NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Ligaments, Articular: fibrous cords of connective tissue that attach bones to each other and hold together the many types of joints in the body. articular ligaments are strong, elastic, and allow movement in only specific directions, depending on the individual joint
Ligamentum Flavum: the paired bands of yellow elastic tissue that connect adjoining laminae of the vertebrae. with the laminae, it forms the posterior wall of the spinal canal and helps hold the body erect
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels: a subclass of ion channels that open or close in response to the binding of specific ligands
Ligands: a molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Ligase Chain Reaction: a dna amplification technique based upon the ligation of oligonucleotide probes. the probes are designed to exactly match two adjacent sequences of a specific target dna. the chain reaction is repeated in three steps in the presence of excess probe: (1) heat denaturation of double-stranded dna, (2) annealing of probes to target dna, and (3) joining of the probes by thermostable dna ligase. after the reaction is repeated for 20-30 cycles the production of ligated probe is measured
Ligases: a class of enzymes that catalyze the formation of a bond between two substrate molecules, coupled with the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond in atp or a similar energy donor. (dorland, 28th ed) ec 6
Light Coagulation: the coagulation of tissue by an intense beam of light, including laser (laser coagulation). in the eye it is used in the treatment of retinal detachments, retinal holes, aneurysms, hemorrhages, and malignant and benign neoplasms. (dictionary of visual science, 3d ed)
Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives: the hardening or polymerization of bonding agents (dental cements) via exposure to light
Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes: complexes containing chlorophyll and other photosensitive molecules. they serve to capture energy in the form of photons and are generally found as components of the photosystem i protein complex or the photosystem ii protein complex
Lighting: the illumination of an environment and the arrangement of lights to achieve an effect or optimal visibility. its application is in domestic or in public settings and in medical and non-medical environments
Lightning: an abrupt high-current electric discharge that occurs in the atmosphere and that has a path length ranging from hundreds of feet to tens of miles. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Lightning Injuries: accidental injuries caused by brief high-voltage electrical discharges during thunderstorms. cardiopulmonary arrest, coma and other neurologic symptoms, myocardial necrosis, and dermal burns are common. prompt treatment of the acute sequelae, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation, is indicated for survival
Ligilactobacillus salivarius: a species of lactobacillus that occurs in the human gastrointestinal tract and oral mucosa. it produces bacteriocins and is used as a probiotic
Lignans: a class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. these compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (from singleton & sainsbury, dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology, 2d ed)
Lignin: the most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Ligularia: a genus of ornamental plants in the family asteraceae, often found near water
Ligularia: rod okrasných bylin z čeledi hvězdnicovitých (asteraceae), které se často vyskytují poblíž vody
Ligusticum: rod miříkovitých rostlin (čeleď apiaceae). asi 50 druhů roste převážně v horách eurasie a severní ameriky, ve střední evropě se vyskytují dva druhy, v české republice roste pouze koprníček bezobalný (ligusticum mutellina), který je ohrožen vyhynutím. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Ligustrum: a plant genus of the family oleaceae. oleuropein, a phenolic secoiridoid glycoside, is found in the leaves
Ligustrum: rod rostlin čeledi oleaceae. jejich listy obsahují fenolický sekoiridoidní glykosid oleuropein
Likelihood Functions: functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters
Liliales: an order of monocots that grow from bulbs or corms to become herbs or vines
Lilianae: a superorder of flowering plants (angiosperms) which includes monocotyledonous plants
Lilianae: nadřád krytosemenných rostlin (magnoliophyta) zahrnující jednoděložné rostliny
Lilium: a plant genus in the family liliaceae generally growing in temperate areas. the word lily is also used in the common names of many plants of other genera that resemble true lilies. true lilies are erect perennial plants with leafy stems, scaly bulbs, usually narrow leaves, and solitary or clustered flowers
Lim Kinases: serine protein kinases involved in the regulation of actin polymerization and microtubule disassembly. their activity is regulated by phosphorylation of a threonine residue within the activation loop by intracellular signaling kinases such as p21-activated kinases and by rho kinase
Lim-kinasy: serinové proteinkinázy zapojené do regulace polymerizace aktinu a rozpadu mikrotubulů. jejich aktivita je regulována fosforylací threoninového zbytku v aktivační smyčce pomocí intracelulárních signálních kináz, jako jsou p21-aktivované kinázy a rho-kináza
Limb Buds: distinct regions of mesenchymal outgrowth at both flanks of an embryo during the somite period. limb buds, covered by ectoderm, give rise to forelimb, hindlimb, and eventual functional limb structures. limb bud cultures are used to study cell differentiation; organogenesis; and morphogenesis
