NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
REM Sleep Parasomnias: abnormal behavioral or physiologic events that are associated with rem sleep, including rem sleep behavior disorder
REP 2139: a nucleic acid polymer that clears circulating hepatitis b and hepatitis d virus by blocking the release of subviral particles
RGS Proteins: a large family of evolutionarily conserved proteins that function as negative regulators of heterotrimeric gtp-binding proteins. rgs proteins act by increasing the gtpase activity of the g alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric gtp-binding protein, causing it to revert to its inactive (gdp-bound) form
RIBBOND: a high-molecular-weight fiber produced from polyethylene material through gas-plasma treatment; the surface of the leno-woven polyethylene ribbon is chemically reactive to composite or acrylic resins
RIME regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of rituximab (antibodies, monoclonal, murine-derived) & above compounds for the treatment of b-cell non-hodgkin's lymphoma
RING Finger Domains: a zinc-binding domain defined by the sequence cysteine-x2-cysteine-x(9-39)-cysteine-x(l-3)-his-x(2-3)-cysteine-x2-cysteine -x(4-48)-cysteine-x2-cysteine, where x is any amino acid. the ring finger motif binds two atoms of zinc, with each zinc atom ligated tetrahedrally by either four cysteines or three cysteines and a histidine. the motif also forms into a unitary structure with a central cross-brace region and is found in many proteins that are involved in protein-protein interactions. the acronym ring stands for really interesting new gene
RIV immunoglobulin variant protein, human: riv is a human gamma 1 heavy chain disease immunoglobulin variant with a deletion of the entire vh and ch1 domains
RNA: a polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. rna is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (rieger et al., glossary of genetics: classical and molecular, 5th ed)
RNA: nukleová kyselina tvořená vláknem ribonukleotidů, které obsahují cukr ribózu a nukleové báze adenin, guanin, cytosin a uracil. je zodpovědná za přenos informace z úrovně nukleových kyselin do proteinů a u některých virů je dokonce samotnou nositelkou genetické informace. kromě role v překladu genetického kódu má řadu strukturních a katalytických funkcí a účastní se mnoha dalších buněčných pochodů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2023 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
RNA 3' End Processing: the steps that generate the 3' ends of mature rna molecules. for most mrnas (rna, messenger), 3' end processing referred to as polyadenylation includes the addition of poly a
RNA 3' Polyadenylation Signals: sequences found near the 3' end of messenger rna that direct the cleavage and addition of multiple adenine nucleotides to the 3' end of mrna
RNA 5' Terminal Oligopyrimidine Sequence: a regulatory sequence found in the 5' terminal regions of a variety of rna species. the sequence starts with a cytidine, which is followed by a stretch of 5 to 15 pyrimidine nucleotides. messenger rna that contains the 5' terminal oligo pyrimidine tract is often referred to as 5' top mrna. the sequence acts as a translational regulator and has been found in mrnas for peptide elongation factors and ribosomal proteins
RNA Cap Analogs: analogs of rna cap compounds which do not have a positive charge. these compounds inhibit the initiation of translation of both capped and uncapped messenger rna
RNA Cap-Binding Proteins: proteins that specifically bind to rna caps and form nuclear cap binding protein complexes. in addition to stabilizing the 5' end of mrnas, they serve a diverse array of functions such as enhancing mrna transport out of the cell nucleus and regulating mrna translation in the cytoplasm
RNA Caps: nucleic acid structures found on the 5' end of eukaryotic cellular and viral messenger rna and some heterogeneous nuclear rnas. these structures, which are positively charged, protect the above specified rnas at their termini against attack by phosphatases and other nucleases and promote mrna function at the level of initiation of translation. analogs of the rna caps (rna cap analogs), which lack the positive charge, inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis
RNA Cleavage: a reaction that severs one of the sugar-phosphate linkages of the phosphodiester backbone of rna. it is catalyzed enzymatically, chemically, or by radiation. cleavage may be exonucleolytic, or endonucleolytic
RNA Editing: a process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mrna from that of the dna template encoding it. some major classes of rna editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mrna; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-rnas (rna, guide, kinetoplastida)
RNA Helicases: a family of proteins that promote unwinding of rna during splicing and translation
RNA Interference: a gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsrnas (rna, double-stranded) trigger the degradation of homologous mrna (rna, messenger). the specific dsrnas are processed into small interfering rna (sirna) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mrna in the rna-induced silencing complex. dna methylation may also be triggered during this process
RNA Isoforms: the different gene transcripts generated from a single gene by rna editing or alternative splicing of rna precursors
RNA Ligase (ATP): an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of linear rna to a circular form by the transfer of the 5'-phosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl terminus. it also catalyzes the covalent joining of two polyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage. ec 6.5.1.3
RNA Methylation: the addition of a methyl group to one of the nitrogen atoms on a nucleotide base in an rna molecule
RNA Nucleotidyltransferases: enzymes that catalyze the template-directed incorporation of ribonucleotides into an rna chain. ec 2.7.7.-
