NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Metatarsophalangeal Joint: the articulation between a metatarsal bone (metatarsal bones) and a phalanx
Metatarsus Varus: a foot anomaly in which the forefoot (metatarsus) is angled inward relative to the heel
Metencephalon: the anterior portion of the developing hindbrain. it gives rise to the cerebellum and the pons
Meteoroids: any solid objects moving in interplanetary space that are smaller than a planet or asteroid but larger than a molecule. meteorites are any meteoroid that has fallen to a planetary surface. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Meteorological Concepts: the atmospheric properties, characteristics and other atmospheric phenomena especially pertaining to weather or climate
Meteorology: the science of studying the characteristics of the atmosphere such as its temperature, density, winds, clouds, precipitation, and other atmospheric phenomena and aiming to account for the weather in terms of external influences and the basic laws of physics. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Metered Dose Inhalers: a small aerosol canister used to release a calibrated amount of medication for inhalation
Metergoline: a dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. it has been used similarly to bromocriptine as a dopamine agonist and also for migraine disorders therapy
Metestrus: the period following estrus during which the phenomena of estrus subside in those animals in which pregnancy or pseudopregnancy does not occur
Metformin: a biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289)
Methacholine Chloride: a quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of acetylcholine. it is hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase at a considerably slower rate than acetylcholine and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific cholinesterases so that its actions are more prolonged. it is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)
Methacholine Compounds: a group of compounds that are derivatives of beta-methylacetylcholine (methacholine)
Methacrylates: acrylic acids or acrylates which are substituted in the c-2 position with a methyl group
Methacycline: a broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic related to tetracycline but excreted more slowly and maintaining effective blood levels for a more extended period
Methadone: a synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. it is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. it has actions and uses similar to those of morphine. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3)
Methadyl Acetate: a narcotic analgesic with a long onset and duration of action
Methallibure: a dithiobiurea compound with anti-gonadotropic activity
Methamphetamine: a central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to dextroamphetamine. the smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed
Methandriol: a synthetic steroid with anabolic and androgenic properties. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)
Methandrostenolone: a synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. it has little progestational activity. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)
Methane: the simplest saturated hydrocarbon. it is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. it is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Methanobacteriaceae: a family of anaerobic, coccoid to rod-shaped methanobacteriales. cell membranes are composed mainly of polyisoprenoid hydrocarbons ether-linked to glycerol. its organisms are found in anaerobic habitats throughout nature
Methanobacteriaceae: čeleď anaerobních, kokoidních až tyčinkovitých, metanogenních archeí řádu methanobacteriales. jsou široce rozšířena v přírodě (v anaerobních biotopech). buněčné membrány jsou tvořeny především polyisoprenoidními uhlovodíky připojenými etherovou vazbou ke glycerolu
Methanobacteriales: an order of anaerobic, coccoid to rod-shaped methanogens, in the kingdom euryarchaeota. they are nonmotile, do not catabolize carbohydrates, proteinaceous material, or organic compounds other than formate or carbon monoxide, and are widely distributed in nature
Methanobacteriales: řád anaerobních, kokoidních až tyčinkovitých, metanogenních archeí kmene euryarchaeota. jsou nepohyblivá, nerozkládají sacharidy, bílkoviny ani organické sloučeniny, kromě mravenčanů a oxidu uhelnatého. vyskytují se běžně v přírodě
Methanobacterium: a genus of anaerobic, rod-shaped methanobacteriaceae. its organisms are nonmotile and use ammonia as the sole source of nitrogen. these methanogens are found in aquatic sediments, soil, sewage, and the gastrointestinal tract of animals
Methanobacterium: rod anaerobních, kokoidních archeí čeledi methanobacteriaceae. jsou nepohyblivá, jediným zdrojem dusíku je amoniak. vyskytují se ve vodních sedimentech, v půdě, odpadních vodách a v gastrointestinálním traktu živočichů
Methanobrevibacter: a genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, cocci to short rod-shaped archaea, in the family methanobacteriaceae, order methanobacteriales. they are found in the gastrointestinal tract or other anoxic environments
Methanobrevibacter: rod grampozitivních, anaerobních, kokoidních až krátce tyčinkovitých archeí čeledi methanobacteriaceae. vyskytují se v gastrointestinálním traktu a dalších typech anoxického prostředí
Methanocaldococcaceae: a family of anaerobic methanococcales whose organisms are thermophilic methanogens that produce methane from hydrogen and simple carbon sources such as carbon dioxide
