NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative: chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of mesangial cells, increase in the mesangial extracellular matrix, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. this may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus. various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of mpgn
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous: a type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (complement membrane attack complex) on the outer aspect of the glomerular basement membrane. it progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental: a clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. clinical features include proteinuria, reduced glomerular filtration rate, and edema. kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual kidney failure
Glomus Jugulare: a nonchromaffin paraganglion located in the wall of the jugular bulb. the most common tumors of the middle ear arise from this tissue. (lockard, desk reference for neuroscience, 1992, p114)
Glomus Jugulare Tumor: a paraganglioma involving the glomus jugulare, a microscopic collection of chemoreceptor tissue in the adventitia of the bulb of the jugular vein. it may cause paralysis of the vocal cords, attacks of dizziness, blackouts, and nystagmus. it is not resectable but radiation therapy is effective. it regresses slowly, but permanent control is regularly achieved. (from dorland, 27th ed; stedman, 25th ed; devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 3d ed, pp1603-4)
Glomus Tumor: a blue-red, extremely painful vascular neoplasm involving a glomeriform arteriovenous anastomosis (glomus body), which may be found anywhere in the skin, most often in the distal portion of the fingers and toes, especially beneath the nail. it is composed of specialized pericytes (sometimes termed glomus cells), usually in single encapsulated nodular masses which may be several millimeters in diameter (from stedman, 27th ed). chemodectoma, a tumor of neural crest origin, is also sometimes called a glomus tumor
Glomus Tympanicum: a highly vascular ovoid body of chemoreceptive tissue lying adjacent to the tympanic cavity. it is derived from neural crest tissue and is considered part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system. it is the site of a rare neoplasm called a glomus tympanicum tumor
Glomus Tympanicum Tumor: a rare paraganglioma involving the glomus tympanicum, a collection of chemoreceptor tissue adjacent to the tympanic cavity. it can cause tinnitus and conductive hearing loss (hearing loss, conductive)
Glomus vagale tumors: a hereditary autosomal dominant condition characterized by glomus tumors that are similar to mucocutaneous venous malformations (omim: 600195), but have a cobble-stone appearance, harder consistency, and are painful on palpation. histologically, they are distinguishable by the presence of pathognomonic rounded cells (glomus cells) around the distended vein-like channels. glomus cells in glomuvenous malformations stain positively for smooth muscle cell alpha-actin (acta2) and vimentin. mutations in the glml gene have been identified. omim: 138000
Glossectomy: partial or total surgical excision of the tongue. (dorland, 28th ed)
Glossinidae: a family of the order diptera that includes the tsetse flies. these flies occur only in africa
Glossinidae: čeleď hmyzu řádu diptera (dvoukřídlí) zahrnující jeden rod - bodavka (glossina, mouchy tse-tse). bodavky se vyskytují pouze v africe
Glossitis, Benign Migratory: an idiopathic disorder of the tongue characterized by the loss of filiform papillae leaving reddened areas of circinate macules bound by a white band. the lesions heal, then others erupt
Glossopharyngeal Nerve: the 9th cranial nerve. the glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptor cells of the carotid sinus
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases: diseases of the ninth cranial (glossopharyngeal) nerve or its nuclei in the medulla. the nerve may be injured by diseases affecting the lower brain stem, floor of the posterior fossa, jugular foramen, or the nerve's extracranial course. clinical manifestations include loss of sensation from the pharynx, decreased salivation, and syncope. glossopharyngeal neuralgia refers to a condition that features recurrent unilateral sharp pain in the tongue, angle of the jaw, external auditory meatus and throat that may be associated with syncope. episodes may be triggered by cough, sneeze, swallowing, or pressure on the tragus of the ear. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1390)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Injuries: traumatic injuries to the glossopharyngeal nerve
Glossoptosis: posterior displacement of the tongue toward the pharynx. it is often a feature in syndromes such as in pierre robin syndrome and down syndrome and associated with airway obstruction during sleep (obstructive sleep apneas)
Glottis: the vocal apparatus of the larynx, situated in the middle section of the larynx. glottis consists of the vocal folds and an opening (rima glottidis) between the folds
Gloves, Protective: covering for the hands usually with separation for the fingers, made of various materials for protection against infections, toxic substances, extremes of hot and cold, radiation, water immersion, etc. protective gloves may be worn by patients, care givers, laboratory personnel, industrial workers, and police, among others
Gloves, Surgical: gloves, usually rubber, worn by surgeons, examining physicians, dentists, and other health personnel for the mutual protection of personnel and patient
GluK2 Kainate Receptor: a high-affinity kainate and glutamate receptor that functions as ligand-gated ion channel in the central nervous sysyem and plays an essential role in neuronal plasticity
