NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Endosperm: nutritive tissue of the seeds of flowering plants that surrounds the embryos. it is produced by a parallel process of fertilization in which a second male gamete from the pollen grain fuses with two female nuclei within the embryo sac. the endosperm varies in ploidy and contains reserves of starch, oils, and proteins, making it an important source of human nutrition
Endospore-Forming Bacteria: a group of rods or cocci whose taxonomic affinities are uncertain. they form endospores, thick-walled bodies formed within the vegetative cells of certain bacteria, able to withstand adverse environmental conditions for prolonged periods
Endostatins: angiostatic proteins that are formed from proteolytic cleavage of collagen type xviii
Endosulfan: a polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. it is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. this compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (from comp biochem physiol (c) 1993 jul;105(3):347-61)
Endotamponade: a method of stopping internal bleeding or blood flow, or the closure of a wound or body cavity, achieved by applying pressure or introducing an absorbent liquid, gel, or tampon
Endothelial Cells: highly specialized epithelial cells that line the heart; blood vessels; and lymph vessels, forming the endothelium. they are polygonal in shape and joined together by tight junctions. the tight junctions allow for variable permeability to specific macromolecules that are transported across the endothelial layer
Endothelial Growth Factors: these growth factors are soluble mitogens secreted by a variety of organs. the factors are a mixture of two single chain polypeptides which have affinity to heparin. their molecular weight are organ and species dependent. they have mitogenic and chemotactic effects and can stimulate endothelial cells to grow and synthesize dna. the factors are related to both the basic and acidic fibroblast growth factors but have different amino acid sequences
Endothelial Progenitor Cells: cells derived from bone marrow that circulate in the adult bloodstream and possess the potential to proliferate and differentiate into mature endothelial cells
Endothelial Protein C Receptor: a glycosylated transmembrane receptor for protein c that is highly expressed by endothelial cells on the surface of large blood vessels in the heart and lungs. it facilitates protein c activation by the thrombin and thrombomodulin complex in blood coagulation
Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition: phenotypic changes of endothelial cells to mesenchyme type during development or during disease states such as inflammation; cancer; fibrosis or cardiovascular disease
Endothelin A Receptor Antagonists: compounds and drugs that bind to and inhibit or block the activation of endothelin a rececptors
Endothelin B Receptor Antagonists: compounds and drugs that bind to and inhibit or block the activation of endothelin b receptors
Endothelin Receptor Antagonists: compounds and drugs that bind to and inhibit or block the activation of endothelin rececptors
Endothelin-1: a 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. it acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (n eng j med 1995;333(6):356-63)
Endothelin-2: a 21-amino acid peptide produced predominantly within the kidney and intestine, with smaller amounts produced in the myocardium, placenta, and uterus, but the cells of origin are not clear. endothelin-2 has no unique physiologic functions, as compared with endothelin-1. (n eng j med 1995;333(6):356-63)
Endothelin-3: a 21-amino acid peptide that circulates in the plasma, but its source is not known. endothelin-3 has been found in high concentrations in the brain and may regulate important functions in neurons and astrocytes, such as proliferation and development. it also is found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the lung and kidney. (n eng j med 1995;333(6):356-63)
Endothelin-Converting Enzymes: metalloendopeptidases which convert big endothelin to endothelin-1
Endothelins: 21-amino-acid peptides produced by vascular endothelial cells and functioning as potent vasoconstrictors. the endothelin family consists of three members, endothelin-1; endothelin-2; and endothelin-3. all three peptides contain 21 amino acids, but vary in amino acid composition. the three peptides produce vasoconstrictor and pressor responses in various parts of the body. however, the quantitative profiles of the pharmacological activities are considerably different among the three isopeptides
Endothelium: a layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body
Endothelium, Corneal: single layer of large flattened cells covering the surface of the cornea
Endothelium, Lymphatic: unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). it is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces
Endothelium, Vascular: single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components
Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors: paracrine substances produced by the vascular endothelium with vascular smooth muscle relaxation (vasodilation) activities. several factors have been identified, including nitric oxide and prostacyclin
