NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Caryophyllanae: superorder of dicot plants in the class magnoliopsida
Case Management: a traditional term for all the activities which a physician or other health care professional normally performs to insure the coordination of the medical services required by a patient. it also, when used in connection with managed care, covers all the activities of evaluating the patient, planning treatment, referral, and follow-up so that care is continuous and comprehensive and payment for the care is obtained. (from slee & slee, health care terms, 2nd ed)
Case Managers: professionals who are in charge of assessment, planning, facilitation, care coordination, evaluation, and advocacy for options and services to meet a patient's and family's comprehensive health needs
Case Reports as Topic: clinical presentations that may be followed by evaluative studies that eventually lead to a diagnosis
Case-Control Studies: comparisons that start with the identification of persons with the disease or outcome of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease or outcome of interest. the relationship of an attribute is examined by comparing both groups with regard to the frequency or levels of outcome over time
Casearia: a plant genus of the family salicaceae. members contain casearins which are clerodane-type diterpenes
Casearia: rod rostlin čeledi salicaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují caseariny (cytotoxicky účinné diterpeny klerodanového typu)
Casein Kinase 1 epsilon: a casein kinase i isoenzyme with specificity for proteins involved the regulation of the circadian rhythm
Casein Kinase I: a casein kinase that was originally described as a monomeric enzyme with a molecular weight of 30-40 kda. several isoenzymes of casein kinase i have been found which are encoded by separate genes. many of the casein kinase i isoenzymes have been shown to play distinctive roles in intracellular signal transduction
Casein Kinase II: a ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. casein kinase ii has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression
Casein Kinase Ialpha: a casein kinase i isoenzyme that plays a role in intracellular signaling pathways including the wnt signaling pathway, the cell cycle, membrane trafficking, and rna processing. multiple isoforms of casein kinase i alpha exist and are due to alternative splicing
Casein Kinase Idelta: a casein kinase i isoenzyme that plays a regulatory role in a variety of cellular functions including vesicular transport, chromosome segregation; cytokinesis, developmental processes, and the circadian rhythm
Casein Kinases: a group of protein-serine-threonine kinases that was originally identified as being responsible for the phosphorylation of caseins. they are ubiquitous enzymes that have a preference for acidic proteins. casein kinases play a role in signal transduction by phosphorylating a variety of regulatory cytoplasmic and regulatory nuclear proteins
Caseins: a mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. the group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones
Casimiroa: a plant genus of the family rutaceae. the fruit is edible and the seed has cardiovascular activity
Casimiroa: rod rostlin čeledi rutaceae. plody jsou jedlé a semena obsahují látky působící na kardiovaskulární systém
Caspase 1: a long pro-domain caspase that has specificity for the precursor form of interleukin-1beta. it plays a role in inflammation by catalytically converting the inactive forms of cytokines such as interleukin-1beta to their active, secreted form. caspase 1 is referred as interleukin-1beta converting enzyme and is frequently abbreviated ice
Caspase 10: a long pro-domain caspase that contains a death effector domain in its pro-domain region. activation of this enzyme can occur via the interaction of its n-terminal death effector domain with death domain receptor signaling adaptor proteins. caspase 10 plays a role in apoptosis by cleaving and activating effector caspases. several isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its messenger rna
Caspase 12: a long pro-domain caspase that contains a caspase recruitment domain in its pro-domain region. caspase 12 is activated by pro-apoptotic factors that are released during cell stress and by card signaling adaptor proteins. it activates apoptosis by cleaving and activating effector caspases
Caspase 14: a short pro-domain caspase that is almost exclusively expressed in the epidermis and may play a role in the differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes
Caspase 2: a long pro-domain caspase that contains a caspase recruitment domain in its pro-domain region. activation of this enzyme can occur via the interaction of its caspase recruitment domain with card signaling adaptor proteins. caspase 2 plays a role in apoptosis by cleaving and activating effector pro-caspases. several isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its messenger rna
Caspase 3: a short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in apoptosis. it is activated by initiator caspases such as caspase 9. isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its messenger rna
Caspase 6: a short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in apoptosis. it is activated by initiator caspases such as caspase 7; caspase 8; and caspase 10. isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its messenger rna
Caspase 7: a short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in apoptosis. it is activated by initiator caspases such as caspase 3 and caspase 10. several isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its messenger rna
