NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Suriname: a republic in the north of south america, bordered on the west by guyana (british guiana) and on the east by french guiana. its capital is paramaribo. it was formerly called netherlands guiana or dutch guiana or surinam. suriname was first settled by the english in 1651 but was ceded to the dutch by treaty in 1667. it became an autonomous territory under the dutch crown in 1954 and gained independence in 1975. the country was named for the surinam river but the meaning of that name is uncertain. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p1167 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p526)
Surveys and Questionnaires: collections of data obtained from voluntary subjects. the information usually takes the form of answers to questions, or suggestions
Survival Analysis: a class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). the survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function
Survival Rate: the proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. it is often studied using life table methods
Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein: an smn complex protein that contains a tudor domain and is essential for the function of the smn protein complex. in humans, the protein is encoded by a single gene found near the inversion telomere of a large inverted region of chromosome 5. mutations in the gene coding for survival of motor neuron 1 protein may result in spinal muscular atrophies of childhood
Survival of Motor Neuron 2 Protein: an smn complex protein that is closely-related to survival of motor neuron 1 protein. in humans, the protein is encoded by an often duplicated gene found near the inversion centeromere of a large inverted region of chromosome 5
Survivin: an apoptosis inhibitory protein that contains a single baculoviral iap repeat (bir) domain. it associates with microtubules and functions to regulate cell proliferation as a component of the chromosome passage protein complex (cpc), performing essential roles for localization of the complex, chromosome alignment, segregation during mitosis and cytokinesis, and assembly of the mitotic spindle. it is expressed by fetal kidney and liver cells and highly expressed in adenocarcinoma and high-grade lymphoma
Survivors: persons who have experienced a prolonged survival after serious disease or who continue to live with a usually life-threatening condition as well as family members, significant others, or individuals surviving traumatic life events
Survivorship: functional, psychosocial, emotional and spiritual domains and needs of patients and families following life-threatening disease or events
Sus scrofa: a species of swine, in the family suidae, comprising a number of subspecies including the domestic pig sus scrofa domestica
Sus scrofa: velký sudokopytník z čeledi prasatovití. jeho domovinou je velká část evropy a asie, ale člověkem byl zavlečen i na jiné světové kontinenty. je také původcem prasete domácího, které se chová pro maso a tuk. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Susac Syndrome: a rare disorder consisting of microangiopathy of brain, retina, and inner ear arterioles. it is characterized by the clinical triad of encephalopathy, branch retinal artery occlusion and vertigo/hearing loss
Susacův syndrom: vzácné autoimunitní onemocnění, při kterém dochází k mikroangiopatii arteriol mozku, sítnice a vnitřního ucha. je charakterizované triádou klinických příznaků: encefalopatie, okluze retinální arterie a vertigo/ztráta sluchu
Suspensions: colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosols) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions
Sustainable Development: a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development; and institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations. (http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm#i)
Sustained Virologic Response: the continuous, long-term suppression of viral load, generally to undetectable levels, as the result of treatment with antiviral agents
Sutton disease 2: a chronic oral inflammatory disease characterized by painful canker sores of varying size and frequency
Suture Anchors: implants used in arthroscopic surgery and other orthopedic procedures to attach soft tissue to bone. one end of a suture is tied to soft tissue and the other end to the implant. the anchors are made of a variety of materials including titanium, stainless steel, or absorbable polymers
Suture Techniques: techniques for securing together the edges of a wound, with loops of thread or similar materials (sutures)
Sutureless Surgical Procedures: surgical techniques in which sutures are not applied to surgical wounds
Sutures: materials used in closing a surgical or traumatic wound. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Svalbard: souostroví v severním ledovém oceánu severně od evropské pevniny. je to nejsevernější část norského království
Svatá Lucie: svatá lucie je ostrovní ministát v karibském moři v souostroví malých antil (patří mezi návětrné ostrovy) mezi martinikem a svatým vincencem. společně s barbadosem, martinikem, dominikou a dalšími státy tvoří tzv. pás ostrovů malých antil. hlavním městem je castries. ostrov změnil čtrnáctkrát svého vlastníka, definitivně připadl velké británii. ostrov získal autonomii roku 1967 a úplnou nezávislost v roce 1979. přesto je členem commonwealthu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Svatá říše římská: říše ve střední evropě sestávající z konfederace německých a italských území pod suverenitou císaře a existující od 9. nebo 10. století do roku 1806
