NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Heart Valves: flaps of tissue that prevent regurgitation of blood from the heart ventricles to the heart atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles
Heart Ventricles: the lower right and left chambers of the heart. the right ventricle pumps venous blood into the lungs and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation
Heart, Artificial: a pumping mechanism that duplicates the output, rate, and blood pressure of the natural heart. it may replace the function of the entire heart or a portion of it, and may be an intracorporeal, extracorporeal, or paracorporeal heart. (dorland, 28th ed)
Heart-Assist Devices: small pumps, often implantable, designed for temporarily assisting the heart, usually the left ventricle, to pump blood. they consist of a pumping chamber and a power source, which may be partially or totally external to the body and activated by electromagnetic motors
Heart-Lung Machine: apparatus that provides mechanical circulatory support during open-heart surgery, by passing the heart to facilitate surgery on the organ. the basic function of the machine is to oxygenate the body's venous supply of blood and then pump it back into the arterial system. the machine also provides intracardiac suction, filtration, and temperature control. some of the more important components of these machines include pumps, oxygenators, temperature regulators, and filters. (umdns, 1999)
Heart-Lung Transplantation: the simultaneous, or near simultaneous, transference of heart and lungs from one human or animal to another
Heartburn: substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus
Heartwater Disease: a tick-borne septicemic disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by ehrlichia ruminantium
Heat Exhaustion: a clinical syndrome caused by heat stress, such as over-exertion in a hot environment or excessive exposure to sun. it is characterized by sweating, water (volume) depletion, salt depletion, cool clammy skin, nausea, and headache
Heat Shock Transcription Factors: heat and cold stress-inducible, transcription factors that bind to inverted 5'-ngaan-3' pentamer dna sequences and are regulated by poly-adp-ribosylation. they play essential roles as transcriptional activators of the heat-shock response by inducing expression of large classes of molecular chaperones and heat-shock proteins. they also function in dna repair; transcriptional reactivation of latent hiv-1; and pre-mrna processing and nuclear export of hsp70 heat-shock proteins during heat stress
Heat Stress Disorders: a group of conditions that develop due to overexposure or overexertion in excessive environmental heat
Heat Stroke: a condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during physical exertion in a hot environment. contrast to heat exhaustion, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by delusions; convulsions; or coma. it can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly
Heat-Shock Proteins: proteins which are synthesized in eukaryotic organisms and bacteria in response to hyperthermia and other environmental stresses. they increase thermal tolerance and perform functions essential to cell survival under these conditions
Heat-Shock Proteins, Small: a family of low molecular weight heat-shock proteins that can serve as molecular chaperones
Heat-Shock Response: a sequence of responses that occur when an organism is exposed to excessive heat. in humans, an increase in skin temperature triggers muscle relaxation, sweating, and vasodilation
Heating: the application of heat to raise the temperature of the environment, ambient or local, or the systems for accomplishing this effect. it is distinguished from heat, the physical property and principle of physics
Heavy Chain Disease: a disorder of immunoglobulin synthesis in which large quantities of abnormal heavy chains are excreted in the urine. the amino acid sequences of the n-(amino-) terminal regions of these chains are normal, but they have a deletion extending from part of the variable domain through the first domain of the constant region, so that they cannot form cross-links to the light chains. the defect arises through faulty coupling of the variable (v) and constant (c) region genes
Heavy Ion Radiotherapy: the use of a heavy ion particle beam for radiotherapy, such as the heavy ions of carbon
Heavy Ions: positively-charged atomic nuclei that have been stripped of their electrons. these particles have one or more units of electric charge and a mass exceeding that of the helium-4 nucleus (alpha particle)
Heavy Metal Poisoning: poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of heavy metals. acute and chronic exposures can cause anemia; kidney and liver damage; pulmonary edema; memory loss and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and miscarriage or premature labor in pregnant people
Heavy Metal Poisoning, Nervous System: conditions associated with damage or dysfunction of the nervous system caused by exposure to heavy metals, which may cause a variety of central, peripheral, or autonomic nervous system injuries
Hebeloma: a genus of ectomycorrhizae basidiomycetous fungi in the family cortinariaceae. some species are poisonous
Hebeloma: rod stopkovýtrusých ektomykorhizních hub čeledi cortinariaceae. některé druhy jsou jedovaté
Hebrides: a group of islands in the atlantic ocean west of scotland, comprising the outer hebrides and the inner hebrides
Hebridy: rozsáhlé souostroví u západního pobřeží skotska. je tvořeno dvěma hlavními částmi - vnitřními a vnějšími hebridami, které jsou od sebe odděleny hebridským mořem a průlivem minch. hebridy pozůstávají z více než 40 ostrovů a bezpočtu pustých ostrůvků; obydleno je jen několik ostrovů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Hecht Scott syndrome: terminal transverse defects of the limbs associated with congenital heart malformations