GluK3 Kainate Receptor: a high-affinity kainate and glutamate receptor that functions as ligand-gated ion channel in the central nervous sysyem and modulates excitatory synaptic transmission
Glucagon: a 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal glucagon-like peptides. glucagon is secreted by pancreatic alpha cells and plays an important role in regulation of blood glucose concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (from gilman et al., goodman and gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511)
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: a peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from proglucagon and mainly produced by the intestinal l cells. glp-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further n-terminally truncated resulting in glp-1(7-37) or glp-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. these glp-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent insulin release, suppress glucagon release and gastric emptying, lower blood glucose, and reduce food intake
Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: a 33-amino acid peptide derived from the c-terminal of proglucagon and mainly produced by the intestinal l cells. it stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of enterocytes. glp-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis
Glucagon-Like Peptide Receptors: g-protein coupled cell surface receptors that bind glucagon-like peptides and are expressed by cells in pancreatic, intestinal, and neural tissues. these receptors regulate cellular responses to blood glucose, insulin, and inflammation signals
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor: a receptor for glucagon-like peptide 1 (glp-1) expressed primarily on the surface of beta and ductal exocrine cells of the pancreas, as well as cells of other tissues. glp-1 acts through glp-1r to potentiate signaling in pancreatic cells in response to glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (gsis)
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: compounds that stimulate the activity of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity
Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Receptor: a receptor for glucagon-like peptide 2 (glp-2) that is expressed on the surface of intestinal cells as well as neural cells. glp-2 and other peptides act through glp-2r to regulate cellular responses to blood glucose, inflammation, and food intake
Glucagon-Like Peptides: peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic glucagon. despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (glps) is the intestinal l cells. glps include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms
Glucagon-Secreting Cells: a type of pancreatic cell representing about 5-20% of the islet cells. alpha cells secrete glucagon
Glucagonoma: an almost always malignant glucagon-secreting tumor derived from the pancreatic alpha cells. it is characterized by a distinctive migratory erythema; weight loss; stomatitis; glossitis; diabetes mellitus; hypoaminoacidemia; and normochromic normocytic anemia
Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase: an exocellulase with specificity for 1,3-beta-d-glucasidic linkages. it catalyzes hydrolysis of beta-d-glucose units from the non-reducing ends of 1,3-beta-d-glucans, releasing glucose
Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal 1,4-linked alpha-d-glucose residues successively from non-reducing ends of polysaccharide chains with the release of beta-glucose. it is also able to hydrolyze 1,6-alpha-glucosidic bonds when the next bond in sequence is 1,4
Glucan 1,4-beta-Glucosidase: an exocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages of 1,4-beta-d-glucans resulting in successive removal of glucose units
Glucan Endo-1,3-beta-D-Glucosidase: an endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,3-beta-d-glucosidic linkages in 1,3-beta-d-glucans including laminarin, paramylon, and pachyman
Glucans: polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. they can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages
Glucaric Acid: a sugar acid derived from d-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups
Glucerna: a specialized formula with low-carbohydrate, high-monounsaturated-fat content that has been enriched with a fiber source that permits tube feeding, has been shown to improve glycemic control and decrease the potential for complications
Glucocorticoid Receptor Deficiency: a hereditary autosomal dominant disease characterized by increased plasma and urinary cortisol, resistance to adrenal suppression by dexamethasone, and the absence of clinical stigmata of cushing syndrome. symptoms are variable but may include hypoglycemia; hypertension, and metabolic alkalosis; chronic fatigue syndrome, and anxiety. in females, overproduction of adrenal androgens may cause infertility, alopecia (male pattern bladness) hirsutism, and menstrual irregularities. caused by mutations in the nr3c1 gene. omim: 615962
Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein: a member of the tnf receptor family that was initially identified as a dexamethasone-induced protein from a t-cell line. it may play a role in regulating apoptosis and modulating immune response by t-lymphocytes. signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with tnf receptor-associated factors
Glucocorticoid-Remediable Aldosteronism: prom syndrome is the result of an anti-lepore-type fusion of the cyp11b2 and cyp11b1 genes
Glucocorticoids: a group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. they also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system
Glucokinase: a group of enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of atp and d-glucose to adp and d-glucose 6-phosphate. they are found in invertebrates and microorganisms, and are highly specific for glucose. (enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 2.7.1.2