Svatý Kryštof a Nevis: ostrovní stát v karibském moři v malých antilách (patří mezi závětrné ostrovy). kolonie svatý kryštof byla založena roku 1623 brity. definitivně připadl ostrov britům roku 1783. nezávislý stát vznikl v roce 1983. souostroví je součástí commonwealthu. hlavní město basseterre leží na větším ostrově svatý kryštof. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Svatý Martin (nizozemská část): pojmenování pro jižní část ostrova svatý martin, která patří pod správu nizozemského království. severní část (saint-martin) je zámořským společenstvím francie. ostrov je součástí závětrných ostrovů malých antil. do 10. října 2010 tvořil sint maarten společně s dalšími čtyřmi ostrovy nizozemské antily. po tomto datu získal status "konstituční země nizozemského království". sint maarten má více než 40 000 obyvatel. hlavním městem je philipsburg. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Svatý Tomáš a Princův ostrov: ostrovy v guinejském zálivu, západně od pobřeží gabonu a rovníkové guineje
Svatý Vincenc a Grenadiny: ostrovní stát v karibiku v souostroví malé antily, patří mezi návětrné ostrovy, které leží při severním pobřeží jižní ameriky. většinu území státu svou rozlohou zaujímá ostrov svatý vincenc, který je sopečného původu. zbytek tvoří grenadiny, skládající se z 32 menších korálových ostrůvků, z nichž je jen polovina osídlena. podnebí je horké a vlhké. velice časté jsou hurikány. ostrov je konstituční monarchií a člen commonwealthu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Sverdlovsk Accidental Release: anthrax outbreak that occurred in 1979 and was associated with a research facility in sverdlovsk, in the ural mountain region of central russia. most victims worked or lived in a narrow zone extending from the facility. the zone of anthrax-caused livestock mortality paralleled the northerly wind that prevailed shortly before the outbreak. it was concluded that an escape of anthrax caused outbreak
Svědkové Jehovovi: členové náboženské denominace založené ve spojených státech koncem 19. století, která praktikuje aktivní evangelismus, káže o nastávajícím příchodu milénia a důsledně odmítá válku a organizovanou vládní autoritu ve věcech svědomí. svědkové jehovovi obecně odmítají krevní transfuze a další s krví spojenou léčbu na základě náboženské víry
Swainsonine: an indolizidine alkaloid from the plant swainsona canescens that is a potent alpha-mannosidase inhibitor. swainsonine also exhibits antimetastatic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activity
Swallows: the family hirundinidae, comprised of small birds that hunt flying insects while in sustained flight
Swanova-Ganzova katetrizace: cévka užívaná v kardiologii ke katetrizaci pravého srdce. zavádí se žilním systémem až do pravého srdce a dále až do větvení plicní tepny. umožňuje mj. měřit tlak v této oblasti (tj. v pravé síni, komoře, v plicnici) a následně (po nafouknutí balonku, jímž se katétr zaklíní v některé z menších větví plicnice) tzv. tlak v zaklínění, který je přeneseným tlakem z levé síně, a dovoluje tak posoudit činnost levého srdce (stoupá při jeho selhání či při mitrální stenóze). slouží rovněž k měření srdečního výdeje, odběrům vzorků krve, v nichž se stanovuje o2. (cit. velký lékařský slovník, http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ 2014)
Swayback: congenital locomotor ataxia of lambs, thought to be associated with copper deficiency. it is characterized clinically by progressive incoordination of the hind limbs and pathologically by disruption of neuron and myelin development in the central nervous system. it is caused by a deficiency of metabolizable copper in the ewe during the last half of her pregnancy. (dorland, 28th ed; stedman, 26th ed)
Sweat: the fluid excreted by the sweat glands. it consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products
Sweat Gland Neoplasms: new abnormal growth of tissue in the sweat glands
Sweat Glands: sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct
Sweating: the process of exocrine secretion of the sweat glands, including the aqueous sweat from the eccrine glands and the complex viscous fluids of the apocrine glands
Sweating Sickness: a clinical condition characterized by fever and profuse sweating and associated with high mortality. it occurred in epidemic form five times in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in england, first in 1485 and last in 1551, specially during the summer and early autumn, attacking the relatively affluent adult male population. the etiology was unknown
Sweating, Gustatory: an autonomic disorder characterized by excessive sweating of the forehead, upper lip, perioral region, or sternum subsequent to gustatory stimuli. the auriculotemporal syndrome features facial flushing or sweating limited to the distribution of the auriculotemporal nerve and may develop after trauma to the parotid gland, in association with parotid neoplasms, or following their surgical removal. (from ann neurol 1997 dec;42(6):973-5)
Sweden: country in northern europe, bordering the baltic sea, between finland and norway. the capital is stockholm
Sweet Syndrome: condition characterized by large, rapidly extending, erythematous, tender plaques on the upper body usually accompanied by fever and dermal infiltration of neutrophilic leukocytes. it occurs mostly in middle-aged women, is often preceded by an upper respiratory infection, and clinically resembles erythema multiforme. sweet syndrome is associated with leukemia
Sweetening Agents: substances that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc., such as sugar, saccharine or other low-calorie synthetic products. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Sweetův syndrom: akutní kožní onemocnění provázené horečkami. na kůži se objevují temně červené erytémy a infiltráty. současně je neutrofilie. onemocnění odeznívá po několika týdnech, uvažuje se o vztahu k infekcím, alergii či myeloproliferativním stavům. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Swertia: a plant genus of the family gentianaceae. it is a source of swertiapuniside and iridoid glycosides