Hedeoma: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae that is closely related to the european pennyroyal (mentha pulegium)
Hedeoma: rod rostlin z čeledi hluchavkovitých, blízce příbuzný s evropskou mátou polej (polej obecná)
Hedera: a plant genus of the family araliaceae. members contain hederin (olean-12-ene) type triterpenes
Hedgehog Proteins: a family of intercellular signaling proteins that play an important role in regulating the development of many tissues and organs. their name derives from the observation of a hedgehog-like appearance in drosophila embryos with genetic mutations that block their action
Hedgehogs: the family erinaceidae, in the order eulipotyphla. most are true hedgehogs possessing a coat of spines and a very short tail. those members of the family found in southeast asia (moonrats or gymnures) have normal body hair and a long tail
Hedyotis: a plant genus of the family rubiaceae. members contain anthraquinones and iridoids. h. diffusa is used in drugs, chinese herbal
Hedyotis: rod rostlin čeledi rubiaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují anthrachinony a iridoidy. h. diffusa se používá v čínské medicíně
Heel: the back (or posterior) of the foot in primates, found behind the ankle and distal to the toes
Heel Spur: a bony outgrowth on the lower surface of the calcaneus. though often presenting along with plantar fasciitis (fasciitis, plantar), they are not considered causally related
Heimlich Maneuver: an emergency treatment commonly used to clear food and other foreign objects causing airway obstruction
Heimlichův hmat: technika první pomoci, která slouží k uvolnění dýchacích cest ucpaných cizím předmětem. používá se v případě, že je postižený při vědomí a není možné cizí předmět vyjmout ručně nebo intenzivním kašláním. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Heinz Bodies: abnormal intracellular inclusions, composed of denatured hemoglobin, found on the membrane of red blood cells. they are seen in thalassemias, enzymopathies, hemoglobinopathies, and after splenectomy
Heinz Body Anemias: nonspherocytic hemolytic anemias that are characterized by heat-labile hemoglobin and heinz bodies in erythrocytes following splenectomy. caused by mutations in the alpha-globin (hba) or beta-globin (hbb) genes. omim: 140700
Heinzova tělíska: částice degenerovaného hemoglobinu jako výrazně purpurová malá nepravidelná tělíska v červených krvinkách barvených krystalovou violetí. vyskytují se u enzymových defektů (defekt glukoso-6-fosfátdehydrogenázy či glutathionsyntetázy), u hemoglobinopatií, u toxických hemolytických anemií, u pacientů po splenektomii aj. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2019 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Helianthus: a genus herbs of the asteraceae family. the seeds yield oil and are used as food and animal feed; the roots of helianthus tuberosum (jerusalem artichoke) are edible
Helianthus: rod vysokých bylin z čeledi hvězdnicovitých. celý rod obsahuje přibližně 55 až 67 druhů, dva z nich, slunečnice roční a slunečnice topinambur, se pěstují po celém světě. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Helichrysum: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain chalcone, helichrysetin, arenarin, and flamin
Helichrysum: rod rostlin z čeledi hvězdnicovitých (asteraceae). zástupci obsahují chalkon, helichrysetin, arenarin a flamin
Helicobacter: a genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that has been isolated from the intestinal tract of mammals, including humans. it has been associated with peptic ulcer
Helicobacter: rod gramnegativních spirálovitých bakterií, který byl izolován ze střevního traktu savců, včetně lidí. souvisí s peptickým vředem
Helicobacter Infections: infections with organisms of the genus helicobacter, particularly, in humans, helicobacter pylori. the clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. this infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type b gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
Helicobacter felis: a species of helicobacter that colonizes in the stomach of laboratory mice; cats; and dogs. it is associated with lymphoid follicular hyperplasia and mild gastritis in cats
Helicobacter felis: druh helicobacter, který kolonizuje v žaludku laboratorních myší, koček a psů. je spojen s lymfoidní folikulární hyperplázií a mírnou gastritidou koček
Helicobacter heilmannii: a species of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria found in the gastric mucosa that is associated with chronic antral gastritis. this bacterium was first discovered in samples removed at endoscopy from patients investigated for helicobacter pylori colonization
Helicobacter heilmannii: druh gramnegativních spirálovitých bakterií nalezených v žaludeční sliznici, je spojována s chronickou antrální gastritidou. tato bakterie byla poprvé objevena ve vzorcích odebraných při endoskopii od pacientů vyšetřovaných na kolonizaci helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter hepaticus: a species of helicobacter that colonizes the cecum and colon of several strains of mice, and is associated with hepatitis and carcinogenesis
Helicobacter hepaticus: druh helicobacter, který kolonizuje slepé střevo a tračník několika kmenů myší a souvisí s hepetitidou a karcinogenezí
Helicobacter mustelae: a species of helicobacter commonly associated with stomach diseases in ferrets
Helicobacter mustelae: druh helicobacter, který je spojován s onemocněním žaludku u fretek
Helicobacter pylori: a spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. it is a gram-negative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in western australia. helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus campylobacter, but rna sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the micro-organism should be included in the genus helicobacter. it has been officially transferred to helicobacter gen. nov. (see int j syst bacteriol 1989 oct;39(4):297-405)
