NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Rhodothermus: rod obligátně aerobních, termofilních, gramnegativních bakterií čeledi crenotrichaceae. tyto organismy byly izolovány ze zásaditých podmořských horkých vřídel na islandu
Rhodotorula: a red yeast-like mitosporic fungal genus generally regarded as nonpathogenic. it is cultured from numerous sources in human patients
Rhodotorula: rod červených kvasinkovitých mitosporických hub, zpravidla se nepovažuje za patogenní. dá se izolovat ze vzduchu, půdy, vody, ale i z různých orgánů živočišného těla
Rhodovulum: a genus of facultatively or obligately anaerobic marine phototrophic bacteria, in the family rhodobacteraceae
Rhodovulum: rod fakultativně nebo obligátně anaerobních, mořských, fototrofních bakterií čeledi rhodobacteraceae
Rhombencephalon: the posterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of an embryonic brain. it consists of myelencephalon, metencephalon, and isthmus rhombencephali from which develop the major brain stem components, such as medulla oblongata from the myelencephalon, cerebellum and pons from the metencephalon, with the expanded cavity forming the fourth ventricle
Rhus: a plant genus of the family anacardiaceae, order sapindales, subclass rosidae. it is a source of gallotannin (tannic acid) and of somewhat edible fruit. do not confuse with toxicodendron which used to be part of this genus
Rhus: rod rostlin čeledi anacardiaceae, řádu sapindales, podtřídy rosidae. rostliny jsou zdrojem gallotaninu (taniny). některé druhy škump mají jedlé plody. nezaměňovat s toxicodendron, který byl vyčleněn jako samostatný rod
Rhytidoplasty: plastic surgery performed, usually by excision of skin, for the elimination of wrinkles from the skin
Rib Cage: the bony thoracic enclosure consisting of the vertebral column; the ribs; the sternum; and the costal cartilage
Ribavirin: a nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both rna and dna viruses
Ribbing disease: a hereditary disorder characterized by progressive thickening and sclerosis of the diaphyses causing pain and swelling of lesions. in contrast to camurati-engelmann syndrome, it is likely autosomal recessive in its inheritance pattern, tends to unilaterally or asymmetrically affect only the limbs, and has a later age of onset. omim: 601477
Ribes: also known as currant, ribes is a member of the family grossulariaceae. oil extracted from the seeds contain gamma-linolenic acid
Ribes: rod rostlin čeledi grossulariaceae. olej extrahovaný ze semen rybízu obsahuje kyselinu gama-linolenovou
Ribi adjuvant: contains monophosphoryl lipid a, trehalose dimycolate, mycobacterium cell wall skeleton, and tween 80, with 2% squalene
Riboflavin: nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. the richest natural source is yeast. it occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as flavin mononucleotide and flavin-adenine dinucleotide
Riboflavin Deficiency: a dietary deficiency of riboflavin causing a syndrome chiefly marked by cheilitis, angular stomatitis, glossitis associated with a purplish red or magenta-colored tongue that may show fissures, corneal vascularization, dyssebacia, and anemia. (dorland, 27th ed)
Riboflavin Synthase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of riboflavin from two molecules of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine, utilizing a four-carbon fragment from one molecule which is transferred to the second molecule. ec 2.5.1.9
Ribonuclease H: a ribonuclease that specifically cleaves the rna moiety of rna:dna hybrids. it has been isolated from a wide variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms as well as retroviruses
Ribonuclease H, Human Immunodeficiency Virus: a ribonuclease activity that is a component of the hiv reverse transcriptase. it removes the rna strand of the rna-dna heteroduplex produced by reverse transcription. once the rna moiety is removed a double stranded dna copy of the hiv rna can be synthesized
Ribonuclease III: an endoribonuclease that is specific for double-stranded rna. it plays a role in post-transcriptional rna processing of pre-ribosomal rna and a variety of other rna structures that contain double-stranded regions
Ribonuclease P: an rna-containing enzyme that plays an essential role in trna processing by catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of transfer rna precursors. it removes the extra 5'-nucleotides from trna precursors to generate mature trna molecules
Ribonuclease T1: an enzyme catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of rna at the 3'-position of a guanylate residue. ec 3.1.27.3
Ribonuclease, Pancreatic: an enzyme that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of pancreatic ribonucleic acids to 3'-phosphomono- and oligonucleotides ending in cytidylic or uridylic acids with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates. ec 3.1.27.5
Ribonucleases: enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds within rna. ec 3.1.-
Ribonucleoprotein, U1 Small Nuclear: a nuclear rna-protein complex that plays a role in rna processing. in the nucleoplasm, the u1 snrnp along with other small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (u2, u4-u6, and u5) assemble into spliceosomes that remove introns from pre-mrna by splicing. the u1 snrna forms base pairs with conserved sequence motifs at the 5'-splice site and recognizes both the 5'- and 3'-splice sites and may have a fundamental role in aligning the two sites for the splicing reaction
Ribonucleoprotein, U2 Small Nuclear: a nuclear rna-protein complex that plays a role in rna processing. in the nucleoplasm, the u2 snrnp along with other small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (u1, u4-u6, and u5) assemble into spliceosomes that remove introns from pre-mrna by splicing. the u2 snrna forms base pairs with conserved sequence motifs at the branch point, which associates with a heat- and rnaase-sensitive factor in an early step of splicing
