NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Leucine-Responsive Regulatory Protein: a leucine and dna-binding protein that is found primarily in bacteria and archaea. it regulates genetic transcription involved in metabolism of amino acids in response to the increased concentration of leucine
Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins: a protein with a three-dimensional structure that forms an alpha/beta horseshoe fold. it is found in a large number of proteins with diverse functions, including in innate immunity response and nervous system
Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2: a serine/threonine protein kinase with gtpase activity that contains 12 leucine-rich repeats in its central region and 7 wd repeats c-terminal to its kinase and gtpase domains. it localizes to transport vesicles; the outer mitochondrial membrane; and the golgi apparatus. it functions in protein transport; regulates neuron morphology in the central nervous system, and also functions in the trafficking of synaptic vesicles. mutations in the lrrk2 gene have been identified in autosomal dominant cases of parkinson disease (park8)
Leucine-tRNA Ligase: an enzyme that activates leucine with its specific transfer rna. ec 6.1.1.4
Leucogenenol: a heterocyclic enolic thymothyroid hormone synthesized by the thymus and/or thyroid
Leucomycins: an antibiotic complex produced by streptomyces kitasatoensis. the complex consists of a mixture of at least eight biologically active components, a1 and a3 to a9. leucomycins have both antibacterial and antimycoplasmal activities
Leuconostoc: a genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria whose growth is dependent on the presence of a fermentable carbohydrate. it is nonpathogenic to plants and animals, including humans
Leuconostoc: rod grampozitivních, fakultativně anaerobních bakterií. jejich růst závisí na přítomnosti fermentovatelných sacharidů. nejsou patogenní pro rostliny a zvířata včetně člověka
Leuconostoc mesenteroides: a species of leuconostoc that occurs on fruits and vegetables and in their fermented products, as well as fermented dairy products. it produces lactic acid and bacteriocins and is used as a probiotic; however, it has also caused infections in immunocompromised patients
Leuconostoc mesenteroides: druh bakterie rodu leuconostoc, která se vyskytuje na ovoci a zelenině, ve fermenovaných výrobcích z nich a dále v kysaných mléčných výrobcích. produkuje kyselinu mléčnou a bakteriociny. používá se jako probiotikum, i když také způsobila infekce u imunokompromitovaných pacientů
Leuconostocaceae: a family of gram-positive bacteria in the order lactobacillales. lactic acid is the main product of their carbohydrate metabolism
Leuconostocaceae: čeleď grampozitivních bakterií z řádu lactobacillales. hlavním produktem jejich sacharidového metabolismu je kyselina mléčná
Leucovorin: the active metabolite of folic acid. leucovorin is used principally as an antidote to folic acid antagonists
Leucyl Aminopeptidase: a zinc containing enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the removal of the n-terminal amino acid from most l-peptides, particularly those with n-terminal leucine residues but not those with n-terminal lysine or arginine residues. this occurs in tissue cell cytosol, with high activity in the duodenum, liver, and kidney. the activity of this enzyme is commonly assayed using a leucine arylamide chromogenic substrate such as leucyl beta-naphthylamide
Leukapheresis: the preparation of leukocyte concentrates with the return of red cells and leukocyte-poor plasma to the donor
Leukemia: a progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (from the merck manual, 2006)
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor: an interleukin-6 related cytokine that exhibits pleiotrophic effects on many physiological systems that involve cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. leukemia inhibitory factor binds to and acts through the lif receptor
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha Subunit: a receptor subunit that combines with cytokine receptor gp130 to form the dual specificity receptor for leukemia inhibitory factor and oncostatin m. the subunit is also a component of the ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor. both membrane-bound and secreted isoforms of the receptor subunit exist due to alternative splicing of its mrna. the secreted isoform is believed to act as an inhibitory receptor, while the membrane-bound form is a signaling receptor
Leukemia P388: an experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in dba/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene
Leukemia Virus, Bovine: the type species of deltaretrovirus that causes a form of bovine lymphosarcoma (enzootic bovine leukosis) or persistent lymphocytosis
Leukemia Virus, Feline: a species of gammaretrovirus causing leukemia, lymphosarcoma, immune deficiency, or other degenerative diseases in cats. several cellular oncogenes confer on felv the ability to induce sarcomas (see also sarcoma viruses, feline)
Leukemia Virus, Gibbon Ape: a species of gammaretrovirus causing leukemia in the gibbon ape. natural transmission is by contact
Leukemia Virus, Murine: species of gammaretrovirus, containing many well-defined strains, producing leukemia in mice. disease is commonly induced by injecting filtrates of propagable tumors into newborn mice
Leukemia, Acute, X-Linked: omim term leukemia, acute, ?x-linked
Leukemia, B-Cell: a malignant disease of the b-lymphocytes in the bone marrow and/or blood
