NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: a chronic lung disease developed after oxygen inhalation therapy or mechanical ventilation (ventilation, mechanical) usually occurring in certain premature infants (infant, premature) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (respiratory distress syndrome, newborn). histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as metaplasia, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of cysts
Bronchopulmonary Sequestration: a developmental anomaly in which a mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue lacks normal connection with the tracheobroncheal tree and receives an anomalous blood supply originating from the descending thoracic or abdominal aorta. the mass may be extralobar, i.e., completely separated from normally connected lung, or intralobar, i.e., partly surrounded by normal lung
Bronchospirometry: spirometric technique in which the volume of air breathed in the right and left lung is recorded separately
Broussonetia: a plant genus of the family moraceae. members contain pyrrolidines
Broussonetia: rod rostlin čeledi moraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují pyrrolidiny
Brown Fractogel TSK-AF: procion brown covalently bound to a hydrophilic synthetic polymer
Brown Recluse Spider: a spider of the genus loxosceles, found in the midwestern and other parts of the united states, which carries a hemolytic venom that produces local necrosis or ulceration
Brown-Sequard Syndrome: a syndrome associated with injury to the lateral half of the spinal cord. the condition is characterized by the following clinical features (which are found below the level of the lesion): contralateral hemisensory anesthesia to pain and temperature, ipsilateral loss of propioception, and ipsilateral motor paralysis. tactile sensation is generally spared. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p162)
Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome: a rare autosomal recessive neurologic disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss and a variety of cranial nerve palsies. spinal motor nerves and, less commonly, upper motor neurons are sometimes affected, resulting in a phenotype similar to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. onset is typically in the second decade, but may be earlier or later. hearing loss tends to precede the onset of neurologic signs. however, patients with very early onset may present with bulbar palsy and may not develop hearing loss until later. the symptoms, severity, and disease duration are variable. mutations in the slc52a3 gene have been identified. omim: 211530
Brownův-Séquardův syndrom: soubor příznaků, které se vyvinou po hemisekci míchy protětí její levé nebo pravé poloviny či při útlaku její poloviny. pacient trpí stejnostrannou poruchou hybnosti a vibračního a diskriminačního čití a poruchou citlivosti pro bolest, teplo a chlad na straně opačné. (velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Brucea: a plant genus of the family simaroubaceae. members contain bruceosides and bruceanols (quassinoids). the astringent seeds have been used to treat dysentery in southeastern asia
Brucea: rod rostlin čeledi simaroubaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují bruceosidy a bruceanoly (quassinoidy). semena mají adstrintgentní účinek, v jihovýchodní asii se používají k léčbě úplavice
Brucea javanica: a plant species in the genus brucea and the family simaroubaceae. it was formerly classified in the family anacardiaceae. its seeds have been used as traditional medicine and contain various quassins including bruceines and brusatol
Brucea javanica: druh rostliny rodu brucea z čeledi simaroubaceae. dříve zařazovaná do čeledi anacardiaceae. semena této rostliny se používají v tradičním lékařství, obsahují různé quasiny včetně bruceinů a brusatolu
Brucea javanica fruit extract: has antineoplastic activity; prepared from the dried fruits of brucea javanica
Brucella: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes brucellosis. its cells are nonmotile coccobacilli and are animal parasites and pathogens. the bacterium is transmissible to humans through contact with infected dairy products or tissue
Brucella: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, nepohyblivých kokobacilů, které způsobují brucelózu. jsou parazity a patogeny zvířat. kontaktem s infikovanými mléčnými výrobky nebo tkáněmi se bakterie mohou přenést na člověka
Brucella Vaccine: a bacterial vaccine for the prevention of brucellosis in man and animal. brucella abortus vaccine is used for the immunization of cattle, sheep, and goats
Brucella abortus: a species of the genus brucella whose natural hosts are cattle and other bovidae. abortion and placentitis are frequently produced in the pregnant animal. other mammals, including humans, may be infected
Brucella abortus: druh bakterie rodu brucella. přirozenými hostiteli jsou skot a další turovití. často způsobuje zmetání a placentitidu březích zvířat. onemocnění se může přenést na jiná zvířata a na člověka
Brucella canis: a species of gram-negative bacteria infecting dogs, the natural hosts, and causing canine brucellosis. it can also cause a mild infection in humans
Brucella canis: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu brucella. přirozenými hostiteli jsou psi, u nichž vyvolává brucelózu psů. může také způsobit mírnou infekci člověka
Brucella melitensis: a species of the genus brucella whose natural hosts are sheep and goats. other mammals, including humans, may be infected. in general, these organisms tend to be more virulent for laboratory animals than brucella abortus and may cause fatal infections
Brucella melitensis: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu brucella. přirozenými hostiteli jsou ovce a kozy. může také infikovat jiné savce včetně člověka. tyto organismy vykazují ve srovnání s druhem brucella abortus větší virulenci pro laboratorní zvířata a mohou vyvolat fatální infekce
