NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Ateles geoffroyi: a species in the genus ateles, subfamily atelinae, comprising several mesoamerican spider monkeys including geoffroy's spider monkey (ateles geoffroyi geoffroyi). sometimes referred to as central american spider monkey, it inhabits rainforest from mexico to colombia
Ateles geoffroyi: velká novosvětská opice obývající tropické deštné lesy a území mangrovových bažin v mexiku, guatemale, belize, nikaragui, hondurasu a panamě. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Atelidae: a family of new world monkeys in the infraorder platyrrhini, comprising two subfamilies: alouattinae and atelinae
Atelidae: čeleď ploskonosých opic, které žijí v deštných pralesích jižní a střední ameriky. čeleď chápanovití má dvě podčeledi, chápany (atelinae) se třemi žijícími rody a vřešťany (alouattinae) s jedním rodem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Atelinae: a subfamily in the family atelidae, comprising three genera: woolly monkeys (lagothrix), spider monkeys (ateles), and woolly spider monkeys (brachyteles)
Atelinae: podčeleď ploskonosých opic čeledi atelidae (chápanovití), která zahrnuje tři žijící rody: lagothrix, ateles a brachyteles
Atenolol: a cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to propranolol, but without a negative inotropic effect
Atherectomy: endovascular procedure in which atheromatous plaque is excised by a cutting or rotating catheter. it differs from balloon and laser angioplasty procedures which enlarge vessels by dilation but frequently do not remove much plaque. if the plaque is removed by surgical excision under general anesthesia rather than by an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called endarterectomy
Atherectomy, Coronary: percutaneous transluminal procedure for removing atheromatous plaque from the coronary arteries. both directional (for removing focal atheromas) and rotational (for removing concentric atheromatous plaque) atherectomy devices have been used
Atherosclerosis: a thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries that occurs with formation of atherosclerotic plaques within the arterial intima
Athetosis: a dyskinesia characterized by an inability to maintain the fingers, toes, tongue, or other body parts in a stable position, resulting in continuous slow, sinusoidal, and flowing involuntary movements. this condition is frequently accompanied by chorea, where it is referred to as choreoathetosis. athetosis may occur as a manifestation of basal ganglia diseases or drug toxicity. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p76)
Athletes: individuals who have developed skills, physical stamina and strength or participants in sports or other physical activities
Athletic Performance: carrying out of specific physical routines or procedures by one who is trained or skilled in physical activity. performance is influenced by a combination of physiological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors
Athletic Tape: adhesive tape with the mechanical strength to resist stretching. it is applied to the skin to support, stabilize, and restrict movement to aid healing and/or prevent injuries of the musculoskeletal system
Athletic Trainers: health care professionals who render service or treatment, under the direction of or in collaboration with a physician, in accordance with their education and training and state statutes, rules and regulations. services provided are related to injury and illness prevention, wellness promotion and education, emergent care, examination and clinical diagnosis, therapeutic intervention, and rehabilitation of injuries and medical conditions. (from https://www.bocatc.org/)
Atlantic Islands: widely scattered islands in the atlantic ocean as far north as the azores and as far south as the south sandwich islands, with the greatest concentration found in the caribbean region. they include annobon island, ascension, canary islands, falkland islands, fernando po (also called isla de bioko and bioko), gough island, madeira, sao tome and principe, saint helena, and tristan da cunha
Atlanto-Axial Fusion: a congenital deformity, not a surgical fusion technique
Atlanto-Occipital Joint: the point of articulation between the occipital bone and the cervical atlas
Atlantský oceán: rozkládá se mezi západní evropou a afrikou, východním pobřežím severní ameriky a jižní ameriky a antarktidou. je druhým největším z pěti světových oceánů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Atlas: work consisting of collections of illustrative plates, charts, etc., usually with explanatory captions
Atmosphere: the gaseous envelope surrounding a planet or similar body. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Atmosphere Exposure Chambers: experimental devices used in inhalation studies in which a person or animal is either partially or completely immersed in a chemically controlled atmosphere
Atmospheric Pressure: the pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: a propylamine derivative and selective adrenergic uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Atorvastatin: a pyrrole and heptanoic acid derivative, hydroxymethylglutaryl-coa reductase inhibitor (statin), and anticholesteremic agent that is used to reduce serum levels of ldl-cholesterol; apolipoprotein b; and triglycerides. it is used to increase serum levels of hdl-cholesterol in the treatment of hyperlipidemias, and for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in patients with multiple risk factors
Atovaquone: a hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols
Atractylis: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain atractyloside which inhibits adenine nucleotide translocase