Helicobacter pylori: helicobacter pylori (dříve nesprávně campylobacter pylori) je zahnutá nebo spirální, mikroaerofilní, gram-negativní bakterie, která kolonizuje žaludeční sliznici. má vysokou produkci ureázy. byla izolovaná v roce 1982 u pacientů s gastrickými lézemi nebo peptickými vředy. čistě lidský patogen, nebyl zjištěn u zvířat ani v půdě. (upraveno podle wikiskripta 2020 http://www.wikiskripta.eu/)
Helicobacteraceae: a family of gram-negative bacteria of the order campylobacterales that have a helical shape, and occur in the mammalian digestive track
Helicobacteraceae: čeleď gramnegativních, spirálovitých bakterií řádu campylobacterales, které se vyskytují v trávicím traktu savců
Heliconiaceae: a plant family of the order zingiberales, subclass zingiberidae, class liliopsida
Heliconiaceae: čeleď krytosemenných rostlin z řádu zingiberales (zázvorotvaré), podtřídy zingiberidae, třídy liliopsida (rostliny jednoděložné)
Helicoverpa armigera: widely distributed old world bollworm which bore into the wide variety of host's flowers and fruit and feed within the plant. old world bollworm was detected in puerto rico in 2014 and florida in 2015 but now eradicated in the united states
Helicoverpa armigera: široce rozšířený druh můr starého světa, které se zavrtávají do nejrůznějších květů a plodů hostitele a živí se v rostlině. černopáska bavlníková byla v roce 2014 nalezena v portoriku a v roce 2015 na floridě, ale nyní je ve spojených státech vyhubena
Heligmosomatoidea: a superfamily of parasitic nematodes which were formerly considered a part of trichostrongyloidea. it includes the following genera: heligmosomum, nematospiroides, and nippostrongylus. the hosts are rodents
Heligmosomatoidea: nadčeleď parazitických hlístic, které byly dříve zařazovány do nadčeledi trichostrongyloidea. patří sem rody heligmosomum, nematospiroides a nippostrongylus. jejich hostiteli jsou hlodavci
Heliocidaris: rod ježovek (název je synonymně anthocidaris a heliocidaris), patřící do čeledi echinometridae
Helioseal: white-shaded, unfilled visible-light-cured sealant
Heliotherapy: the treatment of disease by exposing the body to sunlight, a therapeutic use of sunbathing
Heliotropium: a plant genus in the family boraginaceae, order lamiales, subclass asteridae. this is the true heliotrope that should not be confused with an unrelated plant sometimes called garden heliotrope (valerian)
Heliotropium: rod rostlin čeledi boraginaceae, řádu lamiales, podtřídy asteridae
Helium: a noble gas with the atomic symbol he, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. it is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. it was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics
Helix (hlemýždi): rod suchozemských plžů žijících hlavně v eurasii a africe. patří sem druhy využívané ke konzumaci a také několik škůdců zemědělských plodin
Helix, Snails: a genus of chiefly eurasian and african land snails including the principal edible snails as well as several pests of cultivated plants
Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs: recurring supersecondary structures characterized by 20 amino acids folding into two alpha helices connected by a non-helical loop segment. they are found in many sequence-specific dna-binding proteins and in calcium-binding proteins
Helix-Turn-Helix Motifs: the first dna-binding protein motif to be recognized. helix-turn-helix motifs were originally identified in bacterial proteins but have since been found in hundreds of dna-binding proteins from both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. they are constructed from two alpha helices connected by a short extended chain of amino acids, which constitute the turn. the two helices are held at a fixed angle, primarily through interactions between the two helices. (from alberts et al., molecular biology of the cell, 3d ed, p408-9)
Helleborus: a plant genus of the family ranunculaceae. members contain hellebrin (bufanolides). the extract is the basis of boicil preparation used to treat rheumatism. the common name black hellebore is used for both veratrum nigrum and helleborus niger
Helleborus: rod rostlin čeledi ranunculaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují hellebrin (bufanolidy) a další kardiotoxické glykosidy. extrakt z rostlin je základní složkou přípravku boicil, určeného pro léčbu revmatismu
Heller Myotomy: surgical incision of the lower esophageal sphincter near the cardia often used to treat esophageal achalasia
Hellerova myotomie: hellerova myotomie je chirurgický zákrok na horním nebo dolním jícnovém svěrači. používá se při odstranění achalázie (porucha hybnosti jícnu). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2025 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Helminthiasis, Animal: infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. the infestation may be experimental or veterinary
Helminthosporium: a mitosporic fungal genus including both saprophytes and plant parasites
Helminthosporium: rod mitosporických hub zahrnující saprofyty i fytopatogeny
Helminths: commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala; nematoda; and platyhelminths. some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths
Heloderma suspectum: large nocturnal, venomous lizard found in the deserts of the southwestern united states and northern mexico. a synthetic version of gila monster venom component exendin-4 is exenatide
Heloderma suspectum: velký noční jedovatý ještěr žijící v pouštích jihozápadu usa a severního mexika. složkou jedu korovce jedovatého je exendin-4 a jeho syntetickou verzí je exenatid