Brucella ovis: a species of the genus brucella which are pathogenic to sheep
Brucella ovis: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu brucella, která je patogenní pro ovce
Brucella suis: a species of gram-negative bacteria, primarily infecting swine, but it can also infect humans, dogs, and hares
Brucella suis: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu brucella, která primárně infikuje prasata. může také nakazit lidi, psy a zajíce
Brucellaceae: a family of gram-negative coccoid to rod-shaped bacteria in the order rhizobiales. they are obligate parasites chiefly of warm-blooded vertebrates. many are pathogenic
Brucellaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, kokoidních až tyčinkovitých bakterií řádu rhizobiales. jsou obligátními parazity, hlavně u teplokrevných obratlovců. mnoho zástupců je patogenních
Brucellosis: infection caused by bacteria of the genus brucella mainly involving the mononuclear phagocyte system. this condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss
Brucellosis, Bovine: a disease of cattle caused by bacteria of the genus brucella leading to abortion in late pregnancy. brucella abortus is the primary infective agent
Bruch Membrane: the inner layer of choroid, also called the lamina basalis choroideae, located adjacent to the retinal pigment epithelium; (rpe) of the eye. it is a membrane composed of the basement membranes of the choriocapillaris endothelium and that of the rpe. the membrane stops at the optic nerve, as does the rpe
Bruchova membrána: vnitřní vrstva cévnatky, která sousedí s pigmentovým epitelem sítnice a z druhé strany s kapilárami cévnatky (lamina choriocapillaris). b. membrána je složena z pěti vrstev. střední část je tvořená sítí elastických vláken a po obou stranách má vrstvu kolagenních vláken. na zevní straně je bazální lamina kapilár uložených v lamina choriocapillaris, na vnitřní straně bazální lamina buněk pigmentového epitelu
Brugada Syndrome: an autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal st-segment in leads v1-v3 on the electrocardiogram resembling a right bundle-branch block; high risk of ventricular tachycardia; or ventricular fibrillation; syncopal episode; and possible sudden death. this syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac sodium channel alpha subunit
Brugadův syndrom: syndrom charakterizovaný náhle vznikajícími závažnými arytmiemi (komorovou tachykardií přecházející ve fibrilaci komor) vedoucími k náhlému úmrtí. na ekg mohou být nekonstantní změny, např. blokáda pravého raménka, elevace st úseku nad pravým prekordiem ve v1-3. vyskytuje se zejm. v oblasti jv asie a japonska. na molekulární úrovni byly popsány mutace v sodíkovém iontovém kanálu (podobně jako u jednoho z typů syndromu dlouhého qt). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Brugia: a filarial worm of southeast asia, producing filariasis and elephantiasis in various mammals including man. it was formerly included in the genus wuchereria
Brugia: rod hlístic nadčeledi filarioidea, které se vyskytují v jihovýchodní asii a způsobují filariózu a elefantiázu u různých savců včetně člověka. dříve byly zařazené v rodě wuchereria
Brugia malayi: a species of parasitic nematode causing malayan filariasis and having a distribution centering roughly on the malay peninsula. the life cycle of b. malayi is similar to that of wuchereria bancrofti, except that in most areas the principal mosquito vectors belong to the genus mansonia
Brugia malayi: druh parazitických hlístic, které způsobují malajskou filariózu. nejvíce se vyskytují na malajském poloostrově. jejich životní cyklus se podobá cyklu vlasovce mízního (wuchereria bancrofti), většinou jsou ale přenášené komáry rodu mansonia
Brugia pahangi: a species of parasitic nematode found in man and other mammals. it has been reported from malaya and east pakistan and may produce symptoms of tropical eosinophilia
Brugia pahangi: druh parazitických hlístic, které parazitují na lidech a dalších savcích. vyskytují se v malajsii a východním pákistánu. mohou vyvolat příznaky tropické eozinofilie
Brugmansia: a genus of solanaceae that refers to small to mid-size trees with large, strong-smelling, trumpet-shaped flowers hanging downward. most parts of the plant contain atropine, scopolamine hydrobromide and hyoscyamine
Brugmansia: malý až středně velký strom s velkými, silně vonícími květy ve tvaru trumpety visícími dolů. většina částí rostliny obsahuje atropin, scopolamin hydrobromid a hyoscyamin. používá se jako jed a lék v jižní americe
Brunei: an independent sultanate on the northeast coast of borneo. its chief products are oil and natural gas. its name is hindi, coming from the sanskrit bhumi, land or region. it gave its name brunei to borneo. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p183 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p82)
Brunej: jedna z bohatých ropných zemí, rozkládá se na ostrově borneo v jihovýchodní asii. kromě pobřeží jihočínského moře sousedí pouze s malajsií. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Brunner Glands: the abundant submucosal mucous glands in the duodenum. these glands secrete bicarbonate ions; glycoproteins; and pepsinogen ii
Brunnerovy žlázy: slizniční až submukózní žlázky v duodenu produkující alkalický hlenový sekret, který se podílí na neutralizaci žaludečního chymu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Bruton type agammaglobulinemia: a hereditary immunodeficiency due to the failure of b-lymphocytes to mature and rearrangement failure of ig heavy chains. mutations in agammaglobulinaemia tyrosine kinase (btk gene) can cause x-linked agammaglobulinemia type 1 (xla). omim: 300755
Bryonia: a plant genus of the family cucurbitaceae that is the source of bryodin 1 (a ribosome-inactivating protein)
Bryonia: rod rostlin čeledi cucurbitaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují hemitoxin bryodin 1 (protein inaktivující ribozomy)
Bryophyta: a division of the plant kingdom. bryophyta contains the subdivision, musci, which contains the classes: andreaeopsida, bryopsida, and sphagnopsida