Limb Deformities, Congenital: congenital structural deformities of the upper and lower extremities collectively or unspecified
Limb Salvage: an alternative to amputation, surgical in patients with neoplasms, ischemia, fractures, and other limb-threatening conditions. generally, sophisticated surgical procedures such as vascular surgery and reconstruction are used to salvage diseased limbs
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A: an autosomal recessive form of muscular dystrophy primarily affecting the proximal muscles, resulting in difficulty walking. the age at onset varies, but typically occurs in childhood, and the disorder is progressive. other features may include scapular winging, calf pseudohypertrophy, and contractures. mutations in the capn3 gene have been identified. omim: 253600
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H: mutation in trim32 gene
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2B: an autosomal recessive form of limb-girde muscular dystrophy caused by mutations in the dysf gene and characterized by onset between 15 and 25 years and slow progression, lack of upper limb involvement, increased variation in muscle fiber size, elevated serum creatine kinase, and rarely amyloid deposits in muscle fibers. omim: 253601
Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency: loss or disturbance of limbal stem cell function in the corneal limbus resulting in inability to self-renew corneal epithelium and conjunctivalized corneal surface
Limbal Stem Cells: adult somatic stem cells found in the basal epithelial layer of the limbus corneae
Limbic Encephalitis: a paraneoplastic syndrome marked by degeneration of neurons in the limbic system. clinical features include hallucinations, loss of episodic memory; anosmia; ageusia; temporal lobe epilepsy; dementia; and affective disturbance (depression). circulating anti-neuronal antibodies (e.g., anti-hu; anti-yo; anti-ri; and anti-ma2) and small cell lung carcinomas or testicular carcinoma are frequently associated with this syndrome
Limbic System: a set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. it is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). for most authors, it includes the amygdala; epithalamus; gyrus cinguli; hippocampal formation (see hippocampus); hypothalamus; parahippocampal gyrus; septal nuclei; anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (parent, carpenter's human neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; neuronames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (september 2, 1998))
Limbus Corneae: an annular transitional zone, approximately 1 mm wide, between the cornea and the bulbar conjunctiva and sclera. it is highly vascular and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea. it is ophthalmologically significant in that it appears on the outer surface of the eyeball as a slight furrow, marking the line between the clear cornea and the sclera. (dictionary of visual science, 3d ed)
Limit of Detection: concentration or quantity that is derived from the smallest measure that can be detected with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure
Limnology: the study of the physical, chemical, hydrological, and biological aspects of fresh water bodies. (epa terms of environment: glossary, abbreviations and acronyms [internet] us environmental protection agency [cited 2008 sep 25] available from http://www.epa.gov/ocepaterms/aterms.html)
Limonene: a naturally-occurring class of monoterpenes which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. it is recognized as safe in food by the food and drug administration (fda)
Limonene Hydroxylases: members of the p-450 enzyme family that take part in the hydroxylation of limonene
Limonins: a group of degraded triterpenes in which the four terminal carbons of the c17 side chain have been removed, and the remaining portion often forming c17 furans
Limosilactobacillus fermentum: a species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria associated with dental caries
Limosilactobacillus fermentum: druh grampozitivní, tyčinkovité bakterie, která se podílí na vzniku zubního kazu
Limosilactobacillus reuteri: a species of gram-positive, rod-shaped lactic acid bacteria found naturally in the human intestinal flora and breast milk
Limosilactobacillus reuteri: druh grampozitivní, tyčinkovité bakterie mléčného kvašení, která je přirozenou součástí lidské střevní mikroflóry a mateřského mléka
Limulus Test: sensitive method for detection of bacterial endotoxins and endotoxin-like substances that depends on the in vitro gelation of limulus amebocyte lysate (lal), prepared from the circulating blood (amebocytes) of the horseshoe crab, by the endotoxin or related compound. used for detection of endotoxin in body fluids and parenteral pharmaceuticals
Limulus test: citlivá metoda detekce bakteriálních endotoxinů a jim podobných látek, která závisí na in vitro želatinaci amébocytového lyzátu z ostrorepa amerického (lal) připraveného z krve (amebocytů) ostrorepa amerického, prostřednictvím daného endotoxinu či příbuzné sloučeniny. používá se za účely nalezení endotoxinu v tělesných tekutinách a parenterálních léčivech
Linaceae: a plant family in the order linales. these plants have simple leaves and regular flowers housing a compound ovary. stamens are usually fused by their filaments
Linaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu malpígiotvaré (malpighiales). jsou to byliny i dřeviny s jednoduchými listy a téměř pravidelnými pětičetnými květy. čeleď zahrnuje asi 300 druhů v 10 rodech. je rozšířena po celém světě. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Linagliptin: a purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an incretin and dipeptidyl-peptidase iv inhibtor. it is used as a hypoglycemic agent in the treatment of type ii diabetes mellitus
Linaria: a plant genus of the family plantaginaceae. members contain linarin (also called acaciin)
Linaria: rod rostlin čeledi plantaginaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují linarin (také označovaný jako akaciin)
Lincomycin: an antibiotic produced by streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. it has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and bacteroides fragilis infections
Lincosamides: a family of lincomycin-related glycosides that contain a pyrrolidine ring linked via an amide-bond to a pyranose moiety. individual members of this family are defined by the arrangement of specific constituent groups on the lyncomycin molecule. many lincosamides are antibiotics produced by a variety streptomyces species
Lindera: a plant genus in the lauraceae family. lindera benzoin is a source of a balsamic resin called benzoin which is up to 1/3 benzoic acid. this should not be confused with the chemical benzoin or the plant styrax benzoides
Lindera: rod rostlin čeledi lauraceae. lindera benzoin produkuje balzámovou pryskyřici, jejíž jednu třetinu tvoří kyselina benzoová
Linear Energy Transfer: rate of energy dissipation along the path of charged particles. in radiobiology and health physics, exposure is measured in kiloelectron volts per micrometer of tissue (kev/micrometer t)
Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis: autoimmune disease characterized by subepidermal blisters and linear deposition of autoantibodies at the dermoepidermal junction. the accumulated autoantibodies are of immunoglobulin a and occasionally immunoglobulin g classes against epidermal basement membrane proteins. the dermatosis is sometimes associated with malignancies and use of certain drugs (e.g., vancomycin)
Linear Models: statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. the models predict a linear regression
Linezolid: an oxazolidinone and acetamide derived anti-bacterial agent and protein synthesis inhibitor that is used in the treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections of the skin and respiratory tract
Lingual Frenum: mucous membrane extending from floor of mouth to the under-surface of the tongue
Lingual Goiter: pathological enlargement of the lingual thyroid, ectopic thyroid tissue at the base of the tongue. it may cause upper airway obstruction; dysphagia; or hypothyroidism symptoms
Lingual Nerve: a sensory branch of the mandibular nerve, which is part of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. the lingual nerve carries general afferent fibers from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, and the mandibular gingivae
Lingual Nerve Injuries: traumatic injuries to the lingual nerve. it may be a complication following dental treatments
Lingual Thyroid: a condition characterized by the presence of rudimentary thyroid tissue at the base of the tongue. it is due to failed embryonic development and migration of thyroid tissue to its normal location. the lingual thyroid usually cannot maintain adequate hormone production thereby resulting in hypothyroidism
Linguistics: the science of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and historical linguistics. (random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Liniments: heat-generating liquids that are thinner than ointments and are applied to the skin with friction. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Linitis Plastica: a condition where the stomach wall becomes thickened, rubbery and loses its ability to distend. the stomach assumes a leather bottle shape. it is most often seen in adenocarcinoma of the stomach. the term is often used synonymously with diffuse adenocarcinoma of the stomach
Linkage Disequilibrium: nonrandom association of linked genes. this is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone
Linoleic Acid: a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. it is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (from stedman, 26th ed)
Linoleic Acids, Conjugated: a collective term for a group of around nine geometric and positional isomers of linoleic acid in which the trans/cis double bonds are conjugated, where double bonds alternate with single bonds
Linoleoyl-CoA Desaturase: an enzyme that catalyzes the syn-dehydrogenation of linoleol-coa gamma-linolenoyl-coa. it was formerly characterized as ec 1.14.99.25
Linseed Oil: the fixed oil obtained from the dried ripe seed of linseed, linum usitatissimum (l. linaceae). it is used as an emollient in liniments, pastes, and medicinal soaps, and in veterinary medicine as a laxative. it is also called flaxseed oil. (dorland, 28th ed)
Linuron: a selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Lions: large, chiefly nocturnal mammals of the cat family felidae, species panthera leo. they are found in africa and southern asia
Lipase: an enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. it is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (from dorland, 27th ed) ec 3.1.1.3
Lipectomy: removal of localized subcutaneous fat deposits by suction curettage or blunt cannulation in the cosmetic correction of obesity and other esthetic contour defects
Lipedema: disorder of adipose tissue characterized by symmetric and bilateral enlargement of the lower extremities due to abnormal deposition of subcutaneous fat often in obese women. it is associated with hematoma, pain and may progress to secondary lymphedema which is known as lipolymphedema
