NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Nystagmus, Pathologic: involuntary movements of the eye that are divided into two types, jerk and pendular. jerk nystagmus has a slow phase in one direction followed by a corrective fast phase in the opposite direction, and is usually caused by central or peripheral vestibular dysfunction. pendular nystagmus features oscillations that are of equal velocity in both directions and this condition is often associated with visual loss early in life. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p272)
Nystagmus, Physiologic: involuntary rhythmical movements of the eyes in the normal person. these can be naturally occurring as in end-position (end-point, end-stage, or deviational) nystagmus or induced by the optokinetic drum (nystagmus, optokinetic), caloric test, or a rotating chair
Nystatin: macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by streptomyces noursei, s. aureus, and other streptomyces species. the biologically active components of the complex are nystatin a1, a2, and a3
Německo: země ve střední evropě, hraničící s baltským a severním mořem, mezi nizozemskem a polskem, jižně od dánska. hlavním městem je berlín
Německo východní: bývalá německá demokratická republika, která byla znovu sjednocena s bývalou spolkovou republikou německo v roce 1990
Německo západní: bývalá německá spolková republika, která byla znovu sjednocena s bývalou německou demokratickou republikou v roce 1990
O Antigens: the lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. the o-specific chains determine the specificity of the o antigens of a given serotype. o antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (from singleton & sainsbury, dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology, 2d ed)
O'Donnell-Luria-Rodan syndrome: disorder characterized by global developmental delay, autism, epilepsy, hypotonia, and mild facies. it is caused by mutations in the kmt2e gene. omim: 618512
O'nyong-nyong Virus: a species of alphavirus causing a measles-like acute febrile rash illness. it is closely related to the chikungunya virus and igbo ora viruses
O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase: an enzyme that transfers methyl groups from o(6)-methylguanine, and other methylated moieties of dna, to a cysteine residue in itself, thus repairing alkylated dna in a single-step reaction. ec 2.1.1.63
O(6)-methylguanin-DNA-methyltransferasa: enzym, který přenáší methylové skupiny z o(6)-methylguaninu a dalších methylovaných částí dna na cysteinový zbytek ve vlastní struktuře, čímž v jednom kroku opravuje alkylovanou dna. ec 2.1.1.63
O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from aspergillus fumigatus) that inhibits angiogenesis
O-Acetyl-ADP-Ribose: an acetyl ester of adenosine diphosphate ribose formed during nad-dependent deacetylation of proteins by sirtuins. the acetate group resides on the ribose ring where nicotinamide was cleaved from nad during the reaction. several isomers of o-acetyl-adp-ribose have been isolated from the reaction
O-antigeny: somatické antigeny tvořené lipopolysacharidy, obvykle z gramnegativních bakterií, které jsou důležité při sérologické klasifikaci střevních bakterií. o-specifické řetězce určují specificitu o-antigenů daného sérotypu. o-antigeny jsou imunodominantní částí lipopolysacharidové molekuly v intaktní bakteriální buňce
O-demethylasy: enzymy metabolizující léčiva, které oxidují methylethery. obvykle se vyskytují v jaterních mikrozomech
OC-HDP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in therapy of neuroblastoma
OEIS Complex: a combination of defects comprising omphalocele, exstrophy of the cloaca, anus imperforate, and spinal defects. this rare complex is thought to represent the most severe end of a spectrum of birth defects, the exstrophy-epispadias sequence, which, in order of increasing severity, includes phallic separation with epispadias, pubic diastasis, exstrophy of the bladder, and cloacal exstrophy. (from omim 258040)
OEIS komplex: syndrom zahrnující pupeční kýlu, kloakální extrofii, anální atrézii a páteřní defekt (závažná vrozená vada. omfalokéla-extrofie-imperforace anu)
OEPP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of vincristine, epirubicin, procarbazine & prednisone
OMEC regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of advanced neuroblastoma
OOS-A regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of osteosarcoma
OPAL protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 4 cpds; used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
OPEC OJEC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of neuroblastoma
OPEC protocol 1: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of advanced neuroblastoma
OPEC protocol 2: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of refractory & recurrent hodgkin's disease
OPEC-D protocol: for treatment of advanced neuroblastoma; chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 5 cpds
OPEN protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used for the treatment of follicular large cell lymphoma
OPP-EBV-CAD regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds and procarbazine, vinblastine and bleomycin used in treatment of advanced refractory or resistant multiple myeloma
ORAI1 Protein: the pore-forming subunit of calcium release activated calcium channels. it is activated by stromal interaction molecule 1 upon intracellular calcium depletion
ORAI2 Protein: a calcium release-activated calcium-like (crac-like) channel subunit which functions with stromal interaction molecule 1 to regulate cell calcium influx and increase (ca2+)-selective current
ORF 13904: mw appx 500,000 sulfonated polystyrene
ORF-1 protein, Human herpesvirus 6: transactivator of the hiv-1 long terminal repeat; enhances hiv-1 replication and binds to tumor suppressor protein p53; amino acid
