NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Livestock: domesticated farm animals raised for home use or profit but excluding poultry. typically livestock includes cattle; sheep; horses; swine; goats; and others
Livex: an animal blood preparation containing 70% proteins and trace elements iron, copper, zinc, cobalt & selenium; used in treatment of anemia & pyelonephritis
Living Donors: non-cadaveric providers of organs for transplant to related or non-related recipients
Living Wills: written, witnessed declarations in which persons request that if they become disabled beyond reasonable expectation of recovery, they be allowed to die rather than be kept alive by extraordinary means. (bioethics thesaurus)
Lizards: reptiles within the order squamata that generally possess limbs, moveable eyelids, and external ear openings, although there are some species which lack one or more of these structures
Liův-Fraumeniho syndrom: syndrom charakterizovaný výskytem zhoubných nádorů již od dětství. příčinou je mutace tumor-supresorového genu p53. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Loa: a genus of parasitic nematodes found throughout the rain-forest areas of the sudan and the basin of the congo. l. loa inhabits the subcutaneous tissues, which it traverses freely
Loa: rod parazitických hlístic, které se vyskytují v deštných pralesích súdánu a povodí konga. vlasovec oční (loa loa) parazituje ve spojivkovém vaku mezi spojivkou a bělmem. je příčinou svědění oka a zánětu kůže. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Lobbying: a process whereby representatives of a particular interest group attempt to influence governmental decision makers to accept the policy desires of the lobbying organization
Lobelia: a plant genus of the family campanulaceae used medicinally and is a source of lobeline
Lobelia: rod rostlin čeledi campanulaceae. lobelky mají význam zejména jako okrasné rostliny a v lékařství. obsahují účinné alkaloidy a řada druhů je jedovatá. severoamerická lobelka nadmutá je součástí oficiálního lékopisu a je zdrojem alkaloidu lobelinu, používaného ve farmacii. celá řada různých jiných druhů se používá v domorodé a lokální medicíně v různých částech světa. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Lobeline: an alkaloid that has actions similar to nicotine on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. it has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation
Lobesia botrana: a species of tortrix or leafroller moths of the family tortricidae. these insects cause significant agricultural damage throughout the world feeding on the flower or fruit of host plants, most often grapes (vitis vinifera)
Lobesia botrana: druh můry z čeledi tortricidae. tento hmyz způsobuje značné škody v zemědělství po celém světě a živí se květy nebo plody hostitelských rostlin, nejčastěji vinné révy (vitis vinifera)
Lobomycosis: a chronic, fungal, subcutaneous infection endemic in rural regions in south america and central america. the causal organism is lacazia labol
Lobosea: a class of amoeboid eukaryotes that forms either filiform subpseudopodia or lobopodia. characteristics include the absence of sorocarps, sporangia, or similar fruiting bodies. lobosea were formerly members of the phylum sarcomastigophora, subphylum sarcodina, under the old five kingdom paradigm
Lobosea: třída améboidních eukaryot, u nichž se vyskytují filiformní subpseudopodia nebo lobopodia. chybí sorokarpy, sporangia nebo jiné plodničky. podle starší klasifikace člen kmene sarcomastigophora, podkmene sarcodina
Local Area Networks: communications networks connecting various hardware devices together within or between buildings by means of a continuous cable or voice data telephone system
Local Field Potential Measurement: recording of brain electrical activities recorded by a small-size electrode in the brain. it measures electric potential in the extracellular medium around neurons generated by small electric currents of local origin
Local Lymph Node Assay: the local lymph node assay (llna) is an alternative method for the identification of chemicals that have the ability to cause skin sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis. endpoints have been established so fewer animals are required and less painful procedures are used
Locked-In Syndrome: acquired neuromuscular disorder characterized by complete paralysis of voluntary muscles and lower cranial nerves except for limited voluntary eye movements. it is due to various cerebrospinal disconnections at or near the pons and the posterior cranial fossa, typically secondary to pontine hemorrhage or infarct. because cognitive function is intact it is sometimes referred to as a pseudocoma state
Locomotion: movement or the ability to move from one place or another. it can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms
Locus Coeruleus: bluish-colored region in the superior angle of the fourth ventricle floor, corresponding to melanin-like pigmented nerve cells which lie lateral to the periaqueductal gray
Locus Control Region: a regulatory region first identified in the human beta-globin locus but subsequently found in other loci. the region is believed to regulate genetic transcription by opening and remodeling chromatin structure. it may also have enhancer activity
Locusta migratoria: a species of migratory old world locusts, in the family acrididae, that are important pests in africa and asia
Locusta migratoria: nejrozšířenější, migrující druh sarančí. žije v tropických oblastech afriky a asie (byla zavlečena i do austrálie), ojediněle zavítá i do jižní evropy. je obávaným škůdcem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Lod Score: the total relative probability, expressed on a logarithmic scale, that a linkage relationship exists among selected loci. lod is an acronym for logarithmic odds
Lod skóre: celková relativní pravděpodobnost (vyjádřená na logaritmické stupnici) existence vazebného vztahu mezi vybranými lokusy. lod je akronym výrazu "logarithmic odds."