Gluconacetobacter: a genus in the family acetobacteraceae comprised of acetate-oxidizing bacteria
Gluconacetobacter: rod bakterií čeledi acetobacteraceae. tyto organismy oxidují acetát
Gluconacetobacter xylinus: a species of acetate-oxidizing bacteria, formerly known as acetobacter xylinum
Gluconacetobacter xylinus: druh bakterie oxidující acetát, dříve známé jako acetobacter xylinum
Gluconates: derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula hoch2(choh)4cooh), including its salts and esters
Gluconeogenesis: biosynthesis of glucose from nonhexose or non-carbohydrate precursors, such as lactate; pyruvate; alanine; and glycerol
Gluconobacter: a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped to ellipsoidal bacteria occurring singly or in pairs and found in flowers, soil, honey bees, fruits, cider, beer, wine, and vinegar. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Gluconobacter: rod gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých až elipsoidních bakterií, které se vyskytují jednotlivě nebo ve dvojicích. nalézají se na květinách, v půdě, ve včelách, v moštu, pivě, ve víně a vinném octě
Gluconobacter oxydans: a rod-shaped to ellipsoidal, gram-negative bacterium which oxidizes ethanol to acetic acid and prefers sugar-enriched environments. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Gluconobacter oxydans: tyčinkovitá až elipsoidní, gramnegativní bakterie oxidující etanol na kyselinu octovou. preferuje růst v přítomnosti cukrů
Glucosamine 6-Phosphate N-Acetyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyses the reaction of d-glucosamine 6-phosphate with acetyl-coa to form n-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate
Glucose: a primary source of energy for living organisms. it is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. it is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement
Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase: a glucose dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of beta-d-glucose to form d-glucono-1,5-lactone, using nad as well as nadp as a coenzyme
Glucose Clamp Technique: maintenance of a constant blood glucose level by perfusion or infusion with glucose or insulin. it is used for the study of metabolic rates (e.g., in glucose, lipid, amino acid metabolism) at constant glucose concentration
Glucose Dehydrogenases: d-glucose:1-oxidoreductases. catalyzes the oxidation of d-glucose to d-glucono-gamma-lactone and reduced acceptor. any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. includes ec 1.1.1.47; ec 1.1.1.118; ec 1.1.1.119 and ec 1.1.99.10
Glucose Intolerance: a pathological state in which blood glucose level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of plasma at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a glucose tolerance test. this condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus, but also occurs with other diseases and malnutrition
Glucose Metabolism Disorders: pathological conditions in which the blood glucose cannot be maintained within the normal range, such as in hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. etiology of these disorders varies. plasma glucose concentration is critical to survival for it is the predominant fuel for the central nervous system
Glucose Oxidase: an enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of beta-d-glucose and oxygen to d-glucono-1,5-lactone and peroxide. it is a flavoprotein, highly specific for beta-d-glucose. the enzyme is produced by penicillium notatum and other fungi and has antibacterial activity in the presence of glucose and oxygen. it is used to estimate glucose concentration in blood or urine samples through the formation of colored dyes by the hydrogen peroxide produced in the reaction. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 1.1.3.4
Glucose Solution, Hypertonic: solution that is usually 10 percent glucose but may be higher. an isotonic solution of glucose is 5 percent
Glucose Tolerance Test: a test to determine the ability of an individual to maintain homeostasis of blood glucose. it includes measuring blood glucose levels in a fasting state, and at prescribed intervals before and after oral glucose intake (75 or 100 g) or intravenous infusion (0.5 g/kg)
Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative: a family of monosaccharide transport proteins characterized by 12 membrane spanning helices. they facilitate passive diffusion of glucose across the cell membrane
Glucose Transporter Type 1: a ubiquitously expressed glucose transporter that is important for constitutive, basal glucose transport. it is predominately expressed in endothelial cells and erythrocytes at the blood-brain barrier and is responsible for glucose entry into the brain
Glucose Transporter Type 2: a glucose transport facilitator that is expressed primarily in pancreatic beta cells; liver; and kidneys. it may function as a glucose sensor to regulate insulin release and glucose homeostasis
Glucose Transporter Type 4: a glucose transport protein found in mature muscle cells and adipocytes. it promotes transport of glucose from the blood into target tissues. the inactive form of the protein is localized in cytoplasmic vesicles. in response to insulin, it is translocated to the plasma membrane where it facilitates glucose uptake
Glucose Transporter Type 5: a hexose transporter that mediates fructose transport in skeletal muscle and adipocytes and is responsible for luminal uptake of dietary fructose in the small intestine
Glucose-1-Phosphate Adenylyltransferase: an atp-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the addition of adp to alpha-d-glucose 1-phosphate to form adp-glucose and diphosphate. the reaction is the rate-limiting reaction in prokaryotic glycogen and plant starch biosynthesis