Lipid A: lipid a is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. it shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties
Lipid Accumulation Product: an index for monitoring the accumulation of lipids based on the waist circumference measurement and the level of triglycerides circulating in the blood
Lipid Bilayers: layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes
Lipid Droplet Associated Proteins: proteins, such as perilipins, that localize to lipid droplets either transiently or constitutively
Lipid Droplets: dynamic cytoplasmic organelles found in almost all cells. they consist of a central core of lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer studded with surface proteins, and are involved in lipid metabolism and storage
Lipid Metabolism: physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of lipids
Lipid Metabolism Disorders: pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors: errors in the metabolism of lipids resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are heritable
Lipid Mobilization: lipolysis of stored lipids in the adipose tissue to release free fatty acids. mobilization of stored lipids is under the regulation of lipolytic signals (catecholamines) or anti-lipolytic signals (insulin) via their actions on the hormone-sensitive lipase. this concept does not include lipid transport
Lipid Peroxidation: peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor
Lipid Peroxides: peroxides produced in the presence of a free radical by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell in the presence of molecular oxygen. the formation of lipid peroxides results in the destruction of the original lipid leading to the loss of integrity of the membranes. they therefore cause a variety of toxic effects in vivo and their formation is considered a pathological process in biological systems. their formation can be inhibited by antioxidants, such as vitamin e, structural separation or low oxygen tension
Lipid-Linked Proteins: proteins that are covalently-linked to lipid molecules or hydrophobic molecules such as those that contain prenyl groups. the lipid moieties aid in the association of the proteins with cell membranes
Lipidomics: a branch of metabolomics concerned with the study of global lipids profiles in physiological systems
Lipidoses: conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. they are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved
Lipids: a generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. they comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Lipoabdominoplasty: aesthetic surgical treatment of the abdominal region using liposuction associated with abdominoplasty
Lipoblastoma: benign tumors of fatty tissues found in infancy and childhood. it is associated chromosomal aberrations that result in activation of an oncogene on chromosome band 8q12
Lipocalin 1: a lipocalin that was orignally characterized from human tears. it is expressed primarily in the lacrimal gland and the von ebner glands. lipocalin 1 may play a role in olfactory transduction by concentrating and delivering odorants to the odorant receptors
Lipocalin-2: a lipocalin of approximately 200 amino acids that functions as an iron transporter and is expressed by cells of bone marrow and many other cells with secretory functions. it is involved in apoptosis and may function to limit pathogenic bacterial growth as part of the innate immune response
Lipocalins: a diverse family of extracellular proteins that bind to small hydrophobic molecules. they were originally characterized as transport proteins, however they may have additional roles such as taking part in the formation of macromolecular complexes with other proteins and binding to cell surface receptors
Lipodermatosclerosis: a rare condition characterized by smooth, tight, darkened and painful skin above the ankles. it is associated with venous insufficiency , especially in elderly individuals
Lipodystrophy: a collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective lipid metabolism and characterized by adipose tissue atrophy. often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. they include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy
Lipodystrophy, Congenital Generalized: congenital disorders, usually autosomal recessive, characterized by severe generalized lack of adipose tissue, extreme insulin resistance, and hypertriglyceridemia
Lipodystrophy, Congenital Generalized, Type 4: mutations in ptrf
Lipodystrophy, Familial Partial: inherited conditions characterized by the partial loss of adipose tissue, either confined to the extremities with normal or increased fat deposits on the face, neck and trunk (type 1), or confined to the loss of subcutaneous fat from the limbs and trunk (type 2). type 3 is associated with mutation in the gene encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
Lipodystrophy, Partial, Acquired: lipodystrophy characterized by the gradual onset of bilaterally symmetrical loss of subcutaneous fat from the face, neck, upper extremities, thorax, and abdomen, in the 'cephalocaudal' sequence, sparing the lower extremities. patients are also more likely to have autoimmune diseases. most cases are sporadic, however, there may be genetic susceptibility associated with mutations in the lmnb2 gene. omim: 608709
Lipofundin S: emulsion containing soy bean oil, soy phosphatides & glycerol
Lipofuscin: a naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to ceroid. it accumulates in various normal tissues and apparently increases in quantity with age