ORF6 protein, Bacteria: mycoplasma pneumonia; c glutamicum and s clavuligerus orf6 proteins are unrelated
ORF6 protein, Mycoplasma pneumoniae: involved in an unknown manner in the adhesion of mycoplasma pneumonia bacterium to host cells; amino acid sequence given in first source
ORG 2058 affinity resin: disulfide affinity adsorbant for purification of progesterone receptor; 17 beta-carboxyl analog of org 2058 coupled to amino-cystamido deriv of affigel 10; ; org 2058: a progesterone derivative
OS 87 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of osteosarcoma
OX40 Ligand: a membrane-bound tumor necrosis family member that is expressed on activated antigen-presenting cells such as b-lymphocytes and macrophages. it signals t-lymphocytes by binding the ox40 receptor
OXAC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of oxaliplatin and cyclophosphamide; used to treat advanced ovarian cancer
Obesity: a status with body weight that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess fats in the body. the standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. in the body mass index, a bmi greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a bmi greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (morbid obesity)
Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome: hypoventilation syndrome in very obese persons with excessive adipose tissue around the abdomen and diaphragm. it is characterized by diminished to absent ventilatory chemoresponsiveness; chronic hypoxia; hypercapnia; polycythemia; and long periods of sleep during day and night (hypersomnolence). it is a condition often related to obstructive sleep apnea but can occur separately
Obesity Management: an integrated professional approach to screening, evaluation, control, and reduction of abnormal weight gain
Obesity Paradox: an observation that high body mass index is sometimes associated with lower cardiovascular disease mortality in certain population, e.g., elderly
Obesity, Abdominal: a condition of having excess fat in the abdomen. abdominal obesity is typically defined as waist circumferences of 40 inches or more in men and 35 inches or more in women. abdominal obesity raises the risk of developing disorders, such as diabetes; hypertension; and metabolic syndrome
Obesity, Hyperphagia, and Developmental Delay: mutation in ntrk2
Obesity, Metabolically Benign: a sub-phenotype of obese individuals who have a risk for cardiovascular diseases between that of healthy individuals with normal weight and unhealthy individuals with obesity
Obesity, Morbid: the condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. in the body mass index, morbid obesity is defined as having a bmi greater than 40.0 kg/m2
Obidoxime Chloride: cholinesterase reactivator occurring in two interchangeable isomeric forms, syn and anti
Observation: the act of regarding attentively and studying facts and occurrences, gathering data through analyzing, measuring, and drawing conclusions, with the purpose of applying the observed information to theoretical assumptions. observation as a scientific method in the acquisition of knowledge began in classical antiquity; in modern science and medicine its greatest application is facilitated by modern technology. observation is one of the components of the research process
Observational Studies as Topic: works about clinical studies in which participants may receive diagnostic, therapeutic, or other types of interventions, but the investigator does not assign participants to specific interventions (as in an interventional study)
Observational Studies, Veterinary as Topic: works about clinical studies in which animal subjects may receive diagnostic, therapeutic, or other types of interventions and where the investigator does not assign subjects to specific interventions
Observational Study: a work that reports on the results of a clinical study in which participants may receive diagnostic, therapeutic, or other types of interventions, but the investigator does not assign participants to specific interventions (as in an interventional study)
Observational Study, Veterinary: reports on studies of the results of a clinical study in which animal subjects may receive diagnostic, therapeutic, or other types of interventions, where the investigator does not assign participants to specific interventions
Observer Variation: the failure by the observer to measure or identify a phenomenon accurately, which results in an error. sources for this may be due to the observer's missing an abnormality, or to faulty technique resulting in incorrect test measurement, or to misinterpretation of the data. two varieties are inter-observer variation (the amount observers vary from one another when reporting on the same material) and intra-observer variation (the amount one observer varies between observations when reporting more than once on the same material)
Obsessive Behavior: persistent, unwanted idea or impulse which is considered normal when it does not markedly interfere with mental processes or emotional adjustment
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension
Obstetric Labor Complications: medical problems associated with obstetric labor, such as breech presentation; premature obstetric labor; hemorrhage; or others. these complications can affect the well-being of the mother, the fetus, or both
Obstetric Labor, Premature: onset of obstetric labor before term (term birth) but usually after the fetus has become viable. in humans, it occurs sometime during the 29th through 38th week of pregnancy. tocolysis inhibits premature labor and can prevent the birth of premature infants (infant, premature)
Obstetric Nursing: a nursing specialty involving nursing care given to the pregnant patient before, after, or during childbirth