Ribonucleoprotein, U4-U6 Small Nuclear: a nuclear rna-protein complex that plays a role in rna processing. in the nucleoplasm, the u4-u6 snrnp along with the u5 snrnp preassemble into a single 25s particle that binds to the u1 and u2 snrnps and the substrate to form mature spliceosomes. there is also evidence for the existence of individual u4 or u6 snrnps in addition to their organization as a u4-u6 snrnp
Ribonucleoprotein, U5 Small Nuclear: a nuclear rna-protein complex that plays a role in rna processing. in the nucleoplasm, the u5 snrnp along with u4-u6 snrnp preassemble into a single 25s particle that binds to the u1 and u2 snrnps and the substrate to form spliceosomes
Ribonucleoprotein, U7 Small Nuclear: this ribonucleoprotein particle, composed of u7 snrna, sm core protein, and u7 snrnp-specific proteins, is involved in the 3'end processing of histone premessenger rnas
Ribonucleoproteins: complexes of rna-binding proteins with ribonucleic acids (rna)
Ribonucleoproteins, Small Cytoplasmic: complexes of scrna (rna, small cytoplasmic) and protein found in the cytoplasm. an example is signal recognition particle
Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear: highly conserved nuclear rna-protein complexes that function in rna processing in the nucleus, including pre-mrna splicing and pre-mrna 3'-end processing in the nucleoplasm, and pre-rrna processing in the nucleolus (see ribonucleoproteins, small nucleolar)
Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nucleolar: nucleolar rna-protein complexes that function in pre-ribosomal rna processing
Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase: an enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides using nadph as the ultimate electron donor. the deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates are used in dna synthesis. (from dorland, 27th ed) ec 1.17.4.1
Ribonucleosides: nucleosides in which the purine or pyrimidine base is combined with ribose. (dorland, 28th ed)
Ribonucleotides: nucleotides in which the purine or pyrimidine base is combined with ribose. (dorland, 28th ed)
Ribose 5-Phosphate Isomerase Deficiency: mutation in rpia
Ribose-Phosphate Pyrophosphokinase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate from atp and ribose-5-phosphate. ec 2.7.6.1
Ribosemonophosphates: ribose substituted in the 1-, 3-, or 5-position by a phosphoric acid moiety
Ribosomal Protein L10: a ribosomal protein which plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and embryonic brain development. diseases associated with rpl10 mutations include mental retardation, x-linked, syndromic, 35 and autism x-linked 5
Ribosomal Protein L3: it is a ribosomal protein that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis
Ribosomal Protein S6: a ribosomal protein that may play a role in controlling cell growth and proliferation. it is a major substrate of ribosomal protein s6 kinases and plays a role in regulating the translation (translation, genetic) of rnas that contain an rna 5' terminal oligopyrimidine sequence
Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases: a family of protein serine/threonine kinases which act as intracellular signalling intermediates. ribosomal protein s6 kinases are activated through phosphorylation in response to a variety of hormones and intercellular signaling peptides and proteins. phosphorylation of ribosomal protein s6 by enzymes in this class results in increased expression of 5' top mrnas. although specific for ribosomal protein s6 members of this class of kinases can act on a number of substrates within the cell. the immunosuppressant sirolimus inhibits the activation of ribosomal protein s6 kinases
Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa: a family of ribosomal protein s6 kinases that are considered the major physiological kinases for ribosomal protein s6. unlike ribosomal protein s6 kinases, 90kda the proteins in this family are sensitive to the inhibitory effects of rapamycin and contain a single kinase domain. they are referred to as 70kda proteins, however alternative splicing of mrnas for proteins in this class also results in 85kda variants being formed
Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa: a family of ribosomal protein s6 kinases that are structurally distinguished from ribosomal protein s6 kinases, 70-kda by their apparent molecular size and the fact they contain two functional kinase domains. although considered ribosomal protein s6 kinases, members of this family are activated via the map kinase signaling system and have been shown to act on a diverse array of substrates that are involved in cellular regulation such as ribosomal protein s6 and camp response element-binding protein
Ribosomal Protein S9: it is a protein that encodes a ribosomal protein which is a component of the 40s subunit. it belongs to the s4p family of ribosomal proteins
Ribosomal Proteins: proteins found in ribosomes. they are believed to have a catalytic function in reconstituting biologically active ribosomal subunits
Ribosome Inactivating Proteins: n-glycosidases that remove adenines from ribosomal rna, depurinating the conserved alpha-sarcin loop of 28s ribosomal rna. they often consist of a toxic a subunit and a binding lectin b subunit. they may be considered as protein synthesis inhibitors. they are found in many plants and have cytotoxic and antiviral activity
Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1: ribosome inactivating proteins consisting of only the toxic a subunit, which is a polypeptide of around 30 kda
Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 2: ribosome inactivating proteins consisting of two polypeptide chains, the toxic a subunit and a lectin b subunit, linked by disulfide bridges. the lectin portion binds to cell surfaces and facilitates transport into the endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome Profiling: a technique of mrna sequence analysis that is used to determine which mrnas are being actively translated. this technique relies on sequencing of ribosome protected mrna fragments (so-called ribosomal footprints) allowing the indication of the exact positions of ribosomes on transcripts