Endotoxemia: a condition characterized by the presence of endotoxins in the blood. on lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators
Endotoxin Tolerance: reduced capacity to respond to subsequent endotoxin challenges after an initial exposure. it is characterized by reduced responsiveness of innate immune responses, a shift from pro- to anti-inflammatory cell phenotype and impaired antigen presentation
Endotoxins: toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells
Endovascular Aneurysm Repair: a minimally invasive surgical technique to repair aneurysms through the lumen of a blood vessel
Endovascular Procedures: minimally invasive procedures, diagnostic or therapeutic, performed within the blood vessels. they may be perfomed via angioscopy; interventional magnetic resonance imaging; interventional radiography; or interventional ultrasonography
Endpoint Determination: establishment of the level of a quantifiable effect indicative of a biologic process. the evaluation is frequently to detect the degree of toxic or therapeutic effect
Endrin: an organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the united states. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Endurance Training: exercise programs of relatively long duration and moderate intensity, which enhance maximal oxygen uptake, increasing physical stamina
Enediynes: compounds with triple bonds to each side of a double bond. many of these are cytotoxins and are researched for use as cytotoxic antibiotics
Enema: insertion of a solution or compound through the rectum with the purpose of cleansing the colon or for diagnostic procedures
Energy Drinks: beverages that contain stimulants such as a combination of caffeine with other substances such as vitamins; amino acids; and sugar or sugar derivatives
Energy Metabolism: the chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells
Energy Transfer: the transfer of energy of a given form among different scales of motion. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed). it includes the transfer of kinetic energy and the transfer of chemical energy. the transfer of chemical energy from one molecule to another depends on proximity of molecules so it is often used as in techniques to measure distance such as the use of forster resonance energy transfer
Enflurane: an extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate
Enfuvirtide: a synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of hiv-1 gp41. it blocks hiv cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of hiv infections and aids
Engineering: the practical application of physical, mechanical, and mathematical principles. (stedman, 25th ed)
Engraving and Engravings: creating marks on a hard surface by incising with a sharp tool. resulting images are created for their own sake or for printing processes that involve this technique. (getty att)
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery: a protocol of components related to preadmission, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care. the protocol is implemented with the goal of improving patient recovery, facilitating earlier discharge from the hospital, and potentially reducing health care costs without increasing complications or hospital readmissions. the protocol components may contribute to minimizing, and/or improving the response to, physiological stress associated with surgery
Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome: an autosomal recessive retinopathy in which patients have increased sensitivity to blue light due to an increase in the number of cone photoreceptors for short wavelength light. affected individuals experience visual loss, with early onset night blindness, varying degrees of l (long, red)- and m (middle, green)-cone vision, and minimal to severe retinal degeneration. goldmann-favre syndrome is the severe form of retinal degeneration. mutations in the nr2e3 gene have been identified. omim: 268100
Enhancer Elements, Genetic: cis-acting dna sequences which can increase transcription of genes. enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances from a promoter
Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein: a histone-lysine n-methyltransferase and catalytic subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2. it methylates lysine 9 (h3k9me) and lysine 27 (h3k27me) of histone h3, leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target gene. ezh2 also methylates non-histone proteins such as gata4 transcription factor and the nuclear receptor rora. it regulates circadian clocks via histone methylation of circadian protein gene promoter regions, and its repressive activity is also important for the identity and differentiation of embryonic stem cells
Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: an enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the mu opioid receptor. it is used as a model for drug permeability experiments
Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: a disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the delta opioid receptor. it possesses antinociceptive activity