Glucose-6-Phosphatase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of d-glucose 6-phosphate and water to d-glucose and orthophosphate. ec 3.1.3.9
Glucose-6-Phosphate: an ester of glucose with phosphoric acid, made in the course of glucose metabolism by mammalian and other cells. it is a normal constituent of resting muscle and probably is in constant equilibrium with fructose-6-phosphate. (stedman, 26th ed)
Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase: an aldose-ketose isomerase that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms it plays an essential role in glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. in mammalian systems the enzyme is found in the cytoplasm and as a secreted protein. this secreted form of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase has been referred to as autocrine motility factor or neuroleukin, and acts as a cytokine which binds to the autocrine motility factor receptor. deficiency of the enzyme in humans is an autosomal recessive trait, which results in congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency: a disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia
Glucosidases: enzymes that hydrolyze o-glucosyl-compounds. (enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 3.2.1.-
Glucosinolates: substituted thioglucosides. they are found in rapeseed (brassica campestris) products and related cruciferae. they are metabolized to a variety of toxic products which are most likely the cause of hepatocytic necrosis in animals and humans
Glucosylceramidase: a glycosidase that hydrolyzes a glucosylceramide to yield free ceramide plus glucose. deficiency of this enzyme leads to abnormally high concentrations of glucosylceramide in the brain in gaucher disease. ec 3.2.1.45
Glucosylceramides: cerebrosides which contain as their polar head group a glucose moiety bound in glycosidic linkage to the hydroxyl group of ceramides. their accumulation in tissue, due to a defect in beta-glucosidase, is the cause of gaucher's disease
Glucosyltransferases: enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glucose from a nucleoside diphosphate glucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. ec 2.4.1.-
Glucuronates: derivatives of glucuronic acid. included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the 6-carboxy glucose structure
Glucuronic Acid: a sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the c-6 carbon of glucose. in addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides
Glucuronides: glycosides of glucuronic acid formed by the reaction of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and bilirubin metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the urine and bile
Glucuronosyltransferase: a family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. they function as drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of udpglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. ec 2.4.1.17
Glue Proteins, Drosophila: glycosylated proteins which are part of the salivary glue that drosophila larvae secrete as a means of fixing themselves to an external substrate for the duration of the pre-pupal and pupal period
Glugea: a genus of fungi in the family glugeidae, parasitic on fishes. the parasites cause the formation of large cysts causing hypertrophy
Glugea: rod mikrosporidií čeledi glugeidae parazitující u ryb. způsobuje tvorbu velkých cyst
Gluma: bonding agent; aqueous solution of hydroxyethylmethacrylate & glutaral
Gluma AC-Bond: a mixture of 45 parts by mass of udma as a cross-linking monomer and 55 parts of the amphophilic momomer 4-meta as a diffusion promote; udma - urethane dimethacrylate; meta - methacryloxyethyl trimellitate
Gluma Comfort Bond: contains 35% phosphoric acid, urethane dimethylacrylate, 2-hydroxymethyl-methacrylate, 4-methacryloxyloxyethyl-trimellitate anhydride, ethanol & water
Gluma Comfort Bond & Desensitizer: contains 35% phosphoric acid, urethane dimethylacrylate, 2-hydroxymethyl-methacrylate, 4-methacryloxyloxyethyl-trimellitate anhydride, glutaraldehyde, ethanol & water
Glut1 Deficiency Syndrome: a hereditary, usually autosomal dominant, neurologic disorder showing wide phenotypic variability and characterized by low csf glucose (<40mg/dl) and low csf lactate. the most severe cases present with infantile-onset epileptic encephalopathy, developmental delay, acquired microcephaly, motor incoordination, and muscle spasticity. seizures typically appear during the first 4 months of life. sudden onset of intermittent ataxia; confusion; lethargy; sleep disturbances, and headache may also occur. cognitive impairment may range from learning disabilities to severe intellectual disability. mutations in the glut1 gene have been identified. omim: 606777
Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II: a metallocarboxypeptidase that is predominantly expressed as a membrane-bound enzyme. it catalyzes the hydrolysis of an unsubstituted, c-terminal glutamyl residue, typically from pteroylpolyglutamic acids. it was formerly classified as ec 3.4.19.8
Glutamate Decarboxylase: a pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of l-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. the enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. it is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in normal nervous tissues. the brain enzyme also acts on l-cysteate, l-cysteine sulfinate, and l-aspartate. ec 4.1.1.15
Glutamate Dehydrogenase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and nh3 in the presence of nad+. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 1.4.1.2
Glutamate Dehydrogenase (NADP+): an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-glutamate, h2o, and nadp+ to 2-oxoglutarate, nh3, and nadph. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 1.4.1.4
