NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 7: a retinoblastoma-binding protein that has an affinity for core histones. it is found as a subunit of protein complexes that are in involved in the enzymatic modification of histones including the mi2 and sin3 histone deacetylase complexes and the polycomb repressive complex 2
Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p107: a negative regulator of the cell cycle that undergoes phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinases. it contains a conserved pocket region that binds e2f4 transcription factor and interacts with viral oncoproteins such as polyomavirus tumor antigens; adenovirus e1a proteins; and papillomavirus e7 proteins
Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p130: a negative regulator of the cell cycle that undergoes phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinases. rbl2 contains a conserved pocket region that binds e2f4 transcription factor and e2f5 transcription factor. rbl2 also interacts with viral oncoproteins such as polyomavirus tumor antigens; adenovirus e1a proteins; and papillomavirus e7 proteins
Retinoic Acid 4-Hydroxylase: a cytochrome p450 enzyme that resides in the endoplasmic reticulum. it catalyzes the conversion of trans-retinoic acid to 4-hydroxyretinoic acid
Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha: a nuclear receptor protein which belongs to a family of transcription regulators of ligand-responsive regulatory proteins which include steroid hormone receptors. in addition to a c-terminal ligand-binding domain, these nuclear receptors contain a highly-conserved n-terminal zinc-finger domain that mediates binding ligand-responsive elements
Retinoic Acid Receptor gamma: a retinoic acid receptor that regulates transcriptional activity by heterodimerizing with nuclear retinoid x receptors
Retinoid X Receptor alpha: a nuclear transcription factor. heterodimerization with ppar gamma is important in regulation of glucose metabolism and cell growth processes
Retinoid X Receptor gamma: a nuclear transcription factor. heterodimerization with ppar alpha is important to metabolism of lipids
Retinoid X Receptors: a subtype of retinoic acid receptors that are specific for 9-cis-retinoic acid which function as nuclear transcription factors that regulate multiple signaling pathways
Retinoids: a group of tetraterpenes, with four terpene units joined head-to-tail. biologically active members of this class are used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne; psoriasis; and other disorders of keratinization
Retinol O-Fatty-Acyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the acyl group transfer of acyl coenzyme a to retinol to generate coenzyme a and a retinyl ester
Retinol-Binding Proteins: proteins which bind with retinol. the retinol-binding protein found in plasma has an alpha-1 mobility on electrophoresis and a molecular weight of about 21 kda. the retinol-protein complex (mw=80-90 kda) circulates in plasma in the form of a protein-protein complex with prealbumin. the retinol-binding protein found in tissue has a molecular weight of 14 kda and carries retinol as a noncovalently bound ligand
Retinol-Binding Proteins, Cellular: a subclass of retinol-binding proteins that take part in the intracellular storage and transport of retinol. they are both functionally and structurally distinct from plasma retinol-binding proteins
Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma: retinol binding proteins that circulate in the plasma. they are members of the lipocalin family of proteins and play a role in the transport of retinol from the liver to the peripheral tissues. the proteins are usually found in association with transthyretin
Retinopathy of Prematurity: a bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (dorland, 27th ed)
Retinoschisis: a vitreoretinal dystrophy characterized by splitting of the neuroretinal layers. it occurs in two forms: degenerative retinoschisis and x chromosome-linked juvenile retinoschisis
Retinoschisis of Fovea: a hereditary austosomal recessive form of retinoschisis affecting the fovea centralis and characterized by mild visual loss, bilateral foveal dystrophy, and abnormal electroretinogram findings. omim: 268080
Retinoscopes: instruments for retinoscopy that determines the refractive state of the eye, such as the degree of nearsightedness; farsightedness; or astigmatism. in principle, a retinoscope provides a light source to illuminate the retina, and then locates the aerial image of the retina in space to obtain an index of the refractive quality of the patient's lens system
Retinoscopy: an objective determination of the refractive state of the eye (nearsightedness; farsightedness; astigmatism). by using a retinoscope, the amount of correction and the power of lens needed can be determined
Retinyl Esters: a carboxylic ester of retinol formed by condensation of the hydroxy group of retinol with a carboxy group
Retortamonadidae: a family of flagellated eukaryotes that live in the intestines of several invertebrate and vertebrate species
Retortamonadidae: řád jednobuněčných prvoků z říše excavata. někdy se řadí do kmene fornicata, jindy do kmene metamonada. k retortamonádám řadíme dva rody, retortamonas a chilomastix. oba žijí v zadní části střeva živočichů. poměrně významnými lidskými parazity jsou retortamonas intestinalis a chilomastix mesnili. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Retracted Publication: work consisting of the designation of an article or book as retracted in whole or in part by an author or authors or an authorized representative. it identifies a citation previously published and now retracted through a formal issuance from the author, publisher, or other authorized agent, and is distinguished from retraction notice, which identifies the citation retracting the original published item