Enkephalin, Leucine: one of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. it differs from met-enkephalin in the leucine at position 5. its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the n-terminal of beta-endorphin
Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: a delta-selective opioid (analgesics, opioid). it can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate
Enkephalin, Methionine: one of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. it differs from leu-enkephalin by the amino acid methionine in position 5. its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the n-terminal of beta-endorphin
Enkephalins: one of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. the enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla
Enlight: a visible light-cured orthodontic adhesive; enlight is tradename
Enoplida: an order of nematodes of the subclass adenophorea. its organisms commonly have a cylindrical esophagus. the superfamilies of this order are dioctophymatoidea; mermithoidea; and trichuroidea
Enoplida: řád hlístic podtřídy adenophorea. jeho zástupci mají obvykle válcovitý jícen. patří sem např. nadčeledi dioctophymatoidea, mermithoidea a trichinelloidea
Enoxacin: a broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to nalidixic acid
Enoxaparin: low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, having a 4-enopyranosuronate sodium structure at the non-reducing end of the chain. it is prepared by depolymerization of the benzylic ester of porcine mucosal heparin. therapeutically, it is used as an antithrombotic agent. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Enoximone: a selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. it is used in patients with congestive heart failure
Enoyl-(Acyl-Carrier Protein) Reductase (NADPH, B-Specific): an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] to trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. it has a preference for acyl derivatives with carbon chain length from 4 to 16
Enoyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Reductase (NADH): an nad-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] to trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. it has a preference for acyl groups with a carbon chain length between 4 to 16
Enoyl-CoA Hydratase: an enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the hydration of unsaturated fatty acyl-coa to yield beta-hydroxyacyl-coa. it plays a role in the oxidation of fatty acids and in mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis, has broad specificity, and is most active with crotonyl-coa. ec 4.2.1.17
Enoyl-CoA Hydratase 2: a peroxisome-specific enzyme that catalyzes the hydration step of the beta-oxidation pathway
Enprostil: a synthetic pge2 analog that has an inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion, a mucoprotective effect, and a postprandial lowering effect on gastrin. it has been shown to be efficient and safe in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers
Enrofloxacin: a fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice
Ensemble Learning: a method in machine learning where several base learners are combined to create an optimal learning model. this can be used for a variety of models including forecasting, classification, or function approximation
Enslaved Persons: persons involuntarily controlled by another and exploited for forced or compulsory work or service
Enslavement: the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised. the slave trade is all acts involved in the capture, acquisition or disposal of persons with intent to reduce them to enslavement; all acts involved in the acquisition of enslaved persons with a view to selling or exchanging them; all acts of disposal by sale or exchange of persons acquired with a view to being sold or exchanged, and, in general, every act of trade or transport of slaves. (from http://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/slaveryen.pdf accessed 10/18/2012)
Ensure formulated food: contains corn syrup & sucrose; used for treatment of fetal growth retardation
Entamoeba: a genus of ameboid protozoa characterized by the presence of beaded chromatin on the inner surface of the nuclear membrane. its organisms are parasitic in invertebrates and vertebrates, including humans
Entamoeba: rod prvoků (měňavek), schopných pohybu a tvorby cyst. e. histolytica je patogenní, jiné entaméby jsou komensály. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Entamoeba histolytica: a species of parasitic protozoa causing entamoebiasis and amebic dysentery (dysentery, amebic). characteristics include a single nucleus containing a small central karyosome and peripheral chromatin that is finely and regularly beaded
Entamoeba histolytica: améba vyvolávající tzv. amébovou úplavici (dysenterii). u člověka se vyskytuje ve dvou formách. forma minuta - trofozoit o velikosti 10-20 μm, tvoří čtyřjaderné cysty, které slouží jako zdroj infekce. forma dysenterica (magna) - patogenní forma, trofozoit o velikosti 20-40 μm, který vniká do střevní sliznice, destruuje buňky. netvoří cysty. hematogenním rozsevem vniká do dalších orgánů (játra, plíce, mozek aj.). přenáší se alimentárně, výskyt je kosmopolitní; e. h. je velmi rozšířena. klinicky manifestní onemocnění vzniká jen u části osob a má různou klinickou závažnost. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Entamoebiasis: infection with amoebae of the genus entamoeba. infection with e. histolytica causes dysentery, amebic and liver abscess, amebic