Bryophyta: oddělení říše rostlin. bryophyta (mechy či mechorosty) obsahují podtřídu musci, která zahrnuje třídy: andreaeopsida, bryopsida (mechy) a sphagnopsida (rašeliníky)
Bryopsida: a class of plants within the bryophyta comprising the mosses, which are found in both damp (including freshwater) and drier situations. mosses possess erect or prostrate leafless stems, which give rise to leafless stalks bearing capsules. spores formed in the capsules are released and grow to produce new plants. (concise dictionary of biology, 1990). many small plants bearing the name moss are in fact not mosses. the moss found on the north side of trees is actually a green alga (chlorophyta). irish moss is really a red alga (rhodophyta). beard lichen (beard moss), iceland moss, oak moss, and reindeer moss are actually lichens. spanish moss is a common name for both lichens and an air plant (tillandsia usneoides) of the pineapple family. club moss is an evergreen herb of the family lycopodiaceae
Bryostatins: a group of 20-member macrolactones in which there are three remotely substituted pyran rings that are linked by a methylene bridge and an e-disubstituted alkene and have geminal dimethyls at c8 and c18 carbons. some interact with protein kinase c
Bryozoa: a phylum of small sessile aquatic animals living as small tufted colonies. some appear like hydroids or corals, but their internal structure is more advanced. most bryozoans are matlike, forming thin encrustations on rocks, shells, or kelp. (storer & stebbins, general zoology, 6th ed, p443)
Bryozoa: kmen vodních prvoústých živočichů ze skupiny lophotrochozoa. patří k nim asi 5000 recentních druhů a několikanásobně více těch fosilních. jsou na první pohled podobní žahavcům, ale mají mnohem komplexnější tělní stavbu. žijí obvykle koloniálně nebo ve skupinách vzájemně propojených jedinců. vytváří povlaky na skalním podloží, lasturách či na stélkách řas. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
BuCEt protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of busulfan, cyclophosphamide, & etoposide; for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in remission
Buchnera: a genus of gram-negative bacteria which are obligately intracellular endosymbionts of aphids. the bacteria are found within specialized cells in the aphid body cavity
Buchnera: rod gramnegativních bakterií, které jsou obligátními intracelulárními endosymbionty mšic. vyskytují se ve specializovaných buňkách tělní dutiny mšic
Bucladesine: a cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous cyclic amp and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. it has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Bucrylate: cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive also used to occlude blood vessels supplying neoplastic or other diseased tissue
Budd-Chiari Syndrome: a condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small hepatic veins to the junction of the inferior vena cava and the right atrium. usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (thrombus) or fibrous webs. parenchymal fibrosis is uncommon
Buddhism: the teaching ascribed to gautama buddha (ca. 483 b.c.) holding that suffering is inherent in life and that one can escape it into nirvana by mental and moral self-purification. (webster, 3d ed)
Buddleja: a plant genus of the family scrophulariaceae. members contain mimengoside b, verbascoside, and phenylethanoids
Buddleja: rod rostlin čeledi scrophulariaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují mimengosid b, verbaskosid a fenylethanoidy
Buddův-Chiariho syndrom: onemocnění charakterizované obliterací jaterních žil (zejm. v důsledku jejich trombózy), které vedou krev z jater do dolní duté žíly. jedna z příčin posthepatální (portální) hypertenze. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Budesonide: a glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis
Budesonide, Formoterol Fumarate Drug Combination: a pharmaceutical preparation of budesonide and formoterol fumarate that is used as an anti-asthmatic agent and for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Budgets: detailed financial plans for carrying out specific activities for a certain period of time. they include proposed income and expenditures
Bufanolides: cyclopentanophenanthrenes with a 6-membered lactone ring attached at the 17-position and sugars attached at the 3-position. they are found in bufonidae and often possess cardiotonic properties
Bufei Huoxue: eight main bioactive compounds: psoralen, isopsoralen, neobabaisoflavone, corylin, bavachin, astragaloside iv, ononin and formononetin
Bufexamac: a benzeneacetamide with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic action. it is administered topically, orally, or rectally
Buffaloes: ruminants of the family bovidae consisting of bubalus arnee and syncerus caffer. this concept is differentiated from bison, which refers to bison bison and bison bonasus
BufferGel: a topical gel containing carbopol, a highly carboxylated polymer composed of lightly cross-linked polyacrylic acid with a broad-spectrum mechanism based on acidification of pathogens; tradename of reprotect llc;
Buffers: a chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. when the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a ph buffer
Bufo arenarum: a species of the true toads, bufonidae, found in south america
Bufo bufo: a species of the true toads, bufonidae, widely distributed in the united states and europe
Bufo marinus: a species of the true toads, bufonidae, becoming fairly common in the southern united states and almost pantropical. the secretions from the skin glands of this species are very toxic to animals
Bufonidae: the family of true toads belonging to the order anura. the genera include bufo, ansonia, nectophrynoides, and atelopus
Buformin: an oral hypoglycemic agent that inhibits gluconeogenesis, increases glycolysis, and decreases glucose oxidation