Retraction Notice: work consisting of a statement issued by one or more authors of an article or a book, withdrawing or disavowing acknowledgment of their participation in performing research or writing the results of their study. in indexing, the retraction is sent to the editor of the publication in which the article appeared and is published under the rubric retraction or in the form of a letter. this publication type designates the author's statement of retraction: it should be differentiated from retracted publication which labels the retracted publication
Retraction of Publication as Topic: works about authors' withdrawal or disavowal of their participation in performing research or writing the results of their study
Retreatment: the therapy of the same disease in a patient, with the same agent or procedure repeated after initial treatment, or with an additional or alternate measure or follow-up. it does not include therapy which requires more than one administration of a therapeutic agent or regimen. retreatment is often used with reference to a different modality when the original one was inadequate, harmful, or unsuccessful
Retrobulbar Hemorrhage: hemorrhage within the orbital cavity, posterior to the eyeball
Retrocaval Ureter: a rare congenital abnormality resulting in the ureter passing dorsal to and being obstructed by the inferior vena cava
Retrocochlear Diseases: pathological processes involving the vestibulocochlear nerve; brainstem; or central nervous system. when hearing loss is due to retrocochlear pathology, it is called retrocochlear hearing loss
Retroelements: elements that are transcribed into rna, reverse-transcribed into dna and then inserted into a new site in the genome. long terminal repeats (ltrs) similar to those from retroviruses are contained in retrotransposons and retrovirus-like elements. retroposons, such as long interspersed nucleotide elements and short interspersed nucleotide elements do not contain ltrs
Retrognathia: a physical misalignment of the upper (maxilla) and lower (mandibular) jaw bones in which either or both recede relative to the frontal plane of the forehead
Retrograde Degeneration: pathologic changes that occur in the axon and cell body of a neuron proximal to an axonal lesion. the process is characterized by central chromatolysis which features flattening and displacement of the nucleus, loss of nissl bodies, and cellular edema. central chromatolysis primarily occurs in lower motor neurons
Retrograde Ejaculation: the flow of seminal fluid, from the posterior urethra, backwards into the bladder. causes include injuries such as from spinal cord injuries; diabetic neuropathies; surgeries in adjacent tissues such as aortic aneurysm surgeries and transurethral bladder neck incisions; or drug side effects
Retrograde Obturation: procedure that involves the removal of infectious products from a root canal space through use of special instruments and fillings. this procedure is performed when root canal treatment fails
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis: a slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. when associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms: new abnormal growth of tissue in the retroperitoneal space
Retroperitoneal Space: an area occupying the most posterior aspect of the abdominal cavity. it is bounded laterally by the borders of the quadratus lumborum muscles and extends from the diaphragm to the brim of the true pelvis, where it continues as the pelvic extraperitoneal space
Retroperitoneal liposarcoma: a type of liposarcoma of mesenchymal origin that can develop in any fat-containing region of the body. it is one of the most common primary retroperitoneal neoplasms
Retropharyngeal Abscess: an accumulation of purulent material in the space between the pharynx and the cervical vertebrae. this usually results from suppuration of retropharyngeal lymph nodes in patients with upper respiratory tract infections, perforation of the pharynx, or head and neck injuries
Retropneumoperitoneum: pathological or accidental introduction of air into the retroperitoneal space
Retrospective Moral Judgment: the application of current standards of morality to past actions, institutions, or persons
Retrospective Studies: studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. the essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons
Retroviridae: family of rna viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. the family contains seven genera: deltaretrovirus; lentivirus; retroviruses type b, mammalian; alpharetrovirus; gammaretrovirus; retroviruses type d; and spumavirus. a key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a dna copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular dna. after integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (proviruses)
Retroviridae: obalené rna-viry s jednovláknovou nukleovou kyselinou, které jsou schopné pomocí enzymu reverzní transkriptázy přepsat svou genetickou informaci do dna, kterou následně mohou včlenit (inzertovat) do genomu hostitelské buňky. po integraci někdy může tato dna zůstat v latentním stadiu (provirus). tato čeleď zahrnuje sedm rodů: deltaretrovirus, lentivirus, savčí retroviry typu b, alpharetrovirus, gammaretrovirus, retroviry typu d a spumavirus. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2021 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Retroviridae Proteins: proteins from the family retroviridae. the most frequently encountered member of this family is the rous sarcoma virus protein
Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic: retroviral proteins that have the ability to transform cells. they can induce sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and mammary carcinomas. not all retroviral proteins are oncogenic
Retroviruses, Simian: classes of retroviruses for which monkeys or apes are hosts. those isolated from the west african green monkey and the asian rhesus macaque monkey are of particular interest because of their similarities to viruses causing cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in humans