Enteral Nutrition: nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). this includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes
Enteric Nervous System: two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. the enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. it contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. the system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. (from kandel, schwartz, and jessel, principles of neural science, 3d ed, p766)
Enteritis, Transmissible, of Turkeys: an acute, highly contagious virus disease of turkeys characterized by chilling, anorexia, decreased water intake, diarrhea, dehydration and weight loss. the infectious agent is a coronavirus
Enterobacter: gram-negative gas-producing rods found in feces of humans and other animals, sewage, soil, water, and dairy products
Enterobacter: gramnegativní tyčinky produkující plyn, které se vyskytují ve stolici člověka a zvířat, v odpadních vodách, v půdě, ve vodě a v mléčných výrobcích
Enterobacter aerogenes: gram-negative, capsulated, gas-producing rods found widely in nature. both motile and non-motile strains exist. the species is closely related to klebsiella pneumoniae and is frequently associated with nosocomial infections
Enterobacter aerogenes: gramnegativní, opouzdřené, tyčinkovité bakterie produkující plyn, které jsou široce rozšířené v přírodě. existují jak pohyblivé, tak nepohyblivé kmeny. tento druh je blízce příbuzný druhu klebsiella pneumoniae a často souvisí s nozokomiálními infekcemi
Enterobacter cloacae: a species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in water, sewage, soil, meat, hospital environments, and on the skin and in the intestinal tract of man and animals as a commensal
Enterobacter cloacae: druh gramnegativní, fakultativně anaerobní, tyčinkovité bakterie, která se vyskytuje ve vodě, v odpadních vodách, v půdě, mase, v nemocničním prostředí, na kůži, v intestinálním traktu člověka a zvířat i jako komenzál
Enterobacteriaceae: a family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock
Enterobacteriaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které netvoří endospory. všudypřítomné organismy, některé jsou saprofytické, jiné jsou parazity rostlin a živočichů. pro patogenní účinek na zemědělské plodiny a hospodářská zvířata má řada druhů velký ekonomický význam
Enterobacteriaceae rezistentní na karbapenemy: kmeny bakterií čeledi enterobacteriaceae, které jsou rezistentní ke karbapenemům. rezistence vzniká primárně přenosem genů pro karbapenemázu (beta-laktamázu)
Enterobactin: an iron-binding cyclic trimer of 2,3-dihydroxy-n-benzoyl-l-serine. it is produced by e coli and other enteric bacteria
Enterobiasis: infection with nematodes of the genus enterobius; e. vermicularis, the pinworm of man, causes a crawling sensation and pruritus. this condition results in scratching the area, occasionally causing scarification
Enterobius: a genus of intestinal nematode worms which includes the pinworm or threadworm enterobius vermicularis
Enterobius: rod střevních hlístic, kam patří roup dětský (enterobius vermicularis)
Enterochromaffin Cells: a subtype of enteroendocrine cells found in the gastrointestinal mucosa, particularly in the glands of pyloric antrum; duodenum; and ileum. these cells secrete mainly serotonin and some neuropeptides. their secretory granules stain readily with silver (argentaffin stain)
Enterochromaffin-like Cells: neuroendocrine cells in the glands of the gastric mucosa. they produce histamine and peptides such as chromogranins. ecl cells respond to gastrin by releasing histamine which acts as a paracrine stimulator of the release of hydrochloric acid from the gastric parietal cells
Enterococcaceae: a family of gram-positive bacteria in the order lactobacillales, phylum firmicutes
Enterococcaceae: čeleď grampozitivních bakterií řádu lactobacillales, kmene firmicutes
Enterococcus: a genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria consisting of organisms causing variable hemolysis that are normal flora of the intestinal tract. previously thought to be a member of the genus streptococcus, it is now recognized as a separate genus
Enterococcus: rod grampozitivních koků. bakterie pův. uváděny jako skupina d streptokoků. jsou rovněž kataláza-negativní, na rozdíl od streptokoků jsou kultivačně méně náročné. jsou poměrně rezistentní k zevnímu prostředí. vyskytují se ve dvojicích nebo krátkých řetízcích, na krevním agaru nehemolyzují. běžně se vyskytují ve střevě, vzácněji i jinde. jsou oportunními patogeny, infekce je někdy nozokomiální. způsobují močové infekce až urosepsi, gynekologické záněty, pooperační komplikace po zákrocích v oblasti břicha, endokarditidy. jsou značně rezistentní k antibiotikům (používá se např. kombinace penicilinů či aminopenicilinů s aminoglykosidy, při rezistenci se podávají glykopeptidová antibiotika - vankomycin či teikoplanin). představiteli jsou např. enterococcus faecalis, e. durans, e. faecium. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Enterococcus faecalis: a species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens and the human intestinal tract. most strains are nonhemolytic