Swertia: rod rostlin čeledi gentianaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují swertiapunisid a iridoidní glykosidy
Swimming: an activity in which the body is propelled through water by specific movement of the arms and/or the legs. swimming as propulsion through water by the movement of limbs, tail, or fins of animals is often studied as a form of physical exertion or endurance
Swine: any of various animals that constitute the family suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. included are the genera babyrousa, phacochoerus (wart hogs), and sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see sus scrofa)
Swine Diseases: diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus sus
Swine Erysipelas: an acute and chronic contagious disease of young pigs caused by erysipelothrix insidiosa
Swine Vesicular Disease: an enterovirus infection of swine clinically indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, and vesicular exanthema of swine. it is caused by a strain of human enterovirus b
Swine, Miniature: genetically developed small pigs for use in biomedical research. there are several strains - yucatan miniature, sinclair miniature, and minnesota miniature
Swiss 3T3 Cells: a cell line established in 1962 from disaggregated swiss albino mouse embryos. this fibroblast cell line is extremely popular in research
Switzerland: a country in europe. it is bordered by austria, france, italy, liechtenstein, and germany. the capital is bern
Sydnones: oxadiazoles bearing an oxygen at the 5-position. they are mesoionic, with delocalized positive and negative charges
Syk Kinase: an sh2 domain-containing non-receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates signal transduction downstream of a variety of receptors including b-cell antigen receptors. it functions in both innate immunity and adaptive immunity and also mediates signaling in cell adhesion; osteogenesis; platelet activation; and vascular development
Symbiont Induced Cytoplasmic Incompatibility: a naturally occurring reproductive phenomenon of invertebrates in which only certain combination of crosses result in viable embryos due to incompatibility between sperm and egg cells that is caused by differences in intracellular parasites (symbionts). for example, a maternally inherited symbiont bacteria, e.g., wolbachia, induces changes in sperm of the host, causing mitotic defects in the fertilized embryo only in crosses between symbiotic males and females harboring a different or no symbiont
Symbiosis: the relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other
Symbolic Interactionism: theoretical approach to social processes with a fundamental concern with power phenomena. there is a focus on the analysis of culture, the influence of foucault, and the development of feminist perspectives
Symbolism: a concept that stands for or suggests something else by reason of its relationship, association, convention, or resemblance. the symbolism may be mental or a visible sign or representation. (from webster, 3d ed)
Sympathectomy: the removal or interruption of some part of the sympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes
Sympathectomy, Chemical: sympathectomy using chemicals (e.g., 6-hydroxydopamine or guanethidine) which selectively and reversibly destroy adrenergic nerve endings while leaving cholinergic nerve endings intact
Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic: nerve fibers which project from sympathetic ganglia to synapses on target organs. sympathetic postganglionic fibers use norepinephrine as transmitter, except for those innervating eccrine sweat glands (and possibly some blood vessels) which use acetylcholine. they may also release peptide cotransmitters
Sympathetic Nervous System: the thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. the sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. it often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system
Sympathoadrenal System: a connection of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla of the adrenal glands. intra-adrenal connection from the medulla to the cortex connects the system to other neuroendocrine systems, which in concert participate in flight reaction in stress situations. catecholamines are the principle hormone in the system
Sympatholytics: drugs that inhibit the actions of the sympathetic nervous system by any mechanism. the most common of these are the adrenergic antagonists and drugs that deplete norepinephrine or reduce the release of transmitters from adrenergic postganglionic terminals (see adrenergic agents). drugs that act in the central nervous system to reduce sympathetic activity (e.g., centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, see adrenergic alpha-agonists) are included here
Sympathomimetics: drugs that mimic the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. included here are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters
Sympatry: in evolutionary theory, overlapping geographic distribution of diverging species. in sympatric genetic speciation, genetic diversion occurs without geographic separation
Symphoricarpos: a plant genus of the family caprifoliaceae. the common name of snowberry is also used for gaultheria
Symporters: membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the same direction across a membrane. usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is powered by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient
Symptom Burden: the subjective, quantifiable prevalence, frequency, and severity of symptoms placing a physiologic burden on patients and producing multiple negative, physical, and emotional patient responses
