NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Laurence-Moon Syndrome: an autosomal recessive condition characterized by hypogonadism; spinocerebellar degeneration; mental retardation; retinitis pigmentosa; and obesity. this syndrome was previously referred to as laurence-moon-biedl syndrome until bardet-biedl syndrome was identified as a distinct entity. (from n engl j med. 1989 oct 12;321(15):1002-9)
Laurenceův-Moonův syndrom: autozomální recesivní porucha projevující se hypogonadismem, spinocerebelární degenerací, mentální retardací, retinitis pigmentosa a obezitou. tento syndrom byl dříve označován jako syndrom laurence-moon-biedl, dokud nebyl bardetův-biedlův syndrom identifikován jako samostatná entita
Laurencia: a genus of red algae in the family rhodomelaceae. some species are a rich source of chlorine-and bromine-containing metabolites which show significant antibacterial activity
Laurencia: rod červených řas (ruduch) čeledi rhodomelaceae. některé druhy jsou bohatým zdrojem metabolitů obsahujících chlor a brom. tyto látky mají významné antibakteriální účinky
Laurus: a plant genus in the lauraceae family. laurus nobilis l. leaves are known for use in spices, having a similar flavor as umbellularia
Lawrencium: a radioactive actinide discovered in 1961. it has the atomic symbol lr, and atomic number 103. there are twelve isotopes with mass numbers 252-262 and 266
Lawsonia (bakterie): rod gramnegativních, obligátně intracelulárních bakterií, které způsobují proliferativní enteritidu u zvířat, zejména u prasat, jelení zvěře, koní a králíků
Lawsonia (rostlina): rod rostlin čeledi lythraceae. jediným druhem je henovník bílý (lawsonia inermis). rostliny mají cytotoxické účinky, z listů se připravuje prášek henna
Lawsonia Bacteria: a genus of gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria causing a proliferative enteritis in animals, especially pigs, deer, horses, and rabbits
Lawsonia Plant: a plant genus of the family lythraceae that is the source of henna and has cytotoxic activity
Lawyers: persons whose profession is to give legal advice and assistance to clients and represent them in legal matters. (american heritage dictionary, 3d ed)
Laxatives: agents that produce a soft formed stool, and relax and loosen the bowels, typically used over a protracted period, to relieve constipation
Laxogas: bowel evacuant suppositories; contains sodium bicarbonate, potassium biphosphate, carbowax
Layer-by-Layer Nanoparticles: nanostructures fabricated by assembly of ordered layers of known compositions primarily through electro-static interactions. such nanoparticles can be used for targeted delivery of complex components in ordered release patterns
LeGoo: a thermosensitive polymer derived from fractionated, commerically available poloxamers
Lead: a soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol pb
Lead Poisoning: poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of lead or lead compounds
Lead Poisoning, Nervous System: injury to the nervous system secondary to exposure to lead compounds. two distinct clinical patterns occur in children (lead poisoning, nervous system, childhood) and adults (lead poisoning, nervous system, adult). in children, lead poisoning typically produces an encephalopathy. in adults, exposure to toxic levels of lead is associated with a peripheral neuropathy
Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Adult: neurologic conditions in adults associated with acute or chronic exposure to lead or any of its salts. the most common lead related neurologic syndrome in adults consists of a polyneuropathy involving motor fibers. this tends to affect distal nerves and may present as wrist drop due to radial neuropathy. additional features of chronic lead exposure include anemia; constipation; colicky abdominal pain; a bluish lead line of the gums; interstitial nephritis (nephritis, interstitial); and saturnine gout. an encephalopathy may rarely occur. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1212)
Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood: neurologic disorders occurring in children following lead exposure. the most frequent manifestation of childhood lead toxicity is an encephalopathy associated with chronic ingestion of lead that usually presents between the ages of 1 and 3 years. clinical manifestations include behavioral changes followed by lethargy; convulsions; hallucinations; delirium; ataxia; and vomiting. elevated intracranial pressure (hypertension, intracranial) and cerebral edema may occur. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1210-2)
Lead Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of lead that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. pb atoms with atomic weights 194-203, 205, and 209-214 are radioactive lead isotopes
Leadership: the function of directing or controlling the actions or attitudes of an individual or group with more or less willing acquiescence of the followers
Learning: relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. the concept includes the acquisition of knowledge
Learning Curve: the course of learning of an individual or a group. it is a measure of performance plotted over time
Learning Disabilities: conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. these may result from organic or psychological conditions. relatively common subtypes include dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia
Learning Health System: a system in which internal data and experience are systematically integrated with external evidence and that knowledge is put into practice. as a result, patients get higher quality, safer, more efficient care, and health care delivery organizations become better places to work. (https://healthit.ahrq.gov/health-care-theme/learning-health-system)