Methanocaldococcaceae: čeleď anaerobních, termofilních, metanogenních archeí řádu methanococcales. produkují metan z vodíku a jednoduchých zdrojů uhlíku, jako je např. oxid uhličitý
Methanocaldococcus: a genus of obligate anaerobic methanocaldococcaceae whose organisms are non-motile despite possessing long thin flagella. these methanogens are found in deep-sea vent and other hydrothermal environments
Methanocaldococcus: rod obligátně anaerobních archeí čeledi methanocaldococcaceae. jsou to nepohyblivé organismy, ačkoli mají dlouhé, tenké bičíky. vyskytují se v hlubinných mořských průduších a dalších hydrotermálních systémech
Methanococcaceae: a family of anaerobic methanococcales whose organisms are motile by means of flagella. these methanogens use carbon dioxide as an electron acceptor
Methanococcaceae: čeleď anaerobních archeí řádu methanococcales. tyto organismy se pohybují pomocí bičíků. jsou metanogenní, akceptorem elektronů je oxid uhličitý
Methanococcales: an order of anaerobic methanogens in the kingdom euryarchaeota. they are pseudosarcina, coccoid or sheathed rod-shaped and catabolize methyl groups. the cell wall is composed of protein. the order includes one family, methanococcaceae. (from bergey's manual of systemic bacteriology, 1989)
Methanococcales: řád anaerobních metanogenů kmene euryarchaeota. jsou pseudosarcinoidní, kokoidní nebo mají tvar opouzdřených tyčinek. rozkládají methylové skupiny. buněčná stěna je tvořena proteiny. do tohoto řádu patří čeledi methanocaldococcaceae a methanococcaceae
Methanococcus: a genus of anaerobic coccoid methanococcaceae whose organisms are motile by means of polar tufts of flagella. these methanogens are found in salt marshes, marine and estuarine sediments, and the intestinal tract of animals
Methanococcus: rod anaerobních, kokoidních, metanogenních archeí čeledi methanococcaceae. tyto organismy jsou pohyblivé pomocí svazku polárních bičíků. vyskytují se na slaniskách, v mořských a brakických sedimentech a ve střevním traktu živočichů
Methanol: a colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness
Methanomicrobiaceae: a family of anaerobic methanomicrobiales whose cells are coccoid to straight or slightly curved rods. there are six genera
Methanomicrobiaceae: čeleď anaerobních archeí řádu methanomicrobiales. buňky mají kokoidní tvar nebo jsou to rovné až mírně zakřivené tyčinky. patří sem šest rodů
Methanomicrobiales: an order of anaerobic, highly specialized methanogens, in the kingdom euryarchaeota. its organisms are nonmotile or motile, with cells occurring as coccoid bodies, pseudosarcina, or rods. families include methanomicrobiaceae, methanocorpusculaceae, and methanospirillaceae
Methanomicrobiales: řád anaerobních, vysoce specializovaných metanogenů kmene euryarchaeota. jsou to pohyblivé nebo nepohyblivé organismy kokoidního, pseudosarcinoidního nebo tyčinkovitého tvaru. patří sem čeledi methanomicrobiaceae, methanocorpusculaceae, methanoregulaceae a methanospirillaceae
Methanosarcina: a genus of anaerobic, irregular spheroid-shaped methanosarcinales whose organisms are nonmotile. endospores are not formed. these archaea derive energy via formation of methane from acetate, methanol, mono-, di-, and trimethylamine, and possibly, carbon monoxide. organisms are isolated from freshwater and marine environments
Methanosarcina: rod anaerobních, nepohyblivých, nepravidelně sféroidních archeí řádu methanosarcinales. netvoří endospory. získávají energii rozkladem kyseliny octové, metanolu, mono-, di- nebo trimetylaminu, popř. oxidu uhelnatého. vyskytují se v anaerobních sladkovodních i mořských systémech
Methanosarcina barkeri: a species of halophilic archaea whose organisms are nonmotile. habitats include freshwater and marine mud, animal-waste lagoons, and the rumens of ungulates
Methanosarcina barkeri: druh nepohyblivých metanogenních archeí. vyskytují se v anaerobních sladkovodních i mořských usazeninách, živočišných kalojemech a žaludcích kopytníků
Methanosarcinaceae: a family of anaerobic methanosarcinales whose cells are mesophilic or thermophilic and appear as irregular spheroid bodies or sheathed rods. these methanogens are found in any anaerobic environment including aquatic sediments, anaerobic sewage digesters and gastrointestinal tracts. there are four genera: methanosarcina, methanolobus, methanothrix, and methanococcoides
Methanosarcinaceae: čeleď anaerobních, metanogenních archeí řádu methanosarcinales. jejich buňky jsou mezofilní nebo termofilní a mají nepravidelný kulovitý tvar nebo jsou to opouzdřené tyčinky. vyskytují se v anaerobním prostředí, jako jsou např. vodní sedimenty, anaerobní fermentory a gastrointestinální trakt. patří sem např. rody methanosarcina, methanolobus, methanothrix a methanococcoides
Methanosarcinales: an order of anaerobic methanogens in the kingdom euryarchaeota. there are two families: methanosarcinaceae and methanosaetaceae
Methanosarcinales: řád anaerobních metanogenů kmene euryarchaeota. patří sem čeledi methanosarcinaceae, methermicoccaceae a methanosaetaceae
Methanospirillum: jediný rod čeledi methanospirillaceae, jehož zástupci jsou progresivně pohybliví pomocí svazku polárních bičíků. vyskytují se např. v odpadních kalech, fermentorech a mokřadech
Methanospirillum: the sole genus in the family methanospirillaceae whose organisms are progressively motile by means of polar, tufted flagella. they have been isolated from sewage-sludge and pear waste digesters as well as marine and non-marine habitats