Symptom Flare Up: a transient exacerbation of symptoms of an existing disease or condition
Synapses: specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. at classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. the target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with electrical synapses. several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions
Synapsins: a family of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins involved in the short-term regulation of neurotransmitter release. synapsin i, the predominant member of this family, links synaptic vesicles to actin filaments in the presynaptic nerve terminal. these interactions are modulated by the reversible phosphorylation of synapsin i through various signal transduction pathways. the protein is also a substrate for camp- and calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinases. it is believed that these functional properties are also shared by synapsin ii
Synaptic Membranes: cell membranes associated with synapses. both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are included along with their integral or tightly associated specializations for the release or reception of transmitters
Synaptic Potentials: the voltages across pre- or post-synaptic membranes
Synaptic Transmission: the communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. in chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. the activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. in electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across electrical synapses
Synaptic Vesicles: membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. they actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. in at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents
Synaptogyrins: a subfamily of marvel domain-containing proteins that are found in synaptic vesicles, where they may play a role in modulating neuronal signaling
Synaptonemal Complex: the three-part structure of ribbon-like proteinaceous material that serves to align and join the paired homologous chromosomes. it is formed during the zygotene stage of the first meiotic division. it is a prerequisite for crossing over
Synaptophysin: a marvel domain-containing protein found in the presynaptic vesicles of neurons and neuroendocrine cells. it is commonly used as an immunocytochemical marker for neuroendocrine differentiation
Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25: a ubiquitous target snare protein that interacts with syntaxin and synaptobrevin. it is a core component of the machinery for intracellular membrane fusion. the sequence contains 2 snare domains, one is the prototype for the qb-snares, and the other is the prototype for the qc-snares
Synaptosomes: pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. they are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates
Synaptotagmin I: a vesicular transport protein expressed predominately in neurons. synaptotagmin helps regulate exocytosis of synaptic vesicles and appears to serve as a calcium sensor to trigger neurotransmitter release. it also acts as a nerve cell receptor for certain botulinum toxins
Synaptotagmin II: a vesicular transport protein that was originally characterized as an inositol polyphosphate binding protein. synaptotagmin ii helps regulate exocytosis of synaptic vesicles and appears to serve as a calcium sensor to trigger neurotransmitter release. it also acts as a nerve cell receptor for certain botulinum toxins
Synaptotagmins: a family of vesicular transport proteins characterized by an n-terminal transmembrane region and two c-terminal calcium-binding domains
Synbiotics: nutritional supplements combining probiotics (bacteria) and prebiotics (sugars)
Synchrotrons: devices for accelerating protons or electrons in closed orbits where the accelerating voltage and magnetic field strength varies (the accelerating voltage is held constant for electrons) in order to keep the orbit radius constant
Syncope: a transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., brain ischemia). presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)
Syncope, Vasovagal: loss of consciousness due to a reduction in blood pressure that is associated with an increase in vagal tone and peripheral vasodilation
Syndactyly: a congenital anomaly of the hand or foot, marked by the webbing between adjacent fingers or toes. syndactylies are classified as complete or incomplete by the degree of joining. syndactylies can also be simple or complex. simple syndactyly indicates joining of only skin or soft tissue; complex syndactyly marks joining of bony elements
Syndactyly, type 2: syndactyly characterized by connections between the middle and ring fingers and fourth and fifth toes. it may occur with postaxial polydactyly in the same digits. other finger and toe anomalies and metacarpal or metatarsal abnormalities may also be present. it is caused by mutations in the hoxd13 gene. omim: 186000
Syndecan-1: a syndecan that interacts with extracellular matrix proteins and plays a role cell proliferation and cell migration
Syndecan-2: a syndecan that is predominantly expressed during embryonic development. it may play a role in mediating cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix and may modulate the signaling activity of certain intercellular signaling peptides and proteins
Syndecan-3: a syndecan found at high levels in the developing limb buds. it may play a role in the regulation of musculoskeletal development by modulating the effects of intercellular signaling peptides and proteins
Syndecan-4: a ubiquitously expressed syndecan that is found in all stages of embryonic development and in most adult tissues. syndecan-4 is found localized to focal adhesion sites in fibronectin-adherent cells and may play a role the process of cell migration and cell proliferation