Atractylis: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. zástupci obsahují atraktylosid, diterpenoidní glukosid nor-kauranového typu, který inhibuje mitochondriální adp/atp-translokázu
Atractylodes: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain hinesol and atractylon. atractylodes rhizome is byaku-jutsu. a. lancea rhizome is so-jutsu
Atractylodes: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. zástupci obsahují hinesol a atraktylon. oddenek druhu atractylodes macrocephala se nazývá baizhu. oddenek a. lancea se nazývá cang zhu
Atractyloside: a glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including atractylis gummifera (atractylis); coffee; xanthium, and callilepis. toxicity is due to inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocase
Atracurium: a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents
Atrasentan: a pyrrolidine and benzodioxole derivative that acts a receptor, endothelin a antagonist. it has therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic agent and for the treatment of diabetic nephropathies
Atrazine: a selective triazine herbicide. inhalation hazard is low and there are no apparent skin manifestations or other toxicity in humans. acutely poisoned sheep and cattle may show muscular spasms, fasciculations, stiff gait, increased respiratory rates, adrenal degeneration, and congestion of the lungs, liver, and kidneys. (from the merck index, 11th ed)
Atresia of small intestine: congenital blockage or narrowing of the small intestine
Atrial Appendage: ear-shaped appendage of either atrium of the heart. (dorland, 28th ed)
Atrial Fibrillation: abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (heart atria). in such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (heart ventricles). it is caused by abnormal impulse generation
Atrial Fibrillation, Familial, 3: mutation in kcnq1
Atrial Flutter: rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. unlike atrial fibrillation which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. as in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (heart ventricles)
Atrial Function: the hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the heart atria
Atrial Function, Left: the hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the left atrium
Atrial Function, Right: the hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the right atrium
Atrial Myosins: myosin type ii isoforms specifically found in the atrial muscle of the heart
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: a potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight peptides derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the heart atrium. all these peptides share a sequence of about 20 amino acids
Atrial Premature Complexes: a type of cardiac arrhythmia with premature atrial contractions or beats caused by signals originating from ectopic atrial sites. the ectopic signals may or may not conduct to the heart ventricles. atrial premature complexes are characterized by premature p waves on ecg which are different in configuration from the p waves generated by the normal pacemaker complex in the sinoatrial node
Atrial Pressure: the pressure within the cardiac atrium. it can be measured directly by using a pressure catheter (see heart catheterization). it can be also estimated using various imaging techniques or other pressure readings such as pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (an estimate of left atrial pressure) and central venous pressure (an estimate of right atrial pressure)
Atrial Remodeling: long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the heart atria that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with atrial fibrillation or long periods of intense exercise
Atrial Septal Defect Sinus Venosus: an atrial-septal defect located in the superior and posterior portion of the atrial septum within the sinus venosus, a large quadrangular cavity which precedes the atrium on the venous side of the heart. because of its location, it can be more difficult to visualize by routine echocardiography. it is associated with abnormal drainage of one or more right sided pulmonary veins
Atrial Septal Defect, Secundum Type: a heterogeneous group of atrial heart septal defects (asd) that occurs both sporadically and in families (omim: 108800). conduction defects or non-cardiac abnormalities may or may not be present. in familial cases, genes have been mapped and mutations identified for several types, including a mutation in the gata4 gene for asd2 (omim: 607941)
Atrial Septum: the thin membrane-like muscular structure separating the right and the left upper chambers (heart atria) of a heart
Atrial myxoma, familial: a hereditary cardiac myxoma that affects the left and right atria and pulmonary valve. affected individuals are also susceptible to bacterial endocarditis. intracardiac myxoma is a component of the carney complex (omim: 160980) and is associated with mutations in the prkar1a gene. omim: 255960
Atrioventricular Block: impaired impulse conduction from heart atria to heart ventricles. av block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction
Atrioventricular Node: a small nodular mass of specialized muscle fibers located in the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus. it gives rise to the atrioventricular bundle of the conduction system of the heart
Atrioventricular Septal Defect: a range of congenital heart septal defects characterized by both a common atrioventricular junction and deficient atrioventricular septation. germline mutations in the col6a1, col6a2, and creld1 genes have been identified. omim: 606215