Methantheline: a quaternary ammonium compound that acts as an antimuscarinic agent. it has been used in the treatment of peptic ulcer, in gastrointestinal disorders associated with smooth muscle spasm, and in the management of urinary incontinence, and may also be used for the treatment of hyperhidrosis
Methapyrilene: histamine h1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies
Methaqualone: a quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. it has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604)
Methazolamide: a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma
Methemalbumin: a 1:1 molar complex of heme or hematin and albumin formed after the dissociation of methemoglobin into heme or hematin and globin in plasma. this complex, which imparts a coffee-brown color to plasma, occurs in hemolytic and hemorrhagic disorders. its presence in plasma is used as a test to differentiate between hemorrhagic and edematous pancreatitis
Methemoglobinemia: the presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. a small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme nadh methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin m (an autosomal dominant trait). (dorland, 27th ed)
Methenamine: an anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic ph. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173)
Methenyltetrahydrofolate Cyclohydrolase: an aminohydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate to 10-formyltetrahydrofolate. in most higher eucaryotic organisms this enzyme also includes methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (nadp) and formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase activities
Methicillin: one of the penicillins which is resistant to penicillinase but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. it is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection
Methicillin Resistance: non-susceptibility of a microbe to the action of methicillin, a semi-synthetic penicillin derivative
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a strain of staphylococcus aureus that is non-susceptible to the action of methicillin. the mechanism of resistance usually involves modification of normal or the presence of acquired penicillin binding proteins
Methimazole: a thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. this is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme
Methionine: a sulfur-containing essential l-amino acid that is important in many body functions
Methionine Adenosyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of s-adenosylmethionine from methionine and atp. ec 2.5.1.6
Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases: reductases that catalyze the reaction of peptide-l-methionine -s-oxide + thioredoxin to produce peptide-l-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + h(2)o
Methionine-tRNA Ligase: an enzyme that activates methionine with its specific transfer rna. ec 6.1.1.10
Methionyl Aminopeptidases: aminopeptidases that remove methionine from the amino-terminus of a peptide chain, such as the initiator methionine found on nascent peptide chains
Methiothepin: a serotonin receptor antagonist in the central nervous system used as an antipsychotic
Methocarbamol: a centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. it is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206)
Methohexital: an intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia
Methoprene: juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae
Methotrexate: an antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. it is an inhibitor of tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of dna
Methotrimeprazine: a phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both chlorpromazine and promethazine. it has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with central nervous system effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604)
Methoxamine: an alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral vasoconstriction
Methoxsalen: a naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including psoralea corylifolia. it is a photoactive substance that forms dna adducts in the presence of ultraviolet a irradiation
Methoxychlor: an insecticide. methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects
Methoxydimethyltryptamines: compounds that contain the biogenic monoamine tryptamine and are substituted with one methoxy group and two methyl groups. members of this group include several potent serotonergic hallucinogens found in several unrelated plants, skins of certain toads, and in mammalian brains. they are possibly involved in the etiology of schizophrenia
Methoxyflurane: an inhalation anesthetic. currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. if so employed, it should be administered with nitrous oxide to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1994, p180)
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. it is found in brain, blood, csf, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover
Methyclothiazide: a thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)
Methyl Chloride: a hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. it has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403)
Methyl CpG Binding Domain: a protein domain of about 70 amino acids in length that folds into a sandwich structure consisting of a beta sheet, alpha helix, and c-terminal hairpin loop which forms a hydrophobic methylated-dna binding patch. it binds to methylated cpg islands in eukaryotes and occurs with other dna and chromatin binding domains such as at-hook motifs in eukaryotic dna binding proteins
