, closely related to the sheep
Goblet Cells: a glandular epithelial cell or a unicellular gland. goblet cells secrete mucus. they are scattered in the epithelial linings of many organs, especially the small intestine and the respiratory tract
Goiter: enlargement of the thyroid gland that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (hypothyroidism), or hormone overproduction (hyperthyroidism). goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (goiter, endemic)
Goiter, Endemic: a form of iodine deficiency disorders characterized by an enlargement of the thyroid gland in a significantly large fraction of a population group. endemic goiter is common in mountainous and iodine-deficient areas of the world where the diet contains insufficient amount of iodine
Goiter, Nodular: an enlarged thyroid gland containing multiple nodules (thyroid nodule), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid hyperplasia and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce thyrotoxicosis
Goiter, Substernal: an enlarged thyroid gland with at least 50% of the gland situated behind the sternum. it is an unusual presentation of an intrathoracic goiter. substernal goiters frequently cause compression on the trachea leading to deviation, narrowing, and respiratory symptoms
Gold: a yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. it is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. many of its clinical applications, such as antirheumatic agents, are in the form of its salts
Gold Alloys: alloys that contain a high percentage of gold. they are used in restorative or prosthetic dentistry
Gold Colloid, Radioactive: a suspension of radioactive gold particles emitting negative beta particles and gamma irradiation. it was formerly used for liver scans and irradiation treatment of some metastatic malignancies
Gold Isotopes: stable gold atoms that have the same atomic number as the element gold, but differ in atomic weight. au-197 is a stable isotope
Gold Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of gold that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. au 185-196, 198-201, and 203 are radioactive gold isotopes
Gold Sodium Thiomalate: a variable mixture of the mono- and disodium salts of gold thiomalic acid used mainly for its anti-inflammatory action in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. it is most effective in active progressive rheumatoid arthritis and of little or no value in the presence of extensive deformities or in the treatment of other forms of arthritis
Gold Sodium Thiosulfate: a sodium salt of gold thiosulfate. it has uses like the organogold compounds
Goldenhar Syndrome: mandibulofacial dysostosis with congenital eyelid dermoids
Goldenharův syndrom: dědičný defekt očí a uší zahrnující epibulbární dermoidní kystomy, vrozenou kataraktu, mikrooftalmii, atrézií vnějšího ušního vchodu, dysplazii a asymetrii ušní chrupavky. porucha sluchu může být minimální nebo až do podoby hluchoty. můžeme také pozorovat mikrognatii, akcesorní žebro a anomálie obratlů. jde o autozomálně dominantně nebo recesivně dědičné onemocnění. (cit. medicabaze.cz - lékařské repetitorium online 2016 http://www.medicabaze.cz)
Goldent: a copper-based dental casting alloy; contains (weight %) 76% cu, 6.5% al, 0.5% mn, 12.0% zn, 5.0% ni
Goldfish: common name for carassius auratus, a type of carp (carps)
Golf: a game whose object is to sink a ball into each of 9 or 18 successive holes on a golf course using as few strokes as possible
Golgi Apparatus: a stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and directing them to secretory vesicles, lysosomes, or the cell membrane. the movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or golgi apparatus and fuse with the golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (from glick, glossary of biochemistry and molecular biology, 1990)
Golgi Matrix Proteins: proteins on the cytoplasmic side of the golgi apparatus cisternae that tether the cisternae to each other or to the transport vesicles of the trans-golgi network to maintain the golgi structure and function
Golgi-Mazzoni Corpuscles: thin capsules enveloping end nerve fibrils in the subcutaneous tissue of fingers
Golgiho aparát: soustava buněčných váčků, které slouží k transportu, přechovávání a úpravě (tzn. posttranslační modifikaci, tzn. modifikaci až po translaci) proteinů produkovaných endoplazmatickým retikulem. představuje součást endomembránového systému většiny eukaryotických buněk. na výstupu z golgiho aparátu jsou produkty opět zabaleny do váčků a zpravidla "odeslány" na místo určení do konkrétního místa buňky
Golgiho buňky: nervové buňky v kůře mozečku. mají charakter tlumivých interneuronů. (upraveno podle: velký lékařský slovník online, 2019 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Golgiho-Mazzoniho tělíska: tenká pouzdra kolem nervových zakončení v podkožní tkáni prstů rukou
Golytely: electrolyte solution for gut lavage with sodium sulfate as predominant salt & polyethylene glycol as additional osmotic agent; also contains sodium chloride, potassium chloride & sodium bicarbonate