Atriplex: rod lebeda podle starších taxonomických systémů, založených hlavně na morfologii rostlin, příslušel do čeledi merlíkovitých (chenopodiaceae). s nástupem nového taxonomického systému apg, založeného na molekulárně biologických metodách, byla v roce 2001 tato čeleď rekonstruována a vřazena do čeledi laskavcovitých (amaranthaceae) jako podčeleď merlíkové (chenopodoideae). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Atropa: a plant genus of the family solanaceae which contain solanaceous alkaloids including atropine which is named after this genus
Atropa: rod rostlin čeledi solanaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují různé tropanové alkaloidy a glykosidy. název alkaloidu atropinu je odvozen od názvu tohoto rodu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Atropa belladonna: a plant species of the genus atropa, family solanaceae that contains atropine; scopolamine; belladonna alkaloids and other solanaceous alkaloids. some species in this genus are called deadly nightshade which is also a common name for solanum
Atropa belladonna: druh jedovaté byliny rodu atropa, čeledi solanaceae. obsahuje alkaloidy atropin, skopolamin, l-hyoscyamin, apoatropin, belladonin a glykosid methylaeskulin. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Atrophic Maxilla: loss of the maxilla bone mass and/or height due to natural edentulous maxilla (jaw, edentulous) or previous dental extractions. it may require a reconstruction via bone transplantation and/or alveoloplasty prior to a dental implantation
Atrophic Vaginitis: inflammation of the vagina due to thinning of the vaginal wall and decreased lubrication associated with reduced estrogen levels at menopause
Atrophy: decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes
Atropine: an alkaloid, originally from atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly solanaceae. hyoscyamine is the 3(s)-endo isomer of atropine
Attachment Sites, Microbiological: specific loci on both the bacterial dna (attb) and the phage dna (attp) which delineate the sites where recombination takes place between them, as the phage dna becomes integrated (inserted) into the bacterial dna during lysogeny
Attention: focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. it is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: a behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. the disorder is more frequent in males than females. onset is in childhood. symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (from dsm-v)
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders: includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorders. symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors
Attentional Bias: an increased focus or awareness of certain stimuli over others, which influence behavior
Attentional Blink: temporary visual deficit or impaired visual processing occurring in a rapid serial visual presentation task. after a person identifies the first of two visual targets, the ability to detect the second target is impaired for the next few hundred milliseconds. this phenomenon is called attentional blink
Attitude: an enduring, learned predisposition to behave in a consistent way toward a given class of objects, or a persistent mental and/or neural state of readiness to react to a certain class of objects, not as they are but as they are conceived to be
Attitude of Health Personnel: attitudes of personnel toward their patients, other professionals, toward the medical care system, etc
Attitude to Death: conceptual response of the person to the various aspects of death, which are based on individual psychosocial and cultural experience
Atypical Bacterial Forms: microorganisms that have undergone greater changes than normal in morphology, physiology, or cultural characteristics
Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: an hereditary hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with variations in the gene that encodes complement factor h, or the related proteins cfhr1 and cfhr3. disease often progresses to chronic kidney failure without the prodromal symptoms of enterocolitis and diarrhea that characterize typical hemolytic uremic syndrome
Atypical Mycobacteriosis, Familial, X-Linked 2: mutation in cybb
Atypical Squamous Cells of the Cervix: morphological abnormalities of the cervical epithelium, usually revealed in pap smear, which do not meet the criteria for squamous cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix . it may be a sign of infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (hpv).or sign of a benign (not cancer) growth, such as a cyst or polyp or, in menopausal women, of low hormone levels. more testing, such as hpv test, may be needed
AuPdAg alloy: gold, palladium and silver alloys used in dental veneering resins
Audioanalgesia: method of pain control in which auditory stimulation including music, white noise, and environmental sounds are used
Audiologists: professionals skilled at diagnostic testing of hearing, hearing impairment, and correction of hearing impairment by non-medical or non-surgical means
Audiometry: the testing of the acuity of the sense of hearing to determine the thresholds of the lowest intensity levels at which an individual can hear a set of tones. the frequencies between 125 and 8000 hz are used to test air conduction thresholds and the frequencies between 250 and 4000 hz are used to test bone conduction thresholds
Audiometry, Evoked Response: a form of electrophysiologic audiometry in which an analog computer is included in the circuit to average out ongoing or spontaneous brain wave activity. a characteristic pattern of response to a sound stimulus may then become evident. evoked response audiometry is known also as electric response audiometry
Audiometry, Pure-Tone: measurement of hearing based on the use of pure tones of various frequencies and intensities as auditory stimuli