Methyl Green: a tri-benzene-ammonium usually compounded with zinc chloride. it is used as a biological stain and for the dyeing and printing of textiles
Methyl Methanesulfonate: an alkylating agent in cancer therapy that may also act as a mutagen by interfering with and causing damage to dna
Methyl Parathion: the methyl homolog of parathion. an effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor
Methyl n-Butyl Ketone: an industrial solvent which causes nervous system degeneration. mbk is an acronym often used to refer to it
Methyl-Accepting Chemotaxis Proteins: transmembrane sensor receptor proteins that are central components of the chemotactic systems of a number of motile bacterial species which include escherichia coli and salmonella typhimurium. methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins derive their name from a sensory adaptation process which involves methylation at several glutamyl residues in their cytoplasmic domain. methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins trigger chemotactic responses across spatial chemical gradients, causing organisms to move either toward favorable stimuli or away from toxic ones
Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2: a dna-binding protein that interacts with methylated cpg islands. it plays a role in repressing genetic transcription and is frequently mutated in rett syndrome
Methylation: addition of methyl groups. in histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Methylazoxymethanol Acetate: the aglycone of cycasin. it acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic dna, rna, and protein synthesis
Methylcellulose: methylester of cellulose. methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. it is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative
Methyldimethylaminoazobenzene: a very potent liver carcinogen
Methyldopa: an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent
Methylene Blue: a compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. it inhibits guanylate cyclase, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of methemoglobin
Methylene Chloride: a chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology
Methylenebis(chloroaniline): aromatic diamine used in the plastics industry as curing agent for epoxy resins and urethane rubbers. it causes bladder, liver, lung, and other neoplasms
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (NAD+): a nad-dependent oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methenyl-tetrahdyrofolate. it has been found in a variety of microorganisms
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (NADP): an nadp-dependent oxidoreductase that catalyses the conversion of 5,10-methyleneterahydrofolate to 5,10-methenyl-tetrahydrofolate. in higher eukaryotes a trifunctional enzyme exists with additional methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase and formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase activity. the enzyme plays an important role in the synthesis of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, the methyl donor for the vitamin b12-dependent remethylation of homocysteine to methionine via methionine synthetase
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2): a flavoprotein amine oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reversible conversion of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. this enzyme was formerly classified as ec 1.1.1.171
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency: a common hereditary defect of folate metabolism due to autosomal recessive mutations in the mthfr gene. the phenotypic spectrum ranges from severe neurologic deterioration (developmental delay; seizures; ataxia; stroke) and early death to asymptomatic adults. in the classic form, both thermostable and thermolabile enzyme variants have been identified. omim: 236250
Methylergonovine: a homolog of ergonovine containing one more ch2 group. (merck index, 11th ed)
Methylhistamines: histamine substituted in any position with one or more methyl groups. many of these are agonists for the h1, h2, or both histamine receptors
Methylhistidines: histidine substituted in any position with one or more methyl groups
Methylhydrazines: hydrazines substituted by one or more methyl groups in any position
Methylmalonate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase (Acylating): an enzyme that plays a role in the valine; leucine; and isoleucine catabolic pathways by catalyzing the oxidation of 2-methyl-3-oxopropanate to propanoyl-coa using nad+ as a coenzyme. methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency is characterized by elevated beta-alanine and 3-hydropropionic acid
Methylmalonic Acid: a malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. this metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl coa to succinyl coa
Methylmalonic Aciduria and Homocystinuria, CblD Type: mutation in c2orf25
Methylmalonic Aciduria and Homocystinuria, CblF Type: mutation in lmbrd1
Methylmalonic Aciduria due to Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase Deficiency: mutation in methylmalonyl-coa mutase gene (mut); mut(0) is complete enzyme deficiency; mut(-) is partial enzyme deficiency
Methylmalonic acidemia: an inherited autosomal recessive disorder characterized by abnormalities in protein and lipid metabolism. from an early age, patients present with various symptoms that may include vomiting; dehydration; hypotonia; developmental delays; hepatomegaly; lethargy, and chronic kidney disease. germline mutations in the mut (omim: 609058), mmaa (omim: 251100), mmab (omim: 251110) , mmadhc (omim: 277410), and mcee (omim: 251120) genes have been identified. acidemia means presence in the blood, aciduria means presence in the urine