Lipogenesis: de novo fat synthesis in the body. this includes the synthetic processes of fatty acids and subsequent triglycerides in the liver and the adipose tissue. lipogenesis is regulated by numerous factors, including nutritional, hormonal, and genetic elements
Lipoglycopeptides: glycopeptides that have an additional lipophilic side chains. several semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide antibiotics are derived from naturally occurring lipoglycopeptide and glycopeptide antibiotics
Lipoid Proteinosis of Urbach and Wiethe: an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by glassy degenerative thickening (hyalinosis) of skin; mucosa; and certain viscera. this disorder is caused by mutation in the extracellular matrix protein 1 gene (ecm1). clinical features include hoarseness and skin eruption due to widespread deposition of hyalin
Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a severe hereditary autosomal recessive disorder of steroid hormone biosynthesis. it is caused by a defect in the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, the first step in adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis. all affected individuals are phenotypic females with a severe salt-losing syndrome that is fatal if not treated in early infancy. mutations in the star gene have been identified. omim: 201710
Lipolysis: the metabolic process of breaking down lipids to release free fatty acids, the major oxidative fuel for the body. lipolysis may involve dietary lipids in the digestive tract, circulating lipids in the blood, and stored lipids in the adipose tissue or the liver. a number of enzymes are involved in such lipid hydrolysis, such as lipase and lipoprotein lipase from various tissues
Lipoma: a benign tumor composed of fat cells (adipocytes). it can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule
Lipomatosis: a disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling lipoma
Lipomatosis, Multiple Symmetrical: a condition characterized by the growth of unencapsulated masses of adipose tissue symmetrically deposited around the neck, shoulders, or other sites around the body
Lipomyces: a genus of ascomycetous soil yeast in the family lipomycetaceae, order saccharomycetales
Lipomyces: rod vřeckovýtrusných půdních kvasinek čeledi lipomycetaceae, řádu saccharomycetales
Lipomyelomeningocele: a familial occurrence of congenital lipomas of the spine, which are commonly observed in cases of neural tube defects. omim: 609537
Lipopeptides: compounds consisting of a short peptide chain conjugated with an acyl chain
Lipopolysaccharide Receptors: glycolipid-anchored membrane glycoproteins expressed on cells of the myelomonocyte lineage including monocytes; macrophages; and some granulocytes. they function as receptors for the complex of lipopolysaccharide (lps) and lps-binding protein
Lipopolysaccharides: lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. they are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. the lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: lipid a, core polysaccharide, and o-specific chains (o antigens). when derived from escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal b-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Lipoprotein Glomerulopathy: a rare kidney disease that primarily affects people of japanese or chinese descent. it is characterized by proteinuria, progressive kidney failure, and distinctive lipoprotein thrombi in glomerular capillaries. mutations in the apoe gene have been identified. omim: 611771
Lipoprotein Lipase: an enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. the enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. it occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia type i. (dorland, 27th ed) ec 3.1.1.34
Lipoprotein Lipase Activators: compounds that increase the enzymatic activity of lipoprotein lipase. lipoprotein lipase activators have a potential role in the treatment of obesity by increasing lipid metabolism. note that substances that increase the synthesis of lipoprotein lipase are not included here
Lipoprotein(a): a lipoprotein that resembles the low-density lipoproteins but with an extra protein moiety, apoprotein (a) also known as apolipoprotein (a), linked to apolipoprotein b-100 on the ldl by one or two disulfide bonds. high plasma level of lipoprotein (a) is associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Lipoprotein-X: an abnormal lipoprotein present in large amounts in patients with obstructive liver diseases such as intrahepatic cholestasis. lp-x derives from the reflux of bile lipoproteins into the bloodstream. lp-x is a low-density lipoprotein rich in free cholesterol and phospholipids but poor in triglycerides; cholesterol esters; and protein
Lipoproteins: lipid-protein complexes involved in the transportation and metabolism of lipids in the body. they are spherical particles consisting of a hydrophobic core of triglycerides and cholesterol esters surrounded by a layer of hydrophilic free cholesterol; phospholipids; and apolipoproteins. lipoproteins are classified by their varying buoyant density and sizes
Lipoproteins, HDL: a class of lipoproteins of small size (4-13 nm) and dense (greater than 1.063 g/ml) particles. hdl lipoproteins, synthesized in the liver without a lipid core, accumulate cholesterol esters from peripheral tissues and transport them to the liver for re-utilization or elimination from the body (the reverse cholesterol transport). their major protein component is apolipoprotein a-i. hdl also shuttle apolipoproteins c and apolipoproteins e to and from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins during their catabolism. hdl plasma level has been inversely correlated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases
Lipoproteins, HDL2: low-density subclass of the high-density lipoproteins, with particle sizes between 8 to 13 nm
Lipoproteins, HDL3: intermediate-density subclass of the high-density lipoproteins, with particle sizes between 7 to 8 nm. as the larger lighter hdl2 lipoprotein, hdl3 lipoprotein is lipid-rich
Lipoproteins, IDL: a mixture of very-low-density lipoproteins (vldl), particularly the triglyceride-poor vldl, with slow diffuse electrophoretic mobilities in the beta and alpha2 regions which are similar to that of beta-lipoproteins (ldl) or alpha-lipoproteins (hdl). they can be intermediate (remnant) lipoproteins in the de-lipidation process, or remnants of mutant chylomicrons and very-low-density lipoproteins which cannot be metabolized completely as seen in familial dysbetalipoproteinemia
Lipoproteins, LDL: a class of lipoproteins of small size (18-25 nm) and light (1.019-1.063 g/ml) particles with a core composed mainly of cholesterol esters and smaller amounts of triglycerides. the surface monolayer consists mostly of phospholipids, a single copy of apolipoprotein b-100, and free cholesterol molecules. the main ldl function is to transport cholesterol and cholesterol esters to extrahepatic tissues
Lipoproteins, VLDL: a class of lipoproteins of very light (0.93-1.006 g/ml) large size (30-80 nm) particles with a core composed mainly of triglycerides and a surface monolayer of phospholipids and cholesterol into which are imbedded the apolipoproteins b, e, and c. vldl facilitates the transport of endogenously made triglycerides to extrahepatic tissues. as triglycerides and apo c are removed, vldl is converted to intermediate-density lipoproteins, then to low-density lipoproteins from which cholesterol is delivered to the extrahepatic tissues
Liposarcoma: a malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. it may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (liposarcoma, myxoid), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (from dorland, 27th ed; stedman, 25th ed)
Liposarcoma, Myxoid: a liposarcoma containing round mesenchymal cells and a myxoid extracellular matrix in stroma
Liposomes: artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. they are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins
Lipothrixviridae: family of enveloped, lipid-containing, filamentous dna viruses that infect archaea
Lipothrixviridae: čeleď obalených, vláknitých dna archeavirů. virový obal obsahuje lipidy
Lipotropic Agents: endogenous factors or drugs that increase the transport and metabolism of lipids including the synthesis of lipoproteins by the liver and their uptake by extrahepatic tissues
Lipoxins: trihydroxy derivatives of eicosanoic acids. they are primarily derived from arachidonic acid, however eicosapentaenoic acid derivatives also exist. many of them are naturally occurring mediators of immune regulation
Lipoxygenase: an enzyme of the oxidoreductase class primarily found in plants. it catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives
Lipoxygenase Inhibitors: compounds that bind to and inhibit that enzymatic activity of lipoxygenases. included under this category are inhibitors that are specific for lipoxygenase subtypes and act to reduce the production of leukotrienes
Lipoxygenases: dioxygenases that catalyze the peroxidation of methylene-interrupted unsaturated fatty acids
Lipoylation: covalent attachment of lipids and fatty acids to other compounds and proteins
Lippia: a plant genus of the family verbenaceae. lippsidoquinone; triterpenes; sesquiterpenes; and thymol have been found in this genus. plant extracts have cytotoxic activity. it is sometimes called mexican oregano but that confuses it with real oregano (origanum)
Lippia: rod rostlin čeledi verbenaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují lipsidochinon, triterpeny, seskviterpeny a thymol. extrakty z rostlin vykazují cytotoxickou aktivitu
Lipreading: the process by which an observer comprehends speech by watching the movements of the speaker's lips without hearing the speaker's voice
Liqoseal: nsists of a watertight layer of poly(ester)ether urethane and an adhesive layer containing polyethylene glycol-n-hydroxysuccinimide (peg-nhs)
Liquid Biopsy: obtaining material for pathological examination and analysis, from bodily fluids. material retrieved includes cell-free nucleic acids; cell-derived microparticles; exosomes; circulating neoplasm cells; and other circulating cells and cellular structures
Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: a microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds
Liquid Ventilation: artificial respiration (respiration, artificial) using an oxygenated fluid
Liquid-Liquid Extraction: the removal of a soluble component from a liquid mixture by contact with a second liquid, immiscible with the carrier liquid, in which the component is preferentially soluble. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Liquidambar: a plant genus of the family hamamelidaceae. the sap is a source of storax, which should not be confused with the similar named styrax genus
Liraglutide: an analog of glucagon-like peptide 1 and agonist of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor that is used as a hypoglycemic agent and supplemental therapy in the treatment of diabetes mellitus by patients who do not respond to metformin