Caspase 8: a long pro-domain caspase that contains a death effector domain in its pro-domain region. caspase 8 plays a role in apoptosis by cleaving and activating effector caspases. activation of this enzyme can occur via the interaction of its n-terminal death effector domain with death domain receptor signaling adaptor proteins
Caspase 9: a long pro-domain caspase that contains a caspase recruitment domain in its pro-domain region. caspase 9 is activated during cell stress by mitochondria-derived proapoptotic factors and by card signaling adaptor proteins such as apoptotic protease-activating factor 1. it activates apoptosis by cleaving and activating effector caspases
Caspase Activation and Recruitment Domain: a homotypic protein interaction module of the death domain superfamily. it is composed of a bundle of six alpha-helices that is related in sequence and structure to the death domain and death effector domain. the caspase activation and recruitment domain (card domain) typically associates with other card-containing proteins, forming either dimers or trimers. card domains may occur in isolation, or in combination with other domains in card signaling adaptor proteins and initiator caspases that function in apoptosis
Caspase Inhibitors: endogenous and exogenous compounds and that either inhibit caspases or prevent their activation
Caspases: a family of intracellular cysteine endopeptidases that play a role in regulating inflammation and apoptosis. they specifically cleave peptides at a cysteine amino acid that follows an aspartic acid residue. caspases are activated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor form to yield large and small subunits that form the enzyme. since the cleavage site within precursors matches the specificity of caspases, sequential activation of precursors by activated caspases can occur
Caspases, Effector: a subclass of caspases that contain short pro-domain regions. they are activated by the proteolytic action of initiator caspases. once activated they cleave a variety of substrates that cause apoptosis
Caspases, Initiator: a subtype of caspases that contain long pro-domain regions that regulate the activation of the enzyme. the pro-domain regions contain protein-protein interaction motifs that can interact with specific signaling adaptor proteins such as death domain receptors; ded signaling adaptor proteins; and card signaling adaptor proteins. once activated, the initiator caspases can activate other caspases such as the effector caspases
Caspofungin: a cyclic lipopeptide echinocandin and beta-(1,3)-d-glucan synthase inhibitor that is used to treat internal or systemic mycoses
Cassia: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. many species of this genus, including the medicinal c. senna and c. angustifolia, have been reclassified into the senna genus (senna plant) and some to chamaecrista
Cassia: rod rostlin z čeledi fabaceae. mnoho druhů tohoto rodu, včetně léčivých c. senna a c. angustifolia, bylo reklasifikováno do rodu senna (senna (rostlina))a některé do chamaecrista
Castanospermum: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that contains castanospermines, swainsonine, and triterpenoid saponins
Castanospermum: rod rostlin z čeledi fabaceae (bobovité), kerý obsahuje castanosperminy, swainsonin a triterpenoidní saponiny
Castleman Disease: large benign, hyperplastic lymph nodes. the more common hyaline vascular subtype is characterized by small hyaline vascular follicles and interfollicular capillary proliferations. plasma cells are often present and represent another subtype with the plasma cells containing igm and immunoglobulin a
Castor Oil: oil obtained from seeds of ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer
Casts, Surgical: dressings made of fiberglass, plastic, or bandage impregnated with plaster of paris used for immobilization of various parts of the body in cases of fractures, dislocations, and infected wounds. in comparison with plaster casts, casts made of fiberglass or plastic are lightweight, radiolucent, able to withstand moisture, and less rigid
Casuistry: a method of ethical analysis that emphasizes practical problem solving through examining individual cases that are considered to be representative; sometimes used to denote specious argument or rationalization. differentiate from casuistics, which is the recording and study of cases and disease
Cat Diseases: diseases of the domestic cat (felis catus or f. domesticus). this term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as cheetahs; lions; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other felidae for which the heading carnivora is used
Cat's Claw: a vine (uncaria tomentosa) indigenous to the amazon rainforest whose name is derived from its hook-like thorns. it contains oxindole alkaloids and glycosides and has many medicinal uses
Cat-Scratch Disease: a self-limiting bacterial infection of the regional lymph nodes caused by afipia felis, a gram-negative bacterium recently identified by the centers for disease control and prevention and by bartonella henselae. it usually arises one or more weeks following a feline scratch, with raised inflammatory nodules at the site of the scratch being the primary symptom
Catabolite Repression: process by which micro-organisms adapt quickly to a preferred rapidly-metabolizable intermediate through the inhibition or repression of genes related to catabolism of less preferred source(s)
Catalase: an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. it is present in many animal cells. a deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia
Catalepsy: a condition characterized by inactivity, decreased responsiveness to stimuli, and a tendency to maintain an immobile posture. the limbs tend to remain in whatever position they are placed (waxy flexibility). catalepsy may be associated with psychotic disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, catatonic), nervous system drug toxicity, and other conditions