Gomez Lopez Hernandez syndrome: a rare neurocutaneous syndrome that occurs sporadically. it is characterized by the triad of rhombencephalosynapsis, trigeminal anesthesia (an inconsistent finding), often giving rise to corneal opacities, and bilateral parietal or parietooccipital alopecia. omim: 601853
Gonadal Dysgenesis: a number of syndromes with defective gonadal developments such as streak gonads and dysgenetic testes or ovaries. the spectrum of gonadal and sexual abnormalities is reflected in their varied sex chromosome (sex chromosomes) constitution as shown by the karyotypes of 45,x monosomy (turner syndrome); 46,xx (gonadal dysgenesis, 46xx); 46,xy (gonadal dysgenesis, 46,xy); and sex chromosome mosaicism; (gonadal dysgenesis, mixed). their phenotypes range from female, through ambiguous, to male. this concept includes gonadal agenesis
Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XX: the 46,xx gonadal dysgenesis may be sporadic or familial. familial xx gonadal dysgenesis is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait and its locus was mapped to chromosome 2. mutation in the gene for the fsh receptor (receptors, fsh) was detected. sporadic xx gonadal dysgenesis is heterogeneous and has been associated with trisomy-13 and trisomy-18. these phenotypic females are characterized by a normal stature, sexual infantilism, bilateral streak gonads, amenorrhea, elevated plasma luteinizing hormone and fsh concentration
Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XY: defects in the sex determination process in 46, xy individuals that result in abnormal gonadal development and deficiencies in testosterone and subsequently antimullerian hormone or other factors required for normal male sex development. this leads to the development of female phenotypes (male to female sex reversal), normal to tall stature, and bilateral streak or dysgenic gonads which are susceptible to gonadal tissue neoplasms. an xy gonadal dysgenesis is associated with structural abnormalities on the y chromosome, a mutation in the gene, sry, or a mutation in other autosomal genes that are involved in sex determination
Gonadal Dysgenesis, Mixed: a type of defective gonadal development in patients with a wide spectrum of chromosomal mosaic variants. their karyotypes are of partial sex chromosome monosomy resulting from an absence or an abnormal second sex chromosome (x or y). karyotypes include 45,x/46,xx; 45,x/46,xx/47,xxx; 46,xxp-; 45,x/46,xy; 45,x/47,xyy; 46,xypi; etc. the spectrum of phenotypes may range from phenotypic female to phenotypic male including variations in gonads and internal and external genitalia, depending on the ratio in each gonad of 45,x primordial germ cells to those with normal 46,xx or 46,xy constitution
Gonadal Hormones: hormones produced by the gonads, including both steroid and peptide hormones. the major steroid hormones include estradiol and progesterone from the ovary, and testosterone from the testis. the major peptide hormones include activins and inhibins
Gonadal Steroid Hormones: steroid hormones produced by the gonads. they stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. the major sex steroid hormones include estradiol; progesterone; and testosterone
Gonadal dysgenesis XX type deafness: a sex-influenced disorder characterized by sensorineural deafness in both males and females and ovarian dysgenesis in females. some patients also have neurologic symptoms, such as mild intellectual disability and cerebellar and peripheral nervous system involvement. it is caused by mutations in the peroxisomal multifunctional protein-2 (hsd17b4) gene. omim: 233400
Gonadoblastoma: a complex neoplasm composed of a mixture of gonadal elements, such as large primordial germ cells, immature sertoli cells or granulosa cells of the sex cord, and gonadal stromal cells. gonadoblastomas are most often associated with gonadal dysgenesis, 46, xy
Gonadotrophs: anterior pituitary cells that can produce both follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone: a decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone. gnrh is produced by neurons in the septum preoptic area of the hypothalamus and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland
Gonadotropins: hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as gametogenesis and sex steroid hormone production in the ovary and the testis. major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis (gonadotropins, pituitary) and the placenta (chorionic gonadotropin). in some species, pituitary prolactin and placental lactogen exert some luteotropic activities
Gonadotropins, Equine: gonadotropins secreted by the pituitary or the placenta in horses. this term generally refers to the gonadotropins found in the pregnant mare serum, a rich source of equine chorionic gonadotropin; luteinizing hormone; and follicle stimulating hormone. unlike that in humans, the equine luteinizing hormone, beta subunit is identical to the equine choronic gonadotropin, beta. equine gonadotropins prepared from pregnant mare serum are used in reproductive studies