Helper Viruses: viruses which enable defective viruses to replicate or to form a protein coat by complementing the missing gene function of the defective (satellite) virus. helper and satellite may be of the same or different genus
Helplessness, Learned: learned expectation that one's responses are independent of reward and, hence, do not predict or control the occurrence of rewards. learned helplessness derives from a history, experimentally induced or naturally occurring, of having received punishment/aversive stimulation regardless of responses made. such circumstances result in an impaired ability to learn. used for human or animal populations. (apa, thesaurus of psychological index terms, 1994)
Helsinki Declaration: an international agreement of the world medical association which offers guidelines for conducting experiments using human subjects. it was adopted in 1962 and revised by the 18th world medical assembly at helsinki, finland in 1964. subsequent revisions were made in 1975, 1983, 1989, and 1996. (from encyclopedia of bioethics, rev ed, 1995)
Helsinská deklarace: mezinárodní dohoda světové lékařské asociace, která nabízí doporučení pro provádění medicínských experimentů na lidských subjektech. byla přijata v roce 1962 a revidována 18. světovým lékařským shromážděním v helsinkách ve finsku v roce 1964. následné revize byly provedeny v letech 1975, 1983, 1989 a 1996 a 2000. medicínský výzkum na člověku zahrnuje také výzkum na identifikovatelných látkách lidského původu nebo identifikovatelných datech
Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome: a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired intellectual development, motor delay, autism spectrum disorder, facial dysmorphisms, hypotonia, congenital heart disease, visual impairment, and gastrointestinal symptoms. it is associated with mutations in the adnp gene. omim: 615873
Hemachatus: a genus of elapid snake indigenous to southern africa. it is closely related to the cobras (naja) and is capable of spitting its venom
Hemachatus: rod jedovatých hadů z čeledi korálovcovitých, kteří žijí v některých oblastech jižní afriky. zahrnuje jediný druh - kobru obojkovou (hemachatus haemachatus). je blízce příbuzná s kobrami rodu naja a dokáže vystřikovat svůj jed na velkou vzdálenost. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Hemadsorption: a phenomenon manifested by an agent or substance adhering to or being adsorbed on the surface of a red blood cell, as tuberculin can be adsorbed on red blood cells under certain conditions. (stedman, 25th ed)
Hemadsorption Inhibition Tests: serological tests that measure anti-hemadsorption agents such as antiviral antibodies that block viral hemaggluninins from adhering to the surface of red blood cells
Hemagglutination: the aggregation of erythrocytes by agglutinins, including antibodies, lectins, and viral proteins (hemagglutination, viral)
Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests: serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination
Hemagglutination Tests: sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (from stedman, 26th ed)
Hemagglutination, Viral: agglutination of erythrocytes by a virus
Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus: membrane glycoproteins from influenza viruses which are involved in hemagglutination, virus attachment, and envelope fusion. fourteen distinct subtypes of ha glycoproteins and nine of na glycoproteins have been identified from influenza a virus; no subtypes have been identified for influenza b or influenza c viruses
Hemagglutinins: agents that cause agglutination of red blood cells. they include antibodies, blood group antigens, lectins, autoimmune factors, bacterial, viral, or parasitic blood agglutinins, etc
Hemagglutinins, Viral: specific hemagglutinin subtypes encoded by viruses
Hemangioblastoma: a benign tumor of the nervous system that may occur sporadically or in association with von hippel-lindau disease. it accounts for approximately 2% of intracranial tumors, arising most frequently in the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis. histologically, the tumors are composed of multiple capillary and sinusoidal channels lined with endothelial cells and clusters of lipid-laden pseudoxanthoma cells. usually solitary, these tumors can be multiple and may also occur in the brain stem, spinal cord, retina, and supratentorial compartment. cerebellar hemangioblastomas usually present in the third decade with intracranial hypertension, and ataxia. (from devita et al., cancer: principles and practice of oncology, 5th ed, pp2071-2)
Hemangioblasts: bipotential angio-hematopoietic stem cells that give rise to both hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial cells
Hemangioendothelioma: a neoplasm derived from blood vessels, characterized by numerous prominent endothelial cells that occur singly, in aggregates, and as the lining of congeries of vascular tubes or channels. hemangioendotheliomas are relatively rare and are of intermediate malignancy (between benign hemangiomas and conventional angiosarcomas). they affect men and women about equally and rarely develop in childhood. (from stedman, 25th ed; holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed, p1866)
Hemangioendothelioma, Epithelioid: a tumor of medium-to-large veins, composed of plump-to-spindled endothelial cells that bulge into vascular spaces in a tombstone-like fashion. these tumors are thought to have borderline aggression, where one-third develop local recurrences, but only rarely metastasize. it is unclear whether the epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is truly neoplastic or an exuberant tissue reaction, nor is it clear if this is equivalent to kimura's disease (see angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia). (segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Hemangioma: a vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. the common types involve capillaries and veins. it can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the skin and subcutaneous tissue. (from stedman, 27th ed, 2000)