Bufotenin: a hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. bufotenin has been used as a tool in cns studies and misused as a psychedelic
Building Codes: standards or regulations for construction which are designed to ensure safety against electrical hazards, fires, etc
Built Environment: the man-made physical elements of the environment (e.g., homes, buildings, streets, open spaces, and infrastructure). the built environment influences a person's level of physical activity and may have other impacts on health in a community
Bulbar Palsy, Progressive: a motor neuron disease marked by progressive weakness of the muscles innervated by cranial nerves of the lower brain stem. clinical manifestations include dysarthria, dysphagia, facial weakness, tongue weakness, and fasciculations of the tongue and facial muscles. the adult form of the disease is marked initially by bulbar weakness which progresses to involve motor neurons throughout the neuroaxis. eventually this condition may become indistinguishable from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. fazio-londe syndrome is an inherited form of this illness which occurs in children and young adults. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1091; brain 1992 dec;115(pt 6):1889-1900)
Bulbo-Spinal Atrophy, X-Linked: an x-linked recessive form of spinal muscular atrophy. it is due to a mutation of the gene encoding the androgen receptor
Bulbourethral Glands: glands situated on each side of the prostate that secrete a fluid component of the seminal fluid into the urethra
Bulgaria: a country in southeastern europe, bordering the black sea, between romania and turkey. the capital is sofia
Bulharsko: stát v jihovýchodní evropě, na balkánském poloostrově. země sousedí na severu s rumunskem (hranici tvoří převážně dunaj), na západě se srbskem a severní makedonií, na jihu s řeckem a na jihovýchodě s tureckem. východní hranici tvoří černé moře. hlavním a největším městem je sofie. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2021 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Bulimia: eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of bulimia nervosa. it is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger
Bulimia Nervosa: an eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (bulimia or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. purging methods often include self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives or diuretics, excessive exercise, and fasting
Bulinus: a genus of small freshwater snails of the order pulmonata, found throughout africa and the middle east, where it is a vector of schistosoma haematobium
Bulinus: rod malých sladkovodních hlemýžďů řádu pulmonata (plicnatí). vyskytují se v celé africe a na středním východě, kde jsou vektorem schistosoma haematobium (krevničky močové)
Bulk Drugs: any substance that is represented for use in a drug and that, when used in the manufacturing, processing, or packaging of a drug, becomes an active ingredient or a finished dosage form of the drug. does not include intermediates used in the synthesis of such substances
Bulkamid: an injectable bulking agent for the treatment of faecal incontinence; a synthetic, nonparticulate hydrogel consisting of 97.5% water and 2.5% cross-linked polyacrylamide; it is biocompatible but not biodegradable
Bullying: aggressive behavior by a more powerful party that results in physical harm to or emotional distress of the victim
Bunaftine: n-butyl-n-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-1-naphthamide. a proposed antiarrhythmic that prolongs myocardial refractory period and stabilizes cell membranes
Bundle of His: small band of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that originates in the atrioventricular node and extends into the membranous part of the interventricular septum. the bundle of his, consisting of the left and the right bundle branches, conducts the electrical impulses to the heart ventricles in generation of myocardial contraction
Bundle-Branch Block: a form of heart block in which the electrical stimulation of heart ventricles is interrupted at either one of the branches of bundle of his thus preventing the simultaneous depolarization of the two ventricles
Bungarotoxins: neurotoxic proteins from the venom of the banded or formosan krait (bungarus multicinctus, an elapid snake). alpha-bungarotoxin blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and has been used to isolate and study them; beta- and gamma-bungarotoxins act presynaptically causing acetylcholine release and depletion. both alpha and beta forms have been characterized, the alpha being similar to the large, long or type ii neurotoxins from other elapid venoms
Bungarus: a genus of poisonous snakes of the subfamily elapinae of the family elapidae. they comprise the kraits. twelve species are recognized and all inhabit southeast asia. they are considered extremely dangerous. (moore: poisonous snakes of the world, 1980, p120)
Bungarus: rod jedovatých hadů podčeledi elapinae (korálovci) z čeledi elapidae (korálovcovití). žijí v jihovýchodní asii a patří k velice nebezpečným hadům
Bungarus multicinctus: a venomous elapid snake species of bungarus genus found in the marshlands of southeast asia and central and southern china. its common name many-banded krait refers to the numerous white bands across its body. b. multicinctus venom is bungaeotixins
Bungarus multicinctus: jedovatý druh hada korálovce z rodu bungarus vyskytující se v bažinách jihovýchodní asie a střední a jižní číny. jeho běžný anglický název odkazuje na četné bílé pruhy po celém těle. obsahuje neurotoxické bungarotoxiny (peptidy o 75 aminokyselinách)
Bunion: abnormal swelling of the inner aspect of the first metatarsal head affecting the first metatarsophalangeal joint
Bunion, Tailor's: abnormal swelling of the outer aspect of the fifth metatarsal head affecting the fifth metatarsophalangeal joint
Bunolol: a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist used in the treatment of glaucoma
