NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Mineralocorticoids: a group of corticosteroids primarily associated with water and electrolyte balance. this is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin ii
Minerals: native, inorganic or fossilized organic substances having a definite chemical composition and formed by inorganic reactions. they may occur as individual crystals or may be disseminated in some other mineral or rock. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed; mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Miniature Postsynaptic Potentials: postsynaptic potentials generated from a release of neurotransmitters from a presynaptic nerve terminal in the absence of an action potential. they may be m.e.p.p.s (miniature excitatory postsynaptic potentials) or m.i.p.p.s (miniature inhibitory postsynaptic potentials)
Minichromosome Maintenance 1 Protein: a sequence-specific dna-binding protein that plays an essential role as a global regulator of yeast cell cycle control. it contains a 56 amino acid mads-box domain within the n-terminal of the protein and is one of the four founder proteins that structurally define the superfamily of mads domain proteins
Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 2: a minichromosome maintenance protein that is a key component of the six member mcm protein complex. it contains a nuclear localization signal which may provide targeting of the protein complex and an extended n-terminus which is rich in serine residues
Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 3: a minichromosome maintenance protein that is a key component of the six member mcm protein complex. it contains a nuclear localization signal, which provide targeting of the protein complex. in addition, acetylation of this protein may play a role in regulating of dna replication and cell cycle progression
Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 4: a minichromosome maintenance protein that is a key component of the six member mcm protein complex. it is also found in tightly-bound trimeric complex with minichromosome maintenance complex component 6 and minichromosome maintenance complex component 7
Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 5: a minichromosome maintenance protein that is a key component of the six member mcm protein complex. in addition, interaction of this protein with cyclin a results in its recruitment to centrosomes where it may play a role in controlling centrosome reduplication
Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 6: a minichromosome maintenance protein that is a key component of the six member mcm protein complex. it is also found in tightly-bound trimeric complex with minichromosome maintenance complex component 4 and minichromosome maintenance complex component 7
Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 7: a minichromosome maintenance protein that is a key component of the six member mcm protein complex. it is also found in tightly-bound trimeric complex with minichromosome maintenance complex component 4 and minichromosome maintenance complex component 6
Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 8: a minichromosome maintenance protein that forms a hexameric complex with minichromsome maintenance complex component 9. the mcm8-mcm9 helicase complex is involved in homologous recombination repair following the formation of dna interstrand cross-links
Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 9: a minichromosome maintenance protein that forms a hexameric complex with minichromsome maintenance complex component 8. the mcm8-mcm9 helicase complex is involved in homologous recombination repair following the formation of dna interstrand cross-links
Minichromosome Maintenance Proteins: a family of proteins that were originally identified in saccharomyces cerevisiae as being essential for maintaining the structure of minichromosomes00. they form into a protein complex that has helicase activity and is involved in a variety of dna-related functions including replication elongation, rna transcription, chromatin remodeling, and genome stability
Minicomputers: small computers that lack the speed, memory capacity, and instructional capability of the full-size computer but usually retain its programmable flexibility. they are larger, faster, and more flexible, powerful, and expensive than microcomputers
Minicore Myopathy with External Ophthalmoplegia: associated with mutations in ryr1
Minimal Clinically Important Difference: a statistically significant minimum set of clinical outcomes that demonstrates a clinical benefit of an intervention or treatment
Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures: procedures that avoid use of open, invasive surgery in favor of closed or local surgery. these generally involve use of laparoscopic devices and remote-controlled manipulation of instruments with indirect observation of the surgical field through an endoscope or similar device
Minisatellite Repeats: tandem arrays of moderately repetitive, short (10-60 bases) dna sequences which are found dispersed throughout the genome, at the ends of chromosomes (telomeres), and clustered near telomeres. their degree of repetition is two to several hundred at each locus. loci number in the thousands but each locus shows a distinctive repeat unit
Ministerstvo zdravotnictví a sociální péče USA: ministerstvo americké federální vlády na úrovni kabinetu zabývající se správou těch orgánů a úřadů, které mají programy týkající se zdraví američanů a sociální péče. než bylo v roce 1979 vytvořeno samostatné federální ministerstvo školství, tak agenda školství i zdravotnictví patřila pod jedno ministerstvo - department of health, education, and welfare