Catalog: work consisting of bibliographic records, created according to specific and uniform principles of construction and under the control of an authority file, which describe the materials contained in a collection, library, or group of libraries. catalogs include also lists of materials prepared for a particular purpose, such as exhibition catalogs, sales catalogs, garden catalogs, medical supply catalogs. (from the ala glossary of library and information sciences, 1983)
Cataloging: activities performed in the preparation of bibliographic records for catalog. it is carried out according to a set of rules and contains information enabling the user to know what is available and where items can be found
Catalogs as Topic: works about ordered compilations of item descriptions and sufficient information to afford access to them
Catalogs, Library: lists of material available in a library arranged in order with bibliographical metadata for the purpose of identification and retrieval
Catalogs, Union as Topic: works about lists of books and other information sources held among a cooperating group of libraries
Catalysis: the facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction
Catalytic Domain: the region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction
Catamenial pneumothorax: a very rare type of pneumothorax that affects women 72 hours before or after the start of mestruation and usually affects the right lung. it may be associated with endometriosis
Cataplexy: a condition characterized by transient weakness or paralysis of somatic musculature triggered by an emotional stimulus or physical exertion. cataplexy is frequently associated with narcolepsy. during a cataplectic attack, there is a marked reduction in muscle tone similar to the normal physiologic hypotonia that accompanies rapid eye movement sleep (sleep, rem). (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p396)
Cataract: partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. the many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (dorland, 27th ed)
Cataract Extraction: the removal of a cataractous crystalline lens from the eye
Cataract and cardiomyopathy: mutation on acylglycerol kinase
Cataract, Autosomal Dominant: hereditary forms of cataract caused by mutations in the cryaa gene. omim: 604219
Cataract, Autosomal Dominant, Multiple Types 1: mutation on phakinin
Cataract, Autosomal Recessive Congenital 3: aka catc3
Cataract, Juvenile, With Microcornea And Glucosuria: mutation on monocarboxylate transporter 12
Cataract, zonular: congenital cataracts that are present from birth. they are caused by mutations in the heat shock transcription factor 4 (hsf4) gene. omim: 116800
Catarrhini: an infraorder of primates comprised of the families cercopithecidae (old world monkeys); hylobatidae (siamangs and gibbons); and hominidae (great apes and humans). with the exception of humans, they all live exclusively in africa and asia
Catarrhini: podřád primátů zahrnující tři čeledi: cercopithecidae (kočkodanovití), hylobatidae (gibonovití) a hominidae (hominidé). až na člověka žijí výlučně v tropických a subtropických oblastech afriky a asie
Catastrophic Illness: an acute or prolonged illness usually considered to be life-threatening or with the threat of serious residual disability. treatment may be radical and is frequently costly
Catastrophization: cognitive and emotional processes encompassing magnification of pain-related stimuli, feelings of helplessness, and a generally pessimistic orientation
Catatonia: a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. this condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., schizophrenia; mood disorders) or organic disorders (neuroleptic malignant syndrome; encephalitis, etc.). (from dsm-iv, 4th ed, 1994; apa, thesaurus of psychological index terms, 1994)
Catechin: an antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms
Catechol 1,2-Dioxygenase: an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of catechol to muconic acid with the use of fe3+ as a cofactor. this enzyme was formerly characterized as ec 1.13.1.1 and ec 1.99.2.2
Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase: catalyzes the oxidation of catechol to 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde in the carbazole and benzoate degradation via hydroxylation pathways. it also catalyzes the conversion of 3-methylcatechol to cis, cis-2-hydroxy-6-oxohept-2,4-dienoate in the toluene and xylene degradation pathway. this enzyme was formerly characterized as ec 1.13.1.2
Catechol O-Methyltransferase: enzyme that catalyzes the movement of a methyl group from s-adenosylmethionone to a catechol or a catecholamine
Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors: compounds and drugs that inhibit or block the activity of catechol o-methyltransferase enzymes. drugs in this class are used in management of central nervous system disorders such as parkinson disease
Catechol Oxidase: an enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction between catechol and oxygen to yield benzoquinone and water. it is a complex of copper-containing proteins that acts also on a variety of substituted catechols. ec 1.10.3.1
Catecholamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins: a group of membrane transport proteins that transport biogenic amine derivatives of catechol across the plasma membrane. catecholamine plasma membrane transporter proteins regulate neural transmission as well as catecholamine metabolism and recycling
Catecholamines: a general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine
Catechols: a group of 1,2-benzenediols that contain the general formula r-c6h5o2