Bunyamwera virus: a species in the orthobunyavirus genus of the family bunyaviridae. a large number of serotypes or strains exist in many parts of the world. they are transmitted by mosquitoes and infect humans in some areas
Bunyaviridae: a family of viruses, mainly arboviruses, consisting of a single strand of rna. virions are enveloped particles 90-120 nm diameter. the complete family contains over 300 members arranged in five genera: orthobunyavirus; hantavirus; nairovirus; phlebovirus; and tospovirus
Bunyaviridae: čeleď obalených rna virů. genom je tvořen jednovláknovou rna s negativní polaritou. viry se replikují v cytoplasmě, obal má hemaglutinační aktivitu, jsou málo odolné k zevnímu prostředí. větš. je přenášena členovci (arboviry). k rodům b. patří orthobunyavirus, hantavirus, nairovirus, phlebovirus a tospovirus. (upraveno podle: velký lékařský slovník online, 2021 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Bupleurum: a plant genus of the family apiaceae that is the source of bupleurum root and of bupleurotoxin and is an ingredient of sho-saiko-to
Bupleurum: rod rostlin z čeledi miříkovitých (apiaceae), poskytuje kořen k léčebným účelům, je zdrojem bupleurotoxinu a je součástí směsi sho-saiko-to
Bupleurum root extract: extract from dried root of bupleurum sp. and source of saikogenins and saikosaponins. see related record for saiko-keishi-to
Bupranolol: an adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic
Buprenorphine: a derivative of the opioid alkaloid thebaine that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than morphine. it appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. the lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use
Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination: a pharmaceutical preparation that combines buprenorphine, an opioid analgesics with naloxone, a narcotic antagonists to reduce the potential for narcotic dependence in the treatment of pain. it may also be used for opioid substitution therapy
Bupropion: a propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of dopamine
Burial: the act or ceremony of putting a corpse into the ground or a vault, or into the sea; or the inurnment of cremains
Burimamide: an antagonist of histamine that appears to block both h2 and h3 histamine receptors. it has been used in the treatment of ulcers
Burkholderia: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified as members of the pseudomonadaceae
Burkholderia: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které byly původně zařazené do čeledi pseudomonadaceae
Burkholderia cenocepacia: a species of gram-negative bacteria that causes disease in plants. it is found commonly in the environment and is an opportunistic pathogen in humans
Burkholderia cenocepacia: druh gramnegativní, fytopatogenní bakterie, která se běžně vyskytuje v okolním prostředí. je oportunním lidským patogenem
Burkholderia cepacia: a species of burkholderia considered to be an opportunistic human pathogen. it has been associated with various types of infections of nosocomial origin
Burkholderia cepacia: druh bakterie rodu burkholderia, která je považována za oportunního lidského patogena. souvisí s různými typy nozokomiálních infekcí
Burkholderia cepacia complex: a group of phenotypically similar but genotypically distinct species (genomovars) in the genus burkholderia. they are found in water, soil, and the rhizosphere of crop plants. they can act as opportunistic human pathogens and as plant growth promoting and biocontrol agents
Burkholderia cepacia komplex: skupina fenotypově podobných, ale genotypově odlišných druhů bakterií (genomovarů) rodu burkholderia. vyskytují se v půdě, ve vodě a v rhizosféře zemědělských rostlin. jsou oportunními lidskými patogeny, ale také podporují růst a biologickou ochranu rostlin
Burkholderia gladioli: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that acts as both a human and plant pathogen
Burkholderia gladioli: druh gramnegativní, aerobní bakterie, která je patogenní jak pro člověka, tak pro rostliny
Burkholderia mallei: a species of gram-negative bacteria parasitic on horses and donkeys causing glanders, which can be transmitted to humans
Burkholderia mallei: druh gramnegativní bakterie, která je parazitem u koní a oslů. způsobuje vozhřivku, která je také přenosná na člověka
Burkholderia pseudomallei: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes melioidosis. it has been isolated from soil and water in tropical regions, particularly southeast asia
Burkholderia pseudomallei: druh gramnegativní, aerobní bakterie, která způsobuje melioidózu. byla izolována z půdy a vody v tropických oblastech, zejména v jihovýchodní asii
Burkholderiaceae: a family of gram negative, aerobic, non-sporeforming, rod-shaped bacteria
Burkholderiaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, aerobních, nesporulujících, tyčinkovitých bakterií
Burkholderiales: an order of gram-negative bacteria of the class betaproteobacteria which include highly pathogenic species such as burkholderia; bordetella; and ralstonia
Burkholderiales: řád gramnegativních bakterií třídy betaproteobacteria, kam patří vysoce patogenní druhy, jako např. burkholderia, bordetella a ralstonia
Burkina Faso: a republic in western africa, south and east of mali and west of niger. its capital is ouagadougou. it was formerly called upper volta until 1984
Burkina Faso: vnitrozemský stát ležící v západní africe. do roku 1984 se tento stát jmenoval republika horní volta, poté byl přejmenován na burkina faso. hraničí se šesti státy: mali na severu, nigerem na východě, beninem na jihovýchodě, togem a ghanou na jihu a s pobřežím slonoviny na jihozápadě. hlavním městem je ouagadougou
Burkitt Lymphoma: a form of undifferentiated malignant lymphoma usually found in central africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. it is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. b-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of burkitt lymphoma. the epstein-barr virus (herpesvirus 4, human) has been isolated from burkitt lymphoma cases in africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-african cases are ebv-negative