Mink: carnivores of genera mustela and neovison of the family mustelidae. the european mink has white upper and lower lips while the american mink lacks white upper lip
Mink Cell Focus-Inducing Viruses: strains of murine leukemia virus discovered in 1976 by hartley, wolford, old, and rowe and so named because the viruses originally isolated had the capacity to transform cell foci in mink cell cultures. mcf viruses are generated by recombination with ecotropic murine leukemia viruses including akr, friend, moloney, and rauscher, causing erythroleukemia and severe anemia in mice
Mink Viral Enteritis: a highly contagious parvovirus infection in mink, caused by mink enteritis virus or the closely related feline panleukopenia virus or canine parvovirus. transmission usually occurs by the fecal/oral route
Mink enteritis virus: a species of the genus parvovirus and a host range variant of feline panleukopenia virus. it causes a highly contagious inflammatory gastroenteritis (mink viral enteritis). in addition to mink, this virus can also infect cats and dogs
Minke Whale: the species balaenoptera acutorostrata, in the family balaenopteridae. it is the smallest of the whales in the family and though mainly oceanic, is often found in coastal waters including bays and estuaries
Minnesota: state bordered on the north by canada, on the east by lake superior and wisconsin, on the south by iowa, and on the west by north dakota and south dakota
Minnesota: stát na severu spojených států amerických. minnesota, nejsevernější stát kontinentálních usa, hraničí na východě s wisconsinem, na jihu s iowou, na západě s jižní dakotou a severní dakotou a na severu s kanadskými provinciemi manitoba a ontario. severovýchodní ohraničení tvoří hořejší jezero. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Minocycline: a tetracycline analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant staphylococcus infections
Minor Histocompatibility Antigens: allelic alloantigens often responsible for weak graft rejection in cases when (major) histocompatibility has been established by standard tests. in the mouse they are coded by more than 500 genes at up to 30 minor histocompatibility loci. the most well-known minor histocompatibility antigen in mammals is the h-y antigen
Minor Histocompatibility Loci: genetic loci responsible for the encoding of histocompatibility antigens other than those encoded by the major histocompatibility complex. the antigens encoded by these genes are often responsible for graft rejection in cases where histocompatibility has been established by standard tests. the location of some of these loci on the x and y chromosomes explains why grafts from males to females may be rejected while grafts from females to males are accepted. in the mouse roughly 30 minor histocompatibility loci have been recognized, comprising more than 500 genes
Minor Lymphocyte Stimulatory Antigens: endogenous superantigens responsible for inducing strong proliferative responses in t-cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions (see lymphocyte culture test, mixed). they are encoded by mouse mammary tumor viruses that have integrated into the germ line as dna proviruses (minor lymphocyte stimulatory loci)
Minor Lymphocyte Stimulatory Loci: genetic loci responsible for the encoding of minor lymphocyte stimulatory antigens. there are at least two unlinked loci (in the mouse) and they appear to be separate from the major histocompatibility complex and minor histocompatibility loci. the mouse mammary tumor virus (see mammary tumor virus, mouse) has the ability to integrate into these loci. the antigens induce strong t-cell proliferative responses in mixed lymphocyte reactions
Minor Planets: small solar system planetary bodies including asteroids. most asteroids are found within the gap lying between the orbits of mars and jupiter
Minor Surgical Procedures: surgery for problems and injuries that are of relatively slight extent, and with a low risk for life threatening complications
Minority Groups: a subgroup having special characteristics within a larger group, often bound together by special ties which distinguish it from the larger group
Minors: a person who has not attained the age at which full civil rights are accorded
Minoxidil: a potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (vasodilator agents) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in blood pressure. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371)
Minute Virus of Mice: the type species of parvovirus prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias
Miocamycin: a macrolide antibiotic that has a wide antimicrobial spectrum and is particularly effective in respiratory and genital infections
Miosis: pupillary constriction. this may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the conjunctiva or cornea
Miotics: agents causing contraction of the pupil of the eye. some sources use the term miotics only for the parasympathomimetics but any drug used to induce miosis is included here
Mirabilis: a plant genus of the family nyctaginaceae. members contain mirabilis antiviral protein (a ribosome-inactivating protein)
Mirabilis: rod rostlin čeledi nyctaginaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují protein s antivirovou aktivitou (protein inaktivující ribozomy)
Miracle Mix: metal-reinforced glass ionomer; glass ionomer/silver alloy admixture
Mirage: a feldspathic porcelain that can be etched & bonded to the tooth
Mirage Dual Cure: a commercially available fluoride-containing orthodontic bonding composite resin
Mirage Fluoride Luting Composite: a dual-curing fluoride-releasing luting resin, contains about 72% barium glass
Mirizzi Syndrome: complication of cholelithiasis characterized by obstructive jaundice; abdominal pain, and fever