Lodestar Gold Ceramic Alloy: a dental restorative material; contains 51.5% au, 38.5% pd, and 8.5% in
Loeys-Dietz Syndrome: an autosomal dominant aneurysm with multisystem abnormalities caused by increased tgf-beta signaling due to mutations in type i or ii of tgf-beta receptor. additional craniofacial features include cleft palate; craniosynostosis; hypertelorism; or bifid uvula. phenotypes closely resemble marfan syndrome; marfanoid craniosynostosis syndrome (shprintzen-goldberg syndrome); and ehlers-danlos syndrome
Loeys-Dietz Syndrome, Type 2A: aka lds2a or aat5;mutationsin tgfbr1
Loeysův-Dietzův syndrom: autozomálně dominantní aneurysma s multisystémovými abnormalitami. je způsoben mutací genu kódujícího receptory 1 a 2 tgf-beta (transformující růstový faktor beta), zapojené do regulace tgf-beta signalizace. k dalším rysům patří kraniofaciální rozštěpy patra, kraniosynostóza, hypertelorismus nebo rozštěpená uvula. fenotyp je podobný marfanovu syndromu, syndromu marfanoidní kraniosynostózy (shprintzen-goldberg syndrom) a ehlersovu-danlosovu syndromu
Lofepramine: a psychotropic imipramine derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. it is metabolized to desipramine
Loganiaceae: a plant family of the order gentianales, subclass asteridae, class magnoliopsida. they have leaflike appendages at the base of the leafstalks, have terminal flower clusters. petals have four or five overlapping lobes and the fruit is a capsule containing winged or wingless seeds
Loganiaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu gentianales (hořcotvaré), třídy rosopsida. jsou to byliny i dřeviny s jednoduchými vstřícnými listy a pravidelnými květy. v současné taxonomii je součástí čeledi i bývalá čeleď kulčibovité (strychnaceae). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Logic: the science that investigates the principles governing correct or reliable inference and deals with the canons and criteria of validity in thought and demonstration. this system of reasoning is applicable to any branch of knowledge or study. (random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed & sippl, computer dictionary, 4th ed)
Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes: a vocabulary database of universal identifiers for laboratory and clinical test results. its purpose is to facilitate the exchange and pooling of results for clinical care, outcomes management, and research. it is produced by the regenstrief institute. (loinc and relma [internet]. indianapolis: the regenstrief institute; c1995-2001 [cited 2002 apr 2]. available from http://www.regenstrief.org/loinc)
Logistic Models: statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. a common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor
Logotherapy: directive existential psychotherapy that emphasizes the importance of meaning in the person's life
Loiasis: a parasitic infection caused by the nematode loa loa. the vector in the transmission of this infection is the horsefly (tabanus) or the deerfly or mango fly (chrysops). the larvae may be seen just beneath the skin or passing through the conjunctiva. eye lesions are not uncommon. the disease is generally mild and painless
Lojic N: composed of 46% silver, 28.5% tin, 24.5% copper, 0.95% indium, and 0.05% platinum
Loligo: a genus of squid in the family loliginidae, superorder decapodiformes, with a spindle-shaped body. they are well-studied, common inshore squids of the atlantic and eastern pacific oceans, but their various species are taxonomically unresolved
Loligo: rod krakatic čeledi loliginidae, nadřádu decapodiformes (desetiramenatci), s hydrodynamickým tvarem těla. dobře prostudovaný rod olihní, které se běžně vyskytují u pobřeží atlantského oceánu a východního tichého oceánu. zahrnuté druhy nemají vyřešené taxonomické zařazení
Lolium: common member of the gramineae family used as cattle fodder. it harbors several fungi and other parasites toxic to livestock and people and produces allergenic compounds, especially in its pollen. the most commonly seen varieties are l. perenne, l. multiflorum, and l. rigidum
Loma: a genus of fungi, in the family glugeidae, a parasite of atlantic salmon and other fishes
Loma: rod mikrosporidií čeledi glugeidae parazitující u lososa obecného a dalších ryb
Lomustine: an alkylating agent of value against both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors
Loneliness: the state of feeling sad or dejected as a result of lack of companionship or being separated from others
Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements: highly repeated sequences, 6k-8k base pairs in length, which contain rna polymerase ii promoters. they also have an open reading frame that is related to the reverse transcriptase of retroviruses but they do not contain ltrs (long terminal repeats). copies of the line 1 (l1) family form about 15% of the human genome. the jockey elements of drosophila are lines
Long QT Syndrome: a condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (syncope) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged qt interval. the inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. the two major forms are romano-ward syndrome and jervell-lange nielsen syndrome
Long QT syndrome type 3: a form of long qt syndrome associated with mutations in the scn5a gene (nav1.5 voltage-gated sodium channel). omim: 603830
Long Qt Syndrome 2: a congenital disorder characterized by a prolonged qt interval and torsade de pointes. these cardiac arrhythmias may result in recurrent syncope, seizure, or sudden death. mutations in the kcnh2 gene have been identified. omim: 613688
Long Short Term Memory: a form of recurrent computer neural networks which allows for important information to be retained and less important information to be erased. these kinds of networks are used for tasks such as language translation, anomaly detection, speech and handwriting recognition, and time series prediction
Long Term Adverse Effects: persistent detrimental effects from treatment for a condition. included are effects from surgery such as postoperative complications, and from drug therapy, such as chemically induced disorders, or other therapeutics. failure to attain a desired outcome from treatment for the condition is not considered an adverse effect