Burkittův lymfom: druh maligního lymfomu (nediferencovaného typu z b buněk charakteru lymfoblastů). postihuje obv. čelist, dále břišní oblast aj. vyskytuje se obv. u dětí a mladších osob, častěji mužského pohlaví, v tropických oblastech (afrika, latinská amerika, nová guinea), jeho vznik se dává do souvislosti s infekcí virem ebv. mimo tuto oblast je poměrně vzácný a souvislost s tímto virem nebyla prokázána. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2014 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Burnett Schwartz Berberian syndrome: keratosis pilaris affecting the follicles of the eyebrow hairs
Burning Mouth Syndrome: a group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. there is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders
Burnout, Professional: an excessive stress reaction to one's occupational or professional environment. it may be characterized by feelings of emotional and physical exhaustion, coupled with a sense of frustration and failure
Burnout, Psychological: an excessive reaction to stress caused by one's environment that may be characterized by feelings of emotional and physical exhaustion, coupled with a sense of frustration and failure
Burns: injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like
Bursa of Fabricius: an epithelial outgrowth of the cloaca in birds similar to the thymus in mammals. it atrophies within 6 months after birth and remains as a fibrous remnant in adult birds. it is composed of lymphoid tissue and prior to involution, is the site of b-lymphocyte maturation
Bursa, Synovial: a fluid-filled sac lined with synovial membrane that provides a cushion between bones, tendons and/or muscles around a joint
Bursera: a plant genus of the family burseraceae. members contain a podophyllotoxin
Bursera: rod rostlin z čeledi burseraceae. zástupci obsahují podofylotoxin
Burseraceae: a plant family of the order sapindales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida. they are resinous trees and shrubs with alternate leaves composed of many leaflets
Burseraceae: čeleď tropických rostlin řádu sapindales, podtřídy rosidae, třídy magnoliopsida (nižší dvouděložné rostliny). jsou to obvykle stromy se zbytnělým kmenem, méně častěji keře, které mají ve svém dřevě nebo kůře kanálky s nealergenními éterickými oleji, balzámy a pryskyřicemi. střídavé listy mívají palisty, nejčastěji jsou lichozpeřené, vzácně jednoduché, někdy trojčetné, bývají nahloučené na konci větviček. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Bursitis: inflammation or irritation of a synovial bursa, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin
Buruli Ulcer: a lesion in the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to infections by mycobacterium ulcerans. it was first reported in uganda, africa
Burundi: a republic in eastern africa bounded on the north by rwanda and on the south by tanzania. its capital is bujumbura
Burundi: stát ve střední africe, na severu hraničí s rwandou, na západě s demokratickou republikou kongo a na východě a jihu s tanzanií. jihozápadní hranice státu je tvořena jezerem tanganika. hlavním městem burundi je gitega. ekonomickým centrem je bývalé hlavní město bujumbura. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Buschke-Lowenstein Tumor: exophytic tumor of the anogenital region associated with hpv infections. it becomes a large cauliflower-like, hyperkeratotic, verrucous mass that is locally destructive with little atypical cells. histologically, tumor cells are broad rete peg structures that tend to invade deeper than condylomata acuminata
Buschke-Löwenstein tumor: obrovské kondylomy anogenitální oblasti spojené s infekcí hpv. dorůstají rozměrů a podoby velikého květáku, jde o hyperkeratotickou, verukózní hmotu, která je lokálně destruktivní s malými atypickými buňkami. histologicky jsou nádorové buňky široké čepové struktury, které mají sklon proniknout hlouběji než špičatá kondylomata
Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome: an autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder characterized by multiple subcutaneous nevi or nodules. they may be either elastin - rich (elastoma) or collagen -rich (dermatofibrosis lenticularis disseminata) on histologic examination. the lesions are usually nontender and firm. affected individuals also have osteopoikilosis in the epiphyses and metaphyses of long bones, wrist, foot, ankle, pelvis, and scapula. some individuals have both skin and bone manifestations, whereas others may lack skin or bone manifestations. mutations in the lemd3 gene have been identified. omim: 166700
Buserelin: a potent synthetic analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone with d-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications
Buspirone: an anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. its structure is unrelated to those of the benzodiazapines, but it has an efficacy comparable to diazepam
Busulfan: an alkylating agent having a selective immunosuppressive effect on bone marrow. it has been used in the palliative treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (myeloid leukemia, chronic), but although symptomatic relief is provided, no permanent remission is brought about. according to the fourth annual report on carcinogens (ntp 85-002, 1985), busulfan is listed as a known carcinogen
Butaclamol: a benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia
Butanols: isomeric forms and derivatives of butanol (c4h9oh)
Butanones: derivatives of butanone, also known as methyl ethyl ketone (with structural formula ch3coc2h5)
Butea: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that contains butrin and isobutrin
Butea: rod rostlin z čeledi bobovitých (fabaceae), který obsahuje butrin a isobutrin