Catellův osobnostní dotazník 16PF: psychotestový nástroj pracující se 16 faktory lidské osobnosti (introvert vs. extrovert, pokorný vs. asertivní, atd.). pro získání složek osobnosti používal statistický postup, tzv. faktorovou analýzu
Catenanes: complex compounds where two cyclic molecules are interlaced together as links in a chain. they have potential use in nanotechnology
Catenins: a family of cytoskeletal proteins that play essential roles in cell adhesion at adherens junctions by linking cadherins to the actin filaments of the cytoskeleton
Catfishes: common name of the order siluriformes. this order contains many families and over 2,000 species, including venomous species. heteropneustes and plotosus genera have dangerous stings and are aggressive. most species are passive stingers
Catgut: sterile collagen strands obtained from healthy mammals. they are used as absorbable surgical ligatures and are frequently impregnated with chromium or silver for increased strength. they tend to cause tissue reaction
Catha: a plant genus of the family celastraceae. the leafy stems of khat are chewed by some individuals for stimulating effect. members contain ((+)-norpseudoephedrine), cathionine, cathedulin, cathinine & cathidine
Catha: rod rostlin čeledi celastraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují (+)-norpseudoefedrin, kathionin, kathedulin, kathinin a kathidin
Catharanthus: a plant genus of the family apocynaceae. it is the source of vinca alkaloids, used in leukemia chemotherapy
Catharanthus: rod rostlin čeledi apocynaceae. nejznámějším a nejvýznamnějším druhem je barvínkovec růžový, který je zdrojem alkaloidů používaných v chemoterapii při léčbě některých druhů rakoviny. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Catharsis: the release of ideas, thoughts, and repressed material from the unconscious, accompanied by an emotional response and relief. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Cathelicidins: antimicrobial cationic peptides with a highly conserved amino terminal cathelin-like domain and a more variable carboxy terminal domain. they are initially synthesized as preproproteins and then cleaved. they are expressed in many tissues of humans and localized to epithelial cells. they kill nonviral pathogens by forming pores in membranes
Cathepsin A: a carboxypeptidase that catalyzes the release of a c-terminal amino acid with a broad specificity. it also plays a role in the lysosomes by protecting beta-galactosidase and neuraminidase from degradation. it was formerly classified as ec 3.4.12.1 and ec 3.4.21.13
Cathepsin B: a lysosomal cysteine proteinase with a specificity similar to that of papain. the enzyme is present in a variety of tissues and is important in many physiological and pathological processes. in pathology, cathepsin b has been found to be involved in demyelination; emphysema; rheumatoid arthritis, and neoplasm invasiveness
Cathepsin C: a papain-like cysteine protease that has specificity for amino terminal dipeptides. the enzyme plays a role in the activation of several pro-inflammatory serine proteases by removal of their aminoterminal inhibitory dipeptides. genetic mutations that cause loss of cathepsin c activity in humans are associated with papillon-lefevre disease
Cathepsin D: an intracellular proteinase found in a variety of tissue. it has specificity similar to but narrower than that of pepsin a. the enzyme is involved in catabolism of cartilage and connective tissue. ec 3.4.23.5. (formerly ec 3.4.4.23)
Cathepsin E: an aspartic endopeptidase that is similar in structure to cathepsin d. it is found primarily in the cells of the immune system where it may play a role in processing of cell surface antigens
Cathepsin F: a lysosomal papain-related cysteine proteinase that is expressed in a broad variety of cell types
Cathepsin G: a serine protease found in the azurophil granules of neutrophils. it has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin c
Cathepsin H: an ubiquitously-expressed lysosomal cysteine protease that is involved in protein processing. the enzyme has both endopeptidase and aminopeptidase activities
Cathepsin K: a cysteine protease that is highly expressed in osteoclasts and plays an essential role in bone resorption as a potent extracellular matrix-degrading enzyme
Cathepsin L: a ubiquitously-expressed cysteine protease that plays an enzymatic role in post-translational protein processing of proteins within secretory granules
Cathepsin W: a cysteine endopeptidase found in natural killer cells and cytotoxic t-lymphocytes. it may have a specific function in the mechanism or regulation of cytolytic activity of immune cells
Cathepsin Z: a ubiquitously-expressed cysteine peptidase that exhibits carboxypeptidase activity. it is highly expressed in a variety of immune cell types and may play a role in inflammatory processes and immune responses
Cathepsins: a group of lysosomal proteinases or endopeptidases found in aqueous extracts of a variety of animal tissues. they function optimally within an acidic ph range. the cathepsins occur as a variety of enzyme subtypes including serine proteases; aspartic proteinases; and cysteine proteases
Catheter Ablation: removal of tissue with electrical current delivered via electrodes positioned at the distal end of a catheter. energy sources are commonly direct current (dc-shock) or alternating current at radiofrequencies (usually 750 khz). the technique is used most often to ablate the av junction and/or accessory pathways in order to interrupt av conduction and produce av block in the treatment of various tachyarrhythmias
Catheter-Related Infections: infections resulting from the use of catheters. proper aseptic technique, site of catheter placement, material composition, and virulence of the organism are all factors that can influence possible infection
