NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Ansell Bywaters Elderking syndrome: familial arthropathy with rash, uveitis and mental retardation
Anseriformes: an order of birds comprising the waterfowl, particularly ducks; geese; swans; and screamers
Anseriformes: řád ptáků zahrnující vodní ptactvo (např. kachny, husy, labutě a kamišovité)
Answering Services: communication services provided by a person or a machine to record and relay the message from the caller
Ant Venoms: venoms from the superfamily formicoidea, ants. they may contain protein factors and toxins, histamine, enzymes, and alkaloids and are often allergenic or immunogenic
Antacids: substances that counteract or neutralize acidity of the gastrointestinal tract
Antagomirs: chemically-engineered oligonucleotides used to selectively inhibit expression of target genes through sequence-specific binding of corresponding microrna (mirna) sites
Antarctic Regions: the continent lying around the south pole and the southern waters of the atlantic, pacific, and indian oceans. it includes the falkland islands dependencies. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p55)
Antarktida: kontinent a zároveň jižní polární oblast rozprostírající se kolem jižního pólu země. k antarktidě lze přiřadit některé vesměs neobydlené ostrovy v jižním, atlantském, indickém a tichém oceánu. zahrnuje také falklandské dependence, které byly zámořským územím spojeného království a zahrnovaly ostrovy v jižním atlantském oceánu jižně od falkland a britský sektor antarktidy. v roce 1985 byly falklandské dependence zcela osamostatněny od falkland přejmenovány na jižní georgii a jižní sandwichovy ostrovy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Antelopes: any of various ruminant mammals of the order bovidae. they include numerous species in africa and the american pronghorn
Antennapedia Homeodomain Protein: antennapedia homeodomain protein is a homeobox protein involved in limb patterning in arthropods. mutations in the gene for the antennapedia homeodomain protein are associated with the conversion of antenna to leg or leg to antenna drosophila
Anterior Capsular Rupture, Ocular: a breach in the continuity of the anterior chamber of the eyeball
Anterior Capsule of the Lens: the anterior aspect of the casing that surrounds the natural crystalline lens
Anterior Cerebral Artery: artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery (carotid artery, internal). branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the caudate nucleus; internal capsule; putamen; septal nuclei; gyrus cinguli; and surfaces of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe
Anterior Chamber: the space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and that part of the crystalline lens which presents through the pupil. (cline et al., dictionary of visual science, 4th ed, p109)
Anterior Commissure, Brain: bundle of myelinated nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres in the lamina terminalis. it is located ventral to the septal nuclei, and caudal to the median preoptic nucleus
Anterior Compartment Syndrome: rapid swelling, increased tension, pain, and ischemic necrosis of the muscles of the anterior tibial compartment of the leg, often following excessive physical exertion
Anterior Cruciate Ligament: a strong ligament of the knee that originates from the posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur, passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: sprain or tear injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: rebuilding of the anterior cruciate ligament to restore functional stability of the knee. autografting or allografting of tissues is often used
Anterior Eye Segment: the front third of the eyeball that includes the structures between the front surface of the cornea and the front of the vitreous body
Anterior Horn Cells: motor neurons in the anterior (ventral) horn of the spinal cord which project to skeletal muscles
Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus: loose heterogeneous collection of cells in the anterior hypothalamus, continuous rostrally with the medial and lateral preoptic areas and caudally with the tuber cinereum
Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome: ischemia or infarction of the spinal cord in the distribution of the anterior spinal artery, which supplies the ventral two-thirds of the spinal cord. this condition is usually associated with atherosclerosis of the aorta and may result from dissection of an aortic aneurysm or rarely dissection of the anterior spinal artery. clinical features include weakness and loss of pain and temperature sensation below the level of injury, with relative sparing of position and vibratory sensation. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp1249-50)
Anterior Temporal Lobectomy: a neurosurgical procedure that removes the anterior temporal lobe including the medial temporal structures of cerebral cortex; amygdala; hippocampus; and the adjacent parahippocampal gyrus. this procedure is generally used for the treatment of intractable temporal epilepsy (epilepsy, temporal lobe)
Anterior Thalamic Nuclei: three nuclei located beneath the dorsal surface of the most rostral part of the thalamus. the group includes the anterodorsal nucleus, anteromedial nucleus, and anteroventral nucleus. all receive connections from the mamillary body and brain fornix, and project fibers to the cingulate body
Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction: myocardial infarction in which the anterior wall of the heart is involved. anterior wall myocardial infarction is often caused by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. it can be categorized as anteroseptal or anterolateral wall myocardial infarction