Long-Acting Reversible Contraception: prevention of conception by devices, chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in females which last for years and can be removed
Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator: an immunoglobulin g, often found in the blood of hyperthyroid individuals. it stimulates the thyroid for a longer duration than does thyrotoxin and may cause hyperthyroidism in newborns due to placental transmission
Long-Chain-3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase: an nad-dependent 3-hydroxyacyl coa dehydrogenase that has specificity for acyl chains containing 8 and 10 carbons
Long-Chain-Fatty-Acid-CoA Ligase: coenzyme a ligase that catalyzes the activation of fatty acids in lipogenesis and membrane remodeling. activity is independent of phosphatidylcholines
Long-Term Care: care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care
Long-Term Potentiation: a persistent increase in synaptic efficacy, usually induced by appropriate activation of the same synapses. the phenomenological properties of long-term potentiation suggest that it may be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory
Long-Term Synaptic Depression: a persistent activity-dependent decrease in synaptic efficacy between neurons. it typically occurs following repeated low-frequency afferent stimulation, but it can be induced by other methods. long-term depression appears to play a role in memory
Longidaza: conjugate proteolytic enzyme hyaluronidase with a macromolecular carrier - the substance group of n-oxide, poly-1,4-ethylenepiperazine, for treatment of autoimmune male infertility in patients with category 4 chronic prostatitis
Longitudinal Ligaments: two extensive fibrous bands running the length of the vertebral column. the anterior longitudinal ligament (ligamentum longitudinale anterius; lacertus medius) interconnects the anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies; the posterior longitudinal ligament (ligamentum longitudinale posterius) interconnects the posterior surfaces. the commonest clinical consideration is ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Longitudinal Studies: studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time
Lonicera: a plant genus of the family caprifoliaceae. members contain iridoid glucosides
Lonicera: rod rostlin čeledi caprifoliaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují iridoidní glukosidy
Loop of Henle: the u-shaped portion of the renal tubule in the kidney medulla, consisting of a descending limb and an ascending limb. it is situated between the proximal kidney tubule and the distal kidney tubule
Loose Anagen Hair Syndrome: benign childhood alopecia that improves spontaneously with aging. it is characterized by anagen hairs (misshapen hair bulbs and absent inner and outer root sheaths), thin, and sparse hairs that pulls out easily
Loperamide: one of the long-acting synthetic antidiarrheals; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally
Lopinavir: an hiv protease inhibitor used in a fixed-dose combination with ritonavir. it is also an inhibitor of cytochrome p-450 cyp3a
Lorajmine: a monochloroacetyl derivative of ajmaline. it is a class ia antiarrhythmic agent that is rapidly hydrolyzed to ajmaline by plasma and tissue esterases
Loranthaceae: the showy mistletoe plant family of the order santalales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida. this includes parasitic tropical plants with haustoria connecting to the hosts. the leaves are opposite and thick. the flowers (4-7) have both calyx and corolla. the fruit is a berry with one seed
Loranthaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu santalales (santálotvaré), třídy rosopsida. jsou to poloparazitické zelené dřeviny, parazitující povětšinou na kmenech a větvích dvouděložných rostlin. haustorium prorůstá do vodivých pletiv hostitele, odkud si rostlina bere vodu a minerální živiny. listy jsou jednoduché, vstřícné nebo střídavé. květy mají rozlišený kalich a korunu. koruna je nejčastěji šestičetná. plodem jsou jednosemenné bobule nebo peckovice. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Loratadine: a second-generation histamine h1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. unlike most classical antihistamines (histamine h1 antagonists) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness
Lorazepam: a benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. it also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent
Lordosis: the anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. the term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). it does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = posture + sex behavior, animal)
Lorisidae: a family of primates of the suborder strepsirhini containing four genera. the family is distributed in parts of africa and southeast asian. the four genera are: arctocebus (angwantibos) and perodicticus (pottos) in the subfamily perodicticinae and loris (slender lorises) and nycticebus (slow lorises) in the subfamily lorisinae. all are arboreal and nocturnal. genus galago is now classified in the family galagidae
Lorisidae: čeleď tvořená pěti rody zvláštních primátů žijících v africe, jižní asii a na přilehlých ostrovech. zahrnuje rody lorie, outloně a poty, kteří mají ocas krátký nebo jim chybí a pohybují se charakteristickým pomalým a váhavým pohybem. přes den členové této čeledě odpočívají a aktivní jsou v noci. jsou to všežravci, potravu si však opatřují jen v korunách stromů, na zem téměř neslézají. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Losartan: an antagonist of angiotensin type 1 receptor with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of angiotensin ii
Loss of Function Mutation: a mutation that causes a decrease in or elimination of a gene product's activity
Loss of Heterozygosity: the loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair, resulting in abnormal hemizygosity. it is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was deleted
Lost to Follow-Up: study subjects in cohort studies whose outcomes are unknown e.g., because they could not or did not wish to attend follow-up visits.(from dictionary of epidemiology, 5th ed.)