Catheterization: use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. it differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions
Catheterization, Central Venous: placement of an intravenous catheter in the subclavian, jugular, or other central vein
Catheterization, Peripheral: insertion of a catheter into a peripheral artery, vein, or airway for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes
Catheterization, Swan-Ganz: placement of a balloon-tipped catheter into the pulmonary artery through the antecubital, subclavian, and sometimes the femoral vein. it is used to measure pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure which reflects left atrial pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. the catheter is threaded into the right atrium, the balloon is inflated and the catheter follows the blood flow through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle and out into the pulmonary artery
Catheters: a flexible, tubular device that is used to carry fluids into or from a blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity
Catheters, Indwelling: catheters designed to be left within an organ or passage for an extended period of time
Cathexis: attachment, conscious or unconscious, of emotional feeling and significance to an idea, object or most commonly a person
Cathode Ray Tube: a vacuum tube equipped with an electron emitting cathode and a fluorescent screen which emits visible light when excited by the cathode ray. cathode ray tubes are used as imaging devises for televisions; computer terminals; text telecommunication devices; oscilloscopes; and other data display devices
Catholicism: the christian faith, practice, or system of the catholic church, specifically the roman catholic, the christian church that is characterized by a hierarchic structure of bishops and priests in which doctrinal and disciplinary authority are dependent upon apostolic succession, with the pope as head of the episcopal college. (from webster, 3d ed; american heritage dictionary, 2d college ed)
Cation Exchange Resins: high molecular weight insoluble polymers which contain functional anionic groups that are capable of undergoing exchange reactions with cations
Cation Transport Proteins: membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of positively charged molecules (cations) across a biological membrane
Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 1: a high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter found ubiquitously. it has specificity for the transport of arginine; lysine; and ornithine. it may also act as an ecotropic leukemia retroviral receptor
Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2: a high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter with strong similarity to cationic amino acid transporter 1. the two isoforms of the protein, cat-2a and cat-2b, exist due to alternative mrna splicing. the transporter has specificity for the transport of arginine; lysine; and ornithine
Cations: positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis
Cations, Divalent: positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms with a valence of plus 2, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis
Cations, Monovalent: positively charged atoms, radicals or group of atoms with a valence of plus 1, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis
Cats: the domestic cat, felis catus, of the carnivore family felidae, comprising over 30 different breeds. the domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of africa and extreme southwestern asia. though probably present in towns in palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in egypt about 4000 years ago. (from walker's mammals of the world, 6th ed, p801)
Cattell Personality Factor Questionnaire: self report questionnaire which yields 16 scores on personality traits, such as reserved vs. outgoing, humble vs. assertive, etc
Cattle: domesticated bovine animals of the genus bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor
Cattle Diseases: diseases of domestic cattle of the genus bos. it includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus
Cauda Equina: the lower part of the spinal cord consisting of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots
Cauda Equina Syndrome: compressive lesion affecting the nerve roots of the cauda equina (e.g., compression, herniation, inflammation, rupture, or stenosis), which controls the function of the bladder and bowel. symptoms may include neurological dysfunction of bladder or bowels, loss of sexual sensation and altered sensation or paralysis in the lower extremities
Caudal Duplication Anomaly: associated with hypermethylation of the axin1 promoter
Caudata: an order of the amphibia class which includes salamanders and newts. they are characterized by usually having slim bodies and tails, four limbs of about equal size (except in sirenidae), and a reduction in skull bones
Caudate Nucleus: elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain
Caudovirales: an order comprising three families of tailed bacteriophages: myoviridae; podoviridae; and siphoviridae
Caudovirales: řád bičíkatých bakteriofágů obsahující tři čeledi: myoviridae, podoviridae a siphoviridae
Caulerpa: a genus of toxic marine green algae found throughout tropical and subtropical seas. one species, caulerpa taxifolia, is highly invasive and produces the poison caulerpenyne, deadly to marine organisms though not humans
Caulerpa: rod toxických mořských zelených řas nalezený v tropických a subtropických mořích. jeden druh, caulerpa taxifolia, je vysoce invazivní a produkuje jedovatý seskviterpen caulerpenyn, smrtelný pro mořské organismy, i když ne pro lidi