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute: a rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to basophils. it is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. mature basophils are usually sparse
Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute: an acute leukemia exhibiting cell features characteristic of both the myeloid and lymphoid lineages and probably arising from multipotent stem cells
Leukemia, Eosinophilic, Acute: a rare acute myeloid leukemia characterized by abnormal eosinophils in the bone marrow
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute: a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood
Leukemia, Experimental: leukemia induced experimentally in animals by exposure to leukemogenic agents, such as viruses; radiation; or by transplantation of leukemic tissues
Leukemia, Feline: a neoplastic disease of cats frequently associated with feline leukemia virus infection
Leukemia, Hairy Cell: a neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow
Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic: a spectrum of disorders characterized by clonal expansions of the peripheral blood lymphocyte populations known as large granular lymphocytes which contain abundant cytoplasm and azurophilic granules. subtypes develop from either cd3-negative natural killer cells or cd3-positive t-cells. the clinical course of both subtypes can vary from spontaneous regression to progressive, malignant disease
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell: a chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal b-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. in patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. these terms represent spectrums of the same disease
Leukemia, Lymphoid: leukemia associated with hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant lymphocytes and lymphoblasts
Leukemia, Mast-Cell: a form of systemic mastocytosis (mastocytosis, systemic) characterized by the presence of large numbers of tissue mast cells in the peripheral blood without skin lesions. it is a high-grade leukemia disease with bone marrow smear of >20% mast cells, multi-organ failure and a short survival
Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute: an acute myeloid leukemia in which 20-30% of the bone marrow or peripheral blood cells are of megakaryocyte lineage. myelofibrosis or increased bone marrow reticulin is common
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute: an acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and monocytes
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive: clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in pluripotent stem cells. it starts in myeloid cells of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. the condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (leukemia, myeloid, chronic phase) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (leukemia, myeloid, accelerated phase) and blast crisis
Leukemia, Myeloid: form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (myeloid progenitor cells) in the bone marrow and other sites
Leukemia, Myeloid, Accelerated Phase: the phase of chronic myeloid leukemia following the chronic phase (leukemia, myeloid, chronic-phase), where there are increased systemic symptoms, worsening cytopenias, and refractory leukocytosis
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute: clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce neutrophils; basophils; eosinophils; and monocytes
Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative: a myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disorder characterized by myelodysplasia associated with bone marrow and peripheral blood patterns similar to chronic myeloid leukemia, but cytogenetically lacking a philadelphia chromosome or bcr/abl fusion gene (genes, abl)
Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase: the initial phase of chronic myeloid leukemia consisting of an relatively indolent period lasting from 4 to 7 years. patients range from asymptomatic to those exhibiting anemia; splenomegaly; and increased cell turnover. there are 5% or fewer blast cells in the blood and bone marrow in this phase
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute: a pediatric acute myeloid leukemia involving both myeloid and monocytoid precursors. at least 20% of non-erythroid cells are of monocytic origin
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic: a myelodysplastic-myeloproliferative disease characterized by monocytosis, increased monocytes in the bone marrow, variable degrees of dysplasia, but an absence of immature granulocytes in the blood
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Juvenile: a leukemia affecting young children characterized by splenomegaly, enlarged lymph nodes, rashes, and hemorrhages. traditionally classed as a myeloproliferative disease, it is now considered a mixed myeloproliferative-mylelodysplastic disorder
Leukemia, Neutrophilic, Chronic: a rare myeloproliferative disorder that is characterized by a sustained, mature neutrophilic leukocytosis. no monocytosis, eosinophilia, or basophilia is present, nor is there a philadelphia chromosome or bcr-abl fusion gene (genes, abl)
Leukemia, Plasma Cell: a rare, aggressive variant of multiple myeloma characterized by the circulation of excessive plasma cells in the peripheral blood. it can be a primary manifestation of multiple myeloma or develop as a terminal complication during the disease
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic: a chronic leukemia characterized by a large number of circulating prolymphocytes. it can arise spontaneously or as a consequence of transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, B-Cell: a neoplasm of prolymphocytes affecting the blood, bone marrow, and spleen. it is characterized by prolymphocytes exceeding 55% of the lymphoid cells in the blood and profound splenomegaly