Syndecans: a family of transmembrane glycoproteins that contain a short cytoplasmic domain, a single-span transmembrane domain, and an extracellular domain with heparin sulfate and chondroitin sulfate chains. syndecans interact with a variety of heparin-binding intercellular signaling peptides and proteins and may play a role in modulating cellular signaling during embryonic development, tumorigenesis, and angiogenesis
Synechococcus: a form-genus of spherical to rod-shaped cyanobacteria in the order chroococcales. they contain thylakoids and are found in a wide range of habitats
Synechococcus: formální rod kulovitých až tyčinkovitých sinic řádu chroococcales. obsahují tylakoidy a vyskytují se na mnoha různých stanovištích
Synechocystis: a form-genus of unicellular cyanobacteria in the order chroococcales. none of the strains fix nitrogen, there are no gas vacuoles, and sheath layers are never produced
Synechocystis: formální rod jednobuněčných sinic řádu chroococcales. žádný z jeho druhů nefixuje dusík, nemá plynové měchýřky ani netvoří pouzdra
Synephrine: sympathetic alpha-adrenergic agonist with actions like phenylephrine. it is used as a vasoconstrictor in circulatory failure, asthma, nasal congestion, and glaucoma
Synergy composite resin: resin-based composites for bleached teeth after polymerization & accelerated aging
Synesthesia: the experience of involuntary sensory cross activation where the presentation of a particular stimulus elicits a secondary sensory-perceptual experience. it most commonly occurs in the association of color with linguistic stimuli such as letters, numbers, words, or music, but can also occur between other senses. although synesthesia can be acquired or transient due to trauma or drug use, there is also a strong genetic component, with a prevalence of about 1 in 2,000 individuals and a female to male ratio of 6:1
Synkinesis: an involuntary movement accompanying a volitional movement. it often refers to facial movements that accompany facial paralysis
Synostoses, tarsal, carpal, and digital: congenital synostoses affecting the carpal, tarsal, or digital bones. affected individuals may also have short metacarpus; absent finer phalanges; and absent finger or toenails. omim: 186400
Synostosis: a union between adjacent bones or parts of a single bone formed by osseous material, such as ossified connecting cartilage or fibrous tissue. (dorland, 27th ed)
Synovial Cyst: non-neoplastic tumor-like lesions at joints, developed from the synovial membrane of a joint through the joint capsule into the periarticular tissues. they are filled with synovial fluid with a smooth and translucent appearance. a synovial cyst can develop from any joint, but most commonly at the back of the knee, where it is known as popliteal cyst
Synovial Fluid: the clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. it contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints
Synovial Membrane: the inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. it is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid
Synoviocytes: cells on the luminal surface of the synovial membrane. type a synoviocytes are macrophages responsible for waste removal from the joint cavity. fibroblast-like type b synoviocytes are involved in production of joint matrix constituents (e.g., hyaluronan; collagen; and fibronectin)
Synovitis, Pigmented Villonodular: diffuse outgrowth arising from the synovial membrane; synovial bursa; or tendon sheath around the joint cavity, with extension to surrounding soft tissue. it is characterized by pigmented hemosiderin-containing macrophages; foam cells; and multinucleated giant cells. it usually occurs in the hands and feet, and around large joints, such as in the ankle and knee joints
Synsepalum: a plant genus of the family sapotaceae. members contain miraculin (also spelled mieraculin), a sweet protein
Synsepalum: rod rostlin čeledi sapotaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují mirakulin. je to glykoprotein, který je sám bez chuti, ale z kyselé chuti dělá sladkou
Syntac dentine adhesive: an adhesive system, in which the primer includes an polyalkenoate acid and a low molecular weight resin; sc = single component
Syntaxin 1: a neuronal cell membrane protein that combines with snap-25 and synaptobrevin 2 to form a snare complex that leads to exocytosis
Syntaxin 16: a ubiquitously expressed member of the syntaxin subfamily of snare proteins that localizes to the golgi apparatus
Syntenins: intracellular signaling adaptor proteins that play a role in the coupling of syndecans to cytoskeletal proteins
Synteny: the presence of two or more genetic loci on the same chromosome. extensions of this original definition refer to the similarity in content and organization between chromosomes, of different species for example
Syntex adjuvant formulation: contains threonyl-mdp, squalane & tween-80; antigen added to above emulsion to form final immunological adjuvant
Synthetic Biology: a field of biological research combining engineering in the formulation, design, and building (synthesis) of novel biological structures, functions, and systems
Synthetic Cathinone: a propiophenone derivative chemically related to cathinone, a substance found in the khat plant
Synthetic Lethal Mutations: mutations in genes which lead to cell or organism death when occurring in combination with mutations in one or more other genes