Leasing, Property: contractual arrangement between the lessor (owner) and the lessee in which the use of equipment or facilities is granted to the lessee for a period of time and at a specified rate
Least-Squares Analysis: a principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model
Lebanon: a country located in the middle east, bordering the mediterranean sea, between israel and syria. the capital is beirut
Leber Congenital Amaurosis: a rare degenerative inherited eye disease that appears at birth or in the first few months of life that results in a loss of vision. not to be confused with leber hereditary optic neuropathy, the disease is thought to be caused by abnormal development of photoreceptor cells in the retina, or by the extremely premature degeneration of retinal cells
Leber Congenital Amaurosis 10: associated with mutations on cep290 protein, human gene
Leber Congenital Amaurosis 3: mutaions in spata7
Leberova atrofie zrakového nervu: gonozomálně recesivně dědičné onemocnění projevující se atrofií zrakového nervu a postupným zhoršováním zraku. postihuje mladé muže. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Leberova kongenitální amauróza: zkr. lca. vzácná, autozomálně recesivně dědičná nemoc, při níž jsou defektní fotoreceptory v sítnici a je od narození přítomna závažná porucha zraku, bývá nystagmus. defektní je gen rpe65 (angl. zkr. retinal pigment epithelium), potenciální léčbou by byla genová terapie. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase Deficiency: an autosomal recessive disorder of lipoprotein metabolism caused by mutation of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase gene. it is characterized by low hdl-cholesterol levels, and the triad of corneal opacities; hemolytic anemia; and proteinuria with renal failure
Lecithins: a complex mixture of phospholipids; glycolipids; and triglycerides; with substantial amounts of phosphatidylcholines; phosphatidylethanolamines; and phosphatidylinositols, which are sometimes loosely termed as 1,2-diacyl-3-phosphocholines. lecithin is a component of the cell membrane and commercially extracted from soybeans and egg yolk. the emulsifying and surfactant properties are useful in food additives and for forming organogels (gels)
Lecithmer: a drug delivery agent; a nanocomposite based on poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) and soya lecithin
Lectins: proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. some antibodies and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (enzymes) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. plant lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (hemagglutinins). however, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition
Lectins, C-Type: a class of animal lectins that bind to carbohydrate in a calcium-dependent manner. they share a common carbohydrate-binding domain that is structurally distinct from other classes of lectins
Lecture: work consisting of speeches read or delivered before an audience or class, especially for instruction or to set forth some subject. they are differentiated from an address which are less didactic and more informational, entertaining, inspirational, or polemic. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Lecture Note: work consisting of notes taken at the delivery or reading of a speech before an audience or class, usually given to instruct. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Lecythidaceae: a plant family of the order lecythidales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida
Lecythidaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu vřesovcotvaré (ericales). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Ledum: podsekce (dříve samostatný rod) rostlin z čeledi vřesovcovitých (eracaceae)
Leeches: annelids of the class hirudinea. some species, the bloodsuckers, may become temporarily parasitic upon animals, including man. medicinal leeches (hirudo medicinalis) have been used therapeutically for drawing blood since ancient times
Leeching: the application of leeches to the body to draw blood for therapeutic purposes. such medicinal leeching, an ancient medical practice, is still being used in microsurgery and the treatment of venous congestion or occlusion
Leflunomide: an isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. it is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis
Left Atrial Appendage Closure: a procedure that blocks the left atrial appendage to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction associated with atrial fibrillation (af). the left atrial appendage is often the site of blood clot formation in af
Left-Right Determination Factors: signaling ligands that act in opposition to nodal protein. during vertebrate development they regulate the degree of left-right asymmetry by controlling the spatiotemporal influence of nodal protein
Left-sided gallbladder: a rare anomaly where the gallbladder is located on the left side of the abdomen instead of the right side. it is often associated with other anatomic abnormalities of the hepatobilliary system
Leg Bones: the bones of the free part of the lower extremity in humans and of any of the four extremities in animals. it includes the patella; tibia; and fibula
Leg Dermatoses: a nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Leg Length Inequality: a condition in which one of a pair of legs fails to grow as long as the other, which could result from injury or surgery
Leg Ulcer: ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. about 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (varicose ulcer), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes
Legal Case: work consisting of collections of law reports or the published reports of decided cases and documents or filings related to those cases