RNA Phages: bacteriophages whose genetic material is rna, which is single-stranded in all except the pseudomonas phage phi 6 (bacteriophage phi 6). all rna phages infect their host bacteria via the host's surface pili. some frequently encountered rna phages are: bf23, f2, r17, fr, phicb5, phicb12r, phicb8r, phicb23r, 7s, pp7, q beta phage, ms2 phage, and bacteriophage phi 6
RNA Polymerase I: a dna-dependent rna polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. the enzyme functions in the nucleolar structure and transcribes dna into rna. it has different requirements for cations and salts than rna polymerase ii and iii and is not inhibited by alpha-amanitin
RNA Polymerase II: a dna-dependent rna polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. it functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes dna into rna. it has different requirements for cations and salt than rna polymerase i and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. ec 2.7.7.6
RNA Polymerase III: a dna-dependent rna polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. it functions in the nucleoplasmic structure where it transcribes dna into rna. it has specific requirements for cations and salt and has shown an intermediate sensitivity to alpha-amanitin in comparison to rna polymerase i and ii
RNA Polymerase Sigma 54: a dna-directed rna polymerase found in bacteria. it is a holoenzyme that consists of multiple subunits including sigma factor 54
RNA Precursors: rna transcripts of the dna that are in some unfinished stage of post-transcriptional processing (rna processing, post-transcriptional) required for function. rna precursors may undergo several steps of rna splicing during which the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the introns are excised. consequently a new bond is formed between the ends of the exons. resulting mature rnas can then be used; for example, mature mrna (rna, messenger) is used as a template for protein production
RNA Probes: rna, usually prepared by transcription from cloned dna, which complements a specific mrna or dna and is generally used for studies of virus genes, distribution of specific rna in tissues and cells, integration of viral dna into genomes, transcription, etc. whereas dna probes are preferred for use at a more macroscopic level for detection of the presence of dna/rna from specific species or subspecies, rna probes are preferred for genetic studies. conventional labels for the rna probe include radioisotope labels 32p and 125i and the chemical label biotin. rna probes may be further divided by category into plus-sense rna probes, minus-sense rna probes, and antisense rna probes
RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional: post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal rnas or their precursors. it includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein
RNA Recognition Motif: an approximately 80 amino acid rna binding motif that consists of four anti-parallel surface beta sheets and two alpha helices arranged in a beta-alpha-beta-beta-alpha-beta configuration. one of the surface beta sheets interacts with two or three specific rna bases. interactions between additional sequences and the rna, as well as within the rna recognition motif increase the affinity and specificity of the protein-rna interaction
RNA Recognition Motif Proteins: a family of rna-binding proteins that contain an rna recognition motif and two ribonucleoprotein (rnp) domains which bind rna, in addition to other domains that allow for high affinity binding, sequence specificity, and protein interactions. examples of rna recognition motif proteins include heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclearproteins (hnrnp) and embryonic lethal abnormal-vision (elav) proteins
RNA Splice Sites: nucleotide sequences located at the ends of exons and recognized in pre-messenger rna by spliceosomes. they are joined during the rna splicing reaction, forming the junctions between exons
RNA Splicing: the ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final rna transcript is sent to the cytoplasm
RNA Splicing Factors: rna-binding proteins that facilitate or inhibit rna splicing
RNA Stability: the extent to which an rna molecule retains its structural integrity and resists degradation by rnase, and base-catalyzed hydrolysis, under changing in vivo or in vitro conditions
RNA Transport: the process of moving specific rna molecules from one cellular compartment or region to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms
RNA chloroplastová: ribonukleová kyselina v chloroplastech, která má regulační a katalytickou roli a také se podílí na syntéze proteinů
RNA dlouhá nekódující: třída nepřekládaných molekul rna, které jsou typicky delší než 200 nukleotidů a nekódují proteiny. bylo zjištěno, že členové této skupiny hrají roli v regulaci transkripce, v post-transkripčních úpravách a v remodelaci a epigenetické kontrole chromatinu
RNA fágy: bakteriofágy, jejichž genetický materiál je tvořený jednořetězcovou rna, s výjimkou fágu pseudomonas phi 6. všechny rna fágy infikují hostitelské buňky přichycením na povrchových útvarech zvaných pilusy. mezi časté zástupce rna fágů patří bf23, f2, r17, fr, phicb5, phicb12r, phicb8r, phicb23r, 7s, pp7, fág q beta, fág ms2 a bakteriofág phi 6
RNA granula v cytoplazmě: bezmembránové subkompartmenty obsahující ribonukleoproteinové komplexy. vyskytují se v cytoplazmě a často sdílí četné komponenty proteinů a/nebo rna. bezmembránové rnp subkompartmenty v jádře se označují jako jaderná tělíska (např. tělíska v blízkosti jaderných skvrn)
RNA helmintů: ribonukleová kyselina u helmintů, která je zapojená do syntézy proteinů a má také regulační a katalytickou roli
RNA heterogenní jaderná: jaderná neribozomální rna větší než cca 1000 nukleotidů, jejíž hmota je rychle syntetizována a degradována v buněčném jádře. část heterogenní jaderné rna může být prekurzorem mrna. velká část celkové hnrna však hybridizuje spíše s jadernou dna než s mrna