Gonadotropins, Pituitary: hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (pituitary gland, anterior) that stimulate gonadal functions in both males and females. they include follicle stimulating hormone that stimulates germ cell maturation (oogenesis; spermatogenesis), and luteinizing hormone that stimulates the production of sex steroids (estrogens; progesterone; androgens)
Gonanes: steroids containing the fundamental tetracyclic unit with no methyl groups at c-10 and c-13 and with no side chain at c-17. the concept includes both saturated and unsaturated derivatives
Gonioscopy: examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye with a specialized optical instrument (gonioscope) or a contact prism lens
Goniothalamus: a plant genus of the family annonaceae. members contain cyclopeptides and styrylpyrones
Goniothalamus: rod rostlin čeledi annonaceae. zástupci obsahují cyklické peptidy a styrylpyrony
Gonorrhea: acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. the etiologic agent, neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by neisser in 1879
Goosecoid Protein: goosecoid protein is a homeodomain protein that was first identified in xenopus. it is found in the spemann organizer of vertebrates and plays an important role in neuronal cell differentiation and organogenesis
Gophers: the family geomyidae of burrowing rodents, commonly called pocket gophers. there are six genera, all found in north america
Gordonia Bacterium: a genus of gram-positive bacteria in the family gordoniaceae and phylum actinobacteria. it is isolated from soil and from sputa of patients with chest disorders. it is also used for biotransformation of natural products. in its most common form, gordonia bronchialis, it is known as a rare cause of eye infections such as chronic infectious endophthalmitis
Gordonia bacterium: rod grampozitivních bakterií z čeledi gordoniaceae, kmene actinobacteria, izolovaný z půdy a ze sputa pacientů s nemocemi dýchací soustavy. používá se také k biotransformaci přírodních produktů. nejběžnější druh je gordonia bronchialis, který může vzácně způsobit oční infekce, např. chronickou endoftalmitidu
Gorilla gorilla: druh rodu gorilla z čeledi hominidae, největší a nejsilnější žijící primáti. vyskytují se v roztroušených izolovaných populacích v lesích rovníkové afriky
Gorilla gorilla: this single species of gorilla, which is a member of the hominidae family, is the largest and most powerful of the primates. it is distributed in isolated scattered populations throughout forests of equatorial africa
Gorlin Bushkell Jensen syndrome: leukonychia totalis multiple sebaceous cysts renal calculi
Goserelin: a synthetic long-acting agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. goserelin is used in treatments of malignant neoplasms of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer
Gossypium: a plant genus of the family malvaceae. it is the source of cotton fiber; cottonseed oil, which is used for cooking, and gossypol. the economically important cotton crop is a major user of agricultural pesticides
Gossypium: rostlinný rod z čeledi malvaceae (slézovité). je to zdroj bavlněného vlákna, bavlníkového oleje, který se používá k vaření, a gossypolu. ekonomicky významné pěstování bavlny je hlavním spotřebitelem zemědělských pesticidů
Gossypol: a dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (gossypium). the (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (contraceptive agents, male) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer
Gosyuyu: dry unripe fruit of evodia rutaecarpa; fractionated
Gout: metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi
Gout Suppressants: agents that increase uric acid excretion by the kidney (uricosuric agents), decrease uric acid production (antihyperuricemics), or alleviate the pain and inflammation of acute attacks of gout
Gout, HPRT-Related: mutation in hprt; complete deficiency = lesch-nyhan syndrome
Governing Board: the group in which legal authority is vested for the control of health-related institutions and organizations
Government: the complex of political institutions, laws, and customs through which the function of governing is carried out in a specific political unit
Government Publication: work consisting of publications issued by local, regional, or national governments or by their agencies or subdivisions
Government Publications as Topic: works about publications issued by local, regional, or national governments or by their agencies or subdivisions
Gracilaria: a genus of red algae in the family gracilariaceae. it is a highly commercial seaweed and a source of agar
Gracilaria: rod červených řas (ruduch) čeledi gracilariaceae. ekonomicky významné chaluhy využívané jako potravina a zdroj agaru
Gracilis Muscle: a slender and most superficial muscle in the inner thigh which originates at the ramus of the pubic bone near the pubic symphysis and inserts at the proximal medial tibia. its function is to abduct thigh, flex knee, and rotate leg medially. it is a common source of a myocutaneous flap