Audiometry, Speech: measurement of the ability to hear speech under various conditions of intensity and noise interference using sound-field as well as earphones and bone oscillators
Auditory Brain Stem Implantation: surgical insertion of an electronic hearing device (auditory brain stem implants) with electrodes to the cochlea nucleus in the brain stem rather than to the inner ear as in cochlear implantation
Auditory Brain Stem Implants: multi-channel hearing devices typically used for patients who have tumors on the cochlear nerve and are unable to benefit from cochlear implants after tumor surgery that severs the cochlear nerve. the device electrically stimulates the nerves of cochlea nucleus in the brain stem rather than the inner ear as in cochlear implants
Auditory Cortex: the region of the cerebral cortex that receives the auditory radiation from the medial geniculate body
Auditory Diseases, Central: disorders of hearing or auditory perception due to pathological processes of the auditory pathways in the central nervous system. these include central hearing loss and auditory perceptual disorders
Auditory Fatigue: loss of sensitivity to sounds as a result of auditory stimulation, manifesting as a temporary shift in auditory threshold. the temporary threshold shift, tts, is expressed in decibels
Auditory Neuropathy, Nonsyndromic Recessive: mutation in otoferlin
Auditory Pathways: neural pathways and connections within the central nervous system, beginning at the hair cells of the organ of corti, continuing along the eighth cranial nerve, and terminating at the auditory cortex
Auditory Perception: the process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized, and interpreted by the organism
Auditory Perceptual Disorders: acquired or developmental cognitive disorders of auditory perception characterized by a reduced ability to perceive information contained in auditory stimuli despite intact auditory pathways. affected individuals have difficulty with speech perception, sound localization, and comprehending the meaning of inflections of speech
Auditory neuropathy: a hearing disorder in which sound enters the inner ear normally but the transmission of signals from the inner ear to the brain is impaired. germline mutations in the otof gene have been identified for auditory neuropathy, autosomal recessive, 1 (omim: 601071)
Augmented Reality: technology in which images of virtual objects and/or other digital information are superimposed over the real time view of the physical objects providing a composite view with guides for carrying out a task with or on the physical objects
Aural Atresia, Congenital: a hereditary autosomal dominant ear abnormality where defects in structures of the auditory canal or middle ear result in conductive hearing loss. decreased odor sensitivity and discrimination may also occur in some patients due to hypoplasia of the olfactory bulb. mutations in the tshz1 gene have been identified. omim: 607842
Aural Atresia, Multiple Congenital Anomalies, and Mental Retardation: atresia of the auditory canal, ventricular septal defect, anteriorly displaced anus, mild clubfoot, mental retardation
Auranofin: an oral chrysotherapeutic agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. its exact mechanism of action is unknown, but it is believed to act via immunological mechanisms and alteration of lysosomal enzyme activity. its efficacy is slightly less than that of injected gold salts, but it is better tolerated, and side effects which occur are potentially less serious
Aureobasidium: a genus of fungi in the family saccotheciaceae, order dothideales, and phylum ascomycota. aureobasidium fungi are cosmopolitan and form black hyphae when colony is aged. aureobasidium pullulans is best known and is one of the causative agents of phaeohyphomycosis
Aureobasidium: rod hub čeledi saccotheciaceae, řádu dothideales a kmene ascomycota. houby tohoto rodu jsou kosmopolitní a starší kolonie tvoří černé hyfy. nejznámější zástupce je aureobasidium pullulans, jeden z původců feohyfomykózy
Auricularia: a genus of fungi in the family auriculariaceae, order auriculariales and phylum basidiomycota. auricularia fungi are basidiomycetes which are gelatinous, ear-shaped mushrooms in decaying wood
Auricularia: rod hub čeledi auriculariaceae, řádu auriculariales a kmene basidiomycota. jsou to stopkovýtrusné houby. plodnice houby mají nápadnou chrupavčitou konzistenci, bývají chorošovitého, miskovitého či lasturovitého tvaru, vypouklé směrem vzhůru a bočně přirostlé ke dřevu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2021 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Auriculo-condylar syndrome: an autosomal dominant disorder that affects morphogenesis of the branchial region of the embryo, specifically the first and second pharyngeal arches. it is characterized by malformed ears (question mark ears), prominent cheeks,microstomia, abnormal temporomandibular joint, and mandibular condyle hypoplasia. mutations in the gnai3 gene have been identified. omim: 602483
Auriculotherapy: treatment of pain, drug addictions, or other ailments by stimulating the various points on the external ear (ear auricles). it is based on the ancient chinese practices of ear acupuncture, but sometimes magnets and other modes of stimulation are used
Aurintricarboxylic Acid: a dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. the ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues
Aurodox: antibiotic obtained from a streptomyces variant considered as possibly effective against streptococcus pyogenes infections. it may promote growth in poultry
Aurora Kinase A: an aurora kinase that localizes to the centrosome during mitosis and is involved in centrosome regulation and formation of the mitotic spindle. aurora a overexpression in many malignant tumor types suggests that it may be directly involved in neoplastic cell transformation