RNA interference: proces umlčování genů, pomocí něhož specifické dsrna (dvouvláknové rna) spouští degradaci homologní mrna (messenger rna). specifické dsrna jsou upraveny na malou interferující rna (sirna), která řídí štěpení homologní mrna v komplexu risc. během tohoto procesu může také být spuštěna metylace dna
RNA jaderná: molekuly rna, které se nacházejí v jádře, kde jsou buď volně v nukleoplazmě, nebo spojené s chromozomy
RNA katalytická: rna, která má katalytickou aktivitu. sekvence katalytické rna se složí a vytvoří komplexní povrch, který může v reakcích se sebou a s jinými molekulami fungovat jako enzym. může fungovat i v nepřítomnosti bílkovin. existuje mnoho druhů rna, na které působí katalytická rna, avšak rozsah této třídy enzymů není omezen na konkrétní typ substrátu
RNA komplementární: syntetické transkripty specifické molekuly nebo fragmentu dna vytvořené transkripčním systémem in vitro. tato crna může být označena radioaktivním uracilem a poté použita jako sonda
RNA malá cytoplazmatická: malé molekuly rna, které se vyskytují v cytoplazmě, obvykle v komplexech s proteiny v podobě malých cytoplazmatických ribonukleoproteinů (scrnp)
RNA malá jaderná: krátké řetězce rna (o délce 100-300 nukleotidů), které se hojně vyskytují v jádře a obvykle tvoří komplex s proteiny jako snrnp (malé jaderné ribonukleoproteiny). mnoho z nich se účastní úprav prekurzorů messenger rna. jiné, snorna (malá jadérková rna), se podílejí na úpravách prekurzorů ribozomální rna
RNA messenger skladovaná: messenger rna, která je uložena v maskovaném stavu pro pozdější translaci. rozlišujte od nepřekládané rna, kde se jedná o non-messenger rna, tj. rna, která nekóduje protein
RNA protozoální: ribonukleová kyselina prvoků, která má regulační a katalytickou roli a také se účastní syntézy proteinů
RNA ribozomální: nejhojnější forma rna. spolu s proteiny tvoří ribozomy, kde má strukturální roli a také roli ve vazbě mrna a trna na ribozom. jednotlivé řetězce jsou konvenčně označovány svými sedimentačními koeficienty. u eukaryot existují čtyři velké řetězce, které jsou syntetizované v jadérku a tvoří asi 50 % ribozomu
RNA ribozomální 16S: ribozomální rna, která je součástí malé podjednotky prokaryotického ribozomu. oblast genu 16s rrna je konzervovaná a pomalu mutuje. proto se tento gen začal využívat pro fylogenetické studie. celý gen má délku cca 1500 bp. 16s rrna se podílí na struktuře ribozomu a účastní se iniciace syntézy polypeptidů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2023 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
RNA ribozomální 18S: ribozomální rna, která se vyskytuje v malé ribozomální podjednotce ribozomu (40s) eukaryot. 18s rrna funguje nejen jako stavební součást ribozomu, ale má také důležitou roli v rozpoznávání a správném nasměrování mrna a trna a v ribozomu se tak účastní iniciace syntézy polypeptidů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2023 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
RNA ribozomální 23S: ribozomální rna, která je součástí 50s podjednotky prokaryotických ribozomů. obsahuje asi 3200 nukleotidů. 23s rrna se účastní iniciace syntézy polypeptidů
RNA ribozomální 28S: ribozomální rna, která je součástí 60s podjednotky eukaryotických ribozomů. 28s rrna se účastní iniciace syntézy polypeptidů u eukaryot
RNA ribozomální 5.8S: složka 60s podjednotky eukaryotických ribozomů. 5.8s rrna se účastní iniciace syntézy polypeptidů u eukaryot
RNA ribozomální 5S: je strukturální a funkční složkou velké podjednotky ribozomu ve všech organismech (bakterie, archea a eukaryota), s výjimkou mitochondriálních ribozomů hub a zvířat. označení 5s se vztahuje k sedimentační rychlosti molekuly v ultracentrifuze, která se měří ve svedbergových jednotkách (s). obsahuje asi 120 nukleotidů. 5s rrna se účastní iniciace syntézy polypeptidů
RNA ribozomální samosestřihující: části ribozomální rna, které podléhají autokatalyzovanému molekulárnímu přeskupení jejich sekvence
RNA rostlin: ribonukleová kyselina v rostlinách, která je zapojená do syntézy proteinů a má také regulační a katalytickou roli
RNA satelitní: malé, lineární, jednovláknové molekuly rna, které působí jako molekulární parazité určitých rostlinných rna virů. satelitní rna vykazují čtyři charakteristické rysy: (1) vyžadují k replikaci pomocné viry; (2) nejsou nutné pro replikaci pomocných virů; (3) jsou enkapsidovány v obalovém proteinu pomocného viru; (4) nemají rozsáhlou sekvenční homologii s pomocným virem. tím se liší od satelitních virů, které kódují svůj vlastní obalový protein a od virové rna
RNA satelitní viru okurkové mozaiky: satelitní rna (ne satelitní virus), která má několik typů. pro různé typy mohou působit různé kukumoviry jako pomocné viry
RNA se sestřihovou vedoucí sekvencí: malé rna, které poskytují připojené vedoucí sekvence sl1, sl2, sl3, sl4 a sl5 (krátké sekvence, které jsou připojeny k 5' koncům pre-mrna pomocí trans-splicingu). nacházejí se především u primitivních eukaryot (u prvoků a hlístic)
RNA sondy: rna, obvykle připravená transkripcí z klonované dna, která je komplementární ke specifické mrna nebo dna. obvykle se používá pro studium virových genů, distribuce specifické rna v tkáních a buňkách, integrace virové dna do genomů, transkripce atd. zatímco dna sondy jsou preferovány pro použití na více makroskopické úrovni pro detekci přítomnosti dna/rna ze specifických druhů nebo poddruhů, rna sondy jsou preferovány pro genetické studie. konvenční značky pro sondu rna zahrnují radioizotopové značky 32p a 125i a chemickou značku biotin. rna sondy mohou být dále rozděleny na plus-sense rna sondy, minus-sense rna sondy a antisense rna sondy
RNA transferová: malé molekuly rna dlouhé 73-80 nukleotidů, které při translaci (translace mrna) připojují aminokyseliny do rostoucího polypeptidového řetězce. děje se tak na ribozomech v pořadí určeném sekvencí mrna. existuje asi 30 různých transferových rna. každá rozpoznává specifickou sadu kodonů na mrna prostřednictvím svého vlastního antikodonu a jako aminoacyl-trna přenáší každá na ribozom specifickou aminokyselinu, aby ji přidala k prodlužujícímu se peptidovému řetězci