Rett Syndrome: an inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with x-linked inheritance and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. the affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ataxia; seizures; autistic behavior; intermittent hyperventilation; and hyperammonemia appear. (from menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, p199)
Rettův syndrom: syndrom charakterizovaný pomalým a abnormálním vývojem zdánlivě zdravě narozených děvčátek; v 6. až 18. měsíci života se zastavuje vývoj, obvod lebky roste pomalu, mizí svalový tonus, začínají neúčelné pohyby a záchvaty, může se vyvinout skolióza. je atrofie mozku, hyperamonemie, progredující demence. dědičnost je zřejmě dominantní s vazbou na x chromozom. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Return of Individual Research Results: the return of individual results involves the return of information specific to the research subject. it encompasses information that is linked to the identity of a research subject and pertains to that subject and the focus of the study. individual results can be obtained in clinical, social behavioral, and other types of research is not limited to clinical research (https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/sachrp-committee/recommendations/attachment-b-return-individual-research-results/index.html)
Return of Spontaneous Circulation: recovery of blood circulation reestablishing blood pressure and pulse after cardiac arrest. timeline and quality of care post-return of spontaneous circulation impacts cognitive recovery of function in cardiac rehabilitation
Return to Sport: resumption of sporting activity following a hiatus or period of absence due to injury or other reasons
Return to Work: resumption of normal work routine following a hiatus or period of absence due to injury, disability, or other reasons
Reunion: one of the indian ocean islands, east of madagascar. its capital is saint-denis. it was discovered in 1507 by the portuguese and claimed by france in 1638. it was first colonized in 1662 as isle de bourbon but renamed reunion in 1793. in 1946 it was made an overseas department of france. the name commemorates the reunion of the revolutionaries from marseilles with the national guard in paris in 1792. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p1011; room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p454; french embassy)
Reversal Learning: any situation where an animal or human is trained to respond differentially to two stimuli (e.g., approach and avoidance) under reward and punishment conditions and subsequently trained under reversed reward values (i.e., the approach which was previously rewarded is punished and vice versa)
Reverse Genetics: the use of techniques that produce a functional mutation or an effect on gene expression of a specific gene of interest in order to identify the role or activity of the gene product of that gene
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (rna-directed dna polymerase), an enzyme that synthesizes dna on an rna template
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: a variation of the pcr technique in which cdna is made from rna via reverse transcription. the resultant cdna is then amplified using standard pcr protocols
Reverse Transcription: the biosynthesis of dna carried out on a template of rna
Revesz Debuse syndrome: bilateral coats retinopathy associated with aplastic anaemia and mild dyskeratotic signs
Review: an article or book published after examination of published material on a subject. it may be comprehensive to various degrees and the time range of material scrutinized may be broad or narrow, but the reviews most often desired are reviews of the current literature. the textual material examined may be equally broad and can encompass, in medicine specifically, clinical material as well as experimental research or case reports. state-of-the-art reviews tend to address more current matters. a review of the literature must be differentiated from historical article on the same subject, but a review of historical literature is also within the scope of this publication type
Review (bleaching agent): contains carbamide peroxide, carbopol, propylene glycol, mint flavor, triethanolamine and water
Review Literature as Topic: works about published materials which provide an examination of recent or current literature. these articles can cover a wide range of subject matter at various levels of completeness and comprehensiveness based on analyses of literature that may include research findings. the review may reflect the state of the art and may also include reviews as a literary form
Reward: an object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure
Reye Syndrome: a form of encephalopathy with fatty infiltration of the liver, characterized by brain edema and vomiting that may rapidly progress to seizures; coma; and death. it is caused by a generalized loss of mitochondrial function leading to disturbances in fatty acid and carnitine metabolism
Reyeův syndrom: těžké onemocnění s poškozením jater (steatózou) a některých dalších orgánů včetně mozku (encefalopatie). vzniká zejm. u dětí v průběhu respirační virózy a způsobuje akutní jaterní selhání s vysokou úmrtností. příčina není zcela jasná, mj. se obviňují viry a některé toxické látky vč. léků (např. salicyláty). toxoinfekční reakce organismu nejasné etiologie manifestující se několik dní až týdnů po banálním kataru horních cest dýchacích horečkou až hyperpyrexií, zvracením, soporem až kómatem. bývá hepatomegalie s výraznou leukocytózou, intermitentní hypoglykemie, ketonemie, acidóza a hypernatremie. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Reynoutria: genus of flowering herbaceous perennial plants and vines in the family polygonaceae. some sources include plants formerly classified under fallopia here under reynoutria