Legal Epidemiology: scientific study of law as a factor in the cause, distribution, and prevention of disease and injury. (from https://read.dukeupress.edu/jhppl/article/41/6/1151/40084/policy-surveillance-a-vital-public-health-practice)
Legal Guardians: a legal concept for individuals who are designated to act on behalf of persons who are considered incapable of acting in their own behalf, e.g., minors and persons found to be not mentally competent
Legendary Creatures: an unverified animal or humanoid, sometimes supernatural, often believed to be real and described in mythology, folklore, or legends. some legendary creatures, such as the unicorn, were documented in scholarly antiquarian accounts of natural history
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease: a particular type of femur head necrosis occurring in children, mainly male, with a course of four years or so
Leghemoglobin: a hemoglobin-like oxygen-binding hemeprotein present in the nitrogen-fixing root nodules of leguminous plants. the red pigment has a molecular weight approximately 1/4 that of hemoglobin and has been suggested to act as an oxido-reduction catalyst in symbiotic nitrogen fixation
Legionella: gram-negative aerobic rods, isolated from surface water or thermally polluted lakes or streams. member are pathogenic for man. legionella pneumophila is the causative agent for legionnaires' disease
Legionella: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, izolovaných z povrchových vod nebo z tepelně znečištěných jezer a toků. zástupci jsou patogenní pro člověka. legionella pneumophila je původce legionářské nemoci
Legionella longbeachae: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria in the genus legionella, first isolated in long beach, california. infection is associated with the use of contaminated potting soil
Legionella longbeachae: druh gramnegativní, aerobní bakterie rodu legionella, poprvé izolované v long beach, kalifornie. infekce souvisí s použitím kontaminované hrnčířské hlíny
Legionella pneumophila: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the causative agent of legionnaires' disease. it has been isolated from numerous environmental sites as well as from human lung tissue, respiratory secretions, and blood
Legionella pneumophila: druh gramnegativní, aerobní bakterie rodu legionella, která je původcem legionářské nemoci. byla izolovaná z různých míst v prostředí a také z plicní tkáně, ze sekretů dýchacích cest a z krve člověka
Legionellaceae: a family of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that do not form endospores or microcysts
Legionellaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, aerobních bakterií, které netvoří endospory ani mikrocysty
Legionnaires' Disease: an acute, sometimes fatal, pneumonia-like bacterial infection characterized by high fever, malaise, muscle aches, respiratory disorders and headache. it is named for an outbreak at the 1976 philadelphia convention of the american legion
Legislation: works consisting of the text of proposed or enacted legislation that may be in the form of bills, laws, statutes, ordinances, or government regulations
Legislation as Topic: works about the enactment of laws and ordinances and their regulation by official organs of a nation, state, or other legislative organization. it refers also to health-related laws and regulations in general or for which there is no specific descriptor
Legislation, Dental: laws and regulations pertaining to the field of dentistry, proposed for enactment or recently enacted by a legislative body
Legislation, Hospital: laws and regulations concerning hospitals, which are proposed for enactment or enacted by a legislative body
Legislation, Medical: laws and regulations, pertaining to the field of medicine, proposed for enactment or enacted by a legislative body
Legislation, Nursing: laws and regulations, pertaining to the field of nursing, proposed for enactment by a legislative body
Legislation, Pharmacy: laws and regulations, pertaining to the field of pharmacy, proposed for enactment or enacted by a legislative body
Legislation, Veterinary: laws and regulations, pertaining to the field of veterinary medicine, proposed for enactment or enacted by a legislative body
Legius syndrome: a hereditary autosomal dominant disorder that shows some similarities to neurofibromatosis 1 (omim: 162200) but is less severe. affected individuals usually have multiple cafe-au-lait spots, sometimes associated with skin fold freckling, variable dysmorphic features such as hypertelorism or macrocephaly; lipomas, and mild learning disorders or attention deficit disorder. it is not associated with neurofibromas, optic gliomas, lisch nodules, or tumor predisposition. mutations in the spred1 gene have been identified. omim: 611431
Legumins: casein-like globular storage proteins from leguminous seeds such as peas
Leigh Disease: a group of metabolic disorders primarily of infancy characterized by the subacute onset of psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, ataxia, weakness, vision loss, eye movement abnormalities, seizures, dysphagia, and lactic acidosis. pathological features include spongy degeneration of the neuropile of the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord. patterns of inheritance include x-linked recessive, autosomal recessive, and mitochondrial. leigh disease has been associated with mutations in genes for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; cytochrome-c oxidase; atp synthase subunit 6; and subunits of mitochondrial complex i. (from menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, p850)
