NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Kanada: rozkládá se v severní části severní ameriky, zahrnuje 10 provincií a tři území. je to rozlohou druhá největší země světa (9,98 milionu kilometrů čtverečních), a největší země v severní americe. hraničí se severním ledovým oceánem (sever), atlantikem (východ), usa (jih a severozápad) a tichým oceánem (západ). jejím hlavním městem je ottawa. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Kanamycin: antibiotic complex produced by streptomyces kanamyceticus from japanese soil. comprises 3 components: kanamycin a, the major component, and kanamycins b and c, the minor components
Kanamycin Kinase: a class of enzymes that inactivate aminocyclitol-aminoglycoside antibiotics (aminoglycosides) by regiospecific phosphorylation of the 3' and/or 5' hydroxyl
Kanamycin Resistance: nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the antibiotic kanamycin, which can bind to their 70s ribosomes and cause misreading of messenger rna
Kangai-1 Protein: a widely expressed transmembrane glycoprotein that functions as a metastasis suppressor protein. it is underexpressed in a variety of human neoplasms
Kangaroo-Mother Care Method: a method of continuously holding a partially wrapped baby to the chest, involving skin-to-skin contact. originally it was a method of caring for low-birth-weight infant in developing countries and is now more widespread in developed nations. aside from encouraging breast feeding, the extra sleep that the infant gets assists in regulating body temperature, helps the baby conserve energy, and redirects calorie expenditures toward growth and weight gain
Kansas: state bounded on the north by nebraska on the east by missouri, on the south by oklahoma, and on the west by colorado
Kansas: stát nacházející se v centrální části spojených států amerických. kansas, na jehož území se nachází geografický střed kontinentálních usa, hraničí na severu s nebraskou, na východě s missouri, na jihu s oklahomou a na západě s coloradem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Kaolin: the most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately h2al2si2o8-h2o. it is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (from merck index, 11th ed) the name is derived from kao-ling (chinese: high ridge), the original site. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Kaplan-Meier Estimate: a nonparametric method of compiling life tables or survival tables. it combines calculated probabilities of survival and estimates to allow for observations occurring beyond a measurement threshold, which are assumed to occur randomly. time intervals are defined as ending each time an event occurs and are therefore unequal. (from last, a dictionary of epidemiology, 1995)
Kaposi Varicelliform Eruption: a disseminated vesicular-pustular eruption caused by the herpes simplex virus (herpesvirus hominis), the vaccinia virus, or varicella zoster (herpesvirus 3, human). it is usually superimposed on a preexisting, inactive or active, atopic dermatitis (dermatitis, atopic)
Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma: a rare, locally aggressive vascular neoplasm that primarily occurs in childhood. it originates on the skin and is characterized by one or multiple masse; it is often comorbid with kasabach-merritt syndrome and lymphangiomatosis. the viscera is usually not affected, but invasion of bone, retroperitoneum, and mediastinum has occured in some cases. no metastases have been reported
Kaposiho erupce variceliformní: rozšířené vezikulózně-pustulózní erupce způsobené virem herpes simplex (simplexvirus), virem vakcinie nebo virem varicella zoster (lidský herpesvirus 3). obvykle překrývá již dříve existující, aktivní nebo neaktivní, atopickou dermatitidu
Kaposiho sarkom: dříve vzácné kožní onemocnění nádorového charakteru s poměrně benigním průběhem, dnes v mnohem zhoubnější podobě u nemocných s aids. projevuje se červenofialovými kožními uzly, které se šíří na kůži celého těla. postiženy bývají i vnitřní orgány. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2014 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Kappapapillomavirus: a genus of dna viruses in the family papillomaviridae, causing cutaneous and mucosal lesions in rabbits. cottontail rabbit papillomavirus is the type species
Kappapapillomavirus: rod dna virů čeledi papillomaviridae, které způsobují kožní a slizniční léze u králíků. typovým druhem je shopeho virus papilomatózy králíků
Kapur Toriello syndrome: mental and growth retardation, congenital defects, heart abnormalities, intestinal malrotation, characteristic facies
Kapverdy: stát zahrnující deset ostrovů a pět menších ostrůvků v atlantském oceánu u pobřeží západní afriky. hlavní město je praia
Karaya Gum: polysaccharide gum from sterculia urens (sterculia). it is used as a suspending or stabilizing agent in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; a bulk-forming laxative; a surgical lubricant and adhesive; and in the treatment of skin ulcers
Karibské Nizozemsko: skupina karibských ostrovů zahrnující bonaire, svatý eustach a ostrov saba. karibské nizozemsko vzniklo 10. října 2010, kdy zanikly nizozemské antily a tyto 3 ostrovy získaly nové postavení v rámci nizozemska
Karnofsky Performance Status: a performance measure for rating the ability of a person to perform usual activities, evaluating a patient's progress after a therapeutic procedure, and determining a patient's suitability for therapy. it is used most commonly in the prognosis of cancer therapy, usually after chemotherapy and customarily administered before and after therapy. it was named for dr. david a. karnofsky, an american specialist in cancer chemotherapy
Karoshi Death: sudden death from overwork, most often as a result of acute cardiovascular stroke