Buthionine Sulfoximine: a synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. it has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human t-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (j biol chem 1995;270(33):1945-7)
Butirosin Sulfate: a water-soluble aminoglycosidic antibiotic complex isolated from fermentation filtrates of bacillus circulans. two components (a and b) have been separated from the complex. both are active against many gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria
Butorphanol: a synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. it is used in the management of severe pain
Butoxamine: a beta-2 selective adrenergic antagonist. it is used primarily in animal and tissue experiments to characterize beta-2 andrenergic receptors
Butter: the fatty portion of milk, separated as a soft yellowish solid when milk or cream is churned. it is processed for cooking and table use. (random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Butterflies: slender-bodies diurnal insects having large, broad wings often strikingly colored and patterned
Buttermilk: a beverage made from cow's milk fermented by lactic acid-producing bacteria, especially lactococcus lactis and lactobacillus bulgaricus
Buttocks: either of two fleshy protuberances at the lower posterior section of the trunk or hip in humans and primate on which a person or animal sits, consisting of gluteal muscles and fat
Butvar 76: support film in the study of macromolecules by transmission electon microscopy
Butylamines: isomeric amines of butane, where an amino group replaces a hydrogen on one of the four carbons. they include isobutylamine, n-butylamine, sec-butylamine, and tert-butylamine
Butylated Hydroxyanisole: mixture of 2- and 3-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenols that is used as an antioxidant in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals
Butylated Hydroxytoluene: a di-tert-butyl phenol with antioxidant properties
Butylene Glycols: 4-carbon straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbons substituted with two hydroxyl groups. the hydroxyl groups cannot be on the same carbon atom
Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: a substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract
Butyrate Response Factor 1: a zinc finger motif containing immediate early protein that is closely related to tristetraprolin. it interacts with and helps destabilize vascular endothelial growth factor mrna
Butyrates: derivatives of butyric acid. included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxypropane structure
Butyric Acid: a four carbon acid, ch3ch2ch2cooh, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester
Butyrivibrio: a species of anaerobic bacteria, in the family lachnospiraceae, found in ruminants. it is considered both gram-positive and gram-negative
Butyrivibrio: rod anaerobních bakterií čeledi lachnospiraceae, které se vyskytují u přežvýkavců. barví se grampozitivně i gramnegativně
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens: a species of butyrivibrio that occurs primarily in the rumen where it has important activities in lipid metabolism and the production of butyrates
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens: druh bakterie rodu butyrivibrio, která se vykytuje hlavně v bachoru přežvýkavců. je významná pro metabolismus lipidů a tvorbu butyrátů
Butyrophilins: a family of mammalian membrane glycoproteins characterized by extracellular immunoglobulin domains. some members also have an intracellular b30.2-spry domain or spry domain. the butyrophilin protein (btn) is expressed by mammary gland epithelium during lactation; whereas other members are widely expressed in other tissues, including skeletal muscle, intestine, erythroid cells (ermap protein); and nerve tissue (myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein)
Butyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase: a flavoprotein oxidoreductase that has specificity for short-chain fatty acids. it forms a complex with electron-transferring flavoproteins and conveys reducing equivalents to ubiquinone
Butyrylcholinesterase: an aspect of cholinesterase (ec 3.1.1.8)
Butyrylcholinesterase deficiency: a hereditary autosomal recessive condition caused by mutations in the bche gene. affected individuals exhibit prolonged apnea after administration of the muscle relaxant suxamethonium in connection with surgical anesthesia. however,since the activity of pseudocholinesterase in serum is low and its substrate behavior is atypical, there are no other symptoms in the absence of relaxant. omim: 177400
Butyrylthiocholine: a sulfur-containing analog of butyrylcholine which is hydrolyzed by butyrylcholinesterase to butyrate and thiocholine. it is used as a reagent in the determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity
Buxaceae: a plant family of the order euphorbiales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida. leaves are alternate, simple, and leathery. fruits are one- or two-seeded capsules or drupes (stony-pitted fleshy fruits)
Buxaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu euphorbiales, podtřídy rosidae, třídy magnoliopsida (nižší dvouděložné rostliny). zástupci čeledi zimostrázovité jsou stálezelené keře a stromy, řidčeji i vytrvalé byliny nebo polokeře se vstřícnými nebo střídavými jednoduchými listy bez palistů. plodem zimostrázovitých je tobolka, peckovice nebo bobule. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Buxus: a plant genus of the family buxaceae. members contain steroidal alkaloids
Buxus: rod rostlin čeledi buxaceae. zástupci obsahují steroidní alkaloidy
Byssinosis: a condition of bronchoconstriction resulting from hypersensitive reaction to inhaled dust during the initial processing of cotton, flax, or hemp in the textile industry. symptoms include wheezing and tightness in the chest
Byssochlamys: a genus of ascomycetous mold in the family trichocomaceae, order eurotiales. byssochlamys species are responsible for spoilage and degradation of fruit and fruit juices. anamorphs are found in the genus paecilomyces