RNA transferová Ala: transferová rna, která je specifická pro přenášení alaninu do místa ribozomu během syntézy proteinů
RNA transferová Arg: transferová rna, která je specifická pro přenášení argininu do místa ribozomu během syntézy proteinů
RNA transferová Asn: transferová rna, která je specifická pro přenášení asparaginu do místa ribozomu během syntézy proteinů
RNA transferová Asp: transferová rna, která je specifická pro přenášení kyseliny asparagové do míst na ribozomech při přípravě na syntézu proteinu
RNA transferová Cys: transferová rna, která je specifická pro přenos cysteinu do míst na ribozomech při přípravě na syntézu proteinu
RNA transferová Gln: transferová rna, která je specifická pro přenášení glutaminu do míst na ribozomech při přípravě na syntézu proteinu
RNA transferová Glu: transferová rna, která je specifická pro přenášení kyseliny glutamové do míst na ribozomech při přípravě na syntézu proteinu
RNA transferová Gly: transferová rna, která je specifická pro přenášení glycinu do míst na ribozomech při přípravě na syntézu proteinu
RNA transferová His: transferová rna, která je specifická pro přenášení histidinu do míst na ribozomech při přípravě na syntézu proteinu
RNA transferová Ile: transferová rna, která je specifická pro přenášení isoleucinu do míst na ribozomech při přípravě na syntézu proteinu
RNA transferová Leu: transferová rna, která je specifická pro přenos leucinu do míst na ribozomech při přípravě na syntézu proteinu
RNA transferová Lys: transferová rna, která je specifická pro přenášení lysinu do míst na ribozomech při přípravě na syntézu proteinu
RNA transferová Met: transferová rna, která je specifická pro přenos methioninu do míst na ribozomech. během iniciace syntézy proteinů se trna(f)met v prokaryotických buňkách a trna(i)met v eukaryotických buňkách vážou na iniciační kodon
RNA transferová Phe: transferová rna, která je specifická pro přenášení fenylalaninu do míst na ribozomech při přípravě na syntézu proteinu
RNA transferová Pro: transferová rna, která je specifická pro přenášení prolinu do míst na ribozomech při přípravě na syntézu proteinu
RNA transferová Ser: transferová rna, která je specifická pro přenášení serinu do místa ribozomu během syntézy proteinů
RNA transferová Thr: transferová rna, která je specifická pro přenášení threoninu do míst na ribozomech během syntézy proteinů
RNA transferová Trp: transferová rna, která je specifická pro přenos tryptofanu do míst na ribozomech během syntézy proteinů
RNA transferová Tyr: transferová rna, která je specifická pro přenášení tyrosinu do míst na ribozomech během syntézy proteinů
RNA transferová Val: transferová rna, která je specifická pro přenášení valinu do míst na ribozomech během syntézy proteinů
RNA transferová specifická pro aminokyseliny: skupina transferových rna, které jsou specifické pro přenášení každé z 20 aminokyselin na ribozom při přípravě na syntézu proteinu. každý typ molekuly trna může být připojen pouze k jednomu typu aminokyseliny, takže každý organismus má mnoho typů trna. protože genetický kód obsahuje více kodonů, které specifikují stejnou aminokyselinu, existuje několik molekul trna nesoucích různé antikodony, které nesou stejnou aminokyselinu. (upraveno podle wikipedia 2023 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)
RNA vazebné motivy: aminokyselinové motivy, které se vážou na rna
RNA virová: ribonukleová kyselina, která tvoří genetický materiál virů
RNA čepičky: struktury nukleové kyseliny nalezené na 5' konci eukaryotické buněčné a virové messenger rna a některých heterogenních jaderných rna. tyto struktury, které jsou kladně nabité, chrání výše specifikované rna na jejich koncích před útokem fosfatáz a dalších nukleáz a podporují funkci mrna na úrovni iniciace translace. analoga rna čepiček, která postrádají kladný náboj, inhibují zahájení syntézy proteinů
RNA řas: ribonukleová kyselina řas má regulační a katalytické role a podílí se také na syntéze proteinů
RNA, Algal: ribonucleic acid in algae having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis
RNA, Antisense: rna molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either rna or dna altering the function of the latter. endogenous antisense rnas function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. synthetic antisense rnas are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes
RNA, Archaeal: ribonucleic acid in archaea having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis
RNA, Bacterial: ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis
RNA, Catalytic: rna that has catalytic activity. the catalytic rna sequence folds to form a complex surface that can function as an enzyme in reactions with itself and other molecules. it may function even in the absence of protein. there are numerous examples of rna species that are acted upon by catalytic rna, however the scope of this enzyme class is not limited to a particular type of substrate
RNA, Chloroplast: ribonucleic acid in chloroplasts having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis
RNA, Circular: rna molecules in which the 3' and 5' ends are covalently joined to form a closed continuous loop. they are resistant to digestion by exoribonucleases
RNA, Competitive Endogenous: coding or noncoding rnas which regulate the expression of other rna transcripts by competing for shared micrornas
RNA, Complementary: synthetic transcripts of a specific dna molecule or fragment, made by an in vitro transcription system. this crna can be labeled with radioactive uracil and then used as a probe. (king & stansfield, a dictionary of genetics, 4th ed)
RNA, Double-Stranded: rna consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded rna. most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of dna by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. some double-stranded segments of rna are normal in all organisms
RNA, Fungal: ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis
RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems: a component of crispr-cas systems. cas endodeoxyribonucleases assemble with a guide rna complex, a hybrid of crispr rna (crrna) and transactivating crrna (tracrrna) molecules, to form an active complex that cleaves dna. crrna and tracrrna can be synthetically fused into a single rna molecule, namely single guide rna. synthetic sgrna is used with crispr-cas systems for targeted gene editing
RNA, Guide, Kinetoplastida: small kinetoplastid mitochondrial rna that plays a major role in rna editing. these molecules form perfect hybrids with edited mrna sequences and possess nucleotide sequences at their 5'-ends that are complementary to the sequences of the mrna's immediately downstream of the pre-edited regions
RNA, Helminth: ribonucleic acid in helminths having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis
RNA, Heterogeneous Nuclear: nuclear nonribosomal rna larger than about 1000 nucleotides, the mass of which is rapidly synthesized and degraded within the cell nucleus. some heterogeneous nuclear rna may be a precursor to mrna. however, the great bulk of total hnrna hybridizes with nuclear dna rather than with mrna
RNA, Long Noncoding: a class of untranslated rna molecules that are typically greater than 200 nucleotides in length and do not code for proteins. members of this class have been found to play roles in transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional processing, chromatin remodeling, and in the epigenetic control of chromatin
RNA, Messenger: rna sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. bacterial mrnas are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. eukaryotic mrna is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. most eukaryotic mrnas have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(a) tail. the function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mrna from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mrna molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm
RNA, Messenger, Stored: messenger rna that is stored in a masked state for translation at a later time. distinguish from rna, untranslated which refers to non-messenger rna, i.e. rna that does not code for protein
RNA, Nuclear: rna molecules found in the nucleus either associated with chromosomes or in the nucleoplasm
RNA, Plant: ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis
RNA, Protozoan: ribonucleic acid in protozoa having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis
RNA, Ribosomal: the most abundant form of rna. together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mrna and trnas. individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. in eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (dorland, 28th ed)
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S: constituent of 30s subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16s rrna is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis
RNA, Ribosomal, 18S: constituent of the 40s subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 18s rrna is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes
RNA, Ribosomal, 23S: constituent of 50s subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 3200 nucleotides. 23s rrna is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis
RNA, Ribosomal, 28S: constituent of the 60s subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 28s rrna is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes
RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S: constituent of the 60s subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 5.8s rrna is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes
RNA, Ribosomal, 5S: constituent of the 50s subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 120 nucleotides and 34 proteins. it is also a constituent of the 60s subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 5s rrna is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis
RNA, Ribosomal, Self-Splicing: components of ribosomal rna that undergo auto-catalyzed molecular rearrangements of their rna sequence
RNA, Satellite: small, linear single-stranded rna molecules functionally acting as molecular parasites of certain rna plant viruses. satellite rnas exhibit four characteristic traits: (1) they require helper viruses to replicate; (2) they are unnecessary for the replication of helper viruses; (3) they are encapsidated in the coat protein of the helper virus; (4) they have no extensive sequence homology to the helper virus. thus they differ from satellite viruses which encode their own coat protein, and from the genomic rna; (=rna, viral); of satellite viruses. (from maramorosch, viroids and satellites, 1991, p143)
RNA, Small Cytoplasmic: small rnas found in the cytoplasm usually complexed with proteins in scrnps (ribonucleoproteins, small cytoplasmic)
RNA, Small Interfering: small double-stranded, non-protein coding rnas (21-31 nucleotides) involved in gene silencing functions, especially rna interference (rnai). endogenously, sirnas are generated from dsrnas (rna, double-stranded) by the same ribonuclease, dicer, that generates mirnas (micrornas). the perfect match of the sirnas' antisense strand to their target rnas mediates rnai by sirna-guided rna cleavage. sirnas fall into different classes including trans-acting sirna (tasirna), repeat-associated rna (rasirna), small-scan rna (scnrna), and piwi protein-interacting rna (pirna) and have different specific gene silencing functions
RNA, Small Nuclear: short chains of rna (100-300 nucleotides long) that are abundant in the nucleus and usually complexed with proteins in snrnps (ribonucleoproteins, small nuclear). many function in the processing of messenger rna precursors. others, the snornas (rna, small nucleolar), are involved with the processing of ribosomal rna precursors
RNA, Small Nucleolar: small nuclear rnas that are involved in the processing of pre-ribosomal rna in the nucleolus. box c/d containing snornas (u14, u15, u16, u20, u21 and u24-u63) direct site-specific methylation of various ribose moieties. box h/aca containing snornas (e2, e3, u19, u23, and u64-u72) direct the conversion of specific uridines to pseudouridine. site-specific cleavages resulting in the mature ribosomal rnas are directed by snornas u3, u8, u14, u22 and the snorna components of rnase mrp and rnase p
RNA, Small Untranslated: short rna, about 200 base pairs in length or shorter, that does not code for protein
RNA, Spliced Leader: the small rnas which provide spliced leader sequences, sl1, sl2, sl3, sl4 and sl5 (short sequences which are joined to the 5' ends of pre-mrnas by trans-splicing). they are found primarily in primitive eukaryotes (protozoans and nematodes)
RNA, Transfer: the small rna molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (translation, genetic) to align amino acids at the ribosomes in a sequence determined by the mrna (rna, messenger). there are about 30 different transfer rnas. each recognizes a specific codon set on the mrna through its own anticodon and as aminoacyl trnas (rna, transfer, amino acyl), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains
RNA, Transfer, Ala: a transfer rna which is specific for carrying alanine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis
RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific: a group of transfer rnas which are specific for carrying each one of the 20 amino acids to the ribosome in preparation for protein synthesis
RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl: intermediates in protein biosynthesis. the compounds are formed from amino acids, atp and transfer rna, a reaction catalyzed by aminoacyl trna synthetase. they are key compounds in the genetic translation process
RNA, Transfer, Arg: a transfer rna which is specific for carrying arginine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis
RNA, Transfer, Asn: a transfer rna which is specific for carrying asparagine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis
RNA, Transfer, Asp: a transfer rna which is specific for carrying aspartic acid to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis
RNA, Transfer, Cys: a transfer rna which is specific for carrying cysteine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis
RNA, Transfer, Gln: a transfer rna which is specific for carrying glutamine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis
RNA, Transfer, Glu: a transfer rna which is specific for carrying glutamic acid to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis
RNA, Transfer, Gly: a transfer rna which is specific for carrying glycine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis
RNA, Transfer, His: a transfer rna which is specific for carrying histidine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis
RNA, Transfer, Ile: a transfer rna which is specific for carrying isoleucine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis
RNA, Transfer, Leu: a transfer rna which is specific for carrying leucine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis
RNA, Transfer, Lys: a transfer rna which is specific for carrying lysine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis
RNA, Transfer, Met: a transfer rna which is specific for carrying methionine to sites on the ribosomes. during initiation of protein synthesis, trna(f)met in prokaryotic cells and trna(i)met in eukaryotic cells binds to the start codon (codon, initiator)
RNA, Transfer, Phe: a transfer rna which is specific for carrying phenylalanine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis
RNA, Transfer, Pro: a transfer rna which is specific for carrying proline to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis
RNA, Transfer, Ser: a transfer rna which is specific for carrying serine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis
RNA, Transfer, Thr: a transfer rna which is specific for carrying threonine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis
RNA, Transfer, Trp: a transfer rna which is specific for carrying tryptophan to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis
RNA, Transfer, Tyr: a transfer rna which is specific for carrying tyrosine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis
RNA, Transfer, Val: a transfer rna which is specific for carrying valine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis
RNA, Untranslated: rna which does not code for protein but has some enzymatic, structural or regulatory function. although ribosomal rna (rna, ribosomal) and transfer rna (rna, transfer) are also untranslated rnas they are not included in this scope
RNA, Z-Form: a left-handed conformation of double stranded rna that is similar in structure to z-dna
RNA-Binding Protein EWS: a ubiquitous hnrnp protein that contains an rna recognition motif and c-terminal ranbp2-type zinc finger. it localizes to the cell nucleus and cytoplasm and is expressed as different isoforms in various tissues, interacting with calmodulin and tumor suppressor protein p53 to negatively regulate cell growth. translocations that result in the formation of fusion proteins containing parts of rna-binding protein ews are associated with ewing sarcoma
RNA-Binding Protein FUS: a multifunctional heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoprotein that may play a role in homologous dna pairing and recombination. the n-terminal portion of protein is a potent transcriptional activator, while the c terminus is required for rna binding. the name fus refers to the fact that genetic recombination events result in fusion oncogene proteins (oncogene proteins, fusion) that contain the n-terminal region of this protein. these fusion proteins have been found in myxoid liposarcoma (liposarcoma, myxoid) and acute myeloid leukemia
RNA-Binding Proteins: proteins that bind to rna molecules. included here are ribonucleoproteins and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to rna
RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase: an enzyme that catalyses rna-template-directed extension of the 3'- end of an rna strand by one nucleotide at a time, and can initiate a chain de novo. (enzyme nomenclature, 1992, p293)
RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase: an enzyme that synthesizes dna on an rna template. it is encoded by the pol gene of retroviruses and by certain retrovirus-like elements. ec 2.7.7.49
RNA-Induced Silencing Complex: a multicomponent, ribonucleoprotein complex comprised of one of the family of argonaute proteins and the guide strand of the one of the 20- to 30-nucleotide small rnas. risc cleaves specific rnas, which are targeted for degradation by homology to these small rnas. functions in regulating gene expression are determined by the specific argonaute protein and small rna including sirna (rna, small interfering), mirna (microrna), or pirna (piwi-interacting rna)
RNA-Seq: high-throughput nucleotide sequencing techniques developed for determining and analyzing the composition of the transcriptome of a sample
RNA-cleaving DNA 10-23: dna enzyme of approximately 30 deoxynucleotides which cleaves rna under physiological conditions; base
RNA-dependentní RNA-polymerasa: enzym, který katalyzuje rna-templátem řízené prodloužení 3'-konce řetězce rna vždy o jeden nukleotid a může iniciovat řetězec de novo. (enzyme nomenclature, 1992, s. 293)
RNA-helikasy: rodina proteinů, které podporují odvíjení rna během sestřihu a translace
RNA-ligasa (ATP): enzym, který katalyzuje přeměnu lineární rna na kruhovou formu přenosem 5'-fosfátu na 3'-hydroxylový konec. katalyzuje také kovalentní spojení dvou polyribonukleotidů ve fosfodiesterové vazbě. ec 6.5.1.3
RNA-nukleotidyltransferasy: enzymy, které katalyzují templátem řízenou inkorporaci ribonukleotidů do řetězce rna. ec 2.7.7.-
RNA-polymerasa I: rna polymeráza závislá na dna vyskytující se v bakteriálních, rostlinných a živočišných buňkách. enzym funguje v jaderné struktuře a přepisuje dna na rna. má jiné požadavky na kationty a soli než rna polymeráza ii a iii a není inhibována alfa-amanitinem
RNA-polymerasa II: rna polymeráza závislá na dna vyskytující se v bakteriálních, rostlinných a živočišných buňkách. funguje v nukleoplazmatické struktuře a přepisuje dna na rna. má jiné požadavky na kationty a soli než rna polymeráza i a je silně inhibována alfa-amanitinem. ec 2.7.7.6
RNA-polymerasa III: rna polymeráza závislá na dna přítomná v bakteriálních, rostlinných a živočišných buňkách. funguje v nukleoplazmatické struktuře, kde přepisuje dna na rna. v porovnání s rna polymerázou i a ii má specifické požadavky na kationty a soli a vykazuje střední citlivost na alfa-amanitin
RNA-polymerasa sigma 54: rna-polymeráza řízená dna, která se vyskytuje u bakterií. jedná se o holoenzym, který se skládá z více podjednotek včetně sigma faktoru 54
RNAi Therapeutics: a form of disease treatment which involves the silencing of genes that are associated with a disease by the process of rna interference
ROAD-IN protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of ranimustine (nitrorosourea cpds) and above cpds for treatment of multiple myeloma
ROAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of rubidazone, vincristine, cytarabine & prednisone; used for leukemia
ROC Curve: a graphic means for assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons; may also be used in other studies, e.g., distinguishing stimuli responses as to a faint stimuli or nonstimuli
ROMP(OH)-Trz-Cl: a dehydrocondensing agent for forming carboxamides
ROMP-Trz-Cl: a dehydrocondensing agent for forming carboxamides
RTV-382 silicone: used for prefabricated sculptured implants to correct facial contour deformities
RUNX1 Translocation Partner 1 Protein: a transcriptional co-repressor that contains a mynd-type zinc finger (mynd domain) at its c-terminal and functions as a homo-oligomer. it associates with dna-binding transcription factors, other repressor proteins, and histone acetyltransferases to repress expression of genes involved in cell growth and differentiation such as matrix metalloproteinase 7 and tcf12. a chromosomal translocation involving the runx1t1 and core binding factor alpha 2 subunit (runx1) genes frequently occurs in cells of leukemia patients; the resulting fusion protein (aml1-eto or runx1-runx1t1) plays a critical role in leukemogenesis
Rab proteiny vázající GTP: velká rodina monomerních proteinů vázajících gtp, které hrají klíčovou roli v buněčných sekrečních a endocytárních dráhách
Rab1 proteiny vázající GTP: geneticky příbuzná podrodina rab proteinů vázajících gtp zapojených do transportu vezikul mezi endoplazmatickým retikulem a golgiho komplexem a přes časné golgiho kompartmenty. tento enzym byl dříve uváděn jako ec 3.6.1.47
Rab2 protein vázající GTP: protein, který se podílí na transportu mezi endoplazmatickým retikulem a golgiho komplexem. tento enzym byl dříve uváděn jako ec 3.6.1.47
Rab3 proteiny vázající GTP: geneticky příbuzná podrodina g-proteinů rab zapojená do exocytózy závislé na vápníku. tento enzym byl dříve uváděn jako ec 3.6.1.47
Rab3A protein vázající GTP: nejhojněji se vyskytující člen rab3 proteinů vázajících gtp. účastní se exocytózy závislé na vápníku a je lokalizován v neuronech a neuroendokrinních buňkách. tento enzym byl dříve uváděn jako ec 3.6.1.47
Rab4 proteiny vázající GTP: geneticky příbuzná podrodina rab proteinů vázajících gtp zapojená do recyklace proteinů (jako jsou receptory buněčného povrchu) z raných endozomů zpět na buněčný povrch. tento enzym byl dříve uváděn jako ec 3.6.1.47
Rab5 proteiny vázající GTP: geneticky příbuzná podrodina rab proteinů vázajících gtp, které se účastní transportu z buněčné membrány do časných endozomů. tento enzym byl dříve uváděn jako ec 3.6.1.47
Rab7 proteiny vázající GTP: malá rodina rab gtp-vazebných proteinů, které hrají klíčovou roli v membránovém přenosu v pozdních endocytárních a autofagických dráhách
Rabbits: a burrowing plant-eating mammal with hind limbs that are longer than its fore limbs. it belongs to the family leporidae of the order lagomorpha, and in contrast to hares, possesses 22 instead of 24 pairs of chromosomes
Rabeprazole: a 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of stomach ulcers and zollinger-ellison syndrome. the drug inhibits h(+)-k(+)-exchanging atpase which is found in gastric parietal cells
Rabies: acute viral cns infection affecting mammals, including humans. it is caused by rabies virus and usually spread by contamination with virus-laden saliva of bites inflicted by rabid animals. important animal vectors include the dog, cat, bat, fox, raccoon, skunk, and wolf
Rabies Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent and treat rabies. the inactivated virus vaccine is used for preexposure immunization to persons at high risk of exposure, and in conjunction with rabies immunoglobulin, for postexposure prophylaxis
Rabies virus: the type species of lyssavirus causing rabies in humans and other animals. transmission is mostly by animal bites through saliva. the virus is neurotropic multiplying in neurons and myotubes of vertebrates
Rabphilin-3A: a putative target protein for rab3a gtp-binding protein. implicated in regulated secretion, particularly in neurotransmitter release
Raccoon Dogs: the lone species in the genus nyctereutes, family canidae. it is found in the woodland zone from southeastern siberia to vietnam and on the main islands of japan
Raccoons: carnivores of the genus procyon of the family procyonidae. two subgenera and seven species are currently recognized. they range from southern canada to panama and are found in several of the caribbean islands
Race Factors: a constituent element or influence that could be used in studies for racial disparities as variables such as those related to risk factors and disease and or differential access to services
Racemases and Epimerases: enzymes that catalyze inversion of the configuration around an asymmetric carbon in a substrate having one (racemase) or more (epimerase) center(s) of asymmetry. (dorland, 28th ed) ec 5.1
Racemethionine: a preparation of methionine that includes a mixture of d-methionine and l-methionine isomers
Racepinephrine: a racemic mixture of d-epinephrine and l-epinephrine
Racial Groups: groups of individuals with similar physical appearances often reinforced by cultural, social and/or linguistic similarities
Racism: differential treatment or unequal access to opportunities, based on group membership such as origin or ethnicity
Raclopride: a substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. it is a dopamine d2 receptor (see receptors, dopamine d2) antagonist
Racquet Sports: games in which players use a racquet to hit a ball or similar type object
Rad51 Recombinase: a rec a recombinase found in eukaryotes. rad51 is involved in dna repair of double-strand breaks
Rad52 DNA Repair and Recombination Protein: a dna-binding protein that mediates dna repair of double strand breaks, and homologous recombination
Radar: a system using beamed and reflected radio signals to and from an object in such a way that range, bearing, and other characteristics of the object may be determined
Radial Artery: the direct continuation of the brachial trunk, originating at the bifurcation of the brachial artery opposite the neck of the radius. its branches may be divided into three groups corresponding to the three regions in which the vessel is situated, the forearm, wrist, and hand
Radial Basis Function Networks: a three-layer neural network made of an input layer, hidden layer, and output layer. radial basis function networks are used for function approximation, interpolation, classification, and time series prediction
Radial Head and Neck Fractures: fractures of the proximal head and/or neck of the radius bone near the elbow joint
Radial Nerve: a major nerve of the upper extremity. in humans the fibers of the radial nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually c5 to t1), travel via the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, and supply motor innervation to extensor muscles of the arm and cutaneous sensory fibers to extensor regions of the arm and hand
Radial Neuropathy: disease involving the radial nerve. clinical features include weakness of elbow extension, elbow flexion, supination of the forearm, wrist and finger extension, and thumb abduction. sensation may be impaired over regions of the dorsal forearm. common sites of compression or traumatic injury include the axilla and radial groove of the humerus
Radiation: emission or propagation of acoustic waves (sound), electromagnetic energy waves (such as light; radio waves; gamma rays; or x-rays), or a stream of subatomic particles (such as electrons; neutrons; protons; or alpha particles)
Radiation Chimera: an organism whose body contains cell populations of different genotypes as a result of the transplantation of donor cells after sufficient ionizing radiation to destroy the mature recipient's cells which would otherwise reject the donor cells
Radiation Dosage: the amount of radiation energy that is deposited in a unit mass of material, such as tissues of plants or animal. in radiotherapy, radiation dosage is expressed in gray units (gy). in radiologic health, the dosage is expressed by the product of absorbed dose (gy) and quality factor (a function of linear energy transfer), and is called radiation dose equivalent in sievert units (sv)
Radiation Dose Hypofractionation: a treatment schedule in which the total dose of radiation is divided into large doses but fewer exposure times
Radiation Effects: the effects of ionizing and nonionizing radiation upon living organisms, organs and tissues, and their constituents, and upon physiologic processes. it includes the effect of irradiation on food, drugs, and chemicals
Radiation Fibrosis Syndrome: radiation-induced fibrosis due to increased production of fibrin. its symptoms include cervical dystonia, difficulty with speech and swallowing, swelling in the radiation field and trismus
Radiation Genetics: a subdiscipline of genetics that studies radiation effects on the components and processes of biological inheritance