Glutamate Formimidoyltransferase: a pyridoxal phosphate-containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a formyl group from l-glutamate to n-formimidoyl-l-glutamate and tetrahydrofolate. this enzyme may also catalyze formyl transfer from 5-formyltetrahydrofolate to l-glutamate. this enzyme was formerly categorized as ec 2.1.2.6
Glutamate Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins: a family of plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporter proteins that couple the uptake of glutamate with the import of sodium ions and protons and the export of potassium ions. in the central nervous system they regulate neurotransmission through synaptic reuptake of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. outside the central nervous system they function as signal mediators and regulators of glutamate metabolism
Glutamate Synthase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of 2 molecules of glutamate from glutamine plus alpha-ketoglutarate in the presence of nadph. ec 1.4.1.13
Glutamate Synthase (NADH): a flavoprotein enzyme for ammonia assimilation in bacteria, microorganisms and plants. it catalyzes the oxidation of 2 molecules of l-glutamate to generate l-glutamine and 2-oxoglutarate in the presence of nad+
Glutamate-5-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase: an nadp+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of l-glutamate 5-semialdehyde to l-glutamyl 5-phosphate. it plays a role in the urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups
Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of atp, l-glutamate, and nh3 to adp, orthophosphate, and l-glutamine. it also acts more slowly on 4-methylene-l-glutamate. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 6.3.1.2
Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase: one of the enzymes active in the gamma-glutamyl cycle. it catalyzes the synthesis of gamma-glutamylcysteine from glutamate and cysteine in the presence of atp with the formation of adp and orthophosphate. ec 6.3.2.2
Glutamate-tRNA Ligase: an enzyme that activates glutamic acid with its specific transfer rna. ec 6.1.1.17
Glutamates: derivatives of glutamic acid. included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure
Glutamic Acid: a non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the l-form. glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system
Glutamine: a non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. it is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. it is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells
Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase (Isomerizing): an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of fructose-6-phosphate plus glutamine from glutamate plus glucosamine-6-phosphate
Glutamyl Aminopeptidase: a zinc-dependent membrane-bound aminopeptidase that catalyzes the n-terminal peptide cleavage of glutamate (and to a lesser extent aspartate). the enzyme appears to play a role in the catabolic pathway of the renin-angiotensin system
Glutaral: one of the protein cross-linking reagents that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative
Glutarates: derivatives of glutaric acid (the structural formula (coo-)2c3h6), including its salts and esters
Glutaredoxins: a family of thioltransferases that contain two active site cysteine residues, which either form a disulfide (oxidized form) or a dithiol (reduced form). they function as an electron carrier in the gluthione-dependent synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides by ribonucleotide reductases and may play a role in the deglutathionylation of protein thiols. the oxidized forms of glutaredoxins are directly reduced by the glutathione
Glutaric Acidemia I: an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by gliosis and neuronal loss in the basal ganglia, as well as a progressive movement disorder that usually begins during the first year of life. germline mutations in the gcdh gene have been identified. omim: 231670
Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase: a flavoprotein enzyme that is responsible for the catabolism of lysine; hydroxylysine; and tryptophan. it catalyzes the oxidation of glutaryl-coa to crotonoyl-coa using fad as a cofactor. glutaric aciduria type i is an inborn error of metabolism due to the deficiency of glutaryl-coa dehydrogenase
Glutathione: a tripeptide with many roles in cells. it conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides
Glutathione Disulfide: a glutathione dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized
Glutathione Peroxidase: an enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water
Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1: one of the most abundant isoenzymes of the glutathione peroxidase family. located in the cytosol and mitochondria, it catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water, functioning to limit the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and modulating processes that utilize hydrogen peroxide; and also the reduction of other organic hydroperoxides to their corresponding alcohols
Glutathione Reductase: catalyzes the oxidation of glutathione to glutathione disulfide in the presence of nadp+. deficiency in the enzyme is associated with hemolytic anemia. formerly listed as ec 1.6.4.2
Glutathione S-Transferase pi: a glutathione transferase that catalyzes the conjugation of electrophilic substrates to glutathione. this enzyme has been shown to provide cellular protection against redox-mediated damage by free radicals
Glutathione Synthase: one of the enzymes active in the gamma-glutamyl cycle. it catalyzes the synthesis of glutathione from gamma-glutamylcysteine and glycine in the presence of atp with the formation of adp and orthophosphate. ec 6.3.2.3