Lot Quality Assurance Sampling: a sampling methodology using small sample sizes when conducting surveys in small geographical or population-based areas or lots
Loteprednol Etabonate: an androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an anti-allergic agent for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions
Lotus: a genus of the pea family. the genus lotus, formerly known as tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (nelumbo and nymphaea)
Lotus: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae, náleží mezi taxonomicky komplikované skupiny. není příbuzný s rody lotos (nelumbo) či leknín (nymphaea). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Lotyšsko: lotyšsko je prostřední ze tří pobaltských zemí na jihovýchodním pobřeží baltského moře a jeho rižského zálivu. na jihu sousedí s litvou, na jihovýchodě s běloruskem, na východě s ruskem a na severu s estonskem. hlavní město je riga. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Louisiana: louisiana hraničí na východě s mississippi, na severu s arkansasem a na západě s texasem. jižní ohraničení státu tvoří mexický záliv. hlavní město je baton rouge, největší město je new orleans. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Louisiana: state bounded by arkansas on the north, by mississippi on the east, the gulf of mexico on the south and texas on the west
Louping Ill: an acute tick-borne arbovirus infection causing meningoencephalomyelitis of sheep
Lovastatin: a fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of aspergillus terreus. the compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. it inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl coa reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. it also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver
Love: affection; in psychiatry commonly refers to pleasure, particularly as it applies to gratifying experiences between individuals
Low Anterior Resection Syndrome: postoperative complication after removal of the rectum (low anterior resection surgery or resection surgery to the lower part of the colon). it includes disordered rectum function, e.g., frequent bowel movement; fecal incontinence; and constipation
Low Back Pain: acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions
Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1: a ldl-receptor related protein involved in clearance of chylomicron remnants and of activated alpha-macroglobulins from plasma
Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-2: an ldl-receptor related protein found in the neuroepithelium and in proximal tubular cells of the kidney. it is considered a multiligand receptor in that it binds to a variety of ligands with relatively high affinity and may function in mediating the uptake and lysosomal degradation of macromolecules such as: lipoproteins; endopeptidases; and protease inhibitors
Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-5: ldl-receptor related protein that combines with frizzled receptors at the cell surface to form receptors that bind wnt proteins. the protein plays an important role in the wnt signaling pathway in osteoblasts and during embryonic development
Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-6: an ldl-receptor related protein that combines with cell surface frizzled receptors to form wnt protein-binding receptors. the protein plays an important role in the wnt signaling pathway during embryonic development and in regulation of vascular cell proliferation
Low Socioeconomic Status: socioeconomic status with relatively low income and/or assets (poverty) and educational level
Low Tension Glaucoma: a form of glaucoma in which chronic optic nerve damage and loss of vision normally attributable to buildup of intraocular pressure occurs despite prevailing conditions of normal intraocular pressure
Low-Level Light Therapy: treatment using irradiation with light of low power intensity so that the effects are a response to the light and not due to heat. a variety of light sources, especially low-power lasers are used
Low-Value Care: medical services, including tests and procedures, that should not be performed given their potential for harm or the existence of comparably effective and often less expensive alternatives
Lower Body Negative Pressure: external decompression applied to the lower body. it is used to study orthostatic intolerance and the effects of gravitation and acceleration, to produce simulated hemorrhage in physiologic research, to assess cardiovascular function, and to reduce abdominal stress during childbirth
Lower Extremity: the region of the lower limb in animals, extending from the gluteal region to the foot, and including the buttocks; hip; and leg
Lower Extremity Deformities, Congenital: congenital structural abnormalities of the lower extremity
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract: the segment of gastrointestinal tract that includes the small intestine below the duodenum, and the large intestine
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: symptoms of disorders of the lower urinary tract including frequency, nocturia; urgency, incomplete voiding, and urinary incontinence. they are often associated with overactive bladder; urinary incompetence; and interstitial cystitis. lower urinary tract symptoms in males were traditionally called prostatism
Lowicryl 4KM resin: polar acrylate-methacrylate embedding resin
Lowicryl HM-20: used in a rapid method for the preparation of yeast using immunoelectron microscopy
Lowicryl HM23: contains ethyl methacrylate monomer, n-butyl methacrylate monomer & 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate crosslinker