Mirizziho syndrom: stav způsobený izolovaným zúžením (zejm. kompresí) ductus hepaticus communis při zaklínění kaménku v ústí ductus cysticus do choledochu. vzniká plíživý nebolestivý ikterus (připomínající maligní původ) ev. s dalšími komplikacemi na žlučových cestách či játrech. někdy při anatomických odchylkách žlučových cest. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Mirror Movement Therapy: rehabilitation therapy in which a mirror is placed between the arms or legs so that the image of a moving non-affected limb gives the illusion of normal movement in the affected limb. this stimulates different brain regions for movement, sensation, and pain. (www.cochrane.org/cd008449 access 12/28/2020)
Mirror Neurons: neurons that fire when an animal acts or observes the same action of another thus coding the motor response. they were originally discovered in the premotor and parietal cortex of the monkey and studies have shown that neurons that have a similar mechanism are present in humans. mirror neurons are theorized to be related to social cognition
Mirtazapine: a piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of norepinephrine and serotonin through blockage of presynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. it also blocks both 5-ht2 and 5-ht3 serotonin receptors and is a potent histamine h1 receptor antagonist. it is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders
Mismatch Repair Endonuclease PMS2: a mutl protein and component of the dna mismatch repair system. its endonuclease activity introduces single-strand dna breaks which create entry points for exo1 exonuclease to remove the strand containing the mismatch. it may also function in dna damage signaling
Misonidazole: a nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. it may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic
Misoprostol: a synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin e1. it produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. it is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties
Missed Diagnosis: failure to identify or diagnose a medical condition at the time a health professional is acquainted with the symptoms
Missionaries: persons sent into an area to evangelize or to perform acts of service, such as medical care, education, or social justice
Mississippi: mississippi hraničí na jihozápadě s louisianou, na severozápadě s arkansasem, na severu s tennessee a na východě s alabamou. jihovýchodní ohraničení státu tvoří mexický záliv. hlavní město je jackson
Mississippi: state bounded on the north by tennessee, on the east by alabama, on the south by louisiana and gulf of mexico, and on the west by arkansas and louisiana
Missouri: state bounded on the east by illinois and kentucky, on the south by arkansas, on the west by kansas, and on the north by iowa
Missouri: stát v centrální části spojených států amerických. missouri hraničí na severu s iowou, na východě s illinois, na jihovýchodě s kentucky a tennessee, na jihu s arkansasem, na jihozápadě s oklahomou, na západě s kansasem a na severozápadě s nebraskou. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Mistletoe: parasitic plants that form a bushy growth on branches of host trees which are in the order santalales. it includes the christmas mistletoe family (viscaceae), the showy mistletoe family (loranthaceae) and the catkin mistletoe family (eremolepidaceae). the composition of toxins, lectins, tyramine, phenethylamines, and other compounds may be affected by the host
Mite Infestations: infestations with arthropods of the subclass acari, superorder acariformes
Mites: any arthropod of the subclass acari except the ticks. they are minute animals related to the spiders, usually having transparent or semitransparent bodies. they may be parasitic on humans and domestic animals, producing various irritations of the skin (mite infestations). many mite species are important to human and veterinary medicine as both parasite and vector. mites also infest plants
Mitobronitol: brominated analog of mannitol which is an antineoplastic agent appearing to act as an alkylating agent
Mitochondria: semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. the inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of atp. they contain distinctive ribosomes, transfer rnas (rna, transfer); amino acyl t rna synthetases; and elongation and termination factors. mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger rnas (rna, messenger). mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (king & stansfield, a dictionary of genetics, 4th ed)
Mitochondria Associated Membranes: specialized areas of the endoplasmic reticulum in close physical contact with mitochondria. these inter-organelle contact sites participate in the regulation of various processes such as mitochondrial dynamics; calcium signaling; energy metabolism and inflammation
Mitochondria, Liver: mitochondria in hepatocytes. as in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. in the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (from alberts et al., molecular biology of the cell, 2d ed, p343-4)
Mitochondria, Muscle: mitochondria of skeletal and smooth muscle. it does not include myocardial mitochondria for which mitochondria, heart is available
Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases: a class of nucleotide translocases found abundantly in mitochondria that function as integral components of the inner mitochondrial membrane. they facilitate the exchange of adp and atp between the cytosol and the mitochondria, thereby linking the subcellular compartments of atp production to those of atp utilization
Mitochondrial Diseases: diseases caused by abnormal function of the mitochondria. they may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial dna or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. they may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes
Mitochondrial Dna Depletion Syndrome, Encephalomyopathic Form, With Methylmalonic Aciduria, Autosomal Recessive: mutations in sucla2
Mitochondrial Dynamics: the continuous remodeling of mitochondria shape by fission and fusion in response to physiological conditions
Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies: a heterogenous group of disorders characterized by alterations of mitochondrial metabolism that result in muscle and nervous system dysfunction. these are often multisystemic and vary considerably in age at onset (usually in the first or second decade of life), distribution of affected muscles, severity, and course. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp984-5)
Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins: proteins involved in the transport of specific substances across the membranes of the mitochondria
Mitochondrial Membranes: the two lipoprotein layers in the mitochondrion. the outer membrane encloses the entire mitochondrion and contains channels with transport proteins to move molecules and ions in and out of the organelle. the inner membrane folds into cristae and contains many enzymes important to cell metabolism and energy production (mitochondrial atp synthase)
Mitochondrial Myopathies: a group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function
Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore: a multiprotein inner mitochondrial complex which opens only under certain pathological conditions (e.g., oxidative stress) uncoupling the membrane leading to apoptosis and mitochondrial transmembrane permeability-driven necrosis particularly in cardiomyocytes during myocardial reperfusion injury
Mitochondrial Precursor Protein Import Complex Proteins: multiprotein complexes that mediate import and sorting of mitochondrial preproteins into one of the four mitochondrial subcompartments: the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the matrix. mitochondrial protein import machinery includes translocase of the outer membrane (tom) complex, translocases of the inner membrane (tim) complex, beta-barrel pathway complex, the mitochondrial intermembrane space import and assembly (mia) pathway complex, carrier proteins of the inner membrane and the tim23 complex and sorting and assembly machinery (sam) complex
Mitochondrial Processing Peptidase: a hetero-dimeric protein consisting of two subunits, alpha and beta, which are referred to as pmpca and pmpcb in humans. it plays an essential role in removing the n-terminal targeting peptidase from precursor proteins imported into the mitochondria
Mitochondrial Proteins: proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the mitochondria
Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases: proton-translocating atpases responsible for adenosine triphosphate synthesis in the mitochondria. they derive energy from the respiratory chain-driven reactions that develop high concentrations of protons within the intermembranous space of the mitochondria
Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy: in vitro fertilization technique that uses mitochondrial dna from a healthy donor in order to prevent the transmission of mitochondrial disease
Mitochondrial Ribosomes: multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures contained in mitochondria that specialize in the protein biosynthesis of a small number of proteins involved in energy production for the cell
Mitochondrial Swelling: an increase in mitochondrial volume due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria
Mitochondrial Transmembrane Permeability-Driven Necrosis: a form of regulated cell death that is initiated by specific perturbations of the intracellular microenvironment such as severe oxidative stress and cytosolic calcium overload, which result in osmotic breakdown of the mitochondrial membranes
Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein: a mitochondrial protein consisting of four alpha-subunits and four beta-subunits. it contains enoyl-coa hydratase, long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase, and acetyl-coa c-acyltransferase activities and plays an important role in the metabolism of long chain fatty acids
Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein, alpha Subunit: the alpha subunit of mitochondrial trifunctional protein. it contains both enoyl-coa hydratase activity (ec 4.2.1.17) and long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase activity (ec 1.1.1.211). there are four of these alpha subunits in each mitochondrial trifunctional protein molecule
Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein, beta Subunit: the beta subunit of mitochondrial trifunctional protein that contains acetyl-coa c-acyltransferase activity. there are four of these beta subunits in each trifunctional protein complex
Mitochondrial Turnover: the cellular processes involved in adjustments to the mitochondrial volume, content, and activity, that depend on the energy demands of the cell
Mitochondrial Uncoupling Proteins: mitochondrial anion carrier proteins that function as dimers and form proton channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane which creates proton leaks and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation from atp synthesis, resulting in the generation of heat instead of atp
Mitochondrial complex I deficiency: the most common hereditary enzymatic defect of the oxidative phosphorylation disorders that is linked to numerous diseases that can appear at any stage of life from birth through old age. these include macrocephaly with progressive leukodystrophy, nonspecific encephalopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; myopathy; liver diseases; leigh disease; leber hereditary optic neuropathy, and some cases of parkinson disease. mutations in both mitochondrial and nuclear genes for the components of nadh-ubiquinone reductase have been identified. omim: 252010