Leigh Syndrome, X-Linked: mutation in e1-alpha subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Leighova nemoc: vrozená encefalomyelopatie způsobená deficitem pyruvátdehydrogenázy (porucha intermediárního metabolismu sacharidů ve spojení s laktátovou acidózou), deficitem komplexů i. a iv. respiračního řetězce, v některých případech je prokázána recesivní dědičnost autozomální nebo vázaná na x chromozom. manifestuje se záhy v kojeneckém věku poruchou polykání, opakovaným zvracením, neprospíváním, poruchou psychomotorického vývoje. do klinického obrazu patří generalizované křeče, hypotonie, ataxie, tremor, pyramidové příznaky, dysfunkce mozkového kmene (namáhavé, vzlykavé dýchání) a u některých dětí i oční příznaky. hladina laktátu v séru je zvýšena. na ct mozku lze zachytit změny v oblasti bazálních ganglií, thalamu a mozkového kmene (glióza, nekrotické úseky a kapilární proliferace). prognóza je nepříznivá. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Leiomyoma: a benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. they rarely occur outside of the uterus and the gastrointestinal tract but can occur in the skin and subcutaneous tissue, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues
Leiomyoma, Epithelioid: a relatively rare smooth muscle tumor found most frequently in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the stomach. it is similar to other smooth muscle tumors but may become very large and hemorrhage and exhibit small cystic areas. simple excision is almost always curative. (from dorland, 27th ed; devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 3d ed, p1354)
Leiomyomatosis: the state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body. (stedman, 25th ed)
Leiomyosarcoma: a sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. it is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. the median age of patients is 60 years. (from dorland, 27th ed; holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed, p1865)
Leishmania: a genus of flagellate protozoa comprising several species that are pathogenic for humans. organisms of this genus have an amastigote and a promastigote stage in their life cycles. as a result of enzymatic studies this single genus has been divided into two subgenera: leishmania leishmania and leishmania viannia. species within the leishmania leishmania subgenus include: l. aethiopica, l. arabica, l. donovani, l. enrietti, l. gerbilli, l. hertigi, l. infantum, l. major, l. mexicana, and l. tropica. the following species are those that compose the leishmania viannia subgenus: l. braziliensis, l. guyanensis, l. lainsoni, l. naiffi, and l. shawi
Leishmania: leishmania je rod parazitických prvoků, který vyvolává různé formy nemoci zvané leishmanióza. řadí se mezi atypické obligátně intracelulární bičíkovce (většina bičíkovců jsou extracelulární paraziti), kteří v krvi invadují do makrofágů. přenášeni jsou mezi obratlovci (např. člověk nebo pes) krevsajícím hmyzem (hlavně rody phlebotomus a lutzomia). životní cyklus leishmanií obsahuje dvě stadia. stadium promastygotní obsahuje velmi krátký bičík, je infekční pro člověka a vyvíjí se v přenašeči. druhé stadium je amastygotní a je důležitější z hlediska patogenity, také je bezbičíkaté a intracelulární. na základě enzymatických studií byl tento rod rozdělen na dva podrody: leishmania leishmania a leishmania viannia. k podrodu leishmania leishmania patří: l. aethiopica, l. arabica, l. donovani, l. enrietti, l. gerbilli, l. hertigi, l. infantum, l. major, l. mexicana a l. tropica. k podrodu leishmania viannia patří: l. braziliensis, l. guyanensis, l. lainsoni, l. naiffi a l. shawi. (upraveno podle wikiskripta 2020 http://www.wikiskripta.eu/)
Leishmania braziliensis: a parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus leishmania viannia that infects man and animals. it causes cutaneous (leishmaniasis, cutaneous), diffuse cutaneous (leishmaniasis, diffuse cutaneous), and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous) depending on the subspecies of this organism. the sandfly, lutzomyia, is the vector. the leishmania braziliensis complex includes the subspecies braziliensis and peruviana. uta, a form of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the new world, is caused by the subspecies peruviana
Leishmania braziliensis: parazitický bičíkovec podrodu leishmania viannia, který napadá člověka a zvířata. různé poddruhy způsobují kožní, kožní difuzní nebo mukokutánní formu leishmaniózy. vektorem je koutulovitá moucha rodu lutzomyia. patří sem poddruhy braziliensis a peruviana. leishmania peruviana je původcem onemocnění uta, kožní leishmaniózy nového světa
Leishmania donovani: a parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes visceral leishmaniasis (leishmaniasis, visceral). the sandfly genera phlebotomus and lutzomyia are the vectors
Leishmania donovani: parazitický bičíkovec podrodu leishmania leishmania, který napadá člověka a zvířata a způsobuje útrobní leishmaniózu. vektory jsou koutulovité mouchy rodu phlebotomus a lutzomyia
Leishmania enriettii: a parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus leishmania leishmania that has been found as a natural infection of the brazilian guinea pig. its host-tissue relationship is, in general, comparable to that of l. braziliensis
Leishmania enriettii: parazitický bičíkovec podrodu leishmania leishmania, který napadá morče divoké. interakce hostitel-tkáň je obdobná jako u l. braziliensis
Leishmania guyanensis: a parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus leishmania viannia that infects man and animals and causes mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous). transmission is by lutzomyia sandflies
Leishmania guyanensis: parazitický bičíkovec podrodu leishmania viannia, který napadá člověka a zvířata a způsobuje mukokutánní leishmaniózu. vektorem je koutulovitá moucha rodu lutzomyia
Leishmania infantum: a parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes visceral leishmaniasis (leishmaniasis, visceral). human infections are confined almost entirely to children. this parasite is commonly seen in dogs, other canidae, and porcupines with humans considered only an accidental host. transmission is by phlebotomus sandflies