Lowicryl K11M: contains n-butyl methacrylate, 2-methoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate & 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate
Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome: a form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short pr interval and a normal qrs complex. in this syndrome, the atrial impulse conducts via the james fibers which connect the atrium to bundle of his bypassing the upper atrioventricular node. heart ventricles are depolarized normally through the his-purkinje system
Lownův-Ganongův-Levineův syndrom: typ preexcitace, který se vyznačuje krátkým pr intervalem a normálním komplexem qrs. v tomto syndromu jsou srdeční komory aktivovány předčasně cestou přídatného jamesova svazku spojujícího síně a komory. klinicky se projevuje paroxysmální supraventrikulární tachykardií. (upraveno podle: velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Loxosceles reclusa: druh pavouka rodu loxosceles, který se vyskytuje v oblasti jihovýchodu a jihu usa. protože se rád zdržuje v domácnostech, je tento druh pavouka poměrně obávaný. ačkoli není agresivní, může mít kousnutí vážné následky (dermonekrózu). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
LtrB protein, Lactococcus lactis: group ii intron-interrupted relaxase; mediates the initiation of conjugal transfer of plasmid prs01 possibly by introducing a single-stranded nick at the potential origin of transfer, in order to initiate single strand transfer from donor to recipient; the gene encoding this protein is interrupted by a group ii intoron, ll.ltrb; amino acid
LuPO4:Pr(3+): nanoparticles that emit uvc upon x-ray irradiation to reduce radiation resistance of hypoxic cancer cells
Lubani Al Saleh Teebi syndrome: cystic fibrosis, helicobacter pylori gastritis, megaloblastic anaemia, subnormal mentality and minor anomalies
Lubboc: bovine xenograft; a biocompatible bovine heterologous bone material
Lubiprostone: member of a bicyclic fatty acid class of compounds derived from prostaglandin e1 involved in chloride channel gating
Lubricant Eye Drops: ophthalmic solutions that include lubricants and wetting agents such as polyethylene glycol; hypromellose; glycerol; propylene glycol. they are used to treat conditions caused by deficient tear production such as dry eye syndrome
Lubrithal: tradename; a topical carbomer gel; consists of a water soluble anionic high molecular weight polymer of acrylic acid cross-linked with a polyether of sucrose; use in the treatment of dry eye syndrome
Lubs X-linked mental retardation syndrome: an x-linked recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe to profound intellectual disability, infantile hypotonia, mild dysmorphic features, poor speech development, autism - like features, seizures, progressive spasticity, and recurrent infections. only males are affected, although female carriers may have some mild neuropsychiatric features, such as anxiety. caused by copy number variations in the mecp2 gene. omim: 300260
Lucanthone: one of the schistosomicides, it has been replaced largely by hycanthone and more recently praziquantel. (from martindale the extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46)
Lucembursko: malý západoevropský vnitrozemský stát sousedící s belgií, německem a francií
Lucensomycin: a macrolide antibiotic isolated from cultures of streptomyces lucensis
Luciferases: enzymes that oxidize certain luminescent agents to emit light (physical luminescence). the luciferases from different organisms have evolved differently so have different structures and substrates
Luciferases, Bacterial: luciferases from bacteria such as photobacterium; vibrio; and photorhabdus
Luciferases, Firefly: luciferases from fireflies, usually photinus, that oxidizes firefly luciferin to cause emission of photons
Luciferases, Renilla: luciferases from renilla that oxidizes certain luminescent agents to cause emission of photons
Luciferins: organic substances found in organisms that generate bioluminescence such as firefly luciferin that produces light when oxidized to the excited oxyluciferin by the action of the enzyme luciferase
Lucilia: rod hmyzu z čeledi calliphoridae (bzučivkovití) z řádu diptera (dvoukřídlí). patří sem bzučivka zelená (lucilia sericata), jejíž larvy se používají v larvální terapii, a bzučivky způsobující myiázu. několik druhů je zajímavých pro forenzní entomologii (např. bzučivka zlatá - lucilia caesar)
Lucilia Blowflies: a genus of the family calliphoridae in the order diptera. members include common green bottle fly whose maggots are used in maggot therapy and sheep blowflies causing myiasis. several member species are blowflies of interest to forensic entomology
Lucilia cuprina: a blowfly species in the genus lucilia. lucilia cuprina is responsible for sheep blowfly strike (myiasis) in australia. can form hybrids with lucilia sericata
Lucilia cuprina: druh bzučivky z rodu lucilia. lucilia cuprina v austrálii způsobuje myiázu u ovcí. může vytvářet křížence s druhem lucilia sericata
Lucilia sericata: a blowfly species in the genus lucilia. lucilia sericata is the most often used species for maggot therapy and is responsible for sheep blowfly strike (myiasis) in northern europe. can form hybrids with australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina
Lucilia sericata: druh bzučivek z rodu lucilia. bzučivka zelená je nejčastěji užívaný druh při terapii larvami a je odpovědná za nákazu myiázou v severní evropě. může vytvořit hybrid s druhem lucilia cuprina
Ludwig's Angina: severe cellulitis of the submaxillary space with secondary involvement of the perimandibular spaces. it usually results from infection in the lower molar area or from an infection following a penetrating injury to the mouth floor