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell: a lymphoid leukemia characterized by a profound lymphocytosis with or without lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, frequently rapid progression, and short survival. it was formerly called t-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute: an acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal promyelocytes predominate. it is frequently associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation
Leukemia, Radiation-Induced: leukemia produced by exposure to ionizing radiation or non-ionizing radiation
Leukemia, T-Cell: a malignant disease of the t-lymphocytes in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell: aggressive t-cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by human t-lymphotropic virus 1. it is endemic in japan, the caribbean basin, southeastern united states, hawaii, and parts of central and south america and sub-saharan africa
Leukemic Infiltration: a pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. all types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. the degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. the liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. the kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. in lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. the central nervous system too is a common site
Leukemoid Reaction: a peripheral blood picture resembling that of leukemia or indistinguishable from it on the basis of morphologic appearance alone. (dorland, 27th ed)
Leukoaraiosis: non-specific white matter changes in the brain, often seen after age 65. changes include loss of axons; myelin pallor, gliosis, loss of ependymal cells, and enlarged perivascular spaces. leukoaraiosis is a risk factor for dementia and cerebrovascular disorders
Leukocidins: pore forming proteins originally discovered for toxic activity to leukocytes. they are exotoxins produced by some pathogenic staphylococcus and streptococcus that destroy leukocytes by lysis of the cytoplasmic granules and are partially responsible for the pathogenicity of the organisms
Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test: test for cell-mediated antitumor immunity and related serum blocking factors based on the finding that leukocytes from cancer patients, but not from controls, when mixed in vitro with antigenic extracts of tumors of the same histological type, undergo a diminution in their normal adherence to glass surfaces. sera from tumor-bearing patients block the lai reaction of their own leukocytes or those of other patients with the same type of tumor
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency, Type III: aka lad1v or iadd; associated with mutations in kind3
Leukocyte Common Antigens: high-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of leukocytes and their hemopoietic progenitors. they contain two fibronectin type iii domains and possess cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, which plays a role in intracellular signaling from the cell surface receptors. leukocyte common antigens occur as multiple isoforms that result from alternative mrna splicing and differential usage of three exons
Leukocyte Count: the number of white blood cells per unit volume in venous blood. a differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells
Leukocyte Disorders: disordered formation of various types of leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or deficiency of these cells
Leukocyte Elastase: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins, including elastin. it cleaves preferentially bonds at the carboxyl side of ala and val, with greater specificity for ala. ec 3.4.21.37
Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-like Receptor B1: a receptor for histocompatibility antigens class i that also functions as a receptor for the ul18 protein, an mhc class i homolog expressed by human cytomegalovirus. it consists of four ig-like c2 domains and is expressed primarily by b-cells and monocytes, as well as dendritic cells; its interaction with mhc1 functions to down-regulate the immune response
Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex: a member of the s-100 protein family that is present at high levels in the blood and interstitial fluid in several infectious, inflammatory, and malignant disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cystic fibrosis. it is a complex of a light chain (calgranulin a) and a heavy chain (calgranulin b). l1 binds calcium through an ef-hand motif, and has been shown to possess antimicrobial activity
Leukocyte Migration-Inhibitory Factors: protein factor(s) released by sensitized lymphocytes (and possibly other cells) that inhibit the movement of leukocytes, especially polymorphonuclear cells, away from their site of release. assays for these factors are used as tests for cellular immunity. two of the common assays are the leukocyte migration capillary tube technique (lmct) and the leukocyte migration agarose test (lmat)
Leukocyte Reduction Procedures: the removal of leukocytes from blood to reduce blood transfusion reactions and lower the chance of transmitting viruses. this may be performed by filtration or by cytapheresis
Leukocyte Rolling: movement of tethered, spherical leukocytes along the endothelial surface of the microvasculature. the tethering and rolling involves interaction with selectins and other adhesion molecules in both the endothelium and leukocyte. the rolling leukocyte then becomes activated by chemokines, flattens out, and firmly adheres to the endothelial surface in preparation for transmigration through the interendothelial cell junction. (from abbas, cellular and molecular immunology, 3rd ed)