Graft Enhancement, Immunologic: the induction of prolonged survival and growth of allografts of either tumors or normal tissues which would ordinarily be rejected. it may be induced passively by introducing graft-specific antibodies from previously immunized donors, which bind to the graft's surface antigens, masking them from recognition by t-cells; or actively by prior immunization of the recipient with graft antigens which evoke specific antibodies and form antigen-antibody complexes which bind to the antigen receptor sites of the t-cells and block their cytotoxic activity
Graft LC: a light-cured composite resin composed of glass filler particles treated with graft binders
Graft Occlusion, Vascular: obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts
Graft Rejection: an immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient
Graft Survival: the survival of a graft in a host, the factors responsible for the survival and the changes occurring within the graft during growth in the host
Graft vs Host Disease: the clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the graft vs host reaction
Graft vs Host Reaction: an immunological attack mounted by a graft against the host because of histoincompatibility when immunologically competent cells are transplanted to an immunologically incompetent host; the resulting clinical picture is that of graft vs host disease
Graft vs Leukemia Effect: immunological rejection of leukemia cells following bone marrow transplantation
Graft vs Tumor Effect: immunological rejection of tumor tissue/cells following bone marrow transplantation
Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria: a large group of aerobic bacteria which show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method. this is because the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria are low in peptidoglycan and thus have low affinity for violet stain and high affinity for the pink dye safranine
Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci: a group of gram-negative bacteria consisting of rod- and coccus-shaped cells. they are both aerobic (able to grow under an air atmosphere) and microaerophilic (grow better in low concentrations of oxygen) under nitrogen-fixing conditions but, when supplied with a source of fixed nitrogen, they grow as aerobes
Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria: a large group of anaerobic bacteria which show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method
Gram-Negative Anaerobic Cocci: a group of anaerobic coccoid bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method
Gram-Negative Anaerobic Straight, Curved, and Helical Rods: a group of anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method
Gram-Negative Bacteria: bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by gram's method
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method
Gram-Negative Chemolithotrophic Bacteria: a large group of bacteria including those which oxidize ammonia or nitrite, metabolize sulfur and sulfur compounds, or deposit iron and/or manganese oxides
Gram-Negative Facultatively Anaerobic Rods: a large group of facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method
Gram-Negative Oxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria: widely distributed unicellular or multicellular bacteria. the cyanobacteria use chlorophyll a and phycobilins for oxygenic photosynthesis while genera in the prochlorales use both chlorophyll a and b but not phycobilins
Gram-Positive Asporogenous Rods: a gram-positive, non-spore-forming group of bacteria comprising organisms that have morphological and physiological characteristics in common
Gram-Positive Asporogenous Rods, Irregular: a group of irregular rod-shaped bacteria that stain gram-positive and do not produce endospores
Gram-Positive Asporogenous Rods, Regular: a group of regular rod-shaped bacteria that stain gram-positive and do not produce endospores
Gram-Positive Bacteria: bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by gram's method
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections: infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method
Gram-Positive Cocci: coccus-shaped bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain when treated by gram's method
Gram-Positive Endospore-Forming Bacteria: bacteria that form endospores and are gram-positive. representative genera include bacillus; clostridium; micromonospora; saccharopolyspora; and streptomyces
Gram-Positive Endospore-Forming Rods: rod-shaped bacteria that form endospores and are gram-positive. representative genera include bacillus and clostridium
Gram-Positive Rods: a large group of rod-shaped bacteria that retains the crystal violet stain when treated by gram's method
Gramicidin: a group of peptide antibiotics from bacillus brevis. gramicidin c or s is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins a, b, d are linear. gramicidin is one of the two principal components of tyrothricin
Grandio: a direct composite that contains bis-gma, udma, tegdma, glass ceramic particles, and silicon dioxide
Granisetron: a serotonin receptor (5ht-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients
Grant syndrome: persistent wormian bones, blue sclerae, mandibular hypoplasia, shallow glenoid fossae and campomelia