Ludwigova angína: hnisavý zánět spodiny dutiny ústní charakteru flegmony s nebezpečím dušení a provázený celkově těžkým stavem. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Luffa: a plant genus of the family cucurbitaceae known for the fruit which is the source of the luffa sponge and the seeds which contain luffin
Luffa: rod rostlin čeledi cucurbitaceae. nezralé plody druhů lufa ostrohranná (luffa acutangula) a lufa válcovitá (luffa aegyptiaca neboli luffa cylindrica) se v asii a africe často používají jako zelenina. z dozrálých plodů lufy válcovité se vyrábějí přírodní houby. semena obsahují luffin. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Lujo virus: a species of arenavirus, old world that is the etiologic agent of acute febrile illness with hemorrhagic manifestations in africa
Lujo virus: druh arenaviru ze skupiny arenavirů starého světa. v africe způsobuje akutní horečnaté onemocnění s hemoragií
Lumagel: fda-approved mixture of poloxamer 407 and iohexol in aqueous solution; a reverse thermosensitive polymer that might be administered to provide targeted hemostasis
Lumbar Vertebrae: vertebrae in the region of the lower back below the thoracic vertebrae and above the sacral vertebrae
Lumbosacral Plexus: the lumbar and sacral plexuses taken together. the fibers of the lumbosacral plexus originate in the lumbar and upper sacral spinal cord (l1 to s3) and innervate the lower extremities
Lumbosacral Region: region of the back including the lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and nearby structures
Lumefantrine: a fluorene derivative that is used in combination with artemether for the treatment of malaria (see artemether-lumefantrine drug combination)
Lumican: a small leucine-rich proteoglycan that contains 10 tandem leucine repeats and four n-linked sites within the leucine repeat region that may be substituted with keratan sulfate. these properties and its horseshoe shape allow it to mediate interactions among collagen molecules within fibrils. it is expressed in most mesenchymal tissues as well as the cornea, where it functions to maintain transparency
Lumicolchicines: three, alpha, beta, and gamma isomers of ultraviolet degradation products of colchicine that lack many of the physiological actions of the parent; used as experimental control for colchicine actions
Luminescence: emission of light when electrons return to the electronic ground state from an excited state and lose the energy as photons. it is sometimes called cool light in contrast to incandescence. luminescent measurements take advantage of this type of light emitted from luminescent agents
Luminescent Agents: compound such as luminescent proteins that cause or emit light (physical luminescence)
Luminescent Measurements: techniques used for determining the values of photometric parameters of light resulting from luminescence
Luminescent Proteins: proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. included are the enzymatic and non-enzymatic types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors
Luminol: 5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. substance that emits light on oxidation. it is used in chemical determinations
Lumpy Skin Disease: a poxvirus infection of cattle characterized by the appearance of nodules on all parts of the skin
Lumpy skin disease virus: a species of capripoxvirus causing a cattle disease occurring in africa
Lunate Bone: a moon-shaped carpal bone which is located between the scaphoid bone and triquetrum bone
Lung: either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood
Lung Abscess: solitary or multiple collections of pus within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents
Lung Compliance: the capability of the lungs to distend under pressure as measured by pulmonary volume change per unit pressure change. while not a complete description of the pressure-volume properties of the lung, it is nevertheless useful in practice as a measure of the comparative stiffness of the lung. (from best & taylor's physiological basis of medical practice, 12th ed, p562)
Lung Diseases, Fungal: pulmonary diseases caused by fungal infections, usually through hematogenous spread
Lung Diseases, Interstitial: a diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. they are characterized by an initial inflammation of pulmonary alveoli that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features
Lung Diseases, Obstructive: any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. airway obstruction may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent
Lung Diseases, Parasitic: infections of the lungs with parasites, most commonly by parasitic worms (helminths)
Lung Injury: damage to any compartment of the lung caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents which characteristically elicit inflammatory reaction. these inflammatory reactions can either be acute and dominated by neutrophils, or chronic and dominated by lymphocytes and macrophages
Lung Transplantation: the transference of either one or both of the lungs from one human or animal to another
Lung Volume Measurements: measurement of the amount of air that the lungs may contain at various points in the respiratory cycle
Lung agenesis: quantitative and/or qualitative underdevelopment of bronchial and pulmonary tissue that is unrelated to an underlying disorder. commonly occurs in association with congenital diaphragmatic hernia; oligohydramnios; hydrops fetalis, skeletal dysplasias, and other central nervous system and neuromuscular disorders. evidence suggests that it is a hereditary condition. omim: 265430
Lung, Hyperlucent: a lung with reduced markings on its chest radiograph and increased areas of transradiancy (hyperlucency). a hyperlucent lung is usually associated with pulmonary emphysema or pneumothorax
