NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Pressure: a type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Pressure Ulcer: an ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the skin and tissues when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. the bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ischemia) under sustained and constant pressure
Prestige dental material: used as orthodontic bonding material; contains bis-gma, triethylene glycoldimethacrylate & glass filler
Presumed Consent: an institutional policy of granting authority to health personnel to perform procedures on patients or to remove organs from cadavers for transplantation unless an objection is registered by family members or by the patient prior to death. this also includes emergency care of minors without prior parental consent
Presynaptic Terminals: the distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included
Pretectal Region: region of midbrain tectum located posterior to the thalamus and anterior to the superior colliculus
Preterm Premature Rupture of the Membranes: rupture of membranes before 37 weeks of gestation, which occurs in approximately 3% of all pregnancies and accounts for about one-third of spontaneous premature births. polymorphisms in the serpinh1, mmp1, and mmp8 genes have been identified. omim: 610504
Prevalence: the total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. it is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time
Preventive Dentistry: the branch of dentistry concerned with the prevention of disease and the maintenance and promotion of oral health
Preventive Medicine: a medical specialty primarily concerned with prevention of disease (primary prevention) and the promotion and preservation of health in the individual
Preventive Psychiatry: a discipline concerned with the prevention of mental illness and the promotion of mental health
Prevotella: a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, nonsporeforming, nonmotile rods. organisms of this genus had originally been classified as members of the bacteroides genus but overwhelming biochemical and chemical findings in 1990 indicated the need to separate them from other bacteroides species, and hence, this new genus was established
Prevotella: rod gramnegativních, anaerobních, nesporulujících, nepohyblivých tyčinek. tyto organismy byly původně zařazeny do rodu bacteroides, ale na základě biochemických a chemických nálezů jsou od roku 1990 převedeny do samostatného rodu
Prevotella intermedia: a species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified within the bacteroides genus. this bacterium is a common commensal in the gingival crevice and is often isolated from cases of gingivitis and other purulent lesions related to the mouth
Prevotella intermedia: druh gramnegativních, anaerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které byly původně řazeny do rodu bacteroides. tyto organismy jsou běžnými komenzály ve skulinách dásní a často se vyskytují při zánětu dásní a dalších hnisavých postiženích dutiny ústní
Prevotella melaninogenica: a species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified within the bacteroides genus. this bacterium has been isolated from the mouth, urine, feces, and infections of the mouth, soft tissue, respiratory tract, urogenital tract, and intestinal tract. it is pathogenic, but usually in association with other kinds of organisms
Prevotella melaninogenica: druh gramnegativních, anaerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které byly původně řazeny do rodu bacteroides. byl izolovaný z úst, moči, stolice a při infekcích úst, měkkých tkání, respiračního, urogenitálního a intestinálního traktu. je patogenní, ale zpravidla spolu s dalšími druhy patogenů ve smíšených infekcích
Prevotella nigrescens: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the family prevotellaceae. it is the species most commonly isolated from endodontic infections (pulpitis)
Prevotella nigrescens: druh gramnegativních bakterií čeledi prevotellaceae. jde o nejčastěji izolovaný druh při infekcích endodontu (pulpitida)
Prevotella ruminicola: a saccharolytic species of gram-negative bacteria in the family prevotellaceae. it ferments a wide range of carbohydrates in the rumen of animals
Prevotella ruminicola: druh sacharolytických, gramnegativních bakterií čeledi prevotellaceae. štěpí široké spektrum sacharidů v bachoru zvířat
Priapism: a prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. it is seen in patients with sickle cell anemia, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments
Price List: work consisting of lists giving the prices of items for sale, including drugs, equipment, books, etc. price lists are less detailed than catalogs and not as long
Price Transparency: healthcare pricing information provided in advance of receiving care and publicizing how and from whom patients can obtain price estimates. hospitals operating in the united states are required to make public a list of standard charges for items and services they provide. (federal register 84 fr 65524)
Price-Hill protocol: chemotherapy protocol containing the above cpds; used in treatment of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity & oropharynx
Prilocaine: a local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to lidocaine. currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry
Primaquine: an aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. it has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. adverse effects include anemias and gi disturbances. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404)
Primary Dysautonomias: disorders of the autonomic nervous system occurring as a primary condition. manifestations can involve any or all body systems but commonly affect the blood pressure and heart rate