Ribosome Shunting: viral mechanisms of translational programming in which ribosomes reach the start codon bypassing or shunting over large segments of the 5' utr of viral rna. ribosome shunting allows host translational machinery to engage polycistronic transcripts similar to ribosomal frameshifting, and use of internal ribosome entry sites
Ribosome Subunits: the two dissimilar sized ribonucleoprotein complexes that comprise a ribosome - the large ribosomal subunit and the small ribosomal subunit. the eukaryotic 80s ribosome is composed of a 60s large subunit and a 40s small subunit. the bacterial 70s ribosome is composed of a 50s large subunit and a 30s small subunit
Ribosome Subunits, Large: the largest ribonucleoprotein component of ribosomes. it contains the domains which catalyze formation of the peptide bond and translocation of the ribosome along the messenger rna during genetic translation
Ribosome Subunits, Large, Archaeal: the large subunit of the archaeal 70s ribosome. it is composed of the 23s ribosomal rna, the 5s ribosomal rna, and about 40 different ribosomal proteins
Ribosome Subunits, Large, Bacterial: the large subunit of the eubacterial 70s ribosome. it is composed of the 23s ribosomal rna, the 5s ribosomal rna, and about 37 different ribosomal proteins
Ribosome Subunits, Large, Eukaryotic: the large subunit of the 80s ribosome of eukaryotes. it is composed of the 28s ribosomal rna, the 5.8s ribosomal rna, the 5s ribosomal rna, and about 50 different ribosomal proteins
Ribosome Subunits, Small: the small ribonucleoprotein component of ribosomes. it contains the messenger rna binding site and two transfer rna binding sites - one for the incoming amino acyl trna (a site) and the other (p site) for the peptidyl trna carrying the elongating peptide chain
Ribosome Subunits, Small, Archaeal: the small subunit of archaeal ribosomes. it is composed of the 16s ribosomal rna and about 28 different ribosomal proteins
Ribosome Subunits, Small, Bacterial: the small subunit of eubacterial ribosomes. it is composed of the 16s ribosomal rna and about 23 different ribosomal proteins
Ribosome Subunits, Small, Eukaryotic: the small subunit of the 80s ribosome of eukaryotes. it is composed of the 18s ribosomal rna and 32 different ribosomal proteins
Ribosomes: multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the cytoplasm of all cells, and in mitochondria, and plastids. they function in protein biosynthesis via genetic translation
Ribostamycin: a broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from streptomyces ribosifidicus
Riboswitch: part of a messenger rna molecule that undergoes a conformation change upon binding a specific metabolite or other small molecule thereby regulating the messenger rna's transcription, post-transcriptional processing, transport, translation, or stability in response to varying levels of the metabolite or other small molecule
Ribotyping: restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of rrna genes that is used for differentiating between species or strains
Ribs: a set of twelve curved bones which connect to the vertebral column posteriorly, and terminate anteriorly as costal cartilage. together, they form a protective cage around the internal thoracic organs
Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase: a carboxy-lyase that plays a key role in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in the calvin-benson cycle by catalyzing the formation of 3-phosphoglycerate from ribulose 1,5-biphosphate and carbon dioxide. it can also utilize oxygen as a substrate to catalyze the synthesis of 2-phosphoglycolate and 3-phosphoglycerate in a process referred to as photorespiration
Ribulosephosphates: ribulose substituted by one or more phosphoric acid moieties
Rice Bran Oil: oil extracted from the hard outer brown layer of rice bran after the husk has been removed
Richieri Costa Pereira syndrome: short stature, robin sequence, cleft mandible, pre/postaxial hand anomalies, and clubfoot
Ricin: a protein phytotoxin from the seeds of ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. it agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally
Ricinoleic Acids: eighteen carbon fatty acids that comprise the great majority of castor oil, which is from the seed of ricinus
Ricinus: a plant genus of the family euphorbiaceae. the seed of ricinus communis is the castor bean which is the source of castor oil; ricin; and other lectins
Ricinus: rod rostlin čeledi euphorbiaceae zahrnující jediný druh - ricinus communis (skočec obecný). ricinová semena jsou zdrojem oleje, ricinu a dalších lektinů
Ricinus communis: a species in the family euphorbiaceae that is the source of castor oil
Ricinus communis: druh rostlin čeledi euphorbiaceae, který je zdrojem ricinového oleje
Rickets: disorders caused by interruption of bone mineralization manifesting as osteomalacia in adults and characteristic deformities in infancy and childhood due to disturbances in normal bone formation. the mineralization process may be interrupted by disruption of vitamin d; phosphorus; or calcium homeostasis, resulting from dietary deficiencies, or acquired, or inherited metabolic, or hormonal disturbances
Rickets, Hypophosphatemic: a disorder characterized by hypophosphatemia; rickets; osteomalacia; resulting from lack of phosphate reabsorption by the kidneys and possible defects in vitamin d metabolism
Rickettsia: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria often surrounded by a protein microcapsular layer and slime layer. the natural cycle of its organisms generally involves a vertebrate and an invertebrate host. species of the genus are the etiological agents of human diseases, such as typhus
Rickettsia: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které jsou často obklopené mikrokapsulární proteinovou vrstvou a slizovou vrstvou. jejich životní cyklus zpravidla zahrnuje hostitele ze skupiny obratlovců a bezobratlých. tyto bakterie vyvolávají řadu lidských i zvířecích onemocnění, např. tyfus