Methylmalonic acidemia with homocystinuria: a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder of vitamin b12 metabolism that is characterized by variable phenotypes including intellectual disability, hematologic, neurologic, metabolic, ophthalmologic, and dermatologic clinical findings may also occur. although considered a disease of infancy or childhood, some individuals develop symptoms in adulthood. caused by mutations in the mmachc gene. omim: 277400
Methylmalonic aciduria cblA type: methylmalonic aciduria, vitamin b12-responsive, due to defect in synthesis of adenosylcobalamin, cbla complementation type; mutation in mmaa; methylmalonic aciduria, vitamin b12-responsive, due to defect in synthesis of adenosylcobalamin, cbla type
Methylmalonic aciduria cblB type: methylmalonic aciduria, vitamin b12-responsive, due to defect in synthesis of adenosylcobalamin, cblb type
Methylmalonyl-CoA Decarboxylase: a carboxy-lyase that catalyzes the decarboxylation of (s)-2-methyl-3-oxopropanoyl-coa to propanoyl-coa. in microorganisms the reaction can be coupled to the vectorial transport of sodium ions across the cytoplasmic membrane
Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonyl-coa to succinyl-coa by transfer of the carbonyl group. it requires a cobamide coenzyme. a block in this enzymatic conversion leads to the metabolic disease, methylmalonic aciduria. ec 5.4.99.2
Methylmannosides: mannosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of mannose with methyl alcohol. they include both alpha- and beta-methylmannosides
Methylmethacrylate: the methyl ester of methacrylic acid. it polymerizes easily to form polymethyl methacrylate. it is used as a bone cement
Methylmethacrylates: the methyl esters of methacrylic acid that polymerize easily and are used as tissue cements, dental materials, and absorbent for biological substances
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: a nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties
Methylnitrosourea: a nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties
Methylobacillus: a genus of short, aerobic, gram-negative rods which are obligate methylotrophs, growing on one-carbon compounds other than methane. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Methylobacillus: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, krátkých tyčinek, které jsou obligátně metylotrofní (rostou na jednouhlíkatých sloučeninách s výjimkou metanu)
Methylobacteriaceae: a family of gram-negative bacteria in the order rhizobiales. genera include methylobacterium, protomonas, and roseomonas
Methylobacteriaceae: čeleď gramnegativních bakterií řádu rhizobiales. zahrnuje rody methylobacterium, protomonas a roseomonas
Methylobacterium: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, facultatively methylotrophic rods occurring singly or occasionally in rosettes. members of this genus are usually motile and are isolated from soil, dust, fresh water, lake sediments, leaf surfaces, rice, air, and hospital environments. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Methylobacterium: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, fakultativně methylotrofních tyčinek, které se vyskytují jednotlivě nebo v rozetách. bakterie tohoto rodu jsou obvykle pohyblivé a lze je nalézt v půdě, prachu, ve sladké vodě, v jezerních sedimentech, na povrchu listů, na rýži, ve vzduchu a v nemocničním prostředí
Methylobacterium extorquens: a species of methylobacterium which can utilize acetate, ethanol, or methylamine as a sole carbon source. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Methylobacterium extorquens: druh bakterie rodu methylobacterium, která dokáže využívat acetát, etanol nebo metylamin jako jediný zdroj uhlíku
Methylococcaceae: a family of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria utilizing only one-carbon organic compounds and isolated from in soil and water
Methylococcaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, aerobních bakterií, které využívají jen jednouhlíkaté organické sloučeniny. vyskytuje se v půdě a ve vodě
Methylococcus: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, spherical cells usually occurring in pairs. the resting stage is considered a cyst. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Methylococcus: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, sférických bakterií, které se většinou vyskytují ve dvojicích. klidovým stadiem je cysta
Methylococcus capsulatus: a species of methylococcus which forms capsules and is capable of autotrophic carbon dioxide fixation. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Methylococcus capsulatus: druh bakterie rodu methylococcus, která tvoří kapsule a má schopnost autotrofně vázat oxid uhličitý
Methylocystaceae: a family of gram-negative methanotrophs in the order rhizobiales, distantly related to the nitrogen-fixing and phototrophic bacteria
Methylocystaceae: čeleď gramnegativních metanotrofních bakterií řádu rhizobiales, vzdáleně příbuzných fototrofním bakteriím a bakteriím fixujícím dusík
Methylomonas: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, straight, curved, or branched rods which are motile by a single polar flagellum. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Methylomonas: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, rovných, zakřivených nebo rozvětvených tyčinek, které se pohybují pomocí polárního bičíku