Primary Graft Dysfunction: a form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. significant pathophysiological changes in mitochondria are the main cause of the dysfunction. it is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to graft rejection
Primary Health Care: care which provides integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients, and practicing in the context of family and community. (jama 1995;273(3):192)
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases: genetic immunologic deficiency diseases and syndromes due to mutations in genes involved in immunity generally characterized by an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. they are often associated with autoimmune disease manifestations
Primary Myelofibrosis: a de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. it is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by cytokines arising from the abnormal clone
Primary Nursing: the primary responsibility of one nurse for the planning, evaluation, and care of a patient throughout the course of illness, convalescence, and recovery
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency: cessation of ovarian function after menarche but before the age of 40, without or with ovarian follicle depletion. it is characterized by the presence of oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, elevated gonadotropins, and low estradiol levels. it is a state of female hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. the most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a cgg repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the x-linked fmr1 gene
Primary Prevention: specific practices for the prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations. these include health promotion, including mental health; protective procedures, such as communicable disease control; and monitoring and regulation of environmental pollutants. primary prevention is to be distinguished from secondary prevention and tertiary prevention
Primary Progressive Nonfluent Aphasia: a form of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and a progressive form of dementia characterized by motor speech impairment and agrammatism, with relative sparing of single word comprehension and semantic memory
Primary Visual Cortex: an area comprised of parts of occipital lobe and the calcarine sulcus of the visual cortex in humans with direct connectivity to the lateral geniculate nucleus. it is the end organ where visual stimuli are received in the visual cortex
Primary angiitis of the central nervous system: a rare, idiopathic form of central nervous system vasculitis that may result in stenosis, blockage, and destruction of blood vessels resulting in aneurysms, ischemia, or hemmorrhage
Primary hyperoxaluria type 1: an autosomal recessive form of primary hyperoxaluria, where calcium oxalate accumulates in different tissues, especially the kidney, resulting in renal failure. mutations in the agxt gene have been identified. omim: 259900
Primary orthostatic tremor: rapid tremor of the legs that occurs while standing and is relieved by walking or sitting. affected individuals often feel unsteady or imbalanced and will avoid standing still due to fear of falling
Primate Diseases: diseases of animals within the order primates. this term includes diseases of haplorhini and strepsirhini
Primate T-lymphotropic virus 1: a species in the family deltaretrovirus comprising strains of different host species but arising from the same geographic origin. they include human t-lymphotropic virus 1 and simian t-lymphotropic virus 1
Primate T-lymphotropic virus 2: a species in the family deltaretrovirus, comprising strains from different host species but arising from the same geographic origin. they include human t-lymphotropic virus 2; simian t-lymphotropic virus 2; and simian t-lymphotropic virus - pp
Primate T-lymphotropic virus 3: a species of deltaretrovirus that includes the strains simian t-lymphotropic virus 3 and human t-lymphotropic virus 3
Primates: an order of mammals consisting of more than 300 species that include lemurs; lorisidae; tarsiers; monkeys; and hominids. they are characterized by a relatively large brain when compared with other terrestrial mammals, forward-facing eyes, the presence of a calcarine sulcus, and specialized mechanoreceptors in the hands and feet which allow the perception of light touch
Prime & Bond: a bonding agent containing penta, tegdma, an elastomeric urethane-modified bis-gma resin, fluoride, and acetone
Prime One Mirage: contains mono- & dimethacrylate resins, photoinitiators, stabilizers & acetone
Prime and Bond NT: a bonding agent containing penta, udma, resins, camphorquinone 4-ethyldimethylaminobenzoate, cetylamine hydroxyfluoride, silica and acetone
Primed In Situ Labeling: a technique that labels specific sequences in whole chromosomes by in situ dna chain elongation or pcr (polymerase chain reaction)
Primidone: a barbiturate derivative that acts as a gaba modulator and anti-epileptic agent. it is partly metabolized to phenobarbital in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite
Primitive Streak: a linear band of rapidly proliferating cells that begins near the posterior end of an embryo and grows cranially. primitive streak is formed during gastrulation by the convergent migration of primary ectodermal cells (epiblast). the knot at the tip of the streak is called hensen node
Primrose syndrome: ossified ear cartilages with mental deficiency, muscle wasting, and bony changes
Primula: a plant genus of the family primulaceae. it can cause contact dermatitis. saponins have been identified in the root