Hemangioma, Capillary: a dull red, firm, dome-shaped hemangioma, sharply demarcated from surrounding skin, usually located on the head and neck, which grows rapidly and generally undergoes regression and involution without scarring. it is caused by proliferation of immature capillary vessels in active stroma, and is usually present at birth or occurs within the first two or three months of life. (dorland, 27th ed)
Hemangioma, Cavernous: a vascular anomaly that is a collection of tortuous blood vessels and connective tissue. this tumor-like mass with the large vascular space is filled with blood and usually appears as a strawberry-like lesion in the subcutaneous areas of the face, extremities, or other regions of the body including the central nervous system
Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System: a vascular anomaly composed of a collection of large, thin walled tortuous veins that can occur in any part of the central nervous system but lack intervening nervous tissue. familial occurrence is common and has been associated with a number of genes mapped to 7q, 7p and 3q. clinical features include seizures; headache; stroke; and progressive neurological deficit
Hemangioma, capillary infantile: a benign aberrant localized growth of the capillary endothelium. usually appear in the neonatal period and are characterized by rapid growth during the first year, endothelial hypercellularity, and increased numbers of mast cells. they then undergo slow involution and are replaced by fibrofatty stroma. germline mutations in the kdr and antxr1 genes, and somatic mutations in the flt4 gene have been identified. omim: 602089
Hemangiopericytoma: a tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (from dorland, 27th ed; devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 3d ed, p1364)
Hemangiopericytoma, Malignant: a malignant endothelial neoplasm (hemangiopericytoma) that originates from adventitial perivascular cells or pericytes. omim: 234820
Hemangiosarcoma: a rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (stedman, 25th ed)
Hemarthrosis: bleeding into the joints. it may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia
Hematemesis: vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older coffee-ground in character. it generally indicates bleeding of the upper gastrointestinal tract
Hematinics: agents which improve the quality of the blood, increasing the hemoglobin level and the number of erythrocytes. they are used in the treatment of anemias
Hematocele: hemorrhage into a canal or cavity of the body, such as the space covered by the serous membrane (tunica vaginalis) around the testis leading to testicular hematocele or scrotal hematocele
Hematocrit: the volume of packed red blood cells in a blood specimen. the volume is measured by centrifugation in a tube with graduated markings, or with automated blood cell counters. it is an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. for example, anemia shows a low value; polycythemia, a high value
Hematologic Agents: drugs that act on blood and blood-forming organs and those that affect the hemostatic system
Hematologic Neoplasms: neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). the commonest forms are the various types of leukemia, of lymphoma, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the myelodysplastic syndromes
Hematology: a subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues
Hematoma: a collection of blood outside the blood vessels. hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue
Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial: accumulation of blood in the epidural space between the skull and the dura mater, often as a result of bleeding from the meningeal arteries associated with a temporal or parietal bone fracture. epidural hematoma tends to expand rapidly, compressing the dura and underlying brain. clinical features may include headache; vomiting; hemiparesis; and impaired mental function
Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal: a rare epidural hematoma in the spinal epidural space, usually due to a vascular malformation (central nervous system vascular malformations) or trauma. spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a neurologic emergency due to a rapidly evolving compressive myelopathy
Hematoma, Subdural: accumulation of blood in the subdural space between the dura mater and the arachnoidal layer of the meninges. this condition primarily occurs over the surface of a cerebral hemisphere, but may develop in the spinal canal (hematoma, subdural, spinal). subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe headache, and deteriorating mental status
Hematoma, Subdural, Acute: accumulation of blood in the subdural space with acute onset of neurological symptoms. symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe headache, and deteriorating mental status
Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic: accumulation of blood in the subdural space with delayed onset of neurological symptoms. symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe headache, and deteriorating mental status
Hematoma, Subdural, Intracranial: accumulation of blood in the subdural space over the cerebral hemisphere
Hematoma, Subdural, Spinal: subdural hematoma of the spinal canal
Hematopoiesis: the development and formation of various types of blood cells. hematopoiesis can take place in the bone marrow (medullary) or outside the bone marrow (hematopoiesis, extramedullary)