Anterior segment mesenchymal dysgenesis: a hereditary autosomal dominant eye abnormality characterized by anterior segment ocular dysgenesis, corneal opacity, cataracts, and normal to reduced visual acuity. cornea and lens histology are abnormal. mutations in the foxe3 and pitx3 genes have been identified. omim: 107250
Anthelmintics: agents that kill parasitic worms. they are used therapeutically in the treatment of helminthiasis in man and animal
Anthemis: a plant genus of the family asteraceae that is similar to matricaria but this has tiny chaffy bract scales between each pair of florets. members contain sesquiterpene lactones. other plants with similar common names include ferula; foeniculum; matricaria; chamaemelum and tripleurospermum
Anthemis: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae, který je velmi podobný rodu matricaria. na rozdíl od něj však nemá vyklenuté a duté květní lůžko. zástupci obsahují seskviterpenické laktony
Anthocerotophyta: a plant division that includes hornworts, named for the horn-like appearance of the spore-producing plant (sporophyte)
Anthocerotophyta: oddělení vyšších necévnatých rostlin, řazené k mechorostům. formálně k němu patří jediná třída, anthocerotopsida. jako u ostatních mechorostů se střídají v životním cyklu fáze sporofytu a gametofytu
Anthocidaris: a genus of sea urchins synonymous with heliocidaris, belonging to the family echinometridae
Anthocyanins: a group of flavonoids derived from flavonols, which lack the ketone oxygen at the 4-position. they are glycosylated versions of cyanidin, pelargonidin or delphinidin. the conjugated bonds result in blue, red, and purple colors in flowers of plants
Anthozoa: a class in the phylum cnidaria, comprised mostly of corals and anemones. all members occur only as polyps; the medusa stage is completely absent
Anthracosilicosis: a form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of dust that contains both carbon and crystalline silicon dioxide. these foreign matters induce fibrous nodule formation in the lung
Anthracosis: a diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by accumulation of inhaled carbon or coal dust. the disease can progress from asymptomatic anthracosis to massive lung fibrosis. this lung lesion usually occurs in coal miners, but can be seen in urban dwellers and tobacco smokers
Anthracyclines: organic compounds that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine
Anthralin: an anthracene derivative that disrupts function and structure of mitochondria and is used for the treatment of dermatoses, especially psoriasis. it may cause folliculitis
Anthramycin: a broad-spectrum spectrum antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from streptomyces refuineus var. thermotolerans. it has low toxicity, some activity against trichomonas and endamoeba, and inhibits rna and dna synthesis. it binds irreversibly to dna
Anthranilate Phosphoribosyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of n-5'-phosphoribosylanthranilic acid from anthranilate and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate, the first step in tryptophan synthesis in e. coli. it exists in a complex with anthranilate synthase in bacteria. ec 2.4.2.18
Anthranilate Synthase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of anthranilate (o-aminobenzoate) and pyruvic acid from chorismate and glutamine. anthranilate is the biosynthetic precursor of tryptophan and numerous secondary metabolites, including inducible plant defense compounds. ec 4.1.3.27
Anthraquinones: compounds based on anthracenes which contain two ketones in any position. substitutions can be in any position except on the ketone groups
Anthrax: an acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria bacillus anthracis. it commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics
Anthrones: anthracenes with one ketone group, typically 9,10-dihydroanthracene carrying an oxo group at c-9
Anthropology, Cultural: study of social phenomena which characterize the learned, shared, and transmitted social activities of particular ethnic groups with focus on the causes, consequences, and complexities of human social and cultural variability
Anthropology, Medical: field of social science that is concerned with differences between human groups as related to health status and beliefs
Anthropology, Physical: the comparative science dealing with the physical characteristics of humans as related to their origin, evolution, and development in the total environment
Anthropometry: the technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body
Anthroposophy: knowledge of the nature of man. a spiritual and mystical doctrine that grew out of theosophy and derives mainly from the philosophy of rudolph steiner, austrian social philosopher (1861-1925). (webster, 3d ed)
Anthydro: barrier-cream; contains glycerol ester, dodecylic ester, dimethylpolysiloxanes, trimethylpolysiloxanes, propylene glycol, magnesium sulfate, & isothiazoline salts
Anti-Allergic Agents: agents that are used to treat allergic reactions. most of these drugs act by preventing the release of inflammatory mediators or inhibiting the actions of released mediators on their target cells. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1994, p475)
Anti-Anxiety Agents: agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and anxiety disorders, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here