Lupanes: pentacyclic triterpenes with isopropyl and its derivatives at the c19 position. it is initially biosynthesized by cyclization of oxidosqualene to lupeol
Lupinus: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that is a source of sparteine, lupanine and other lupin alkaloids
Lupinus: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují spartein (lupinidin), lupanin a další lupinové alkaloidy
Lupinus albus extract 105: contains a blend of small peptides (5-6 aa) extracted from seeds; after hydrolysis contains 85% proteins, 8% water, 6% chloride, sugar concentration is lower than 0.1%
Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor: an antiphospholipid antibody found in association with a variety of diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome) as well as in healthy individuals. in vitro, the antibody interferes with the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and prolongs the partial thromboplastin time. in vivo, it exerts a procoagulant effect resulting in thrombosis mainly in the larger veins and arteries. it further causes obstetrical complications, including fetal death and spontaneous abortion, as well as a variety of hematologic and neurologic complications
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous: a form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. it has been classified into three forms - acute (= lupus erythematosus, systemic with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= lupus erythematosus, discoid)
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid: a chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (lupus erythematosus, cutaneous) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. it is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. the condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic: a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. it is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. the disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of le cells in the blood or bone marrow
Lupus Nephritis: glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus. lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class i - normal glomeruli, class ii - pure mesangial alterations, class iii - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class iv - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class v - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class vi - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (the world health organization classification 1982)
Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System: central nervous system vasculitis that is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. clinical manifestations may include dementia; seizures; cranial nerve diseases; hemiparesis; blindness; dysphasia; and other neurological disorders
Lupus Vulgaris: a form of cutaneous tuberculosis. it is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal mucosa; buccal mucosa; and conjunctival mucosa
Lurasidone Hydrochloride: a thiazole derivative and atypical antipsychotic agent that functions as a dopamine d2 receptor antagonist; serotonin 5-ht2 receptor antagonist, serotonin 5-ht7 receptor antagonist, and antagonist of the adrenergic α2a and α2c receptors, as well as a partial serotonin 5-ht1a receptor agonist. it is used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery: a series of tests designed to assess neuropsychological function. the battery is used to diagnose specific cerebral dysfunction and also to determine lateralization
Luria-Nebraska neuropsychologická baterie: série zkoušek určených k posouzení neuropsychologických funkcí, k diagnostice specifických mozkových dysfunkcí a také ke stanovení lateralizace
Luteal Cells: progesterone-producing cells in the corpus luteum. the large luteal cells derive from the granulosa cells. the small luteal cells derive from the theca cells
Luteal Phase: the period in the menstrual cycle that follows ovulation, characterized by the development of corpus luteum, increase in progesterone production by the ovary and secretion by the glandular epithelium of the endometrium. the luteal phase begins with ovulation and ends with the onset of menstruation
Lutein: a xanthophyll found in the major light-harvesting protein complexes of plants. dietary lutein accumulates in the macula lutea
Luteinization: formation of corpus luteum. this process includes capillary invasion of the ruptured ovarian follicle, hypertrophy of the granulosa cells and the theca cells, and the production of progesterone. luteinization is regulated by luteinizing hormone
Luteinizing Hormone: a major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (pituitary gland, anterior). luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the testis and the ovary. the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge in females induces ovulation, and subsequent luteinization of the follicle. luteinizing hormone consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (tsh, lh and fsh), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity
Luteinizing Hormone, beta Subunit: the beta subunit of luteinizing hormone. it is a 15-kda glycopolypeptide with structure similar to the beta subunit of the placental chorionic gonadatropin (chorionic gonadotropin, beta subunit, human) except for the additional 31 amino acids at the c-terminal of cg-beta. full biological activity of lh requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. mutation of the lhb gene causes hypogonadism and infertility
Lutembacher Syndrome: a condition characterized by a combination of ostium secundum atrial septal defect and an acquired mitral valve stenosis