Caulimoviridae: a family of dna plant viruses with isometric or bacilliform virions and no envelope. the host ranges of most species are narrow. there are six genera: caulimovirus; badnavirus; cavemovirus; soymovirus; petuvirus; and tungrovirus
Caulimoviridae: čeleď neobalených rostlinných dna virů s izometrickými nebo baciliformními viriony. většina druhů má úzký hostitelský okruh. patří sem rody caulimovirus, badnavirus, cavemovirus, soymovirus, petuvirus a tungrovirus
Caulimovirus: a genus of plant viruses, in the family caulimoviridae, that are transmitted by aphids in a semipersistent manner. aphid-borne transmission of some caulimoviruses requires certain virus-coded proteins termed transmission factors
Caulimovirus: rod rostlinných virů čeledi caulimoviridae, které jsou semiperzistentním způsobem přenášeny mšicemi. tento přenos vyžaduje u některých druhů tohoto rodu určité virem kódované proteiny označované jako faktory přenosu
Caulobacter: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod- or vibroid-shaped or fusiform bacteria that commonly produce a stalk. they are found in fresh water and soil and divide by binary transverse fission
Caulobacter: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, tyčinkovitých, vibroidních nebo fusiformních bakterií, které běžně vytvářejí stonek. vyskytují se ve sladkých vodách a v půdě a množí se binárním příčným dělením
Caulobacter crescentus: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that consist of slender vibroid cells
Caulobacter crescentus: druh gramnegativní, aerobní bakterie štíhlého, vibroidního tvaru
Caulobacteraceae: a family of stalked bacteria that reproduces by budding. there are four genera: caulobacter, asticcacaulis, brevundimonas, and phenylobacterium
Caulobacteraceae: čeleď stopkatých bakterií, které se množí pučením. zahrnuje čtyři rody: caulobacter, asticcacaulis, brevundimonas a phenylobacterium
Caulophyllum: a plant genus of the family berberidaceae (sometimes classified as leonticaceae), most notably caulophyllum thalictroides (l.) michx
Caulophyllum: rostlinný rod čeledi berberidaceae - dřišťálovité (někdy klasifikovaný jako leonticaceae), nejvýznamnější z nich je caulophyllum thalictroides
Causalgia: a complex regional pain syndrome characterized by burning pain and marked sensitivity to touch (hyperesthesia) in the distribution of an injured peripheral nerve. autonomic dysfunction in the form of sudomotor (i.e., sympathetic innervation to sweat glands), vasomotor, and trophic skin changes may also occur. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1359)
Causality: the relating of causes to the effects they produce. causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors
Cause of Death: factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. they can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint
Caustics: strong alkaline chemicals that destroy soft body tissues resulting in a deep, penetrating type of burn, in contrast to corrosives, that result in a more superficial type of damage via chemical means or inflammation. caustics are usually hydroxides of light metals. sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are the most widely used caustic agents in industry. medically, they have been used externally to remove diseased or dead tissues and destroy warts and small tumors. the accidental ingestion of products (household and industrial) containing caustic ingredients results in thousands of injuries per year
Cautery: the application of a caustic substance, a hot instrument, an electric current, or other agent to control bleeding while removing or destroying tissue
Caveolae: endocytic/exocytic cell membrane structures rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and lipid-anchored membrane proteins that function in endocytosis (potocytosis), transcytosis, and signal transduction. caveolae assume various shapes from open pits to closed vesicles. caveolar coats are composed of caveolins
Caveolin 1: a tyrosine phosphoprotein that plays an essential role in caveolae formation. it binds cholesterol and is involved in lipids transport, membrane traffic, and signal transduction
Caveolin 2: caveolin 2 is a binding partner of caveolin 1. it undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation by c-src protein pp60 and plays a regulatory role in caveolae formation
Caveolin 3: a caveolin that is expressed exclusively in muscle cells and is sufficient to form caveolae in sarcolemma. mutations in caveolin 3 are associated with multiple muscle diseases including distal myopathy and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy
Caveolins: the main structural proteins of caveolae. several distinct genes for caveolins have been identified
Cavernous Sinus: an irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone
Cavernous Sinus Syndromes: disease processes of the cavernous sinus
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: formation or presence of a blood clot (thrombus) in the cavernous sinus of the brain. infections of the paranasal sinuses and adjacent structures, craniocerebral trauma, and thrombophilia are associated conditions. clinical manifestations include dysfunction of cranial nerves iii, iv, v, and vi, marked periorbital swelling, chemosis, fever, and visual loss. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p711)
Cavex 68: an amalgam alloy composed of 68.0% ag, 25.5% sn, 5.0% cu, 0.5% zn by weight; do not confuse with cavex, a dental impression material
Cavit: contains zinc oxide, calcium sulfate, zinc sulfate, glycol acetate, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylchloride-acetate triethanolamine, red pigment
Cavit G: contains zinc oxide, calcium sulfate, zinc sulfate, glycol acetate, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylchloride-acetate, triethanolamine