Aurora Kinase B: an aurora kinase that is a component of the chromosomal passenger protein complex and is involved in the regulation of mitosis. it mediates proper chromosome segregation and contractile ring function during cytokinesis
Aurora Kinase C: aurora kinase c is a chromosomal passenger protein that interacts with aurora kinase b in the regulation of mitosis. it is found primarily in germ cells in the testis, and may mediate chromosome segregation during spermatogenesis
Aurora Kinases: a family of highly conserved serine-threonine kinases that are involved in the regulation of mitosis. they are involved in many aspects of cell division, including centrosome duplication, spindle apparatus formation, chromosome alignment, attachment to the spindle, checkpoint activation, and cytokinesis
Aurora kinasa A: kináza aurora, která se během mitózy nachází v centrozomu a podílí se na regulaci centrozomu a tvorbě mitotického vřeténka. nadměrná exprese aurory a v mnoha typech maligních nádorů naznačuje, že se může přímo podílet na nádorové transformaci buněk
Aurora kinasa B: kináza aurora, která se během mitózy lokalizuje v centrozomu a podílí se na regulaci centrozomu a tvorbě mitotického vřeténka. nadměrná exprese aurory a v mnoha typech maligních nádorů naznačuje, že se může přímo podílet na nádorové transformaci buněk
Aurora kinasa C: kináza aurora c je chromozomální doprovodný protein, který při regulaci mitózy interaguje s kinázou aurora b. vyskytuje se především v zárodečných buňkách ve varlatech a během spermatogeneze může zprostředkovávat segregaci chromozomů
Aurothioglucose: a thioglucose derivative used as an antirheumatic and experimentally to produce obesity in animals
Aurovertins: very toxic and complex pyrone derivatives from the fungus calcarisporium arbuscula. they bind to and inhibit mitochondrial atpase, thereby uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. they are used as biochemical tools
Australasia: australia, new zealand and neighboring islands in the south pacific ocean. (random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed.)
Australasiaté: lidé pocházející z australasie nebo obývající tuto oblast, kam patří austrálie a nový zéland
Australasie: australasie je region oceánie, který zahrnuje nový zéland, austrálii, papuu-novou guineu a sousední ostrovy v tichém oceánu
Australia: the smallest continent and an independent country, comprising six states and two territories. its capital is canberra
Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples: the two groups of indigenous aboriginal peoples of australia. they include aboriginal australians and torres strait islanders. these are two distinct peoples with unique histories, languages, cultural practices and spiritual beliefs
Australian Capital Territory: a territory of australia consisting of canberra, the national capital and surrounding land. it lies geographically within new south wales and was established by law in 1988
Austria-Hungary: a dual monarchy formed in 1867. it included austria; hungary; czechoslovakia; moravia, bukovina, transylvania, carniola, kustenland, dalmatia, croatia; fiume, and galicia
Austrobaileyales: order of woody flowering plants which grow as trees and shrubs that include the genera, illicium and schisandra
Austrobaileyales: řád kvetoucích dřevin, který zahrnuje rody illicium a schisandra
Austrálie: nejmenší světadíl a nezávislá země sestávající z šesti států a dvou pevninských a několika malých ostrovních teritorií. hlavní město je canberra
Autacoids: a chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities
Authoritarianism: the personality pattern or syndrome consisting of behavioral and attitudinal characteristics reflecting a preoccupation with the factors of power and authority in interpersonal relationships
Authorship: the profession of writing. also the identity of the writer as the creator of a literary production
Autism Spectrum Disorder: wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from dsm-v)
Autistic Disorder: a disorder beginning in childhood. it is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (dsm-v)
Autoantibodies: antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them
Autoantigens: endogenous tissue constituents with the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response
Autocrine Communication: mode of communication wherein a bound hormone affects the function of the cell type that produced the hormone
Autoencoder: an unsupervised learning technique where the machine learns patterns in unlabeled data sets, makes compressed representations and reconstructs the input as output at minimum loss of features from the input. autoencoders are useful in denoising images, dimensionality reduction and feature extraction
Autogenic Training: technique based on muscle relaxation during self-hypnotic exercises. it is used in conjunction with psychotherapy
Autografts: transplant comprised of an individual's own tissue, transferred from one part of the body to another
Autoimmune Diseases: disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System: disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. the immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., multiple sclerosis) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., guillain-barre syndrome)
Autoimmune Hypophysitis: immune-mediated inflammation of the pituitary gland often associated with other autoimmune diseases (e.g., hashimoto disease; graves disease; and addison disease)
Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome: rare congenital lymphoid disorder due to mutations in certain fas-fas ligand pathway genes. known causes include mutations in fas, tnfsf6, nras, casp8, and casp10 proteins. clinical features include lymphadenopathy; splenomegaly; and autoimmunity
Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome, Type IA: mutation in fas gene
Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome, Type IB: mutation in fasl gene
Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome, Type IIA: mutation in casp10
Autoimmune Pancreatitis: chronic pancreatitis associated with autoimmune diseases
Autoimmune enteropathy: an autoimmune disorder that primarily affects infants and young children. it is characterized by severe gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea and vomiting , that result in malnutrition
Autoimmune limbic encephalitis: an autoimmune condition characterized by inflammation of the limbic system, though other brain regions may also be affected. patients usually present with severe short-term memory loss; however, confusion, psychiatric symptoms, and seizures may also occur. it may result from an underlying neoplasm (paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis) or be idiopathic
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome, type 1: disorder that is characterized by the presence of 2 of 3 major clinical symptoms: addison disease, and/or hypoparathyroidism, and/or chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. malabsorption syndromes and diarrhea are also common. germline mutations in the aire gene have been identified. omim: 240300
Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis: a form of dermatitis characterized by a recurrent skin rash coincident with the second phase of the menstrual cycle, when progesterone levels are highest
Autoimmunity: process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases
Autolysis: the spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes
Automation: controlled operation of an apparatus, process, or system by mechanical or electronic devices that take the place of human organs of observation, effort, and decision. (from webster's collegiate dictionary, 1993)
Automation, Laboratory: controlled operations of analytic or diagnostic processes, or systems by mechanical or electronic devices
Automobile Driver Examination: government required written and driving test given to individuals prior to obtaining an operator's license
Automobile Driving: the effect of environmental or physiological factors on the driver and driving ability. included are driving fatigue, and the effect of drugs, disease, and physical disabilities on driving
Autonomic Agents: agents affecting the function of, or mimicking the actions of, the autonomic nervous system and thereby having an effect on such processes as respiration, circulation, digestion, body temperature regulation, certain endocrine gland secretions, etc
Autonomic Denervation: the removal or interruption of some part of the autonomic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes
Autonomic Dysreflexia: a syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level (see spinal cord injuries) characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. manifestations include hypertension; tachycardia (or reflex bradycardia); fever; flushing; and hyperhidrosis. extreme hypertension may be associated with a stroke. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp538 and 1232; j spinal cord med 1997;20(3):355-60)
Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic: nerve fibers which project from cell bodies of autonomic ganglia to synapses on target organs
Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic: nerve fibers which project from the central nervous system to autonomic ganglia. in the sympathetic division most preganglionic fibers originate with neurons in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord, exit via ventral roots from upper thoracic through lower lumbar segments, and project to the paravertebral ganglia; there they either terminate in synapses or continue through the splanchnic nerves to the prevertebral ganglia. in the parasympathetic division the fibers originate in neurons of the brain stem and sacral spinal cord. in both divisions the principal transmitter is acetylcholine but peptide cotransmitters may also be released
Autonomic Nerve Block: interruption of sympathetic pathways, by local injection of an anesthetic agent, at any of four levels: peripheral nerve block, sympathetic ganglion block, extradural block, and subarachnoid block
Autonomic Nervous System: the enteric nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system; and sympathetic nervous system taken together. generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents
Autonomic Nervous System Diseases: diseases of the autonomic nervous system, including sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems
Autonomic Pathways: nerves and plexuses of the autonomic nervous system. the central nervous system structures which regulate the autonomic nervous system are not included
Autonomous Robots: machines that are engineered to learn about their environment and make decisions to complete tasks with little to no human intervention. these robots may be designed to complete tasks such as patient intervention, remote monitoring, inventory transportation, among many others
Autophagic Cell Death: a major activation of the autophagic pathway, characterized by massive accumulation of autophagosomes and cell death
Autophagosomes: large spherical double-layered structures which function in autophagy to engulf intracellular components such as organelles or pathogens. their outer membrane then fuses with the lysosome (forming the autolysosome) and the inner membrane and contents are digested by lysosomal hydrolases