Byssochlamys: rod vřeckovýtrusných plísní čeledi trichocomaceae, řádu eurotiales. zástupci rodu byssochlamys napadají ovoce a ovocné šťávy a způsobují jejich hnilobu a rozklad
Bystander Effect: the result of a positive or negative response (to drugs, for example) in one cell being passed onto other cells via the gap junctions or the intracellular milieu
Byzantium: an ancient city, the site of modern istanbul. from the 4th to 15th centuries the empire extended from southeastern europe to western asia, reaching its greatest extent under justinian (527-565). by about 1000 a.d. it comprised the southern balkans, greece, asia minor, and parts of southern italy. the capture of constantinople in 1453 marked the formal end of the byzantine empire. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988)
Běloruská republika: stát ve východní evropě, na východ od polska. hlavní město je minsk
C'MP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of small cell lung cancer
C-DNA: izoforma dna, která se vyskytuje za experimentálních podmínek. dvoušroubovice c-dna je pravotočivá a není tak kompaktní jako b-forma
C-Fill MH: the hybrid composite c-fill mh seems to be superior to the microfilled composites and should therefore be preferred as a restorative filling material
C-MED-100: an aqueous extract from uncaria tomentosa, enhances dna repair & immune function
C-Peptide: the middle segment of proinsulin that is between the n-terminal b-chain and the c-terminal a-chain. it is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar insulin and c-peptide are released. c-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. half-life of c-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin
C-Reactive Protein: a plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage. c-reactive protein measured by more sensitive methods often for coronary heart disease risk assessment is referred to as high sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-crp)
C-VAMP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of meningeal myeloma
C-film Lucchini: a well-tolerated local spermicidal contaceptive with a few side effects
C-peptid: spojovací (angl. connecting) peptid v molekule proinzulinu (spojuje řetězec a a b). je odštěpen při přeměně proinzulinu na inzulin. jeho koncentrace se někdy vyšetřuje v plasmě u diabetu (odráží stupeň produkce inzulinu). při iddm je v podstatě neměřitelný, naopak u niddm mohou být hladiny normální a mohou stoupat po stimulaci glukosou. vylučuje se ledvinami (při jejich insuficienci může být jeho hodnota v krvi zvýšena). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
C-reaktivní protein: zkr. crp - bílkovina přítomná v krvi při některých zánětlivých chorobách, např. systémových a revmatických. významný protein akutní fáze. jeho přítomnost v krvi je výrazem nespecifické reakce organismu na zánětlivé či nekrotické procesy včetně procesů s imunologickou patogenezí (bakteriální záněty, autoimunitní onemocnění, infarkty, pooperační stavy, nádory aj.). jeho koncentrace v séru stoupá velmi rychle a je vhodný pro monitorování vývoje onemocnění a léčby. je možné i jeho rychlé ambulantní stanovení (odlišení virových a bakteriálních zánětů). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
C-terminální Src kinasa: tyrosinkinázy, které fosforylují tyrosinové zbytky nacházející se v c-terminálních koncích kináz rodiny src
C2 Domains: protein modules that function in the targeting of proteins to cell membranes. they consist of an eight-stranded anti-parallel beta-sandwich composed of a pair of four-stranded beta-sheets. this structural unit forms a pocket on the membrane-interacting face of the protein and co-ordinates the binding of 2 to 3 calcium ions; however, not all c2 domains bind calcium. examples of c2 domain-containing proteins include protein kinase c and pten phosphohydrolase
C2 domény: proteinové moduly, které se podílejí na cílení proteinů na buněčné membrány. sestávají z β-sendviče tvořeného osmi β-řetězci, tedy párem antiparalelních čtyřřetězcových beta-skládaných listů. tato strukturní jednotka tvoří kapsu na části proteinu, která interaguje s membránou a koordinuje vazbu dvou až tří atomů vápníku (ale ne všechny c2 domény vážou vápník). k proteinům obsahujícím c2 doménu patří např. proteinkináza c a fosfohydroláza pten
C30-38 olefin isopropyl maleate MA copolymer: copolymer of maleic anhydride, isopropyl maleate, and c30-38 olefin monomers
C60-bis(N,N-dimethylpyrrolidinium): has antineoplastic activity
C9orf72 Protein: a widely-expressed guanine nucleotide exchange factor protein of approximately 400 to 500 amino acids. its n-terminal region (denn domain) interacts with rab gtp-binding proteins and may regulate autophagy, as well as protein transport to endosomes. expansion of the ggggcc hexanucleotide repeat in the first intron of the c9orf72 gene is associated with frontotemporal dementia with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ftdals1)
CA-125 Antigen: a carbohydrate antigen that occurs in tumors of the ovary as well as in breast, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract tumors and normal tissue. while it is tumor-associated, it is not tumor-specific and may have a protective function against particles and infectious agents at mucosal surfaces
CA-19-9 Antigen: sialylated lewis(a) blood group carbohydrate antigen found in many adenocarcinomas of the digestive tract, especially pancreatic tumors
CA1 Region, Hippocampal: one of four subsections of the hippocampus described by lorente de no, located furthest from the dentate gyrus
CA2 Region, Hippocampal: a subsection of the hippocampus, described by lorente de no, that is located between the hippocampus ca1 field and the hippocampus ca3 field
CA3 Region, Hippocampal: a subsection of the hippocampus, described by lorente de no, that is located between the hippocampus ca2 field and the dentate gyrus
CAB protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; use for treatment of head & neck neoplasms