Reynoutria: rod rostlin z čeledi rdesnovité, kde je řazena do podčeledě polygonoideae. rod zahrnuje dva druhy pocházející z asie a jeden druh hybridní. křídlatky jsou vytrvalé rostliny vytvářející bujné porosty a v některých oblastech náležejí mezi invazivní rostliny. od popsání rodu křídlatka došlo více než desetkrát ke změnám v jeho taxonomické zařazení. jedna z posledních verzí v roce 1991 zrušila rod křídlatka (reynoutria) a vřadila ho do rodu opletka (fallopia), další verze itis z roku 2009 dokonce zrušila rody křídlatka i opletka a začlenila je oba do rodu truskavec (polygonum). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Reynoutria japonica: druh rostlin čeledi polygonaceae. z kořenů rostlin se připravuje čaj itadori
Rh Isoimmunization: the process by which fetal rh+ erythrocytes enter the circulation of an rh- mother, causing her to produce immunoglobulin g antibodies, which can cross the placenta and destroy the erythrocytes of rh+ fetuses. rh isoimmunization can also be caused by blood transfusion with mismatched blood
Rh izoimunizace: proces, k němuž dochází přestupem fetálních rh-pozitivních erytrocytů do krevního oběhu rh-negativní matky. matka vytváří protilátky třídy igg proti antigenům rh systému, které prostupují placentární bariérou, vážou se na fetální erytrocyty a způsobují hemolytickou anémii plodu. rh izoimunizace může být také vyvolána po podání rh+ krevní transfúze. (ježová, marta, feit, josef et al. atlas fetální patologie [online]. [cit. 19.5.2021]. dostupné z: https://atlases.muni.cz/atlases/feto/atl_cz/erythroblastosisfetalis.html)
Rh-Hr Blood-Group System: erythrocyte isoantigens of the rh (rhesus) blood group system, the most complex of all human blood groups. the major antigen rh or d is the most common cause of erythroblastosis fetalis
Rhabdiasoidea: a superfamily of intestinal nematode parasites containing one genus, strongyloides, and several species. it is transmitted through fecal material onto the skin and occurs in animals and humans
Rhabdiasoidea: nadčeleď střevních hlístic zahrnující rod strongyloides. infekce těmito parazity je spojena s fekální kontaminací půdy nebo vody a vyskytuje se u zvířat i u člověka
Rhabditida: an order of nematodes of the subclass secernentea. its organisms are characterized by an annulated or smooth cuticle and the absence of caudal glands
Rhabditida: řád hlístic podtřídy secernentea. jsou charakterizované kroužkovanou nebo hladkou kutikulou a absencí kaudálních žláz
Rhabditoidea: a superfamily of nematodes of the order rhabditida. characteristics include an open tube stoma and an excretory system with lateral canals
Rhabditoidea: nadčeleď hlístic řádu rhabditida. k charakteristickým znakům patří otevřené trubicovité stoma a exkreční systém s laterálními kanálky
Rhabdoid Tumor: a rare but highly lethal childhood tumor found almost exclusively in infants. histopathologically, it resembles rhabdomyosarcoma but the tumor cells are not of myogenic origin. although it arises primarily in the kidney, it may be found in other parts of the body. the rhabdoid cytomorphology is believed to be the expression of a very primitive malignant cell. (from holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed, p2210)
Rhabdoid Tumor Predisposition Syndrome 1: promote to hm rhbbdoid tumor; mutation in smarcb1;
Rhabdoid Tumor Predisposition Syndrome 2: mutations in smarca4
Rhabdomyolysis: necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria
Rhabdomyoma: a benign tumor derived from striated muscle. it is extremely rare, generally occurring in the tongue, neck muscles, larynx, uvula, nasal cavity, axilla, vulva, and heart. these tumors are treated by simple excision. (dorland, 27th ed; devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 3d ed, p1354)
Rhabdomyosarcoma: a malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. it can occur in a wide variety of sites. it is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (rhabdomyosarcoma, alveolar), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (rhabdomyosarcoma, embryonal), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. it is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (from dorland, 27th ed; holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed, p2186; devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)
Rhabdomyosarcoma 1: rmse1; rms1; rmscr not included
Rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit: an orbital neoplasm that occurs primarily in children under 15 years of age. most are embryonal neoplasms that arise from primitive mesenchymal cells which differentiate into striated muscle cells. alveolar orbital rhabdomyosarcomas are less common and typically occur in adolescents and young adults
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar: a form of rhabdomyosarcoma occurring mainly in adolescents and young adults, affecting muscles of the extremities, trunk, orbital region, etc. it is extremely malignant, metastasizing widely at an early stage. few cures have been achieved and the prognosis is poor. alveolar refers to its microscopic appearance simulating the cells of the respiratory alveolus. (holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed, p2188)
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal: a form of rhabdomyosarcoma arising primarily in the head and neck, especially the orbit, of children below the age of 10. the cells are smaller than those of other rhabdomyosarcomas and are of two basic cell types: spindle cells and round cells. this cancer is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and has a high cure rate with multi-modality therapy. (from holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed, p2188)
Rhabdoviridae: a family of bullet-shaped viruses of the order mononegavirales, infecting vertebrates, arthropods, protozoa, and plants. genera include vesiculovirus; lyssavirus; ephemerovirus; novirhabdovirus; cytorhabdovirus; and nucleorhabdovirus