Anti-Arrhythmia Agents: agents used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. they may affect the polarization-repolarization phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibers. anti-arrhythmia agents are often classed into four main groups according to their mechanism of action: sodium channel blockade, beta-adrenergic blockade, repolarization prolongation, or calcium channel blockade
Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies: autoantibodies to citrullinated-peptides and proteins
Anti-Dyskinesia Agents: drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders. most of these act centrally on dopaminergic or cholinergic systems. among the most important clinically are those used for the treatment of parkinson disease (antiparkinson agents) and those for the tardive dyskinesias
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease: an autoimmune disease of the kidney and the lung. it is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies targeting the epitopes in the non-collagenous domains of collagen type iv in the basement membranes of kidney glomeruli (kidney glomerulus) and lung alveoli (pulmonary alveoli), and the subsequent destruction of these basement membranes. clinical features include pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis
Anti-HIV Agents: agents used to treat aids and/or stop the spread of the hiv infection. these do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with aids
Anti-Infective Agents: substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection
Anti-Infective Agents, Local: substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. they are distinguished from disinfectants, which are used on inanimate objects
Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary: substances capable of killing agents causing urinary tract infections or of preventing them from spreading
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal: anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. in addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions. they act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects
Anti-Mullerian Hormone: a glycoprotein that causes regression of mullerian ducts. it is produced by sertoli cells of the testes. in the absence of this hormone, the mullerian ducts develop into structures of the female reproductive tract. in males, defects of this hormone result in persistent mullerian duct, a form of male pseudohermaphroditism
Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: disorder characterized by symptoms of catatonia; hypoventilation; dyskinesias; encephalitis; and seizures followed by a reduced consciousness. it is often followed by a viral-like prodrome. many cases are self-limiting and respond well to immunomodulatory therapies against the nmda receptors antibodies
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis: group of systemic vasculitis with a strong association with anca. the disorders are characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small and medium size vessels, with little or no immune-complex deposits in vessel walls
Anti-Obesity Agents: agents that increase energy expenditure and weight loss by neural and metabolic regulation
Anti-Ulcer Agents: various agents with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate peptic ulcer or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. this has included antibiotics to treat helicobacter infections; histamine h2 antagonists to reduce gastric acid secretion; and antacids for symptomatic relief
Antiaris: a plant genus of the family moraceae. members have been used as an arrow poison
Antiaris: rod rostlin čeledi moraceae. latex ančaru jedovatého se používá jako šípový jed
Antibiosis: a natural association between organisms that is detrimental to at least one of them. this often refers to the production of chemicals by one microorganism that is harmful to another
Antibiotic Prophylaxis: use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications
Antibiotics, Antineoplastic: chemical substances, produced by microorganisms, inhibiting or preventing the proliferation of neoplasms
Antibiotics, Antitubercular: substances obtained from various species of microorganisms that are, alone or in combination with other agents, of use in treating various forms of tuberculosis; most of these agents are merely bacteriostatic, induce resistance in the organisms, and may be toxic
Antibodies: immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells)
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic: antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies
Antibodies, Anticardiolipin: antiphospholipid antibodies found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus erythematosus, systemic;), antiphospholipid syndrome; and in a variety of other diseases as well as in healthy individuals. the antibodies are detected by solid-phase immunoassay employing the purified phospholipid antigen cardiolipin
Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic: autoantibodies directed against cytoplasmic constituents of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and/or monocytes. they are used as specific markers for granulomatosis with polyangiitis and other diseases, though their pathophysiological role is not clear. anca are routinely detected by indirect immunofluorescence with three different patterns: c-anca (cytoplasmic), p-anca (perinuclear), and atypical anca
Antibodies, Antinuclear: autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including dna, rna, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease
Antibodies, Antiphospholipid: autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. these antibodies are characteristically found in patients with certain autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome), some non-autoimmune diseases, and also in healthy individuals
Antibodies, Archaeal: immunoglobulins produced in a response to archaeal antigens
Antibodies, Bispecific: antibodies, often monoclonal, in which the two antigen-binding sites are specific for separate antigenic determinants. they are artificial antibodies produced by chemical crosslinking, fusion of hybridoma cells, or by molecular genetic techniques. they function as the main mediators of targeted cellular cytotoxicity and have been shown to be efficient in the targeting of drugs, toxins, radiolabeled haptens, and effector cells to diseased tissue, primarily tumors
Antibodies, Blocking: antibodies that inhibit the reaction between antigen and other antibodies or sensitized t-lymphocytes (e.g., antibodies of the immunoglobulin g class that compete with ige antibodies for antigen, thereby blocking an allergic response). blocking antibodies that bind tumors and prevent destruction of tumor cells by cytotoxic t-lymphocytes have also been called enhancing antibodies. (rosen et al., dictionary of immunology, 1989)
Antibodies, Catalytic: antibodies that can catalyze a wide variety of chemical reactions. they are characterized by high substrate specificity and share many mechanistic features with enzymes
Antibodies, Fungal: immunoglobulins produced in a response to fungal antigens
Antibodies, Helminth: immunoglobulins produced in a response to helminth antigens
Antibodies, Heterophile: antibodies elicited in a different species from which the antigen originated. these antibodies are directed against a wide variety of interspecies-specific antigens, the best known of which are forssman, hanganutziu-deicher (h-d), and paul-bunnell (p-b). incidence of antibodies to these antigens--i.e., the phenomenon of heterophile antibody response--is useful in the serodiagnosis, pathogenesis, and prognosis of infection and latent infectious states as well as in cancer classification
Antibodies, Immobilized: antibodies that are chemically bound to a substrate material which renders their location fixed
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized: antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to make them nearly identical with human antibodies. if the constant region and part of the variable region are replaced, they are called humanized. if only the constant region is modified they are called chimeric. inn names for humanized antibodies end in -zumab
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived: antibodies obtained from a single clone of cells grown in mice or rats
Antibodies, Neoplasm: immunoglobulins induced by antigens specific for tumors other than the normally occurring histocompatibility antigens
Antibodies, Neutralizing: antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus
Antibodies, Phospho-Specific: antibodies directed against immunogen-coupled phosphorylated peptides corresponding to amino acids surrounding the phosphorylation site. they are used to study proteins involved in signal transduction pathways. (from methods mol biol 2000; 99:177-89)
Antibodies, Protozoan: immunoglobulins produced in a response to protozoan antigens
Antibody Affinity: a measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. it depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. it includes the concept of avidity, which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes
Antibody Diversity: the phenomenon of immense variability characteristic of antibodies. it enables the immune system to react specifically against the essentially unlimited kinds of antigens it encounters. antibody diversity is accounted for by three main theories: (1) the germ line theory, which holds that each antibody-producing cell has genes coding for all possible antibody specificities, but expresses only the one stimulated by antigen; (2) the somatic mutation theory, which holds that antibody-producing cells contain only a few genes, which produce antibody diversity by mutation; and (3) the gene rearrangement theory, which holds that antibody diversity is generated by the rearrangement of immunoglobulin variable region gene segments during the differentiation of the antibody-producing cells
Antibody Formation: the production of antibodies by proliferating and differentiated b-lymphocytes under stimulation by antigens
Antibody Specificity: the property of antibodies which enables them to react with some antigenic determinants and not with others. specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site
Antibody-Coated Bacteria Test, Urinary: fluorescent antibody technique for visualizing antibody-bacteria complexes in urine. the presence or absence of antibody-coated bacteria in urine correlates with localization of urinary tract infection in the kidney or bladder, respectively
Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity: the phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. the identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface immunoglobulin g whose fc portion is intact. the effector cell is a killer cell possessing fc receptors. it may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional b- or t-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. the reaction is complement-independent
Antibody-Dependent Enhancement: enhancement of viral infectivity caused by non-neutralizing antibodies. there are at least two mechanisms known to account for this: mediation by fc receptors (receptors, fc) or by complement receptors (receptors, complement). either the virus is complexed with antiviral immunoglobulin g and binds to fc receptors, or virus is coated with antiviral immunoglobulin m and binds to complement receptors