Granular Cell Tumor: unusual tumor affecting any site of the body, but most often encountered in the head and neck. considerable debate has surrounded the histogenesis of this neoplasm; however, it is considered to be a myoblastoma of, usually, a benign nature. it affects women more often than men. when it develops beneath the epidermis or mucous membrane, it can lead to proliferation of the squamous cells and mimic squamous cell carcinoma
Granulation Tissue: a vascular connective tissue formed on the surface of a healing wound, ulcer, or inflamed tissue. it consists of new capillaries and an infiltrate containing lymphoid cells, macrophages, and plasma cells
Granulins: small, cysteine-rich peptides generated by the proteolytic cleavage of progranulin. granulin peptides are each composed of a granulin-motif, while paragranulin is composed of a half-granulin motif. the mammalian granulins are named granulin 1-7 for their sequence order in the progranulin propeptide, and are alternately named granulin g, f, b, a, c, d, and e; or epithelin 7, 6, 2, 1, 3, 4, and 5, i.e. granulin 1 aka granulin g aka epithelin 7, etc
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor: a glycoprotein of mw 25 kda containing internal disulfide bonds. it induces the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neutrophilic granulocyte precursor cells and functionally activates mature blood neutrophils. among the family of colony-stimulating factors, g-csf is the most potent inducer of terminal differentiation to granulocytes and macrophages of leukemic myeloid cell lines
Granulocyte Precursor Cells: the cells in the granulocytic series that give rise to mature granulocytes (neutrophils; eosinophils; and basophils). these precursor cells include myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes and metamyelocytes
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: an acidic glycoprotein of mw 23 kda with internal disulfide bonds. the protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. gm-csf is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. gm-csf can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages
Granulocyte-Macrophage Progenitor Cells: the parent cells that give rise to both cells of the granulocyte lineage and cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage
Granulocytes: leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. they are divided into three groups according to the staining properties of the granules: neutrophilic, eosinophilic, and basophilic. mature granulocytes are the neutrophils; eosinophils; and basophils
Granuloma: a relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents
Granuloma Annulare: benign granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by a ring of localized or disseminated papules or nodules on the skin and palisading histiocytes surrounding necrobiotic tissue resulting from altered collagen structures
Granuloma Inguinale: anogenital ulcers caused by calymmatobacterium granulomatis as distinguished from lymphogranuloma inguinale (see lymphogranuloma venereum) caused by chlamydia trachomatis. diagnosis is made by demonstration of typical intracellular donovan bodies in crushed-tissue smears
Granuloma, Foreign-Body: histiocytic, inflammatory response to a foreign body. it consists of modified macrophages with multinucleated giant cells, in this case foreign-body giant cells (giant cells, foreign-body), usually surrounded by lymphocytes
Granuloma, Giant Cell: a non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. it includes reparative giant cell granuloma. peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw
Granuloma, Laryngeal: a tumor-like nodule or mass of inflammatory granulation tissue projecting into the lumen of the larynx
Granuloma, Lethal Midline: a condition that is characterized by inflammation, ulceration, and perforation of the nose and the palate with progressive destruction of midline facial structures. this syndrome can be manifested in several diseases including the nasal type of extranodal nk-t-cell lymphoma and granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Granuloma, Plasma Cell: a slow-growing benign pseudotumor in which plasma cells greatly outnumber the inflammatory cells
Granuloma, Pyogenic: a disorder of the skin, the oral mucosa, and the gingiva, that usually presents as a solitary polypoid capillary hemangioma often resulting from trauma. it is manifested as an inflammatory response with similar characteristics to those of a granuloma
Granuloma, Respiratory Tract: granulomatous disorders affecting one or more sites in the respiratory tract
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: a multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. it is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis) leading to damage in any number of organs. the common features include granulomatous inflammation of the respiratory tract and kidneys. most patients have measurable autoantibodies (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) against myeloblastin
Granulomatosis, Orofacial: a condition characterized by persistent or recurrent labial enlargement, oral ulcer, and other orofacial manifestations in the absence of identifiable crohn disease; or sarcoidosis. among experts there is disagreement on whether orofacial granulomatosis is a distinct clinical disorder or an initial presentation of crohn disease