Rhabdoviridae: čeleď obalených virů tvaru projektilu z řádu mononegavirales. infikují obratlovce, členovce, prvoky a rostliny. patří sem rody vesiculovirus, lyssavirus, ephemerovirus, novirhabdovirus, cytorhabdovirus a nucleorhabdovirus
Rhabdoviridae Infections: virus diseases caused by rhabdoviridae. important infections include rabies; ephemeral fever; and vesicular stomatitis
Rhadinovirus: a genus of the family herpesviridae, subfamily gammaherpesvirinae, infecting new world primates and other species. herpesvirus 2, saimiriine is the type species
Rhadinovirus: rod virů čeledi herpesviridae, podčeledi gammaherpesvirinae, které infikují primáty nového světa a další druhy primátů. typovým druhem tohoto rodu je herpesvirus 2 saimiriine
Rhamnaceae: the buckthorn plant family, of the order rhamnales, includes some species with edible fruits and some that are medicinal
Rhamnaceae: řešetlákovité (rhamnaceae) je čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu růžotvaré (rosales). jsou to převážně dřeviny se střídavými nebo vstřícnými jednoduchými listy. květy jsou nenápadné, čtyř nebo pětičetné, se žlaznatým diskem. někteří zástupci řešetlákovitých poskytují ovoce, dřevo, léčiva nebo barviva, jiné jsou pěstovány jako okrasné dřeviny. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Rhamnogalacturonans: types of polysaccharides that are components of the plant cell wall pectin matrix. rhamnogalacturonan i is characterized by a backbone of the repeating disaccharide (4)-alpha-d-galacturonic acid-(1,2)-alpha-l-rhamnose-(1,-) with many of the rhamnose residues substituted at c-4 with side chains of various neutral sugars linked together in various ways. rhamnogalacturonan ii type is complex, highly branched polysaccharide where the backbone consists exclusively of d-galacturonic acid units
Rhamnose: a methylpentose whose l- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides
Rhamnus: a plant genus of the family rhamnaceae. this genus is often called buckthorn but should not be confused with hippophae or karwinskia. some rhamnus species have been reclassified into this genus. f. purshiana bark is cascara sagrada. members contain frangulanin, frangulin, and anthraquinones such as emodin
Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment, Autosomal Dominant: a hereditary autosomal dominant disorder characterized by retinal detachment due to retinal tearing at the time of posterior vitreous detachment and pathological myopia. it is often described as a feature of stickler syndrome (omim: 108300) or erosive vitreoretinopathy (omim: 143200). however affected individuals with drrd alone do not exhibit the vitreous phenotypes associated with stickler syndrome and show no signs of skeletal dysplasia or deafness. mutations in the col2a1 gene have been identified. omim: 609508
Rheiformes: an order of large, long-necked, long-legged, flightless birds, found in south america. known as rheas, they are sometimes called american ostriches, though they are in a separate order from true ostriches
Rheiformes: řád velkých nelétavých ptáků s dlouhým krkem a dlouhýma nohama. nanduové žijí v jižní americe
Rhenium: a metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol re
Rheology: the study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. the concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity
Rheum: a plant genus of the family polygonaceae. members contain chrysophanic acid, rhein, emodin, and other anthraquinones. the roots were formerly used as purgatives
Rheum: rod rostlin čeledi polygonaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují kyselinu chrysofanovou, rhein, emodin a další antrachinony. kořeny se dříve používaly jako purgativa
Rheumatic Diseases: disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement
Rheumatic Fever: a febrile disease occurring as a delayed sequela of infections with streptococcus pyogenes. it is characterized by multiple focal inflammatory lesions of the connective tissue structures, such as the heart, blood vessels, and joints (polyarthritis) and brain, and by the presence of aschoff bodies in the myocardium and skin
Rheumatic Heart Disease: cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as rheumatic fever. rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the heart valves and the endocardium
Rheumatic Nodule: a small round or oval, mostly subcutaneous nodule made up chiefly of a mass of aschoff bodies and seen in cases of rheumatic fever. it is differentiated from the rheumatoid nodule which appears in rheumatoid arthritis, most frequently over bony prominences. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Juvenile: a type of arthritis that occurs among some patients affected by juvenile chronic, or idiopathic, arthritis and characterized by severe extraarticular symptoms that include a spiking fever with a corresponding increase in the serum levels of interleukin-6, uveitis; lymphadenopathy; hepatosplenomegaly; serositis and myalgia. polymorphisms in the il6 and mif genes are associated with susceptibility to this disorder. omim: 604302
Rheumatoid Factor: autoantibodies found in adult rheumatoid arthritis patients that are directed against gamma-chain immunoglobulins
Rheumatoid Nodule: subcutaneous nodules seen in 20-30% of rheumatoid arthritis patients. they may arise anywhere on the body, but are most frequently found over the bony prominences. the nodules are characterized histologically by dense areas of fibrinoid necrosis with basophilic streaks and granules, surrounded by a palisade of cells, mainly fibroblasts and histiocytes
Rheumatoid Vasculitis: necrotizing vasculitis of small and medium size vessels, developing as a complication in rheumatoid arthritis patients. it is characterized by peripheral vascular lesions, cutaneous ulcers, peripheral gangrene, and mononeuritis multiplex