Liriodendron: a plant genus of the family magnoliaceae. members include hardwood trees of eastern north america with distinct large tuliplike flowers
Liriodendron: rod rostlin čeledi magnoliaceae (šácholanovité) pocházející z východu severní ameriky. na světě rostou pouze 2 druhy, a to v severní americe liliovník tulipánokvětý (liriodendron tulipifera) a v asii liliovník čínský (liriodendron chinense). oba druhy se pěstují jako okrasné stromy a jako zdroj kvalitního dřeva. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Liriope (rostlina): rod rostlin čeledi asparagaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují ruskogenin
Liriope Plant: a plant genus of the family asparagaceae. members contain ruscogenin. do not confuse with the liriope jellyfish (cnidaria)
Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate: a dextroamphetamine drug precursor that also functions as a central nervous system stimulant and dopamine uptake inhibitor and is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Lisinopril: one of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ace inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure
Lissamine Green Dyes: green dyes containing ammonium and aryl sulfonate moieties that facilitate the visualization of tissues, if given intravenously. they have mostly been used in the study of kidney physiology
Lissencephaly: a smooth brain malformation of the cerebral cortex resulting from the abnormal location of developing neurons during corticogenesis. it is characterized by an absence of normal convoluted indentations on the surface of the brain (agyria), or fewer and shallower indentations (pachygryia). there is a reduced number of cortical layers, typically 4 instead of 6, resulting in a thickened cortex, and reduced cerebral white matter that is a reversal of the normal ratio of cerebral white matter to cortex
Listening Effort: the deliberate allocation of mental resources to overcome obstacles in goal pursuit when carrying out a task, with listening effort applied more when tasks involved listening. (from pichora-fuller et al.2016)
Listeria: a genus of bacteria which may be found in the feces of animals and man, on vegetation, and in silage. its species are parasitic on cold-blooded and warm-blooded animals, including man
Listeria: rod bakterií, který se vyskytuje ve výkalech zvířat i lidí, na rostlinách a v silážích. jeho druhy jsou parazity studenokrevných i teplokrevných živočichů včetně člověka
Listeria monocytogenes: a species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. it has been isolated from sewage, soil, silage, and from feces of healthy animals and man. infection with this bacterium leads to encephalitis, meningitis, endocarditis, and abortion
Listeria monocytogenes: malá grampozitivní, pohyblivá, nesporulující bakterie z čeledi listeriaceae. jako saprofyt a epifyt kolonizuje trávicí trakt člověka i zvířat, žije také ve vodě, bahně nebo půdě, je schopna kontaminovat potraviny a krmiva a jako potenciální patogen je původce onemocnění lidí i zvířat, listeriózy. onemocnění se projevuje meningitidami, meningoencefalitidami, encefalitidami a endokarditidami dospělých a celkovým generalizovaným onemocněním plodu provázeným septikémií. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Listonella: a genus of gram-negative bacteria with curved rods, in the family vibrionaceae. the organisms are chemoorganotrophic and are found in marine environments
Listonella: rod gramnegativních, zakřivených, tyčinkovitých bakterií čeledi vibrionaceae. tyto organismy jsou chemoorganotrofní a vyskytují se v mořském prostředí
Lisuride: an ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine d2 receptors (dopamine agonists). it may also act as an antagonist at dopamine d1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (serotonin receptor agonists)
Litchi: a plant genus of the family sapindaceae that bears sweet fruits. unusual fatty acids such as cyclopropanoic fatty acids have been identified in the seeds
Litchi: rod rostlin čeledi sapindaceae. jeho jediným druhem je liči čínské (litchi chinensis), které poskytuje jedlé plody. semena obsahují neobvyklé mastné kyseliny, např. cyklopropanové mastné kyseliny
Lite Line: consists of polyether urethane dimethacrylate; a one-component denture reline material cured by visible light after seating and shaping in the mouth
Literature: writings having excellence of form or expression and expressing ideas of permanent or universal interest. the body of written works produced in a particular language, country, or age. (webster, 3d ed)
Literature, Medieval: writings originating in the 5th century a.d. through the 15h century
Lithiasis: a condition characterized by the formation of calculi and concretions in the hollow organs or ducts of the body. they occur most often in the gallbladder, kidney, and lower urinary tract
Lithium: an element in the alkali metals family. it has the atomic symbol li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. salts of lithium are used in treating bipolar disorder
Lithium Carbonate: a lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. lithium ion alters the metabolism of biogenic monoamines in the central nervous system, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems
Lithium Chloride: a salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator
Lithium Compounds: inorganic compounds that contain lithium as an integral part of the molecule
Lithocholic Acid: a bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. it acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. it is used as cholagogue and choleretic
Lithospermum: a plant genus of the family boraginaceae. members contain lithospermans and lithospermic acid