Cdc20 Proteins: highly conserved proteins that specifically bind to and activate the anaphase-promoting complex-cyclosome, promoting ubiquitination and proteolysis of cell-cycle-regulatory proteins. cdc20 is essential for anaphase-promoting complex activity, initiation of anaphase, and cyclin proteolysis during mitosis
Cdh1 Proteins: cdh1 is an activator of the anaphase-promoting complex-cyclosome and is involved in substrate recognition. it associates with the complex in late mitosis from anaphase through g1 to regulate activity of cyclin-dependent kinases and to prevent premature dna replication
Cdh1 proteiny: cdh1 je aktivátorem komplexu podporujícího anafázi a podílí se na rozpoznávání substrátů. spojuje se s komplexem v pozdní mitóze od anafáze po g1, aby reguloval aktivitu cyklin-dependentních kináz a aby zabránil předčasné replikaci dna
Ceanothus: a plant genus of the family rhamnaceae. root nodules host the frankia (actinomycetes) nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Ceanothus: rod rostlin z čeledi rhamnaceae (řešetlákovité). některé druhy latnatce mají na kořenech hlízky se symbiotickými bakteriemi rodu frankia, vázajícími vzdušný dusík
Cebidae: a family of new world monkeys in the infraorder platyrrhini, consisting of nine subfamilies: alouattinae; aotinae; atelinae; callicebinae; callimiconinae; callitrichinae; cebinae; pithecinae; and saimirinae. they inhabit the forests of south and central america, comprising the largest family of south american monkeys
Cebidae: čeleď ploskonosých opic, které žijí v lesích střední a jižní ameriky. na základě nových vědeckých poznatků jsou upraveny taxonomické systémy a v čeledi malpovitých zůstaly zařazeny jen podčeledi malpy (cebinae) a kotulové (saimiriinae). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cebinae: a subfamily of new world monkeys in the family cebidae. they inhabit the forests of south and central america and comprise members of the genus cebus
Cebinae: podčeleď ploskonosých opic čeledi cebidae (malpovití), které žijí v tropických pralesích střední a jižní ameriky. patří sem rod cebus (malpa)
Cebus: a genus of the family cebidae, subfamily cebinae, consisting of gracile or untufted capuchin species. tufted capuchins belong to genus sapajus. members include c. capucinus, c. nigrivultatus, and c. albifrons. cebus inhabits the forests of central and south americas
Cebus: rod ploskonosých opic čeledi cebidae (malpovití), které žijí v tropických pralesích střední a jižní ameriky. patří sem např. c. apella, c. capucinus, c. nigrivultatus a c. albifrons
Cebus capucinus: a species of the genus cebus, family cebidae, consisting of capuchin monkeys with white markings over most of frontal areas of the face, chest and upper arms
Cecostomy: surgical construction of an opening into the cecum with a tube through the abdominal wall (tube cecostomy) or by skin level approach, in which the cecum is sewn to the surrounding peritoneum. its primary purpose is decompression of colonic obstruction
Cecropia (rostlina): rod rostlin čeledi urticaceae. cekropie má dosud ne zcela vědecky prozkoumané léčebné účinky, výtažky z jejích listů odborníci zkouší využívat k léčbě astmatu, vysokému cholesterolu, hypertense a hlavně diabetu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cecropia Plant: a plant genus of the family cecropiaceae. hypotensive and hypoglycemic effects have been observed in animals after ingesting members of this genus. there is no relation to cecropia moth (hyalophora cecropia) see moths
Cecropins: antimicrobial peptides that form channels in membranes that are more permeable to anions than cations. they resemble magainins, with their n-terminal region forming a positively charged amphipathic alpha helix, but containing an additional c-terminal segment
Cecum: the blind sac or outpouching area of the large intestine that is below the entrance of the small intestine. it has a worm-like extension, the vermiform appendix
Cedrela: a plant genus of the family meliaceae. members contain cedrelanolide
Cedrela: rod opadavých stromů čeledi meliaceae (zederachovité), jehož zástupci obsahují cedrelanolid. rod zahrnuje 18 druhů a je rozšířen v latinské americe od mexika po argentinu. v minulosti byly do rodu cedrela řazeny i druhy příbuzného rodu toona, rozšířeného v asii a austrálii. dřevo cedrel je vysoce ceněné. je pevné a přitom měkké a snadno opracovatelné, navíc příjemně voní. je známé pod názvem cedro. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cedrus: a plant genus in the family pinaceae, order pinales, class pinopsida, division coniferophyta. it is the source of cedarwood oil. cedar ordinarily refers to this but also forms part of the name of plants in other genera
Cefaclor: semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of cephalexin
Cefadroxil: long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, cephalexin derivative
Cefamandole: semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. it is used also as the nafate
Cefatrizine: orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity
Cefazolin: a semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. it attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine
Cefdinir: a third-generation oral cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and skin
Cefepime: a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. it is effective against pseudomonas aeruginosa and may also be used in the empiric treatment of febrile neutropenia
Cefiderocol: a siderophore cephalosporin with enhanced activity against gram-negative aerobic bacteria
Cefixime: a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases
Cefmenoxime: a cephalosporin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. it is active against most common gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, is a potent inhibitor of enterobacteriaceae, and is highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. the drug has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted
Cefmetazole: a semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. it has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted
Cefonicid: a second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. it is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections
Cefoperazone: semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. it may be used to treat pseudomonas infections
Cefotetan: a semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. the drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms
Cefotiam: one of the cephalosporins that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms
Cefoxitin: a semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase
Cefozopran: a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. cefozopran has a 1-methyltetrazolethiol (mtt) moiety at c-3 of its cephalosporin core
Cefpirome: a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent. appears to be more active in vitro against staphylococci, some enterococci, some enterobacteriaceae, and pseudomonas aeruginosa.cefpirome has a pyridinium group attached to c-3 position of its cephalosporin core
Cefpodoxime: a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. cefpodoxime contains a methoxy group at c-3 of its cephalosporin core
Cefpodoxime Proxetil: a prodrug of its active metabolite cefpodoxime
Cefprozil: a second-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent. cefprozil has a phenyl ring at the c-3 position of its cephalosporin core
Cefsulodin: a pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients
Ceftaroline: a fifth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used to treat skin infections caused by bacteria in adults and newborns. ceftaroline has a 1,3-thiazolidine ring attached to the c-7 position of its cephalosporin core
Ceftazidime: semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial derived from cephaloridine and used especially for pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients
Ceftibuten: a cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections
Ceftizoxime: a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic which can be administered intravenously or by suppository. the drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. it has few side effects and is reported to be safe and effective in aged patients and in patients with hematologic disorders
Ceftriaxone: a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears
Cefuroxime: broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. it has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, gonorrhea, and haemophilus
Ceiba: a plant genus of the family bombacaceae. the fine silky hairs covering the seeds have been used for floatation, stuffing, and insulation
Ceiba: rod rostlin čeledi malvaceae. vlnovec pětimužný poskytuje rostlinná vlákna, známá jako kapok. využívají se zejména jako vycpávkový a izolační materiál a někdy se spřádají s jinými vlákny, zejména s bavlnou. podobná vlákna poskytují i některé jiné druhy vlnovce. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Ceka Bond: an adhesive sealant; no other info avail 3/94
Celastraceae: a plant family of the order celastrales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida
Celastraceae: čeleď rostlin z řádu celastrales (jesencotvaré), podtřídy rosidae, třídy magnoliopsida (nižší dvouděložné rostliny)
Celastrales: a taxonomic order of plants within the class magnoliopsida, which includes the staff vine
Celastrales: jesencotvaré (celastrales) je různorodý řád vyšších dvouděložných rostlin, zahrnující spíše dřeviny. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Celastrus: a plant genus of the family celastraceae that contains insecticidal sesquiterpenoids and celastrus oil
Celastrus: rod rostlin čeledi celastraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují insekticidní seskviterpenoidy. ze semen se lisuje olej
Celecoxib: a pyrazole derivative and selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor that is used to treat symptoms associated with rheumatoid arthritis; osteoarthritis and juvenile arthritis, as well as the management of acute pain
Celiac Artery: the arterial trunk that arises from the abdominal aorta and after a short course divides into the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries
Celiac Disease: a malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing gluten, such as wheat, rye, and barley. it is characterized by inflammation of the small intestine, loss of microvilli structure, failed intestinal absorption, and malnutrition
Celiac Plexus: a complex network of nerve fibers including sympathetic and parasympathetic efferents and visceral afferents. the celiac plexus is the largest of the autonomic plexuses and is located in the abdomen surrounding the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries
Celiprolol: a cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. it is used in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension
Cell Adhesion Molecule-1: a cell adhesion molecule that contains extracellular immunoglobulin v and c2 domains. it mediates homophilic and heterophilic cell-cell adhesion independently of calcium, and acts as a tumor suppressor in non-small-cell lung cancer (nsclc) cells. its interaction with natural killer cells is important for their cytotoxicity and its expression by mast cells plays a role in their interaction with neurons; it may also function in synapse assembly, nerve growth and differentiation
Cell Adhesion Molecules: surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis