NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Genistein: an isoflavonoid derived from soy products. it inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerases, type ii); activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. experimentally, it has been shown to induce g2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines and inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase
Genital Diseases, Female: pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (genitalia, female)
Genital Diseases, Male: pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (genitalia, male)
Genital Neoplasms, Female: tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (genitalia, female)
Genitalia, Female: the female reproductive organs. the external organs include the vulva; bartholin's glands; and clitoris. the internal organs include the vagina; uterus; ovary; and fallopian tubes
Genitalia, Male: the male reproductive organs. they are divided into the external organs (penis; scrotum; and urethra) and the internal organs (testis; epididymis; vas deferens; seminal vesicles; ejaculatory ducts; prostate; and bulbourethral glands)
Genito palato cardiac syndrome: male pseudohermaphroditism with micrognathia, cleft palate, and conotruncal cardiac defect
Genitourinary Agents: drugs used in treatment of medical conditions found in reproductive organs and the urinary tract such as urinary incontinence; erectile dysfunction; and preterm labor prevention
Genitourinary Tract Anomalies: x-linked genitourinary tract anomalies that result in neonatal death. omim: 305690
Genocide: the deliberate annihilation of a national, ethnic, or religious group, in part or in whole
Genome: the genetic complement of an organism, including all of its genes, as represented in its dna, or in some cases, its rna
Genome Components: the parts of a genome sequence that are involved with the different functions or properties of genomes as a whole as opposed to those of individual genes
Genome, Archaeal: the genetic complement of an archaeal organism (archaea) as represented in its dna
Genome, Chloroplast: the genetic complement of chloroplasts as represented in their dna
Genome, Fungal: the complete gene complement contained in a set of chromosomes in a fungus
Genome, Helminth: the genetic complement of a helminth (helminths) as represented in its dna
Genome, Human: the complete genetic complement contained in the dna of a set of chromosomes in a human. the length of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs
Genome, Insect: the genetic complement of an insect (insects) as represented in its dna
Genome, Microbial: the genetic complement of a microorganism as represented in its dna or in some microorganisms its rna
Genome, Mitochondrial: the genetic complement of mitochondria as represented in their dna
Genome, Protozoan: the complete genetic complement contained in a set of chromosomes in a protozoan
Genome, Viral: the complete genetic complement contained in a dna or rna molecule in a virus
Genome-Wide Association Study: an analysis comparing the allele frequencies of all available (or a whole genome representative set of) polymorphic markers to identify gene candidates or quantitative trait loci associated with a specific organism trait or specific disease or condition
Genomic Imprinting: the variable phenotypic expression of a gene depending on whether it is of paternal or maternal origin, which is a function of the dna methylation pattern. imprinted regions are observed to be more methylated and less transcriptionally active. (segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Genomic Instability: an increased tendency of the genome to acquire mutations when various processes involved in maintaining and replicating the genome are dysfunctional
Genomic Islands: distinct units in some bacterial, bacteriophage or plasmid genomes that are types of mobile genetic elements. encoded in them are a variety of fitness conferring genes, such as virulence factors (in pathogenicity islands or islets), antibiotic resistance genes, or genes required for symbiosis (in symbiosis islands or islets). they range in size from 10 - 500 kilobases, and their gc content and codon usage differ from the rest of the genome. they typically contain an integrase gene, although in some cases this gene has been deleted resulting in anchored genomic islands
Genomic Library: a form of gene library containing the complete dna sequences present in the genome of a given organism. it contrasts with a cdna library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns)
Genomic Medicine: a medical discipline using genomic information about an individual as part of their clinical care (e.g. for diagnostic or therapeutic decision-making) and the health outcomes and policy implications of that clinical use. (from www.genome.gov/health/genomics-and-medicine accessed 12/28/2020)
Genomic Structural Variation: contiguous large-scale (1000-400,000 basepairs) differences in the genomic dna between individuals, due to sequence deletion; sequence insertion; or sequence inversion
Genomics: the systematic study of the complete dna sequences (genome) of organisms. included is construction of complete genetic, physical, and transcript maps, and the analysis of this structural genomic information on a global scale such as in genome wide association studies
Genotype: the genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the alleles present at each genetic locus
Genotyping Techniques: methods used to determine individuals' specific alleles or snps (single nucleotide polymorphisms)
Gentamicins: a complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from micromonospora purpurea and related species. they are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. they act to inhibit protein biosynthesis
Gentian Violet: a dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties
Gentiana: a plant genus of the family gentianaceae whose members contain secoiridoids and have been used in traditional medicine for suppressing inflammation
Gentiana: rod rostlin čeledi gentianaceae. mezi zásadní obsahové látky hořců náležejí zejména monoterpenické hořčiny. v oddenku hořce žlutého je obsažen zejména gentiopikrosid, swertiamarin, swerosid a amarogentin. nejvíce hořkou složkou je amarogentin. dále je obsažen alkaloid gentiosid, xanthony, stopy silice aj. některé druhy se používají ve fytoterapii. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Gentianaceae: a plant family of the order gentianales, subclass asteridae, class magnoliopsida
Gentianaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu gentianales (hořcotvaré), třídy rosopsida
Gentianales: an angiosperm plant order that includes the apocynaceae; asclepiadaceae; gentianaceae; loganiaceae; and rubiaceae families
Gentianella: a plant genus of the family gentianaceae that contains nitiol (a c25 sesterterpenoid) & nitidasin
Gentianella: rod rostlin čeledi gentianaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují nitiol (c25 sesterterpenoid) a nitidasin
Genu Valgum: an inward slant of the thigh in which the knees are close together and the ankles far apart. genu valgum can develop due to skeletal and joint dysplasias (e.g., osteoarthritis; hurler syndrome); and malnutrition (e.g., rickets; fluoride poisoning)
Genu Varum: an outward slant of the thigh in which the knees are wide apart and the ankles close together. genu varum can develop due to skeletal and joint dysplasia (e.g., osteoarthritis; blount's disease); and malnutrition (e.g., rickets; fluoride poisoning)
Geobacillus: a genus of gram-positive, endospore-forming, thermophilic bacteria in the family bacillaceae
Geobacillus: rod grampozitivních, termofilních bakterií čeledi bacillaceae, který tvoří endospory
Geobacillus stearothermophilus: a species of gram-positive endospore-forming bacteria in the family bacillaceae, found in soil, hot springs, arctic waters, ocean sediments, and spoiled food products
Geobacillus stearothermophilus: druh grampozitivní bakterie čeledi bacillaceae, která tvoří endospory. vyskytuje se v půdě, horkých pramenech, arktických vodách, mořských sedimentech a zkažených potravinách
Geobacter: a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, metal-reducing bacteria in the family geobacteraceae. they have the ability to oxidize a variety of organic compounds, including aromatic hydrocarbons
Geobacter: rod gramnegativních, anaerobních bakterií čeledi geobacteraceae, které mají schopnost redukovat kovy a oxidovat různé organické sloučeniny, včetně aromatických uhlovodíků
Geodia: a genus of massive or globular sponges in the family geodiidae, with large spicules at or near the surface
Geodia: rod mořských živočišných hub čeledi geodiidae s velkými jehlicemi na/u povrchu těla
Geographic Atrophy: a form of macular degeneration also known as dry macular degeneration marked by occurrence of a well-defined progressive lesion or atrophy in the central part of the retina called the macula lutea. it is distinguishable from wet macular degeneration in that the latter involves neovascular exudates
Geographic Information Systems: computer systems capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information, i.e. data identified according to their locations
Geographic Locations: the continents and countries situated on those continents; the united states and each of the constituent states arranged by region; canada and each of its provinces; australia and each of its states; the major bodies of water and major islands on both hemispheres; and selected major cities
Geographic Mapping: creating a representation of areas of the earth or other celestial bodies, for the purpose of visualizing spatial distributions of various information
Geography: the science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (from webster, 3d ed)
Geography, Medical: the area of medicine concerned with the effects on health and disease due to geographic factors such as climate, environmental conditions, and geographic location
Geologic Sediments: a mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. it refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed, p1689)
Geology: the science of the earth and other celestial bodies and their history as recorded in the rocks. it includes the study of geologic processes of an area such as rock formations, weathering and erosion, and sedimentation. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Georgia: stát na jihovýchodě usa. georgie hraničí na severovýchodě s jižní karolínou, na severu se severní karolínou a tennessee, na západě s alabamou a na jihu s floridou. východní ohraničení státu tvoří atlantský oceán. hlavní město je atlanta. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Georgia (Republic): a country in southwestern asia, bordering the black sea, between turkey and russia. the capital is tbilisi
Geothermal Energy: thermal energy contained in the earth. it can be used directly to supply heat or converted to mechanical or electrical energy. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Geotrichum: a mitosporic saccharomycetales fungal genus, various species of which have been isolated from pulmonary lesions. teleomorphs include dipodascus and galactomyces
Geotrichum: rod mitosporických hub řádu saccharomycetales. různé druhy tohoto rodu byly izolované z plicních lézí. teleomorfní rody jsou dipodascus a galactomyces
Geraniaceae: a plant family of the order geraniales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida
Geraniaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu geraniales (kakostotvaré), třídy rosopsida
Geranium: a plant genus of the family geraniaceae. geranium is also used as a common name for pelargonium
Geranylgeranyl-Diphosphate Geranylgeranyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to give prephytoene diphosphate. the prephytoene diphosphate molecule is a precursor for carotenoids and other tetraterpenes
Geranyltranstransferase: an enzyme involved in the mevalonate pathway, it catalyses the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate
Gerbillinae: a subfamily of the muridae consisting of several genera including gerbillus, rhombomys, tatera, meriones, and psammomys
Gerbillinae: podčeleď z čeledi myšovitých a řádu hlodavců. jsou to čilá zvířata, tvarem podobná myši a jsou příbuzná křečkům a tarbíkům. zahrnuje např. rody gerbillus, rhombomys, tatera, meriones a psammomys. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Geriatric Anesthesia: conducting anesthesia procedures in aged adults, typically those aged 65 years and older
Geriatric Assessment: evaluation of the level of physical, physiological, or mental functioning in the older population group
Geriatric Dentistry: the branch of dentistry concerned with the dental problems of older people
Geriatric Nursing: nursing care of the aged patient given in the home, the hospital, or special institutions such as nursing homes, psychiatric institutions, etc
Geriatric Psychiatry: a subspecialty of psychiatry concerned with the mental health of the aged
Geriatricians: physicians specializing in physiological and pathological aspects of aging and the aged, including the clinical problems of senescence and senility
Geriatrics: the branch of medicine concerned with the physiological and pathological aspects of the aged, including the clinical problems of senescence and senility
Geristore: used to restore class vi lesions (cup-shaped depressions on incisor edges)
Germ Cell Ribonucleoprotein Granules: cytoplasmic structures organized by ribonucleoproteins involved in rna regulation in germ cells
Germ Cells: the reproductive cells in multicellular organisms at various stages during gametogenesis
Germ Layers: the three primary germinal layers (ectoderm; endoderm; and mesoderm) developed during gastrulation that provide tissues and body plan of a mature organism. they derive from two early layers, hypoblast and epiblast
Germ Theory of Disease: the fundamental tenet of modern medicine that certain diseases are caused by microorganisms. it was confirmed by the work of pasteur, lister, and koch
Germ-Line Mutation: any detectable and heritable alteration in the lineage of germ cells. mutations in these cells (i.e., generative cells ancestral to the gametes) are transmitted to progeny while those in somatic cells are not
Germanium: a rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63
Germany: a country in central europe, bordering the baltic sea and the north sea, between the netherlands and poland, south of denmark. the capital is berlin
Germany, East: the former german democratic republic which was reunified with the former federal republic of germany in 1990
Germany, West: the former federal republic of germany which was reunified with the former german democratic republic in 1990
Germinal Center: the activated center of a lymphoid follicle in secondary lymphoid tissue where b-lymphocytes are stimulated by antigens and helper t cells (t-lymphocytes, helper-inducer) are stimulated to generate memory cells
Germinal Center Kinases: serine-threonine kinases characterized by an n-terminal ste20 kinase domain
Germination: the initial stages of the growth of seeds into a seedlings. the embryonic shoot (plumule) and embryonic plant roots (radicle) emerge and grow upwards and downwards respectively. food reserves for germination come from endosperm tissue within the seed and/or from the seed leaves (cotyledon). (concise dictionary of biology, 1990)
Germine Acetates: germine derivatives acetylated on any one or more of the hydroxy groups. these compounds are present in many polyester alkaloids which occur in veratrum and zygadenus species. they are used as antihypertensive agents, and in some cases, exhibit curare-like activity
Germinoma: a malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the gonads; mediastinum; or pineal region. germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (stedman, 265th ed; from devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)
Geroscience: the study of the biology; biochemistry; and physiology of aging and the aged and age-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases; diabetes mellitus; and cancer, as well as debilitating conditions like arthritis; fatigue; and frailty
Gerstmann Syndrome: a disorder of cognition characterized by the tetrad of finger agnosia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, and right-left disorientation. the syndrome may be developmental or acquired. acquired gerstmann syndrome is associated with lesions in the dominant (usually left) parietal lobe which involve the angular gyrus or subjacent white matter. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p457)
Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Disease: an autosomal dominant familial prion disease with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations including ataxia, spastic paraparesis, extrapyramidal signs, and dementia. clinical onset is in the third to sixth decade of life and the mean duration of illness prior to death is five years. several kindreds with variable clinical and pathologic features have been described. pathologic features include cerebral prion protein amyloidosis, and spongiform or neurofibrillary degeneration. (from brain pathol 1998 jul;8(3):499-513; brain pathol 1995 jan;5(1):61-75)
Gerstmannova-Strausslerova-Scheinkerova nemoc: gerstmannův-sträusslerův-scheinkerův syndrom zkr. gss - vzácné, autozomálně-dominantní onemocnění řazené k spongiformním encefalopatiím postihujícím člověka, spojované rovněž s priony či pomalými viry. je charakterizováno poruchami mozečku, pyramidovými i extrapyramidovými a bulbárními příznaky, demencí. srov. creutzfeldtova-jakobova nemoc. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Gerstmannův syndrom: soubor příznaků při postižení parietálního laloku (v gyrus angularis)řečově dominantní hemisféry. projevuje se fatickou poruchou (agrafií, akalkulií, alexií) a agnozií prstů (pacient nedokáže rozeznat a pojmenovat prsty své nebo cizí ruky). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Gestalt Theory: a system which emphasizes that experience and behavior contain basic patterns and relationships which cannot be reduced to simpler components; that is, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Gestalt Therapy: a form of psychotherapy with emphasis on the interplay of organism and environment. basic to this therapy is the development of awareness and maturity, as well as self-confidence
Gestational Age: the age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of fertilization. in clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated from the onset of the last menstruation which is about 2 weeks before ovulation and fertilization. it is also estimated to begin from fertilization, estrus, coitus, or artificial insemination
Gestational Carriers: females who allow themselves to be impregnated with the understanding that the offspring are to be given over to the parents who have commissioned the surrogate
Gestational Sac: round-shaped structure usually located in the upper fundus of the uterus in early pregnancy. it comprises embryo; amniotic fluid; and yolk sac. it is visible in prenatal ultrasonography by the fifth week of pregnancy. its size is often used to determine and monitor gestational age; fetal growth; and pregnancy complications
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease: a group of diseases arising from pregnancy that are commonly associated with hyperplasia of trophoblasts (trophoblast) and markedly elevated human chorionic gonadotropin. they include hydatidiform mole, invasive mole (hydatidiform mole, invasive), placental-site trophoblastic tumor (trophoblastic tumor, placental site), and choriocarcinoma. these neoplasms have varying propensities for invasion and spread
Gestonorone Caproate: a long-acting potent progestogen structurally related to progesterone. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1185)
Gestrinone: a non-estrogenic contraceptive which is a weak progestin with strong anti-progesterone properties. it is effective if used once a week orally or can also be used in intravaginal devices
Geum: rod rostlin čeledi rosaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují triterpeny
Ghana: a republic in western africa, south of burkina faso and west of togo. its capital is accra
Ghana: stát v západní africe. sousedí na severu s burkina faso, na východě s togem, na západě s pobřežím slonoviny, jeho jižní pobřeží omývají vody guinejského zálivu. hlavním městem je akkra
Ghee: the clarified portion of milk, cream, or butter obtained by the removal of the nonfat constituents. (from dictionary of food ingredients, 4th ed., 2001)
Ghose Sachdev Kumar syndrome: bilateral nanophthalmos, pigmentary retinal dystrophy, and angle closure glaucoma
Ghrelin: a 28-amino acid, acylated, orexigenic peptide that is a ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptors. ghrelin is widely expressed but primarily in the stomach in the adults. ghrelin acts centrally to stimulate growth hormone secretion and food intake, and peripherally to regulate energy homeostasis. its large precursor protein, known as appetite-regulating hormone or motilin-related peptide, contains ghrelin and obestatin
Giant Axonal Neuropathy: rare autosomal recessive disorder of intermediate filament proteins. the disease is caused by mutations in the gene that codes gigaxonin protein. the mutations result in disorganization of axonal neurofilament proteins, formation of the characteristic giant axons, and progressive neuropathy. the clinical features of the disease include early-onset progressive peripheral motor and sensory neuropathies often associated with central nervous system involvement (intellectual disability, seizures, dysmetria, and congenital nystagmus)
Giant Cell Arteritis: a systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large arteries, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated giant cells. the temporal artery is commonly involved. this disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. symptoms include fever; fatigue; headache; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed)
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: a bone tumor composed of cellular spindle-cell stroma containing scattered multinucleated giant cells resembling osteoclasts. the tumors range from benign to frankly malignant lesions. the tumor occurs most frequently in an end of a long tubular bone in young adults. (from dorland, 27th ed; stedman, 25th ed)
Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath: a tumor arising in the synovial membrane; synovial bursa; or tendon sheath. it is characterized by osteoclast-like giant cells; foam cells; pigmented hemosiderin-laden macrophages and inflammatory infiltrate. it is classified either as diffuse or localized tenosynovitis
Giant Cell Tumors: tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. the most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and giant cell tumor of bone
Giant Cells: multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. in aids, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the hiv virus binds to the cd4 antigen of uninfected neighboring t4 cells. the resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus
Giant Cells, Foreign-Body: multinucleated cells (fused macrophages), characteristic of granulomatous inflammation, which form around exogenous material in the skin. they are similar in appearance to langhans giant cells (giant cells, langhans), but foreign-body giant cells have more abundant chromatin and their nuclei are scattered in an irregular pattern in the cytoplasm
Giant Cells, Langhans: multinucleated cells (fused macrophages) seen in granulomatous inflammations such as tuberculosis, syphilis, sarcoidosis, and deep fungal infections. they resemble foreign-body giant cells (giant cells, foreign body) but langhans giant cells contain less chromatin and their nuclei are arranged peripherally in a horseshoe-shaped pattern. langhans giant cells occur frequently in delayed hypersensitivity
Giant Viruses: dna viruses that have genomes up to several megabases in length and infect primarily single-celled eukaryotes
Giardia: a genus of flagellate intestinal eukaryotes parasitic in various vertebrates, including humans. characteristics include the presence of four pairs of flagella arising from a complicated system of axonemes and cysts that are ellipsoidal to ovoidal in shape
Giardia: rod bičíkovců žijících v tenkém střevě savců, původce giardiázy (lambliázy). dř. název byl lamblia. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Giardia lamblia: a species of parasitic eukaryotes that attaches itself to the intestinal mucosa and feeds on mucous secretions. the organism is roughly pear-shaped and motility is somewhat erratic, with a slow oscillation about the long axis
Giardia lamblia: lat. prvok, bičíkovec vyvolávající giardiázu (lambliázu). trofozoit má hruškovitý tvar, dvě jádra, čtyři páry bičíků, velikost cca 5-15 a 10-20 µm. žije na povrchu sliznice horních částí tenkého střeva. tvoří menší (cca 8x12 µm), čtyřjaderné, značně odolné cysty, které jsou vylučovány stolicí. g. l. je kosmopolitně rozšířena, přenáší se alimentární cestou. dřívější název lamblia intestinalis se stále používá, i v cizině. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Giardiasis: an infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan giardia. it is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact
Giardiavirus: a genus of rna protozoan viruses of the family totiviridae. it infects many isolates of the flagellated protozoan human parasite g. lamblia, but does not seem to be associated with the virulence of the parasite. the type species is giardia lamblia virus
Giardiavirus: rod virů čeledi totiviridae, které infikují prvoky. napadají řadu izolátů bičíkatého střevního parazita giardia lamblia, ale pravděpodobně nesouvisí s jeho virulencí. typovým druhem je giardia lamblia virus
Gibberella: a genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family hypocreaceae, order hypocreales including several pathogens of grains and cereals. it is also the source of plant growth regulators such as gibberellin and gibberellic acid
Gibberella: rod vřeckovýtrusných hub čeledi hypocreaceae, řádu hypocreales. patří sem řada patogenů obilovin. je zdrojem regulátorů růstu rostlin (např. giberelinu a kyseliny giberelové)
Gibberellins: a class of plant growth hormone isolated from cultures of gibberella fujikuroi, a fungus causing bakanae disease in rice. there are many different members of the family as well as mixtures of multiple members; all are diterpenoid acids based on the gibberellane skeleton
Gibraltar: zámořské území spojeného království v jihozápadní evropě hraničící s gibraltarskou úžinou
Gift Giving: the bestowing of tangible or intangible benefits, voluntarily and usually without expectation of anything in return. however, gift giving may be motivated by feelings of altruism or gratitude, by a sense of obligation, or by the hope of receiving something in return
Gigantism: the condition of accelerated and excessive growth in children or adolescents who are exposed to excess human growth hormone before the closure of epiphyses. it is usually caused by somatotroph hyperplasia or a growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma. these patients are of abnormally tall stature, more than 3 standard deviations above normal mean height for age
Gigantomastia: hypertrophy of one or both breasts in females due to pregnancy; obesity, or certain drugs. juvenile gigantomastia is a distinct form that occurs in prepubertal girls (omim: 113670)
Gilbert Disease: a benign familial disorder, transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. it is characterized by low-grade chronic hyperbilirubinemia with considerable daily fluctuations of the bilirubin level
Gilbertova nemoc: benigní dědičná porucha s autozomálně dominantním přenosem. je charakterizovaná stále nevýrazně zvýšenou hladinou bilirubinu v krvi se značnými denními výkyvy
Gillazym: biliary enzyme prep; contains pancreatin, dehydrocholic acid & dimethylpolysiloxane
Gills: paired respiratory organs of fishes and some amphibians that are analogous to lungs. they are richly supplied with blood vessels by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged directly with the environment
Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases: cysteine endoproteinases, from periodontal pathogen porphyromonas gingivalis, acting as virulence factors associated with periodontitis. they are produced as pre-proproteins which mature into arginine and lysine specific endopeptidases
Gingival Crevicular Fluid: a fluid occurring in minute amounts in the gingival crevice, believed by some authorities to be an inflammatory exudate and by others to cleanse material from the crevice, containing sticky plasma proteins which improve adhesions of the epithelial attachment, have antimicrobial properties, and exert antibody activity. (from jablonski, illustrated dictionary of dentistry, 1982)
Gingival Hemorrhage: the flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as gingivitis, marginal periodontitis, injury, and ascorbic acid deficiency
Gingival Hyperplasia: non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. it is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (from jablonski's dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p400)
Gingival Hypertrophy: abnormal enlargement or overgrowth of the gingivae brought about by enlargement of existing cells
Gingival Neoplasms: new abnormal growth of tissue in the gingiva
Gingival Overgrowth: excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (gingival hypertrophy) or by an increase in their number (gingival hyperplasia). (from jablonski's dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p574)
Gingival Pocket: an abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment
Gingival Recession: exposure of the root surface when the edge of the gum (gingiva) moves apically away from the crown of the tooth. this is common with advancing age, vigorous tooth brushing, diseases, or tissue loss of the gingiva, the periodontal ligament and the supporting bone (alveolar process)
Gingival Retraction Techniques: techniques used to expose dental surface below the gingival margin in order to obtain better dental impression during periodental and peri-implant applications. the retraction of the gingival tissue can be achieved surgically (e.g., laser gingivectomy and rotary curettage) or chemically with a retraction cord
Gingivectomy: surgical excision of the gingiva at the level of its attachment, thus creating new marginal gingiva. this procedure is used to eliminate gingival or periodontal pockets or to provide an approach for extensive surgical interventions, and to gain access necessary to remove calculus within the pocket. (dorland, 28th ed)
Gingivitis: inflammation of gum tissue (gingiva) without loss of connective tissue
Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative: an acute or chronic gingivitis characterized by redness and swelling, necrosis extending from the interdental papillae along the gingival margins, pain; hemorrhage, necrotic odor, and often a pseudomembrane. the condition may extend to the oral mucosa; tongue; palate; or pharynx. the etiology is somewhat unclear, but may involve a complex of fusobacterium nucleatum along with spirochetes borrelia or treponema
Gingivoplasty: surgical reshaping of the gingivae and papillae for correction of deformities (particularly enlargements) and to provide the gingivae with a normal and functional form, the incision creating an external bevel. (dorland, 28th ed)
Ginkgo Extract: preparations of ginkgo biloba. they contain various antioxidants including flavonoids and terpenes (e.g., xanthophylls)
Ginkgo biloba: jediný druh rodu ginkgo, čeledi ginkgoacea. extrakty se medicínsky zkoumají, zejména egb 761. název ginkgo může odkazovat na rod nebo druh
Ginkgo biloba: the only specie of the genus ginkgo, family ginkgoacea. it is the source of extracts of medicinal interest, especially egb 761. ginkgo may refer to the genus or species
Ginkgolides: diterpenes with three lactones and a unique tert-butyl group, which are found in ginkgo plants along with bilobalides
Ginsenosides: dammarane type triterpene saponins based mainly on the aglycones, protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol
Giraffes: four-legged hoofed mammals with extremely long necks and legs belonging to the family giraffidae
Gitelman Syndrome: an inherited renal disorder characterized by defective nacl reabsorption in the convoluted distal kidney tubule leading to hypokalemia. in contrast with bartter syndrome, gitelman syndrome includes hypomagnesemia and normocalcemic hypocalciuria, and is caused by mutations in the thiazide-sensitive sodium-potassium-chloride symporters
Gitelmanův syndrom: familiární hypokalemie-hypomagnesemie, vzácná autozomálně recesivně dědičná tubulopatie. je rovněž přítomna hypokalciurie, metabolická alkalóza, obv. není hypertenze. příznaky jsou svalová slabost, křeče, tetanie, je fenotypově různá závažnost. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Gizzard, Avian: the posterior portion of the avian stomach located between the proventriculus and intestine. it consists of a thick muscular wall and small stones (gastroliths) that function to mechanically grind seeds and other ingested objects
Gizzard, Non-avian: a component of the gastrointestinal tract of some reptiles (alligators and crocodiles), as well as certain fish, mollusks, and insects. it functions to mechanically grind food
Glafenine: an anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain
Glanders: a contagious disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans. it is caused by burkholderia mallei and characterized by ulceration of the respiratory mucosa and an eruption of nodules on the skin
Glare: relatively bright light, or the dazzling sensation of relatively bright light, which produces unpleasantness or discomfort, or which interferes with optimal vision, ocular. (cline et al., dictionary of visual science, 4th ed)
GlasSpan: a braided glass fiber which may be used to fabricate fiber reinforced crowns & bridges
Glasgow Coma Scale: a scale that assesses the response to stimuli in patients with craniocerebral injuries. the parameters are eye opening, motor response, and verbal response
