NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron: druh gramnegativních bakterií rodu bacteroides, který je hlavní součástí lidské střevní mikrobioty. v běžném režimu produkují enzymy důležité pro trávení rostlinné stravy. potenciálně ale mohou způsobovat oportunní infekce vedoucí k intraabdominální sepsi, bakteriemii a peritonitidě
Bacteroidetes: a phylum of bacteria comprising four classes; bacteroidia, cytophagia, flavobacteriia, and sphingobacteriia
Bacteroidetes: kmen gramnegativních bakterií obsahující čtyři třídy: bacteroidia, cytophagia, flavobacteriia a sphingobacteriia
Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 3 Protein: a regulator of apoptosis that functions as an e3 ubiquitin protein ligase. it contains three baculoviral iap repeats in its n-terminal half, a card domain, and a ring finger domain at its c-terminus. it is highly expressed in fetal lung and kidney, and adult lymphoid tissues such as spleen, thymus, and peripheral blood lymphocytes. it functions in inflammation signaling, the innate immune response, cell growth and proliferation, and metastasis of tumor cells
Baculoviridae: family of insect viruses which contain polyhedron-shaped or ovocylindrical occlusion bodies. the genera include alphabaculovirus; gammabaculovirus; and deltabaculovirus (commonly known as nucleopolyhedroviruses) and betabaculovirus (commonly known as granuloviruses). baculovirus vectors are used for expression of foreign genes in insects and as biopesticides for controlling insect populations
Baculoviridae: čeleď virů hmyzu, které obsahují polyhedrinová nebo ovocylindrická okluzní tělíska. zahrnuje 4 rody: alphabaculovirus, deltabaculovirus a gammabaculovirus (nukleopolyhedroviry) a betabaculovirus (granulovirus). bakulovirové vektory se používají pro expresi cizích genů u hmyzu a jako biopesticidy pro kontrolu populací hmyzu
Badnavirus: a genus of dna plant viruses with bacilliform morphology. transmission in clonally-propagated plants is by vegetative propagation of infected plant materials. transmission in nature is by mealybugs, seeds, and pollen. the type species is commelina yellow mottle virus
Badnavirus: rod rostlinných dna virů s baciliformní morfologií. přenos u vegetativně množených rostlin probíhá spolu s množením infekčního rostlinného materiálu. v přírodě se virus přenáší prostřednictvím hmyzu podrodu vlnatka, infikovanými semeny a pylem. typovým druhem je commelina yellow mottle virus
Bahamas: a chain of islands, cays, and reefs in the west indies, lying southeast of florida and north of cuba. it is an independent state, called also the commonwealth of the bahamas or the bahama islands. the name likely represents the local name guanahani, itself of uncertain origin. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p106 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p45)
Bahamy: ostrovní stát ležící jihovýchodně od floridy a severovýchodně od kuby v atlantském oceánu. území státu tvoří část lucayského souostroví. v roce 1717 se bahamy staly britskou kolonií, 7. ledna 1964 jim byla udělena samospráva a 10. července 1973 byla vyhlášena nezávislost. hlavní město je nassau. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Bahemuka Brown syndrome: heredofamilial syndrome of spastic paraplegia, dysarthria and cutaneous lesions
Bahrain: an independent state, an archipelago in the western persian gulf, northwest of qatar. it comprises low-lying islands of bahrain (the largest), muharraq, sitra, and several islets. it has extensive oil fields. the name comes from the arabic al-bahrayn, the two seas, with reference to its lying in the middle of a bay with its two seas east and west of it. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p107 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p45)
Bahrajn: ostrovní stát v jižní části perského zálivu, vůbec nejmenší stát v této oblasti. nejbližšími sousedy jsou na západě saúdská arábie a na jihovýchodě katar. stát se skládá z hlavního stejnojmenného ostrova a dalších 32 menších ostrovů, včetně přilehlého mořského území. v letech 1973-75 a opět od r. 2002 je země konstituční monarchií. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Bainbridge-Ropers syndrome: developmental disorder characterized by delayed psychomotor development, severe intellectual disability with poor or absent speech, hypotonia, feeding difficulties, poor growth, and dysmorphic facial features. mutations in the asxl3 gene cause this disorder (see asxl3 protein, human). omim: 615485
Baker-Winegrad disease: hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia during fasting, hyperlactacidemic metabolic acidosis, hepatic fructose-1-6-diphosphatase deficiency
Balaenoptera: a genus of whales in the family balaenopteridae, consisting of five species: blue whale, bryde's whale, fin whale, sei whale, and minke whale. they are distinguished by a relatively slender body, a compressed tail stock, and a pointed snout
Balaenoptera: rod velryb z čeledi balaenopteridae (plejtvákovití), kam patří pět druhů: plejtvák obrovský, plejtvák brydeův, plejtvák myšok, plejtvák sejval a plejtvák malý. mají poměrně štíhlé tělo, hřbetní ploutev a špičatou hlavu
Balamuthia mandrillaris: a species of free-living soil amoeba in the family balamuthiidae, causing amebiasis and a deadly form of encephalitis in humans
Balamuthia mandrillaris: volně žijící jednobuněčný organismus (améba), původce vzácných zánětů cns. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Balanced Anesthesia: the use of several anesthetics together in small amounts, as opposed to a larger amount of one drug, to induce loss of sensation and loss of consciousness
Balanites: a plant genus of the family zygophyllaceae. feruloyltyramine, balanitoside (a furostanol glycoside), and cytostatic steroidal saponins have been found in this genus. b. aegyptiaca fruit water extract is traditionally used as an anthelmintic in the sudan
Balanites: rod rostlin čeledi zygophyllaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují feruloyltyramin, balanitosid (furostanolový glykosid) a cytostatické steroidní saponiny. vodný extrakt z plodů b. aegyptiaca se používá v súdánské tradiční medicíně jako anthelmintikum
Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans: an atrophic and sclerotic condition of the head of the penis, glans penis. sometimes it leads to stenosis and occasionally obliteration of the external meatal orifice
Balanophoraceae: a plant family of the order santalales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida. they are root parasites lacking chlorophyll
Balanophoraceae: čeleď rostlin řádu santalales, podtřídy rosidae, třídy magnoliopsida (nižší dvouděložné rostliny). jsou to nezelení parazité připomínající vzhledem spíše houby než rostliny. vyskytují se v tropech celého světa. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Balantidiasis: infection by parasites of the genus balantidium. the presence of balantidium in the large intestine leads to diarrhea; dysentery; and occasionally ulcer
Balantidium: a genus of protozoa parasitic in the digestive tract of vertebrate or invertebrate hosts. asexual multiplication is accomplished by transverse binary fission. its organisms are ovoidal in shape and have a ciliated covering over the entire body
Balantidium: balantidium coli - prvok (nálevník) značné velikosti (100 až 300 µm) s cystami (50-70 µm) vyskytující se v tlustém střevě prasat. u člověka může vzácně vyvolat onemocnění balantidiózu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Balkan Nephropathy: a form of chronic interstitial nephritis that is endemic to limited areas of bulgaria, the former yugoslavia, and romania. it is characterized by a progressive shrinking of the kidneys that is often associated with uroepithelial tumors
Balkan Peninsula: a peninsula in southeast europe between the adriatic and ionian seas on the west and aegean and black seas on the east. (from www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/balkan%20peninsula)
Balkánský poloostrov: poloostrov v jihovýchodní evropě mezi jaderským a jónským mořem na západě a egejským a černým mořem na východě
Ballistocardiography: technique of graphic representation of the movements of the body imparted by the ballistic forces (recoil and impact) associated with cardiac contraction and ejection of blood and with the deceleration of blood flow through the large blood vessels. these movements, quantitatively very minute, are translated by a pickup device (transducer) into an electrical potential which is suitably amplified and recorded on a conventional electrocardiograph or other recording machine
Balloon Embolectomy: the use of balloon catheters to remove emboli by retraction of the balloon that is inflated behind the embolus
Balloon Enteroscopy: an endoscopy of the small intestines accomplished while advancing the endoscope, which is assisted by one or two balloons
Balloon Occlusion: use of a balloon catheter to block the flow of blood through an artery or vein
Balloon Valvuloplasty: widening of a stenosed heart valve by the insertion of a balloon catheter into the valve and inflation of the balloon
Ballota: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae that contains phenylpropanoids
Ballota: rod rostlin z čeledi hluchavkovitých, obsahuje fenylpropanoidy
Balneology: therapy by various hot or warm baths in natural mineral waters, spas, or cures. it includes not only bathing in, but also drinking the waters, but it does not include whirlpool baths (hydrotherapy)
Balsaminaceae: a plant family of the order geraniales (or ericales in apg system), subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida
Balsaminaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu vřesovcotvaré (ericales). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Balsams: resinous substances which most commonly originate from trees. in addition to resins, they contain oils, cinnamic acid and benzoic acid
Baltic States: the collective name for the republics of estonia; latvia; and lithuania on the eastern shore of the baltic sea. (webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p111)
Bambermycins: antibiotic complex obtained from streptomyces bambergiensis containing mainly moenomycins a and c. they are used as feed additives and growth promoters for poultry, swine, and cattle
Bambusa: a plant genus of the family poaceae. young shoots are eaten in asian foods while the stiff mature stems are used for construction of many things. the common name of bamboo is also used for other genera of poaceae including phyllostachys, sasa, and dendrocalamus
Bambusa: rod rostlin čeledi poaceae (lipnicovité). mladé výhonky jsou součástí asijské kuchyně, stébla slouží na různé stavby nebo se štípou a používají na pletené výrobky. bambus je také souhrnný název pro množství rodů trav z čeledi lipnicovitých vyznačujících se dřevnatými stébly. jsou vesměs řazeny do podčeledi bambusové. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Band-Lok: a hybrid glass ionomer orthodontic cement; composed of a polymerizable monomer/prepolymer and polyalkenoic acid
Bandages, Hydrocolloid: dressings comprised of a self-adhesive matrix to which hydrophilic absorbent particles are embedded. the particles consist of cellulose derivatives; calcium alginates; pectins; or gels. the utility is based on providing a moist environment for wound healing
Bangladesh: a country in southern asia, bordering the bay of bengal, between burma and india. the capital is dhaka
Bangladéš: přímořský stát v jižní asii v historickém bengálsku, po němž nese název. jeho sousedy jsou na západě, severu a východě indie a na jihovýchodě myanmar (barma). od nepálu, bhútánu a číny je oddělen jen siligurským koridorem, zvaným též husí krk. na jihu je obklopen bengálským zálivem. hlavním a největším městem je dháka. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Bangstad syndrome: primordial birdheaded nanism associated with progressive ataxia, early onset insulin resistant diabetes, goiter, and primary gonadal insufficiency; bird-headed dwarfism with progressive ataxia, insulin-resistant diabetes, goiter, and primary gonadal insufficiency
Banisteriopsis: a plant genus of the family malpighiaceae which includes an amazonian psychoactive plant that contains the beta-carboline harmine and n,n-dimethyltryptamine
Banisteriopsis: rod rostlin čeledi malpighiaceae. liána banisteriopsis caapi je užívána k přípravě psychoaktivního nápoje, entheogenu ayahuascy. obsahuje harmalové alkaloidy harmin, harmalin a tetrahydroharmin, které všechny patří do skupiny beta-karbolinů a jsou to inhibitory monoaminooxidázy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Bankart Lesions: an anterior capsulolabral injury associated with a tear of the anteroinferior glenoid labrum
Bankartova léze: odtržení labrum glenoidale vznikající jako komplikace přední luxace v ramenním kloubu. ruptura chrupavky se nehojí, a proto vzniká dispozice k recidivám (habituální luxace). je nutná chirurgická léčba. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2015 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Banking, Personal: a financial account set up between a financial institution (such as a commercial bank) and a customer (individual, group, or business), whereby the latter may deposit and withdraw money, and where applicable, be paid interest
Bankruptcy: the state of legal insolvency with assets taken over by judicial process so that they may be distributed among creditors
Baraitser Rodeck Garner syndrome: craniosynostosis, mental retardation, seizures, choroidal coloboma, dysplastic kidneys, bat ears, cleft lip and palate, and beaked nose
Barakat syndrome: an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, female genital abnormalities, renal abnormalities, and hypoparathyroidism. inherited and de novo mutations resulting in haploinsufficiency have been identified in the gata3 gene. omim: 146255
Barbados: an island in the lesser antilles in the west indies. it is chiefly of coral formation with no good harbors and only small streams. it was probably discovered by the portuguese in the sixteenth century. the name was given by 16th-century spanish explorers from barbados, the plural for bearded, with reference to the beard-like leaves or trails of moss on the trees that grew there in abundance. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p116 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p49)
Barbados: barbados leží v atlantském oceánu, východně od ostatních ostrovů tzv. západní indie. je to nejvýchodnější ostrov malých antil. tvoří jej izolovaně umístěný a korálovými útesy obklopený stejnojmenný ostrov. leží asi 168 km od ostrovního státu svatý vincenc a grenadiny a 400 km od státu trinidad a tobago. je 34 km dlouhý a 23 km široký, zabírající plochu 432 km². hlavní město je bridgetown. barbados je nezávislou zemí od roku 1966 ve formě parlamentní konstituční monarchie. hlavou státu byla britská královna. 30. listopadu 2021, došlo ke změně formy vlády a barbados se stal republikou. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Barbarea: a plant genus of the family brassicaceae. members contain glucobrassicin
Barbarea: rod rostlin z čeledi brassicaceae (brukvovité). zástupci obsahují glukobrassicin
Barber Surgeons: in the late middle ages barbers who also let blood, sold unguents, pulled teeth, applied cups, and gave enemas. they generally had the right to practice surgery. by the 18th century barbers continued to practice minor surgery and dentistry and many famous surgeons acquired their skill in the shops of barbers. (from castiglioni, a history of medicine, 2d ed, pp402, 568, 658)
Barbering: the occupation concerned with the cutting and dressing of the hair of customers and, of men, the shaving and trimming of the beard and mustache. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Barbital: a long-acting barbiturate that depresses most metabolic processes at high doses. it is used as a hypnotic and sedative and may induce dependence. barbital is also used in veterinary practice for central nervous system depression
Barbiturates: a class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. many of these are gaba modulators used as hypnotics and sedatives, as anesthetics, or as anticonvulsants
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome: an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by retinitis pigmentosa; polydactyly; obesity; mental retardation; hypogenitalism; renal dysplasia; and short stature. this syndrome has been distinguished as a separate entity from laurence-moon syndrome. (from j med genet 1997 feb;34(2):92-8)
Bardet-Biedl syndrome 3: mutation on arl6ip1 protein, human
Bardetův-Biedlův syndrom: syndrom charakterizovaný četnými odchylkami, zejm. mentální retardací, polydaktylií, hypogonadismem hypothalamického původu, obezitou, retinitis pigmentosa aj. vzácněji lze nalézt i některé anomálie vnitřních orgánů. dědičnost je autozomálně recesivní. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Bariatric Surgery: surgical procedures aimed at affecting metabolism and producing major weight reduction in patients with morbid obesity
Bariatrics: activities related to weight reduction in patients with obesity. treatment methods include diet; exercise; behavior modification; medications; and bariatric surgery
Barium: an element of the alkaline earth group of metals. it has an atomic symbol ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. all of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous
Barium Compounds: inorganic compounds that contain barium as an integral part of the molecule
Barium Enema: x-ray examination of lower gastrointestinal tract. imaging is done while a barium compound (e.g., barium sulfate) fills the large intestine via the rectum as a contrast material
Barium Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of barium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. ba atoms with atomic weights 126-129, 131, 133, and 139-143 are radioactive barium isotopes
Barium Sulfate: a compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. it is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield
Barlow syndrome: a genetically heterogeneous hereditary form of mitral valve prolapse that appears to be inherited as an autosomal dominant or x-linked trait and exhibits both sex- and age-dependent penetrance. omim: 157700
Baroreflex: a response by the baroreceptors to increased blood pressure. increased pressure stretches blood vessels which activates the baroreceptors in the vessel walls. the net response of the central nervous system is a reduction of central sympathetic outflow. this reduces blood pressure both by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and by lowering cardiac output. because the baroreceptors are tonically active, the baroreflex can compensate rapidly for both increases and decreases in blood pressure
Barotrauma: injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach
Barrett Esophagus: a condition with damage to the lining of the lower esophagus resulting from chronic acid reflux (esophagitis, reflux). through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the intestine or the salmon-pink mucosa of the stomach. barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to adenocarcinoma of the esophagus
Barrettův syndrom: stav vznikající v důsledku dlouho trvajícího gastroezofageálního refluxu, při němž dochází k metaplastickým změnám na sliznici jícnu (normální epitel je nahrazován epitelem obdobného charakteru jako v žaludku). závažnou komplikací může být vznik krvácejícího vředu a rovněž je vyšší riziko vzniku zhoubného nádoru této oblasti. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Barrington's Nucleus: a nucleus in the pons with exon projections to the sacral parasympathetic nucleus associated with bladder control
Barringtonia: a plant genus of the family lecythidaceae. members contain nasimalun a and b (neo-clerodane diterpenoids)
Barringtonia: rod rostlin čeledi lecythidaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují nasimalun a a b (neoklerodanové diterpenoidy)
Barringtonovo jádro: pontinní jádro s axonálními projekcemi do nucleus parasympathicus sacralis. řídí uvolnění svěrače močového měchýře a zahájení mikce
Barth Syndrome: rare congenital x-linked disorder of lipid metabolism. barth syndrome is transmitted in an x-linked recessive pattern. the syndrome is characterized by muscular weakness, growth retardation, dilated cardiomyopathy, variable neutropenia, 3-methylglutaconic aciduria (type ii) and decreases in mitochondrial cardiolipin level. other biochemical and morphological mitochondrial abnormalities also exist
Bartholin's Glands: mucus-secreting glands situated on the posterior and lateral aspect of the vestibule of the vagina
Bartholiniho žlázy: párová žláza velikosti hrášku nacházející se v oblasti ženských zevních pohlavních orgánů. je umístěna po levé a po pravé straně pod poševním vchodem. bartholiniho žláza odpovídá vývojově cowperově žláze (latinsky glandula bulbourethralis) u muže. původně se předpokládalo, že se bartholiniho žlázy podílejí na zvlhčování pochvy během pohlavního styku. žlázy ale produkují jen malé množství sekretu (jednu nebo dvě kapky) během vrcholného vzrušení. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2018 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/) žláza se má správně nazývat "bartholinova", chybný tvar "bartholiniho" je však v češtině vžitý. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2023 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Barthův syndrom: vzácná vrozená porucha metabolismu lipidů. syndrom je recesivně dědičný, vázaný na chromozom x. je charakterizovaný svalovou slabostí, růstovou retardací, dilatační kardiomyopatií, neutropenií, 3-metylglutakonovou acidurií (typu ii) a sníženou hladinou mitochondriálních kardiolipinů. k příznakům patří ještě další biochemické a morfologické mitochondriální abnormality
Bartonella: a genus of gram-negative bacteria characteristically appearing in chains of several segmenting organisms. it occurs in man and arthropod vectors and is found only in the andes region of south america. this genus is the etiologic agent of human bartonellosis. the genus rochalimaea, once considered a separate genus, has recently been combined with the genus bartonella as a result of high levels of relatedness in 16s rrna sequence data and dna hybridization data
Bartonella: rod gramnegativních bakterií, které se charakteristicky vyskytují v řetízcích. vyskytuje se u člověka a členovců sloužících jako vektory. nalézá se pouze v oblasti and v jižní americe. je etiologickým agens bartonelózy u člověka. rod rochalimaea byl dříve samostatným rodem, ale za základě zkoumání příbuznosti dna byl přiřazen k rodu bartonella
Bartonella Infections: infections by the genus bartonella. bartonella bacilliformis can cause acute febrile anemia, designated oroya fever, and a benign skin eruption, called verruga peruana. bartonella quintana causes trench fever, while bartonella henselae is the etiologic agent of bacillary angiomatosis (angiomatosis, bacillary) and is also one of the causes of cat-scratch disease
Bartonella bacilliformis: the type species of the genus bartonella, a gram-negative bacteria found in humans. it is found in the mountain valleys of peru, ecuador, and southwest columbia where the sandfly (see phlebotomus) vector is present. it causes oroya fever and verruga peruana
Bartonella bacilliformis: typový druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu bartonella, který se vyskytuje u člověka. nalézá se v horských údolích peru, ekvádoru a jihozápadní kolumbie, kde žije koutule rodu phlebotomus (vektor). způsobuje bartonelové infekce oroya fever a verruga peruana
Bartonella henselae: a species of gram-negative bacteria that is the etiologic agent of bacillary angiomatosis (angiomatosis, bacillary). this organism can also be a cause of cat-scratch disease in immunocompetent patients
Bartonella henselae: druh gramnegativní bakterie, která je etiologickým agens bacilární angiomatózy. u imunokompetentních pacientů může způsobit nemoc z kočičího škrábnutí
Bartonella quintana: a species of gram-negative bacteria in which man is the primary host and the human body louse, pediculus humanus, the principal vector. it is the etiological agent of trench fever