Autophagy: the segregation and degradation of various cytoplasmic constituents via engulfment by multivesicular bodies; vacuoles; or autophagosomes and their digestion by lysosomes. it plays an important role in biological metamorphosis and in the removal of bone by osteoclasts. defective autophagy is associated with various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer
Autophagy-Related Protein 12: a ubiquitin-like modifier protein that functions in autophagosome formation, cytoplasm to vacuole transport, mitophagy, and nucleophagy. conjugation with atg5 protein or atg10 is essential for its function. the atg12-atg5 conjugate acts as an e3 ubiquitin ligase-like enzyme for lipid modification of atg8 family proteins and their localization to vesicle membranes
Autophagy-Related Protein 5: an autophagy-related protein that functions in autophagosome biogenesis. it is conjugated to the atg12 protein via a process that is similar to ubiquitination and involves the atg7 protein and atg10 enzyme. the atg12-atg5 conjugate acts as an e3 ubiquitin ligase-like enzyme and is required for the localization of atg8 proteins to autophagosome vesicle membranes and modification of membrane lipids
Autophagy-Related Protein 7: an autophagy related protein that is similar to ubiquitin-activating enzyme e1. it functions in cytoplasm to vacuole transport (cvt) and autophagy by activating atg12 protein for its conjugation with atg5 protein, as well as the conjugation of atg8 family proteins with phosphatidylethanolamine for atg8 association to cvt vesicles and autophagosome membranes. it is also required for the nitrogen starvation response in yeast, mitophagy; and autophagic cell death induced by caspase 8 inhibition
Autophagy-Related Protein 8 Family: ubiquitin-like modifier proteins that function in cytoplasm to vacuole transport (cvt), vesicle transport within the golgi apparatus, and autophagosome biogenesis. they are also required for selective autophagic degradation of the nucleus (nucleophagy) and mitophagy
Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog: a serine/threonine-protein kinase that functions in autophagy in response to starvation. it acts on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex pik3c3 to regulate autophagosome formation. it also functions as both a downstream effector and negative regulator of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mtorc1) and is activated by ampk, which it also negatively regulates
Autophagy-Related Proteins: proteins and enzymes that function, often as components of multiprotein complexes, to assemble autophagosomes and carry out autophagy
Autoradiography: the making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (dorland, 27th ed)
Autoreceptors: transmitter receptors on or near presynaptic terminals (or varicosities) which are sensitive to the transmitter(s) released by the terminal itself. receptors for the hormones released by hormone-releasing cells are also included
Autosomal Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy: emery-dreifuss muscular dystrophy associated with mutations on lamins (lmna gene)
Autotrophic Processes: the processes by which organisms use simple inorganic substances such as gaseous or dissolved carbon dioxide and inorganic nitrogen as nutrient sources. contrasts with heterotrophic processes which make use of organic materials as the nutrient supply source. autotrophs can be either chemoautotrophs (or chemolithotrophs), largely archaea and bacteria, which also use simple inorganic substances for their metabolic energy reguirements; or photoautotrophs (or photolithotrophs), such as plants and cyanobacteria, which derive their energy from light. depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (autotrophy; heterotrophy; chemotrophy; or phototrophy) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrient and energy requirements
Autovaccines: bacterial vaccines prepared from non-pathogenic, autologous bacteria of human origin. in eastern europe they are used in humans to treat chronic inflammatory disorders that are resistant to standard treatments. worldwide they have veterinary use in all types of infectious disease
Auxilins: a family of proteins that play a role as cofactors in the process of clathrin recycling in cells
Avastrovirus: a genus of astroviridae infecting avian species and often involving extra-intestinal manifestations. the type species is turkey astrovirus
Avastrovirus: rod virů čeledi astroviridae infikující ptactvo. k projevům nákazy často patří extraintestinální manifestace. typovým druhem je krůtí astrovirus
Avatar: a computer representation of users in a computer-generated world. avatar technology is used in various applications such as in education, exercise, gaming and training
Avcothane: blood compatible elastomer consisting of polyurethane & poly(dialkylsiloxane)
Aversive Agents: chemicals added to pharmacologic preparations, poisonous household goods, and other chemicals to discourage their abuse or consumption
Aversive Therapy: a treatment that suppresses undesirable behavior by simultaneously exposing the subject to unpleasant consequences
Aviadenovirus: a genus of adenoviridae that infects birds. the type species is fowl adenovirus a
Aviadenovirus: rod virů čeledi adenoviridae, které infikují ptáky. typovým druhem je drůbeží adenovirus a
Avian Leukosis: a group of transmissible viral diseases of chickens and turkeys. liver tumors are found in most forms, but tumors can be found elsewhere
Avian Leukosis Virus: the type species of alpharetrovirus producing latent or manifest lymphoid leukosis in fowl
Avian Myeloblastosis Virus: a species of alpharetrovirus causing anemia in fowl
Avian Sarcoma Viruses: group of alpharetroviruses (alpharetrovirus) producing sarcomata and other tumors in chickens and other fowl and also in pigeons, ducks, and rats
Avibirnavirus: a genus of rna viruses in the family birnaviridae infecting birds. it is transmitted horizontally with no known vectors. the type species is infectious bursal disease virus