Glutathione Transferase: a transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic free radicals as well as epoxides and arene oxides to glutathione. addition takes place at the sulfur. it also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite
Glutens: prolamins in the endosperm of seeds from the triticeae tribe which includes species of wheat; barley; and rye
Glutethimide: a hypnotic and sedative. its use has been largely superseded by other drugs
Gly m BD 30K protein, Glycine max: a major soybean allergen; has been sequenced; similar to soybean vacuolar protein p34
Gly m Bd 28K allergen, Glycine max: isolated from soybean; amino acid
Glyburide: an antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide
Glycated Hemoglobin: products of non-enzymatic reactions between glucose and hemoglobin (occurring as a minor fraction of the hemoglobin of erythrocytes.) it generally refers to glycated hemoglobin a. hemoglobin a1c (hb a1c) is hemoglobin a with glycation on a terminal valine of the beta chain. glycated hemoglobin a is used as an index of the average blood sugar level over a lifetime of erythrocytes
Glycated Proteins: advanced glycation end products formed from the spontaneous, non-enzymatic reaction of sugars with free amino groups in proteins. in the past, a glycosylated protein sometimes referred to a glycated protein. glycosylated proteins is now restricted to proteins glycosylated by glycosyltransferases or via specialized organic chemistry reactions
Glycated Serum Albumin: serum albumin that has undergone, in vivo, spontaneous, non-enzymatic modification with reducing sugars via the maillard reaction. they are analyzed to measure control of hyperglycemia
Glycated Serum Proteins: proteins in serum that have undergone, in vivo, non-enzymatic modification with reducing sugars via the maillard reaction. they are analyzed to measure control of hyperglycemia
Glycation End Products, Advanced: a heterogeneous group of compounds derived from rearrangements, oxidation, and cross-linking reactions that follow from non-enzymatic glycation of amino groups in proteins; lipids; or nucleic acids. their accumulation in vivo accelerates under hyperglycemic, oxidative, or inflammatory conditions. heat also accelerates the formation of advanced glycation end products (ages) such seen with the browning of food during cooking
Glycemic Control: strategies used for regulating blood glucose levels. such strategies include administration of insulin; dietary modification; and exercise
Glycemic Index: a numerical system of measuring the rate of blood glucose generation from a particular food item as compared to a reference item, such as glucose = 100. foods with higher glycemic index numbers create greater blood sugar swings
Glycemic Load: a quantitative value of a measured amount of a specific food that is equal to the glycemic index of that food multiplied by the carbohydrate content of that food
Glyceraldehyde: an aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. it is involved in the formation of advanced glycosylation end products
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: an aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (NADP+): an nadp-dependent, non-phosphorylating aldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the irreversible oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 3-phosphoglycerate. it is found in the cytosol of a wide variety of organisms
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (NADP+)(Phosphorylating): a phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase found in the chloroplasts of higher plants. this enzyme exists as an a2b2 heterotetramer and transfers hydrogen to nadp. it plays an important role in catalyzing the reductive step of the calvin cycle
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Phosphorylating): an nad-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase found in the cytosol of eucaryotes. it catalyses the dehydrogenation and phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 3-phospho-d-glyceroyl phosphate, which is an important step in the glycolysis pathway
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases: enzymes that catalyze the dehydrogenation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. several types of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase exist including phosphorylating and non-phosphorylating varieties and ones that transfer hydrogen to nadp and ones that transfer hydrogen to nad
Glyceric Acids: three-carbon sugar acids with the formula hoch2(choh)cooh
Glycerol: a trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. it is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, or sweetening agent
Glycerol Kinase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of glycerol 3-phosphate from atp and glycerol. dihydroxyacetone and l-glyceraldehyde can also act as acceptors; utp and, in the case of the yeast enzyme, itp and gtp can act as donors. it provides a way for glycerol derived from fats or glycerides to enter the glycolytic pathway. ec 2.7.1.30
Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (NAD+): an nad-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to glycerone phosphate
Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase: an enzyme that transfers acyl groups from acyl-coa to glycerol-3-phosphate to form monoglyceride phosphates. it acts only with coa derivatives of fatty acids of chain length above c-10. also forms diglyceride phosphates. ec 2.3.1.15
Glycerophosphoinositol Inositolphosphodiesterase: a phosphoric diester hydrolase with specificity for the cleavage of glycerol from 1-(sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1d-myo-inositol. it also has specificity for hydrolysis of the cyclic phosphate bond in inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate
Glycerophospholipids: derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the c-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. they are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine
Glyceryl Ethers: compounds in which one or more of the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol are in ethereal linkage with a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol; one or two of the hydroxyl groups of glycerol may be esterified. these compounds have been found in various animal tissue
Glycerylphosphorylcholine: a component of phosphatidylcholines or lecithins, in which the two hydroxy groups of glycerol are esterified with fatty acids. (from stedman, 26th ed)
Glycine: a non-essential amino acid. it is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. it is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter
Glycine Agents: substances used for their pharmacological actions on glycinergic systems. glycinergic agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function
Glycine Decarboxylase Complex: a enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation and deamination of glycine into carbon dioxide; ammonia; nadh; and n5n10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. it is composed of four different component protein components referred to as h, p, l, and t
Glycine Decarboxylase Complex H-Protein: a lipoic acid-containing protein that plays the pivotal role in the transfer of methylamine groups and reducing equivalents between the three enzymatic components of the glycine decarboxylase complex
Glycine Dehydrogenase: an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glycine to glyoxylate and ammonia in the presence of nad. in bacteria lacking transaminating pathways the enzyme can act in the reverse direction to synthesize glycine from glyoxylate and ammonia and nadh
Glycine Dehydrogenase (Decarboxylating): a pyridoxal phosphate dependent enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glycine with the transfer of an aminomethyl group to the lipoic acid moiety of the glycine decarboxylase complex h-protein. defects in p-protein are the cause of non-ketotic hyperglycinemia. it is one of four subunits of the glycine decarboxylase complex
Glycine Hydroxymethyltransferase: a pyridoxal phosphate enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of glycine and 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate to form serine. it also catalyzes the reaction of glycine with acetaldehyde to form l-threonine. ec 2.1.2.1
Glycine N-Methyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of glycine using s-adenosylmethionine to form sarcosine with the concomitant production of s-adenosylhomocysteine
Glycine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins: a family of sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters that transport the amino acid glycine. they differ from glycine receptors, which signal cellular responses to glycine. they are located primarily on the plasma membrane of neurons; glial cells; epithelial cells; and red blood cells where they remove inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine from the extracellular space
Glycine Transaminase: a pyridoxal phosphate containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the amino group of glycine onto 2-oxoglutarate to generate glyoxylate and l-glutamate
Glycine max: an annual legume. the seeds of this plant are edible and used to produce a variety of soy foods
Glycine max: luštěnina s vysokým obsahem proteinů. má široké použití jako potravina, krmivo pro hospodářská zvířata i jako surovina pro potravinářský a zpracovatelský průmysl. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Glycine-tRNA Ligase: an enzyme that activates glycine with its specific transfer rna. ec 6.1.1.14
Glycocalyx: the carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface. this zone can be visualized by a variety of stains as well as by its affinity for lectins. although most of the carbohydrate is attached to intrinsic plasma membrane molecules, the glycocalyx usually also contains both glycoproteins and proteoglycans that have been secreted into the extracellular space and then adsorbed onto the cell surface. (alberts et al., molecular biology of the cell, 3d ed, p502)
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid: a bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. it acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. it is a cholagogue and choleretic
Glycocholic Acid: the glycine conjugate of cholic acid. it acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed
Glycoconjugates: carbohydrates covalently linked to a nonsugar moiety (lipids or proteins). the major glycoconjugates are glycoproteins, glycopeptides, peptidoglycans, glycolipids, and lipopolysaccharides. (from biochemical nomenclature and related documents, 2d ed; from principles of biochemistry, 2d ed)
Glycodelin: a lipocalin that is the most abundant protein synthesized and secreted by the endometrium from mid-luteal phase of the menstrual cycle through early pregnancy
Glycodeoxycholic Acid: a bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. it acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. it is used as a cholagogue and choleretic
Glycogen Debranching Enzyme System: 1,4-alpha-d-glucan-1,4-alpha-d-glucan 4-alpha-d-glucosyltransferase/dextrin 6 alpha-d-glucanohydrolase. an enzyme system having both 4-alpha-glucanotransferase (ec 2.4.1.25) and amylo-1,6-glucosidase (ec 3.2.1.33) activities. as a transferase it transfers a segment of a 1,4-alpha-d-glucan to a new 4-position in an acceptor, which may be glucose or another 1,4-alpha-d-glucan. as a glucosidase it catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,6-alpha-d-glucoside linkages at points of branching in chains of 1,4-linked alpha-d-glucose residues. amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity is deficient in glycogen storage disease type iii