Methylophilaceae: čeleď gramnegativních bakterií řádu methylophilales
Methylophilus: a genus of straight or slightly curved gram-negative rods occurring singly or in pairs and isolated from sludge, mud, and river and pond water. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Methylophilus: rod gramnegativních, rovných nebo mírně zakřivených tyčinek, které se vyskytují jednotlivě nebo ve dvojicích. nalézají se v kalech, bahně, v řekách a rybnících
Methylophilus methylotrophus: a species of methylophilus which is motile by single flagella. in addition to growth on methanol as a sole carbon source, growth also occurs on glucose. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Methylophilus methylotrophus: druh bakterie rodu methylophilus, která se pohybuje pomocí jednoho bičíku. roste na metanolu jako jediném zdroji uhlíku a dále také na glukóze
Methylosinus: a genus of gram-negative rods which form exospores and are obligate methanotrophs
Methylosinus: rod gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které tvoří exospory a jsou obligátně metanotrofní
Methylosinus trichosporium: a species of methylosinus which is capable of degrading trichloroethylene and other organic pollutants
Methylosinus trichosporium: druh bakterie rodu methylosinus, která má schopnost rozkládat trichloretylen a jiné organické polutanty
Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of succinic dehydrogenase
Methylphenidate: a central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention deficit disorder in children and for narcolepsy. its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of dextroamphetamine. the d-isomer of this drug is referred to as dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride
Methylprednisolone Acetate: methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of allergy and allergic rhinitis; asthma; and bursitis; and for the treatment of adrenal insufficiency
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: a water-soluble ester of methylprednisolone used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies
Methyltestosterone: a synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (antineoplastic agents, hormonal)
Methylthioinosine: 6-(methylthio)-9-beta-d-ribofuranosylpurine. an analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position
Methylthiouracil: a thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. it is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism
Methyltransferases: a subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (dorland, 28th ed) ec 2.1.1
Methyltyrosines: a group of compounds that are methyl derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine
Methylurea Compounds: urea compounds which are substituted with one or more methyl groups
Methysergide: an ergot derivative that is a congener of lysergic acid diethylamide. it antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome
Metiamide: a histamine h2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent
Metipranolol: a beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. it is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent
Metmyoglobin: myoglobin which is in the oxidized ferric or hemin form. the oxidation causes a change in color from red to brown
Metoclopramide: a dopamine d2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic
Metolazone: a quinazoline-sulfonamide derived diuretic that functions by inhibiting sodium chloride symporters
Metoprolol: a selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat angina pectoris; hypertension; and cardiac arrhythmias
Metrial Gland: collection of granular epithelial cells in the uterine muscle beneath the placenta that develop during pregnancy in certain species of animals
Metribolone: a synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. it binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors
Metric System: a system of units used in scientific work throughout the world and employed in general commercial transactions and engineering applications. its units of length, time, and mass are the meter, second, and kilogram respectively, or decimal multiples and submultiples thereof. ( mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Metrizamide: a solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. it is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium
Metronidazole: a nitroimidazole used to treat amebiasis; vaginitis; trichomonas infections; giardiasis; anaerobic bacteria; and treponemal infections
Metrorrhagia: abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to menstruation, usually in females without regular menstrual cycle. the irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional endometrium
Metschnikowia: a genus of ascomycetous yeast in the family metschnikowiaceae, order saccharomycetales. its antifungal activity is used to inhibit postharvest decay of fruit
Metschnikowia: rod vřeckovýtrusných kvasinek čeledi metschnikowiaceae, řádu saccharomycetales. jejich protiplísňové vlastnosti se využívají v přípravcích k posklizňovému ošetření ovoce
Metyrapone: an inhibitor of the enzyme steroid 11-beta-monooxygenase. it is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of cushing syndrome
Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency: autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the mevalonate kinase gene. because of the mutations cholesterol biosynthesis is disrupted and mevalonic acid accumulates. it is characterized by a range of symptoms, including dysmorphic facies, psychomotor retardation, cataract, hepatosplenomegaly, cerebellar ataxia, elevated immunoglobulin d, and recurrent febrile crises with fever; lymphadenopathy; arthralgia; edema; and rash