Leishmania infantum: parazitický bičíkovec podrodu leishmania leishmania, který napadá zvířata a člověka (pouze příležitostně) a způsobuje útrobní leishmaniózu. u lidí jsou téměř vždy postiženy jen děti. tento prvok se běžně vyskytuje u psů a dalších psovitých šelem a dále také u dikobrazů. vektory jsou koutulovité mouchy rodu phlebotomus
Leishmania major: a parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes cutaneous leishmaniasis (leishmaniasis, cutaneous) of the old world. transmission is by phlebotomus sandflies
Leishmania major: parazitický bičíkovec podrodu leishmania leishmania, který napadá člověka a zvířata a způsobuje kožní leishmaniózu na území starého světa. vektorem je koutulovitá moucha rodu phlebotomus
Leishmania mexicana: a parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals including rodents. the leishmania mexicana complex causes both cutaneous (leishmaniasis, cutaneous) and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (leishmaniasis, diffuse cutaneous) and includes the subspecies amazonensis, garnhami, mexicana, pifanoi, and venezuelensis. l. m. mexicana causes chiclero ulcer, a form of cutaneous leishmaniasis (leishmaniasis, cutaneous) in the new world. the sandfly, lutzomyia, appears to be the vector
Leishmania mexicana: parazitický bičíkovec podrodu leishmania leishmania, který napadá člověka a zvířata včetně hlodavců. skupina leishmania mexicana complex vyvolává jak kožní, tak difuzní kožní leishmaniózu. patří sem poddruhy amazonensis, garnhami, mexicana, pifanoi a venezuelensis. l. m. mexicana způsobuje vřed chiclero, formu kožní leishmaniózy na území nového světa. vektorem je koutulovitá moucha rodu lutzomyia
Leishmania tropica: a parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus leishmania leishmania that infects humans and rodents. this taxonomic complex includes species which cause a disease called oriental sore which is a form of cutaneous leishmaniasis (leishmaniasis, cutaneous) of the old world
Leishmania tropica: parazitický bičíkovec podrodu leishmania leishmania, který napadá člověka a zvířata včetně hlodavců. tento taxonomický komplex zahrnuje druhy, které na území starého světa způsobují kožní formu leishmaniózy zvanou oriental sore
Leishmaniasis: a disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus leishmania. there are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (old and new world) (leishmaniasis, cutaneous), diffuse cutaneous (leishmaniasis, diffuse cutaneous), mucocutaneous (leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous), and visceral (leishmaniasis, visceral)
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous: an endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. the disease has been divided into old and new world forms. old world leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the l. tropica and l. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the l. major genus. new world leishmaniasis, also called american leishmaniasis, occurs in south and central america and is caused by species of the l. mexicana or l. braziliensis complexes
Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous: a form of leishmaniasis, cutaneous caused by leishmania aethiopica in ethiopia and kenya, l. pifanoi in venezuela, l. braziliensis in south america, and l. mexicana in central america. this disease is characterized by massive dissemination of skin lesions without visceral involvement
Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous: a disease characterized by the chronic, progressive spread of lesions from new world cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by species of the l. braziliensis complex to the nasal, pharyngeal, and buccal mucosa some time after the appearance of the initial cutaneous lesion. nasal obstruction and epistaxis are frequent presenting symptoms
Leishmaniasis, Visceral: a chronic disease caused by leishmania donovani and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera phlebotomus and lutzomyia. it is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. the disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: indian, mediterranean (or infantile), and african
Leishmaniavirus: a genus of rna protozoan viruses of the family totiviridae. several different strains of leishmania are infected by a variety of viral species. the type species is leishmania rna virus 1-1
Leishmaniavirus: rod rna-virů čeledi totiviridae, které infikují prvoky. řada druhů tohoto rodu napadá různé kmeny prvoků rodu leishmania. typovým druhem je leishmania rna virus 1-1
Lemierre Syndrome: a superinfection of the damaged oropharyngeal mucosa by fusobacterium necrophorum leading to the secondary septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein
Lemierrův syndrom: superinfekce zničené orofaryngeální sliznice bakterií fusobacterium necrophorum vedoucí k sekundární septické tromboflebitidě vnitřní krční žíly
Lemur: a genus of the family lemuridae consisting of five species: l. catta (ring-tailed lemur), l. fulvus, l. macaco (acoumba or black lemur), l. mongoz (mongoose lemur), and l. variegatus (white lemur). most members of this genus occur in forested areas on madagascar and the comoro islands
Lemur: rod poloopic čeledi lemuridae. patří sem lemur kata (lemur catta), který je nejrozšířenějším druhem lemura na madagaskaru
Lemuridae: a family of the order primates, suborder strepsirhini, containing four genera which inhabit madagascar and the comoro island. most of the lemurs prefer wooded areas. the four genera are hapalemur, lemur, lepilemur, and varecia
Lemuridae: čeleď poloopic podřádu strepsirrhini (prosimii), řádu primates, zahrnující pět žijících rodů: hapalemur, lemur, lepilemur, eulemur a varecia. lemurovití patří mezi endemity, vyskytují se jen na madagaskaru a komorských ostrovech