Mitochondrial encephalopathy: mitochondrial myopathy encephalopathy lactic acidosis and strokelike episodes
Mitochondrial myopathy with lactic acidosis: metabolic myopathy associated with chronic lactic acidemia, growth failure, and nerve deafness
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1: a proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase which mediates signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. activation of the enzyme by phosphorylation leads to its translocation into the nucleus where it acts upon specific transcription factors. p40 mapk and p41 mapk are isoforms
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 10: a c-jun amino-terminal kinase that is found predominantly within neurons of the brain, suggesting a role in stress-induced neuronal apoptosis. several isoforms of the protein with molecular sizes of 47 kda and 52 kda exist due to multiple alternative splicing
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 11: a 38-kda mitogen-activated protein kinase that is expressed in a broad variety of cell types. it may play a role in regulating cell proliferation and transcription factor ap-1 dependent transcription
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 12: a 38-kda mitogen-activated protein kinase found primarily in skeletal muscle
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 13: a 38-kda mitogen-activated protein kinase found expressed at high levels in lung; kidney; testis; pancreas; and small intestine. it may play a role in regulating functions such as cell differentiation and apoptosis of epithelial cells
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14: a 38-kda mitogen-activated protein kinase that is abundantly expressed in a broad variety of cell types. it is involved in the regulation of cellular stress responses as well as the control of proliferation and survival of many cell types. the kinase activity of the enzyme is inhibited by the pyridinyl-imidazole compound sb 203580
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3: a 44-kda extracellular signal-regulated map kinase that may play a role the initiation and regulation of meiosis; mitosis; and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. it phosphorylates a number of transcription factors; and microtubule-associated proteins
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 6: a 97-kda extracellular signal-regulated map kinase. mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 levels increase during cellular differentiation, while in proliferating cells the enzyme is degraded rapidly via the proteasome endopeptidase complex
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 7: a 110-kda extracellular signal-regulated map kinase that is activated in response to cellular stress and by growth factor receptors-mediated pathways
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8: a c-jun amino-terminal kinase that is activated by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. several isoforms of the protein with molecular sizes of 43 and 48 kd exist due to multiple alternative splicing
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9: a c-jun amino-terminal kinase that is activated by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. several isoforms of the protein with molecular sizes of 48 and 54 kd exist due to multiple alternative splicing
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 11: a map kinase kinase kinase that activates the sapk/jnk and p38/erk signal transduction pathways. it has multiple interaction domains, including a cdc42 binding motif
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases: a dual-specific protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. these mapk kinases phosphorylate mitogen-activated protein kinases and are themselves phosphorylated by map kinase kinase kinases. jnk kinases (also known as sapk kinases) are a subfamily
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatases: a subcategory of phosphohydrolases that are specific for mitogen-activated protein kinases. they play a role in the inactivation of the map kinase signaling system
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: a superfamily of protein serine-threonine kinases that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. they are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (map kinase kinase kinases)
Mitogens: substances that stimulate mitosis and lymphocyte transformation. they include not only substances associated with lectins, but also substances from streptococci (associated with streptolysin s) and from strains of alpha-toxin-producing staphylococci. (stedman, 25th ed)
Mitoguazone: antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. also acts as an inhibitor of animal s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase
Mitolactol: alkylating antineoplastic toxic to bone marrow; used in breast cancer, also in combination with other drugs
Mitomycin: an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by streptomyces caespitosus. it is one of the bi- or tri-functional alkylating agents causing cross-linking of dna and inhibition of dna synthesis
Mitomycins: a group of methylazirinopyrroloindolediones obtained from certain streptomyces strains. they are very toxic antibiotics used as antineoplastic agents in some solid tumors. porfiromycin and mitomycin are the most useful members of the group
Mitosis: a type of cell nucleus division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species