Mevalonic Acid: a dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions
Mevinphos: an organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide
Mexický záliv: mexický záliv je svým charakterem spíše polouzavřené vnitrozemské moře atlantského oceánu rozkládající se mezi východním pobřežím mexika, jižním pobřežím spojených států amerických a severním pobřežím kuby. s atlantským oceánem záliv spojuje floridský průliv (mezi floridou a kubou), s karibským mořem yucatánský průliv (mezi kubou a yucatánem). do mexického zálivu ústí velké řeky mississippi a rio grande a grijalva-usumacinta. mexický záliv má enormní význam pro svět: vzniká v něm teplý golfský proud, který zásadním způsobem ovlivňuje podnebí především severní evropy, britských ostrovů a jižního grónska. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Mexico: a country in north america, bordering the caribbean sea and the gulf of mexico, between belize and the united states, and bordering the north pacific ocean, between guatemala and the united states
Mexiko: geograficky se nachází drtivou většinou území v severní americe, geopoliticky bývá ale často řazeno mezi státy střední ameriky. na severu hraničí se spojenými státy, na jihu s guatemalou a belize. ze západu jsou břehy mexika omývány tichým oceánem, východní pobřeží je tvořeno mexickým zálivem a na jihovýchodě karibským mořem. jde o největší španělsky mluvící zemi světa. je to federace skládající se z 31 států a samostatné jednotky ciudad de méxico, hlavního a také největšího města. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Mexiletine: antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to lidocaine. it may have some anticonvulsant properties
Mezinc: tradename; a zinc-medicated (non-absorptive) occlusive, adhesive dressing; consists of a polyvinyl chloride coated cotton fabric and an adhesive mass composed of zinc oxide (25%), natural rubber, light liquid paraffin and portuguese gum rosin
Mezlocillin: semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. it has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and cns infections
Mfge8 protein, mouse: located on membrane of milk fat globule; expressed in breast carcinomas; refseq nm_008594
Mg5 ceramic: a glass ceramic composed of 20.6% cao, 58.5% p(2)o(5), 14.4% na(2)o, 4.1% mgo and 2.4% caf(2) (wt%)
Mi-2 Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase Complex: a enzyme complex involved in the remodeling of nucleosomes. the complex is comprised of at least seven subunits and includes both histone deacetylase and atpase activities
MiCMA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used for treatment of refractory or recurrent hodgkin's disease
MiCaT protocol: chemotherapy regimen consisting of above cpds; used in the therapy of breast cancer
MiNa protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia
MiPE protocol: combination of cisplatin, vindesine & mitomycin; used in treatment of non-small cell lung neoplasms
Mianserin: a tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. it may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine h1, and some types of serotonin receptors
Mibefradil: a benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits calcium channels, t-type
Micafungin: a cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of candidiasis
Mice, 129 Strain: strains of mice arising from a parental inbred stock that was subsequently used to produce substrains of knockout and other mutant mice with targeted mutations
Mice, Biozzi: a strain of mice bred specifically as high or low antibody responders
Mice, Congenic: mouse strains constructed to possess identical genotypes except for a difference at a single gene locus
Mice, Inbred A: an inbred strain of mouse that is widely used in immunology studies and cancer research
Mice, Inbred AKR: an inbred strain of mouse that is widely used in immunology studies and cancer research
Mice, Inbred BALB C: an inbred strain of mouse that is widely used in immunology studies and cancer research
Mice, Inbred C3H: an inbred strain of mouse that is used as a general purpose strain in a wide variety of research areas including cancer; infectious diseases; sensorineural, and cardiovascular biology research
Mice, Inbred C57BL: one of the first inbred mouse strains to be sequenced. this strain is commonly used as genetic background for transgenic mouse models. refractory to many tumors, this strain is also preferred model for studying role of genetic variations in development of diseases
Mice, Inbred CBA: an inbred strain of mouse that is widely used in biomedical research
Mice, Inbred CFTR: a strain of mice widely studied as a model for cystic fibrosis. these mice are generated from embryonic stem cells in which the cftr (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) gene is inactivated by gene targeting. as a result, all mice have one copy of this altered gene in all their tissues. mice homozygous for the disrupted gene exhibit many features common to young cystic fibrosis patients, including failure to thrive, meconium ileus, and alteration of mucous and serous glands
Mice, Inbred DBA: an inbred strain of mouse. specific substrains are used in a variety of areas of biomedical research such as dba/1j, which is used as a model for rheumatoid arthritis
Mice, Inbred ICR: an inbred strain of mouse that is used as a general purpose research strain, for therapeutic drug testing, and for the genetic analysis of carcinogen-induced colon cancer