Hematopoiesis, Extramedullary: the formation and development of blood cells outside the bone marrow, as in the spleen; liver; or lymph nodes
Hematopoietic Cell Growth Factors: these growth factors comprise a family of hematopoietic regulators with biological specificities defined by their ability to support proliferation and differentiation of blood cells of different lineages. erythropoietin and the colony-stimulating factors belong to this family. some of these factors have been studied and used in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and bone marrow failure syndromes
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization: the release of stem cells from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood circulation for the purpose of leukapheresis, prior to stem cell transplantation. hematopoietic growth factors or chemotherapeutic agents often are used to stimulate the mobilization
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: transfer of hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow or blood between individuals within the same species (transplantation, homologous) or transfer within the same individual (transplantation, autologous). hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used as an alternative to bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of a variety of neoplasms
Hematopoietic Stem Cells: progenitor cells from which all blood cells derived. they are found primarily in the bone marrow and also in small numbers in the peripheral blood
Hematopoietic System: the blood-making organs and tissues, principally the bone marrow and lymph nodes
Hematoporphyrin Derivative: a complex mixture of monomeric and aggregated porphyrins used in the photodynamic therapy of tumors (hematoporphyrin photoradiation). a purified component of this mixture is known as dihematoporphyrin ether
Hematoporphyrin Photoradiation: photochemotherapy using visible light, usually red, topically or delivered locally by fiberoptic probe to tissues sensitized with hematoporphyrins
Hematoporphyrins: iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. some of these photosensitizing agents are used in the phototherapy of malignant neoplasms
Hematoxylin: a dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (haematoxylon campechianum linn., leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink
Hematuria, Benign Familial: benign familial hematuria is characterized pathologically by thinning of the glomerular basement membrane
Heme: the color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. it is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins
Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing): a mixed function oxidase enzyme which during hemoglobin catabolism catalyzes the degradation of heme to ferrous iron, carbon monoxide and biliverdin in the presence of molecular oxygen and reduced nadph. the enzyme is induced by metals, particularly cobalt
Heme Oxygenase-1: a ubiquitous stress-responsive enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of heme to yield iron; carbon monoxide; and biliverdin
Heme-Binding Proteins: metalloproteins that contain a heme ligand as the prosthetic group
Hemeproteins: proteins that contain an iron-porphyrin, or heme, prosthetic group resembling that of hemoglobin. (from lehninger, principles of biochemistry, 1982, p480)
Hemerocallis: a plant genus of the family asphodelaceae. members contain steroidal saponins
Hemerocallis: rod jednoděložných rostlin, který je podle taxonomického systému apg iv zařazen do čeledě asfodelovité (asphodelaceae), kde přísluší do podčeledě hemerocallidoideae. zástupci obsahují steroidní saponiny. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Hemerythrin: a non-heme iron protein consisting of eight apparently identical subunits each containing 2 iron atoms. it binds one molecule of oxygen per pair of iron atoms and functions as a respiratory protein
Hemianopsia: partial or complete loss of vision in one half of the visual field(s) of one or both eyes. subtypes include altitudinal hemianopsia, characterized by a visual defect above or below the horizontal meridian of the visual field. homonymous hemianopsia refers to a visual defect that affects both eyes equally, and occurs either to the left or right of the midline of the visual field. binasal hemianopsia consists of loss of vision in the nasal hemifields of both eyes. bitemporal hemianopsia is the bilateral loss of vision in the temporal fields. quadrantanopsia refers to loss of vision in one quarter of the visual field in one or both eyes
Hemiarthroplasty: a partial joint replacement in which only one surface of the joint is replaced with a prosthesis
Hemibody Irradiation: irradiation of one half or both halves of the body in the treatment of disseminated cancer or widespread metastases. it is used to treat diffuse metastases in one session as opposed to multiple fields over an extended period. the more frequent treatment modalities are upper hemibody irradiation (uhbi) or lower hemibody irradiation (lhbi). less common is mid-body irradiation (mbi). in the treatment of both halves of the body sequentially, hemibody irradiation permits radiotherapy of the whole body with larger doses of radiation than could be accomplished with whole-body irradiation. it is sometimes called systemic hemibody irradiation with reference to its use in widespread cancer or metastases. (p. rubin et al. cancer, vol 55, p2210, 1985)
Hemic and Immune Systems: organs involved in the production of blood, including the cellular and the molecular components essential in providing defense against foreign organisms or substances
Hemic and Lymphatic Diseases: hematologic diseases and diseases of the lymphatic system collectively. hemic diseases include disorders involving the formed elements (e.g., erythrocyte aggregation, intravascular) and chemical components (e.g., blood protein disorders); lymphatic diseases include disorders relating to lymph, lymph nodes, and lymphocytes