Primula: rod rostlin čeledi primulaceae (prvosenkovité). prvosenka je dobře známá v praxi lidového léčitelství. rostliny mohou vyvolat kontaktní dermatitidu. kořeny obsahují saponiny. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Primulaceae: a plant family of the order ericales, class magnoliopsida, with flowers having both stamens and pistil, producing encapsulated fruits
Primulaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu vřesovcotvaré (ericales). jsou to byliny i dřeviny s jednoduchými listy a zpravidla čtyř nebo pětičetnými pravidelnými květy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Prince Edward Island: an island in the gulf of st. lawrence constituting a province of canada in the eastern part of the country. it is very irregular in shape with many deep inlets. its capital is charlottetown. discovered by the french in 1534 and originally named ile saint-jean, it was renamed in 1799 in honor of prince edward, fourth son of george iii and future father of queen victoria. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p981 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p433)
Principal Component Analysis: mathematical procedure that transforms a number of possibly correlated variables into a smaller number of uncorrelated variables called principal components
Principle-Based Ethics: an approach to ethics that focuses on theories of the importance of general principles such as respect for autonomy, beneficence/nonmaleficence, and justice
Printers' Marks: symbols or text that identifies a book as the work of a specific printer
Printing, Three-Dimensional: process for making, building or constructing a physical object from a three-dimensional digital model by laying down many successive thin layers of building material
Prion Diseases: a group of genetic, infectious, or sporadic degenerative human and animal nervous system disorders associated with abnormal prions. these diseases are characterized by conversion of the normal prion protein to an abnormal configuration via a post-translational process. in humans, these conditions generally feature dementia; ataxia; and a fatal outcome. pathologic features include a spongiform encephalopathy without evidence of inflammation. the older literature occasionally refers to these as unconventional slow virus diseases. (from proc natl acad sci usa 1998 nov 10;95(23):13363-83)
Prion Proteins: membrane glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoproteins that may aggregate into rod-like structures. the prion protein (prnp) gene is characterized by five tandem repeat sequences that encode a highly unstable protein region of five octapeptide repeats. mutations in the repeat region and elsewhere in this gene are associated with creutzfeldt-jakob disease; fatal familial insomnia; gerstmann-straussler disease; huntington disease-like 1, and kuru
Prions: small proteinaceous infectious particles which resist inactivation by procedures that modify nucleic acids and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. the abnormal (scrapie) isoform is prpsc (prpsc proteins) and the cellular isoform prpc (prpc proteins). the primary amino acid sequence of the two isoforms is identical. human diseases caused by prions include creutzfeldt-jakob syndrome; gerstmann-straussler syndrome; and insomnia, fatal familial
Prior Authorization: a decision by a health insurer or plan that a health care service, treatment plan, prescription drug or durable medical equipment is medically necessary
Prismafine: composite resin used in combination with prisma universal bond as dentine bonding agent
Prisoner Dilemma: a scenario in decision analysis in which two individuals motivated entirely by self-preservation at the expense of the other, end up in a worse state than if they had cooperated with each other in the decision-making process
Prisoners: persons deprived of their liberty; those held is against their will, or who are kept in confinement or custody
Prisoners of War: members held prisoner of the armed forces, members of militias of such armed forces, members of other militias, members of other volunteer corps, and organized resistance movements. (geneva convention of 1929 and 1949)
Pristinamycin: an antibiotic mixture originally isolated from streptomyces pristinaspiralis. it is a mixture of compounds from streptogramin group a: pristinamycin iia and iib and from streptogramin group b: pristinamycin ia, pristinamycin ib, pristinamycin ic
Privacy: the state of being free from intrusion or disturbance in one's private life or affairs. (random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed, 1993)
Private Facilities: places designed, built, or installed to provide for a specific, non-medical function or service used by a specific, restricted group of persons
Private Practice: practice of a health profession by an individual, offering services on a person-to-person basis, as opposed to group or partnership practice
Private Sector: that distinct portion of the institutional, industrial, or economic structure of a country that is controlled or owned by non-governmental, private interests
Pro Seal: a fluoride-releasing light-cure, fluorescing, filled-enamel sealant
Pro-MACE-C-MOPP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; mechlorethamine is replaced by cyclophosphamide; used in treatment of aggressive non-hodgkin's lymphoma
Pro-Opiomelanocortin: a 30-kda protein synthesized primarily in the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus. it is also found in the skin and other peripheral tissues. depending on species and tissues, pomc is cleaved by prohormone convertases yielding various active peptides including acth; beta-lipotropin; endorphins; melanocyte-stimulating hormones; and others (gamma-lph; corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide; n-terminal peptide of pomc or npp)
Pro-Q aerosol foam: a skin protectant product composed of dimethicone & glycerine for prevention of irritant contact dermatitis from sodium lauryl sulfate