Glycogen Phosphorylase: an enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of glycogen in animals by releasing glucose-1-phosphate from the terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond. this enzyme exists in two forms: an active phosphorylated form ( phosphorylase a) and an inactive un-phosphorylated form (phosphorylase b). both a and b forms of phosphorylase exist as homodimers. in mammals, the major isozymes of glycogen phosphorylase are found in muscle, liver and brain tissue
Glycogen Phosphorylase, Brain Form: an isoenzyme of glycogen phosphorylase that catalyzes the degradation of glycogen in brain tissue
Glycogen Phosphorylase, Liver Form: an isoenzyme of glycogen phosphorylase that catalyzes the degradation of glycogen in liver tissue. mutation of the gene coding this enzyme on chromosome 14 is the cause of glycogen storage disease type vi
Glycogen Phosphorylase, Muscle Form: an isoenzyme of glycogen phosphorylase that catalyzes the degradation of glycogen in muscle. mutation of the gene coding this enzyme is the cause of mcardle disease (glycogen storage disease type v)
Glycogen Storage Disease: a group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. in some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. in others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement
Glycogen Storage Disease IB: a hereditary autosomal recessive type i glycogen storage disease caused by mutation in the slc37a4 gene and characterized by short stature, a protruding abdomen, hepatomegaly; neutropenia and recurrent bacterial infections. omim: 232220
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I: an autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. clinical gout often appears in early childhood
Glycogen Storage Disease Type II: an autosomal recessively inherited glycogen storage disease caused by glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase deficiency. large amounts of glycogen accumulate in the lysosomes of skeletal muscle (muscle, skeletal); heart; liver; spinal cord; and brain. three forms have been described: infantile, childhood, and adult. the infantile form is fatal in infancy and presents with hypotonia and a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic). the childhood form usually presents in the second year of life with proximal weakness and respiratory symptoms. the adult form consists of a slowly progressive proximal myopathy. (from muscle nerve 1995;3:s61-9; menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, pp73-4)
Glycogen Storage Disease Type III: an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder due to deficient expression of amylo-1,6-glucosidase (one part of the glycogen debranching enzyme system). the clinical course of the disease is similar to that of glycogen storage disease type i, but milder. massive hepatomegaly, which is present in young children, diminishes and occasionally disappears with age. levels of glycogen with short outer branches are elevated in muscle, liver, and erythrocytes. six subgroups have been identified, with subgroups type iiia and type iiib being the most prevalent
Glycogen Storage Disease Type IIb: an x-linked dominant multisystem disorder resulting in cardiomyopathy, myopathy and intellectual disability. it is caused by mutation in the gene encoding lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2
Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV: an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder due to a deficiency in expression of glycogen branching enzyme 1 (alpha-1,4-glucan-6-alpha-glucosyltransferase), resulting in an accumulation of abnormal glycogen with long outer branches. clinical features are muscle hypotonia and cirrhosis. death from liver disease usually occurs before age 2
Glycogen Storage Disease Type V: glycogenosis due to muscle phosphorylase deficiency. characterized by painful cramps following sustained exercise
Glycogen Storage Disease Type VI: a hepatic glycogen storage disease in which there is an apparent deficiency of hepatic phosphorylase (glycogen phosphorylase, liver form) activity
Glycogen Storage Disease Type VII: an autosomal recessive glycogen storage disease in which there is deficient expression of 6-phosphofructose 1-kinase in muscle (phosphofructokinase-1, muscle type) resulting in abnormal deposition of glycogen in muscle tissue. these patients have severe congenital muscular dystrophy and are exercise intolerant
Glycogen Storage Disease Type VIII: an x-linked recessive hepatic glycogen storage disease resulting from lack of expression of phosphorylase-b-kinase activity. symptoms are relatively mild; hepatomegaly, increased liver glycogen, and decreased leukocyte phosphorylase are present. liver shrinkage occurs in response to glucagon
Glycogen Synthase: an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of d-glucose from udpglucose into 1,4-alpha-d-glucosyl chains. ec 2.4.1.11
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3: a glycogen synthase kinase that was originally described as a key enzyme involved in glycogen metabolism. it regulates a diverse array of functions such as cell division, microtubule function and apoptosis
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta: a glycogen synthase kinase-3 type enzyme that functions in energy metabolism; embryonic development; and neurogenesis. it is also involved in protein biosynthesis and regulates cell growth and proliferation as a component of the wnt signaling pathway and other signaling pathways. certain polymorphisms in the gsk3b gene have been associated with parkinson disease; alzheimer disease; and bipolar disorder