Antibody-Producing Cells: cells of the lymphoid series that can react with antigen to produce specific cell products called antibodies. various cell subpopulations, often b-lymphocytes, can be defined, based on the different classes of immunoglobulins that they synthesize
Anticarcinogenic Agents: agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced tumors independently of the mechanism involved
Anticestodal Agents: agents used to treat tapeworm infestations in man or animals
Anticholinergic Syndrome: adverse drug effects associated with cholinergic antagonists. clinical features include tachycardia; hyperthermia; mydriasis, dry skin and dry mucous membranes, decreased bowel sounds and urinary retention in peripheral anticholinergic syndrome; and hallucinations; psychoses; seizures; and coma in central anticholinergic syndrome
Anticipation, Genetic: the apparent tendency of certain diseases to appear at earlier age of onset and with increasing severity in successive generations. (rieger et al., glossary of genetics: classical and molecular, 5th ed)
Anticipation, Psychological: the ability to foresee what is likely to happen on the basis of past experience. it is largely a frontal lobe function
Anticoagulant Reversal Agents: agents that have the potential to reverse specific anticoagulation therapies
Anticoagulation Bridge: a peri-operative bridge therapy procedure in patients with high risk thromboembolic events and the risk of bleeding
Anticoagulation Reversal: treatment strategies used to manage bleeding events that occur during the use of anticoagulants
Anticodon: the sequential set of three nucleotides in transfer rna that interacts with its complement in messenger rna, the codon, during translation in the ribosome
Antidepressive Agents: mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. several monoamine oxidase inhibitors are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. the tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents (antidepressive agents, tricyclic) also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. a third group (antidepressive agents, second-generation) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems
Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation: a structurally and mechanistically diverse group of drugs that are not tricyclics or monoamine oxidase inhibitors. the most clinically important appear to act selectively on serotonergic systems, especially by inhibiting serotonin reuptake
Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic: substances that contain a fused three-ring moiety and are used in the treatment of depression. these drugs block the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into axon terminals and may block some subtypes of serotonin, adrenergic, and histamine receptors. however, the mechanism of their antidepressant effects is not clear because the therapeutic effects usually take weeks to develop and may reflect compensatory changes in the central nervous system
Antidiarrheals: miscellaneous agents found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. they have no effect on the agent(s) that cause diarrhea, but merely alleviate the condition
Antidiuretic Agents: agents that reduce the excretion of urine, most notably the octapeptide vasopressins
Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists: endogenous compounds and drugs that inhibit or block the activity of antiduiretic hormone receptors
Antifibrinolytic Agents: agents that prevent fibrinolysis or lysis of a blood clot or thrombus. several endogenous antiplasmins are known. the drugs are used to control massive hemorrhage and in other coagulation disorders
Antifibrotic Agents: these agents are used to reduce fibrosis affecting organs and formation of scar tissues such as in scleroderma patients
Antifoam A: emulsion of silicon oil and 10-40 micrometer solid particles in water
Antifoaming Agents: agents used to prevent the formation of foam or to treat flatulence or bloat
Antifreeze Proteins: proteins that bind to ice and modify the growth of ice crystals. they perform a cryoprotective role in a variety of organisms
Antifreeze Proteins, Type I: a subclass of antifreeze proteins that are 3-5 kda in size and contain a single alanine-rich amphipathic alpha-helix
Antifreeze Proteins, Type II: a subclass of antifreeze proteins that have a cystine-rich globular structure of approximately 14 kd
Antifreeze Proteins, Type III: a subclass of antifreeze proteins that are globular, 6.5 kda in size and contain compact beta-sheet structures
Antifreeze Proteins, Type IV: a subclass of antifreeze proteins that contain four amphipathic alpha-helices folded into an antiparallel helix bundle
Antifungal Agents: substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. they differ from fungicides, industrial because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues
Antigen Presentation: the process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. this is performed by antigen presenting cells (apcs). some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the apc, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (from rosen et al., dictionary of immunology, 1989)
Antigen-Antibody Complex: the complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. the deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases
Antigen-Antibody Reactions: the processes triggered by interactions of antibodies with their antigens
Antigen-Presenting Cells: a heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the t-cells. traditional antigen-presenting cells include macrophages; dendritic cells; langerhans cells; and b-lymphocytes. follicular dendritic cells are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of immune complexes for b-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors
Antigenic Drift and Shift: changes in the antigen population by slow and minor (antigenic drift) or sudden and major mutations (antigenic shift). accumulation of minor mutations in antigenic drift over time may require development of new vaccine (e.g., seasonal flu vaccines). antigenic shift on the other hand is less common but may result in emergence of a new subtype or species and sometimes pandemics (e.g., h1n1 pandemics in 2009 and 2018 and covid-19) due to lack of herd immunity to the newly emerged novel pathogen
Antigenic Modulation: loss of detectable antigen from the surface of a cell after incubation with antibodies. this is one method in which some tumors escape detection by the immune system. antigenic modulation of target antigens also reduces the therapeutic effectiveness of treatment by monoclonal antibodies
Antigenic Variation: change in the surface antigen of a microorganism. there are two different types. one is a phenomenon, especially associated with influenza viruses, where they undergo spontaneous variation both as slow antigenic drift and sudden emergence of new strains (antigenic shift). the second type is when certain parasites, especially trypanosomes, plasmodium, and borrelia, survive the immune response of the host by changing the surface coat (antigen switching). (from herbert et al., the dictionary of immunology, 4th ed)
Antigens, CD: differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. cd stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. the subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same cd designation
Antigens, CD1: glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and b-cells. their structure is similar to that of mhc class i and their function has been postulated as similar also. cd1 antigens are highly specific markers for human langerhans cells
Antigens, CD19: differentiation antigens expressed on b-lymphocytes and b-cell precursors. they are involved in regulation of b-cell proliferation
Antigens, CD1d: a major histocompatibility complex class i-like protein that contains an immunoglobulin c1-set domain. it plays a unique role in the presentation of lipid antigens to natural killer t-cells
Antigens, CD20: unglycosylated phosphoproteins expressed only on b-cells. they are regulators of transmembrane ca2+ conductance and thought to play a role in b-cell activation and proliferation
Antigens, CD34: glycoproteins found on immature hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. they are the only molecules to date whose expression within the blood system is restricted to a small number of progenitor cells in the bone marrow
Antigens, CD7: differentiation antigens expressed on pluripotential hematopoietic cells, most human thymocytes, and a major subset of peripheral blood t-lymphocytes. they have been implicated in integrin-mediated cellular adhesion and as signalling receptors on t-cells
Antigens, Dermatophagoides: antigens from the house dust mites (dermatophagoides), mainly d. farinae and d. pteronyssinus. they are proteins, found in mite feces or mite extracts, that can cause asthma and other allergic diseases such as perennial rhinitis (rhinitis, allergic, perennial) and atopic dermatitis (dermatitis, atopic). more than 11 groups of dermatophagoides allergens have been defined. group i allergens, such as der f i and der p i from the above two species, are among the strongest mite immunogens in humans
Antigens, Differentiation: antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. as immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation
Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte: membrane antigens associated with maturation stages of b-lymphocytes, often expressed in tumors of b-cell origin
Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic: surface antigens expressed on myeloid cells of the granulocyte-monocyte-histiocyte series during differentiation. analysis of their reactivity in normal and malignant myelomonocytic cells is useful in identifying and classifying human leukemias and lymphomas
Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte: antigens expressed on the cell membrane of t-lymphocytes during differentiation, activation, and normal and neoplastic transformation. their phenotypic characterization is important in differential diagnosis and studies of thymic ontogeny and t-cell function
Antigens, Helminth: any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. the most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes
Antigens, Heterophile: antigens stimulating the formation of, or combining with heterophile antibodies. they are cross-reacting antigens found in phylogenetically unrelated species
Antigens, Human Platelet: human alloantigens expressed only on platelets, specifically on platelet membrane glycoproteins. these platelet-specific antigens are immunogenic and can result in pathological reactions to transfusion therapy
Antigens, Ly: a group of lymphocyte surface antigens located on mouse lymphocytes. specific ly antigens are useful markers for distinguishing subpopulations of lymphocytes
Antigens, Neoplasm: proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin
Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming: polyomavirus antigens which cause infection and cellular transformation. the large t antigen is necessary for the initiation of viral dna synthesis, repression of transcription of the early region and is responsible in conjunction with the middle t antigen for the transformation of primary cells. small t antigen is necessary for the completion of the productive infection cycle