Lenalidomide: a phthalimide and piperidone derivative that has immunomodulatory and antiangiogenic properties. it is used for the treatment of transfusion-dependent anemia in myelodysplastic syndromes, and for the treatment of multiple myeloma, and relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma
Lennoxův-Gastautův syndrom: neurologický syndrom vznikající v dětství obv. mezi 1. až 6. rokem, předchází mu někdy westův syndrom podmíněný mozkovým poškozením. projevuje se epileptickými příznaky (astatické či myoklonické záchvaty, grand mal ve spánku, atypické absence), léčí se antiepileptiky, léčba je však obtížná. příčina je buď genetická, nebo je stav důsledkem časného poškození mozku. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2014 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Lenograstim: a recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor that is used to treat or prevent neutropenia in patients receiving myelosuppressive cancer chemotherapy, for the preparation and collection of blood progenitor cells in peripheral blood stem cell transplantation; and in the treatment of severe congenital neutropenia. component 1 and component 2 differ by absence or presence of neu5ac in 2-6 linkage to galnac side chain
Lens Capsule, Crystalline: the thin noncellular outer covering of the crystalline lens composed mainly of collagen type iv and glycosaminoglycans. it is secreted by the embryonic anterior and posterior epithelium. the embryonic posterior epithelium later disappears
Lens Cortex, Crystalline: the portion of the crystalline lens surrounding the nucleus and bound anteriorly by the epithelium and posteriorly by the capsule. it contains lens fibers and amorphous, intercellular substance
Lens Implantation, Intraocular: insertion of an artificial lens to replace the natural crystalline lens after cataract extraction or to supplement the natural lens which is left in place
Lens Nucleus, Crystalline: the core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex
Lens Subluxation: incomplete rupture of the zonule with the displaced lens remaining behind the pupil. in dislocation, or complete rupture, the lens is displaced forward into the anterior chamber or backward into the vitreous body. when congenital, this condition is known as ectopia lentis
Lens, Crystalline: a transparent, biconvex structure of the eye, enclosed in a capsule and situated behind the iris and in front of the vitreous humor (vitreous body). it is slightly overlapped at its margin by the ciliary processes. adaptation by the ciliary body is crucial for ocular accommodation
Lenses: pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity
Lentigo: small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. the concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., peutz-jeghers syndrome)
Lentinan: polysaccharide isolated from the edible mushroom lentinula edodes. the exact composition is unknown
Lentinula: a genus of fungi of the family tricholomataceae, order agaricales. the commonly known shiitake mushrooms are lentinula edodes (also seen as lentinus edodes)
Lentinula: rod stopkovýtrusých hub čeledi tricholomataceae, řádu agaricales. druh lentinula edodes je známý jako houba šii-také
Lentivirus: a genus of the family retroviridae consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (orfs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. hiv-1 is the type species
Lentivirus: rod virů čeledi retroviridae. patří sem neonkogenní retroviry, které způsobují multiorgánová onemocnění charakterizovaná dlouhým inkubačním obdobím a perzistentní infekcí. specifitou lentivirů jsou otevřené čtecí rámce umístěné mezi geny pol a env a v oblasti 3' env
Lentivirus Infections: virus diseases caused by the lentivirus genus. they are multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection
Lentiviruses, Bovine: a subgenus of lentivirus comprising viruses that produce multi-organ disease with long incubation periods in cattle
Lentiviruses, Equine: a subgenus of lentivirus comprising viruses that produce multi-organ disease with long incubation periods in horses
Lentiviruses, Feline: a subgenus of lentivirus comprising viruses that produce multi-organ disease with long incubation periods in cats
Lentiviruses, Ovine-Caprine: a subgenus of lentivirus comprising viruses that produce multi-organ disease with long incubation periods in sheep and goats
Lentiviruses, Primate: a subgenus of lentivirus comprising viruses that produce immunodeficiencies in primates, including humans
Leontopithecus: rod ploskonosých opic podčeledi callitrichinae (kosmani). název dostal podle dlouhých chlupů na hlavě a kolem tváří
Leontopithecus: the genus of lion tamarins in the subfamily callitrichinae. the common name refers to the mane on the shoulders
Lepidium: a plant genus of the family brassicaceae growing in peru mountains. it is the source of maca root
Lepidium: obsáhlý rod rostlin z čeledě brukvovitých. vyskytuje se téměř po celém světě, zejména v povodí řek. jako kulturní rostlina se kvůli léčivým účinkům již od starověku využívala řeřicha setá. řeřichy peruánské se pěstují pro nevelké bulvy, které jsou u domorodých obyvatel tradiční součásti stravy i léčebnými prostředky (kořen maca). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Lepidium sativum: a plant species of the genus lepidium, family brassicaceae that is a fast-growing, often weedy native of western asia. it is widely grown, especially in its curl-leaved form, and used as a garnish
Lepidium sativum: rychle rostoucí jedlá bylina rodu lepidium, čeledi brassicaceae. pochází z blízkého východu, na území česka místy zplaňuje. pěstuje se jako listová zelenina pro svou výraznou kořenitou chuť a aroma. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Lepidoptera: rozsáhlý řád hmyzu zahrnující motýly a můry
Lepisma: malý noční bezkřídlý hmyz s protáhlým tělem