Leukocyte Transfusion: the transfer of leukocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1: an autosomal recessive form of leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome that results from a deficiency of the beta-2 integrin subunit (itgb2 gene) of the leukocyte cell adhesion molecule which is present on the surface of peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes and granulocytes and mediates cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion. omim: 116920
Leukocyte-Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome: rare, autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of the beta 2 integrin receptors (receptors, leukocyte-adhesion) comprising the cd11/cd18 family of glycoproteins. the syndrome is characterized by abnormal adhesion-dependent functions, especially defective tissue emigration of neutrophils, leading to recurrent infection
Leukocytes: white blood cells. these include granular leukocytes (basophils; eosinophils; and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)
Leukocytes, Mononuclear: mature lymphocytes and monocytes transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. they are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules
Leukocytosis: a transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid
Leukodystrophy, Demyelinating, Adult-Onset, Autosomal Dominant: a hereditary, autosomal dominant form of pelizaeus-merzbacher disease, a multiple sclerosis - like syndrome, that is associated with duplication of the lamin b -1 (lmnb1) gene. omim: 169500
Leukodystrophy, Dysmyelinating, with Oligodontia: mutation in polr3a
Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell: an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of galactosylceramidase leading to intralysosomal accumulation of galactolipids such as galactosylceramides and psychosine. it is characterized by demyelination associated with large multinucleated globoid cells, predominantly involving the white matter of the central nervous system. the loss of myelin disrupts normal conduction of nerve impulses
Leukodystrophy, Hypomyelinating, 4: mutation in hspd1
Leukodystrophy, Hypomyelinating, 5: mutation on hyccin (fam126a)
Leukodystrophy, Hypomyelinating, with Hypodontia and Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism: mutation in polr3a
Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic: an autosomal recessive metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of cerebroside-sulfatase leading to intralysosomal accumulation of cerebroside sulfate (sulfoglycosphingolipids) in the nervous system and other organs. pathological features include diffuse demyelination, and metachromatically-staining granules in many cell types such as the glial cells. there are several allelic and nonallelic forms with a variety of neurological symptoms
Leukoedema, Oral: a disorder of the buccal mucosa resembling early leukoplakia, characterized by the presence of filmy opalescence of the mucosa in the early stages to a whitish gray cast with a coarsely wrinkled surface in the later stages, associated with intracellular edema of the spinous or malpighian layer. (dorland, 27th ed)
Leukoencephalitis, Acute Hemorrhagic: a fulminant and often fatal demyelinating disease of the brain which primarily affects young adults and children. clinical features include the rapid onset of weakness, seizures, and coma. it may follow a viral illness or mycoplasma pneumoniae infections but in most instances there is no precipitating event. pathologic examination reveals marked perivascular demyelination and necrosis of white matter with microhemorrhages. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp924-5)
Leukoencephalopathies: any of various diseases affecting the white matter of the central nervous system
Leukoencephalopathy, Cystic, Without Megalencephaly: associated with mutation in rnaset2
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal: an opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and other immunologic deficiency syndromes; hematologic neoplasms; immunosuppression; and collagen diseases). the causative organism is jc polyomavirus (jc virus) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. clinical manifestations include dementia; ataxia; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1996, ch26, pp36-7)
Leukokeratosis, Hereditary Mucosal: an autosomal dominant disorder that is manifested by thickened spongiform oral mucosa with a white opalescent tint. other mucosal tissue may also be involved mucosa found in the vagina; rectum, and nasal cavity may be similarly involved. this form of leukokeratosis can be caused by a mutation in the gene for keratin 4 and is not considered a preneoplastic condition
Leukomalacia, Periventricular: degeneration of white matter adjacent to the cerebral ventricles following cerebral hypoxia or brain ischemia in neonates. the condition primarily affects white matter in the perfusion zone between superficial and deep branches of the middle cerebral artery. clinical manifestations include vision disorders; cerebral palsy; paraplegia; seizures; and cognitive disorders. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1021; joynt, clinical neurology, 1997, ch4, pp30-1)
Leukonychia totalis: a rare hereditary condition characterized by hypopigmentation of the nails. mutations in the plcd1 gene have been identified. omim: 151600