Hemicentrotus: a genus of sea urchins in the family strongylocentrotidae with a hemicyclic apical disk and short spines
Hemicentrotus: rod ježovek čeledi strongylocentrotidae s hemicyklickým apikálním diskem a krátkými ostny
Hemicholinium 3: a potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for choline. it has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. since choline is one of the components of acetylcholine, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments
Hemidesmosomes: an anchoring junction of the cell to a non-cellular substrate, similar in morphology to halves of desmosomes. they are composed of specialized areas of the plasma membrane where intermediate filaments bind on the cytoplasmic face to the transmembrane linkers, integrins, via intracellular attachment proteins, while the extracellular domain of the integrins binds to extracellular matrix proteins
Hemidesmus: a plant genus of the family apocynaceae. it is a source of pregnanes and is sometimes an adulterant of commercial sarsaparilla (smilax)
Hemidesmus: rod rostlin čeledi apocynaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují pregnany. jejich kořen může být náhražkou drogy z některých druhů rodu smilax
Hemifacial Spasm: recurrent clonic contraction of facial muscles, restricted to one side. it may occur as a manifestation of compressive lesions involving the seventh cranial nerve (facial nerve diseases), during recovery from bell palsy, or in association with other disorders. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1378)
Hemihyperplasia, Isolated: a hereditary autosomal dominant abnormality of cell proliferation leading to asymmetric overgrowth of one or more regions of the body. the incidence of isolated hemihyperplasia is estimated to be 1 in 86,000. idiopathic hemihypertrophy is associated with increased risk of embryonal cancers in childhood, particularly wilms tumor. has been mapped to chromosome 11. omim: 235000
Hemimegalencephaly: rare malformations of cortical development, group i characterized by the enlargement of one side of the brain. it is associated with seizures, partial paralysis, and mental retardation
Hemin: chloro(7,12-diethenyl-3,8,13,17-tetramethyl-21h,23h-porphine-2,18-dipropanoato(4-)-n(21),n(22),n(23),n(24)) ferrate(2-) dihydrogen
Hemipelvectomy: amputation, surgical of a lower limb through the sacroiliac joint
Hemiplegia: severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. this condition is usually caused by brain diseases that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. less frequently, brain stem lesions; cervical spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. the term hemiparesis (see paresis) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body
Hemiplegic migraine, familial type 1: a hereditary autosomal dominant type of migraine with aura (omim: 157300) with onset in childhood or young adulthood. more than half of patients may also present with pathologic nystagmus and cerebellar ataxia and migraines may progress to coma in a third of patients. mutations in the cacna1a gene have been identified. omim: 141500
Hemiplegic migraine, familial type 2: an autosomal dominant type of familial hemiplegic migraine (migraine with aura) with onset between 6 to 30 years and characterized by hemiparesis or paresthesias, aphasia, headaches, and behavioral changes, with subsequent loss of consciousness. mutations in the atp1a2 gene have been identified. omim: 602481
Hemiptera: a large order of insects characterized by having the mouth parts adapted to piercing or sucking. it is comprised of four suborders: heteroptera, auchenorrhyncha, sternorrhyncha, and coleorrhyncha
Hemiptera: velký řád hmyzu charakterizovaný bodavě-sacím ústním ústrojím, přizpůsobeným k sání živočišných a rostlinných šťáv a tekutin. zahrnuje čtyři podřády: heteroptera, auchenorrhyncha, sternorrhyncha a coleorrhyncha
Hemispherectomy: a neurosurgical procedure that removes or disconnects the epileptogenic cerebral cortex of a hemisphere. hemispherectomy is usually performed for patients with intractable unilateral epilepsy due to malformations of cortical development or brain lesions. depending on the epileptogenic area in the hemisphere, cortical removal can be total or partial
Hemiterpenes: compounds that include a single 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (also known as isoprene) within their structure
Hemizygote: an individual having only one allele at a given locus because of the loss of the other allele through a mutation (e.g., chromosome deletion)
Hemlock: any of several poisonous plants, commonly called poison hemlock, of the cicuta or conium genus. the hemlock tree (tsuga) is completely unrelated being a coniferous tree of the pine family
Hemobilia: hemorrhage in or through the biliary tract due to trauma, inflammation, cholelithiasis, vascular disease, or neoplasms
Hemochromatosis: a disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of hemosiderosis; liver cirrhosis; and diabetes mellitus. it is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (jablonski's dictionary of syndromes & eponymic diseases, 2d ed)
Hemochromatosis Protein: a membrane protein and mhc class i antigen. it contains an immunoglobulin c1-set domain and interacts with beta 2-microglobulin. it may also regulate the interaction of transferrin with the transferrin receptor. mutations in the hfe gene are associated with cases of familial hemochromatosis
Hemochromatosis, type 3: hemochromatosis due to defect in transferrin receptor 2
Hemocyanins: metalloproteins that function as oxygen transport proteins in the hemolymph of mollusks and arthropods. they are characterized by two copper atoms, coordinated with histidine residues, that reversibly bind a single oxygen molecule; they do not contain heme groups