Kartagener Syndrome: an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a triad of dextrocardia; infertility; and sinusitis. the syndrome is caused by mutations of dynein genes encoding motility proteins which are components of sperm tails, and cilia in the respiratory and the reproductive tracts
Kartagenerův syndrom: syndrom nepohyblivých cilií s autozomálně recesivní dědičností. geneticky jde o heterogenní skupinu, většina postižených má však mutaci genu kódujícího dynein, protein odpovědný za pohyb řasinek. v důsledku narušení mukociliárního transpotu je postižena řada orgánů, nemocný trpí opakovanými bronchitidami, pneumoniemi a sinusitidami (prokazují se bronchiektazie, nosní polypy), ženy jsou neplodné (afunkce řasinek vejcovodu), postižena je spermiogeneze a spermie mají výrazně sníženou pohyblivost (syndrom imotilních spermií). dalším znakem je situs viscerum inversus. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Karwinskia: a plant genus of the family rhamnaceae that contains tullidinol (toxin t-544) and peroxisomicine (toxin t-514). it is sometimes called buckthorn but should not be confused with other plants called that
Karwinskia: rod rostlin z čeledi řešetlákovitých (rhamnaceae), který obsahuje tullidinol (toxin t-544) a peroxisomicin (toxin t-514)
Karyometry: microscopic study of the spacial distribution pattern of chromatin in cell nuclei and cell nucleoli
Karyopherins: a family of proteins involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport. karyopherins are heteromeric molecules composed of two major types of components, alpha karyopherins and beta karyopherins, that function together to transport molecules through the nuclear pore complex. several other proteins such as ran gtp binding protein and cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein bind to karyopherins and participate in the transport process
Karyotype: the full set of chromosomes presented as a systematized array of metaphase chromosomes from a photomicrograph of a single cell nucleus arranged in pairs in descending order of size and according to the position of the centromere. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome: rapidly growing vascular lesion along the midline axis of the neck, upper trunk, and extremities that is characterized by consumption coagulopathy; thrombocytopenia; and hemolytic anemia. it is often associated with infantile kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and other vascular tumors such as tufted angioma
Kashin-Beck Disease: disabling osteochondrodysplasia with osteosclerosis, cone-shaped metaphysis, and shortening of the diaphysis. it is endemic in parts of siberia and northern china. mineral deficiencies (e.g., selenium, iodine), fungal cereal contamination, and water contamination may be contributing factors in its etiology
Kaspické moře: největší vnitrozemský vodní útvar, který se nachází mezi asií a evropou
Kassinin: dodecapeptide tachykinin found in the central nervous system of the amphibian kassina senegalensis. it is similar in structure and action to other tachykinins, but is especially effective in contracting smooth muscle tissue and stimulating the micturition reflex
Kasznica Carlson Coppedge syndrome: ectrodactyly, retrognathism, abnormal ears, highly arched palate, spina bifida, congenital heart defect, single umbilical artery
Katanin: an enzyme (aaa atpase) consisting of the 60 kda atpase subunit (p60 subunit a1) which severs microtubules, and an 80 kda accessory protein (p80 subunit b1), which targets the enzyme to the centrosome. it releases microtubules from the mitotic spindle poles to allow depolymerization and poleward motion of chromosomes. it is also a regulator of microtubule dynamics in neuronal outgrowth
Katar: emirát v jihozápadní části perského zálivu v západní asii. země se nachází na katarském poloostrově, vybíhajícím z většího arabského poloostrova do perského zálivu. na jihu hraničí v délce 60 km se saúdskou arábií, zbylé strany jsou obklopeny mořem, přičemž na západě leží v sousedství kataru malý ostrovní stát bahrajn. hlavní město je dauhá. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Kaufman oculocerebrofacial syndrome: severe mental retardation, microcephaly, long narrow face, ocular anomalies, and long thin hands and feet
Kava: dried rhizome and roots of piper methysticum, a shrub native to oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. heavy usage results in some adverse effects. it contains alkaloids; lactones; kawain, methysticin, mucilage, starch, and yangonin. kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots
Kawasakiho syndrom: multisystémové onemocnění (vaskulitida) připomínající polyarteriitis nodosa postihující obv. děti nebo mladistvé. zahrnuje vysokou horečku, zduření mízních uzlin, kožní a slizniční změny (palmoplantární erytém, exantém, olupování kůže na distální části prstů, enantém, malinový jazyk), postižení srdce (myokarditida, postižení koronárních tepen, arytmie), hematologické změny (leukocytóza, trombocytóza) léčí se podáváním gamaglobulinů, salicylátů. prognóza je obv. dobrá, ale některé případy s těžšími kardiálními komplikacemi mohou probíhat nepříznivě. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Kazachstán: země ve střední asii, severozápadně od číny. hlavním městem je astana
Kazal Motifs: highly conserved protein domains characteristic of serine protease inhibitors, kazal type. they generally occur as tandem repeats, with each domain consisting of approximately 60 amino acids that form a large extended amino acid chain, two short alpha-helices, and a three-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet. kazal-like domains also occur in the extracellular portions of agrin
Kazalovy motivy: vysoce konzervované proteinové domény charakteristické pro inhibitory serinových peptidáz kazalova typu. obvykle se vyskytují jako tandemové repetice. každá doména sestává z přibližně šedesáti aminokyselin, které tvoří dlouhý řetězec, dva krátké alfa-helixy a třířetězcový antiparalelní beta-skládaný list. domény kazal-like se také nalézají v extracelulární části agrinu