Leporipoxvirus: a genus of the family poxviridae, subfamily chordopoxvirinae, consisting of ether-sensitive viruses of leporids and squirrels. they commonly cause tumors and are usually transmitted mechanically by arthropods. myxoma virus is the type species
Leporipoxvirus: rod virů čeledi poxviridae, podčeledi chondropoxvirinae, které jsou citlivé na éter. infikují zajíce a veverky, běžně způsobují nádory a obvykle jsou přenášeny členovci. typovým druhem je virus myxomatózy
Leprostatic Agents: substances that suppress mycobacterium leprae, ameliorate the clinical manifestations of leprosy, and/or reduce the incidence and severity of leprous reactions
Leprosy: a chronic granulomatous infection caused by mycobacterium leprae. the granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid
Leprosy, Borderline: a form of leprosy in which there are clinical manifestations of both principal types (lepromatous and tuberculoid). the disease may shift toward one of these two polar or principal forms
Leprosy, Lepromatous: a chronic communicable infection which is a principal or polar form of leprosy. this disorder is caused by mycobacterium leprae and produces diffuse granulomatous skin lesions in the form of nodules, macules, or papules. the peripheral nerves are involved symmetrically and neural sequelae occur in the advanced stage
Leprosy, Multibacillary: a form of leprosy classified by the world health organization for the purpose of treatment, based on clinical manifestations and skin smear results. patients with multibacillary leprosy have six or more lesions with or without positive skin smear results for the causative agent mycobacterium leprae. multibacillary leprosy encompasses borderline lepromatous, midborderline, and lepromatous leprosy
Leprosy, Paucibacillary: a form of leprosy classified by the world health organization for the purpose of treatment, based on clinical manifestations and skin smear results. patients with paucibacillary leprosy have fewer than six skin lesions with no causative agent mycobacterium leprae on any slit-skin smear testing. paucibacillary leprosy encompasses indeterminate, borderline tuberculoid, and tuberculoid leprosy
Leprosy, Tuberculoid: a principal or polar form of leprosy in which the skin lesions are few and are sharply demarcated. peripheral nerve involvement is pronounced and may be severe. unlike lepromatous leprosy (leprosy, lepromatous), the lepromin test is positive. tuberculoid leprosy is rarely a source of infection to others
Leptin: a 16-kda peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes. leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the central nervous system in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage
Leptospermum: a plant genus of the family myrtaceae. the common name of tea tree is also used for melaleuca and kunzea
Leptosphaeria: a genus of fungi in the family leptosphaeriaceae, order pleosporales and phylum ascomycota. leptosphaeria fungi are filamentous ascomycetes mostly found in soil and rarely associated with opportunistic mycetoma
Leptosphaeria: rod hub čeledi leptosphaeriaceae, řádu pleosporales a kmene ascomycota. jsou to vláknité vřeckovýtrusné houby, vyskytují se většinou v půdě a vzácně jsou spojené s oportunním mycetomem
Leptospira: a genus of aerobic, helical spirochetes, some species of which are pathogenic, others free-living or saprophytic
Leptospira: rod aerobních, helikálních spirochet. zahrnuje volně žijící druhy i druhy patogenní nebo saprofytické
Leptospira interrogans: a genus of question mark-shaped bacteria spirochetes which is found in fresh water that is contaminated by animal urine. it causes leptospirosis
Leptospira interrogans: druh spirálně stočených, pohyblivých spirochet. vyskytuje se ve sladkých vodách kontaminovaných močí zvířat. je původcem leptospirózy
Leptospira interrogans serovar australis: a serovar of the bacterial species leptospira interrogans, characteristically associated with a severe zoonotic disease in humans
Leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis: a serovar of the bacterial species leptospira interrogans, whose primary host is the mouse
Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola: a serovar of the bacterial species leptospira interrogans, whose natural host is dogs. the disease is characterized by gastroenteritis, and interstitial nephritis
Leptospira interrogans serovar hebdomadis: a serovar of the bacterial species leptospira interrogans, whose frequent host is cattle
Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae: a serovar of the bacterial species leptospira interrogans, whose primary host is rats
Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona: a serovar of the bacterial species leptospira interrogans, whose primary hosts include cattle and swine
Leptospira interrogans sérovar australis: sérovar bakteriálního druhu leptospira interrogans, charakteristický původce těžké antropozoonózy
Leptospira interrogans sérovar autumnalis: sérovar bakteriálního druhu leptospira interrogans, jehož primárním hostitelem je myš
Leptospira interrogans sérovar canicola: sérovar bakteriálního druhu leptospira interrogans, jehož přirozenými hostiteli jsou psi. onemocnění se projevuje gastroenteritidou a intersticiální nefritidou
Leptospira interrogans sérovar hebdomadis: sérovar bakteriálního druhu leptospira interrogans, jehož častým hostitelem je skot
Leptospira interrogans sérovar icterohaemorrhagiae: sérovar bakteriálního druhu leptospira interrogans, jehož primárními hostiteli jsou krysy rodu rattus
Leptospira interrogans sérovar pomona: sérovar bakteriálního druhu leptospira interrogans, jehož primárními hostiteli jsou prasata a skot
Leptospiraceae: a family of bacteria consisting of flexible helical cells exhibiting a right-handed conformation. it consists of a single genus, leptospira