Mitosporic Fungi: a large and heterogenous group of fungi whose common characteristic is the absence of a sexual state. many of the pathogenic fungi in humans belong to this group
Mitotane: a derivative of the insecticide dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. it is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes cns damage, but no bone marrow depression
Mitragyna: a plant genus of the family rubiaceae. members contain antimalarial (antimalarials) and analgesic (analgesics) indole alkaloids
Mitragyna: rod rostlin čeledi rubiaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují indolové alkaloidy s antimalarickým a analgetickým účinkem
Mitral Valve: the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart
Mitral Valve Annuloplasty: a type of heart valve surgery that involves the repair, replacement, or reconstruction of the annulus of the mitral valve. it includes shortening the circumference of the annulus to improve valve closing capacity and reinforcing the annulus as a step in more complex valve repairs
Mitral Valve Insufficiency: backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium due to imperfect closure of the mitral valve. this can lead to mitral valve regurgitation
Mitral Valve Prolapse: abnormal protrusion or billowing of one or both of the leaflets of mitral valve into the left atrium during systole. this allows the backflow of blood into left atrium leading to mitral valve insufficiency; systolic murmurs; or cardiac arrhythmia
Mitral Valve Stenosis: narrowing of the passage through the mitral valve due to fibrosis, and calcinosis in the leaflets and chordal areas. this elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of dyspnea and tachycardia during physical exertion. rheumatic fever is its primary cause
Mivacurium: an isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease: a syndrome with overlapping clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polymyositis, and raynaud's phenomenon. the disease is differentially characterized by high serum titers of antibodies to ribonuclease-sensitive extractable (saline soluble) nuclear antigen and a speckled epidermal nuclear staining pattern on direct immunofluorescence
Mixed Dementias: dementias caused by multiple etiologies, e.g., alzheimer disease, and vascular dementia and/or lewy body disease
Mixed Function Oxygenases: widely distributed enzymes that carry out oxidation-reduction reactions in which one atom of the oxygen molecule is incorporated into the organic substrate; the other oxygen atom is reduced and combined with hydrogen ions to form water. they are also known as monooxygenases or hydroxylases. these reactions require two substrates as reductants for each of the two oxygen atoms. there are different classes of monooxygenases depending on the type of hydrogen-providing cosubstrate (coenzymes) required in the mixed-function oxidation
Mixed Tumor, Malignant: a malignant tumor composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue. (dorland, 27th ed)
Mixed Tumor, Mesodermal: a sarcoma of the body of the uterus arising in older women, composed of more than one mesenchymal tissue, especially including striated muscle cells. it is associated with previous pelvic radiation exposure in 20% of patients. (stedman, 25th ed; holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed, p1702)
Mixed Tumor, Mullerian: a tumor, basically a carcinoma with a single sarcoma such as leiomyosarcoma or angiosarcoma or multiple sarcomas of uterine origin. the role of estrogen has been postulated as a possible etiological factor in this tumor. (holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed, p1703)
Miyoshi myopathy: an autosomal recessive skeletal muscle disorder characterized by onset in young adulthood of distal muscle weakness and atrophy affecting the upper and lower limbs but sparing the intrinsic hand muscles. the skeletal muscles are particularly affected and progression can involve the thigh and gluteal muscles. patients have difficulty walking, but usually remain ambulatory. serum creatine kinase is increased and muscle biopsies show myopathic and dystrophic changes with necrosis. mutations in the dysf gene have been identified. omim: 254130
Mizuhopecten yessoensis: accumulates dinoflagellate toxin yessotoxin which is associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning
Mobile Applications: computer programs or software installed on mobile electronic devices which support a wide range of functions and uses which include television, telephone, video, music, word processing, and internet service
Mobiletten: consists of lactic acid, fermented beet roots, vegetable & animal proteins, fructose
Mobiluncus: a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. its organisms are found in the human vagina, particularly in association with gardnerella vaginalis in cases of bacterial vaginosis
Mobiluncus: gramvariabilní anaerobní tyčinkovitá bakterie s bičíkem, poměrně často přítomná v pochvě ženy a prokazovaná často při bakteriální vaginóze, často ve spojení s gardnerella vaginalis. (uprav. podle velký lékařský slovník online, 2020 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Mobius Syndrome: a syndrome of congenital facial paralysis, frequently associated with abducens palsy and other congenital abnormalities including lingual palsy, clubfeet, brachial disorders, cognitive deficits, and pectoral muscle defects. pathologic findings are variable and include brain stem nuclear aplasia, facial nerve aplasia, and facial muscle aplasia, consistent with a multifactorial etiology. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1020)
Moclobemide: a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type a; (rima); (see monoamine oxidase inhibitors) that has antidepressive properties