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic: a defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. when chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the cybb gene, the condition is inherited in an x-linked recessive pattern. when chronic granulomatous disease is caused by cyba, ncf1, ncf2, or ncf4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic, Autosomal Recessive, Cytochrome B-Negative: mutation in cyba
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic, Autosomal Recessive, Cytochrome B-Positive, Type I: mutation in ncf1
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic, Autosomal Recessive, Cytochrome B-Positive, Type II: mutation in ncf2
Granulomatous Mastitis: a rare, benign, inflammatory breast disease occurring in premenopausal women shortly after a recent pregnancy. the origin is unknown but it is commonly mistaken for malignancy and sometimes associated with breast feeding and the use of oral contraceptives
Granulosa Cell Tumor: a neoplasm composed entirely of granulosa cells, occurring mostly in the ovary. in the adult form, it may contain some theca cells. this tumor often produces estradiol and inhibin. the excess estrogen exposure can lead to other malignancies in women and precocious puberty in girls. in rare cases, granulosa cell tumors have been identified in the testes
Granulosa Cells: supporting cells for the developing female gamete in the ovary. they are derived from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. granulosa cells form a single layer around the oocyte in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the ovum in the graafian follicle. the major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and lh receptors (receptors, lh)
Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary: a rare type of ovarian cancer and sex chord stromal tumor that usually occurs in adults and causes elevated levels of estrogen in a woman's body. the most common symptoms include early puberty for affected young girls, an increase in abdomen size or irregularities of menstrual cycles in premenopausal women, and abnormal uterine bleeding in postmenopausal women
Granulosis Rubra Nasi: redness, sweating and papules confined to nose and surrounding face, most common in children
Granulovirus: granulovirus is the common name for betabaculovirus, a genus of the family baculoviridae, characterized by ovocylindrical occlusion bodies. the type species is cydia pomonella granulovirus
Granzymes: a family of serine endopeptidases found in the secretory granules of leukocytes such as cytotoxic t-lymphocytes and natural killer cells. when secreted into the intercellular space granzymes act to eliminate transformed and virus-infected host cells
Grape Seed Extract: exudate from seeds of the grape plant vitis vinifera, composed of oils and secondary plant metabolites (bioflavonoids and polyphenols) credited with important medicinal properties
Graphic Novel: book-length narratives told using a combination of words and sequential art, often presented in comic book style. from (fletcher-spear et al., ala review, winter 2005)
Graphic Novels as Topic: works about book-length narratives told using a combination of words and sequential art, often presented in comic book style
Graphite: an allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. it is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation
Grasshoppers: plant-eating orthopterans having hindlegs adapted for jumping. there are two main families: acrididae and romaleidae. some of the more common genera are: melanoplus, the most common grasshopper; conocephalus, the eastern meadow grasshopper; and pterophylla, the true katydid
Grateful Med: a microcomputer-based software package providing a user-friendly interface to the medlars system of the national library of medicine
Grave Robbing: stealing of corpses after burial, especially for medical dissection. in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, in the absence of laws governing the acquisition of dissecting material for the study of anatomy, the needs of anatomy classes were met by surreptitious methods: body-snatching and grave robbing. (random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed; from garrison, an introduction to the history of medicine, 4th ed, p447; from castiglioni, a history of medicine, 2d ed, p676)
Graves Disease: a common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic goiter. it is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. these autoantibodies activate the tsh receptor, thereby stimulating the thyroid gland and hypersecretion of thyroid hormones. these autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (graves ophthalmopathy) and the skin (graves dermopathy)
Graves Ophthalmopathy: an autoimmune disorder of the eye, occurring in patients with graves disease. subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy
Gravesova nemoc: nejčastější příčina zvýšené funkce štítné žlázy, hypertyreózy. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Gravesova oftalmopatie: chronické oční onemocnění spojené s autoimunitními poruchami štítné žlázy. podstatou je autoimunitní zánět postihující všechny struktury orbity (oční svaly, orbitální pojivovou a tukovou tkáň, slzné žlázy aj.), které svým zvětšeným objemem vytlačují bulbus ventrálně za vzniku exoftalmu, který je nejnápadnějším rysem nemoci. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Gravidity: the number of pregnancies, complete or incomplete, experienced by a female. it is different from parity, which is the number of offspring borne. (from stedman, 26th ed)
Gravitation: acceleration produced by the mutual attraction of two masses, and of magnitude inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two centers of mass. it is also the force imparted by the earth, moon, or a planet to an object near its surface. (from nasa thesaurus, 1988)
Gravitropism: the directional growth of organisms in response to gravity. in plants, the main root is positively gravitropic (growing downwards) and a main stem is negatively gravitropic (growing upwards), irrespective of the positions in which they are placed. plant gravitropism is thought to be controlled by auxin (auxins), a plant growth substance. (from concise dictionary of biology, 1990)
Gravity Sensing: process whereby a cell, bodily structure, or organism (animal or plant) receives or detects a gravity stimulus. gravity sensing plays an important role in the directional growth and development of an organism (gravitropism)
Gravity Suits: double-layered inflatable suits which, when inflated, exert pressure on the lower part of the wearer's body. the suits are used to improve or stabilize the circulatory state, i.e., to prevent hypotension, control hemorrhage, and regulate blood pressure. the suits are also used by pilots under positive acceleration
Gravity, Altered: a change in, or manipulation of, gravitational force. this may be a natural or artificial effect
Gray Literature: works that include publications such as reports, theses, conference papers, translations and limited circulation government documents which are not normally available through commercial publication sources. (lcsh)
Gray Matter: region of central nervous system that appears darker in color than the other type, white matter. it is composed of neuronal cell bodies; neuropil; glial cells and capillaries but few myelinated nerve fibers
Gray Platelet Syndrome: a rare, inherited platelet disorder characterized by a selective deficiency in the number and contents of platelet alpha-granules. it is associated with thrombocytopenia, enlarged platelets, and prolonged bleeding time
Great Lakes Region: the geographic area of the great lakes in general and when the specific state or states are not indicated. it usually includes illinois, indiana, michigan, minnesota, new york, ohio, pennsylvania, and wisconsin
Greece: a country in southern europe, bordering the aegean sea, ionian sea, and the mediterranean sea, between albania and turkey. the capital is athens
Greece, Ancient: a civilization extant from about 1200 bc. to the death of alexander the great, in 323 b.c. it extended from the greek city states to north africa and eastward to the indus river
Greek World: a historical and cultural entity dispersed across a wide geographical area under the influence of greek civilization, culture, and science. the greek empire extended from the greek mainland and the aegean islands from the 16th century b.c., to the indus valley in the 4th century under alexander the great, and to southern italy and sicily. greek medicine began with homeric and aesculapian medicine and continued unbroken to hippocrates (480-355 b.c.). the classic period of greek medicine was 460-136 b.c. and the graeco-roman period, 156 b.c.-576 a.d. (from a. castiglioni, a history of medicine, 2d ed; from f. h. garrison, an introduction to the history of medicine, 4th ed)
Green Chemistry Technology: pollution prevention through the design of effective chemical products that have low or no toxicity and use of chemical processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances
Green Fluorescent Proteins: protein analogs and derivatives of the aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (fluorescence) when excited with ultraviolet rays. they are used in reporter genes in doing genetic techniques. numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to ph
Green Light: that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths between 495 to 570 nm
Green Sandford Davison syndrome: anal anomalies, renal tract abnormalities, genital malformations, and syndactyly; renal and anogenital malformations with syndactyly
Greenhouse Effect: the effect of greenhouse gases and the resulting increase in world temperatures. the predicted health effects of such long-term climatic change include increased incidence of respiratory, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases
Greenhouse Gases: gaseous elements, chemicals that are in the atmosphere that may contribute to greenhouse effect
Greenland: an island in northern north america, between the arctic ocean and the north atlantic ocean, northeast of canada