Bartonella quintana: druh gramnegativní bakterie, která je patogenní pro člověka a jejím hlavním vektorem je veš lidská (pediculus humanus). tato bakterie je původcem zákopové horečky
Bartonellaceae: a family of small gram-negative bacteria whose organisms are parasites of erythrocytes in man and other vertebrates and the etiologic agents of several diseases
Bartonellaceae: čeleď malých gramnegativních bakterií, které jsou parazity erytrocytů u člověka a dalších obratlovců a jsou původci několika chorob
Bartter Syndrome: a group of disorders caused by defective salt reabsorption in the ascending loop of henle. it is characterized by severe salt-wasting, hypokalemia; hypercalciuria; metabolic alkalosis, and hyper-reninemic hyperaldosteronism without hypertension. there are several subtypes including ones due to mutations in the renal specific sodium-potassium-chloride symporters
Bartter Syndrome, Type 3, with Hypocalciuria: mutation in clcnkb
Bartterův syndrom: syndrom charakterizovaný hypokalemií, hypochloremickou alkalózou, zvýšenou plasmatickou reninovou aktivitou a koncentrací aldosteronu. je zvýšena syntéza a vylučování prostaglandinů a kallikrein-kininového systému (není hypertenze). dědičnost je autozomálně recesivní. je porušena resorpce iontů ve vzestupném raménku henleovy kličky (defekt iontových kanálů) s příslušnými kompenzačními změnami a hyperplazií juxtaglomerulárního aparátu. klinické příznaky vycházejí z popsaných změn (zejm. výrazná slabost při hypokalemii a sklonu k hypotonii a hypovolemii), bývá rovněž narušen růst. někdy dochází k poklesu renálních funkcí. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Basal Bodies: structures which form the base of flagella and cilia. they contain nine triplets of microtubules that are arranged around the periphery and that serve as the nucleation center for axoneme assembly
Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome: hereditary disorder consisting of multiple basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts, and multiple skeletal defects, e.g., frontal and temporoparietal bossing, bifurcated and splayed ribs, kyphoscoliosis, fusion of vertebrae, and cervicothoracic spina bifida. genetic transmission is autosomal dominant
Basal Forebrain: the region of the telencephalon located rostral and ventral to the striatum comprising amygdala; septal nuclei; substantia innominata and ventral pallidum
Basal Ganglia: large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres
Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease: a pathological condition caused by impaired blood flow in the basal regions of cerebral hemispheres (basal ganglia), such as infarction; hemorrhage; or ischemia in vessels of this brain region including the lateral lenticulostriate arteries. primary clinical manifestations include involuntary movements (dyskinesias) and muscle weakness (hemiparesis)
Basal Ganglia Diseases: diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma
Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage: bleeding within the subcortical regions of cerebral hemispheres (basal ganglia). it is often associated with hypertension or arteriovenous malformations. clinical manifestations may include headache; dyskinesias; and hemiparesis
Basal Metabolism: metabolism (e.g., heat production) of an organism in an inactive, awake, fasting state. it may be determined directly by means of a calorimeter or indirectly by calculating the end products of oxidation within the organism or from the amount of oxygen utilized
Basal Nucleus of Meynert: a group of nerve cells in the substantia innominata that has wide projections to the neocortex and is rich in acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase. in parkinson disease and alzheimer disease the nucleus undergoes degeneration
Basal cell carcinoma, multiple: a genetically heterogeneous trait that confers susceptibility to cutaneous basal cell carcinoma in people of european descent; several susceptibility loci have been mapped. omim: 605462
Basan syndrome: ectodermal dysplasia, absent dermatoglyphic pattern, with change in nails and simian crease
Base Composition: the relative amounts of the purines and pyrimidines in a nucleic acid
Base Pair Mismatch: the presence of an uncomplimentary base in double-stranded dna caused by spontaneous deamination of cytosine or adenine, mismatching during homologous recombination, or errors in dna replication. multiple, sequential base pair mismatches lead to formation of heteroduplex dna; (nucleic acid heteroduplexes)
Base Pairing: pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by hydrogen bonding in double-stranded dna or rna
Base Sequence: the sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. it is also called nucleotide sequence
BaseLine dental cement: composed of strontium alumino fluoro silicate, polyacrylic acid, tartaric acid, iron oxide pigments, and sodium hydrogen phosphate
Basement Membrane: a darkly stained mat-like extracellular matrix (ecm) that separates cell layers, such as epithelium from endothelium or a layer of connective tissue. the ecm layer that supports an overlying epithelium or endothelium is called basal lamina. basement membrane (bm) can be formed by the fusion of either two adjacent basal laminae or a basal lamina with an adjacent reticular lamina of connective tissue. bm, composed mainly of type iv collagen; glycoprotein laminin; and proteoglycan, provides barriers as well as channels between interacting cell layers
Bashkiria: a political subdivision of eastern russia located within europe. it consists of a plateau and mountainous area of the southern urals. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1997)
Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors: a family of transcription factors that contain regions rich in basic residues, leucine zipper domains, and helix-loop-helix motifs
Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors: a family of dna-binding transcription factors that contain a basic helix-loop-helix motif
Basic Reproduction Number: the expected number of new cases of an infection caused by an infected individual, amongst susceptible contacts only
Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors: a large superfamily of transcription factors that contain a region rich in basic amino acid residues followed by a leucine zipper domain
Basidiomycota: (basidiomycota) je druhově početné oddělení hub. představují sesterskou skupinu k houbám vřeckovýtrusným. do stopkovýtrusných hub patří většina obecně známých hub, jako je hřib (boletus), muchomůrka (amanita), ale i některé méně známé skupiny, jako jsou parazitické rzi a sněti či dokonce jisté kvasinky nebo několik lišejníků. stopkovýtrusné houby mají neobvyklý vývojový cyklus, v němž se střídá fáze s jedním buněčným jádrem s fází s dvěma jádry. plodnice, tedy nadzemní útvary označované laicky jako houby, mají v každé buňce jádra dvě. v tzv. bazidiích (např. u hřibu na spodní straně klobouku) následně dochází ke splynutí jader a vzniku výtrusů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Basidiomycota: a phylum of fungi that produce their sexual spores (basidiospores) on the outside of the basidium. it includes forms commonly known as mushrooms, boletes, puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, bird's-nest fungi, jelly fungi, bracket or shelf fungi, and rust and smut fungi
Basigin: a widely distributed cell surface transmembrane glycoprotein characterized by extracellular immunoglobulin domains. it stimulates the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases and is found at high levels on the surface of malignant neoplasms where it may play a role as a mediator of malignant cell behavior
Basilar Artery: the artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries
Basilar Membrane: a basement membrane in the cochlea that supports the hair cells of the organ of corti, consisting keratin-like fibrils. it stretches from the spiral lamina to the basilar crest. the movement of fluid in the cochlea, induced by sound, causes displacement of the basilar membrane and subsequent stimulation of the attached hair cells which transform the mechanical signal into neural activity
Basiliximab: a chimeric murine-human monoclonal antibody that functions as an interleukin 2 receptor antagonist by binding to the alpha chain (cd25 antigen) of the interleukin-2 receptor on the surface of activated t-lymphocytes. it is used in the prevention of acute graft rejection episodes in patients undergoing renal transplantation
Basolateral Nuclear Complex: a set of amygdalar nuclei bordered laterally by the external capsule and medially by the central amygdaloid nucleus
Basophil Degranulation Test: an in vitro test used in the diagnosis of allergies including drug hypersensitivity. the allergen is added to the patient's white blood cells and the subsequent histamine release is measured
Basophils: granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes
Bassia scoparia: a plant species of the family chenopodiaceae. it is a source of furonaphthoquinones. the common name of burning bush is also used with the unrelated euonymus sieboldianus
Bassia scoparia: planě rostoucí bylina, druh rodu bytel. obsahuje furonaftochinony. do české přírody se tento neofyt dostal z jihovýchodní evropy s osivem obilnin a olejnin. nově bývá do česka zavlékán ze severní ameriky, hlavně se sojovými boby a jeho populace se šíří podél železničních tratí a silnic. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Bassoe syndrome: benign muscular dystrophy with hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism and congenital cataract
Batch Cell Culture Techniques: methods for cultivation of cells, usually on a large-scale, in a closed system for the purpose of producing cells or cellular products to harvest
Bathing Beaches: beaches, both natural and man-made, used for bathing and other activities
Baths: the immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. it includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc
Batrachochytrium: a genus of fungi in the order rhizophydiales, class chytridiomycetes and phylum chytridiomycota. batrachochytrium fungi are chytrid fungi found in aquatic habitats. many are parasitic including batrachochytrium dendrobatidis which is causative agent for chytrid disease in aquatic invertebrates
Batrachochytrium: rod hub řádu rhizophydiales, třídy chytridiomycetes a oddělení chytridiomycota. nalézají se ve vodním prostředí. patří sem řada parazitických druhů, chytridie batrachochytrium dendrobatidis je původcem chytridiomykózy obojživelníků
Batrachoidiformes: an order of bottom fishes with short, small, spinous dorsal fins. it is comprised of one family (batrachoididae) and about 70 species
Batrachoidiformes: řád bentických ryb s malými ostnatými hřbetními ploutvemi. zahrnuje jednu čeleď (batrachoididae) s asi 70 druhy
Batrachotoxins: batrachotoxin is the 20-alpha-bromobenzoate of batrachotoxin a; they are toxins from the venom of a small colombian frog, phyllobates aurotaenia, cause release of acetylcholine, destruction of synaptic vesicles and depolarization of nerve and muscle fibers
Batroxobin: a proteolytic enzyme obtained from the venom of fer-de-lance (bothrops atrox). it is used as a plasma clotting agent for fibrinogen and for the detection of fibrinogen degradation products. the presence of heparin does not interfere with the clotting test. hemocoagulase is a mixture containing batroxobin and factor x activator. ec 3.4.21.-
Batson's compound: commercial prep of partially polymerized suspension which becomes a fully polymerized solid polymer at room temp. thru action of catalyst & promoter
Battaglia Neri syndrome: mental retardation, coarse faces, microcephaly, moderate to severe mental retardation, epilepsy and skeletal abnormalities
Battered Child Syndrome: a clinical condition resulting from repeated physical and psychological injuries inflicted on a child by the parents or caregivers
Battered Women: women who are physically and mentally abused over an extended period, usually by a husband or other dominant male figure. characteristics of the battered woman syndrome are helplessness and a perceived inability to escape. (from american heritage dictionary of the english language, 3d ed)
Bauhinia: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. members contain isoacteoside, luteolin, indole-3-carboxylic acid
Bauhinia: rod rostlin z čeledi bobovitých (fabaceae). zástupci obsahují isoakteosidy, luteolin, kyselinu indol-3-karboxylovou
Bay-Region, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon: a concave exterior region on some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that have three phenyl rings in a non-linear arrangement
Bayer 2000: contains water, ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, a formamide & bis-gma
Bayes Theorem: a theorem in probability theory named for thomas bayes (1702-1761). in epidemiology, it is used to obtain the probability of disease in a group of people with some characteristic on the basis of the overall rate of that disease and of the likelihood of that characteristic in healthy and diseased individuals. the most familiar application is in clinical decision analysis where it is used for estimating the probability of a particular diagnosis given the appearance of some symptoms or test result
Bays: an area of water mostly surrounded by land, usually smaller than a gulf, and affording access to the sea
Bazex-Dupre-Christol syndrome: an x-linked dominant disorder characterized by a triad of congenital hypotrichosis, follicular atrophoderma affecting the dorsa of the hands and feet, the face, and extensor surfaces of the elbows or knees, and the development of basal cell neoplasms, including basal cell nevi and basal cell carcinomas from the second decade onward. omim: 301845
Bazopoulou Kyrkanidou syndrome: hyperbrachycephaly, short face, fused cervical vertebrae, bone defects, and destruction of periodontium
Baškortostán: republika ruské federace v povolžském federálním okruhu, při jižním uralu na pomezí evropské části země. hlavním městem je ufa
Bcl-2-Like Protein 11: a bcl-2-like protein that has a c-terminal bcl-2 homology (bh3) domain and forms heterodimers with other bcl-2 family proteins. it is a strong inducer of apoptosis and anoikis; several isoforms are expressed (bimel, bim l, bim-alpha, bim-s; and bim-gamma) that have different potencies for inducing apoptosis
Bdellovibrio: rod bakterií, které mohou parazitovat na jiných bakteriích
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus: a non-pathogenic, obligate aerobic, gram-negative species of bdellovibrio that occurs in water and soil, as well as the intestines of birds and mammals. it can infect and lyse pathogenic gram-negative bacteria and can function as a probiotic and anti-bacterial agent
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus: nepatogenní, obligátně aerobní, gramnegativní druh bakterie rodu bdellovibrio, která se vyskytuje ve vodě a v půdě a také ve střevech ptáků a savců. může infikovat a lyzovat patogenní gramnegativní bakterie a působit tak jako probiotikum a antibakteriální látka
Beak: in some animals, the jaws together with their horny covering. the beak usually refers to the bill of birds in which the whole varies greatly in form according of the food and habits of the bird. while the beak refers most commonly to birds, the anatomical counterpart is found also in the turtle, squid, and octopus. (from webster, 3d ed & storer, et al., general zoology, 6th ed, p491, 755)
Beautifil Flow Plus F00: consists of bis-gma, tegdma, and other ingredients
Beautifil composite resin: composition of primer given in first source; contains bisgma (bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate), triethyleneglycoldimethacrylate, inorganic glass filler, aluminuoxide, silica, prereacted glass ionomer filler & dl-camphorquinone
Beauty Ortho Bond: self-etching adhesive containing phosphoric acid monomer, pre-reacted glass ionomer (filler), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate and bisphenol a diglycidyl ether dimethacrylate
Beauveria: a mitosporic fungal genus. teleomorphs are found in the family clavicipitaceae and include cordyceps bassiana. the species beauveria bassiana is a common pathogen of arthropods and is used in pest control
Beauveria: rod mitosporických hub. teleomorfní stadia se nalézají v čeledi clavicipitaceae a patří sem cordyceps bassiana. druh beauveria bassiana je běžným patogenem členovců a používá se jako biologický insekticid pro kontrolu škůdců
Becaplermin: a recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor b-chain dimer used to promote wound healing by stimulating physiologic angiogenesis
Becker Nevus Syndrome: a sporadic syndrome characterized by the presence of a becker nevus (a late-onset, large, brown birthmark occurring mostly in males that typically develops during childhood or adolescence on the shoulders or upper trunk) in association with unilateral hypoplasia of breast or other cutaneous, muscular, or skeletal defects, all of which usually involve the same side of the body as the nevus. omim: 604919
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome: a syndrome of multiple defects characterized primarily by umbilical hernia (hernia, umbilical); macroglossia; and gigantism; and secondarily by visceromegaly; hypoglycemia; and ear abnormalities
Beckwithův-Wiedemannův syndrom: syndrom exomfalos-makroglosie-gigantismus (emg syndrom), chromozomální aberace s výskytem cca 1:15 000; děti se rodí s velkým jazykem, pupeční anomálií, hepatosplenomegalií a zvětšenými ledvinami (visceromegalie), fetální adrenální hyperplazií, endokrinními poruchami, často s hypoglykemií, srdečním selháním a dalšími projevy. je zvýšené riziko vzniku maligních nádorů. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Beclin-1: an autophagy related protein which functions as a core subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase multiprotein complexes. it mediates the formation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and functions in autophagy, where it is required for maturation of the autophagosome. it also functions in endocytosis and cytokinesis as part of a separate complex. beclin-1 associates with intracellular membranes and interacts with the proto-oncogene proteins c-bcl-2 and bcl-x protein
Beclomethasone: an anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. it is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of asthma
Bed Conversion: the reallocation of beds from one type of care service to another, as in converting acute care beds to long term care beds
Bed Occupancy: a measure of inpatient health facility use based upon the average number or proportion of beds occupied for a given period of time
Bedbugs: parasitic bugs of the family cimicidae. female bed bugs lay eggs in a sheltered locations such as in mattress seams. adults and nymphal instars of cimex feed on warm-blooded hosts. cimex lectularius and cimex hemipterus are implicated in human infestations
Bedding and Linens: articles of cloth, usually cotton or rayon and other synthetic or cotton-blend fabrics, used in households, hospitals, physicians' examining rooms, nursing homes, etc., for sheets, pillow cases, toweling, gowns, drapes, and the like
Bedridden Persons: persons unable or unwilling, or otherwise incapacitated and not able to leave the bed due to physical or mental conditions
Beds: equipment on which one may lie and sleep, especially as used to care for the hospital patient
Bee Venoms: toxins obtained from apis mellifera (honey bee) and related species. they contain various enzymes, polypeptide toxins, and other substances, some of which are allergenic or immunogenic or both. these venoms were formerly used in rheumatism to stimulate the pituitary-adrenal system
Beemer Ertbruggen syndrome: peculiar facial appearance, hydrocephalus, double-outlet right ventricle, genital anomalies and dense bones with lethal outcome
Beer: an alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation
Bees: insect members of the superfamily apoidea, found almost everywhere, particularly on flowers. about 3500 species occur in north america. they differ from most wasps in that their young are fed honey and pollen rather than animal food
Beggiatoa: a genus of colorless, filamentous bacteria in the family thiotrichaceae whose cells contain inclusions of sulfur granules. when found in decaying seaweed beds and polluted water, its presence signals environmental degradation
Beggiatoa: rod bezbarvých, vláknitých bakterií čeledi thiotrichaceae. buňky obsahují granula síry. přítomnost těchto organismů v tlejících mořských řasách a znečištěných vodách je znamením ekologické újmy (environmentální degradace)
Begomovirus: a genus of plant viruses in the family geminiviridae that are transmitted in nature by whitefly bemisia tabaci
Begomovirus: rod rostlinných virů čeledi geminiviridae, které jsou v přírodě přenášeny molicí bavlníkovou (bemisia tabaci)
Begoniaceae: a plant family of the order violales (by some in begoniales), subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida. members are found throughout tropical and warm temperate habitats. most are perennial herbs with monoecious flowers (both sexes on the same plant). fruits are usually capsules containing many tiny seeds
Begoniaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu violales (některými autoritami řazena do řádu kysalotvaré (begoniales)), podtřídy dilleniidae, třídy magnoliopsida (nižší dvouděložné rostliny). zástupci žijí v tropickém až teplém mírném pásmu. většinou jsou to vytrvalé jednodomé byliny nebo keře a polokeře s měkkým dřevem. plodem je trojboká až křídlatá lokulicidní tobolka s mnoha drobnými semeny. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Behavior Control: manipulation of the behavior of persons or animals by biomedical, physical, psychological, or social means, including for nontherapeutic reasons
Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms: the observable response made to a situation and the unconscious processes underlying it
Behavior, Addictive: the observable, measurable, and often pathological activity of an organism that portrays its inability to overcome a habit resulting in an insatiable craving for a substance or for performing certain acts. the addictive behavior includes the emotional and physical overdependence on the object of habit in increasing amount or frequency
Behavioral Disciplines and Activities: the specialties in psychiatry and psychology, their diagnostic techniques and tests, their therapeutic methods, and psychiatric and psychological services
Behavioral Medicine: the interdisciplinary field concerned with the development and integration of behavioral and biomedical science, knowledge, and techniques relevant to health and illness and the application of this knowledge and these techniques to prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation
Behavioral Research: research that involves the application of the behavioral and social sciences to the study of the actions or reactions of persons or animals in response to external or internal stimuli. (from american heritage dictionary, 4th ed)
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System: telefonické průzkumy prováděné za účelem sledování prevalence hlavních rizik chování u dospělých souvisejících s předčasnou morbiditou a mortalitou. shromážděné údaje se týkají spíše skutečného chování, než postojů nebo znalostí. systém behavioral risk factor surveillance system (brfss) byl založen v roce 1984 organizací the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) (střediska pro kontrolu a prevenci nemocí)
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System: telephone surveys are conducted to monitor prevalence of the major behavioral risks among adults associated with premature morbidity and mortality. the data collected is in regard to actual behaviors, rather than on attitudes or knowledge. the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) established the behavioral risk factor surveillance system (brfss) in 1984