Kašinova-Bekova nemoc: generalizovaná osteoartróza začínající větš. u dětí, vyskytuje se v některých oblastech asie; za jejího původce se považuje fusarium sporotrichiella (houba napadající obilí), není vyloučen ani endemický nadbytek železa v potravě. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Kcnj10 Channel: an inwardly rectifying potassium channel expressed by glial cells of the brain and in cells of the distal kidney tubules. mutations in the kcnj10 gene can cause sesame syndrome
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome: a mitochondrial disorder featuring the triad of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, cardiomyopathy (cardiomyopathies) with conduction block (heart block), and retinitis pigmentosa. disease onset is in the first or second decade. elevated csf protein, sensorineural deafness, seizures, and pyramidal signs may also be present. ragged-red fibers are found on muscle biopsy. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p984)
Kearnsův-Sayreův syndrom: progresivní vrozená mitochondriální encefalomyopatie, způsobená mutací mitochondriální dna. onemocnění se manifestuje nejpozději před 20. rokem života progresivní ophthalmoplegia externa a pigmentovou retinopatií. v klinickém obraze se projeví endokrinologická porucha (např. porucha růstu, diabetes mellitus, hypoparatyreóza), srdeční poruchy (blokády, kardiomegalie, selhání), poruchy sluchu, některé mozečkové syndromy a demence. prognóza je nepříznivá. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Kefir: a beverage made from milk fermented by a mixture of endogenous lactic acid-producing yeast and bacteria (kefir grains), many of which are probiotics. it should not be confused with kaffir lime or kaffir corn
Kelch Repeat: an amino acid sequence of about 50 residues long that is composed of x n-long repeats which form a four-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet as a structural component, or blade, of a beta-propeller
Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1: an adaptor protein characterized by an n-terminal btb-poz domain and six kelch repeats that functions as a substrate for the e3 ubiquitin ligase complex. it negatively-regulates nf-e2-related factor 2 by targeting it for ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome. it also represses genes regulated by antioxidant response elements
Kell Blood-Group System: multiple erythrocytic antigens that comprise at least three pairs of alternates and amorphs, determined by one complex gene or possibly several genes at closely linked loci. the system is important in transfusion reactions. its expression involves the x-chromosome
Keloid: a sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. it is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (cicatrix, hypertrophic) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues
Kelp: large, robust forms of brown algae (phaeophyceae) in the order laminariales. they are a major component of the lower intertidal and sublittoral zones on rocky coasts in temperate and polar waters. kelp, a kind of seaweed, usually refers to species in the genera laminaria or macrocystis, but the term may also be used for species in fucus or nereocystis
Kennerknecht Sorgo Oberhoffer syndrome: pulmonary hypoplasia, hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery, agonadism, omphalocele/diaphragmatic defect, and dextrocardia
Kennerknecht Vogel syndrome: agonadism xy, with mental retardation, short stature, retarded bone age, and multiple extragenital malformations
Kenny-Caffey syndrome, type 2: hereditary disorder caused by mutations in the fam111a gene and characterized by severe proportionate short stature, cortical thickening and medullary stenosis of the tubular bones, delayed closure of the anterior fontanel, eye abnormalities, and transient hypocalcemia. omim: 127000
Kentucky: a state bounded on the north by illinois, indiana, and ohio; on the east by virginia and west virginia; on the south by tennessee, and on the west by missouri
Kentucky: stát nacházející se ve východní jižní oblasti spojených států amerických. kentucky hraničí na severu s indianou a ohiem, na východě se západní virginií a virginií, na jihu s tennessee a na západě se státy missouri a illinois. hlavní město je frankfort. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Kenya: a republic in eastern africa, south of ethiopia, west of somalia with tanzania to its south, and coastline on the indian ocean. its capital is nairobi
Keratan Sulfate: a sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. at least two types are known. type i, found mostly in the cornea, contains d-galactose and d-glucosamine-6-o-sulfate as the repeating unit; type ii, found in skeletal tissues, contains d-galactose and d-galactosamine-6-o-sulfate as the repeating unit
Keratectomy, Subepithelial, Laser-Assisted: a surgical technique to correct refractive errors of the eye, such as myopia and astigmatism. in this method, a flap of corneal epithelium is created by exposure of the area to dilute alcohol. the flap is lifted and then replaced after laser ablation of the subepithelial cornea
Keratin-1: a type ii keratin that is found associated with the keratin-10 in terminally differentiated epidermal cells such as those that form the stratum corneum. mutations in the genes that encode keratin-1 have been associated with hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic
Keratin-10: a type i keratin that is found associated with the keratin-1 in terminally differentiated epidermal cells such as those that form the stratum corneum. mutations in the genes that encode keratin-10 have been associated with hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic
Keratin-12: a type i keratin that is found associated with the keratin-3 in the cornea and is regarded as a marker for corneal-type epithelial differentiation. mutations in the gene for keratin-12 have been associated with meesmann corneal epithelial dystrophy
Keratin-13: a type i keratin that is found associated with the keratin-4 in the internal stratified epithelium. defects in gene for keratin 13 cause hereditary mucosal leukokeratosis
Keratin-14: a type i keratin that is found associated with the keratin-5 in the internal stratified epithelium. mutations in the gene for keratin-14 are associated with epidermolysis bullosa simplex
Keratin-15: a type i keratin found in the basal layer of the adult epidermis and in other stratified epithelia
Keratin-16: a type i keratin expressed in a variety of epithelium, including the esophagus, the tongue, the hair follicle and nails. keratin-16 is normally found associated with keratin-6. mutations in the gene for keratin-6 have been associated with pachyonychia congenita, type 1
Keratin-17: a type i keratin found associated with keratin-6 in rapidly proliferating squamous epithelial tissue. mutations in the gene for keratin-17 have been associated with pachyonychia congenita, type 2
Keratin-18: a type i keratin found associated with keratin-8 in simple, or predominately single layered, internal epithelia
Keratin-19: a type i keratin found associated with keratin-7 in ductal epithelia and gastrointestinal epithelia
Keratin-2: a type ii keratin found expressed in the upper spinous layer of epidermal keratinocytes. mutations in genes that encode keratin-2a have been associated with ichthyosis bullosa of siemens
Keratin-20: a type i keratin expressed predominately in gastrointestinal epithelia, merkel cells, and the taste buds of the oral mucosa
Keratin-3: a type ii keratin that is found associated with the keratin-12 in the cornea and is regarded as a marker for corneal-type epithelial differentiation. mutations in the gene for keratin-3 have been associated with meesmann corneal epithelial dystrophy
Keratin-4: a type ii keratin that is found associated with the keratin-13 in the internal stratified epithelium. defects in gene for keratin-4 are a cause of hereditary mucosal leukokeratosis
Keratin-5: a type ii keratin that is found associated with the keratin-14 in the internal stratified epithelium. mutations in the gene for keratin-5 are associated with epidermolysis bullosa simplex
Keratin-6: a type ii keratin found associated with keratin-16 or keratin-17 in rapidly proliferating squamous epithelial tissue. mutations in gene for keratin-6a and keratin-6b have been associated with pachyonychia congenita, type 1 and pachyonychia congenita, type 2 respectively
Keratin-7: a type ii keratin found associated with keratin-19 in ductal epithelia and gastrointestinal epithelia
Keratin-8: a type ii keratin found associated with keratin-18 in simple, or predominately single layered, internal epithelia
Keratin-9: a type ii keratin found predominantly expressed in the terminally differentiated epidermis of palms and soles. mutations in the gene for keratin 9 are associated with keratoderma, palmoplantar, epidermolytic
Keratinocytes: epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell
Keratins: a class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of epidermis; hair; nails; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of type i keratin and a type ii keratin, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. in addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to gene duplication
Keratins, Hair-Specific: keratins that are specific for hard tissues such as hair; nails; and the filiform papillae of the tongue
Keratins, Type I: a keratin subtype that includes keratins that are generally smaller and more acidic that type ii keratins. type i keratins combine with type ii keratins to form keratin filaments
Keratins, Type II: a keratin subtype that includes keratins that are generally larger and less acidic that type i keratins. type ii keratins combine with type i keratins to form keratin filaments
Keratitis, Dendritic: a form of herpetic keratitis characterized by the formation of small vesicles which break down and coalesce to form recurring dendritic ulcers, characteristically irregular, linear, branching, and ending in knoblike extremities. (dictionary of visual science, 3d ed)
Keratitis, Herpetic: a superficial, epithelial herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (keratitis, dendritic). (dictionary of visual science, 3d ed)
Keratitis, Ichthyosis, and Deafness (KID) Syndrome: a very rare, inherited,autosomal dominant multi-system disorder; fewer than 100 cases have ever been reported. it is characterized by keratitis, icthyosis (specifically erythrokeratoderma); and sensorineural deafness. the skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet as well as the nails may also be affected. mutations in the gjb2 gene have been identified. omim: 148210
Keratoacanthoma: a benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. it occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. the solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. the eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption
Keratoconjunctivitis: simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca: drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. when found in association with xerostomia and polyarthritis, it is called sjogren's syndrome
Keratoconjunctivitis, Infectious: infectious diseases of cattle, sheep, and goats, characterized by blepharospasm, lacrimation, conjunctivitis, and varying degrees of corneal opacity and ulceration. in cattle the causative agent is moraxella (moraxella) bovis; in sheep, mycoplasma; rickettsia; chlamydia; or acholeplasma; in goats, rickettsia
Keratoconus: a noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion and thinning of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. it occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. two closely related noninflammatory corneal ectasias are pellucid marginal degeneration and keratoglobus
Keratoconus Posticus Circumscriptus with Associated Malformations: corneal lesions, retarded mental and physical growth, hypertelorism, corneal nebulae, short 'bull neck,' and stubby limbs and digits
Keratoderma, Palmoplantar: group of mostly hereditary disorders characterized by thickening of the palms and soles as a result of excessive keratin formation leading to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum (hyperkeratosis)
Keratoderma, Palmoplantar, Diffuse: an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a widely distributed, well-demarcated hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles. there is more than one genotypically distinct form, each of which is clinically similar but histologically distinguishable. diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma is distinct from palmoplantar keratoderma (keratoderma, palmoplantar), as the former exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance and hyperhidrosis is frequently present
Keratoderma, Palmoplantar, Epidermolytic: an autosomal dominant hereditary skin disease characterized by epidermolytic hyperkeratosis that is strictly confined to the palms and soles. it has been associated with mutations in the gene that codes for keratin-9
Keratolytic Agents: agents that soften, separate, and cause desquamation of the cornified epithelium or horny layer of skin. they are used to expose mycelia of infecting fungi or to treat corns, warts, and certain other skin diseases
Keratomalacia: degeneration of the cornea characterized by infiltration and keratinization of the corneal endothelium, commonly occurring as a result of vitamin a deficiency
Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ: a surgical procedure to correct myopia by corneal stroma subtraction. it involves the use of a microkeratome to make a lamellar dissection of the cornea creating a flap with intact corneal epithelium. after the flap is lifted, the underlying midstroma is reshaped with an excimer laser and the flap is returned to its original position
Keratoplasty, Penetrating: partial or total replacement of all layers of a central portion of the cornea
Keratosis Linearis with Ichthyosis Congenita and Sclerosing Keratoderma: mutation in pomp
Keratosis palmoplantaris papulosa: a rare autosomal dominant hereditary form of palmoplantar keratoderma characterized by multiple hyperkeratotic centrally indented papules that develop in early adolescence or later and are irregularly distributed on the palms and soles. in mechanically irritated areas, confluent plaques can be found. interfamilial and intrafamilial severity shows broad variation. it may be associated with the development of early- and late-onset malignancies, including squamous cell carcinoma. mutations in the aagab gene have been identified. omim: 148600
Keratosis palmoplantaris with periodontopathia and onychogryposis: rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital palmoplantar keratosis, flatfoot, onychogryphosis, periodontitis, arachnodactyly, and acroosteolysis
Keratosis, Actinic: white or pink lesions on the arms, hands, face, or scalp that arise from sun-induced dna damage to keratinocytes in exposed areas. they are considered precursor lesions to superficial squamous cell carcinoma
Keratosis, Seborrheic: benign eccrine poromas that present as multiple oval, brown-to-black plaques, located mostly on the chest and back. the age of onset is usually in the fourth or fifth decade
Keratotomy, Radial: a procedure to surgically correct refractive errors by cutting radial slits into the cornea to change its refractive properties
Kernicterus: a term used pathologically to describe bilirubin staining of the basal ganglia; brain stem; and cerebellum and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with hyperbilirubinemia. clinical features include athetosis, muscle spasticity or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and deafness. nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the blood-brain barrier (e.g., sepsis). this condition occurs primarily in neonates (infant, newborn), but may rarely occur in adults. (menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, p613)
Kerr Pulp Canal Sealer: composition of pcs: powder - 34% zinc oxide, 25% silver, 30% resins, 11% thymol iodide; liquid - canada balsam and eugenol
Keshan disease: congestive cardiomyopathy that may be associated with a dietary deficiency of selenium or infection by coxsackie b viruses. it is most prevalent in rural chinese populations, especially in young boys and women of childbearing age
Ketac Cem Radiopaque: a dental luting cement, based on a fluoroaluminosilicate glass of general compostion sio2, al2o3, alf3, caf2, naf, laf3 & alpo4; reacts with a copolymer of poly(acrylic)acid/maleic acid
Ketac-Fil: glass ionomer cement containing a maleic acid polymer; used in dental restorations
Ketac-Molar Quick: rapid-setting encapsulated glass-ionomer restorative cement
Ketac-cem: combination powder of zinc oxide & magnesium oxide in ratio of 19:1, together with freeze dried powder of unsaturated alpha,beta-dicarboxylic acids, predominantly polymaleic, in aqueous tartaric acid
Ketamine: a cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block nmda receptors (receptors, n-methyl-d-aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors
Ketanserin: a selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. the drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. it also inhibits platelet aggregation. it is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients
Ketocholesterols: cholesterol substituted in any position by a keto moiety. the 7-keto isomer inhibits cholesterol uptake in the coronary arteries and aorta by blocking 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa reductase activity
Ketoconazole: broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients
Ketoglutaric Acids: a family of compounds containing an oxo group with the general structure of 1,5-pentanedioic acid. (from lehninger, principles of biochemistry, 1982, p442)
Ketol-Acid Reductoisomerase: an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of (r)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate to (s)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoate in the presence of nadp. it is involved in the biosynthesis of valine; leucine; isoleucine; pentothenate and coenzyme a. this enzyme was formerly classified as ec 1.1.1.89
Ketolides: compounds based on erythromycin with the 3-cladinose replaced by a ketone. they bind the 23s part of 70s bacterial ribosomes
Ketone Bodies: the metabolic substances acetone; 3-hydroxybutyric acid; and acetoacetic acid (acetoacetates). they are produced in the liver and kidney during fatty acids oxidation and used as a source of energy by the heart, muscle and brain
Ketones: organic compounds containing a carbonyl group =c=o bonded to two hydrocarbon groups
Ketoprofen: an ibuprofen-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. it is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
Ketorolac: a pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to indomethacin. it is an nsaid and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (from martindale the extra pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
Ketorolac Tromethamine: a pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to indomethacin. it is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity
Ketosis: a condition characterized by an abnormally elevated concentration of ketone bodies in the blood (acetonemia) or urine (acetonuria). it is a sign of diabetes complication, starvation, alcoholism or a mitochondrial metabolic disturbance (e.g., maple syrup urine disease)
Ketosteroids: steroid derivatives formed by oxidation of a methyl group on the side chain or a methylene group in the ring skeleton to form a ketone
Ketotifen: a cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine h1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. it has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis
Kevlar Aramid fibers: synthetic fibers used sometimes in place of asbestos in friction materials
Keňa: přímořský stát ve východní africe při pobřeží indického oceánu. sousedí na západě s ugandou (933 km), od 9. července 2011 na severozápadě s jižním súdánem (232 km), na severu s etiopií (861 km), na východě se somálskem (682 km) a na jihu s tanzanií (769 km). keňa je známá svými národními parky v savaně a velkou vůlí lákat zahraniční turisty. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Khellin: a vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. it has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light a, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024)
Khz extract: has antineoplastic activity; a mixture of extracts from mycelia of ganoderma lucidum and polyporus umbellatus
Ki-1 Antigen: a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that may play a role in the regulation of nf-kappa b and apoptosis. it is found on activated t-lymphocytes; b-lymphocytes; neutrophils; eosinophils; mast cells and nk cells. overexpression of the ki-1 antigen in hematopoietic malignancies make it clinically useful as a biological tumor marker. signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with tnf receptor-associated factors
Ki-67 Antigen: a cell cycle and tumor growth marker which can be readily detected using immunocytochemistry methods. ki-67 is a nuclear antigen present only in the nuclei of cycling cells
Kidd Blood-Group System: a group of antigens consisting principally of jk(a) and jk(b), determined by allelic genes. amorphs are encountered. antibodies of these substances are usually weak and quite labile, stimulated by erythrocytes
Kidney: body organ that filters blood for the secretion of urine and that regulates ion concentrations
Kidney Calculi: stones in the kidney, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (kidney pelvis). their sizes vary and most contains calcium oxalate
Kidney Calices: recesses of the kidney pelvis which divides into two wide, cup-shaped major renal calices, with each major calix subdivided into 7 to 14 minor calices. urine empties into a minor calix from collecting tubules, then passes through the major calix, renal pelvis, and ureter to enter the urinary bladder. (from moore, clinically oriented anatomy, 3d ed, p211)
Kidney Concentrating Ability: the ability of the kidney to excrete in the urine high concentrations of solutes from the blood plasma
Kidney Cortex: the outer zone of the kidney, beneath the capsule, consisting of kidney glomerulus; kidney tubules, distal; and kidney tubules, proximal
Kidney Cortex Necrosis: death of cells in the kidney cortex, a common final result of various renal injuries including hypoxia; ischemia; and drug toxicity
Kidney Diseases, Cystic: a heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the kidney contains one or more cysts unilaterally or bilaterally (kidney, cystic)
Kidney Failure, Chronic: the end-stage of chronic renal insufficiency. it is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of proteinuria) and the reduction in glomerular filtration rate to less than 15 ml per min (kidney foundation: kidney disease outcome quality initiative, 2002). these patients generally require hemodialysis or kidney transplantation
Kidney Function Tests: laboratory tests used to evaluate how well the kidneys are working through examination of blood and urine
Kidney Glomerulus: a cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue
Kidney Medulla: the internal portion of the kidney, consisting of striated conical masses, the renal pyramids, whose bases are adjacent to the cortex and whose apices form prominent papillae projecting into the lumen of the minor calyces
Kidney Papillary Necrosis: a complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving kidney papilla in the kidney medulla. damages to this area may hinder the kidney to concentrate urine resulting in polyuria. sloughed off necrotic tissue may block kidney pelvis or ureter. necrosis of multiple renal papillae can lead to kidney failure
Kidney Pelvis: the flattened, funnel-shaped expansion connecting the ureter to the kidney calices
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute: acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of epithelial cells of the kidney tubules. it is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ischemia following severe trauma
Kidney Tubules: long convoluted tubules in the nephrons. they collect filtrate from blood passing through the kidney glomerulus and process this filtrate into urine. each renal tubule consists of a bowman capsule; proximal kidney tubule; loop of henle; distal kidney tubule; and kidney collecting duct leading to the central cavity of the kidney (kidney pelvis) that connects to the ureter
Kidney Tubules, Collecting: straight tubes commencing in the radiate part of the kidney cortex where they receive the curved ends of the distal convoluted tubules. in the medulla the collecting tubules of each pyramid converge to join a central tube (duct of bellini) which opens on the summit of the papilla
Kidney Tubules, Distal: the portion of renal tubule that begins from the enlarged segment of the ascending limb of the loop of henle. it reenters the kidney cortex and forms the convoluted segments of the distal tubule
Kidney Tubules, Proximal: the renal tubule portion that extends from the bowman capsule in the kidney cortex into the kidney medulla. the proximal tubule consists of a convoluted proximal segment in the cortex, and a distal straight segment descending into the medulla where it forms the u-shaped loop of henle
Kidneys, Artificial: devices which can substitute for normally functioning kidneys in removing components from the blood by dialysis that are normally eliminated in the urine
Kifafa seizure disorder: parkinsonian features and neurologic abnormalities, mental retardation and transient psychotic episodes
Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated: cytolytic lymphocytes with the unique capacity of killing natural killer (nk)-resistant fresh tumor cells. they are interleukin-2-activated nk cells that have no major histocompatibility complex restriction or need for antigen stimulation. lak cells are used for adoptive immunotherapy in cancer patients
Killer Cells, Natural: bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. unlike t cells; and b cells; nk cells are not antigen specific. the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory cell surface receptors. a subset of t-lymphocytes referred to as natural killer t cells shares some of the properties of this cell type
Killer Factors, Yeast: protein factors released from one species of yeast that are selectively toxic to another species of yeast
Killifishes: small oviparous fishes mostly in the family cyprinodontidae but also some members of families aplocheilidae, fundulidae, profundulidae, and rivulidae. some killifishes are used in mosquito control. killifishes are vertebrate model organisms in various fields, e.g., environmental toxicology and neurobiology, because of their short lifespans, ease of maintenance and large number of eggs produced
Kimura Disease: a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by benign enlargement of cervical lymph node and salivary glands with increased levels of immunoglobulin e. unlike angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia it involves eosinophil infiltrates in lymph node and salivary glands and mostly found in asian males
Kimurova choroba: chronické zánětlivé onemocnění charakterizované benigním zvětšením krčních lymfatických uzlin a slinných žláz a zvýšenými hladinami imunoglobulinu e. na rozdíl od angiolymfoidní hyperplazie s eozinofilií se onemocnění většinou vyskytuje u asijských mužů a lymfatické uzliny a slinné žlázy jsou prostoupeny infiltrátem eozinofilů
Kinanthropometry: a measure of human size, shape, proportion, composition, maturation, and gross function; in relation to body movement, physical exercise, fitness, and performance
Kindling, Neurologic: the repeated weak excitation of brain structures, that progressively increases sensitivity to the same stimulation. over time, this can lower the threshold required to trigger seizures
Kinesics: systematic study of the body and the use of its static and dynamic position as a means of communication
Kinesins: a family of microtubule-associated mechanical adenosine triphosphatases, that uses the energy of atp hydrolysis to move organelles along microtubules including mitosis, meiosis, and axonal transport
Kinesiology, Applied: the study of muscles and the movement of the human body. in holistic medicine it is the balance of movement and the interaction of a person's energy systems. applied kinesiology is the name given by its inventor, dr. george goodheart, to the system of applying muscle testing diagnostically and therapeutically to different aspects of health care. (thorsons introductory guide to kinesiology, 1992, p13)
Kinesiophobia: anxiety disorder of persistent and irrational fear of movement following an injury. it is related to perceived disability due to injury and catastrophizing in fear of (anticipated) pain and possibility of reinjury
Kinesis: locomotor behavior not involving a steering reaction, but in which there may be a turning random in direction. it includes orthokinesis, the rate of movement and klinokinesis, the amount of turning, which are related to the intensity of stimulation
Kinesthesis: sense of movement of a part of the body, such as movement of fingers, elbows, knees, limbs, or weights
Kinetin: a furanyl adenine found in plants and fungi. it has plant growth regulation effects
Kinetochores: large multiprotein complexes that bind the centromeres of the chromosomes to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle during metaphase in the cell cycle
Kinetofragminophorea: a class of ciliate protozoa. prominent cytopharyngeal apparatus is characteristic of this class as is only a slight distinction between oral and somatic cilia
Kinetofragminophorea: třída nálevníků. charakteristickým znakem je obvykle nápadný cytofaryngeální aparát, mezi orálními a somatickými brvami není výrazný rozdíl
Kinetoplastida: an order of flagellate protozoa. characteristics include the presence of one or two flagella arising from a depression in the cell body and a single mitochondrion that extends the length of the body
Kinetoplastida: řád z třídy zoomastigina (bičíkovci) z kmene protozoa (prvoci). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
King's Evil: the historic designation for scrofula (tuberculosis, lymph node). the disease is so called from the belief that it could be healed by the touch of a king. this term is used only for historical articles using the name king's evil, and is to be differentiated from scrofula as lymph node tuberculosis in modern clinical medicine. (from webster, 3d ed)
Kingella: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are part of the normal flora of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. some species are pathogenic for man
Kingella: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které jsou součástí normální flóry sliznice horních cest dýchacích. některé druhy jsou patogenní pro člověka
Kingella kingae: a species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria which is distinguished from other members of the genus kingella by its beta hemolysis. it occurs normally in human mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, but can cause septic arthritis and endocarditis. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Kingella kingae: druh gramnegativní, aerobní, tyčinkovité bakterie, která je na rozdíl od ostatních členů rodu kingella beta-hemolytická. normálně se vyskytuje na sliznici horních cest dýchacích, ale může způsobovat septickou artritidu a endokarditidu
Kininogen, High-Molecular-Weight: a plasma protein, molecular weight of 110 kd, that normally exists in plasma in a 1:1 complex with prekallikrein. hmwk is split by plasma kallikrein to produce bradykinin. the complex is a cofactor in the activation of coagulation factor xii. the product of this reaction, xiia, in turn activates prekallikrein to kallikreins. (from stedman, 26th ed)
Kininogen, Low-Molecular-Weight: a protein, molecular weight 50 kd, located in various normal tissues. upon cleavage by kallikreins, it forms kallidin. kallidin, in turn, is converted into bradykinin. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Kininogens: endogenous peptides present in most body fluids. certain enzymes convert them to active kinins which are involved in inflammation, blood clotting, complement reactions, etc. kininogens belong to the cystatin superfamily. they are cysteine proteinase inhibitors. high-molecular-weight kininogen; (hmwk); is split by plasma kallikrein to produce bradykinin. low-molecular-weight kininogen; (lmwk); is split by tissue kallikrein to produce kallidin
Kinins: a generic term used to describe a group of polypeptides with related chemical structures and pharmacological properties that are widely distributed in nature. these peptides are autacoids that act locally to produce pain, vasodilatation, increased vascular permeability, and the synthesis of prostaglandins. thus, they comprise a subset of the large number of mediators that contribute to the inflammatory response. (from goodman and gilman's the pharmacologic basis of therapeutics, 8th ed, p588)
Kir5.1 Channel: an inwardly-rectifying potassium channel that allows potassium to flow into rather than out of a cell. it selectively co-assembles with two other inward-rectifier type potassium channels, kir4.1 or kir4.2, to form heteromeric channels
Kiribati: kiribati, plným názvem republika kiribati, je ostrovní stát v tichém oceánu. nezávislá republika byla vyhlášena 12. července 1979. předtím od roku 1788 měly jméno gilbertovy ostrovy. ostrovy leží na obou stranách rovníku a 180 poledníku. je to jediný stát světa ležící na všech čtyřech polokoulích a první, na němž se slaví nový rok. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2021 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Kiribati: the gilbert islands were granted self-rule by the uk in 1971 and complete independence in 1979 under the new name of kiribati
Kirsten murine sarcoma virus: a replication-defective murine sarcoma virus (sarcoma viruses, murine) capable of transforming mouse lymphoid cells and producing erythroid leukemia after superinfection with murine leukemia viruses (leukemia virus, murine). it has also been found to transform cultured human fibroblasts, rat liver epithelial cells, and rat adrenocortical cells
Kirstenův virus myšího sarkomu: replikačně defektní myší sarkomavirus schopný transformovat myší lymfoidní buňky a po superinfekci viry myší leukemie může vyvolat erytroidní leukemii. může také transformovat kultivované lidské fibroblasty, krysí buňky jaterního epitelu a krysí buňky kůry nadledvin
Kisspeptins: intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress neoplasm metastasis. kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction
Kitasamycin: a macrolide antibiotic produced by streptomyces kitasatoensis. the drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens
Klatskin Tumor: cholangiocarcinoma arising near or at the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts (common hepatic duct). these tumors are generally small, sharply localized, and seldom metastasizing
Klatskinův nádor: nádor v horní oblasti vývodných žlučových cest (karcinom ductus hepaticus) s projevy obstrukčního ikteru; nádor je malý, metastazuje pomalu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2015 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )