NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Vicia sativa: druh rostlin rodu vicia, čeledi fabaceae. má využití jako pícnina, semena v určitém množství jako krmivo. semena obsahují thiokyanáty jako např. prunasin, kyanoalanin, kyanogen a vicin
Vicomp alloy: cobalt-chromium-molybdenum-ceramic alloy
Victoria: a state in southeastern australia, the southernmost state. its capital is melbourne. it was discovered in 1770 by captain cook and first settled by immigrants from tasmania. in 1851 it was separated from new south wales as a separate colony. self-government was introduced in 1851; it became a state in 1901. it was named for queen victoria in 1851. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p1295 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, p574)
Victoria: jeden ze šesti spolkových států austrálie, leží na jihovýchodě austrálie. hlavním a zároveň největším městem je melbourne, kde žije 75 % populace celé victorie. na západě sousedí s jižní austrálii a na severu s novým jižním walesem, od kterého je oddělena řekou murray. je obklopena tasmanovým mořem (na jihovýchodě) a indickým oceánem. na jih od victorie leží ostrov tasmánie. victoria je pojmenována podle britské královny viktorie, protože to byla britská kolonie. byla tak pojmenována roku 1851, když se victoria odtrhla od nového jižního walesu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2021 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Vidarabine: a nucleoside antibiotic isolated from streptomyces antibioticus. it has some antineoplastic properties and has broad spectrum activity against dna viruses in cell cultures and significant antiviral activity against infections caused by a variety of viruses such as the herpes viruses, the vaccinia virus and varicella zoster virus
Vidarabine Phosphate: an adenosine monophosphate analog in which ribose is replaced by an arabinose moiety. it is the monophosphate ester of vidarabine with antiviral and possibly antineoplastic properties
Video Games: a form of interactive entertainment in which the player controls electronically generated images that appear on a video display screen. this includes video games played in the home on special machines or home computers, and those played in arcades
Video Recording: the storing or preserving of video signals to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver
Video-Assisted Surgery: endoscopic surgical procedures performed with visualization via video transmission. when real-time video is combined interactively with prior ct scans or mri images, this is called image-guided surgery (see surgery, computer-assisted)
Video-Audio Media: used with articles which include video files or clips, or for articles which are entirely video
Videoconferencing: communications via an interactive conference between two or more participants at different sites, using computer networks (computer communication networks) or other telecommunication links to transmit audio, video, and data
Videodisc Recording: the storing of visual and usually sound signals on discs for later reproduction on a television screen or monitor
Vietnam: a country in southeastern asia, bordering the gulf of thailand, gulf of tonkin, and south china sea, as well as china, laos, and cambodia. the capital is hanoi
Vietnam: stát v jihovýchodní asii, na východě poloostrova zadní indie při pobřeží jihočínského moře. jeho sousedy jsou kambodža, čína a laos. hlavním městem je hanoj, největším ho či minovo město. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Vietnam Conflict: a conflict occurring from 1954 through 1975 within the republic of vietnam. it involved neighboring nations and the united states and other members of the southeast asia treaty organization
Vigabatrin: an analogue of gamma-aminobutyric acid. it is an irreversible inhibitor of 4-aminobutyrate transaminase, the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid and is used as an anticonvulsant. (from martindale the extra pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
Vilanol: partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate; effective for renal ablation & control of refractory hypertension
Vilazodone Hydrochloride: a benzofuran, indole, and piperazine derivative that functions as a serotonin uptake inhibitor and partial serotonin 5-ht1 receptor agonist. it is used as an antidepressive agent
Vildagliptin: a pyrrolidine-carbonitrile derivative and potent inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 that is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Viljoen Kallis Voges syndrome: microcephaly, short stature, brachydactyly type d, flattened occiput, low-set large ears, prominent nose, kyphoscoliosis and mental retardation
Viloxazine: a morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. it is similar in action to imipramine
Vimentin: an intermediate filament protein found in most differentiating cells, in cells grown in tissue culture, and in certain fully differentiated cells. its insolubility suggests that it serves a structural function in the cytoplasm. mw 52,000
VinMCP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 4 cpds; used in the therapy of multiple myeloma
Vinblastine: antitumor alkaloid isolated from vinca rosea. (merck, 11th ed.)
Vinca Alkaloids: a group of indole-indoline dimers which are alkaloids obtained from the vinca genus of plants. they inhibit polymerization of tubulin into microtubules thus blocking spindle formation and arresting cells in metaphase. they are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents
Vincamine: a major alkaloid of vinca minor l., apocynaceae. it has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders
Vincristine: an antitumor alkaloid isolated from vinca rosea. (merck, 11th ed.)