Mice, Inbred MRL lpr: a mouse substrain that is genetically predisposed to the development of systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome, which has been found to be clinically similar to the human disease. it has been determined that this mouse strain carries a mutation in the fas gene. also, the mrl/lpr is a useful model to study behavioral and cognitive deficits found in autoimmune diseases and the efficacy of immunosuppressive agents
Mice, Inbred NOD: a strain of non-obese diabetic mice developed in japan that has been widely studied as a model for t-cell-dependent autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in which insulitis is a major histopathologic feature, and in which genetic susceptibility is strongly mhc-linked
Mice, Inbred NZB: an inbred strain of mouse that is widely used as a model for autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus
Mice, Inbred SENCAR: mice selectively bred for hypersusceptibility to two-stage chemical skin carcinogenesis. they are also hypersusceptible to uv radiation tumorigenesis with single high-dose, but not chronic low-dose, exposures. sencar (sensitive to carcinogenesis) mice are used in research as an animal model for tumor production
Mice, Inbred Strains: genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. all animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation
Mice, Inbred mdx: a strain of mice arising from a spontaneous mutation (mdx) in inbred c57bl mice. this mutation is x chromosome-linked and produces viable homozygous animals that lack the muscle protein dystrophin, have high serum levels of muscle enzymes, and possess histological lesions similar to human muscular dystrophy. the histological features, linkage, and map position of mdx make these mice a worthy animal model of duchenne muscular dystrophy
Mice, Jimpy: myelin-deficient mutants which are from the inbred tabby-jimpy strain
Mice, Knockout: strains of mice in which certain genes of their genomes have been disrupted, or knocked-out. to produce knockouts, using recombinant dna technology, the normal dna sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. cloned cells in which this dna alteration is successful are then injected into mouse embryos to produce chimeric mice. the chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. knockout mice are used as experimental animal models for diseases (disease models, animal) and to clarify the functions of the genes
Mice, Knockout, ApoE: strains of mice that contain genetic disruptions (knockout) of apolipoproteins e genes. they are used as models for atherosclerosis research
Mice, Mutant Strains: mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals
Mice, Neurologic Mutants: mice which carry mutant genes for neurologic defects or abnormalities
Mice, Nude: mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene nude which fail to develop a thymus. they are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses
Mice, Obese: mutant mice exhibiting a marked obesity coupled with overeating, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, marked insulin resistance, and infertility when in a homozygous state. they may be inbred or hybrid
Mice, Quaking: mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene, quaking (qk), associated with disorder in myelin formation and manifested by axial tremors
Mice, SCID: mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene scid which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. these mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. the lack of b- and t-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) syndrome in human infants. scid mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing scid-human (scid-hu) hematochimeric mice
Mice, Transgenic: laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated egg or embryo, mammalian
Micelles: particles consisting of aggregates of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. the surface of micelles are usually comprised of amphiphatic compounds that are oriented in a way that minimizes the energy of interaction between the micelle and its environment. liquids that contain large numbers of suspended micelles are referred to as emulsions
Michels Caskey syndrome: mullerian aplasia with unilateral hypoplasia of the thumbs and skeletal spine deformities
Michigan: state bounded on the north by the great lakes, on the east by canada, on the south by wisconsin, indiana, and ohio, and on the west by lake michigan and wisconsin
Michigan: stát na severu spojených států amerických. michigan hraničí na jihu s ohiem a indianou a na severozápadě s wisconsinem. na severu (přes hořejší jezero) a východě (přes huronské jezero, jezero svaté kláry a erijské jezero) sousedí s kanadskou provincií ontario, západní ohraničení státu tvoří michiganské jezero. hlavním městem je lansing, největším městem je detroit. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Miconazole: an imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion
Micrasterias: a genus of unicellular streptophyte algae in the family desmidiaceae, order desmidiales
Micrasterias: rod jednobuněčných streptofytních řas čeledi desmidiaceae, řádu desmidiales
Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems: a class of devices combining electrical and mechanical components that have at least one of the dimensions in the micrometer range (between 1 micron and 1 millimeter). they include sensors, actuators, microducts, and micropumps