Obstetric Surgical Procedures: surgery performed on the pregnant woman for conditions associated with pregnancy, labor, or the puerperium. it does not include surgery of the newborn infant
Obstetrical Forceps: surgical instrument designed to extract the newborn by the head from the maternal passages without injury to it or the mother
Obstetrics: a medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium
Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital: hospital department responsible for the administration and management of services provided for obstetric and gynecologic patients
Obturator Nerve: a nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (l2 to l4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to the lower extremity. the obturator nerve provides motor innervation to the adductor muscles of the thigh and cutaneous sensory innervation of the inner thigh
Occipital Bone: part of the back and base of the cranium that encloses the foramen magnum
Occipital Lobe: posterior portion of the cerebral hemispheres responsible for processing visual sensory information. it is located posterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus and extends to the preoccipital notch
Occipital horn syndrome: a rare x-linked recessive connective tissue disorder characterized by hyperelastic and bruisable skin, hernias, bladder diverticula, hyperextensible joints, varicosities, and multiple skeletal abnormalities. the disorder is sometimes accompanied by mild neurologic impairment, and bony abnormalities of the occipital bone are a common feature. mutations in the atp7a gene have been identified. omim: 304150
Occludin: a marvel domain protein that binds to and regulates protein phosphatase 1. occludin plays an important role in the formation and regulation of the tight junction paracellular permeability barrier
Occlusal Adjustment: selective grinding of occlusal surfaces of the teeth in an effort to eliminate premature contacts and occlusal interferences; to establish optimal masticatory effectiveness, stable occlusal relationships, direction of main occlusal forces, and efficient multidirectional patterns, to improve functional relations and to induce physiologic stimulation of the masticatory system; to eliminate occlusal trauma; to eliminate abnormal muscle tension; to aid in the stabilization of orthodontic results; to treat periodontal and temporomandibular joint problems; and in restorative procedures. (from jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992)
Occlusal Splints: rigid or flexible appliances that overlay the occlusal surfaces of the teeth. they are used to treat obstructive sleep apnea, clenching, bruxism, and their sequelae, and to provide temporary relief from muscle or temporomandibular joint pain
Occlusion Bodies, Viral: a polyhedral or ovocylindrical shaped matrix composed of a single crystalline protein (occlusion body matrix proteins) in which virions are embedded. it is distinguished from the area of the cytoplasm or cell nucleus in which virus components are being synthesized and assembled, known as viral inclusion bodies
Occlusion Body Matrix Proteins: proteins that assemble into a crystalline polyhedral or ovicylindrical shape around insect viruses, including baculoviridae and cypovirus
Occlusive Dressings: material, usually gauze or absorbent cotton, used to cover and protect wounds, to seal them from contact with air or bacteria. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Occult Blood: chemical, spectroscopic, or microscopic detection of extremely small amounts of blood
Occultism: the belief in or study of practices and knowledge of magical, mystical, or supernatural powers. alchemy, astrology, and many religious philosophies are based upon occult principles
Occupational Dentistry: the branch of dentistry concerned with maintaining oral health of employees in occupational environments
Occupational Exposure: the exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation
Occupational Groups: members of the various professions (e.g., physicians) or occupations (e.g., police)
Occupational Health Physicians: physicians employed in a company or corporate setting that is generally not in the health care industry
Occupational Health Services: health services for employees, usually provided by the employer at the place of work
Occupational Medicine: medical specialty concerned with the promotion and maintenance of the physical and mental health of employees in occupational settings
Occupational Stress: adverse psychological and behavioral reactions caused by the pressures and demands of employers or clients or other factors, such as the physical environment of the workplace, workplace violence; or workplace bullying
Occupational Therapists: professionals trained to help individuals develop or regain skills needed to achieve independence in their lives
Occupational Therapy: skilled treatment that helps individuals achieve independence in all facets of their lives. it assists in the development of skills needed for independent living
Occupational Therapy Department, Hospital: hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of any occupational or work activity for remedial purposes
Ocean Acidification: reduction in ocean water overall ph. ocean acidification is linked to coral bleaching and may disturb other marine biodiversity
Oceania: the islands of the central and south pacific, including micronesia, melanesia, polynesia, and traditionally australasia. (random house dictionary, 2d ed)
Oceanians: people native to or inhabitants of oceania including micronesia; melanesia; polynesia; australia and new zealand
Oceanography: the science that deals with the ocean and its phenomena. (webster, 3d ed)
Oceanospirillaceae: a family of gram-negative bacteria in the order oceanospirillales