Leukopenia: a decrease in the number of leukocytes in a blood sample below the normal range (leukocyte count less than 4000)
Leukoplakia: a white patch lesion found on a mucous membrane that cannot be scraped off. leukoplakia is generally considered a precancerous condition, however its appearance may also result from a variety of hereditary diseases
Leukoplakia, Hairy: epithelial hyperplasia of the oral mucosa associated with epstein-barr virus (herpesvirus 4, human) and found almost exclusively in persons with hiv infection. the lesion consists of a white patch that is often corrugated or hairy
Leukoplakia, Oral: a white patch seen on the oral mucosa. it is considered a premalignant condition and is often tobacco-induced. when evidence of epstein-barr virus is present, the condition is called hairy leukoplakia (leukoplakia, hairy)
Leukopoiesis: the process of generating white blood cells (leukocytes) from the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells of the bone marrow. there are two significant pathways to generate various types of leukocytes: myelopoiesis, in which leukocytes in the blood are derived from myeloid stem cells, and lymphopoiesis, in which leukocytes of the lymphatic system (lymphocytes) are generated from lymphoid stem cells
Leukorrhea: a clear or white discharge from the vagina, consisting mainly of mucus
Leukosialin: a sialic acid-rich protein and an integral cell membrane mucin. it plays an important role in activation of t-lymphocytes
Leukostasis: abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. the brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. this acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. it is differentiated from leukemic infiltration which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs
Leukotriene A4: (2s-(2 alpha,3 beta(1e,3e,5z,8z)))-3-(1,3,5,8-tetradecatetraenyl)oxiranebutanoic acid. an unstable allylic epoxide, formed from the immediate precursor 5-hpete via the stereospecific removal of a proton at c-10 and dehydration. its biological actions are determined primarily by its metabolites, i.e., leukotriene b4 and cysteinyl-leukotrienes. alternatively, leukotriene a4 is converted into leukotriene c4 by glutathione-s-transferase or into 5,6-di-hete by the epoxide-hydrolase. (from dictionary of prostaglandins and related compounds, 1990)
Leukotriene Antagonists: a class of drugs designed to prevent leukotriene synthesis or activity by blocking binding at the receptor level
Leukotriene B4: the major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. it stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (from dictionary of prostaglandins and related compounds, 1990)
Leukotriene C4: the conjugation product of leukotriene a4 and glutathione. it is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. it stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some vascular smooth muscle. (from dictionary of prostaglandins and related compounds, 1990)
Leukotriene D4: one of the biologically active principles of srs-a. it is generated from leukotriene c4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (from dictionary of prostaglandins and related compounds, 1990)
Leukotriene E4: a biologically active principle of srs-a that is formed from leukotriene d4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. the biological actions of lte4 are similar to ltc4 and ltd4. (from dictionary of prostaglandins and related compounds, 1990)
Leukotrienes: a family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. they participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. they have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system
Leupeptins: a group of acylated oligopeptides produced by actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. they have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, kallikreins, papain and the cathepsins
Leuprolide: a potent synthetic long-acting agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
Leuzea: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. ecdysone has been found in seeds of some members
Leuzea: rod rostlin čeledi asteracea. semena některých druhů obsahují ekdyson
Leuzea repens: a source of repin, a sesquiterpene lactone, which is linked to toxic parkinsonism nigropallidal encephalomalacia in grazing animals
Levallorphan: an opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of naloxone; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. it should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)
Levamisole: an antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and t-lymphocyte function. paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (from smith and reynard, textbook of pharmacology, 1991, p435-6)
Levator syndrome: pain and pressure in the region of the rectum; sacrum; and coccyx that is often aggravated by sitting
Levetiracetam: a pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of seizures and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent
Levilactobacillus brevis: a species of gram-positive, rod-shaped lactic acid bacteria that is frequently used as starter culture in silage fermentation, sourdough, and lactic-acid-fermented types of beer and wine
Levilactobacillus brevis: druh grampozitivní, tyčinkovité bakterie mléčného kvašení, která se často používá jako startovací kultura při fermentaci siláže, přípravě kvásku a výrobě určitých druhů piva a vína
Leviviridae: a family of bacteriophages that infects enterobacteria, caulobacter, and pseudomonas. the genome consists of linear, positive-sense single-stranded rna
Leviviridae: čeleď bakteriofágů, které infikují enterobakterie rodů caulobacter a pseudomonas. jejich genom je tvořený lineární jednořetězcovou dna s pozitivním řetězcem