Rickettsia akari: a species of gram-negative bacteria that causes rickettsialpox. the vector is a mouse mite and the reservoirs are mites and mice
Rickettsia akari: druh gramnegativní bakterie, která způsobuje rickettsiové neštovice. vektorem je čmelík myší a rezervoárem jsou roztoči a myši
Rickettsia conorii: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the etiologic agent of boutonneuse fever. it resembles rickettsia rickettsii but is antigenically distinct and less virulent for animals and man. (from bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, vol 1)
Rickettsia conorii: druh gramnegativní, aerobní bakterie, která způsobuje marseillskou horečku. podobá se druhu rickettsia rickettsii, ale liší se antigenicitou a má nižší virulenci pro zvířata i člověka
Rickettsia felis: a species of gram-negative bacteria transmitted by the flea ctenocephalides felis, and known to infect cats, oppossums, and humans
Rickettsia felis: druh gramnegativní bakterie, která je přenášená blechou ctenocephalides felis. infikuje kočky, vačice a lidi
Rickettsia prowazeki: druh gramnegativní, aerobní bakterie, která způsobuje skvrnitý tyfus (epidemický tyfus přenášený vešmi) a také brillovu nemoc
Rickettsia prowazekii: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the etiologic agent of epidemic typhus fever acquired through contact with lice (typhus, epidemic louse-borne) as well as brill's disease
Rickettsia rickettsii: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the etiologic agent of rocky mountain spotted fever. its cells are slightly smaller and more uniform in size than those of rickettsia prowazekii
Rickettsia rickettsii: druh gramnegativní, aerobní bakterie, která je etiologickým agens horečky skalistých hor. buňky tohoto druhu jsou menší a velikostí jednotnější než u r. prowazekii
Rickettsia typhi: etiologické agens myšího tyfu (endemického tyfu přenášeného blechami)
Rickettsia typhi: the etiologic agent of murine typhus (see typhus, endemic flea-borne)
Rickettsiaceae: a family of gram-negative bacteria belonging to the order rickettsiales
Rickettsiaceae: čeleď gramnegativních bakterií řádu rickettsiales
Rickettsial Vaccines: vaccines for the prevention of diseases caused by various species of rickettsia
Rickettsiales: order in class alphaproteobacteria that are endosymbionts in eukaryotic cells. high morbidity and mortality are frequently associated with rickettsiales transmitted by insect vectors
Rickettsiales: řád třídy alphaproteobacteria, endosymbionti eukaryotických buněk. vysoká morbidita a mortalita často souvisí s rickettsiales přenášenými hmyzími vektory
Rickettsieae: a tribe of gram-negative bacteria of the family rickettsiaceae whose organisms are found in arthropods and are pathogenic for man and certain other vertebrate hosts
Rickettsieae: tribus gramnegativních bakterií čeledi rickettsiaceae, které se vyskytují v členovcích a jsou patogenní pro člověka a některé další obratlovce
Riemerella: a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria in the family flavobacteriaceae that causes exudative septicemia in ducks, pigeons, and other domestic and wild birds
Riemerella: rod gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých bakterií čeledi flavobacteriaceae, které způsobují výpotkovou sepsi u kachen, holubů a jiných domácích a divokých ptáků. r
Rifabutin: a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is being used as prophylaxis against disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection in hiv-positive patients
Rifampin: a semisynthetic antibiotic produced from streptomyces mediterranei. it has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of mycobacterium. in susceptible organisms it inhibits dna-dependent rna polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. it thus suppresses the initiation of rna synthesis. rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (from gilman et al., goodman and gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)
Rifamycins: a group of anti-bacterial agents characterized by a chromophoric naphthohydroquinone group spanned by an aliphatic bridge not previously found in other known anti-bacterial agents. they have been isolated from fermentation broths of streptomyces mediterranei
Rifaximin: a synthetic rifamycin derivative and anti-bacterial agent that is used for the treatment of gastroenteritis caused by escherichia coli infections. it may also be used in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy
Rift Valley Fever: an acute infection caused by the rift valley fever virus, an rna arthropod-borne virus, affecting domestic animals and humans. in animals, symptoms include hepatitis; abortion (abortion, veterinary); and death. in humans, symptoms range from those of a flu-like disease to hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, or blindness
Rift Valley fever virus: a mosquito-borne species of the phlebovirus genus found in eastern, central, and southern africa, producing massive hepatitis, abortion, and death in sheep, goats, cattle, and other animals. it also has caused disease in humans
Right to Die: the right of the patient or the patient's representative to make decisions with regard to the patient's dying
Right to Health: right to accessible health services physically within reach for all sections of the population, including children, adolescents, older persons, persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups as well as financially and on the basis of non-discrimination. accessibility also implies the right to seek, receive and impart health-related information in an accessible format for all, including persons with disabilities, but does not impair the right to have personal health data treated confidentially
Right to Work: the right of individuals to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favorable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment
Right ventricle hypoplasia: a rare congenital heart abnormality that is often also associated with communication between the atria due to a patent foramen ovale or secondum atrial septal defect; right ventricular outflow tract is normal. autosomal recessive inheritance is suspected. omim: 277200
Rigor Mortis: muscular rigidity which develops in the cadaver usually from 4 to 10 hours after death and lasts 3 or 4 days
Rilmenidine: oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for alpha-2 adrenergic receptors and imidazoline receptors. it is used in the treatment of hypertension
Rilpivirine: a diarylpyrimidine derivative and reverse transcriptase inhibitor with antiviral activity against hiv-1 that is used in the treatment of hiv infections. it is also used in combination with other anti-hiv agents, since antiviral drug resistance emerges rapidly when it is used alone
Riluzole: a glutamate antagonist (receptors, glutamate) used as an anticonvulsant (anticonvulsants) and to prolong the survival of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Rimantadine: an rna synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza
Rimonabant: a pyrazole and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective cannabinoid type-1 receptor (cb1 receptor) antagonist. it inhibits the proliferation and maturation of adipocytes, improves lipid and glucose metabolism, and regulates food intake and energy balance. it is used in the management of obesity
Rinderpest: a viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals caused by morbillivirus. it may be acute, subacute, or chronic with the major lesions characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the entire digestive tract. the disease was declared successfully eradicated worldwide in 2010
Rinderpest virus: a species of morbillivirus causing cattle plague, a disease with high mortality. sheep, goats, pigs, and other animals of the order artiodactyla can also be infected
Ringer's Lactate: a crystalloid solution that contains sodium chloride; sodium lactate; potassium chloride; and calcium chloride. it is used for fluid therapy
Ringer's Solution: an isotonic solution; the base contains sodium chloride; potassium chloride; and calcium chloride. other chemicals, such as sodium bicarbonate or acetate salts may be added, as needed for ph buffering, or as an energy source
Ringerův roztok: infuzní roztok, podobně jako fyziologický roztok je izotonický a obsahuje ionty sodíku a chloru. navíc pak obsahuje ionty draslíku a vápníku, čímž je bližší složení krevní plasmy. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Rink amide resin: does not yield protected peptide amides using the fmoc chemical protocol
Rioprostil: a synthetic methylprostaglandin e1 analog that reduces gastric acid secretion and enhances the gastric mucus-bicarbonate barrier. it is effective in the therapy of gastric ulcers and gives significant protection against nsaid-induced gastric mucosal damage. the drug also prevents cyclosporin a-induced damage to endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretions. it shows a low order of acute toxicity and there is no evidence of embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, teratogenicity, or mutagenicity in animal studies
Riot Control Agents, Chemical: chemical substances which are employed during a riot in order to control or disperse the rioting parties
Riots: a form of violent crowd behavior which expresses the emotional release of resentments and prejudices, usually relevant to grievances toward the social system
Rippling muscle disease, 1: hereditary autosomal dominant disorders characterized by mechanically triggered contractions of skeletal muscle. omim: 600332 and omim: 606072
Risedronic Acid: a pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a calcium channel blocker and inhibits bone resorption
Risk: the probability that an event will occur. it encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome
Risk Adjustment: the use of severity-of-illness measures, such as age, to estimate the risk (measurable or predictable chance of loss, injury or death) to which a patient is subject before receiving some health care intervention. this adjustment allows comparison of performance and quality across organizations, practitioners, and communities. (from jcaho, lexikon, 1994)
Risk Assessment: the qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (last, dictionary of epidemiology, 1988)
Risk Evaluation and Mitigation: strategies required by the us food and drug administration (fda) amendments act of 2007 when a question exists as to whether the benefits of a drug outweigh its risks. these constitute a safety plan with several potential components, including a medication guide, a communication plan, elements to ensure safe use and an implementation system to help guide the prescribers, pharmacists and patients
Risk Factors: an aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, inborn or inherited characteristic, which, based on epidemiological evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent
Risk Management: the process of minimizing risk to an organization by developing systems to identify and analyze potential hazards to prevent accidents, injuries, and other adverse occurrences, and by attempting to handle events and incidents which do occur in such a manner that their effect and cost are minimized. effective risk management has its greatest benefits in application to insurance in order to avert or minimize financial liability. (from slee & slee: health care terms, 2d ed)
Risk Reduction Behavior: reduction of high-risk choices and adoption of low-risk quantity and frequency alternatives
Risk Sharing, Financial: any system which allows payors to share some of the financial risk associated with a particular patient population with providers. providers agree to adhere to fixed fee schedules in exchange for an increase in their payor base and a chance to benefit from cost containment measures. common risk-sharing methods are prospective payment schedules (prospective payment system), capitation (capitation fees), diagnosis-related fees (diagnosis-related groups), and pre-negotiated fees
Risk-Taking: undertaking a task involving a challenge for achievement or a desirable goal in which there is a lack of certainty or a fear of failure. it may also include the exhibiting of certain behaviors whose outcomes may present a risk to the individual or to those associated with him or her
Risperidone: a selective blocker of dopamine d2 receptors and serotonin 5-ht2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. it has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia
Ristocetin: an antibiotic mixture of two components, a and b, obtained from nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). it is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. it causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro
Ritanserin: a selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. the drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure
Ritodrine: an adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control premature labor
Ritonavir: an hiv protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of hiv. it also inhibits cytochrome p-450 cyp3a
Rituximab: a murine-derived monoclonal antibody and antineoplastic agent that binds specifically to the cd20 antigen and is used in the treatment of leukemia; lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis
Rivaroxaban: a morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a factor xa inhibitor and is used in the treatment and prevention of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. it is also used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an acute coronary syndrome
Rivastigmine: a carbamate-derived reversible cholinesterase inhibitor that is selective for the central nervous system and is used for the treatment of dementia in alzheimer disease and parkinson disease
Rivers: large natural streams of fresh water formed by converging tributaries and which empty into a body of water (lake or ocean)
Rizzoli IOR protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for the treatment of osteosarcoma
Road Rage: extreme anger generated from a traffic incident or accident that leads to an assault with a motor vehicle or other dangerous weapon by the operator or passenger(s) of one motor vehicle on the operator or passenger(s) of another motor vehicle
Roberts Syndrome: a rare autsomal recessive disorder that is characterized by pre and post-natal growth deficiency, multiple craniofacial, occular, cardiovascular, genitourinary, and bone abnormalities (especially of the limbs), as well as intellectual disability. mutations in the esco2 gene have been identified. omim: 268300
Robinia: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that contains linarin (acaciin) and lectins
Robinia: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují linarin (akaciin) a lektiny
Robinson Miller Bensimon syndrome: familial ectodermal dysplasia with sensori-neural deafness and other anomalies
Robotic Surgical Procedures: surgical procedures performed remotely using a computer that controls surgical instruments attached to mechanical arms designed to perform the tasks of the surgeon
Robotics: the application of electronic, computerized control systems to mechanical devices designed to perform human functions. formerly restricted to industry, but nowadays applied to artificial organs controlled by bionic (bioelectronic) devices, like automated insulin pumps and other prostheses
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: an acute febrile illness caused by rickettsia rickettsii. it is transmitted to humans by bites of infected ticks and occurs only in north and south america. characteristics include a sudden onset with headache and chills and fever lasting about two to three weeks. a cutaneous rash commonly appears on the extremities and trunk about the fourth day of illness
Rocuronium: an androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. it has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than pancuronium
Rod Cell Outer Segment: the portion of a retinal rod cell situated between the rod inner segment and the retinal pigment epithelium. it contains a stack of photosensitive disk membranes laden with rhodopsin
Rod Opsins: photosensitive proteins expressed in the rod photoreceptor cells. they are the protein components of rod photoreceptor pigments such as rhodopsin
Rod-Cone Interaction: reciprocal action of two vertebrate photoreceptor cells (rods and cones). rod-cone interaction occurs during mesopic vision in which both rods and cones are active in light transduction to the visual cortex. such interaction can influence visual sensitivity and luminous efficiency
Rodent Control: the reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous rodents through chemical, biological, or other means
Rodent Diseases: diseases of rodents of the order rodentia. this term includes diseases of sciuridae (squirrels), geomyidae (gophers), heteromyidae (pouched mice), castoridae (beavers), cricetidae (rats and mice), muridae (old world rats and mice), erethizontidae (porcupines), and caviidae (guinea pigs)
Rodenticides: substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents
Rodrigues blindness: microphthalmos, microcornea, and sclerocornea with short stature and hair and dental abnormalities
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses of the gallbladder: an abnormality characterized by macroscopic or microscopic outpouchings of gallbladder mucosa into the muscle of the gallbladder wall. it may be associated with cholecystitis or gallstones
Role: the expected and characteristic pattern of behavior exhibited by an individual as a member of a particular social group
Role Conflict: a state of tension or distress that occurs when fulfilling roles of one status making it difficult to fulfill the roles of another
Role Playing: the adopting or performing the role of another significant individual in order to gain insight into the behavior of that person
Rolipram: a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor with antidepressant properties
Rollinia: a plant genus of the family annonaceae. members contain aporphines, acetogenins and rollinone
Rollinia: rod rostlin čeledi annonaceae. zástupci obsahují aporfiny, acetogeniny a rolinon
Roma: ethnic group originating in india and entering europe in the 14th or 15th century
Roman World: a historical and cultural entity dispersed across a wide geographical area under the political domination and influence of ancient rome, bringing to the conquered people the roman civilization and culture from 753 b.c. to the beginning of the imperial rule under augustus in 27 b.c. the early city built on seven hills grew to conquer sicily, sardinia, carthage, gaul, spain, britain, greece, asia minor, etc., and extended ultimately from mesopotamia to the atlantic. roman medicine was almost entirely in greek hands, but rome, with its superior water system, remains a model of sanitation and hygiene. (from a. castiglioni, a history of medicine, 2d ed pp196-99; from f. h. garrison, an introduction to the history of medicine, 4th ed, pp107-120)
Romania: a country in southeastern europe, bordering the black sea, between bulgaria and ukraine. the capital is bucharest
Romano-Ward Syndrome: a form of long qt syndrome that is without congenital deafness. it is caused by mutation of the kcnq1 gene which encodes a protein in the voltage-gated potassium channel
Romanticism: the attitude or intellectual orientation that characterized many works of literature, painting, music, architecture, criticism, and historiography in western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th century
Romanův-Wardův syndrom: dědičná forma syndromu dlouhého qt, bez poruchy sluchu. je způsobena mutací genu kcnq1, který kóduje protein draslíkových kanálů řízených napětím
Rombo syndrome: vermiculate atrophoderma, milia, hypotrichosis, trichoepitheliomas, basal cell carcinomas and peripheral vasodilation with cyanosis
Romové: etnická skupina pocházející z indie, která přišla do evropy ve 14. nebo 15. století
Ronidazole: antiprotozoal and antimicrobial agent used mainly in veterinary practice
Roniviridae: a family of rod-shaped viruses, in the order nidovirales. it includes one genus: okavirus
Roniviridae: čeleď tyčinkovitých virů řádu nidovirales. patří sem jediný rod: okavirus
Rooming-in Care: care of the newborn infant in a crib near the mother's bed, instead of in a nursery, during the hospital stay
Root Canal Filling Materials: materials placed inside a root canal for the purpose of obturating or sealing it. the materials may be gutta-percha, silver cones, paste mixtures, or other substances. (dorland, 28th ed, p631 & boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed, p187)
Root Canal Irrigants: chemicals used mainly to disinfect root canals after pulpectomy and before obturation. the major ones are camphorated monochlorophenol, edta, formocresol, hydrogen peroxide, metacresylacetate, and sodium hypochlorite. root canal irrigants include also rinsing solutions of distilled water, sodium chloride, etc
Root Canal Obturation: phase of endodontic treatment in which a root canal system that has been cleaned is filled through use of special materials and techniques in order to prevent reinfection
Root Canal Preparation: various preparatory steps prior to root canal therapy by extirpation of diseased pulp and preparation of access cavity to receive the sealing material
Root Canal Therapy: a treatment modality in endodontics concerned with the therapy of diseases of the dental pulp. for preparatory procedures, root canal preparation is available
Root Caries: dental caries involving the tooth root, cementum, or cervical area of the tooth
Root Cause Analysis: multi-step systematic review process used for improving safety by investigation of incidents to find what happened, why it happened, and to determine what can be done to prevent it from happening again
Root Nodules, Plant: knobbed structures formed from and attached to plant roots, especially of legumes, which result from symbiotic infection by nitrogen fixing bacteria such as rhizobium or frankia. root nodules are structures related to mycorrhizae formed by symbiotic associations with fungi
Root Planing: a procedure for smoothing of the roughened root surface or cementum of a tooth after subgingival curettage or scaling, as part of periodontal therapy
Root Resorption: resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (dorland, 27th ed)
Ropivacaine: an anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. it has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons
Rorippa: a plant genus of the family brassicaceae that includes several marshy plants. the common name of watercress is also used for nasturtium & tropaeolum
Rorschach Test: a projective test used to evaluate a broad range of personality variables including pathology of thought and perception. the subject's responses to inkblot prints are scored along with subjective interpretation by the test administrator
Rorschachův test: psychodiagnostická projektivní metoda, při níž vyšetřovaná osoba sděluje své asociace k standardním symetrickým skvrnám. do těchto asociací se promítají vlastnosti vyšetřovaných, popř. příznaky psychických onemocnění. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2015 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Rosa: a plant genus in the family rosaceae and order rosales. this should not be confused with the genus rhodiola which is sometimes called roseroot
Rosacea: a cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the face, such as forehead; cheek; nose; and chin. it is characterized by flushing; erythema; edema; rhinophyma; papules; and ocular symptoms. it may occur at any age but typically after age 30. there are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (national rosacea society's expert committee on the classification and staging of rosacea, j am acad dermatol 2002; 46:584-7)