Modafinil: a benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and cyp3a4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of narcolepsy and sleep wake disorders
Models, Anatomic: three-dimensional representation to show anatomic structures. models may be used in place of intact animals or organisms for teaching, practice, and study
Models, Animal: non-human animals, selected because of specific characteristics, for use in experimental research, teaching, or testing
Models, Biological: theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. for disease models in living animals, disease models, animal is available. biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment
Models, Biopsychosocial: a systematic integration of biological, psychological, and social approaches to the study of mental health and specific mental disorders
Models, Cardiovascular: theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the cardiovascular system, processes, or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers and other electronic equipment
Models, Chemical: theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment
Models, Econometric: the application of mathematical formulas and statistical techniques to the testing and quantifying of economic theories and the solution of economic problems
Models, Economic: statistical models of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, as well as of financial considerations. for the application of statistics to the testing and quantifying of economic theories models, econometric is available
Models, Educational: theoretical models which propose methods of learning or teaching as a basis or adjunct to changes in attitude or behavior. these educational interventions are usually applied in the fields of health and patient education but are not restricted to patient care
Models, Genetic: theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. they include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment
Models, Immunological: theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of immune system, processes, or phenomena. they include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electrical equipment
Models, Molecular: models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures
Models, Neurological: theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment
Models, Nursing: theoretical models simulating behavior or activities in nursing, including nursing care, management and economics, theory, assessment, research, and education. some examples of these models include orem self-care model, roy adaptation model, and rogers life process model
Models, Organizational: theoretical representations and constructs that describe or explain the structure and hierarchy of relationships and interactions within or between formal organizational entities or informal social groups
Models, Psychological: theoretical representations that simulate psychological processes and/or social processes. these include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment
Models, Spatial Interaction: estimates of the flow of people, material or information between locations in geographic space
Models, Statistical: statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc
Models, Structural: a representation, generally small in scale, to show the structure, construction, or appearance of something. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Models, Theoretical: theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. they include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment
Modems: equipment that sends digital information over telephone lines. the term modem is a short form of the phrase modulator-demodulator
Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus: a non-replicating vaccinia virus strain. it has been used in developing smallpox vaccine
Modrý kříž a Modrý štít - pojistné plány: předplacené zdravotní a nemocniční pojištění
Moebius axonal neuropathy hypogonadism: moebius syndrome with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and progressive peripheral neuropathy axonal and demyelinating type
Moebiův syndrom: soubor příznaků kongenitální obrny některých hlavových nervů, zejm. n. iii., vi. a vii., v důsledku aplazie jejich jader (ageneze či časná atrofie gangliových buněk). dále může být obrna a atrofie svalů jazyka, poruchy polykání, mohou být i malformace končetin. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Mohs Surgery: a surgical technique used primarily in the treatment of skin neoplasms, especially basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. this procedure is a microscopically controlled excision of cutaneous tumors either after fixation in vivo or after freezing the tissue. serial examinations of fresh tissue specimens are most frequently done
Moire Topography: a method of three-dimensional morphometry in which contour maps are produced from the overlapping interference fringes created when an object is illuminated by beams of coherent light issuing from two different point sources
Molar: the most posterior teeth on either side of the jaw, totaling eight in the deciduous dentition (2 on each side, upper and lower), and usually 12 in the permanent dentition (three on each side, upper and lower). they are grinding teeth, having large crowns and broad chewing surfaces. (jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p821)
Molar Hypomineralization: a type of developmental disturbance of amelogenesis involving molars of any type (obligatory) plus other teeth sometimes. it is characterized by demarcated enamel opacities with unknown systemic causation (idiopathic)
Molar, Third: the aftermost permanent tooth on each side in the maxilla and mandible
Molasses: the syrup remaining after sugar is crystallized out of sugarcane or sugar beet juice. it is also used in animal feed, and in a fermented form, is used to make industrial ethyl alcohol and alcoholic beverages