Enterococcus faecalis: druh grampozitivní, kokoidní bakterie, která se běžně vyskytuje v klinickém materiálu a ve střevním traktu člověka. kmeny tohoto druhu jsou většinou nehemolyzující
Enterococcus faecium: a species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms are normal flora of the intestinal tract. unlike enterococcus faecalis, this species may produce an alpha-hemolytic reaction on blood agar and is unable to utilize pyruvic acid as an energy source
Enterococcus faecium: druh grampozitivní, kokoidní bakterie, která je součástí normální flóry střevního traktu člověka. na rozdíl od enterococcus faecalis hemolyzuje krvinky krevního agaru a nevyužívá kyselinu pyrohroznovou jako zdroj energie
Enterococcus hirae: a species of enterococcus that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract of birds and mammals, and to a lesser extent humans. some strains cause diseases including diarrhea; bacteremia; and endocarditis in humans and animals
Enterococcus hirae: druh bakterie rodu enterococcus, která se vyskytuje v gastrointestinálním traktu ptáků a savců a v menší míře i u člověka. některé kmeny jsou patogenní, způsobují např. průjem, bakteriemii a endokarditidu u lidí a zvířat
Enterocolitis: inflammation of the mucosa of both the small intestine and the large intestine. etiology includes ischemia, infections, allergic, and immune responses
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing: enterocolitis with extensive ulceration (ulcer) and necrosis. it is observed primarily in low birth weight infant
Enterocolitis, Neutropenic: a syndrome characterized by inflammation in the ileum, the cecum, and the ascending colon. it is observed in cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia or in other immunocompromised individuals (immunocompromised host)
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous: an acute inflammation of the intestinal mucosa that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the small intestine (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the large intestine (pseudomembranous colitis). it is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and clostridium difficile colonization
Enterocytes: absorptive cells in the lining of the intestinal mucosa. they are differentiated epithelial cells with apical microvilli facing the intestinal lumen. enterocytes are more abundant in the small intestine than in the large intestine. their microvilli greatly increase the luminal surface area of the cell by 14- to 40 fold
Enterocytozoon: a genus of parasitic fungi in the family enterocytozoonidae, which infects humans. enterocytozoon bieneusi has been found in the intestines of patients with aids
Enterocytozoon: rod parazitických hub čeledi enterocytozoonidae, které napadají člověka. druh enterocytozoon bieneusi byl nalezen ve střevech pacientů s aids
Enteroendocrine Cells: cells found throughout the lining of the gastrointestinal tract that contain and secrete regulatory peptide hormones and/or biogenic amines
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli: strains of escherichia coli that are a subgroup of shiga-toxigenic escherichia coli. they cause non-bloody and bloody diarrhea; hemolytic uremic syndrome; and hemorrhagic colitis. an important member of this subgroup is escherichia coli o157-h7
Enterohepatic Circulation: recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines (intestinal reabsorption) into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: strains of escherichia coli characterized by attaching-and-effacing histopathology. these strains of bacteria intimately adhere to the epithelial cell membrane and show effacement of microvilli. in developed countries they are associated with infantile diarrhea and infantile gastroenteritis and, in contrast to etec strains, do not produce endotoxins
Enteropathy-Associated T-Cell Lymphoma: a primary peripheral t-cell lymphoma in the gastrointestinal tract, most often in the jejunum, associated with a history of celiac disease or other gastrointestinal diseases
Enteropeptidase: a specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. it converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the n-terminal peptide. ec 3.4.21.9
Enterosorption: adsorption of substances from the gastrointestinal tract onto an orally administered sorbent medium like activated charcoal. this technique is used to eliminate toxic and some biologically active substances and serves to modify the lipid and amino acid spectrum of the intestinal contents
Enterotoxemia: disease caused by the liberation of exotoxins of clostridium perfringens in the intestines of sheep, goats, cattle, foals, and piglets. type b enterotoxemia in lambs is lamb dysentery; type c enterotoxemia in mature sheep produces struck, and in calves, lambs and piglets it produces hemorrhagic enterotoxemia; type d enterotoxemia in sheep and goats is pulpy-kidney disease or overeating disease