Vinculin: a cytoskeletal protein associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. the amino acid sequence of human vinculin has been determined. the protein consists of 1066 amino acid residues and its gene has been assigned to chromosome 10
Vindesine: vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against cancer. major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (antineoplastic combined chemotherapy protocols)
Vinorelbine: a vinca alkaloid related to vinblastine that is used as a first-line treatment for non-small cell lung cancer, or for advanced or metastatic breast cancer refractory to treatment with anthracyclines
Vinyl Chloride: a gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms
Viola: a plant genus of the family violaceae. some species in this genus are called bouncing bet which is a common name more often used with saponaria officinalis. members contain macrocyclic peptides
Viola: rod rostlin z čeledi violaceae. obecně se nazývají fialky. zástupci rodu obsahují makrocyklické peptidy
Violaceae: a plant family of the order violales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida
Violaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu malpígiotvaré (malpighiales). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Viologens: a group of dipyridinium chloride derivatives that are used as oxidation-reduction indicators. the general formula is 1,1'-di-r-4,4'-bipyridinium chloride, where r = methyl, ethyl, benzyl or, betaine
Viomycin: a strongly basic peptide, antibiotic complex from several strains of streptomyces. it is allergenic and toxic to kidneys and the labyrinth. viomycin is used in tuberculosis as several different salts and in combination with other agents
Viper Venoms: venoms from snakes of the viperid family. they tend to be less toxic than elapid or hydrophid venoms and act mainly on the vascular system, interfering with coagulation and capillary membrane integrity and are highly cytotoxic. they contain large amounts of several enzymes, other factors, and some toxins
Vipera: a genus of venomous and viviparous vipers in subfamily viperinae. vipera are found in africa, europe and asia
Vipera: rod jedovatých a živorodých zmijí z podčeledi viperinae. tyto zmije se vyskytují v africe, evropě a asii
Viperidae: a family of snakes comprising four subfamilies: azemiopinae (the mountain viper, the sole member of this subfamily), viperinae (true vipers), crotalinae (pit vipers) and causinae. they are widespread throughout the world, being found in the united states, central and south america, europe, asia and africa. their venoms act on the blood (hemotoxic) as compared to the venom of elapids which act on the nervous system (neurotoxic). (goin, goin, and zug, introduction to herpetology, 3d ed, pp333-36)
Viperidae: zmijovití (viperidae) jsou jednou z nejvýše postavených čeledí hadů. jsou vybaveni jedovými zuby, někteří mají tepločivné jamky mezi očima a nozdrami. jejich jed je hemotoxický, rozkládá krvinky. vyskytují se na všech místech a kontinentech s výjimkou antarktidy, austrálie, nového zélandu, irska, madagaskaru a havaje. patří sem čtyři podčeledi: azemiopinae (zmijovci), causinae (pazmije), viperinae (zmije) a crotalinae (chřestýšovití). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Viperin Protein: a highly conserved ifn-inducible protein with a wide range of antiviral activities by binding to the viral n protein
Viperinae: a subfamily of snakes commonly known as true vipers or crotaline snakes in the family viperidae. they are distinguished from sister subfamily crotalinae or pit vipers by their lack the heat-sensing pit organs
Viperinae: podčeleď hadů. od sesterské podčeledi crotalinae neboli chřestýšů se liší tím, že na hlavě nemají termoreceptory vnímající teplotní rozdíly
Vipoma: a tumor that secretes vasoactive intestinal peptide, a neuropeptide that causes vasodilation; relaxation of smooth muscles; watery diarrhea; hypokalemia; and hypochlorhydria. vipomas, derived from the pancreatic islet cells, generally are malignant and can secrete other hormones. in most cases, vipomas are located in the pancreas but can be found in extrapancreatic sites
Viral Core Proteins: proteins found mainly in icosahedral dna and rna viruses. they consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the nucleocapsid
Viral Envelope: bilayer lipid membrane acquired by viral particles during viral morphogenesis. although the lipids of the viral envelope are host derived, various virus-encoded integral membrane proteins, i.e. viral envelope proteins are incorporated there
Viral Envelope Proteins: integral membrane proteins that are incorporated into the viral envelope. they are glycosylated during viral assembly
Viral Fusion Protein Inhibitors: drugs that are designed to block the action of viral fusion proteins and prevent viruses from entering the cell
Viral Fusion Proteins: proteins, usually glycoproteins, found in the viral envelopes of a variety of viruses. they promote cell membrane fusion and thereby may function in the uptake of the virus by cells
Viral Genome Packaging: folding of the viral genomic nucleic acid into the virus particle
Viral Hepatitis Vaccines: any vaccine raised against any virus or viral derivative that causes hepatitis