Oceanospirillaceae: čeleď gramnegativních bakterií řádu oceanospirillales
Oceans and Seas: a great expanse of continuous bodies of salt water which together cover more than 70 percent of the earth's surface. seas may be partially or entirely enclosed by land, and are smaller than the five oceans (atlantic, pacific, indian, arctic, and antarctic)
Oceánci: lidé pocházející z oceánie/obývající oceánii, kam patří mikronésie, melanésie, polynésie, austrálie a nový zéland
Oceánie: za oceánii se obvykle považuje oblast tichého oceánu, která se nachází východně od asie a leží mezi oběma obratníky. obvykle se člení na melanésii, polynésii, mikronésii a tradičně australasie. australasie je region oceánie, který zahrnuje nový zéland, austrálii, novou guineu a sousední ostrovy v tichém oceánu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Ochlerotatus: a genus of mosquitoes in the family culicidae. a large number of the species are found in the neotropical part of the americas
Ochlerotatus: rod komárů čeledi culicidae. velký počet druhů tohoto rodu se vyskytuje v neotropické oblasti ameriky
Ochnaceae: a plant family of the order theales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida that have evergreen, alternate leaves
Ochnaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu malpígiotvaré (malpighiales). v průběhu aktualizací systému apg byly do čeledi ochnaceae vřazeny čeledi medusagynaceae a quiinaceae. v cronquistově systému byly všechny 3 zmíněné čeledi řazeny v řádu čajovníkotvaré (theales). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Ochratoxins: isocoumarins found in aspergillus ochraceus and other fungi. ochratoxin contaminated food has been responsible for cases of foodborne diseases
Ochrobactrum: a genus of the family brucellaceae comprising obligately aerobic gram-negative rods with parallel sides and rounded ends
Ochrobactrum: rod gramnegativních, obligátně aerobních bakterií čeledi brucellaceae. jejich buňky mají tvar rovných tyčinek se zaoblenými konci
Ochrobactrum anthropi: a species of gram-negative, obligately aerobic rods. motility occurs by peritrichous flagella. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Ochrobactrum anthropi: druh gramnegativní, obligátně aerobní, tyčinkovité bakterie, která se pohybuje pomocí peritrichálních bičíků
Ochromonas: a genus of golden-brown algae in the family ochromonadaceae, found mostly in freshwater. they bear two unequal flagella and are heterotrophic
Ochromonas: rod zlativek čeledi chromulinaceae. většinou žijí ve sladkých vodách. živí se mixotrofně. mají dva různé bičíky, složitější hlavní a jednodušší vedlejší
Ochronosis: the yellowish discoloration of connective tissue due to deposition of homogentisic acid (a brown-black pigment). this is due to defects in the metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine. ochronosis occurs in alkaptonuria, but has also been associated with exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., phenol, trinitrophenol, benzene derivatives)
Ochrosia: a plant genus of the family apocynaceae. species of this genus contain 9-methoxyellipticine (ellipticines) which is the basis of one of the classes of antineoplastic agents
Ochrosia: rod rostlin čeledi apocynaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují 9-methoxyelipticin (elipticiny), který je základní složkou jedné ze skupin protinádorových léčiv
Ocimum: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae which occurs in tropical and warm temperate regions worldwide. it includes the aromatic herb ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) and the medicinal plant ocimum tenuiflorum (holy basil)
Ocimum basilicum: a plant species of the genus ocimum, family lamiaceae. it is a condiment with carminative properties
Ocimum sanctum: a plant species of the genus ocimum, family lamiaceae that has been used in traditional medicine
Ocimum tenuiflorum: druh bazalky (rod ocimum, čeleď hluchavkovité - lamiaceae), který se užívá v tradiční medicíně
Ocotea: a plant genus in the lauraceae family. the common name of stinkwood is also used for zieria (rutaceae)
Octamer Transcription Factor-1: a ubiquitously expressed octamer transcription factor that regulates genetic transcription of small nuclear rna; immunoglobulin genes; and histone h2b genes
Octamer Transcription Factor-2: an octamer transcription factor expressed primarily in b-lymphocytes and the developing central nervous system that regulates genetic transcription of immunoglobulin genes
Octamer Transcription Factor-3: an octamer transcription factor that is expressed primarily in totipotent embryonic stem cells and germ cells and is down-regulated during cell differentiation
Octamer Transcription Factor-6: an octamer transcription factor that plays an important role in the myelin sheath development by schwann cells
Octamer Transcription Factors: a family of pou domain factors that bind the octamer motif atttgcat in enhancer and promoter regions to regulate gene expression
Octanes: eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. include isomers and derivatives
Octanols: isomeric forms and derivatives of octanol (c8h17oh)
Octodon: a genus of diurnal rats in the family octodonidae, found in south america. the species octodon degus is frequently used for research
Octodon: rod denních hlodavců čeledi octodontidae (osmákovití) žijící v jižní americe. osmák degu se chová jako domácí mazlíček a často také jako laboratorní zvíře
Octopamine: an alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the cns and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. it is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. the natural d(-) form is more potent than the l(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. it is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates
Octopodiformes: a superorder in the class cephalopoda, consisting of the orders octopoda (octopus) with over 200 species and vampyromorpha with a single species. the latter is a phylogenetic relic but holds the key to the origins of octopoda
Octopodiformes: nadřád hlavonožců tvořený řádem octopoda (chobotnice) s více jak 200 druhy a řádem vampyromorpha (vampýrovky) s jediným žijícím druhem. vampýrovky jsou fylogenetickým pozůstatkem, ale také zdrojem informací o vzniku chobotnic
Octoxynol: nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. they are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. octoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide
Octreotide: a potent, long-acting synthetic somatostatin octapeptide analog that inhibits secretion of growth hormone and is used to treat hormone-secreting tumors; diabetes mellitus; hypotension, orthostatic; hyperinsulinism; hypergastrinemia; and small bowel fistula
Ocufolin: ingredients listed in abstract: " a medical food containing 900 μg l-methylfolate (levomefolate calcium or [6s]-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid, calcium salt), methylcobalamin, and other ingredients" used in treating conjunctival microcirculation
Ocular Hypertension: a condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma
Ocular Hypotension: abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis)
Ocular Motility Disorders: disorders that feature impairment of eye movements as a primary manifestation of disease. these conditions may be divided into infranuclear, nuclear, and supranuclear disorders. diseases of the eye muscles or oculomotor cranial nerves (iii, iv, and vi) are considered infranuclear. nuclear disorders are caused by disease of the oculomotor, trochlear, or abducens nuclei in the brain stem. supranuclear disorders are produced by dysfunction of higher order sensory and motor systems that control eye movements, including neural networks in the cerebral cortex; basal ganglia; cerebellum; and brain stem. ocular torticollis refers to a head tilt that is caused by an ocular misalignment. opsoclonus refers to rapid, conjugate oscillations of the eyes in multiple directions, which may occur as a parainfectious or paraneoplastic condition (e.g., opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome). (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p240)
Ocular Physiological Phenomena: processes and properties of the eye as a whole or of any of its parts
Oculoauricular Syndrome: microphthalmia, microcornea, anterior segment dysgenesis, cataract, ocular coloboma, retinal pigment epithelium abnormalities, rod-cone dystrophy, and anomalies of the external ear
Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome: a sex-linked recessive disorder affecting multiple systems including the eye, the nervous system, and the kidney. clinical features include congenital cataract; mental retardation; and renal tubular dysfunction (fanconi syndrome; renal tubular acidosis; x-linked hypophosphatemia or vitamin-d-resistant rickets) and scoliosis. this condition is due to a deficiency of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-5-phosphatase leading to defects in phosphatidylinositol metabolism and inositol signaling pathway. (from menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, p60; am j hum genet 1997 jun;60(6):1384-8)
Oculocutaneous Albinism, Type IV: mutation in slc45a2
Oculocutaneous albinism type 1: a type of oculocutaneous albinism caused by specific mutations in the tyr gene. omim: 606933
Oculocutaneous albinism type 2: an autosomal recessive, tyrosinase positive type of oculocutaneous albinism where melanin biosynthesis is reduced in the skin. infants appear phenotypically similar to oca1 (omim: 203100) but acquire small amounts of pigment with age. affected individuals also have other similar, though less severe, phenotypes to oca1. mutations in the oca2 gene have been identified. omim: 203200
Oculodentodigital Dysplasia: a rare hereditary autosomal dominant condition that affects multiple parts of the body; particularly the face, eyes, teeth, and extremities. affected individuals often have small eyes (microphthalmia), small or missing teeth, weak enamel, multiple cavities, and early tooth loss. other common features include a thin nose and syndactyly between the fourth and fifth fingers. hypotrichosis, syndactyly of the toes, curvature of fingers, microcephaly, and cleft palate may also occur but are less common. some patients may also experience ataxia, muscle spasticity, hearing loss, and speech difficulties. mutations in the gja1 gene have been identified. omim: 164200
Oculodigitoesophagoduodenal syndrome: digital anomalies with short palpebral fissures and atresia of esophagus, or duodenum; mutation in mycn
Oculomotor Muscles: the muscles that move the eye. included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris
Oculomotor Nerve: the 3d cranial nerve. the oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. it also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. the motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain
Oculomotor Nerve Diseases: diseases of the oculomotor nerve or nucleus that result in weakness or paralysis of the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, or levator palpebrae muscles, or impaired parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. with a complete oculomotor palsy, the eyelid will be paralyzed, the eye will be in an abducted and inferior position, and the pupil will be markedly dilated. commonly associated conditions include neoplasms, craniocerebral trauma, ischemia (especially in association with diabetes mellitus), and aneurysmal compression. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p270)
Oculomotor Nerve Injuries: traumatic injuries to the oculomotor nerve. this may result in various eye movement dysfunction
Oculomotor Nuclear Complex: a collection of nuclei in the midbrain tegmentum for the oculomotor nerve fibers
Oculorenocerebellar syndrome: absence of the cerebellar granular layer, mental retardation, tapetoretinal degeneration and progressive glomerulopathy
Oddiho svěrač: sfinkter uzavírající společné vyústění žlučového a pankreatického vývodu do dvanáctníku (duodena). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Odds Ratio: the ratio of two odds. the exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. the disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. the prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases
Odonata: an order of insects comprising three suborders: anisoptera, zygoptera, and anisozygoptera. they consist of dragonflies and damselflies
Odontoblasts: the mesenchymal cells which line the dental pulp cavity and produce dentin. they have a columnar morphology in the coronal pulp but are cuboidal in the root pulp, or when adjacent to tertiary dentin
Odontodysplasia: a localized arrested tooth development which appears to involve most commonly the anterior teeth, usually on one side of the midline, most often the maxillary central and lateral incisors. roentgenographically, the teeth have a ghostlike appearance. calcification and bits of prismatic enamel may be found in the pulp and the enamel is thin and absent in part. (jablonski, illustrated dictionary of dentistry, 1982)
Odontogenesis: the process of tooth formation. it is divided into several stages including: the dental lamina stage, the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage. odontogenesis includes the production of tooth enamel (amelogenesis), dentin (dentinogenesis), and dental cementum (cementogenesis)
Odontogenic Cyst, Calcifying: a mixed radiolucent-radiopaque lesion of the jaws with features of both a cyst and a solid neoplasm. it is characterized microscopically by an epithelial lining showing a palisaded layer of columnar basal cells, presence of ghost cell keratinization, dentinoid, and calcification. (stedman, 25th ed)
Odontogenic Cysts: cysts found in the jaws and arising from epithelium involved in tooth formation. they include follicular cysts (e.g., primordial cyst, dentigerous cyst, multilocular cyst), lateral periodontal cysts, and radicular cysts. they may become keratinized (odontogenic keratocysts). follicular cysts may give rise to ameloblastomas and, in rare cases, undergo malignant transformation
Odontogenic Tumor, Squamous: a well-differentiated, benign, hamartomatous proliferation of odontogenic epithelium, probably arising from the rests of malassez
Odontoid Process: the toothlike process on the upper surface of the axis, which articulates with the cervical atlas above
Odontoma: a mixed tumor of odontogenic origin, in which both the epithelial and mesenchymal cells exhibit complete differentiation, resulting in the formation of tooth structures. (jablonski, illustrated dictionary of dentistry, 1982)
Oedipus Complex: attachment of the child to the parent of the opposite sex, accompanied by envious and aggressive feelings toward the parent of the same sex
Oenanthe: a plant genus of the family apiaceae that is sometimes called hemlock water dropwort but should not be confused with hemlock. it contains enanthotoxin
Oenanthe: rod rostlin z čeledi apiaceae (miříkovité). celá rostlina halucha vodní se pokládá za jedovatou. její kořen obsahuje rychle se vstřebávající polyacetylen oenanthotoxin a celá rostlina silice felandren a androl
Oenococcus: a genus of gram-positive cocci in the family leuconostocaceae. it is the primary bacteria involved in carrying out malolactic conversion in winemaking
Oenococcus: rod grampozitivních koků čeledi leuconostocaceae. primární bakterie malolaktického kvašení při výrobě vína
Oenothera: a plant genus of the family onagraceae. members contain oenotheins
Oenothera: rod rostlin čeledi onagraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují oenotheiny
Oenothera biennis: a plant species, of the genus oenothera, family onagraceae, that is the source of evening primrose oil
Oenothera biennis: bylina rodu oenothera, čeledi onagraceae. ze semen se lisuje olej pro kosmetické a léčebné použití
Oesophagostomiasis: infection of the intestinal tract with worms of the genus oesophagostomum. this condition occurs mainly in animals other than man
Oesophagostomum: a genus of nematodes of the superfamily strongyloidea, parasitic in the intestines of animals. the adults are usually free in the intestinal lumen; the larvae encyst in the wall
Oesophagostomum: rod hlístic nadčeledi strongyloidea, které parazitují ve střevech zvířat. dospělci se obvykle nalézají volně v dutině střeva, larvy jsou encystované ve střevní stěně
Off-Label Use: the practice of prescribing or using a drug or a vaccine outside the scope of the drug's official approved label as designated by a regulatory agency concerning the treatment of a particular disease or condition
Off-Road Motor Vehicles: motorized, recreational vehicles used on non-public roads. they include all-terrain vehicles, dirt-bikes, minibikes, motorbikes, trailbikes, and snowmobiles. excludes motorcycles, which are considered public road vehicles
Office Automation: use of computers or computer systems for doing routine clerical work, e.g., billing, records pertaining to the administration of the office, etc
Office Visits: visits made by patients to health service providers' offices for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up
Ofloxacin: a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial dna gyrase, halting dna replication