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: strains of escherichia coli that produce or contain at least one member of either heat-labile or heat-stable enterotoxins. the organisms colonize the mucosal surface of the small intestine and elaborate their enterotoxins causing diarrhea. they are mainly associated with tropical and developing countries and affect susceptible travelers to those places
Enterotoxins: substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria
Enterovirus: a genus of the family picornaviridae whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. the genus contains many species. newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated human enterovirus
Enterovirus: rozsáhlý a z hlediska lidské medicíny významný rod virů z čeledi picornaviridae, malé rna viry. patří k nim poliovirus, coxsackie, echoviry a enteroviry 68-71. způsobují různorodá onemocnění, zejm. s postižením nervového systému, srdce, se vznikem vyrážky aj. obv. se přenášejí přímo z člověka na člověka, častý je rovněž fekálně-orální přenos. viry jsou značně odolné a dlouhodobě přežívají např. v kontaminované vodě (nemocní viry vylučují do stolice, protože viry se mj. rovněž množí ve střevní sliznici - odtud jejich název). značná část infekcí proběhne bezpříznakově, onemocnění mají v našem klimatu maximum zejm. v létě a na podzim a postihují především děti. onemocnění zanechává trvalou imunitu. k e. se řadil rovněž hav (hepatitis avirus). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2019 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Enterovirus A, Human: a species of enterovirus infecting humans and containing 10 serotypes, mostly coxsackieviruses
Enterovirus B, Human: a species of enterovirus infecting humans and containing 36 serotypes. it is comprised of all the echoviruses and a few coxsackieviruses, including all of those previously named coxsackievirus b
Enterovirus C, Human: a species of enterovirus infecting humans and containing 11 serotypes, all coxsackieviruses
Enterovirus D, Human: a species of enterovirus infecting humans and consisting of 2 serotypes: human enterovirus 68 and human enterovirus 70
Enteroviruses, Porcine: species of enterovirus causing mild to severe neurological diseases among pigs especially in eastern europe. mild strains are also present in canada, u.s., and australia. specific species include porcine enterovirus a and porcine enterovirus b
Enthesopathy: a disorder occurring at the site of insertion of tendons or ligaments into bones or joint capsules
Entomobirnavirus: a genus of rna viruses of the family birnaviridae infecting fruitflies. transmission is horizontal and there are no known vectors. drosophila melanogaster is the natural host and the type species is drosophila x virus
Entomobirnavirus: rod rna-virů čeledi birnaviridae, které infikují octomilky (drosophila). jsou přenášeny horizontálně, vektory nejsou známé. přirozeným hostitelem je drosophila melanogaster. typovým druhem je drosophila x virus
Entomology: a discipline or occupation concerned with the study of insects, including the biology and the control of insects
Entomophthora: a genus of fungi in the family entomophthoraceae, order entomorphthorales. they are primarily parasites of insects and spiders, but have been found to cause mycotic infections of the nose in man and horses
Entomophthora: rod hub čeledi entomophthoraceae, řádu entomophthorales. parazitují primárně u hmyzu a pavouků, ale mohou také způsobit mykózy nosu člověka a koní
Entomophthorales: an order of fungi comprising mostly insect pathogens, though some infect mammals including humans. strict host specificity make these fungi a focus of many biological control studies
Entomophthorales: řád hub obsahujících většinou hmyzí patogeny, i když některé infikují i savce včetně lidí. přesná specificita hostitele činí tyto houby předmětem mnoha studií o biologické ochraně rostlin
Entomoplasmataceae: a family of gram-negative, nonhelical, arthropod-associated bacteria in the order entomoplasmatales. it is comprised of two genera: entomoplasma and mesoplasma
Entomoplasmataceae: čeleď gramnegativních bakterií řádu entomoplasmatales. tyto organismy nemají spirálovitý tvar, jsou patogeny hmyzu a rostlin. čeleď zahrnuje rody entomoplasma a mesoplasma
Entomoplasmatales: an order of nonhelical (entomoplasmataceae) and helical (spiroplasmataceae) gram-negative bacteria in the class mollicutes, that are regularly associated with arthropod or plant hosts
Entomoplasmatales: řád nespirálovitých (entomoplasmataceae) a spirálovitých (spiroplasmataceae) gramnegativních bakterií třídy mollicutes, který je pravidelně spojován s členovci nebo rostlinnými hostiteli. r
Entomopoxvirinae: a subfamily of poxviridae comprising poxviruses infecting insects including members of coleoptera; diptera; lepidoptera; and orthoptera
Entomopoxvirinae: podčeleď virů čeledi poxviridae. patří sem poxviry infikující hmyz řádu coleoptera, diptera, lepidoptera a orthoptera
Entopeduncular Nucleus: a portion of the nucleus of ansa lenticularis located medial to the posterior limb of the internal capsule, along the course of the ansa lenticularis and the inferior thalamic peduncle or as a separate nucleus within the internal capsule adjacent to the medial globus pallidus (neuronames, http://rprcsgi.rprc. washington.edu/neuronames/ (september 28, 1998)). in non-primates, the entopeduncular nucleus is analogous to both the medial globus pallidus and the entopeduncular nucleus of human