Rheumatology: a subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of inflammatory or degenerative processes and metabolic derangement of connective tissue structures which pertain to a variety of musculoskeletal disorders, such as arthritis
Rhinitis: inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavities
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial: inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. the causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal: allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. it is characterized by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens
Rhinitis, Atrophic: a chronic inflammation in which the nasal mucosa gradually changes from a functional to a non-functional lining without mucociliary clearance. it is often accompanied by degradation of the bony turbinates, and the foul-smelling mucus which forms a greenish crust (ozena)
Rhinitis, Vasomotor: a form of non-allergic rhinitis that is characterized by nasal congestion and posterior pharyngeal drainage
Rhinomanometry: technique for measuring air pressure and the rate of airflow in the nasal cavity during respiration
Rhinometry, Acoustic: diagnostic measurement of the nose and its cavity through acoustic reflections. used to measure nasal anatomical landmarks, nasal septal deviation, and nasal airway changes in response to allergen provocation tests (nasal provocation tests)
Rhinophyma: a manifestation of severe rosacea resulting in significant enlargement of the nose and occurring primarily in men. it is caused by hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands and surrounding connective tissue. the nose is reddened and marked with telangiectasis
Rhinoplasty: a plastic surgical operation on the nose, either reconstructive, restorative, or cosmetic. (dorland, 28th ed)
Rhinoscleroma: a granulomatous disease caused by klebsiella rhinoscleromatis infection. despite its name, this disease is not limited to the nose and nasopharynx but may affect any part of the respiratory tract, sometimes with extension to the lip and the skin
Rhinosinusitis: obstruction of sinus drainage into the nasal cavity and inflammation of the nasal mucosa in the paranasal sinuses
Rhinosporidiosis: chronic, localized granulomatous infection of mucocutaneous tissues, especially the nose, and characterized by hyperplasia and the development of polyps. it is found in humans and other animals and is caused by the mesomycetozoean organism rhinosporidium seeberi
Rhinosporidium: a genus in the order dermocystidium, class mesomycetozoea. it causes rhinosporidiosis in mammals and birds
Rhinosporidium: rod organismů řádu dermocystidium, třídy mesomycetozoea. způsobuje rinosporidiózu savců a ptáků
Rhinovirus: a genus of picornaviridae inhabiting primarily the respiratory tract of mammalian hosts. it includes over 100 human serotypes associated with the common cold
Rhinovirus: rod rna neobalených virů (rinoviry), které patří k čeledi picornaviridae. patří k nejvýznamnějším vyvolavatelům akutních respiračních infekcí horních cest dýchacích, rýmy apod. přenos se děje kapénkovou infekcí, na rozdíl od jiných pikornavirů jsou méně odolné vůči kyselému prostředí a nepronikají do střev. je známo přes 100 sérotypů, což spolu s několikadenní latencí před vznikem imunitní odpovědi (vč. sekundární) způsobuje časté reinfekce. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2019 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Rhipicephalus: a genus of ticks, in the family ixodidae, widespread in africa. members of the genus include many important vectors of animal and human pathogens
Rhipicephalus: rod klíšťat čeledi ixodidae rozšířených v africe. mezi zástupci jsou významní přenašeči zvířecích a lidských patogenů
Rhipicephalus sanguineus: a species of tick (ticks) in the family ixodidae, distributed throughout the world but abundant in southern europe. it will feed on a wide variety of mammals, but dogs are its preferred host. it transmits a large number of diseases including babesiosis; theileriasis; ehrlichiosis; rocky mountain spotted fever; and mediterranean spotted fever
Rhipicephalus sanguineus: druh klíšťat čeledi ixodidae s výskytem po celém světě a zvláště hojně v jižní evropě. napadá řadu savců, především psy. přenáší mnoho nemocí, např. babeziózu, theileriózu, ehrlichiózu a marseillskou horečku
Rhizaria: a large supergroup of mostly amoeboid eukaryotes whose three main subgroups are cercozoa; foraminifera; and haplosporida. nearly all of the species possess mitochondria and historically many were considered animals
Rhizaria: rhizaria je taxon jednobuněčných eukaryotických organismů na úrovni infraříše, jedna z přirozených skupin podříše sar (zahrnuje v sobě skupiny stramenopila, alveolata a rhizaria). jejich vzájemná příbuznost byla odhalena roku 2002 díky molekulární biologii. morfologicky i ekologicky je to velmi rozmanitá skupina. většina rhizarií má dva bičíky (i když u některých zástupců chybí) a panožky - kořenovité retikulopodie, tenké filopodie nebo axopodie. rhizaria jsou většinou heterotrofní organismy bez chloroplastů, mitochondrie mají vnitřní membránu složenou v tubuly. žijí volně, mřížovci jsou součástí mořského planktonu, dírkonošci tvoří bentos. jen mezi zástupci kmene cercozoa nalezneme druhy parazitické (např. nádorovky) nebo fotosyntetisující. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Rhizobiaceae: a family of gram-negative bacteria which are saprophytes, symbionts, or plant pathogens
Rhizobiaceae: čeleď gramnegativních bakterií, které jsou saprofyty, symbionty nebo fytopatogeny
Rhizobium: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that activate plant root nodulation in leguminous plants. members of this genus are nitrogen-fixing and common soil inhabitants