Antigens, Protozoan: any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered
Antigens, Surface: antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. they are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated
Antigens, T-Independent: antigens which may directly stimulate b lymphocytes without the cooperation of t lymphocytes
Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate: carbohydrate antigens expressed by malignant tissue. they are useful as tumor markers and are measured in the serum by means of a radioimmunoassay employing monoclonal antibodies
Antigens, Viral, Tumor: those proteins recognized by antibodies from serum of animals bearing tumors induced by viruses; these proteins are presumably coded for by the nucleic acids of the same viruses that caused the neoplastic transformation
Antiglaucoma Agents: agents used to preserve visual function by decreasing intraocular pressure (iop) by targeting the aqueous humor
Antiglycation Agents: compounds that reduce the non-enzymatic glycation of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids and thus reducing the formation of advanced glycation end-products
Antigua a Barbuda: antigua a barbuda je ostrovní stát v karibiku, který leží na třech ostrovech (antigua 279,6 km², barbuda 160,5 km² a redonda 1,5 km²) v malých antilách. pobřeží na východě atlantiku a na západě karibského moře je dlouhé 153 km. hlavním městem je st. john's
Antigua and Barbuda: islands in the lesser antilles, within the leeward islands. antigua, barbuda, and redonda, an uninhabited island, constitute the independent state of antigua and barbuda. the capital is st. johns
Antihyperkalemic Agents: compounds used to lower excessive potassium levels in the body
Antihypertensive Agents: drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. among the antihypertensive agents are diuretics; (especially diuretics, thiazide); adrenergic beta-antagonists; adrenergic alpha-antagonists; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; calcium channel blockers; ganglionic blockers; and vasodilator agents
Antilymphocyte Serum: serum containing gamma-globulins which are antibodies for lymphocyte antigens. it is used both as a test for histocompatibility and therapeutically in transplantation
Antimalarials: agents used in the treatment of malaria. they are usually classified on the basis of their action against plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human. (from ama, drug evaluations annual, 1992, p1585)
Antimanic Agents: agents that are used to treat bipolar disorders or mania associated with other affective disorders
Antimetabolites: drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1994, p2033)
Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic: antimetabolites that are useful in cancer chemotherapy
Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides: small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most species, of early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. in animals they are found on mucosal surfaces, within phagocytic granules, and on the surface of the body. they are also found in insects and plants. among others, this group includes the defensins, protegrins, tachyplesins, and thionins. they displace divalent cations from phosphate groups of membrane lipids leading to disruption of the membrane
Antimicrobial Peptides: small peptides that play an important role in early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. most have positive overall charges and are referred to as cationic antimicrobial peptides
Antimicrobial Stewardship: programs and guidelines for selecting optimal anti-infective agents regimens in an effort to maintain antibiotic efficacy, reduce cross infection related to antibiotic resistance while managing satisfactory clinical and economic outcomes
Antimitotic Agents: agents that arrest cells in mitosis, most notably tubulin modulators
Antimony: a metallic element that has the atomic symbol sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. it is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. it is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes
Antimony Potassium Tartrate: a schistosomicide possibly useful against other parasites. it has irritant emetic properties and may cause lethal cardiac toxicity among other adverse effects
Antimony Sodium Gluconate: antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. the pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. the trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis
Antimutagenic Agents: agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced mutations independently of the mechanism involved
Antimycin A: an antibiotic substance produced by streptomyces species. it inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of atp. antimycin a1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (from merck index, 12th ed)
Antinematodal Agents: substances used in the treatment or control of nematode infestations. they are used also in veterinary practice
Antineoplastic Agents: substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms
Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating: a class of drugs that differs from other alkylating agents used clinically in that they are monofunctional and thus unable to cross-link cellular macromolecules. among their common properties are a requirement for metabolic activation to intermediates with antitumor efficacy and the presence in their chemical structures of n-methyl groups, that after metabolism, can covalently modify cellular dna. the precise mechanisms by which each of these drugs acts to kill tumor cells are not completely understood. (from ama, drug evaluations annual, 1994, p2026)
Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal: antineoplastic agents that are used to treat hormone-sensitive tumors. hormone-sensitive tumors may be hormone-dependent, hormone-responsive, or both. a hormone-dependent tumor regresses on removal of the hormonal stimulus, by surgery or pharmacological block. hormone-responsive tumors may regress when pharmacologic amounts of hormones are administered regardless of whether previous signs of hormone sensitivity were observed. the major hormone-responsive cancers include carcinomas of the breast, prostate, and endometrium; lymphomas; and certain leukemias. (from ama drug evaluations annual 1994, p2079)
Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological: antineoplastic agents containing immunological agents (e.g. mabs). these pharmacologic preparations inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic: agents obtained from higher plants that have demonstrable cytostatic or antineoplastic activity
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols: the use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. the drugs need not be in the same dosage form
Antineoplastic Protocols: clinical protocols used to inhibit the growth or spread of neoplasms
Antioxidant Response Elements: nucleotide sequences that are found in the promoter regions of the genes of stress-responsive and cytoprotective proteins, such as those encoding antioxidant and phase ii detoxification enzymes. nf-e2-related factor 2 containing transcription factors bind to these elements during induction of these genes
Antioxidants: naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard oxidation reactions. they counteract the damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues
Antipain: an oligopeptide produced by various bacteria which acts as a protease inhibitor
Antiparkinson Agents: agents used in the treatment of parkinson's disease. the most commonly used drugs act on the dopaminergic system in the striatum and basal ganglia or are centrally acting muscarinic antagonists
Antiperspirants: agents that are put on the skin to reduce sweating or prevent excess sweating (hyperhidrosis)
Antiphospholipid Syndrome: the presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (antibodies, antiphospholipid). the condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. in pregnancy it can cause abortion. of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (antibodies, anticardiolipin). present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (lupus coagulation inhibitor)
Antiplatyhelmintic Agents: agents used to treat cestode, trematode, or other flatworm infestations in man or animals
Antiporters: membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the opposite direction across a membrane. usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is powered by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient
Antipruritics: agents, usually topical, that relieve itching (pruritus)
Antipsychotic Agents: agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. they are used in schizophrenia; senile dementia; transient psychosis following surgery; or myocardial infarction; etc. these drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus
Antipyrine: an analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29)
Antiracism: beliefs, actions or intentions, and policies that oppose racism or discrimination based on race
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active: drug regimens, for patients with hiv infections, that aggressively suppress hiv replication. the regimens usually involve administration of three or more different drugs including a protease inhibitor
Antirrhinum: a plant genus of the family plantaginaceae. members contain deficiens protein
Antirrhinum: rod rostlin čeledi plantaginaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují protein deficiens
Antisense Elements (Genetics): nucleic acids which hybridize to complementary sequences in other target nucleic acids causing the function of the latter to be affected
Antisickling Agents: agents used to prevent or reverse the pathological events leading to sickling of erythrocytes in sickle cell conditions
Antisocial Personality Disorder: a personality disorder whose essential feature is a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. the individual must be at least age 18 and must have a history of some symptoms of conduct disorder before age 15. (from dsm-iv, 1994)
Antispermatogenic Agents: agents, either mechanical or chemical, which destroy spermatozoa in the male genitalia and block spermatogenesis
Antistatic Agents: chemical compounds applied to materials to reduce their retention of an electrostatic charge
Antistreptolysin: antibodies specific to streptolysins which indicate streptococcal infections
Antisynthetase syndrome: a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the muscles and other parts of the body. the signs and symptoms may include muscle inflammation (myositis), polyarthritis; interstitial lung diseases; thickening and cracking of the hands, and raynaud phenomenon. it may be caused by autoantibodies against amino acyl-trna synthetases
Antithrombin III: a plasma alpha 2 glycoprotein that accounts for the major antithrombin activity of normal plasma and also inhibits several other enzymes. it is a member of the serpin superfamily
Antithrombin III Deficiency: an absence or reduced level of antithrombin iii leading to an increased risk for thrombosis