Viral Interference: a phenomenon in which infection by a first virus results in resistance of cells or tissues to infection by a second, unrelated virus
Viral Load: the quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a surrogate marker in disease progression
Viral Matrix Proteins: proteins associated with the inner surface of the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope. these proteins have been implicated in control of viral transcription and may possibly serve as the glue that binds the nucleocapsid to the appropriate membrane site during viral budding from the host cell
Viral Nonstructural Proteins: proteins encoded by a viral genome that are not structural components of virus particles. some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during virus replication or act in regulation of virus replication or virus assembly
Viral Packaging Sequence: specific sequences in the viral nucleic acid that are involved in packaging the viral genome (viral genome packaging) into the virus particles
Viral Papain-like Proteases: a subclass of cysteine endopeptidases found in viruses that share structural similarities with papain
Viral Plaque Assay: method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in cultured cells. clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the viral particles are released from the infected cells during incubation. with some viruses, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. sometimes the plaque cells contain viral antigens which can be measured by immunofluorescence
Viral Protease Inhibitors: compounds that specifically inhibit proteolytic enzymes that are encoded by viruses
Viral Proteases: a broad category of proteolytic enzymes that are produced by viruses. they play a role in the viral life cycle by processing viral proteins and possibly acting on host cell proteins
Viral Pseudotyping: technique in which endogenous envelope proteins have been replaced by use of a chimeric vector. for instance a viral vector with simian immunodeficiency virus can be coated with the viral envelope proteins from vesicular stomatitus virus. use of these types of vectors are useful in developing neutralization tests by enabling infection of almost universal set of host cells
Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins: a broad category of viral proteins that play indirect roles in the biological processes and activities of viruses. included here are proteins that either regulate the expression of viral genes or are involved in modifying host cell functions. many of the proteins in this category serve multiple functions
Viral Replicase Complex Proteins: viral genome-encoded enzymes that facilitate the replication of rna viruses
Viral Replication Compartments: sites in the host cell where the virus induces the formation of cellular assemblies for the replication of the viral genome
Viral Structural Proteins: viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled virus particles. they may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). these do not include the proteins encoded in the viral genome that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (viral nonstructural proteins)
Viral Tail Proteins: proteins found in the tail sections of dna and rna viruses. it is believed that these proteins play a role in directing chain folding and assembly of polypeptide chains
Viral Transcription: the biosynthesis of subgenomic viral rnas, transcribed from the viral genome
Viral Tropism: the specificity of a virus for infecting a particular type of cell or tissue
Viral Vaccines: suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease
Virgibacillus: a genus of gram-positive endospore-forming rods in the family bacillaceae. they have been isolated from salty environments, food, water, and clinical specimens
Virgibacillus: rod grampozitivních tyčinek čeledi bacillaceae, který tvoří endospory. tyto bakterie byly izolovány ze slaného prostředí, z potravin, vody a z klinického materiálu
Virginia: state bounded on the north by maryland and west virginia, on the east by the atlantic ocean, the chesapeake bay and maryland, and on the south by north carolina and tennessee, and on the west by kentucky and west virginia
Virginia: virginie hraničí na severovýchodě s marylandem a washingtonem, d.c., na severozápadě se západní virginií, na západě s kentucky, na jihozápadě s tennessee a jihu se severní karolínou. východní ohraničení státu tvoří atlantský oceán. hlavní město je richmond
Virginiamycin: a cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from streptomyces virginiae, s. loidensis, s. mitakaensis, s. pristina-spiralis, s. ostreogriseus, and others. it consists of 2 major components, virginiamycin factor m1 and virginiamycin factor s1. it is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry
Viridans Streptococci: a large heterogeneous group of mostly alpha-hemolytic streptococci. they colonize the respiratory tract at birth and generally have a low degree of pathogenicity. this group of species includes streptococcus mitis; streptococcus mutans; streptococcus oralis; streptococcus sanguis; streptococcus sobrinus; and the streptococcus milleri group. the latter are often beta-hemolytic and commonly produce invasive pyogenic infections including brain and abdominal abscesses
Viridiplantae: a monophyletic group of green plants that includes all land plants (embryophyta) and all green algae (chlorophyta and streptophyta)
Viridiplantae: monofyletická skupina zelených rostlin, která zahrnuje všechny pozemní rostliny (podříše embryophyta) a všechny zelené řasy (chlorophyta a streptophyta)
Virilism: development of male secondary sex characteristics in the female. it is due to the effects of androgenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as adrenal glands or therapeutic drugs
Virion: the infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos
Viroids: a group of pathogens comprising the smallest known agents of infectious disease. they are unencapsulated and are capable of replicating autonomously in susceptible cells. positively identified viroids composed of single-stranded rna have been isolated from higher plants, but the existence of dna viroids pathogenic to animals is suspected
Virology: the study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of viruses, and virus diseases
Virome: all of the viruses that exist within a particular biological niche such as an organism or specific location of the organism, soil, a body of water, etc
Virophages: circular, double-stranded dna viruses that invade giant dna viruses (giant viruses) which infect eukaryotes
Viroporin Proteins: viral proteins that assemble into oligomeric ion channels which can facilitate the transfer of viral materials across the cell membrane
Virosomes: semi-synthetic complex derived from nucleic-acid free viral particles. they are essentially reconstituted viral coats, where the infectious nucleocapsid is replaced by a compound of choice. virosomes retain their fusogenic activity and thus deliver the incorporated compound (antigens, drugs, genes) inside the target cell. they can be used for vaccines (vaccines, virosome), drug delivery, or gene transfer
Virtual Reality: using computer technology to create and maintain an environment and project a user's physical presence in that environment allowing the user to interact with it
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy: treatment technique in a virtual environment which allows the participant to experience a sense of presence in an immersive, computer-generated, three-dimensional, interactive environment that minimizes avoidance behavior and facilitates emotional involvement. (from curr psychiatry rep (2010) 12:298)
Virtues: character traits that are considered to be morally praiseworthy. (bioethics thesaurus)
Virulence: the degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. the pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its virulence factors
Virulence Factors: those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. two classes have been characterized: toxins, biological and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (from davis et al., microbiology, 4th ed. p486)
Virulence Factors, Bordetella: a set of bacterial adhesins and toxins, biological produced by bordetella organisms that determine the pathogenesis of bordetella infections, such as whooping cough. they include filamentous hemagglutinin; fimbriae proteins; pertactin; pertussis toxin; adenylate cyclase toxin; dermonecrotic toxin; tracheal cytotoxin; bordetella lipopolysaccharides; and tracheal colonization factor
Virus Activation: the mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses (proviruses) or prophages of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. it may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including b-cell lipopolysaccharides, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses
Virus Assembly: the assembly of viral structural proteins and nucleic acid (viral dna or viral rna) to form a virus particle
Virus Attachment: the binding of virus particles to virus receptors on the host cell surface, facilitating virus entry into the cell
Virus Inactivation: inactivation of viruses by non-immune related techniques. they include extremes of ph, heat treatment, ultraviolet radiation, ionizing radiation; desiccation; antiseptics; disinfectants; organic solvents, and detergents
Virus Integration: insertion of viral dna into host-cell dna. this includes integration of phage dna into bacterial dna; (lysogeny); to form a prophage or integration of retroviral dna into cellular dna to form a provirus
Virus Internalization: the entering of cells by viruses following virus attachment. this is achieved by endocytosis, by translocation of the whole virus across the cell membrane, by direct membrane fusion of the viral membrane with the cell membrane, or by fusion of the membrane of infected cells with the membrane of non-infected cells causing syncytia to be formed
Virus Latency: the ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). in eukaryotes, subsequent activation and viral replication is thought to be caused by extracellular stimulation of cellular transcription factors. latency in bacteriophage is maintained by the expression of virally encoded repressors
Virus Physiological Phenomena: biological properties, processes, and activities of viruses, including the interactions with the cells they infect
Virus Release: release of a virus from the host cell following virus assembly and maturation. egress can occur by host cell lysis, exocytosis, or budding through the plasma membrane
Virus Replication: the process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of proteins; nucleic acids; and sometimes lipids, and their assembly into a new infectious particle
Virus Shedding: the expelling of virus particles from the body. important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract (important in infectious disease transmission, vertical), and intestinal tract
Virus Uncoating: intracellular step that follows virus internalization during which the viral nucleic acid and capsid are separated
Viruses: minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of dna or rna, but not both. they are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells
Viscaceae: the christmas mistletoe plant family of the order santalales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida. they are parasitic primarily on coniferous trees forming a drooping evergreen bush of leathery leaves on tree branches. the berries are sticky and toxic
Viscera: any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen
Visceral Pain: pain originating from internal organs (viscera) associated with autonomic phenomena (pallor; sweating; nausea; and vomiting). it often becomes a referred pain
Viscoelastic Substances: substances that display the physical properties of elasticity and viscosity. the dual-nature of these substances causes them to resist applied forces in a time-dependent manner
Viscosity: the resistance that a gaseous or liquid system offers to flow when it is subjected to shear stress. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Viscosupplementation: a therapeutic treatment typically involving intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid and related compounds. the procedure is commonly used in the treatment of osteoarthritis with the therapeutic goal to restore the viscoelasticity of synovial fluid, decrease pain, improve mobility and restore the natural protective functions of hyaluronan in the joint
Viscosupplements: viscoelastic solutions that are injected into joints in order to alleviate symptoms of joint-related disorders such as osteoarthritis
Viscum: a plant genus in the family viscaceae, order santalales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida. species of this genus contain cytotoxic lectins. the common name of mistletoe is used for many species of this and the loranthaceae families
Viscum: rod rostlin čeledi santalaceae, řádu santalales, třídy rosopsida. jeho zástupci obsahují cytotoxické lektiny
Viscum album: a plant species of the family viscaceae, order santalales, subclass rosidae. this is the traditional mistletoe of literature and christmas. members contain viscotoxin (5 kda basic polypeptides related to thionins), beta-galactoside- and n-acetyl-d-galactosamine-specific lectin ii (60 kda), and polysaccharides. mistletoe lectin i is a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein. commercial extracts include plenosol, eurixor, helixor isorel, iscador, and nsc 635089 (antineoplastic agents, phytogenic)
Viscum album: stálezelený poloparazitický keřík z čeledi santálovitých (santalaceae) (podle apg iii); v některých starších taxonomických systémech bylo řazeno do čeledi ochmetovité (loranthaceae) nebo jmelovité (viscaceae). jmelí hrálo důležitou roli v náboženské tradici u mnoha evropských národů. nejdůležitějšími látkami, jež droga (latinsky herba visci) obsahuje, je soubor toxických polypeptidů (viskotoxiny), sestavených z 46 aminokyselin (tzv. jmelové živice). dále to jsou lektiny (lektin i, ii a iii), cholínové deriváty, triterpenické kyseliny a další glykosidicky vázané látky. extrakt z rostliny obsahují některé léčivé přípravky. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Visible Human Projects: digital image data sets, consisting of complete, anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of the normal male and female human bodies
Vision Disorders: visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. these may result from eye diseases; optic nerve diseases; visual pathway diseases; occipital lobe diseases; ocular motility disorders; and other conditions (from newell, ophthalmology: principles and concepts, 7th ed, p132)
Vision Disparity: the difference between two images on the retina when looking at a visual stimulus. this occurs since the two retinas do not have the same view of the stimulus because of the location of our eyes. thus the left eye does not get exactly the same view as the right eye
Vision Screening: application of tests and examinations to identify visual defects or vision disorders occurring in specific populations, as in school children, the elderly, etc. it is differentiated from vision tests, which are given to evaluate/measure individual visual performance not related to a specific population
Vision, Binocular: the blending of separate images seen by each eye into one composite image
Vision, Entoptic: visual sensation derived from sensory stimulation by objects or shadows inside the eye itself, such as floating vitreous fibers, tissues, or blood
Vision, Low: vision considered to be inferior to normal vision as represented by accepted standards of acuity, field of vision, or motility. low vision generally refers to visual disorders that are caused by diseases that cannot be corrected by refraction (e.g., macular degeneration; retinitis pigmentosa; diabetic retinopathy, etc.)
Vision, Ocular: the process in which light signals are transformed by the photoreceptor cells into electrical signals which can then be transmitted to the brain
Visna: demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis of sheep caused by the visna-maedi virus. it is similar to but not the same as scrapie
Visna-maedi virus: a species of lentivirus, subgenus ovine-caprine lentiviruses (lentiviruses, ovine-caprine), that can cause chronic pneumonia (maedi), mastitis, arthritis, and encephalomyelitis (visna) in sheep. maedi is a progressive pneumonia of sheep which is similar to but not the same as jaagsiekte (pulmonary adenomatosis, ovine). visna is a demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis of sheep which is similar to but not the same as scrapie
Visual Acuity: clarity or sharpness of ocular vision or the ability of the eye to see fine details. visual acuity depends on the functions of retina, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast
Visual Analog Scale: a subjective psychometric response scale used to measure distinct behavioral or physiological phenomena based on linear numerical gradient or yes/no alternatives
Visual Cortex: area of the occipital lobe concerned with the processing of visual information relayed via visual pathways
Visual Field Tests: method of measuring and mapping the scope of vision, from central to peripheral of each eye
Visual Fields: the total area or space visible in a person's peripheral vision with the eye looking straightforward
Visual Pathways: set of cell bodies and nerve fibers conducting impulses from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. it includes the retina; optic nerve; optic tract; and geniculocalcarine tract
Visual Prosthesis: artificial device such as an externally-worn camera attached to a stimulator on the retina, optic nerve, or visual cortex, intended to restore or amplify vision
Vita Zeta LC: an indirect composite that contains bis-gma, udma, tegdma, multiphase feldspar frits, and silicon dioxide
Vitabloc MK1: a feldspar composite; used for fabrication of inlays and onlays
Vitaceae: a plant family of the order rhamnales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida, best known for the vitis genus, the source of grapes
Vitaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin řádu vitales (révotvaré), třídy rosopsida. nejvýznamnějším zástupcem je rod vitis (réva)
Vitacemen Type II: powder is (by wt) 90% tricalcium phosphate and 10% barium sulfate; liquid is aqueous solution that is (by wt) 27% polycarboxylic acid and 20% citric acid
Vital Capacity: the volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration
Vital Signs: the signs of life that may be monitored or measured, namely pulse rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and blood pressure
Vitalescence composite resin: resin-based composites for bleached teeth after polymerization & accelerated aging
Vitalism: the metaphysical doctrine that the functions and processes of life are due to a vital principle distinct from physicochemical forces and that the laws of physics and chemistry alone cannot explain life functions and processes. vitalism is opposed to mechanistic materialism. the belief was that matter was divided into two classes based on behavior with respect to heat: organic and inorganic. inorganic material could be melted but could always be recovered by removing the heat source. organic compounds changed form upon heating and could not be recovered by removing the heat source. the proposed explanation for the difference between organic and inorganic compounds was the vitalism theory, which stated that inorganic materials did not contain the vital force of life
Vitallium: an alloy of 60% cobalt, 20% chromium, 5% molybdenum, and traces of other substances. it is used in dentures, certain surgical appliances, prostheses, implants, and instruments
Vitamin A: retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. dietary vitamin a is derived from a variety of carotenoids found in plants. it is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products
Vitamin A Deficiency: a nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of vitamin a in the diet, characterized by night blindness and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (xerophthalmia). vitamin a deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin a-rich foods. in the united states it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (from cecil textbook of medicine, 19th ed, p1179)
Vitamin B 12: a cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. higher plants do not concentrate vitamin b 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. intrinsic factor is important for the assimilation of vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: a nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of vitamin b 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. since vitamin b 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. a wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin b 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (from cecil textbook of medicine, 19th ed, p848)
Vitamin B 6: vitamin b 6 refers to several picolines (especially pyridoxine; pyridoxal; & pyridoxamine) that are efficiently converted by the body to pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. during transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate. although pyridoxine and vitamin b 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (ee snell; ann ny acad sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). most of vitamin b6 is eventually degraded to pyridoxic acid and excreted in the urine
Vitamin B 6 Deficiency: a nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of vitamin b 6 in the diet, characterized by dermatitis, glossitis, cheilosis, and stomatitis. marked deficiency causes irritability, weakness, depression, dizziness, peripheral neuropathy, and seizures. in infants and children typical manifestations are diarrhea, anemia, and seizures. deficiency can be caused by certain medications, such as isoniazid
Vitamin B Complex: a group of water-soluble vitamins, some of which are coenzymes
Vitamin B Deficiency: a condition due to deficiency in any member of the vitamin b complex. these b vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat
Vitamin D: a vitamin that includes both cholecalciferols and ergocalciferols, which have the common effect of preventing or curing rickets in animals. it can also be viewed as a hormone since it can be formed in skin by action of ultraviolet rays upon the precursors, 7-dehydrocholesterol and ergosterol, and acts on vitamin d receptors to regulate calcium in opposition to parathyroid hormone
Vitamin D Deficiency: a nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of vitamin d in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin d in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin d from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin d to its bioactive metabolites. it is manifested clinically as rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. (from cecil textbook of medicine, 19th ed, p1406)
Vitamin D Hydroxylation-Deficient Rickets, Type 1A: prom mutation in cyp27b1 gene
Vitamin D Hydroxylation-Deficient Rickets, Type 1B: mutation in cyp2r1
Vitamin D Response Element: a dna sequence that is found in the promoter region of vitamin d regulated genes. vitamin d receptor (receptor, calcitriol) binds to and regulates the activity of genes containing this element
Vitamin D-Binding Protein: an alpha-globulin found in the plasma of man and other vertebrates. it is apparently synthesized in the liver and carries vitamin d and its metabolites through the circulation and mediates the response of tissue. it is also known as group-specific component (gc). gc subtypes are used to determine specific phenotypes and gene frequencies. these data are employed in the classification of population groups, paternity investigations, and in forensic medicine
Vitamin D-Dependent Rickets, Type 2B, With Normal Vitamin D Receptor: mutation in vitamin d receptor
Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase: a cytochrome p-450 enzyme that has specificity for cholecalciferol (vitamin d3). it hydroxylates the molecule at carbon position 24
Vitamin E: a generic descriptor for all tocopherols and tocotrienols that exhibit alpha-tocopherol activity. by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2h-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of isoprenoids
Vitamin E Deficiency: a nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of vitamin e in the diet, characterized by posterior column and spinocerebellar tract abnormalities, areflexia, ophthalmoplegia, and disturbances of gait, proprioception, and vibration. in premature infants vitamin e deficiency is associated with hemolytic anemia, thrombocytosis, edema, intraventricular hemorrhage, and increasing risk of retrolental fibroplasia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. an apparent inborn error of vitamin e metabolism, named familial isolated vitamin e deficiency, has recently been identified. (cecil textbook of medicine, 19th ed, p1181)
Vitamin K: a lipid cofactor that is required for normal blood clotting. several forms of vitamin k have been identified: vitamin k 1 (phytomenadione) derived from plants, vitamin k 2 (menaquinone) from bacteria, and synthetic naphthoquinone provitamins, vitamin k 3 (menadione). vitamin k 3 provitamins, after being alkylated in vivo, exhibit the antifibrinolytic activity of vitamin k. green leafy vegetables, liver, cheese, butter, and egg yolk are good sources of vitamin k
Vitamin K 1: a family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. members of this group of vitamin k 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. rich sources of vitamin k 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. vitamin k1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity
Vitamin K 2: a group of substances similar to vitamin k 1 which contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinione and an isoprenoid side chain of varying number of isoprene units. in vitamin k 2, each isoprene unit contains a double bond. they are produced by bacteria including the normal intestinal flora
Vitamin K 3: a synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin k2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo
Vitamin K Deficiency: a nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of vitamin k in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (hemorrhagic disorders). such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (from cecil textbook of medicine, 19th ed, p1182)
Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases: oxidoreductases which mediate vitamin k metabolism by converting inactive vitamin k 2,3-epoxide to active vitamin k
Vitamin K-Dependent Clotting Factors, Combined Deficiency Of, 1: mutation in ggcx
Vitamin K-Dependent Clotting Factors, Combined Deficiency Of, Type 2: mutation in vkorc1
Vitamin U: a vitamin found in green vegetables. it is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract
Vitamins: organic substances that are required in small amounts for maintenance and growth, but which cannot be manufactured by the human body
Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy: autosomal dominant hereditary maculopathy with childhood-onset accumulation of lipofusion in retinal pigment epithelium. affected individuals develop progressive central acuity loss, and distorted vision (metamorphopsia). it is associated with mutations in bestrophin, a chloride channel
Vitelline Duct: the narrow tube connecting the yolk sac with the midgut of the embryo; persistence of all or part of it in post-fetal life produces abnormalities, of which the commonest is meckel diverticulum
Vitellins: major egg yolk proteins from egg-laying animals such as non-mammalian vertebrates; arthropods; and others. they are high-density lipoglycoproteins derived from circulating precursors, vitellogenins. vitellins serve as nutrients for the growing non-mammalian embryos (embryo, nonmammalian)
Vitellogenesis: the active production and accumulation of vitellins (egg yolk proteins) in the non-mammalian oocytes from circulating precursors, vitellogenins. vitellogenesis usually begins after the first meiosis and is regulated by estrogenic hormones
Vitellogenins: phospholipoglycoproteins produced in the fat body of egg-laying animals such as non-mammalian vertebrates; arthropods; and others. vitellogenins are secreted into the hemolymph, and taken into the oocytes by receptor-mediated endocytosis to form the major yolk proteins, vitellins. vitellogenin production is under the regulation of steroid hormones, such as estradiol and juvenile hormones in insects
Vitex: a genus of trees in the lamiaceae family containing assorted flavonoids with possible analgesic and antineoplastic properties. the fruit of these trees is used in herbal preparations
Vitex: rod stromů a keřů z čeledi hluchavkovitých, obsahuje různé flavonoidy s možnými analgetickými a antitumorózními vlastnostmi. plody těchto stromů se užívají v bylinných přípravcích
Vitiligo: a disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached
Vitis: a plant genus in the family vitaceae. it is a woody vine cultivated worldwide. it is best known for grapes, the edible fruit and used to make wine and raisins
Vitis: rod rostlin z čeledi révovité (vitaceae). hospodářsky nejvýznamnější druh je réva vinná. její plody (bobule) se používají k přímé konzumaci, k sušení a kandování a především jako surovina pro výrobu vína a dalších nápojů a oleje. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Vitrectomy: removal of the whole or part of the vitreous body in treating endophthalmitis, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies, and some types of glaucoma
Vitreoretinal Surgery: specialized ophthalmic technique used in the surgical repair and or treatment of disorders that include retinal tears or detachment; macular holes; hereditary retinal disease; aids-related retinal infections; ocular tumors; macular degeneration; diabetic retinopathy; and uveitis
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative: vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. the formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes
Vitreoscilla: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic or microaerophilic, colorless filaments. it is nonfruiting, motile by gliding, and found in freshwater sediments and cow dung. one species (v. stercoraria) is considered morphologically to be a streptobacillus. that species is strictly aerobic and produces a homodimeric bacterial hemoglobin, especially under oxygen-limited growth conditions. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Vitreoscilla: rod gramnegativních, aerobních nebo mikroaerofilních, bezbarvých, vláknitých bakterií. netvoří plodničky, po substrátu se pohybují klouzavým pohybem. vyskytují se ve sladkovodních usazeninách a kravském hnoji. druh v. stercoraria je morfologicky streptobacilem. je striktně aerobní a tvoří homodimerní bakteriální hemoglobin, zejména při nízkých koncentracích kyslíku
Vitreous Body: the transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. it is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe
Vitreous Detachment: detachment of the corpus vitreum (vitreous body) from its normal attachments, especially the retina, due to shrinkage from degenerative or inflammatory conditions, trauma, myopia, or senility
Vitrification: the transformation of a liquid to a glassy solid i.e., without the formation of crystals during the cooling process
Vitronectin: a blood plasma glycoprotein that mediates cell adhesion and interacts with proteins of the complement, coagulation, and fibrinolytic cascade. (from segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Vittaforma: a genus of parasitic fungi in the family nosematidae that infects humans. vittaforma corneae has been isolated from aids patients
Vittaforma: rod parazitických hub (fungi) z čeledi nosematidae, který infikuje člověka. vittaforma corneae byla izolována z klinického materiálu pacientů s aids
Viusid: nutritional supplement, antioxidant & immunomodulator; for ocoxin-viusid see ocoxin
VivaSens Liner: a desensitizing agent containing methacrylate modified polyacrylic acid and polyethyleneglycoldimethacrylate
Viverridae: cibetkovité šelmy (viverridae) jsou jednou z čeledí z řádu šelem. dorůstají menší až střední velikosti a žijí jak na stromech, tak na zemi. cibetkovití obývají oblast afriky, madagaskaru, jižní asie a jižní evropy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 https://cs.wikipedia.org)
Viverridae: the family of civets which are small and medium-sized old world carnivores, often striped or spotted
Viviparity, Nonmammalian: the capability of bearing live young (rather than eggs) in nonmammalian species. some species of reptiles and fishes exhibit this
Vivisection: the cutting of or surgical operation on a living animal, usually for physiological or pathological investigation. (from merriam-webster's collegiate dict, 10th ed)
VlhP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in the treatment of refractory germ cell tumors
Voacanga: a plant genus of the family apocynaceae. members contain voacangine and other indoles
Voacanga: rod rostlin čeledi apocynaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují voakangin a další indoly
Vocabulary: the sum or the stock of words used by a language, a group, or an individual. (from webster, 3d ed)
Vocabulary, Controlled: a specified list of terms with a fixed and unalterable meaning, and from which a selection is made when cataloging; abstracting and indexing; or searching books; journals as topic; and other documents. the control is intended to avoid the scattering of related subjects under different headings (subject headings). the list may be altered or extended only by the publisher or issuing agency. (from harrod's librarians' glossary, 7th ed, p163)
Vocal Cord Dysfunction: a disorder characterized by an intermittent abnormal vocal cords movement toward the midline during inspiration or expiration resulting in upper airway obstruction
Vocal Cord Paralysis: congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both vocal cords. this condition is caused by defects in the central nervous system, the vagus nerve and branches of laryngeal nerves. common symptoms are voice disorders including hoarseness or aphonia
Vocal Cords: a pair of cone-shaped elastic mucous membrane projecting from the laryngeal wall and forming a narrow slit between them. each contains a thickened free edge (vocal ligament) extending from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilage, and a vocal muscle that shortens or relaxes the vocal cord to control sound production
Vocational Education: education that prepares the student for a specific trade such as plumbing, masonry, and carpentry