NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Tritium: the radioactive isotope of hydrogen also known as hydrogen-3. it contains two neutrons and one proton in its nucleus and decays to produce low energy beta particles
Tritolyl Phosphates: a mixture of isomeric tritolyl phosphates. used in the sterilization of certain surgical instruments and in many industrial processes
Tritonia: rod velkých mořských plžů z čeledi tritoniidae, kteří se vyskytují v severním tichém oceánu. používají se pro neurologický výzkum
Tritonia Sea Slug: a genus of large marine sea slugs in the family tritoniidae found in the northern pacific ocean. they are used in neurological research
Tritrichomonas: a genus of flagellate eukaryotes possessing three long anterior flagella
Tritrichomonas: rod bičenek se třemi dlouhými předními bičíky
Tritrichomonas foetus: a species of flagellate parasitic eukaryote. it possesses a long undulating membrane that is bordered on its outer margin by a flagellum that becomes free posteriorly. this organism causes infections in cows that could lead to temporary infertility or abortion
Tritrichomonas foetus: druh bičenky rodu tritrichomonas. má dlouhou undulující membránu lemovanou částí zadního bičíku. tritrichomonas foetus způsobuje sexuálně přenosné onemocnění dobytka (záněty v pohlavní soustavě, potraty až neplodnost). t. foetus je prvok identický s tritrichomonas suis, který žije jako komenzál v nosní dutině a střevě prasat
Triturus: a genus of aquatic newts in the salamandridae family. during breeding season many triturus males have a dorsal crest which also serves as an accessory respiratory organ. one of the common triturus species is triturus cristatus (crested newt)
Triturus: rod vodních čolků čeledi salamandridae. samci mají často v době páření vyvinutý hřbetní ploutevní lem, který také slouží jako přídavný dýchací orgán. jedním ze známých druhů je triturus cristatus (čolek velký)
Triumfetta: a plant genus of the family tiliaceae. the common name of burweed is also used for amsinckia. triumfetta semitriloba is considered a noxious weed
Triumfetta: rod rostlin čeledi malvaceae. triumfetta semitriloba je invazivní plevelný keř
Trochlear Nerve: the 4th cranial nerve. the trochlear nerve carries the motor innervation of the superior oblique muscles of the eye
Trochlear Nerve Diseases: diseases of the fourth cranial (trochlear) nerve or its nucleus in the midbrain. the nerve crosses as it exits the midbrain dorsally and may be injured along its course through the intracranial space, cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, or orbit. clinical manifestations include weakness of the superior oblique muscle which causes vertical diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is adducted and directed inferiorly. head tilt may be seen as a compensatory mechanism for diplopia and rotation of the visual axis. common etiologies include craniocerebral trauma and infratentorial neoplasms
Troglitazone: a chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (ppar) agonist. it was formerly used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity
Troglotrematidae: a family of flukes (trematoda) usually under 10 mm in length, some being only 1 or 2 mm long. in general they are thick, spinous, or scaly flukes having an oval outline and living in various organs and sinuses of birds and mammals. the genus with the greatest interest is paragonimus. (from noble et al., parasitology: the biology of animal parasites, 6th ed, p191)
Troglotrematidae: čeleď drobných motolic třídy trematoda, obvykle kratších než 10 mm. mají oválný tvar těla, na jeho povrchu jsou trny nebo šupiny. parazitují v různých orgánech a dutinách ptáků a savců. nejvýznamnější je rod paragonimus
Trogocytosis: process in which parts of target cell membrane is actively chopped up or gnawed and transferred to monocytes. although similar to phagocytosis it does not involve engulfing
Troleandomycin: a macrolide antibiotic that is similar to erythromycin
Trombiculiasis: infestation with mites of the genus trombicula, whose larvae carry the rickettsial agent of scrub typhus
Trombiculidae: family of mites in the superfamily trombiculoidea, suborder prostigmata, which attack humans and other vertebrates, causing dermatitis and severe allergic reactions. chiggers, red bugs, and harvest mites commonly refer to the larval stage of trombiculid mites, the only parasitic stage of the mite's life cycle
Trombiculidae: čeleď roztočů z nadčeledi trombiculoidea, podřádu prostigmata. jejich larvy žijí paraziticky na kůži lidi a jiných obratlovců a způsobují dermatitidy a těžké alergické reakce
Tromethamine: an organic amine proton acceptor. it is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (from merck, 11th ed; martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)
Tropaeolaceae: a plant family of the order geraniales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida
Tropaeolaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin řádu brassicales, třídy rosopsida
Tropaeolum: a plant genus of the family tropaeolaceae. the common nasturtium is a plant that grows 2.4-3.6 m (8-12 feet) tall and has funnel-shaped flowers that are commonly yellow-orange with red spots or stripes and have a long spur that contains sweet nectar. some species in this genus are called watercress which is also a common name for rorippa and nasturtium
Tropaeolum: jediný rod jednoletých nebo vytrvalých bylin z čeledě lichořeřišnicovité, s asi 95 druhy. původně pochází ze severních tropických oblastí jižní ameriky. různé druhy obsahují látky s bakteriostatickým a insekticidním účinkem a používají se v lidovém léčitelství. hlízy lichořeřišnice hlíznaté zajišťují základní výživu obyvatel v oblasti and. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Tropanes: n-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes best known for the ones found in plants
Tropheryma: a genus of gram-positive bacteria in the family cellulomonadaceae