Hemodiafiltration: the combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes
Hemodialysis Solutions: solutions prepared for hemodialysis. the composition of the pre-dialysis solution may be varied in order to determine the effect of solvated metabolites on anoxia, malnutrition, acid-base balance, etc. of principal interest are the effect of the choice of buffers (e.g., acetate or carbonate), the addition of cations (na+, k+, ca2+), and addition of carbohydrates (glucose)
Hemodialysis Units, Hospital: hospital units in which care is provided the hemodialysis patient. this includes hemodialysis centers in hospitals
Hemodilution: reduction of blood viscosity usually by the addition of cell free solutions. used clinically (1) in states of impaired microcirculation, (2) for replacement of intraoperative blood loss without homologous blood transfusion, and (3) in cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia
Hemodynamic Monitoring: continuous measurement of the movement and forces of blood in the cardiovascular system
Hemodynamics: the movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the cardiovascular system
Hemofiltration: extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function
Hemoglobin A: normal adult human hemoglobin. the globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains
Hemoglobin A2: an adult hemoglobin component normally present in hemolysates from human erythrocytes in concentrations of about 3%. the hemoglobin is composed of two alpha chains and two delta chains. the percentage of hba2 varies in some hematologic disorders, but is about double in beta-thalassemia
Hemoglobin C: a commonly occurring abnormal hemoglobin in which lysine replaces a glutamic acid residue at the sixth position of the beta chains. it results in reduced plasticity of erythrocytes
Hemoglobin C Disease: a disease characterized by compensated hemolysis with a normal hemoglobin level or a mild to moderate anemia. there may be intermittent abdominal discomfort, splenomegaly, and slight jaundice
Hemoglobin E: an abnormal hemoglobin that results from the substitution of lysine for glutamic acid at position 26 of the beta chain. it is most frequently observed in southeast asian populations
Hemoglobin H: an abnormal hemoglobin composed of four beta chains. it is caused by the reduced synthesis of the alpha chain. this abnormality results in alpha-thalassemia
Hemoglobin J: a group of abnormal hemoglobins with similar electrophoretic characteristics. they have faster electrophoretic mobility and different amino acid substitutions in either the alpha or beta chains than normal adult hemoglobin. some of the variants produce hematologic abnormalities, others result in no clinical disorders
Hemoglobin M: a group of abnormal hemoglobins in which amino acid substitutions take place in either the alpha or beta chains but near the heme iron. this results in facilitated oxidation of the hemoglobin to yield excess methemoglobin which leads to cyanosis
Hemoglobin SC Disease: one of the sickle cell disorders characterized by the presence of both hemoglobin s and hemoglobin c. it is similar to, but less severe than sickle cell anemia
Hemoglobin Subunits: the protein subunits that comprise multimeric hemoglobins
Hemoglobin, Sickle: an abnormal hemoglobin resulting from the substitution of valine for glutamic acid at position 6 of the beta chain of the globin moiety. the heterozygous state results in sickle cell trait, the homozygous in sickle cell anemia
Hemoglobinopathies: a group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule
Hemoglobins: the oxygen-carrying proteins of erythrocytes. they are found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates. the number of globin subunits in the hemoglobin quaternary structure differs between species. structures range from monomeric to a variety of multimeric arrangements
Hemoglobins, Abnormal: hemoglobins characterized by structural alterations within the molecule. the alteration can be either absence, addition or substitution of one or more amino acids in the globin part of the molecule at selected positions in the polypeptide chains
Hemoglobinuria: the presence of free hemoglobin in the urine, indicating hemolysis of erythrocytes within the vascular system. after saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (haptoglobins), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal: a condition characterized by the recurrence of hemoglobinuria caused by intravascular hemolysis. in cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. in cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins
Hemolysin Factors: plasmids controlling the synthesis of hemolysin by bacteria
Hemolysin Proteins: proteins from bacteria and fungi that are soluble enough to be secreted to target erythrocytes and insert into the membrane to form beta-barrel pores. biosynthesis may be regulated by hemolysin factors
Hemolysis: the destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity
Hemolytic Agents: substances that are toxic to blood in general, including the clotting mechanism; hematotoxins may refer to the hematopoietic system
Hemolytic Plaque Technique: a method to identify and enumerate cells that are synthesizing antibodies against antigens or haptens conjugated to sheep red blood cells. the sheep red blood cells surrounding cells secreting antibody are lysed by added complement producing a clear zone of hemolysis. (from illustrated dictionary of immunology, 3rd ed)
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: a syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the kidney, such as renal cortical necrosis. it is characterized by hemolytic anemia (anemia, hemolytic); thrombocytopenia; and acute renal failure