Rosaceae: the rose plant family in the order rosales and class magnoliopsida. they are generally woody plants. a number of the species of this family contain cyanogenic compounds
Rosaceae: čeleď dvouděložných rostlin řádu rosales (růžotvaré), třídy rosopsida. růžovité jsou jednoleté nebo vytrvalé byliny, keře a stromy. rostliny jsou jednodomé nebo zřídka dvoudomé. některé druhy obsahují kyanogenní glykosidy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Rosales: an order of the class magnoliopsida. its members include some of the most known ornamental and edible plants of temperate zones including roses, apples, cherries, and peaches
Rosales: řád vyšších dvouděložných rostlin. mezi zástupce patří některé z nejznámějších okrasných a jedlých rostlin mírných pásem včetně růží, jabloní, třešní a broskví
Rosanae: a suborder of flowering plants of the class magnoliopsida which comprises two major groups, eurosids i and ii
Rosaniline Dyes: compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as coloring agents
Roscovitine: a purine derivative and competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases that has therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic and antiviral agent
Rose Bengal: a bright bluish pink compound that has been used as a dye, biological stain, and diagnostic aid
Rosen's T-10 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of osteosarcoma
Roseobacter: a genus of obligately aerobic marine phototrophic and chemoorganotrophic bacteria, in the family rhodobacteraceae
Roseobacter: rod obligátně aerobních, mořských, fototrofních a chemoorganotrofních bakterií čeledi rhodobacteraceae
Roseolovirus: a genus of the family herpesviridae, subfamily betaherpesvirinae, whose viruses have been isolated from lymphocytes. herpesvirus 6, human is the type species
Roseolovirus: rod virů čeledi herpesviridae, podčeledi betaherpesvirinae. tyto viry byly izolovány z lymfocytů. typovým druhem je lidský herpesvirus 6
Roseolovirus Infections: infection with roseolovirus, the most common in humans being exanthema subitum, a benign disease of infants and young children
Rosette Formation: the in vitro formation of clusters consisting of a cell (usually a lymphocyte) surrounded by antigenic cells or antigen-bearing particles (usually erythrocytes, which may or may not be coated with antibody or antibody and complement). the rosette-forming cell may be an antibody-forming cell, a memory cell, a t-cell, a cell bearing surface cytophilic antibodies, or a monocyte possessing fc receptors. rosette formation can be used to identify specific populations of these cells
Rosiglitazone: a thiazolidinedione that functions as a selective agonist for ppar gamma. it improves insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and the liver of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Rosmarinic Acid: a polyphenol compound that naturally occurs in rosemary with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Rosmarinus: a plant genus of the lamiaceae family. it is known as a spice and medicinal plant
Ross River Virus Infection: virus diseases caused by ross river virus of the alphavirus genus. it is the most common endemic arboviral infection in australia
Ross River virus: a species of alphavirus associated with epidemic exanthema and polyarthritis in australia
Rosuvastatin Calcium: a hydroxymethylglutaryl-coa-reductase inhibitor, or statin, that reduces the plasma concentrations of ldl-cholesterol; apolipoprotein b, and triglycerides while increasing hdl-cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia and those at risk for cardiovascular diseases
Rotarod Performance Test: a performance test based on forced motor activity on a rotating rod, usually by a rodent. parameters include the riding time (seconds) or endurance. test is used to evaluate balance and coordination of the subjects, particular in experimental animal models for neurological disorders and drug effects
Rotation: motion of an object in which either one or more points on a line are fixed. it is also the motion of a particle about a fixed point. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Rotator Cuff: the musculotendinous sheath formed by the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor muscles. these help stabilize the humeral head in the glenoid cavity of the scapula and allow for rotation of the shoulder joint about its longitudinal axis
Rotator Cuff Tear Arthropathy: rapidly destructive shoulder joint and bone disease found mainly in elderly, and predominantly in women. it is characterized by shoulder pain; joint instability; and the presence of crystalline calcium phosphates in the synovial fluid. it is associated with rotator cuff injuries
Rotavirus: a genus of reoviridae, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. seven species (rotaviruses a thru g) are recognized
Rotavirus: rod virů čeledi reoviridae, které způsobují akutní gastroenteritidu u ptáků a savců, včetně člověka. jsou přenášeny horizontálně a environmentální kontaminací. patří sem sedm druhů (rotavirus a až g)
Rotavirus Infections: infection with any of the rotaviruses. specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice
Rotaxanes: complex compounds in which a dumbbell shaped molecule is encircled by a macrocycle. they are named after rota (wheel) and axis (axle). notation with a prefix is used to indicate the number of interlocked components. they have potential use in nanotechnology. rotaxanes have been made with cyclodextrins and cyclic ethers
Rotenone: a botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport
Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome: an autosomal recessive syndrome occurring principally in females, characterized by the presence of reticulated, atrophic, hyperpigmented, telangiectatic cutaneous plaques, often accompanied by juvenile cataracts, saddle nose, congenital bone defects, disturbances in the growth of hair; nails; and teeth; and hypogonadism