Glasgow Outcome Scale: a scale that assesses the outcome of serious craniocerebral injuries, based on the level of regained social functioning
Glasgowská stupnice kómat: škála, která hodnotí reakci na podněty u pacientů s kraniocerebrálním poraněním. parametry jsou otevření očí, motorická odezva a verbální odezva
Glasgowská stupnice následků: škála, která hodnotí výsledek závažných kraniocerebrálních poranění na základě úrovně znovunabytého sociálního fungování
Glass: hard, amorphous, brittle, inorganic, usually transparent, polymerous silicate of basic oxides, usually potassium or sodium. it is used in the form of hard sheets, vessels, tubing, fibers, ceramics, beads, etc
Glass Ionomer Cements: a polymer obtained by reacting polyacrylic acid with a special anion-leachable glass (alumino-silicate). the resulting cement is more durable and tougher than others in that the materials comprising the polymer backbone do not leach out
Glatiramer Acetate: a random polymer of l-alanine, l-glutamic acid, l-lysine, and l-tyrosine that structurally resembles myelin basic protein. it is used in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Glaucarubin: (1 beta,2 alpha,11 beta,12 alpha,15 beta(s))-11,20-epoxy-1,2,11,12-tetrahydroxy-15-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-oxobutoxy)picras-3-en-16-one. a quassinoid (simaroubolide) from simaruba glauca, a tropical shrub. it has been used as an antiamebic agent and is found to be cytotoxic. it may be of use in cancer chemotherapy
Glaucoma: an ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. the consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (dictionary of visual science, 4th ed)
Glaucoma 1, Open Angle, P: a hereditary, autosomal dominant form of glaucoma that is characterized by cupping of the optic nerve head and visual field defects but no increase in intraocular pressure. it primarily affects younger patients and is associated with a 300 kb duplication in the q region of chromosome 12 (12q14) omim: 177700
Glaucoma 3, Primary Congenital, D: mutations in ltbp2
Glaucoma Drainage Implants: devices, usually incorporating unidirectional valves, which are surgically inserted in the sclera to maintain normal intraocular pressure
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure: a form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber
Glaucoma, Neovascular: a form of secondary glaucoma which develops as a consequence of another ocular disease and is attributed to the forming of new vessels in the angle of the anterior chamber
Glaucoma, Open-Angle: glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris
Glaucophyta: a phylum or class of freshwater microscopic eukaryota sometimes considered to be plants or microalgae. their chloroplasts (called cyanelles) are believed to be derived from the direct endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria
Glaucophyta: kmen sladkovodních mikroskopických eukaryot považovaných za rostliny nebo mikrořasy. glaucophyta mají zvláštní plastidy zvané cyanely. tyto plastidy jsou, na rozdíl od všech ostatních, obalené peptidoglykanem, který je základní stavební jednotkou buněčné stěny bakterií. to naznačuje, že tyto plastidy vznikly endosymbiotickou cestou, pohlcením sinice (cyanobakterie) předkem glaukofyt. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Gleditsia: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that contains gleditsiosides (triterpenoid saponins)
Gleditsia: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují gleditsiosidy (triterpenoidní saponiny)
Glenoid Cavity: a depression in the lateral angle of the scapula that articulates with the humeral head
Glia Maturation Factor: a factor identified in the brain that influences the growth and differentiation of neurons and neuroglia. glia maturation factor beta is the 17-kda polypeptide product of the gmfb gene and is the principal component of glia maturation factor
Gliadin: simple protein, one of the prolamines, derived from the gluten of wheat, rye, etc. may be separated into 4 discrete electrophoretic fractions. it is the toxic factor associated with celiac disease
Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: the founding member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family. it was originally characterized as a nerve growth factor promoting the survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, and it has been studied as a potential treatment for parkinson disease
Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors: a family of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell surface receptors that are specific for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors. they form a multi-component receptor complex with proto-oncogene protein c-ret and regulate a variety of intracellular signal transduction pathways in conjunction with c-ret protein
Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factors: a family of closely related nerve growth factors that promote neuron survival. they bind to gdnf receptors and stimulate signal transduction through proto-oncogene protein c-ret
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein: an intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. mw 51,000
Glicentin: a 69-amino acid peptide derived from the n-terminal of proglucagon. it is mainly produced by the intestinal l cells. further processing of glicentin yield a 30-amino acid n-terminal peptide (glicentin-related polypeptide) and a 37-amino acid peptide oxyntomodulin. both glicentin and oxyntomodulin can reduce digestive secretions and delay gastric emptying
Gliclazide: an oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion
Glioblastoma: a malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. they may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures
Gliocladium: a mitosporic fungal genus occurring in soil or decaying plant matter. it is structurally similar to penicillium
Gliocladium: rod mitosporických hub rostoucí v půdě nebo na hnijícím rostlinném substrátu. má podobnou strukturu jako penicillium
Glioma: benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (astrocytoma) or glioblastoma multiforme (see glioblastoma). oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (oligodendroglioma) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become ependymoma; choroid plexus neoplasms; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (from escourolle et al., manual of basic neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)
Glioma, Subependymal: rare, slow-growing, benign intraventricular tumors, often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally. the tumors are classified histologically as ependymomas and demonstrate a proliferation of subependymal fibrillary astrocytes among the ependymal tumor cells. (from clin neurol neurosurg 1997 feb;99(1):17-22)
Gliosarcoma: rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. these tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. they may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (from br j neurosurg 1995 apr;9(2):171-8)
Gliosis: the production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion
Gliotoxin: a fungal toxin produced by various species of trichoderma, gladiocladium fimbriatum, aspergillus fumigatus, and penicillium. it is used as an immunosuppressive agent
Glipizide: an oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized
Global Burden of Disease: use of various metrics to measure death and loss of health due to diseases, injuries and risk factors for all regions of the world
Global Health: a multi- and interdisciplinary field concerned with improving health and achieving equity in health for all people. it transcends national boundaries, promotes cooperation and collaboration within and beyond health science fields, and combines population-based disease prevention with individually-based patient care
Global Longitudinal Strain: global longitudinal strain (gls) is a measure of ventricular function derived from 2-dimensional echocardiographic images by quantifying the relative length change in myocardial length between end-diastole and end-systole. gls is used to predict cardiovascular outcomes and has been proposed to be a better measure of cardiac dysfunction than ventricular ejection fraction
Global Warming: increase in the temperature of the atmosphere near the earth's surface and in the troposphere, which can contribute to changes in global climate patterns
Globins: a superfamily of proteins containing the globin fold which is composed of 6-8 alpha helices arranged in a characterstic heme enclosing structure
Globosides: glycosphingolipids containing n-acetylglucosamine (paragloboside) or n-acetylgalactosamine (globoside). globoside is the p antigen on erythrocytes and paragloboside is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of erythrocyte blood group abh and p 1 glycosphingolipid antigens. the accumulation of globoside in tissue, due to a defect in hexosaminidases a and b, is the cause of sandhoff disease
Globulins: a group of proteins that are salt-soluble and form a large fraction of blood proteins. there are three types of globulins, alpha-globulins, beta-globulins, and gamma-globulins, which are distinguished from one another by their degree of electrophoretic mobility
Globus Pallidus: the representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. it forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus
Globus Sensation: a feeling of a lump in the throat that occurs between meals in the absence of other gastrointestinal and motility disorders (e.g., dysphagia; gastroesophageal reflux)
Glomeromycota: a phylum of fungi that are mutualistic symbionts and form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plant roots
Glomeromycota: kmen hub, které tvoří s mnoha rostlinami tzv. arbuskulární mykorhizu, oboustranně výhodný symbiotický svazek, při němž houba poskytuje vodu a minerály a rostlina dodává organické látky. výjimku tvoří ještě druh geosiphon pyriformis, který tvoří podobný symbiotický svazek, ale se sinicí rodu nostoc. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Glomerular Basement Membrane: the layer of extracellular matrix that lies between the endothelium of the glomerular capillaries and the podocytes of the inner or visceral layer of the bowman capsule. it is the product of these two cell types. it acts as a physical barrier and an ion-selective filter
Glomerular Filtration Barrier: a specialized barrier in the kidney, consisting of the fenestrated capillary endothelium; glomerular basement membrane; and glomerular epithelium (podocytes). the barrier prevents the filtration of plasma proteins
Glomerular Filtration Rate: the volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into bowman's capsules per unit of time. it is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance
Glomerular Mesangium: the thin membranous structure supporting the adjoining glomerular capillaries. it is composed of glomerular mesangial cells and their extracellular matrix
Glomerulonephritis: inflammation of the renal glomeruli (kidney glomerulus) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. these structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to hematuria; proteinuria; hypertension; and renal insufficiency
Glomerulonephritis, IGA: a chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly immunoglobulin a in the mesangial area (glomerular mesangium). deposits of complement c3 and immunoglobulin g are also often found. clinical features may progress from asymptomatic hematuria to end-stage kidney disease