Rhizobium: rod gramnegativních půdních bakterií z řádu rhizobiales, které fixují dusík, patří do skupiny α-proteobakterií. jsou to tyčinkovité pohyblivé bakterie, které vstupují do vnitřního prostředí kořenového vlášení a stimulují vytvoření morfologických struktur zvaných noduly, česky hlízky, uvnitř kterých pak fixace dusíku probíhá. patří mezi tzv. hlízkové bakterie, vyskytují se v hlízkách bobovitých rostlin. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Rhizobium etli: a species of gram-negative bacteria and nitrogen innoculant of phaseolus vulgaris
Rhizobium etli: druh gramnegativních bakterií fixujících dusík. bakterie a bobovité rostliny tvoří nitrobuněčnou symbiózu
Rhizobium leguminosarum: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is found in soil and which causes formation of root nodules on some, but not all, types of field pea, lentil, kidney bean, and clover
Rhizobium leguminosarum: druh gramnegativních aerobních bakterií, které se vyskytují v půdě a které způsobují tvorbu kořenových nodulů u některých (ne všech) druhů hrachu, čočky, fazole a jetele
Rhizobium phaseoli: a species of gram-negative bacteria functioning as a nitrogen inoculum for dry beans, especially species in the genus phaseolus
Rhizobium phaseoli: druh gramnegativních bakterií fungujících jako inokulum dusíku pro suché fazole, zejména druhy rodu phaseolus (fazol)
Rhizobium tropici: a species of gram-negative bacteria and an nitrogen inoculum that displays a high intrinsic tolerance to acidity
Rhizobium tropici: druh gramnegativních bakterií a inokulum dusíku, které vykazuje vysokou vnitřní toleranci vůči kyselosti půdy
Rhizoctonia: a mitosporic ceratobasidiaceae fungal genus that is an important plant pathogen affecting potatoes and other plants. there are numerous teleomorphs
Rhizoctonia: rod mitosporických hub čeledi ceratobasidiaceae, který je významným patogenem brambor a dalších rostlin. má četné teleomorfy
Rhizome: root-like underground horizontal stem of plants that produces shoots above and roots below. distinguished from true roots which don't have buds and nodes. similar to true roots in being underground and thickened by storage deposits
Rhizomucor: a genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family mucoraceae, order mucorales
Rhizomucor: rod zygomycet čeledi mucoraceae, řádu mucorales
Rhizophoraceae: a plant family of the order rhizophorales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida, that includes mangrove trees
Rhizophoraceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu malpígiotvaré (malpighiales). charakteristickým stanovištěm zástupců této čeledi jsou specializované houštiny na tropických pobřežích, tzv. mangrovy (mangrove). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Rhizopus: a genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family mucoraceae, order mucorales, a common saprophyte and facultative parasite of mature fruits and vegetables. it may cause cerebral mycoses in diabetes and cutaneous infection in severely burned patients
Rhizopus: rod zygomycet (spájivých hub) čeledi mucoraceae (plísňovité), řádu mucorales (plísňotvaré), běžný saprofyt a občasný parazit zralého ovoce a zeleniny. může způsobit mozkové mykózy při diabetu a kožní infekce u těžce popálených pacientů
Rhizopus oryzae: a species of zygomycetous fungi of the genus rhizopus, family mucoraceae, and order mucorales. it may cause mucormycosis in immunosuppressed hosts
Rhizosphere: the immediate physical zone surrounding plant roots that include the plant roots. it is an area of intense and complex biological activity involving plants, microorganisms, other soil organisms, and the soil
Rhizotomy: surgical interruption of a spinal or cranial nerve root. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Rho Factor: a protein which effects termination of rna synthesis during the genetic transcription process by dissociating the ternary transcription complex rna;-rna polymerase dna at the termination of a gene
Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors: signaling proteins which function as master molecular switches by activating rho gtpases through conversion of guanine nucleotides. rho gtpases in turn control many aspects of cell behavior through the regulation of multiple downstream signal transduction pathways
Rho disociační inhibitory GDI gama: podtyp rho gdp-disociačního inhibitoru, který má jedinečnou c-koncovou alfa-šroubovicovou membránovou vazebnou doménu. je vázán na cytoplazmatické vezikuly, jako jsou například vezikuly spojené s golgiho aparátem
Rho proteiny vázající GTP: velká rodina monomerních proteinů vázajících gtp, které se účastní regulace organizace aktinu, genové exprese a průběhu buněčného cyklu. tento enzym byl dříve uváděn jako ec 3.6.1.47
Rho(D) Immune Globulin: immunizing agent containing immunoglobulin g anti-rho(d) used for preventing rh immunization in rh-negative individuals exposed to rh-positive red blood cells
Rhodamine 123: a fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for atp binding cassette transporter, subfamily b, member 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. it is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of atp binding cassette transporter, subfamily b, member 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30)
Rhodamines: a family of 3,6-di(substituted-amino)-9-benzoate derivatives of xanthene that are used as dyes and as indicators for various metals; also used as fluorescent tracers in histochemistry
Rhode Island: stát na východním pobřeží spojených států amerických, v oblasti nové anglie. rhode island hraničí na západě s connecticutem a na severu a východě s massachusetts. jižní ohraničení státu tvoří atlantský oceán. nejmenší stát usa. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Rhodiola: a plant genus of the family crassulaceae. members contain rhodioloside. this roseroot is unrelated to the familiar rose (rosa). some species in this genus are called stonecrop which is also a common name for sedum
Rhodiola: rod rostlin čeledi crassulaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují rhodiolosid
Rhodium: a hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol rh