Leptospiraceae: čeleď pohyblivých bakterií s charakteristickým tvarem dlouhé, štíhlé, pravotočivé spirály. zahrnuje jeden rod - leptospira
Leptothrix: a genus of gram-negative, sheathed, rod-shaped bacteria in the order burkholderiales
Leptothrix: rod gramnegativních, opouzdřených, tyčinkovitých bakterií řádu burkholderiales
Leptotrichia: a genus of anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria in the family fusobacteriaceae. some species cause bacteremia and some intra-amniotic infections
Leptotrichia: rod gramnegativních, anaerobních bakterií čeledi fusobacteriaceae. některé druhy způsobují bakteriemii a jiné intraamniové infekce
Leri pleonosteosis: short stature, facies, short spadelike hands, broad thumbs, genu recurvatum, thick palmar and forearm fasciae, shuffling short-stepped gait
Leri-Weil syndrome: an inherited skeletal dysplasia characterized by disproportionate short stature with predominantly mesomelic limb shortening and madelung deformity of the arm. the disorder shows a dominant pedigree pattern with females more often affected in males. it has been mapped to variations in the shox gene that resides in the pseudoautosomal region of the x and y chromosomes. omim: 312865
Leriche Syndrome: a condition caused by occlusion of terminal aorta, the primary branches of the abdominal aorta, as in aortoiliac obstruction. leriche syndrome usually occurs in males and is characterized by impotence, absence of a pulse in the femoral arteries, weakness and numbness in the lower back, buttocks, hips, and lower limbs
Lericheův syndrom: syndrom způsobený obliterující aterosklerózou břišní aorty (mnohdy s podílem trombózy), zejm. její bifurkace a oblasti společných ilických tepen. způsobuje bolestivou únavu až klaudikace v oblasti hýždí a stehen, vaskulogenně podmíněnou erektilní dysfunkci a v případě postižení vyšších oblastí břišní aorty i renovaskulární hypertenzi (přestup na arteria renalis) či abdominální anginu (přestup na arteriae mesentericae). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: an inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase. affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, pp127)
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, Neurologic Variant: mutation in hprt
Leschův-Nyhanův syndrom: soubor příznaků vrozené metabolické poruchy purinů (absence hypoxanthinguaninfosforibosyltransferázy). dědičnost je vázána na x chromozom. chybí konverze hypoxanthinu a xanthinu na nukleotidy, důsledkem je akumulace fosforibosylpyrofosfátů v buňkách, která stimuluje produkci purinů de novo. vada se manifestuje v kojeneckém věku opožděným motorickým vývojem, po 1. roce se rozvíjí neurologická symptomatologie (choreoatetóza, spasticita končetin, klonus kotníků) a výrazné poruchy chování (sebedestruktivní tendence, sebepoškozování). hladina močové kyseliny je výrazně zvýšená. (upraveno podle: velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Lesotho: a kingdom in southern africa, within the republic of south africa. its capital is maseru
Lesotho: malý vnitrozemský stát - království v jižní africe. jeho jediným sousedem je jihoafrická republika. je členem commonwealthu. jeho celé území leží výše než 1000 m nad mořem. drtivá většina obyvatel žije v malých vesnicích. jediným velkým lesothským městem je hlavní město maseru. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Lesser Pelvis: the part of the pelvis, inferior to the pelvic brim, that comprises both the pelvic cavity and the part of the perineum lying inferior to the pelvic diaphragm
Lethal Arthrogryposis With Anterior Horn Cell Disease: aka laahd; mutations in gle1
Lethal Dose 50: the dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population
Lethargy: a general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. it may be related to depression or drug addiction
Letrozole: a triazole and benzonitrile derivative that is a selective non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor, similar to anastrozole. it is used in the treatment of metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women
Letter: work consisting of written or printed communication between individuals or between persons and representatives of corporate bodies. the correspondence may be personal or professional. in medical and other scientific publications the letter is usually from one or more authors to the editor of the journal or book publishing the item being commented upon or discussed. letter is often accompanied by comment
Letterflex urethane photoprepolymer mixture: contains a urethane polymer, pentaerythritol-tetrakis-3-mercapto propionate, as well as several undetermined cpds
Leucanthemum: a genus of flowering plants in the family asteraceae, mainly distributed in southern and central europe, and on other continents as introduced species. leucanthemum species include annuals and perennials grown for their daisy flowers, which are usually gleaming white with yellow centers
Leucine Dehydrogenase: an octameric enzyme belonging to the superfamily of amino acid dehydrogenases. leucine dehydrogenase catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of l-leucine, to 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate (2-ketoisocaproate) and ammonia, with the corresponding reduction of the cofactor nad+
Leucine Transaminase: a pyridoxal phosphate containing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transamination of branched-chain amino acids to 2-oxoglutarate
Leucine Zippers: dna-binding motifs formed from two alpha-helixes which intertwine for about eight turns into a coiled coil and then bifurcate to form y shaped structures. leucines occurring in heptad repeats end up on the same sides of the helixes and are adjacent to each other in the stem of the y (the zipper region). the dna-binding residues are located in the bifurcated region of the y