Tropheryma: rod grampozitivních bakterií z čeledi cellulomonadaceae
Trophoblastic Neoplasms: trophoblastic growth, which may be gestational or nongestational in origin. trophoblastic neoplasia resulting from pregnancy is often described as gestational trophoblastic disease to distinguish it from germ cell tumors which frequently show trophoblastic elements, and from the trophoblastic differentiation which sometimes occurs in a wide variety of epithelial cancers. gestational trophoblastic growth has several forms, including hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma. (from holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed, p1691)
Trophoblastic Tumor, Placental Site: an uncommon variant of choriocarcinoma. it is composed almost entirely of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts (trophoblasts). because its secretion of hcg (chorionic gonadotropin) is low, a large tumor may develop before the hcg can be detected
Trophoblasts: cells lining the outside of the blastocyst. after binding to the endometrium, trophoblasts develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblasts, which form the early fetal-maternal interface (placenta)
Trophozoites: cells or feeding stage in the life cycle of sporozoan protozoa. in the malarial parasite, the trophozoite develops from the merozoite and then splits into the schizont. trophozoites that are left over from cell division can go on to form gametocytes
Tropical Climate: a climate which is typical of equatorial and tropical regions, i.e., one with continually high temperatures with considerable precipitation, at least during part of the year. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Tropical Medicine: the branch of medicine concerned with diseases, mainly of parasitic origin, common in tropical and subtropical regions
Tropicamide: one of the muscarinic antagonists with pharmacologic action similar to atropine and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic
Tropisetron: an indole derivative and 5-ht3 receptor antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting
Tropism: the directional growth of an organism in response to an external stimulus such as light, touch, or gravity. growth towards the stimulus is a positive tropism; growth away from the stimulus is a negative tropism. (from concise dictionary of biology, 1990)
Tropocollagen: the molecular unit of collagen fibrils that consist of repeating three-stranded polypeptide units arranged head to tail in parallel bundles. it is a right-handed triple helix composed of 2 polypeptide chains. it is rich in glycine, proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine
Tropoelastin: a salt-soluble precursor of elastin. lysyl oxidase is instrumental in converting it to elastin in connective tissue
Tropolone: a seven-membered aromatic ring compound. it is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (antifungal agents)
Tropomodulin: an actin capping protein that binds to the pointed-end of actin. it functions in the presence of tropomyosin to inhibit microfilament elongation
Tropomyosin: a protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. it inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by troponin
Troponin: one of the minor protein components of skeletal and cardiac muscles. it functions as the calcium-binding component in a complex with beta-tropomyosin; actin; and myosin and confers calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments. troponin itself is a complex of three regulatory proteins (troponin c; troponin i; and troponin t)
Troponin C: a troponin complex subunit that binds calcium and help regulate calcium-dependent muscle contraction. there are two troponin c subtypes: troponin c1 and c2. troponin c1 is skeletal and cardiac type whereas troponin c2 is skeletal type. troponin c1 is a biomarker for damaged or injured cardiac myocytes and mutations in troponin c1 gene are associated with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Troponin I: a troponin complex subunit that inhibits actomyosin atpase activity thereby disrupting actin and myosin interaction. there are three troponin i subtypes: troponin i1, i2 and i3. troponin i3 is cardiac-specific whereas troponin i1 and i2 are skeletal subtypes. troponin i3 is a biomarker for damaged or injured cardiac myocytes and mutations in troponin i3 gene are associated with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Troponin T: a troponin complex subunit that binds to tropomyosin. there are three troponin t subtypes: troponin t1, t2 and t3. troponin t2 is cardiac-specific whereas troponin t2 and t3 are skeletal subtypes. troponin t2 is a biomarker for damaged or injured cardiac myocytes and mutations in troponin t2 gene are associated with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Trout: various fish of the family salmonidae, usually smaller than salmon. they are mostly restricted to cool clear freshwater. some are anadromous. they are highly regarded for their handsome colors, rich well-flavored flesh, and gameness as an angling fish. the genera salvelinus, salmo, and oncorhynchus have been introduced virtually throughout the world
Truncated Hemoglobins: a family of hemoglobin-like proteins found in bacteria; plants; and unicellular eukaryotes. truncated hemoglobins are distantly related to vertebrate hemoglobins and are typically shorter than vertebrate hemoglobins by 20-40 residues
Truncus Arteriosus: the arterial trunk arising from the fetal heart. during development, it divides into aorta and the pulmonary artery
Truncus Arteriosus, Persistent: a congenital anomaly caused by the failed development of truncus arteriosus into separate aorta and pulmonary artery. it is characterized by a single arterial trunk that forms the outlet for both heart ventricles and gives rise to the systemic, pulmonary, and coronary arteries. it is always accompanied by a ventricular septal defect