Moldavsko: východoevropský vnitrozemský stát ležící mezi ukrajinou a rumunskem. jeho hlavním městem je kišiněv
Moldova: country in europe south and west of ukraine and east of romania. the capital is chisinau
Mole Rats: any of several burrowing rodents of the families muridae and bathyergidae, found in eastern europe, africa, and asia. they have short limbs, small eyes with permanently closed lids, and no tail. three genera spalax (muridae), heterocephalus (bathyergidae) and cryptomys (bathyergidae) are used frequently as experimental animals in biomedical research. (from walker's mammals of the world, 6th ed)
Molecular Biology: a discipline concerned with studying biological phenomena in terms of the chemical and physical interactions of molecules
Molecular Chaperones: a family of cellular proteins that mediate the correct assembly or disassembly of polypeptides and their associated ligands. although they take part in the assembly process, molecular chaperones are not components of the final structures
Molecular Docking Simulation: a computer simulation technique that is used to model the interaction between two molecules. typically the docking simulation measures the interactions of a small molecule or ligand with a part of a larger molecule such as a protein
Molecular Dynamics Simulation: a computer simulation developed to study the motion of molecules over a period of time
Molecular Epidemiology: the application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. the examination of patterns of changes in dna to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples
Molecular Farming: the large scale production of pharmaceutically important and commercially valuable recombinant proteins
Molecular Imaging: the use of molecularly targeted imaging probes to localize and/or monitor biochemical and cellular processes via various imaging modalities that include radionuclide imaging; ultrasonography; magnetic resonance imaging; fluorescence imaging; and microscopy
Molecular Imprinting: a methodology for chemically synthesizing polymer molds of specific molecules or recognition sites of specific molecules. applications for molecularly imprinted polymers (mips) include separations, assays and biosensors, and catalysis
Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action: pharmacological activities at the molecular level of drugs and other exogenous compounds that are used to treat diseases and affect normal biochemistry
Molecular Medicine: the field of medicine concerned with understanding the biochemical basis of health and disease and involved in developing diagnostic and therapeutic methods that utilize molecular biology techniques
Molecular Mimicry: the structure of one molecule that imitates or simulates the structure of a different molecule
Molecular Motor Proteins: proteins that are involved in or cause cell movement such as the rotary structures (flagellar motor) or the structures whose movement is directed along cytoskeletal filaments (myosin; kinesin; and dynein motor families)
Molecular Probe Techniques: the use of devices which use detector molecules to detect, investigate, or analyze other molecules, macromolecules, molecular aggregates, or organisms
Molecular Probes: a group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. radioactive dna or rna sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by nucleic acid hybridization
Molecular Sequence Annotation: the addition of descriptive information about the function or structure of a molecular sequence to its molecular sequence data record
Molecular Sequence Data: descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as genbank, european molecular biology laboratory (embl), national biomedical research foundation (nbrf), or other sequence repositories
Molecular Structure: the location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds
Molecular Targeted Therapy: treatments with drugs which interact with or block synthesis of specific cellular components characteristic of the individual's disease in order to stop or interrupt the specific biochemical dysfunction involved in progression of the disease
Molecular Typing: using molecular biology techniques, such as dna sequence analysis; pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; and dna fingerprinting, to identify, classify, and compare organisms and their subtypes
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: synthetic polymeric matrices with artificial molecular recognition sites generated by molecular imprinting technique. it can specifically bind target molecules (e.g., antibodies, enzymes or receptors)
Moles: any of numerous burrowing mammals found in temperate regions and having minute eyes often covered with skin
Molindone: an indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. molindone has much lower affinity for d2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for d1 receptors. it has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of clozapine. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1994, p283)
Molineoidae: a superfamily of roundworms in the order strongylida. it comprises the single family molineidae and subfamily nematodirinae
Molineoidae: nadčeleď hlístic řádu strongylida. zahrnuje jedinou čeleď molineidae a podčeleď nematodirinae
Mollomed: heat polymerizing silicone material for maxillofacial prosthesis
Molluginaceae: a plant family of the order caryophyllales, subclass caryophyllidae, class magnoliopsida. some members contain triterpenoid saponins
Molluginaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu caryophyllales, podtřídy caryophyllidae, třídy magnoliopsida. někteří zástupci obsahují triterpenoidní saponiny