Levivirus: a bacteriophage genus of the family leviviridae, whose viruses contain the short version of the genome and have a separate gene for cell lysis
Levivirus: rod bakteriofágů čeledi leviviridae. zástupci tohoto rodu obsahují kratší verzi genomu a mají samostatný gen pro buněčnou lyzi
Levobupivacaine: s-enantiomer of bupivacaine that is used as a local anesthetic and for regional nerve blocks, including epidural anesthesia
Levocardia: congenital abnormalities in which the heart is in the normal position (levocardia) in the left side of the chest but some or all of the thorax or abdomen viscera are transposed laterally (situs inversus). it is also known as situs inversus with levocardia, or isolated levocardia. this condition is often associated with severe heart defects and splenic abnormalities such as asplenia or polysplenia
Levodopa: the naturally occurring form of dihydroxyphenylalanine and the immediate precursor of dopamine. unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. it is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. it is used for the treatment of parkinsonian disorders and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system
Levoleucovorin: a folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of leucovorin
Levomilnacipran: the (1s,2r)-isomer of milnacipran that is used for the treatment of major depressive disorder
Levonorgestrel: a synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (norgestrel). it is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis
Levorphanol: a narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. it is nearly as effective orally as by injection
Levulinic Acids: keto acids that are derivatives of 4-oxopentanoic acids (levulinic acid)
Lewatit VPOC 1064 MD PH: a commercial organic polymer resin
Lewis Acids: any chemical species which accepts an electron-pair from a lewis base in a chemical bonding reaction
Lewis Bases: any chemical species which acts as an electron-pair donor in a chemical bonding reaction with a lewis acid
Lewis Blood Group Antigens: carbohydrate antigens structurally related to the abh blood-group system. they may occur as a modification of saccharide chains on glycolipids or glycoproteins on cell surfaces or in plasma, or as free oligosaccharides in secretions. lewis antigens are not synthesized in blood cells. instead lewis glycolipids present in plasma are absorbed onto the surface of erythrocytes; lymphocytes; and platelets. the phenotypes le(a) and le(b) are the result of the actions of two genes the le gene (fucosyltransferase fut3) and the se gene (fucosyltransferase fut2) on the precursor carbohydrate, glycolipid or glycoprotein. other fucosyltransferases can also synthesize the lewis antigens
Lewis X Antigen: a trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. in the blood the antigen is found on the surface of neutrophils; eosinophils; and monocytes. in addition, lewis x antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen
Lewisovy báze: chemická látka, která působí jako donor elektronového páru v chemické vazebné reakci s lewisovou kyselinou
Lewisovy kyseliny: lewisova kyselina je chemická sloučenina, jejíž atomy mají volný vazebný orbital a mohou přijmout elektronový pár. (cit. wikipedie, 2017 http://www.wikipedie.cz)
Lewy Bodies: intracytoplasmic, eosinophilic, round to elongated inclusions found in vacuoles of injured or fragmented neurons. the presence of lewy bodies is the histological marker of the degenerative changes in lewy body disease and parkinson disease but they may be seen in other neurological conditions. they are typically found in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but they are also seen in the basal forebrain, hypothalamic nuclei, and neocortex
Lewy Body Disease: a neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. the neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, and other extrapyramidal signs. delusions and visual hallucinations are relatively frequent in this condition. histologic examination reveals lewy bodies in the cerebral cortex and brain stem. senile plaques and other pathologic features characteristic of alzheimer disease may also be present. (from neurology 1997;48:376-380; neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)
Lewyho tělíska: intraplazmatické, eozinofilní, kulaté či oválné inkluze ve vakuolách poškozených nebo rozpadlých neuronů. přítomnost lewyho tělísek je histologický marker degenerativních změn při demenci s lewyho tělísky a parkinsonově nemoci, ale tyto útvary se mohou vyskytovat i při jiných neurologických patologiích. typicky se nalézají v oblasti substantia nigra a locus coeruleus, dále se mohou vyskytovat v bazálním předním mozku (pars basalis telencephali), v jádrech hypothalamu a v neokortexu
Leydig Cell Tumor: gonadal interstitial or stromal cell neoplasm composed of only leydig cells. these tumors may produce one or more of the steroid hormones such as androgens; estrogens; and corticosteroids. clinical symptoms include testicular swelling, gynecomastia, sexual precocity in children, or virilization (virilism) in females
Leydig Cells: steroid-producing cells in the interstitial tissue of the testis. they are under the regulation of pituitary hormones; luteinizing hormone; or interstitial cell-stimulating hormone. testosterone is the major androgen (androgens) produced