Oguchi disease: a congenital form of static night blindness; all other visual functions, including visual acuity, visual field, and color vision, are usually normal. it is also characterized by diffuse yellow or gray coloration of the fundus. after 2 or 3 hours in total darkness, the normal color of the fundus returns. oguchi disease-1 is associated with mutations in the sag gene. omim: 258100
Ohio: state bounded on the north by michigan and lake erie, on the east by ohio river and pennsylvania, on the south by ohio river, and on the west by indiana
Ohio: stát na východě spojených států amerických, ve středozápadním regionu usa. ohio hraničí na východě s pensylvánií, na jihovýchodě se západní virginií, na jihu s kentucky, na západě s indianou a na severu s michiganem. severovýchodní ohraničení tvoří erijské jezero, kde ohio sousedí s kanadskou provincií ontario. hlavní město je columbus. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Oil and Gas Fields: areas of the earth where hydrocarbon deposits of petroleum and/or natural gas are located
Oil and Gas Industry: industry concerned with the extraction, processing, distribution, marketing and storage of petroleum and natural gas
Oils: unctuous combustible substances that are liquid or easily liquefiable on warming, and are soluble in ether but insoluble in water. such substances, depending on their origin, are classified as animal, mineral, or vegetable oils. depending on their behavior on heating, they are volatile or fixed. (dorland, 28th ed)
Oils, Volatile: oils which evaporate readily. the volatile oils occur in aromatic plants, to which they give odor and other characteristics. most volatile oils consist of a mixture of two or more terpenes or of a mixture of an eleoptene (the more volatile constituent of a volatile oil) with a stearopten (the more solid constituent). the synonym essential oils refers to the essence of a plant, as its perfume or scent, and not to its indispensability
Ointment Bases: various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons; vehicles for medicinal substances intended for external application; there are four classes: hydrocarbon base, absorption base, water-removable base and water-soluble base; several are also emollients
Ointments: semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons
Okadaic Acid: a specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. it is also a potent tumor promoter. it is produced by dinoflagellates and causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning
Oklahoma: state bounded on the north by kansas, on the east by missouri and arkansas, on the south by texas, and on the west by new mexico
Oklahoma: stát na jihu spojených států amerických. oklahoma hraničí na severu s kansasem, na severovýchodě s missouri, na východě s arkansasem, na jihu s texasem, na západě s novým mexikem a na severozápadě s coloradem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Olacaceae: a small plant family of the order santalales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida
Olacaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu santalales (santálotvaré), třídy rosopsida
Olanzapine: a benzodiazepine derivative that binds serotonin receptors; muscarinic receptors; histamine h1 receptors; adrenergic alpha-1 receptors; and dopamine receptors. it is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of schizophrenia; bipolar disorder; and major depressive disorder; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy
Old Age Assistance: financial assistance for the impoverished elderly through public funding of programs, services, and individual income supplements
Oldenlandia: a plant genus of the family rubiaceae. some species are used as an ingredient in chinese and african traditional medicines. members contain kalata b1, a macrocyclic peptide
Oldenlandia: rostlina z čeledi rubiaceae (mořenovité). některé druhy se užívají v čínské a africké tradiční medicíně. někteří zástupci (oldenlandia affinis) obsahují makrocyklický peptid kalata s insekticidním účinkem, který je předmětem farmaceutického výzkumu mj. pro své antihiv účinky
Olea: a plant genus of the family oleaceae. the olive fruit is the source of olive oil
Olea: rod rostlin čeledi oleaceae. nejznámější je olivovník evropský, strom pěstovaný v jižní evropě pro plody zvané olivy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Oleaceae: a plant family of the order lamiales. the leaves are usually opposite and the flowers usually have four sepals, four petals, two stamens, and two fused carpels that form a single superior ovary
Oleaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu lamiales (hluchavkotvaré). jsou to dřeviny se vstřícnými jednoduchými nebo složenými listy a čtyřčetnými květy. čeleď je rozšířena téměř po celém světě. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Oleandomycin: antibiotic macrolide produced by streptomyces antibioticus
Oleanolic Acid: a pentacyclic triterpene that occurs widely in many plants as the free acid or the aglycone for many saponins. it is biosynthesized from lupane. it can rearrange to the isomer, ursolic acid, or be oxidized to taraxasterol and amyrin
Oleavirus: a genus in the family bromoviridae containing one species: olive latent virus 2
Oleavirus: rod rostlinných virů čeledi bromoviridae zahrnující jeden druh: olive latent virus 2
Olecranon Fracture: fractures of the olecranon process at the elbow joint
Olecranon Process: a prominent projection of the ulna that articulates with the humerus and forms the outer protuberance of the elbow joint
Oleic Acid: an unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. it is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (stedman, 26th ed)
Oleic Acids: a group of fatty acids that contain 18 carbon atoms and a double bond at the omega 9 carbon
Olfaction Disorders: impaired ability to smell. this may be caused by olfactory nerve diseases; paranasal sinus diseases; viral respiratory tract infections; craniocerebral trauma; smoking; and other conditions