Synucleinopathies: neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal alpha-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons and glial cells in the brain. pathological aggregations of alpha-synuclein proteins results in lewy bodies and lewy neurites; melanin granules in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus; and glial cytoplasmic inclusions. synucleinopathies are associated with mutation in the alpha-synuclein (snca) gene on chromosome 4. parkinson disease; lewy body disease with dementia; and multiple system atrophy are prominent examples of synucleinopathy
Synucleins: a family of homologous proteins of low molecular weight that are predominately expressed in the brain and that have been implicated in a variety of human diseases. they were originally isolated from cholinergic fibers of torpedo
Syphilis: a contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete treponema pallidum
Syphilis, Cardiovascular: cardiovascular manifestations of syphilis, an infection of treponema pallidum. in the late stage of syphilis, sometimes 20-30 years after the initial infection, damages are often seen in the blood vessels including the aorta and the aortic valve. clinical signs include syphilitic aortitis, aortic insufficiency, or aortic aneurysm
Syphilis, Congenital: syphilis acquired in utero and manifested by any of several characteristic tooth (hutchinson's teeth) or bone malformations and by active mucocutaneous syphilis at birth or shortly thereafter. ocular and neurologic changes may also occur
Syphilis, Cutaneous: cutaneous lesions arising from infection with treponema pallidum. in the primary stage, 18-21 days following infection, one or more chancres appear. if untreated, the subsequent stages of the disease appear as syphilids. these eruptions are superficial, nondestructive, exanthematic, transient, macular roseolas that may later be maculopapular or papular polymorphous or scaly, pustular, pigmented eruptions.(arnold, odom, and james, andrew's diseases of the skin, 8th ed, p409)
Syphilis, Latent: the stage of syphilis that occurs following the primary (chancre) and secondary stages. the patient is asymptomatic at the latent stage but remains seropositive for the spirochete
Syphilis, primary: the initial stage of syphilis infection, occurring 3 to 90 days following exposure, and marked by the appearance of a chancre at the point where treponema pallidum bacteria enter the body
Syphilis, secondary: the second stage of syphilis infection, after the spirochete has spread through the body. it is characterized by multiple mucocutaneous lesions, swollen lymph nodes, and systemic symptoms such as headache, hearing and balance loss, and visual disturbances
Syphilis, tertiary: a stage of syphilis that occurs 3 to 15 years following initial infection. neurosyphilis; neurosyphilis, gummatous; or cardiovascular syphilis may be present; however, patients are non-infectious at this stage
Syphilitic aseptic meningitis: meningitis caused by neurosyphilis infection
Syria: country in the middle east, bordering the mediterranean sea, between lebanon and turkey. the capital is damascus
Syringa: a plant genus of the family oleaceae. oleuropein has been identified in the stem bark
Syringa: rod keřů až menších stromů čeledi oleaceae. jejich kůra obsahuje fenolický sekoiridoidní glykosid oleuropein
Syringes: instruments used for injecting or withdrawing fluids. (stedman, 25th ed)
Syringoma: a benign tumor of the sweat glands which is usually multiple and results from malformation of sweat ducts. it is uncommon and more common in females than in males. it is most likely to appear at adolescence, and further lesions may develop during adult life. it does not appear to be hereditary. (rook et al., textbook of dermatology, 4th ed, pp2407-8)
Syringomyelia: longitudinal cavities in the spinal cord, most often in the cervical region, which may extend for multiple spinal levels. the cavities are lined by dense, gliogenous tissue and may be associated with spinal cord neoplasms; spinal cord traumatic injuries; and vascular malformations. syringomyelia is marked clinically by pain and paresthesia, muscular atrophy of the hands, and analgesia with thermoanesthesia of the hands and arms, but with the tactile sense preserved (sensory dissociation). lower extremity spasticity and incontinence may also develop. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1269)
System 1 plus: no-mix orthodontic diacrylate cement; polymerization initiated when adhesive paste comes into contact with liquid primer; from ormco, glendora cal
Systematic Review: a review of primary literature in health and health policy that attempts to identify, appraise, and synthesize all the empirical evidence that meets specified eligibility criteria to answer a given research question. its conduct uses explicit methods aimed at minimizing bias in order to produce more reliable findings regarding the effects of interventions for prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation that can be used to inform decision making
Systematic Reviews as Topic: works about a review of primary literature in health and health policy that attempt to identify, appraise, and synthesize all the empirical evidence that meets specified eligibility criteria to answer a given research question. it's conducted using explicit methods aimed at minimizing bias in order to produce more reliable findings regarding the effects of interventions for prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation that can be used to inform decision making
Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine: controlled vocabulary of clinical terms produced by the international health terminology standards development organisation (ihtsdo)
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome: a systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever >38 degrees c or hypothermia <36 degrees c; (2) tachycardia >90 beat/minute; (3) tachypnea >24 breaths/minute; (4) leukocytosis >12,000 cells/cubic mm or 10% immature forms. while usually related to infection, sirs can also be associated with noninfectious insults such as trauma; burns; or pancreatitis. if infection is involved, a patient with sirs is said to have sepsis
Systemic Racism: processes of racism that are embedded in laws (local, state, and federal), policies, and practices of society and its institutions that provide advantages to racial groups deemed as superior, while differentially oppressing, disadvantaging, or otherwise neglecting racial groups viewed as inferior. differential access to the goods, services, and opportunities of society by race. institutionalized racism is normative, sometimes legalized, and often manifests as inherited disadvantage. it is structural, having been codified in our institutions of custom, practice, and law, so there need not be an identifiable perpetrator. (ttps://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/programs-impact/sdoh.htm)
Systemic Vasculitis: a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the blood vessel walls
Systemic candidiasis: candida albicans infections and sepsis of multiple tissues and organs
Systemic carnitine deficiency: a heriditary autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the high-affinity carnitine transporter (slc22a5 gene) that is expressed in muscle, heart, kidney, lymphoblasts, and fibroblasts. this results in impaired fatty acid oxidation in skeletal and heart muscle. renal wasting of carnitine results in low serum levels and diminished hepatic uptake of carnitine . it can be treated by supplementation of carnitine in early stages, but will result in lethal heart failure if untreated. omim: 212140
Systems Analysis: the analysis of an activity, procedure, method, technique, or business to determine what must be accomplished and how the necessary operations may best be accomplished
Systems Biology: comprehensive, methodical analysis of complex biological systems by monitoring responses to perturbations of biological processes. large scale, computerized collection and analysis of the data are used to develop and test models of biological systems
Systems Integration: the procedures involved in combining separately developed modules, components, or subsystems so that they work together as a complete system. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Systems Theory: principles, models, and laws that apply to complex interrelationships and interdependencies of sets of linked components which form a functioning whole, a system. any system may be composed of components which are systems in their own right (sub-systems), such as several organs within an individual organism
Systolic Murmurs: heart murmurs which are systolic in timing. they occur between the first and the second heart sounds, between the closure of mitral valve and tricuspid valve and the closure of semilunar aortic and pulmonary valves. systolic murmurs include ejection murmurs and regurgitant murmurs
Syzygium: a plant genus in the family myrtaceae. it is known for cloves, which is the flower bud of syzygium aromaticum and is the source of an oil rich in eugenol
Syzygium: rod rostlin čeledi myrtaceae. hřebíčkovce poskytují mnohostranný užitek. z poupat hřebíčkovce vonného/ též kořenného (syzygium aromaticum) se získává koření hřebíček, z listů a kůry esenciální oleje, zejm. eugenol. četné druhy mají jedlé plody, těží se pro dřevo, pěstují se v tropech a subtropech jako okrasné dřeviny, poskytují barviva nebo se využívají v medicíně. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2025 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Sézaryho syndrom: maligní lymfom z t buněk postihující primárně kůži s výskytem nádorových buněk rovněž v periferní krvi (někdy považován za generalizaci mycosis fungoides). na kůži je svědící erytrodermie, hyperkeratóza, pigmentace, může být lymfadenopatie či splenomegalie. objevují se sézaryho-lutznerovy buňky. vyskytuje se obv. u starších osob s určitou převahou mužů, průběh bývá větš. chronický. léčba je obdobná jako u mycosis fungoides. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Súdán: stát na severovýchodě afriky, nacházející se na jih od sahary částečně v oblasti sahelu. hraničí s egyptem na severu; s libyí, čadem a středoafrickou republikou na západě; jižním súdánem na jihu a s etiopií, eritreou a rudým mořem na východě. převládající náboženství je islám. úředními jazyky jsou arabština a angličtina. hlavním městem je chartúm, který se nachází na soutoku modrého a bílého nilu. největším městem je omdurmán. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Sýrie: stát v jihozápadní asii, je řazený k zemím blízkého východu - v jeho rámci spadá jak do území mezopotámie, tak do levanty. hlavním městem je historicky významný damašek. zemí protékají řeka eufrat a částečně i hraniční tigris. sýrie na severu a severozápadě hraničí s tureckem, na východě s irákem, na jihu s jordánskem. s izraelem sousedí na jihozápadě a s libanonem na západě. menší část západní hranice omývá středozemní moře. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
T Cell Transcription Factor 1: a tcf transcription factor that was originally identified as a dna-binding protein that interacts with the enhancers of t-cell receptor alpha genes. it plays a role in t-lymphocyte development
T Follicular Helper Cells: a specialized subpopulation of cd4+ t cells involved in formation of germinal center. tfh cells are mostly located in secondary lymphoid organs, e.g., tonsil; spleen and lymph nodes. they are cd4 antigen; cd45 antigen; b-cell lymphoma 6 protein; cxcr5 receptors; icos inducible t-cell co-stimulator; and pd1 receptor positive
T Lineage-Specific Activation Antigen 1: a t-lymphocyte differentiation antigen recognized by the dx11 monoclonal antibody and expressed on the majority of peripheral blood t-lymphocytes where it is involved in their cytolytic function and signal transduction
T-2 Toxin: a potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus fusarium. it elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects
T-6 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of germ cell tumors in children
T-8801 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of behenoyl (cytarbine) and above cpds; used in treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
T-Box Domain Proteins: proteins containing a region of conserved sequence, about 200 amino acids long, which encodes a particular sequence specific dna binding domain (the t-box domain). these proteins are transcription factors that control developmental pathways. the prototype of this family is the mouse brachyury (or t) gene product
T-Cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Protein 1: a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that plays a critical role in hematopoiesis and as a positive regulator in the differentiation of erythroid cells. chromosome translocations involving the tal-1 gene are associated with t-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia
T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity: the property of the t-cell receptor which enables it to react with some antigens and not others. the specificity is derived from the structure of the receptor's variable region which has the ability to recognize certain antigens in conjunction with the major histocompatibility complex molecule
T-Cell Exhaustion: progressive deterioration of t-cell function due to chronic antigen stimulation and inflammatory signals, e.g., chronic infection and cancer. t-cell exhaustion is characterized by weakened immune system, e.g., dysfunctional memory t cells differentiation and epigenetic repression of immunologic memory effector functions
T-Cell Intracellular Antigen-1: an rna-binding protein characterized by three rna recognition motifs. it binds to au rich elements in the 3'-untranslated regions of mrna and regulates alternative pre-rna splicing and mrna translation; it may also function in apoptosis. mutations in the tia-1 gene are associated with welander distal myopathy
T-Cell Senescence: permanent g1 cell cycle arrest of the t-cell, resulting from ageing, oncogene activation, telomere degradation, epigenomic changes, or exposure to stressful stimuli including reactive-oxygen species, ionizing radiation, or certain chemicals
T-Clair SPHP700-3: consists of povidone and linseed extract for treatment of dry eyes
T-Lymphocyte Subsets: a classification of t-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells
T-Lymphocytes: lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. two types have been identified - cytotoxic (t-lymphocytes, cytotoxic) and helper t-lymphocytes (t-lymphocytes, helper-inducer). they are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the thymus gland and differentiate to thymocytes. when exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new t cells sensitized to that antigen
T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic: immunized t-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. these cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (mlc), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (gvh) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. the lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (cml). these cd8-positive cells are distinct from natural killer cells and natural killer t-cells. there are two effector phenotypes: tc1 and tc2
T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer: subpopulation of cd4+ lymphocytes that cooperate with other lymphocytes (either t or b) to initiate a variety of immune functions. for example, helper-inducer t-cells cooperate with b-cells to produce antibodies to thymus-dependent antigens and with other subpopulations of t-cells to initiate a variety of cell-mediated immune functions
T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory: cd4-positive t cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. they inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. regulatory t-cells include naturally occurring cd4+cd25+ cells, il-10 secreting tr1 cells, and th3 cells
T-Lymphocytopenia, Idiopathic CD4-Positive: reproducible depletion of cd4+ lymphocytes below 300 per cubic millimeter in the absence of hiv infection or other known causes of immunodeficiency. this is a rare, heterogeneous syndrome and does not appear to be caused by a transmissible agent
T-Lymphoma Invasion and Metastasis-inducing Protein 1: a rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor that consists of two pleckstrin homology domains flanking central ras-binding, dbl-homology (dh) and pdz domains. it stimulates gtp-gdp exchange of rho-like gtpases such as rac1 protein; cdc42 protein; and rhoa protein, and functions to link extracellular signals to remodeling of the cytoskeleton for cell adhesion and cell movement
T-Phages: a series of 7 virulent phages which infect e. coli. the t-even phages t2, t4; (bacteriophage t4), and t6, and the phage t5 are called autonomously virulent because they cause cessation of all bacterial metabolism on infection. phages t1, t3; (bacteriophage t3), and t7; (bacteriophage t7) are called dependent virulent because they depend on continued bacterial metabolism during the lytic cycle. the t-even phages contain 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in place of ordinary cytosine in their dna
T-bet Transcription Factor: a transcription factor of the t-box family of transcription factors, functions in immune system regulation, particularly in t-cell differentiation. it also is involved in the development of th1 cells and the regulation of cxcr3 expression