Leydigovy buňky: buňky varlete (intersticiální buňky), které produkují mužské pohlavní hormony, zejm. testosteron. jsou řízeny hormonem předního laloku hypofýzy lh (dř. icsh). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome: rare autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by mesenchymal and epithelial neoplasms at multiple sites. mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, a component of the dna damage response pathway, apparently predisposes family members who inherit it to develop certain cancers. the spectrum of cancers in the syndrome was shown to include, in addition to breast cancer and soft tissue sarcomas (sarcoma); brain tumors; osteosarcoma; leukemia; and adrenocortical carcinoma
Lianqiao: fruit extract preparation from forsythiae fructus that is used in traditional chinese medicine
Libanon: stát na blízkém východě v jihozápadní asii, při východním pobřeží středozemního moře. hraničí na východě a severu se sýrií, na jihu s izraelem. hlavní město je bejrút. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Liberia: a republic in western africa, south of guinea and east of cote d'ivoire. its capital is monrovia
Liberibacter: a genus of gram-negative alphaproteobacteria in the family rhizobiaceae that is a known plant pathogen transmitted by psyllids
Liberibacter: rod gramnegativních, fytopatogenních alfaproteobakterií čeledi rhizobiaceae, který je přenášený hmyzem řádu hemiptera
Libido: the psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). it may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior
Libocedrus: a plant genus of the family cupressaceae. the common name of 'cedar' makes this easily confused with other trees using that name including cedrus, juniperus; and chamaecyparis
Librarians: specialists in the management of a library or the services rendered by a library, bringing professional skills to administration, organization of material and personnel, interpretation of bibliothecal rules, the development and maintenance of the library's collection, and the provision of information services
Libraries: collections of systematically acquired and organized information resources, and usually providing assistance to users. (eric thesaurus, http://www.eric.ed.gov/ accessed 2/1/2008)
Libraries, Digital: libraries in which a major proportion of the resources are available in machine-readable format, rather than on paper or microform
Libraries, Hospital: information centers primarily serving the needs of hospital medical staff and sometimes also providing patient education and other services
Libraries, Special: collections covering specialized subjects, containing materials in a special format, or serving a specialized clientele
Library Automation: the use of automatic machines or processing devices in libraries. the automation may be applied to library administrative activities, office procedures, and delivery of library services to users
Library Collection Development: development of a library collection, including the determination and coordination of selection policy, assessment of needs of users and potential users, collection use studies, collection evaluation, identification of collection needs, selection of materials, planning for resource sharing, collection maintenance and weeding, and budgeting
Library Materials: print and non-print materials collected, processed, and stored by libraries. they comprise books, periodicals, pamphlets, reports, microforms, maps, manuscripts, motion pictures, and all other forms of audiovisual records. (harrod, the librarians' glossary, 4th ed, p497)
Library Surveys: collection and analysis of data pertaining to operations of a particular library, library system, or group of independent libraries, with recommendations for improvement and/or ordered plans for further development
Library Technical Services: acquisition, organization, and preparation of library materials for use, including selection, weeding, cataloging, classification, and preservation
Libya: a country in northern africa, bordering the mediterranean sea, between egypt, tunisia, and algeria, having southern border with chad, niger, and sudan. its capital is tripoli
Libye: stát v severní africe u středozemního moře. jejími sousedy jsou egypt, súdán, čad, niger, alžírsko a tunisko. hlavní město je tripolis
Libérie: libérie leží v západní africe a sousedí se státy guinea, pobřeží slonoviny a sierra leone. na jihozápadě je ohraničena atlantským oceánem. hlavní město je monrovia
Lice Infestations: parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin by members of the order phthiraptera, especially on humans by pediculus humanus of the family pediculidae. the hair of the head, eyelashes, and pubis is a frequent site of infestation. (from dorland, 28th ed; stedman, 26th ed)
Licensed Practical Nurses: health personnel who do not hold professional degrees or credentials, but have completed training and are licensed to provide routine patient care under the direction of registered nurses and physicians
Licensure: the legal authority or formal permission from authorities to carry on certain activities which by law or regulation require such permission. it may be applied to licensure of institutions as well as individuals
Lichen Nitidus: a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by shiny, flat-topped, usually flesh-colored micropapules no larger than the head of a pin. lesions are localized in the early stages, found chiefly on the lower abdomen, penis, and inner surface of the thighs. distribution may become generalized as the disease progresses
Lichen Planus: an inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. it is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. the lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of t-cells. etiology is unknown
Lichen Planus, Oral: oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. the buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (wickham's striae). (jablonski, illustrated dictionary of dentistry)
Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus: a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease usually affecting the female genitalia (vulvar lichen sclerosus) and balanitis xerotica obliterans in males. it is also called white spot disease and csillag's disease
Lichen planus follicularis: a rare cutaneous form of lichen planus which affects the hair follicles. it may occur on its own or in association with typical lichen planus or oral lichen planus
Lichenoid Eruptions: conditions in which there is histological damage to the lower epidermis along with a grouped chronic inflammatory infiltrate in the papillary dermis disturbing the interface between the epidermis and dermis. lichen planus is the prototype of all lichenoid eruptions. (from rook et al., textbook of dermatology, 4th ed, p398)
Lichens: any of a group of plants formed by a symbiotic combination of a fungus with an algae or cyanobacteria, and sometimes both. the fungal component makes up the bulk of the lichen and forms the basis for its name
Lichtenstein syndrome: neutropenia, immunoglobulin deficiency, peculiar facies and bony anomalies
Lichtenštejnsko: knížectví ve střední evropě, ležící mezi rakouskem a švýcarskem. hlavním městem je vaduz
Liddle Syndrome: familial pseudoaldosteronism characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance of hypertension with hypokalemia; alkalosis; renin and aldosterone level decreases. it is caused by mutations in epithelial sodium channels beta and gamma subunits. different mutations in the same epithelial sodium channels subunits can cause pseudohypoaldosteronism, type i, autosomal dominant
Liddleův syndrom: vzácný autozomálně dominantně dědičný syndrom charakterizovaný hypokalemií s metabolickou alkalózou, retencí sodíku, hypertenzí, nízkou koncentrací reninu. příčina a patogeneze není zcela jasná, snad jde o zvýšenou citlivost na mineralokortikoidy (koncentrace aldosteronu je v normě nebo spíše snížená) - je patrný vzestup reabsorpce sodíku v distálním tubulu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Lidocaine: a local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine
Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination: a topical local anesthetic preparation that is composed of a mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine. it is used to provide anesthesia during minor surgery and for the treatment of premature ejaculation
Lidoflazine: coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action
Lie Detection: ascertaining of deception through detection of emotional disturbance as manifested by changes in physiologic processes usually using a polygraph
Liechtenstein: principality in central europe, located between austria and switzerland. the capital is vaduz
Life: the state that distinguishes organisms from inorganic matter, manifested by growth, metabolism, reproduction, and adaptation. it includes the course of existence, the sum of experiences, the mode of existing, or the fact of being. over the centuries inquiries into the nature of life have crossed the boundaries from philosophy to biology, forensic medicine, anthropology, etc., in creative as well as scientific literature. (random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed; dr. james h. cassedy, nlm history of medicine division)
Life Change Events: those occurrences, including social, psychological, and environmental, which require an adjustment or effect a change in an individual's pattern of living
Life Course Perspective: an approach to analyze one's life within the framework of various circumstances experienced in a given society throughout entirety of life
Life Cycle Stages: the continuous sequence of changes undergone by living organisms during the post-embryonic developmental process, such as metamorphosis in insects and amphibians. this includes the developmental stages of apicomplexans such as the malarial parasite, plasmodium falciparum
Life Expectancy: based on known statistical data, the number of years which any person of a given age may reasonably be expected to live
Life History Traits: morphological or behavioral traits influenced by various living conditions that a population encounters especially as it pertains to reproduction and survival of the population (see population dynamics) such as age at first reproductive event, number and size of offspring, and lifespan
Life Style: typical way of life or manner of living characteristic of an individual or group. (from apa, thesaurus of psychological index terms, 8th ed)
Life Support Systems: systems that provide all or most of the items necessary for maintaining life and health. provisions are made for the supplying of oxygen, food, water, temperature and pressure control, disposition of carbon dioxide and body waste. the milieu may be a spacecraft, a submarine, or the surface of the moon. in medical care, usually under hospital conditions, life support care is available. (from webster's new collegiate dictionary)
Life Tables: summarizing techniques used to describe the pattern of mortality and survival in populations. these methods can be applied to the study not only of death, but also of any defined endpoint such as the onset of disease or the occurrence of disease complications
Lifting: moving or bringing something from a lower level to a higher one. the concept encompasses biomechanic stresses resulting from work done in transferring objects from one plane to another as well as the effects of varying techniques of patient handling and transfer
Ligaments: shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. they are pliant, tough, and inextensile