Rhodnius: a genus of the subfamily triatominae. rhodnius prolixus is a vector for trypanosoma cruzi
Rhodnius: rod hmyzu podčeledi triatominae. rhodnius prolixus je přenašečem parazitického prvoka trypanosoma cruzi, původce chagasovy choroby
Rhodobacter: a genus of gram-negative bacteria widely distributed in fresh water as well as marine and hypersaline habitats
Rhodobacter: rod gramnegativních bakterií, které jsou široce rozšířené ve sladkých vodách, stejně jako v mořských a hyperslaných habitatech
Rhodobacter capsulatus: druh nepatogenní, ovoidní až tyčinkovité bakterie, je široce rozšířená ve sladkých vodách, stejně jako v mořských a hyperslaných habitatech
Rhodobacter capsulatus: non-pathogenic ovoid to rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed and found in fresh water as well as marine and hypersaline habitats
Rhodobacter sphaeroides: kulovitá, fototrofní bakterie, která se vyskytuje v bahně a osvětlených stojatých vodách
Rhodobacter sphaeroides: spherical phototrophic bacteria found in mud and stagnant water exposed to light
Rhodobacteraceae: a family in the order rhodobacterales, class alphaproteobacteria
Rhodobacteraceae: čeleď bakterií řádu rhodobacterales, třídy alphaproteobacteria
Rhodococcus equi: a species of rhodococcus found in soil, herbivore dung, and in the intestinal tract of cows, horses, sheep, and pigs. it causes bronchopneumonia in foals and can be responsible for infection in humans compromised by immunosuppressive drug therapy, lymphoma, or aids
Rhodococcus equi: druh bakterie rodu rhodococcus, která se vyskytuje v půdě, trusu býložravců a v trávicím traktu hovězího dobytka, koní, ovcí a prasat. způsobuje bronchopneumonie hříbat a může infikovat osoby kompromitované imunosupresivy a pacienty s lymfomem nebo aids
Rhodocyclaceae: a family of gram-negative bacteria in the order rhodocyclales, class betaproteobacteria. it includes many genera previously assigned to the family pseudomonadaceae
Rhodocyclaceae: čeleď gramnegativních bakterií řádu rhodocyclales, třídy betaproteobacteria. zahrnuje mnoho rodů, které byly dříve zařazené do čeledi pseudomonadaceae
Rhodomicrobium: a genus, in the family hyphomicrobiaceae, comprised of ovoid-shaped bacteria with polar growth and a characteristic vegetative growth cycle. cells grow preferably photoheterotrophically under anaerobic conditions in the light, but will also grow under microaerobic or aerobic conditions in the dark. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Rhodomicrobium: rod ovoidních bakterií čeledi hyphomicrobiaceae, které vykazují polární růst a charakteristický vegetativní růstový cyklus. buňky rostou přednostně fotoheterotrofně, na světle, za anaerobních podmínek. mohou ale také růst ve tmě za mikroaerobních nebo aerobních podmínek
Rhodophyta: red algae whose color results from predominace of the red pigment (phycoerythrin). however, if this pigment is destroyed, the algae can appear purple, brown, green, or yellow. two important substances found in the cell walls of red algae are agar and carrageenan. some rhodophyta are notable seaweed (macroalgae)
Rhodophyta: červené řasy, ve kterých převládá červený pigment (fykoerythrin). pokud je však tento pigment zničen, mohou mít řasy fialovou, hnědou, zelenou nebo žlutou barvu. v buněčných stěnách červených řas se nacházejí dvě důležité látky: agar a karagenan. některé ruduchy patří k významným mořským chaluhám (makrořasám)
Rhodopseudomonas: a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped, phototrophic bacteria found in aquatic environments. internal photosynthetic membranes are present as lamellae underlying the cytoplasmic membrane
Rhodopseudomonas: rod gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých, fototrofních bakterií, které se vyskytují ve vodním prostředí. v buňce jsou fotosyntetické membrány v podobě lamel pod cytoplazmatickou membránou
Rhodopsin: a purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in retinal rod cells of most vertebrates. it is a complex consisting of a molecule of rod opsin and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (retinaldehyde). rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm
Rhodopsins, Microbial: rhodopsin molecules found in microorganisms such as archaea and proteobacteria
Rhodospirillaceae: a family of phototrophic bacteria, in the order rhodospirillales, isolated from stagnant water and mud
Rhodospirillaceae: čeleď fototrofních bakterií řádu rhodospirillales, izolovaných ze stojatých vod a kalu
Rhodospirillales: an order of photosynthetic bacteria representing a physiological community of predominantly aquatic bacteria
Rhodospirillales: řád fotosyntetizujících bakterií představující fyziologické společenství převážně vodních bakterií
Rhodospirillum: a genus of gram-negative, spiral bacteria that possesses internal photosynthetic membranes. its organisms divide by binary fission, are motile by means of polar flagella, and are found in aquatic environments
Rhodospirillum: rod gramnegativních, spirálovitých, pohyblivých bakterií z čeledi rhodospirillaceae, které obsahují vnitřní fotosyntetické membrány. rozmnožují se binárním dělením, pohybují se pomocí polárních bičíků a vyskytují se ve vodním prostředí
Rhodospirillum centenum: a thermotolerant, cyst-forming, anoxygenic photosynthetic species, in the genus rhodospirillum
Rhodospirillum centenum: druh termotolerantní, fotoheterotrofní bakterie rodu rhodospirillum, která tvoří cysty. využívá energii získanou ze světla a zároveň vyžaduje zdroj organického uhlíku (aerobní anoxygenní fototrof)
Rhodospirillum rubrum: druh fotoheterotrofní, spirálovité bakterie rodu rhodospirillum. vyskytuje se v osvětlených stojatých vodách a kalech
Rhodospirillum rubrum: vibrio- to spiral-shaped phototrophic bacteria found in stagnant water and mud exposed to light
Rhodothermus: a genus of obligately aerobic, thermophilic, gram-negative bacteria in the family crenotrichaceae. they were isolated from submarine alkaline hot springs in iceland