Avibirnavirus: rod rna-virů čeledi birnaviridae, které infikují ptáky. jsou přenášeny horizontálně, vektory nejsou známé. typovým druhem je virus infekční bursitidy drůbeže
Avicennia: a plant genus of the family acanthaceae. members contain naphthoquinones. black mangroves (common name for the genus) are distinguished from other mangroves by their spike-like aerial roots called pneumatophores that project from the soil or water surrounding the plants
Avicennia: rod slanomilných rostlin čeledi acanthaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují naftochinony. rod zahrnuje mangrovové stromy vyskytující se v pobřežní zóně estuárů s charakteristickými chůdovitými kořeny a pneumatoforami. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Avidin: a specific protein in egg albumin that interacts with biotin to render it unavailable to mammals, thereby producing biotin deficiency
Avihepadnavirus: a genus of hepadnaviridae infecting birds but rarely causing clinical problems. transmission is predominantly vertical. hepatitis b virus, duck is the type species
Avihepadnavirus: rod virů čeledi hepadnaviridae infikující ptáky. jen vzácně způsobují klinická onemocnění. převažuje vertikální přenos. typovým druhem je virus hepatitidy b kachen
Avipoxvirus: a genus of the family poxviridae, subfamily chordopoxvirinae, comprising bird poxviruses. the type species is fowlpox virus. transmission is mechanical by arthropods
Avipoxvirus: rod virů čeledi poxviridae, podčeledi chordopoxvirinae, který obsahuje ptačí poxviry. typovým druhem je virus ptačích neštovic. přenos probíhá mechanicky prostřednictvím členovců
Avitaminosis: a condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (dorland, 27th ed)
Avoidance Learning: a response to a cue that is instrumental in avoiding a noxious experience
Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: an eating or feeding disturbance (e.g., apparent lack of interest in eating or food; avoidance based on the sensory characteristics of food; concern about aversive consequences of eating) as manifested by persistent failure to meet appropriate nutritional and/or energy needs associated with one (or more) of the following: significant weight loss (or failure to achieve expected weight gain or faltering growth in children); significant nutritional deficiency; dependence on enteral feeding or oral nutritional supplements; or marked interference with psychosocial functioning. (from dsm-v)
Avulavirus: a genus in the subfamily paramyxovirinae, family paramyxoviridae, causing disease in domestic fowl. there are many species, the most well-known being avian paramyxovirus 1 (newcastle disease virus)
Avulavirus: rod virů podčeledi paramyxovirinae, čeledi paramyxoviridae. způsobují onemocnění u domácí drůbeže. patří sem mnoho druhů, nejznámější je ptačí paramyxovirus 1 (virus newcastleské nemoci)
Avulavirus Infections: infections with viruses of the genus avulavirus, family paramyxoviridae. this includes newcastle disease and other infections of domestic fowl
Awareness: the act of taking account of an object or state of affairs. it does not imply assessment of, nor attention to the qualities or nature of the object
Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome: a spectrum of developmental abnormalities affecting the anterior segment of the eye. blindness due to glaucoma occurs in 50% of cases. other anomalies include dental enamel hypoplasia, failure of involution of periumbilical skin, and hypoplasia of the maxillary bone. germline mutations have been identified in the pitx2 gene for type i (omim: 180500) and the foxc gene for type 3 (omim: 602482).type 2 has been mapped to chromosome 13 (omim: 601499)
Axial Length, Eye: the distance between the anterior and posterior poles of the eye, measured either by ultrasonography or by partial coherence interferometry
Axial Spondyloarthritis: a spectrum of chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the axial joints (e.g., spine), characterized by pain, stiffness of joints (ankylosis), reduced mobility and inflammation. when joint inflammation and damage are visible on regular x-rays it is called ankylosing spondylitis; otherwise it is referred to as non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis. hla-b27 antigen is a biomarker and il-23/il-17 pathway a potential therapeutic target for axial and other related spondyloarthritis
Axilla: area of the human body underneath the shoulder joint, also known as the armpit or underarm
Axillary Artery: the continuation of the subclavian artery; it distributes over the upper limb, axilla, chest and shoulder
Axillary Vein: the venous trunk of the upper limb; a continuation of the basilar and brachial veins running from the lower border of the teres major muscle to the outer border of the first rib where it becomes the subclavian vein
Axillofemoral Bypass Grafting: an extra-anatomic method of surgical revascularization in which the axillary artery is anastomosed to femoral artery
Axin Protein: a scaffolding protein that is a critical component of the axin signaling complex which binds to adenomatous polyposis coli protein; glycogen synthase kinase 3; and casein kinase i
Axin Signaling Complex: a specific complex of wnt signaling pathway proteins that mediates the phosphorylation-dependent destruction of cytosolic beta-catenin. the complex is disrupted by cell surface binding of wnt proteins, which allows beta-catenin levels to rise to the point where they migrate to the cell nucleus and activate transcription
Axinella: a genus of sponges in the family axinellidae, comprised of a choanosomal skeleton differentiated in the axial and extra-axial region. the type species is axinella polypoides