Lutembacherův syndrom: soubor příznaků vrozené srdeční vady zahrnující kombinaci defektu septa síní v kterékoliv jeho části s hypertrofií a dilatací pravé komory a získanou mitrální stenózou. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Luteolin: 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-flavone, one of the flavones
Luteolysis: degradation of corpus luteum. in the absence of pregnancy and diminishing trophic hormones, the corpus luteum undergoes luteolysis which is characterized by the involution and cessation of its endocrine function
Luteolytic Agents: chemical compounds that cause luteolysis or degeneration of the corpus luteum
Luteoma: an ovarian neoplasm composed of luteal cells derived from luteinized granulosa cells and theca cells. luteomas respond to gonadotropins, and vary in their hormone production (progesterone; estrogens; or androgens). during pregnancy, a transient type of luteoma may develop due to an exaggerated luteinization of the ovary
Luteoviridae: a family of rna plant viruses infecting disparate plant families. they are transmitted by specific aphid vectors. there are three genera: luteovirus; polerovirus; and enamovirus
Luteoviridae: čeleď rna-virů, které infikují různorodé čeledi rostlin. jsou přenášeny specifickými mšicemi. patří sem tři rody: luteovirus, polerovirus a enamovirus
Luteovirus: a genus of plant viruses that infects both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. its organisms are persistently transmitted by aphids, and weeds may provide reservoirs of infection
Luteovirus: rod rostlinných virů, které infikují jednoděložné i dvouděložné rostliny. jsou perzistentně přenášeny mšicemi. rezervoárem infekce může být plevel
Lutetium: an element of the rare earth family of metals. it has the atomic symbol lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175
Lutheran Blood-Group System: a complex blood group system having pairs of alternate antigens and amorphic genes, but also subject to a dominant independently segregating repressor
Lutrol F 127: a thermoelastic dermal filler composed of hydroxy-polyethylene and hydroxy-polypropylene
LuxaCore: a very efficient and durable composite material that is primarily useful for long-lasting restorations
Lyases: a class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of c-c, c-o, and c-n, and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation. (enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 4
Lychnis: a plant genus of the family caryophyllaceae. the common name campion is also used with silene
Lycium: a plant genus of the family solanaceae. members contain cerebrosides and scopoletin
Lycopene: a carotenoid and red pigment produced by tomatoes, other red fruits and vegetables, and photosynthetic algae. it is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of other carotenoids, and has antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, radioprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties
Lycopodiaceae: the club-moss plant family of the order lycopodiales, class lycopodiopsida, division lycopodiophyta, subkingdom tracheophyta. the common name of clubmoss applies to several genera of this family. despite the name this is not one of the true mosses (bryopsida )
Lycopodium: a plant genus of the family lycopodiaceae. members contain alkaloids. lycopodium oil is obtained from l. clavatum
Lycopus: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae that contains rosmarinic acid and isopimarane diterpenoids and has been used in folk medicine for hyperthyroidism
Lycoris: a plant genus of the family amaryllidaceae. members contain radiatine, vittatine, haemanthamine, lycorenine, dihydrolycorine, lycorine, lycoricidinol and lycoricidine
Lycoris: rod rostlin čeledi amaryllidaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují radiatin, vittatin, haemanthamin, lykorenin, dihydrolykorin, lykorin, lykoricidinol a lykoricidin
Lye: generally speaking, it is the alkaline substance obtained from wood ashes by percolation. preparations of lye can be solutions of either potassium or sodium hydroxide. the term lye, is also used to refer to the household product which is a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate
Lyme Disease: an infectious disease caused by a spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted chiefly by ixodes dammini (see ixodes) and pacificus ticks in the united states and ixodes ricinis (see ixodes) in europe. it is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. the disease was formerly known as lyme arthritis and first discovered at old lyme, connecticut
Lyme Neuroborreliosis: nervous system infections caused by tick-borne spirochetes of the borrelia burgdorferi group. the disease may affect elements of the central or peripheral nervous system in isolation or in combination. common clinical manifestations include a lymphocytic meningitis, cranial neuropathy (most often a facial neuropathy), polyradiculopathy, and a mild loss of memory and other cognitive functions. less often more extensive inflammation involving the central nervous system (encephalomyelitis) may occur. in the peripheral nervous system, b. burgdorferi infection is associated with mononeuritis multiplex and polyradiculoneuritis. (from j neurol sci 1998 jan 8;153(2):182-91)
Lymecycline: a semisynthetic antibiotic related to tetracycline. it is more readily absorbed than tetracycline and can be used in lower doses
Lymnaea: a genus of dextrally coiled freshwater snails that includes some species of importance as intermediate hosts of parasitic flukes
Lymnaea: rod sladkovodních plžů s pravotočivými ulitami. některé druhy tohoto rodu jsou mezihostiteli parazitických motolic