Trusses: a surgical device designed for retaining a hernia in a reduced state within the abdominal cavity
Trustees: board members of an institution or organization who are entrusted with the administering of funds and the directing of policy
Truth Disclosure: truthful revelation of information, specifically when the information disclosed is likely to be psychologically painful (bad news) to the recipient (e.g., revelation to a patient or a patient's family of the patient's diagnosis or prognosis) or embarrassing to the teller (e.g., revelation of medical errors)
Trypan Blue: a diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain
Trypanocidal Agents: agents destructive to the protozoal organisms belonging to the suborder trypanosomatina
Trypanosoma: a genus of flagellate protozoans found in the blood and lymph of vertebrates and invertebrates, both hosts being required to complete the life cycle
Trypanosoma: zdravotnicky významný rod parazitických prvoků z kmene euglenozoa, třídy bičivky a řádu trypanozomy. jejich hostiteli jsou různí obratlovci a přenáší je zejména dvoukřídlý hmyz a ploštice. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Trypanosoma brucei brucei: a hemoflagellate subspecies of parasitic protozoa that causes nagana in domestic and game animals in africa. it apparently does not infect humans. it is transmitted by bites of tsetse flies (glossina)
Trypanosoma brucei brucei: poddruh parazitických prvoků způsobujících onemocnění nagana u domácích a divokých zvířat afriky. tento bičíkovec patrně nenapadá člověka. přenašečem je moucha tse-tse (glossina)
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: a hemoflagellate subspecies of parasitic protozoa that causes gambian or west african sleeping sickness in humans. the vector host is usually the tsetse fly (glossina)
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: poddruh parazitických prvoků způsobujících západoafrickou (chronickou) spavou nemoc u člověka. přenašečem je zpravidla moucha tse-tse (glossina)
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: a hemoflagellate subspecies of parasitic protozoa that causes rhodesian sleeping sickness in humans. it is carried by glossina pallidipes, g. morsitans and occasionally other species of game-attacking tsetse flies
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: poddruh parazitických prvoků způsobujících východoafrickou (akutní) spavou nemoc u člověka. přenašečem je moucha tse-tse (glossina pallidipes, g. morsitans a příležitostně další druhy tohoto rodu)
Trypanosoma congolense: a species of trypanosome hemoflagellates that is carried by tsetse flies and causes severe anemia in cattle. these parasites are also found in horses, sheep, goats, and camels
Trypanosoma congolense: druh parazitických prvoků rodu trypanosoma, který způsobuje těžkou anemii dobytka. tito parazité také napadají koně, ovce, kozy a velbloudy. bičíkovec je přenášený mouchou tse-tse
Trypanosoma cruzi: druh parazitických prvoků rodu trypanosoma, který je původcem americké trypanozomiázy neboli chagasovy nemoci. hostitelem je člověk a různí obratlovci. parazit je přenášený několika druhy hmyzu
Trypanosoma cruzi: the agent of south american trypanosomiasis or chagas disease. its vertebrate hosts are man and various domestic and wild animals. insects of several species are vectors
Trypanosoma lewisi: a trypanosome found in the blood of adult rats and transmitted by the rat flea. it is generally non-pathogenic in adult rats but can cause lethal infection in suckling rats
Trypanosoma lewisi: druh parazitických prvoků rodu trypanosoma, který se vyskytuje v krvi dospělých krys. pro dospělé jedince není patogenní, ale může způsobit úmrtí krysích mláďat. parazit je přenášený krysími blechami
Trypanosoma rangeli: a hemoflagellate parasite affecting domestic and wild animals, as well as humans and invertebrates. though it induces an immune response, it is non-pathogenic in humans and other vertebrates. it is cross-reactive with trypanosoma cruzi and can thus cause false positives for chagas disease
Trypanosoma rangeli: druh parazitických prvoků rodu trypanosoma, který napadá domácí i divoká zvířata, člověka i bezobratlé živočichy. ačkoli vyvolává imunitní odpověď hostitele, není pro člověka či jiné obratlovce patogenní. bičíkovec zkříženě reaguje s trypanosoma cruzi, což může způsobit falešně pozitivní výsledek testu na chagasovu nemoc
Trypanosoma vivax: aktivní krevní parazit, který se vyskytuje téměř ve všech domácích zvířatech afriky, západní indie a části střední a jižní ameriky. způsobuje onemocnění nagana, jehož závažnost je dána druhem napadeného živočicha. přenašečem v africe je moucha tse-tse, v ostatních zemích je bičíkovec přenášený mechanickou cestou, bez mezihostitele
Trypanosoma vivax: an active blood parasite that is present in practically all domestic animals in africa, the west indies, and parts of central and south america. in africa, the insect vector is the tsetse fly. in other countries, infection is by mechanical means indicating that the parasites have been introduced to these countries and have been able to maintain themselves in spite of the lack of a suitable intermediate host. it is a cause of nagana, the severity of which depends on the species affected
Trypanosomatina: a suborder of monoflagellate parasitic protozoa that lives in the blood and tissues of man and animals. representative genera include: blastocrithidia, leptomonas, crithidia, herpetomonas, leishmania, phytomonas, and trypanosoma. species of this suborder may exist in two or more morphologic stages formerly named after genera exemplifying these forms - amastigote (leishmania), choanomastigote (crithidia), promastigote (leptomonas), opisthomastigote (herpetomonas), epimastigote (blastocrithidia), and trypomastigote (trypanosoma)
Trypanosomatina: podřád významných parazitických prvoků z třídy bičivky, kmene euglenida a říše excavata. jejich hostiteli mohou být obratlovci včetně člověka, hmyz i rostliny. během svého životního cyklu se může tento parazit vyskytovat v různých morfologicky odlišných formách, typických pro jeden druh nebo rod. mezi tato stadia patří například: amastigot (leishmania), choanomastigot (crithidia), promastigot (leptomonas), opisthomastigot (herpetomonas), epimastigot (blastocrithidia) a trypomastigot (trypanosoma). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Trypanosomiasis, African: a disease endemic among people and animals in central africa. it is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly t. gambiense and t. rhodesiense. its second host is the tsetse fly. involvement of the central nervous system produces african sleeping sickness. nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals
Trypanosomiasis, Bovine: infection in cattle caused by various species of trypanosomes
Trypsin: a serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. it is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. it catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. ec 3.4.21.4
Trypsin Inhibitor, Bowman-Birk Soybean: a low-molecular-weight protein (minimum molecular weight 8000) which has the ability to inhibit trypsin as well as chymotrypsin at independent binding sites. it is characterized by a high cystine content and the absence of glycine
Trypsin Inhibitor, Kazal Pancreatic: a secreted kazal motif-containing serine peptidase inhibitor that inhibits trypsin. it is a protein composed of 56 amino acid residues and is different in amino acid composition and physiological activity from the kunitz bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (aprotinin). it protects against the trypsin-mediated premature activation of enzyme precursors in the pancreas. mutations in the spink1 gene are associated with chronic pancreatitis
Trypsin Inhibitor, Kunitz Soybean: a high-molecular-weight protein (approximately 22,500) containing 198 amino acid residues. it is a strong inhibitor of trypsin and human plasmin
Trypsin Inhibitors: serine proteinase inhibitors which inhibit trypsin. they may be endogenous or exogenous compounds
Trypsinogen: the inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (stedman, 25th ed)
Tryptases: a family of neutral serine proteases with trypsin-like activity. tryptases are primarily found in the secretory granules of mast cells and are released during mast cell degranulation
Tryptophan: an essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. it is a precursor of indole alkaloids in plants. it is a precursor of serotonin (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). it can be a precursor to niacin, albeit inefficiently, in mammals
Tryptophan Hydroxylase: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan in the presence of nadph and molecular oxygen. it is important in the biosynthesis of serotonin
Tryptophan Oxygenase: a dioxygenase with specificity for the oxidation of the indoleamine ring of tryptophan. it is a liver-specific enzyme that is the first and rate limiting enzyme in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism
Tryptophan Synthase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-serine and 1-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate to l-tryptophan and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. it is a pyridoxal phosphate protein that also catalyzes the conversion of serine and indole into tryptophan and water and of indoleglycerol phosphate into indole and glyceraldehyde phosphate. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 4.2.1.20
Tryptophan Transaminase: a pyridoxal phosphate containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer amino group from l-tryptophan to 2-oxoglutarate in order to generate indolepyruvate and l-glutamate
Tryptophan-tRNA Ligase: an enzyme that activates tryptophan with its specific transfer rna. ec 6.1.1.2
Tryptophanase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-tryptophan and water to indole, pyruvate, and ammonia. it is a pyridoxal-phosphate protein, requiring k+. it also catalyzes 2,3-elimination and beta-replacement reactions of some indole-substituted tryptophan analogs of l-cysteine, l-serine, and other 3-substituted amino acids. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 4.1.99.1
Tsetse Flies: bloodsucking flies of the genus glossina, found primarily in equatorial africa. several species are intermediate hosts of trypanosomes
Tsuga: a plant genus in the family pinaceae, order pinales, class pinopsida, division coniferophyta. they are coniferous evergreen trees and should not be confused with hemlock plants (cicuta and conium)
Tsuga: rod vždyzelených jehličnatých stromů čeledi pinaceae, řádu pinales, třídy pinopsida, oddělení pinophyta
Tsunamis: series of ocean waves produced by geologic events or underwater landslides. these waves can travel at speeds averaging 450 (and up to 600) miles per hour in the open ocean
Tuber Cinereum: layer of gray matter in the hypothalamus that also forms part of the floor of the third ventricle and merges anteriorly into the infundibulum (see pituitary gland, posterior)
Tubercidin: an antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into dna and rna has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids
Tuberculin: a protein extracted from boiled culture of tubercle bacilli (mycobacterium tuberculosis). it is used in the tuberculin skin test (tuberculin test) for the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in asymptomatic persons
Tuberculin Test: one of several skin tests to determine past or present tuberculosis infection. a purified protein derivative of the tubercle bacilli, called tuberculin, is introduced into the skin by scratch, puncture, or interdermal injection
Tuberculoma, Intracranial: a well-circumscribed mass composed of tuberculous granulation tissue that may occur in the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brain stem, or perimeningeal spaces. multiple lesions are quite common. management of intracranial manifestations vary with lesion site. intracranial tuberculomas may be associated with seizures, focal neurologic deficits, and intracranial hypertension. spinal cord tuberculomas may be associated with localized or radicular pain, weakness, sensory loss, and incontinence. tuberculomas may arise as opportunistic infections, but also occur in immunocompetent individuals
Tuberculosis: any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, Avian: a variety of tuberculosis affecting various birds, including chickens and ducks. it is caused by mycobacterium avium and characterized by tubercles consisting principally of epithelioid cells
Tuberculosis, Bovine: an infection of cattle caused by mycobacterium bovis. it is transmissible to man and other animals
Tuberculosis, Cardiovascular: pathological conditions of the cardiovascular system caused by infection of mycobacterium tuberculosis. tuberculosis involvement may include the heart; the blood vessels; or the pericardium
Tuberculosis, Central Nervous System: tuberculosis of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges (tuberculosis, meningeal), most often caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis and rarely by mycobacterium bovis. the infection may be limited to the nervous system or coexist in other organs (e.g., tuberculosis, pulmonary). the organism tends to seed the meninges causing a diffuse meningitis and leads to the formation of tuberculoma, which may occur within the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal spaces. tuberculous involvement of the vertebral column (tuberculosis, spinal) may result in nerve root or spinal cord compression. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp717-20)
Tuberculosis, Cutaneous: tuberculosis of the skin. it includes scrofuloderma and tuberculid, but not lupus vulgaris
Tuberculosis, Endocrine: infection of the endocrine glands with species of mycobacterium, most often mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, Extrapulmonary: mycobacterium infections of organs other than the lung
Tuberculosis, Female Genital: mycobacterium infections of the female reproductive tract (genitalia, female)
Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal: tuberculosis that involves any region of the gastrointestinal tract, mostly in the distal ileum and the cecum. in most cases, mycobacterium tuberculosis is the pathogen. clinical features include abdominal pain; fever; and palpable mass in the ileocecal area
Tuberculosis, Hepatic: infection of the liver with species of mycobacterium, most often mycobacterium tuberculosis. it is characterized by localized small tuberculous miliary lesions or tumor-like mass (tuberculoma), and abnormalities in liver function tests
Tuberculosis, Laryngeal: tuberculosis involving the larynx, producing ulceration of the vocal cords and the laryngeal mucosa
Tuberculosis, Lymph Node: infection of the lymph nodes by tuberculosis. tuberculous infection of the cervical lymph nodes is scrofula
Tuberculosis, Male Genital: mycobacterium infections of the male reproductive tract (genitalia, male)
Tuberculosis, Meningeal: a form of bacterial meningitis caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis or rarely mycobacterium bovis. the organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. the clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by seizures, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually coma. the illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an opportunistic infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)
Tuberculosis, Miliary: an acute form of tuberculosis in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant: tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more antitubercular agents, including at least isoniazid and rifampicin. the problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous opportunistic infections associated with hiv infections. it requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. tb with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, Ocular: tuberculous infection of the eye, primarily the iris, ciliary body, and choroid
Tuberculosis, Oral: tuberculosis of the mouth, tongue, and salivary glands
Tuberculosis, Pleural: tuberculosis of the serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity and surrounding the lungs
Tuberculosis, Spinal: osteitis or caries of the vertebrae, usually occurring as a complication of tuberculosis of the lungs
Tuberculosis, Urogenital: a general term for mycobacterium infections of any part of the urogenital system in either the male or the female
Tuberous Sclerosis: autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by mental retardation; epilepsy; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). there is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. it is also associated with cortical tuber and hamartomas formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. mutations in two loci tsc1 and tsc2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein: an intracellular signaling and tumor suppressor protein that forms a complex with tuberous sclerosis complex 2 protein (tsc2) and other signaling factors to negatively regulate mtorc1 signaling and affect cell growth and proliferation. structurally, it interacts with tsc2 through its n-terminal, which also contains gsk-3beta phosphorylation sites and a rho-kinase activation domain. it also contains a c-terminal coiled-coil domain and ezrin-radixin-moesin (erm) domain. mutations in the tsc1 gene are associated with tuberous sclerosis
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein: an intracellular signaling and tumor suppressor protein that forms a complex with tuberous sclerosis complex 1 protein (tsc1) and other signaling factors to negatively regulate mtorc1 and affect cell growth and proliferation. it can also function as gtpase-activating protein (gap) for rheb gtpase to activate mtorc1 independent of its role in the complex. structurally, it interacts with tsc1 through its n-terminus, which also contains a leucine zipper and coiled-coil region. it also has multiple phosphorylation sites for different cell signaling kinases, a central coiled-coil region, a c-terminal gap domain and calmodulin binding domain. mutations in the tsc2 gene are associated with tuberous sclerosis
Tubilicid: bactericidal solution with cleaning & surface active effect on enamel & dentine; contains chlorhexidene digluconate 0.1 g, dodicin (9% solution) 1.0 g & sodium fluoride 3.0 g in water to 100 g
Tubocurarine: a neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in curare; plant based alkaloid of menispermaceae
Tubular Sweat Gland Adenomas: various tubular forms of benign tumors of the sweat gland with glandular differentiation. common types include syringocystadenoma papilliferum of the head and neck, and hidradenoma papilliferum of the vulva area. hidradenoma papilliferum may be derived from mammary-like glands of the vulva
Tubulin: a microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. it has also been isolated from sperm flagellum; cilia; and other sources. structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8s. it binds to colchicine; vincristine; and vinblastine
Tubulin Modulators: agents that interact with tubulin to inhibit or promote polymerization of microtubules
Tubulina: a suborder of ameboid protozoa characterized by a branched or unbranched cylindrical body and the absence of bidirectional cytoplasmic flow. nuclear division is mesomitotic
Tubulina: podřád améboidních prvoků charakterizovaný větveným nebo nevětveným cylindrickým tělem a absencí dvojsměrného toku cytoplazmy. jaderné dělení je mezomitotické
Tubulitec: dental cavity lining of polystyrene in chloroform with calcium fluorophosphate & diiodothymol
Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis: a rare disorder characterized by anterior uveitis, tubulointerstital nephritis or glomerulonephritis, circulating antigen-antibody complexes, and non-caseating granulomas in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. an association with certain hla alleles has been observed, especially hla-drb1*0102. omim: 607665
Tudor Domain: a conserved, approximately 50 amino acid, protein sequence that adopts a characteristic strongly bent, five stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet barrel-like fold. the tudor domain recognizes dimethylated arginine through its negatively-charged surface and occurs in many proteins that co-localize with rna; ribonucleoproteins or single-stranded dna complexes in the cell nucleus; mitochondria; or kinetochores
Tuft Cells: epithelial chemosensory cells with apical microvilli. they are found in many different organs and they share characteristics with the chemosensory cells in taste buds. these cells can be activated by infections in the gastrointestinal tract
Tufted angioma: a hereditary (autosomal dominant) type of hemangioma that occurs predominantly in children from birth through 5 years of age but may occur in adulthood. some cases have also been reported in the mother during pregnancy. the lesions occur typically on the neck, shoulders, and trunk and appear histologically in a 'cannonball' distribution of rounded nodules or tufts of capillary-sized vessels in the dermis, with lymphatic vessels present at the periphery. initial growth is slow and progressive, after which it tends to remain stable in size, although regression has been reported in some cases. multiple tufted angioma may be associated with kasabach-merritt syndrome. omim: 607859
Tuftsin: n(2)-((1-(n(2)-l-threonyl)-l-lysyl)-l-prolyl)-l-arginine. a tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. it stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. the peptide is located in the fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule
Tularemia: a plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. it is caused by francisella tularensis and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness
Tulipa: a plant genus of the family liliaceae. members contain tuliposides and tulipalins and have been associated with allergic contact dermatitis in florists
Tulipa: rod rostlin čeledi liliaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují alergeny tuliposidy a tulipaliny (příčina profesionálních dermatóz)
Tumor Burden: the total amount (cell number, weight, size or volume) of tumor cells or tissue in the body
Tumor Cells, Cultured: cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. if they can be established as a tumor cell line, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely
Tumor Escape: the ability of tumors to evade destruction by the immune system. theories concerning possible mechanisms by which this takes place involve both cellular immunity (immunity, cellular) and humoral immunity (antibody formation), and also costimulatory pathways related to cd28 antigens and b7-1 antigen
Tumor Hypoxia: hypoxic conditions in tumor cells due to the tumor outgrowing its blood supply. it is associated with increased metastasis and resistance to radiotherapy and drug therapy
Tumor Lysis Syndrome: a syndrome resulting from cytotoxic therapy, occurring generally in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. it is characterized by combinations of hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia
Tumor Microenvironment: the milieu surrounding neoplasms consisting of cells, vessels, soluble factors, and molecules, that can influence and be influenced by, the neoplasm's growth
Tumor Necrosis Factor Decoy Receptors: a subclass of tumor necrosis family receptors that lack cell signaling domains. they bind to specific tnf receptor ligands and are believed to play a modulating role in the tnf signaling pathway. some of the decoy receptors are products of distinct genes, while others are products of alternative splicing of the mrna for the active receptor
Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors: compounds or agents that bind to and inhibit the synthesis or activity of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. such agents are used to treat inflammatory bowel diseases and other inflammatory diseases
Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 13: a member of tumor necrosis factor superfamily found on macrophages; dendritic cells and t-lymphocytes. it occurs as transmembrane protein that can be cleaved to release a secreted form that specifically binds to transmembrane activator and caml interactor protein; and b cell maturation antigen
Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14: a member of tumor necrosis factor superfamily found on activated lymphocytes and monocytes. it occurs as transmembrane protein that can be cleaved to release a secreted form that specifically binds to lymphotoxin beta receptor and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 14
Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 15: a member of tumor necrosis factor superfamily found on endothelial cells that plays a role in the inhibition of endothelial cell growth and physiologic angiogenesis
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7: a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily found on most t-lymphocytes. activation of the receptor by cd70 antigen results in the increased proliferation of cd4-positive t-lymphocytes and cd8-positive t-lymphocytes. signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with tnf receptor-associated factors
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9: a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that is specific for 4-1bb ligand. it is found in a variety of immune cell types including activated t-lymphocytes; natural killer cells; and dendritic cells. activation of the receptor on t-lymphocytes plays a role in their expansion, production of cytokines and survival. signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with tnf receptor-associated factors
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Peptides and Proteins: intracellular signaling peptides and proteins that bind directly or indirectly to the cytoplasmic portion of tumor necrosis factor receptors
Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha-Induced Protein 3: a ubiquitin editing enzyme that functions as both a ubiquitin ligase and deubiquitinase. it contains several zinc fingers and functions in the immune response and inflammation by modulating signals from tnf-alpha; il1-beta; or pathogens via toll-like receptors to terminate nf-kappa b activity
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha: serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes. it has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. also known as tnf-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to tnf-beta (lymphotoxin), but they share tnf receptors
Tumor Necrosis Factors: a family of proteins that were originally identified by their ability to cause necrosis of neoplasms. their necrotic effect on cells is mediated through tumor necrosis factor receptors which induce apoptosis
Tumor Protein p73: a homolog of p53 tumor suppressor protein that encodes full-length trans-activating and n-terminally-truncated (deltan) isoforms. detection of splice variants and isoforms in the nervous system (human telencephalon, choroid plexus; cerebrospinal fluid), embryonic tissue, human breast cancer; ovarian cancer, suggest roles in cellular differentiation
Tumor Protein, Translationally-Controlled 1: a highly expressed protein in tumor cells, encoded by tpt1 gene. it's involved in various cellular activities including protein synthesis, calcium-binding, microtubule stabilization, growth, and cell survival. also, tpt1 identified as a direct target gene of p53 tumor suppression
Tumor Stem Cell Assay: a cytologic technique for measuring the functional capacity of tumor stem cells by assaying their activity. it is used primarily for the in vitro testing of antineoplastic agents
Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF: a gene product of the p16 tumor suppressor gene (genes, p16). it antagonizes the function of mdm2 protein (which regulates p53 tumor suppressor protein by targeting it for degradation). p14arf is produced from the beta mrna transcript of the p16 gene. the other gene product, produced from the alternatively spliced alpha transcript, is cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16. both p16 gene products have tumor suppressor functions
Tumor Suppressor Protein p53: nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (genes, p53) whose normal function is to control cell proliferation and apoptosis. a mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in leukemia; osteosarcoma; lung cancer; and colorectal cancer
Tumor Suppressor Proteins: proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development
Tumor Suppressor p53-Binding Protein 1: a nuclear and cytoplasmic protein that associates with kinetochores and contains a c-terminal tudor domain. it plays a critical role in the cellular response to dna damage and localizes to double-strand dna breaks. it may also function in m phase cell cycle checkpoints and as an enhancer of tumor suppressor protein p53-mediated transcriptional activation
Tumor Virus Infections: infections produced by oncogenic viruses. the infections caused by dna viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the rna oncogenic viruses
Tumor-Associated Macrophages: various macrophages found in tumor microenvironment. they may interact with tumor cells to influence growth and neoplastic processes
Tumoral Calcinosis, Hyperphosphatemic, Familial: a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the progressive deposition of basic calcium phosphate crystals in periarticular spaces, soft tissues, and sometimes bone. hyperphosphatemia is caused by increased renal absorption of phosphate due to loss-of-function mutations in the fgf23 or galnt3 gene. omim: 211900
Tumoral Calcinosis, Normophosphatemic, Familial: mutatins in samd9
Tuna: common name for various species of large, vigorous ocean fishes in the family scombridae
Tundra: an ecosystem dominated by grasses, lichens, mosses, sedges and shrubs in cold landscapes or at high elevations where a layer of the ground remains perennially frozen (permafrost)
Tune Deafness: a lifelong deficiency in music perception that cannot be explained by hearing loss; chronic brain damage; intellectual disability, or lack of exposure. the disorder affects predominantly the melodic pitch dimension. there appears to be a hereditary, autosomal dominant component to tune deafness and it is estimated to occur in up to 4% of certain populations. omim: 191200
Tunga: a genus of parasitic fleas in the family pulicidae. they are found mainly in africa, south america, and central america
Tunga: rod parazitických blech čeledi pulicidae. vyskytují se zejména v africe a v jižní a střední americe
Tungiasis: an infestation with the flea tunga penetrans causing inflammation, pruritus, and pain, in both humans and other mammals. there is a high incidence of secondary infections such as bacteremia and tetanus
Tungrovirus: a genus of dna plant viruses of the family caulimoviridae. the sole species, rice tungro bacilliform virus, shows 25% identity with badnavirus. it is transmitted by leafhoppers with the assistance of rice tungro spherical virus
Tungrovirus: rod rostlinných dna virů čeledi caulimoviridae. jediným druhem je virus čárkovitosti rýže, který vykazuje 25% shodu s viry rodu badnavirus. je přenášený hmyzem čeledi cicadellidae za pomoci rice tungro spherical virus
Tungsten: a metallic element with the atomic symbol w, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. it is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus
Tungsten Compounds: inorganic compounds that contain tungsten as an integral part of the molecule
Tunica Intima: the innermost layer of an artery or vein, made up of one layer of endothelial cells and supported by an internal elastic lamina
Tunica Media: the middle layer of blood vessel walls, composed principally of thin, cylindrical, smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue. it accounts for the bulk of the wall of most arteries. the smooth muscle cells are arranged in circular layers around the vessel, and the thickness of the coat varies with the size of the vessel
Tunicamycin: an n-acetylglycosamine containing antiviral antibiotic obtained from streptomyces lysosuperificus. it is also active against some bacteria and fungi, because it inhibits the glucosylation of proteins. tunicamycin is used as tool in the study of microbial biosynthetic mechanisms
Tunisko: stát v severní africe ležící mezi alžírskem a libyí a pobřežím středozemního moře. hlavní město je tunis
Tupaia: a genus of tree shrews of the family tupaiidae which consists of about 12 species. one of the most frequently encountered species is t. glis. members of this genus inhabit rain forests and secondary growth areas in southeast asia
Tupaia: rod savců čeledi tupaiidae (tanovití). k nejčetnějším druhům patří tana obecná (t. glis). zástupci tohoto rodu se vyskytují v deštných pralesích jihovýchodní asie
Tupaiidae: jediná čeleď řádu scandentia (tany), zařazovaná dříve mezi hmyzožravce (insectivora) nebo poloopice (strepsirrhini). zahrnuje pět rodů: tupaia, ananthana, dendrogale, urogale a ptilocercus. tany žijí v pralesích východní asie od indie a jihozápadní číny po borneo a filipíny
Tupaiidae: the only family of the order scandentia, variously included in the order insectivora or in the order primates, and often in the order microscelidea, consisting of five genera. they are tupaia, ananthana (indian tree shrew), dendrogale (small smooth-tailed tree shrew), urogale (mindanao tree shrew), and ptilocercus (pen-tailed tree shrew). the tree shrews inhabit the forest areas of eastern asia from india and southwestern china to borneo and the philippines
Turbellaria: třída kmene ploštěnců. původně se jednalo o mořské živočichy, odkud velká část pronikla do sladkých vod i vlhkých biotopů. často jsou dravé, výjimečně mohou vést parazitický způsob života. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Turbinates: the scroll-like bony plates with curved margins on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. turbinates, also called nasal concha, increase the surface area of nasal cavity thus providing a mechanism for rapid warming and humidification of air as it passes to the lung
Turcot syndrome: constitutional mismatch repair deficiency is a rare hereditary, autosomal recessive childhood cancer predisposition syndrome with four main tumor types: hematologic neoplasms; brain neoplasms and central nervous system neoplasms; colorectal neoplasms and multiple intestinal polyps, and other malignancies including embryonic tumors and rhabdomyosarcoma. many patients show signs reminiscent of neurofibromatosis type i (omim: 162200). 'turcot syndrome' classically refers to the combination of colorectal polyposis and primary tumors of the central nervous system. mutations in the mlh1, msh2, msh6, and pms2 genes have been identified. omim: 276300
Turecko: turecko se nachází na území asie a jihovýchodní evropy. asijská část ležící na poloostrově malá asie (historický název anatolie), která zabírá naprostou většinu území (zhruba 97 %), je od té evropské (východní thrákie) oddělena marmarským mořem a průlivy bospor a dardanely (které dohromady spojují černé a egejské moře). turecko hraničí na severovýchodě s gruzií, na východě s arménií, ázerbájdžánem (exklávou nachičevan) a íránem, na jihovýchodě s irákem a sýrií. z jihu omývá břehy turecka středozemní moře, ze západu egejské moře. na západním okraji evropské části turecka probíhá hranice s řeckem a bulharskem. severní břehy turecka omývá černé moře. hlavní město je ankara. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)