Lithospermum: rod rostlin čeledi boraginaceae. zástupci obsahují lithospermany a kyselinu lithospermovou
Lithostathine: the proteinaceous component of the pancreatic stone in patients with pancreatitis
Lithotripsy: the destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. lithotripsy by laser is lithotripsy, laser
Lithotripsy, Laser: fragmentation of calculi, notably urinary or biliary, by laser
Lithuania: country in eastern europe, bordering the baltic sea, between latvia and russia, west of belarus. the capital is vilnius
Litsea: a plant genus of the family lauraceae. members contain laurotetanine and other aporphines
Litsea: rod rostlin čeledi lauraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují laurotetanin a další aporfiny
Littoral cell angioma of the spleen: splenic vascular neoplasms that originate in the lining of the red pulp sinuses. most cases are benign and asymptomatic; however, they may be associated with malignant neoplasms and hematologic disorders
Litva: nejjižnější a největší ze tří pobaltských zemí na jihovýchodním pobřeží baltského moře. na severu sousedí s lotyšskem, na východě s běloruskem, na jihu s polskem a na jihozápadě s ruskou exklávou kaliningradskou oblastí. hlavním městem je vilnius. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Live Birth: the event that a fetus is born alive with heartbeats or respiration regardless of gestational age. such liveborn is called a newborn infant (infant, newborn)
Livedo Reticularis: a condition characterized by a reticular or fishnet pattern on the skin of lower extremities and other parts of the body. this red and blue pattern is due to deoxygenated blood in unstable dermal blood vessels. the condition is intensified by cold exposure and relieved by rewarming
Livedoid Vasculopathy: a rare cutaneous thrombotic disease due to occlusion of dermal vessels. it is characterized by purpuric maculae and ulcerations especially during summer which form scars called atrophie blanche. it is more associated with other syndromes (e.g., protein c deficiency; hyperhomocysteinemia). livedo reticularis with systemic involvement and stroke is sneddon syndrome
Liver: a large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances
Liver Abscess: solitary or multiple collections of pus within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents
Liver Abscess, Amebic: single or multiple areas of pus due to infection by any ameboid protozoa (amebiasis). a common form is caused by the ingestion of entamoeba histolytica
Liver Abscess, Pyogenic: single or multiple areas of pus due to bacterial infection within the hepatic parenchyma. it can be caused by a variety of bacteria, local or disseminated from infections elsewhere such as in appendicitis; cholecystitis; peritonitis; and after liver transplantation
Liver Cirrhosis: liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic: fibrosis of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess alcohol drinking
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary: fibrosis of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of bile flow (cholestasis) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts, intrahepatic; bile ducts, extrahepatic). primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes
Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental: experimentally induced chronic injuries to the parenchymal cells in the liver to achieve a model for liver cirrhosis
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic: liver diseases associated with alcoholism. it usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., alcoholic fatty liver; alcoholic hepatitis; and alcoholic cirrhosis
Liver Diseases, Parasitic: liver diseases caused by infections with parasites, such as tapeworms (cestoda) and flukes (trematoda)
Liver Extracts: extracts of liver tissue containing uncharacterized specific factors with specific activities; a soluble thermostable fraction of mammalian liver is used in the treatment of pernicious anemia
Liver Failure: severe inability of the liver to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe jaundice and abnormal serum levels of ammonia; bilirubin; alkaline phosphatase; aspartate aminotransferase; lactate dehydrogenases; and albumin/globulin ratio. (blakiston's gould medical dictionary, 4th ed)
Liver Failure, Acute: a form of rapid-onset liver failure, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of hepatocytes. it is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and jaundice. acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even hepatic coma depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ischemia, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion hepatitis b and hepatitis c
Liver Function Tests: blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions
Liver Glycogen: glycogen stored in the liver. (dorland, 28th ed)
Liver Transplantation: the transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another
Liver X Receptors: nuclear receptors that bind oxysterols and function as heterodimers with retinoid x receptors. they have important functions in regulating cholesterol homeostasis, energy metabolism; inflammation; and the immune response
Liver, Artificial: devices for simulating the activities of the liver. they often consist of a hybrid between both biological and artificial materials
Liver-Specific Organic Anion Transporter 1: an organic anion transporter found in human and mouse liver. it is capable of transporting a variety organic anions and mediates sodium-independent uptake of bile in the liver