ProBase: an autopolymerizing (polymethyl methacrylate) denture resin
ProCAD Ceramic: composed of optimized, leucite-reinforced ceramic that is similar to ips empress, part of a comprehensive & integrated family of restorative products
ProMACE-MOPP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of advanced diffuse aggressive lymphoma
ProMECE-CytaBOM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds for treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
ProSol PDX: a debriding solution; composed of sodium bicarbonate, sodium lauryl sulfate, polysorbate 80, and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
ProTide technologie: třída prekursorů účinných látek obsahujících 5'-nukleosidmonofosfát, ve kterém jsou obě hydroxylové skupiny maskovány esterem aminokyseliny a aryloxy složkou (skupinou). po vstupu do buňky jsou tyto látky enzymaticky metabolizovány za uvolnění volného 5'-monofosfátu a dále přeměněny na aktivní 5'-trifosfátovou formu nukleosidového analoga
ProTides: a class of prodrugs consisting of a 5'-nucleoside monophosphate in which the two hydroxyl groups are masked with an amino acid ester and an aryloxy component which once in the cell is enzymatically metabolized to deliver free 5'-monophosphate, and further transformed to the active 5'-triphosphate form of the nucleoside analogue
Proactive Inhibition: the state or process hypothesized to account for poorer learning rate for elements later in a series as compared to the learning rate for elements coming earlier in a series
Proadifen: an inhibitor of drug metabolism and cytochrome p-450 enzyme system activity
Proanthocyanidins: dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (catechin analogs) linked mainly through c4 to c8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. they are structurally similar to anthocyanins but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways
Probability Learning: usually refers to the use of mathematical models in the prediction of learning to perform tasks based on the theory of probability applied to responses; it may also refer to the frequency of occurrence of the responses observed in the particular study
Probability Theory: the branch of mathematics dealing with the purely logical properties of probability. its theorems underlie most statistical methods. (last, a dictionary of epidemiology, 2d ed)
Probenecid: the prototypical uricosuric agent. it inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy
Probiotics: live microbial dietary supplements which beneficially affect the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance. antibiotics and other related compounds are not included in this definition. in humans, lactobacilli are commonly used as probiotics, either as single species or in mixed culture with other bacteria. other genera that have been used are bifidobacteria and streptococci. (j. nutr. 1995;125:1401-12)
Problem Solving: a learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal
Problem-Based Learning: instructional use of examples or cases to teach using problem-solving skills and critical thinking
Problems and Exercises: works consisting of collections of practice questions and drills, generally for instructional or review use
Proboscidea (savci): chobotnatci (proboscidea) jsou řádem velkých býložravých savců, pro které je charakteristický pohyblivý chobot a řezáky, které jsou prodloužené v kly. zlatým věkem chobotnatců byly třetihory (kdy žili např. mamuti a mastodonti), recentní (žijící) jsou pouze tři druhy: slon africký, slon pralesní a slon indický. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Proboscidea Mammal: an order of mammals that feeds using their trunks. it contains one family, the elephantidae, comprised of two living genera of elephants plus the extinct mammoths and mastodons
Probucol: a drug used to lower ldl and hdl cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or vldl cholesterol. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993)
Procainamide: a class ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to procaine
Procaine: a local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. it is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016)
Procalcitonin: a peptide prohormone precursor of calcitonin. it is normally present at low levels in serum, but is released into the bloodstream, primarily from neuroendocrine cells in the lungs and intestines, in response to inflammation and bacterial infections. it is a diagnostic marker for bacteremia
Procarbazine: an antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the mopp protocol) in the treatment of hodgkin's disease
Procaterol: a long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist
Procedures and Techniques Utilization: extent of use of procedures or techniques. it includes overuse and underuse
Process Assessment, Health Care: an evaluation procedure that focuses on how care is delivered, based on the premise that there are standards of performance for activities undertaken in delivering patient care, in which the specific actions taken, events occurring, and human interactions are compared with accepted standards
Processing Bodies: cytoplasmic rnp granules constitutively found in eukaryotic cells. various proteins related to rna regulation including rna decay are found in p-bodies. p-bodies and stress granules both sequester inactive mrnps via different pathways. in p-bodies mrnas from the stalled translational machinery are deadenylated and condensed for sequestration
Processing Speed: the time it takes to understand and do a mental task. unlike reaction time processing speed does not necessarily include a motor component in response. processing speed is tested by most neuropsychological tests
Prochlorococcus: a genus of marine planktonic cyanobacteria in the order prochlorophytes. they lack phycobilisomes and contain divinyl chlorophyll, a and b
Prochlorococcus: rod velmi malých (0.6 µm) mořských sinic, které uvnitř svých buněk obsahují pro sinice neobvyklý chlorofyl b. k absorpci světla používají divinyl deriváty chlorofylu a a b. řadí se k fotosyntetizujícímu mořskému pikoplanktonu. je to pravděpodobně nejrozšířenější (počtem odhadovaných jedinců) fotosyntetizující organismus na zemi vůbec. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Prochloron: a genus of prochlorophytes containing unicellular, spherical bacteria without a mucilaginous sheath. they are found almost exclusively as extracellular symbionts of colonial ascidians on subtropical or tropical marine shores
Prochloron: rod jednobuněčných, kulovitých sinic, někdy řazený mezi takzvané prochlorofyty. slizové pouzdro chybí. jeho zástupci žijí v tropických mořích v symbióze uvnitř těl sumek (ascidiacea). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Prochlorophytes: an order of gram-negative oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria containing chlorophyll, a and b, but lacking phycobilisomes (light-harvesting antennae). there are three genera: prochloron; prochlorococcus; and prochlorothrix. this order was thought to be the missing link between cyanobacteria and plant chloroplasts, hence the name
Prochlorophytes: řád gramnegativních, oxygenních, fotosyntetizujících bakterií, které obsahují chlorofyl typu a, chlorofyl typu b, ale nemají fykobilizomy (struktury na povrchu thylakoidů). patří sem tři rody: prochloron, prochlorococcus a prochlorothrix. název vychází z předpokladu, že tyto organismy představují propojení mezi sinicemi a chloroplasty rostlin
Prochlorothrix: a genus of prochlorophytes occurring in unbranched chains of indefinite length and containing both chlorophylls a and b
Prochlorothrix: rod sinic řazený do řádu prochlorophytes. vyskytují se v nevětvených řetízcích neurčité délky. obsahují chlorofyl typu a i chlorofyl typu b
Prochlorperazine: a phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of nausea; vomiting; and vertigo. it is more likely than chlorpromazine to cause extrapyramidal disorders. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612)
Proco-Sol: contains zinc oxide, hydrogenated resin, bismuth subcarbonate & barium sulfate; liquid contains eugenol
Procollagen: a biosynthetic precursor of collagen containing additional amino acid sequences at the amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal ends of the polypeptide chains
Procollagen N-Endopeptidase: an extracellular endopeptidase which excises a block of peptides at the amino terminal, nonhelical region of the procollagen molecule with the formation of collagen. absence or deficiency of the enzyme causes accumulation of procollagen which results in the inherited connective tissue disorder--dermatosparaxis. ec 3.4.24.14
Procollagen-Lysine, 2-Oxoglutarate 5-Dioxygenase: a mixed-function oxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of peptidyllysine, usually in protocollagen, to peptidylhydroxylysine. the enzyme utilizes molecular oxygen with concomitant oxidative decarboxylation of the cosubstrate 2-oxoglutarate to succinate. ec 1.14.11.4
Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase: a mixed-function oxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of a prolyl-glycyl containing peptide, usually in protocollagen, to a hydroxyprolylglycyl-containing-peptide. the enzyme utilizes molecular oxygen with a concomitant oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate to succinate. the enzyme occurs as a tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits. the beta subunit of procollagen-proline dioxygenase is identical to the enzyme protein disulfide-isomerases
Procrastination: the deferment of actions or tasks to a later time, or to infinity
Proctitis: inflammation of the mucous membrane of the rectum, the distal end of the large intestine (intestine, large)
Proctocolectomy, Restorative: a surgical procedure involving the excision of the colon and rectum and the formation of an ileoanal reservoir (pouch). in patients with intestinal diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, this procedure avoids the need for an ostomy by allowing for transanal defecation
Proctoscopy: endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the rectum; anal canal; and anus
Procyclidine: a muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism
Procyonidae: a family of long-tailed terrestrial omnivores that includes raccoons, ringtails, and coatimundis
Prodigiosin: 4-methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2h-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1h-pyrrole. a toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from serratia marcescens and others. it has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool
Prodigiozan: a polysaccharide extracted from serratia marcescens and other bacteria. it activates enzymatic activity of macrophages and stimulates phagocytic processes
Prodigy Condensable: contains bis-gma, triethylene-glycoldimethacrylate; ethoxylated bis-phenol-alpha-dimethylacrylate & other ingredients; complete list in first source
Prodrugs: a compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug
Product Labeling: use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a product or its container or wrapper. it includes purpose, effect, description, directions, hazards, warnings, and other relevant information
Product Line Management: management control systems for structuring health care delivery strategies around case types, as in drgs, or specific clinical services
Product Packaging: form in which product is processed or wrapped and labeled. product labeling is also available
Product Recalls and Withdrawals: the removal of a consumer product from the market place. the reason for the removal can be due a variety of causes, including the discovery of a manufacturing defect, a safety issue with the product's use, or marketing decisions
Product Surveillance, Postmarketing: surveillance of drugs, devices, appliances, etc., for efficacy or adverse effects, after they have been released for general sale
Proestrus: a phase of the estrous cycle that precedes estrus. during proestrus, the graafian follicles undergo maturation
Professional Autonomy: the quality or state of being independent and self-directing, especially in making decisions, enabling professionals to exercise judgment as they see fit during the performance of their jobs
Professional Competence: the capability to perform the duties of one's profession generally, or to perform a particular professional task, with skill of an acceptable quality
Professional Corporations: legally authorized corporations owned and managed by one or more professionals (medical, dental, legal) in which the income is ascribed primarily to the professional activities of the owners or stockholders
Professional Impairment: the inability of a health professional to provide proper professional care of patients due to his or her physical and/or mental disability
Professional Practice: the use of one's knowledge in a particular profession. it includes, in the case of the field of biomedicine, professional activities related to health care and the actual performance of the duties related to the provision of health care
Professional Practice Gaps: difference between observed and ideal delivery of health care and healthcare outcomes that reflect the current state of knowledge
Professional Review Organizations: organizations representing designated geographic areas which have contracts under the pro program to review the medical necessity, appropriateness, quality, and cost-effectiveness of care received by medicare beneficiaries. peer review improvement act, pl 97-248, 1982
Professional Staff Committees: committees of professional personnel who have responsibility for determining policies, procedures, and controls related to professional matters in health facilities
Professionalism: the level of skill, good judgment, and polite behavior expected from people trained to do their jobs well
Profilins: a family of low molecular weight proteins that bind actin and control actin polymerization. they are found in eukaryotes and are ubiquitously expressed
Progeria: an abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the lamin type a gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. it is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (deafness); cataracts (cataract); arthritis; osteoporosis; diabetes mellitus; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary hyaluronic acid; and accelerated atherosclerosis. many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially sarcoma
Progeroid syndrome, neonatal: a rare syndrome characterized by prenatal growth redardation, a failure to thrive, short stature, premature ageing (progeria), hypotonia, and intellectual disability. omim: 264090
Progesterone: the major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the corpus luteum and the placenta. progesterone acts on the uterus, the mammary glands and the brain. it is required in embryo implantation; pregnancy maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for milk production. progesterone, converted from pregnenolone, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of gonadal steroid hormones and adrenal corticosteroids
Progesterone Congeners: steroidal compounds related to progesterone, the major mammalian progestational hormone. progesterone congeners include important progesterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with progestational activities
Progesterone Reductase: an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a 3 beta-hydroxy-delta(5)-steroid to 3-oxo-delta(4)-steroid in the presence of nad. it converts pregnenolone to progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenedione. ec 1.1.1.145
Progesterone-Binding Globulin: a glycoprotein migrating as alpha 1-globulin, molecular weight 70,000 to 120,000. the protein, which is present in increased amounts in the plasma during pregnancy, binds mainly progesterone, with other steroids including testosterone competing weakly
Progestins: compounds that interact with progesterone receptors in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of progesterone. primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the uterus and the mammary gland in preparation for and in maintenance of pregnancy
Proglucagon: the common precursor polypeptide of pancreatic glucagon and intestinal glucagon-like peptides. proglucagon is the 158-amino acid segment of preproglucagon without the n-terminal signal sequence. proglucagon is expressed in the pancreas; intestines; and the central nervous system. posttranslational processing of proglucagon is tissue-specific yielding numerous bioactive peptides
Proglumide: a drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. it is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers
Prognathism: a condition marked by abnormal protrusion of the mandible. (dorland, 27th ed)
Prognosis: a prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations
Program: works consisting of lists of the events, pieces, performers, speakers, etc., of an entertainment, ceremony, or the like. (from: genre terms: a thesaurus for use in rare book and special collections cataloging, 2d ed)
Program Development: the process of formulating, improving, and expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work plans (excluding computer program development)
Program Evaluation: studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. they may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact
Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 Protein: a costimulatory b7 antigen that has specificity for the t-cell receptor programmed cell death 1 receptor. it is closely-related to cd274 antigen; however, its expression is restricted to dendritic cells and activated macrophages
Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor: an inhibitory t-lymphocyte receptor that has specificity for cd274 antigen and programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 protein. signaling by the receptor limits t cell proliferation and interferon gamma synthesis. the receptor also may play an essential role in the regulatory pathway that induces peripheral tolerance
Programmed Instructions as Topic: works about instruction in which learners progress at their own rate using workbooks, textbooks, or electromechanical devices that provide information in discrete steps, test learning at each step, and provide immediate feedback about achievement. (eric, thesaurus of eric descriptors, 1996)
Programming, Linear: a technique of operations research for solving certain kinds of problems involving many variables where a best value or set of best values is to be found. it is most likely to be feasible when the quantity to be optimized, sometimes called the objective function, can be stated as a mathematical expression in terms of the various activities within the system, and when this expression is simply proportional to the measure of the activities, i.e., is linear, and when all the restrictions are also linear. it is different from computer programming, although problems using linear programming techniques may be programmed on a computer
Progranulins: cysteine-rich, precursor glycoproteins encoded by the granulin gene (grn). they contain granulin-repeats separated by linker sequences that are cleaved by a variety of proteases to release the individual granulin peptides. the mammalian progranulin is composed of a half-granulin repeat followed by 7 granulin repeats. the mammalian granulins are named paragranulin and granulin 1-7 for their order in the progranulin propeptide. progranulin has growth-factor like effects and is expressed over a broad range of tissues. under-expression of progranulin is linked to neurodegenerative diseases including frontotemporal dementia and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, while over-expression is linked to metabolic diseases including obesity, and insulin resistance
Progression-Free Survival: length of time during and after the treatment of a disease, such as cancer, that a patient lives with the disease but the disease does not get worse
Progressive Encephalomyelitis with Rigidity: an acquired sporadic disorder with similar findings to stiff-person syndrome (omim: 184850) but also characterized by encephalomyelitis and additional autonomic findings such as generalized hyperhidrosis; tachycardia; hyperthermia and hypertension, as well as increased sensitivity to external stimuli
Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia With Mitochondrial Dna Deletions, Autosomal Dominant, 5: aka peoa5; mutations in rrm2b
Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia with Mitochondrial DNA Deletions, Autosomal Dominant, 2: mutation in ant1
Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia with Mitochondrial DNA Deletions, Autosomal Dominant, 3: mutation in twinkle gene
Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia with Mitochondrial DNA Deletions, Autosomal Recessive: mutation in polg
Progressive Patient Care: organization of medical and nursing care according to the degree of illness and care requirements in the hospital. the elements are intensive care, intermediate care, self-care, long-term care, and organized home care
Progressive Transformation of Germinal Centers: replaced "progressive transformation of germinal centers" with "progressive transformation of germinal centers"
Proguanil: a biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent
Prohibitins: ubiquitously expressed conserved proteins associated with multiple functions including apoptosis; cell proliferation, regulations of various immune and mitochondrial functions, and cellular stress responses. prohibitin 1 and prohibitin 2 form a ring-shaped complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane
Proinsulin: a pancreatic polypeptide of about 110 amino acids, depending on the species, that is the precursor of insulin. proinsulin, produced by the pancreatic beta cells, is comprised sequentially of the n-terminal b-chain, the proteolytically removable connecting c-peptide, and the c-terminal a-chain. it also contains three disulfide bonds, two between a-chain and b-chain. after cleavage at two locations, insulin and c-peptide are the secreted products. intact proinsulin with low bioactivity also is secreted in small amounts
Projection: a defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others
Projective Techniques: techniques to reveal personality attributes by responses to relatively unstructured or ambiguous stimuli
Prokaryotic Cells: cells lacking a nuclear membrane so that the nuclear material is either scattered in the cytoplasm or collected in a nucleoid region
Prokaryotic Initiation Factor-1: the smallest of the three prokaryotic initiation factors with a molecular size of approximately 8 kd. it binds near the a-site of the 30s subunit of ribosomes and may play a role in preventing premature addition of aminoacyl-trna-linked peptide elongation factor tu to the ribosome during the initiation of a peptide chain (peptide chain initiation, translational)
Prokaryotic Initiation Factor-2: the largest of the three prokaryotic initiation factors with a molecular size of approximately 80 kd. it functions in the transcription initiation process by promoting the binding of formylmethionine-trna to the p-site of the 30s ribosome and by preventing the incorrect binding of elongator trna to the translation initiation site
Prokaryotic Initiation Factor-3: a prokaryotic initiation factor that plays a role in recycling of ribosomal subunits for a new round of translational initiation. it binds to 16s ribosomal rna and stimulates the dissociation of vacant 70s ribosomes. it may also be involved in the preferential binding of initiator trna to the 30s initiation complex
Prokaryotic Initiation Factors: peptide initiation factors from prokaryotic organisms. only three factors are needed for translation initiation in prokaryotic organisms, which occurs by a far simpler process than in peptide chain initiation, translational of eukaryotic organisms
Prolactin: a lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (pituitary gland, anterior). it is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kd. besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate
Prolactin Release-Inhibiting Factors: a number of peptides with inhibitory activities on prolactin release have been isolated from the hypothalamus, the peripheral nervous system, and the gut. these include somatostatin, and peptides derived from pomc and precursor for vasopressin-associated neurophysin. biogenic amine dopamine is also a potent pif
Prolactin-Releasing Hormone: a hypothalamic hormone that is synthesized as a precursor protein which is cleaved into two peptides. in addition to stimulating prolactin release the peptides bind to specific g-protein-coupled receptors found at locations within the brain
Prolactinoma: a pituitary adenoma which secretes prolactin, leading to hyperprolactinemia. clinical manifestations include amenorrhea; galactorrhea; impotence; headache; visual disturbances; and cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea
Prolamins: a group of seed storage proteins restricted to the poaceae family. they are rich in glutamine and proline
Prolapse: the protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice
Prolidase Deficiency: rare autosomal recessive disorder of metabolism due to mutations in the prolidase gene. it is characterized by recurrent lower extremity skin ulcers, recurrent infections, and facies, often with intellectual disability
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen: nuclear antigen with a role in dna synthesis, dna repair, and cell cycle progression. pcna is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during dna replication. pcna expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types
Proline: a non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. it is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons
Proline Oxidase: the first enzyme of the proline degradative pathway. it catalyzes the oxidation of proline to pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid in the presence of oxygen and water. the action is not reversible. the specific activity of proline oxidase increases with age. ec 1.5.3.-
Proline-Directed Protein Kinases: a subclass of protein serine-threonine kinases that phosphorylate proteins on a serine or threonine residue that is immediately preceding a proline residue
Proline-Rich Protein Domains: protein domains that are enriched in proline. the cyclical nature of proline causes the peptide bonds it forms to have a limited degree of conformational mobility. therefore the presence of multiple prolines in close proximity to each other can convey a distinct conformational arrangement to a peptide chain
Prolonged Grief Disorder: severe and disabling grief reactions that do not remit in the 12 months after the death of a significant other. the core of the diagnosis includes persistent yearning or missing the deceased, and preoccupation with the circumstance of the death. (carmassi, clinical handbook of bereavement and grief reactions, 2018)
Prolotherapy: treatment of musculoskeletal pain by injecting a substance into a joint space, ligament, or tendon to promote the growth of new tissue
Prolyl Hydroxylases: enzymes that specifically hydroxylate proline residues on proteins
Prolyl Oligopeptidases: a family of serine proteases with specificity for proline-specific cleavage of peptides that are not longer than 30 amino acids. in humans it is broadly distributed in all tissues with higher activity found in the brain
Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitors: compounds that inhibit the action of hydroxylases that act on proline to form hydroxyproline
Promazine: a phenothiazine with actions similar to chlorpromazine but with less antipsychotic activity. it is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic
Promedol: a narcotic analgesic similar to meperidine; it exists in four stereoisomers, two of which, the beta (isopromedol) and the gamma (trimeperidine) are active
Promegestone: a synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone
Prometaphase: the phase of cell nucleus division following prophase, when the breakdown of the nuclear envelope occurs and the mitotic spindle apparatus enters the nuclear region and attaches to the kinetochores
Promethazine: a phenothiazine derivative with histamine h1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. it is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals
Promethium: a radioactive element of the rare earth family of metals. it has the atomic symbol pm, and atomic number 61. it has been used in the construction of atomic batteries, in the preparation of self-luminous compounds, and as a beta-particle source for thickness gauges
Prometryne: a triazine used as a selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (from merck index, 11th ed)