Olfactory Bulb: ovoid body resting on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone where the olfactory nerve terminates. the olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose dendrites the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. the accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the vomeronasal organ via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here
Olfactory Cortex: basal forebrain and medial part of temporal lobe areas that receive synaptic inputs from the olfactory bulb
Olfactory Marker Protein: a ubiquitous, cytoplasmic protein found in mature olfactory receptor neurons of all vertebrates. it is a modulator of the olfactory signal transduction pathway
Olfactory Mucosa: that portion of the nasal mucosa containing the sensory nerve endings for smell, located at the dome of each nasal cavity. the yellow-brownish olfactory epithelium consists of olfactory receptor neurons; brush cells; stem cells; and the associated olfactory glands
Olfactory Nerve: the 1st cranial nerve. the olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. it is formed by the axons of olfactory receptor neurons which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the olfactory bulb
Olfactory Nerve Diseases: diseases of the first cranial (olfactory) nerve, which usually feature anosmia or other alterations in the sense of smell and taste. anosmia may be associated with neoplasms; central nervous system infections; craniocerebral trauma; inherited conditions; toxins; metabolic diseases; tobacco abuse; and other conditions. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp229-31)
Olfactory Nerve Injuries: traumatic injuries to the olfactory nerve. it may result in various olfactory dysfunction including a complete loss of smell
Olfactory Pathways: set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. it includes the olfactory nerve; olfactory bulb; olfactory tract; olfactory tubercle; anterior perforated substance; and olfactory cortex
Olfactory Perception: the process by which the nature and meaning of olfactory stimuli, such as odors, are recognized and interpreted by the brain
Olfactory Receptor Neurons: neurons in the olfactory epithelium with proteins (receptors, odorant) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. these neurons send their dendrites to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia. their unmyelinated axons synapse in the olfactory bulb of the brain
Olfactory Training: a non-surgical and non-pharmacological exercise treatment designed to manage olfactory disorders
Olfactory Tubercle: region in the ventral telencephalon located anterior to the optic chiasm, posterior to the olfactory peduncle, rostral to the piriform area and ventral to the nucleus accumbens
Oligo-1,6-Glucosidase: an enzyme that catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,6-alpha-glucosidic linkages in isomaltose and dextrins produced from starch and glycogen by alpha-amylases. ec 3.2.1.10
Oligochaeta: a class of annelid worms with few setae per segment. it includes the earthworms such as lumbricus and eisenia
Oligochaeta: třída kroužkovců. druhotně ztratili parapodia (dvojlaločné krátké výběžky se štětinami), pozůstatkem jsou jen 2 páry štětinek, které slouží k pohybu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Oligoclonal Bands: multiple protein bands serving as markers of specific antibodies and detected by electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid or serum. the bands are most often seen during inflammatory or immune processes and are found in most patients with multiple sclerosis
Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells: neuroglial cells that first appear during mid-embryogenesis in the central nervous system of mammals and give rise to oligodendrocytes. mitotically-active populations remain through late adulthood and are capable of regenerating myelin lost to disease or injury
Oligodendrocyte Transcription Factor 2: a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is required for differentiation of oligodendrocytes and motor neurons in the spinal cord, and development of somatic motor neurons in the hindbrain
Oligodendrocyte-Myelin Glycoprotein: a glycosylated extracellular myelin protein found on the myelin sheath of the central nervous system. it is linked to the cell surface via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage
Oligodendroglia: a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal (not the same as satellite cells, perineuronal of ganglia) according to their location. they form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system
Oligodendroglioma: a relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. they may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. the tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (from devita et al., cancer: principles and practice of oncology, 5th ed, p2052; adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p655)
Oligodeoxyribonucleotides: a group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties
Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense: short fragments of dna that are used to alter the function of target rnas or dnas to which they hybridize
Oligohydramnios: a condition of abnormally low amniotic fluid volume. principal causes include malformations of fetal urinary tract; fetal growth retardation; gestational hypertension; nicotine poisoning; and prolonged pregnancy
Oligohymenophorea: a class of ciliate protozoa. characteristics include the presence of a well developed oral apparatus and oral cilia being clearly distinct from somatic cilia
Oligohymenophorea: třída nálevníků. orální aparát je dobře vyvinutý a ústní brvy jsou jasně odlišné od tělních