Entorhinal Cortex: cerebral cortex region on the medial aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus, immediately caudal to the olfactory cortex of the uncus. the entorhinal cortex is the origin of the major neural fiber system afferent to the hippocampal formation, the so-called perforant pathway
Entrepreneurship: the organization, management, and assumption of risks of a business or enterprise, usually implying an element of change or challenge and a new opportunity
Entropion: the turning inward (inversion) of the edge of the eyelid, with the tarsal cartilage turned inward toward the eyeball. (dorland, 27th ed)
Entropy: the measure of that part of the heat or energy of a system which is not available to perform work. entropy increases in all natural (spontaneous and irreversible) processes. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Enuresis: involuntary discharge of urine after expected age of completed development of urinary control. this can happen during the daytime (diurnal enuresis) while one is awake or during sleep (nocturnal enuresis). enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis)
Enviomycin: cyclic basic peptide related to viomycin. it is isolated from an induced mutant of streptomyces griseoverticillatus var. tuberacticus and acts as an antitubercular agent with less ototoxicity than tuberactinomycin
Environment: the external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population
Environment, Controlled: a state in which the environs of hospitals, laboratories, domestic and animal housing, work places, spacecraft, and other surroundings are under technological control with regard to air conditioning, heating, lighting, humidity, ventilation, and other ambient features. the concept includes control of atmospheric composition. (from jane's aerospace dictionary, 3d ed)
Environmental Biomarkers: a factor associated with the well-being of living organisms that is used as a measure of environmental change and or influence. for example, aldehyde dehydrogenase expression in earthworm tissue is used as an indication of heavy metal pollution in soils. distinguish from biomarkers
Environmental Exposure: the exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals
Environmental Health: the science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health
Environmental Illness: a polysymptomatic condition believed by clinical ecologists to result from immune dysregulation induced by common foods, allergens, and chemicals, resulting in various physical and mental disorders. the medical community has remained largely skeptical of the existence of this disease, given the plethora of symptoms attributed to environmental illness, the lack of reproducible laboratory abnormalities, and the use of unproven therapies to treat the condition. (from segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Environmental Indicators: data related to climate change, ozone layer depletion, eutrophication, acidification, toxic contamination, urban environmental quality, biodiversity, cultural landscapes, waste, water resources, forest resources, fish resources, and soil degradation including desertification and erosion. (from https://www.oecd.org/env/indicators-modelling-outlooks/37551205.pdfc)
Environmental Justice: the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. (www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/learn-about-environmental-justice)
Environmental Medicine: medical specialty concerned with environmental factors that may impinge upon human disease, and development of methods for the detection, prevention, and control of environmentally related disease
Environmental Microbiology: the study of microorganisms living in a variety of environments (air, soil, water, etc.) and their pathogenic relationship to other organisms including man
Environmental Monitoring: the monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment
Environmental Policy: a course of action or principle adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual that concerns human interactions with nature and natural resources
Environmental Pollutants: substances or energies, for example heat or light, which when introduced into the air, water, or land threaten life or health of individuals or ecosystems
Environmental Pollution: contamination of the air, bodies of water, or land with substances that are harmful to human health and the environment
Environmental Psychology: the field that studies interactions between individuals and the built and natural environment. it includes investigating behaviors that inhibit or foster sustainable, climate-healthy, and nature-enhancing choices
Environmental Restoration and Remediation: restoration of an environment, ecosystem, or habitat that was physically damaged during land development or by natural disaster, or contaminated by environmental pollutants. this is accomplished by various chemical, biological, and bulk movement methods, in conjunction with environmental monitoring
Environmental Science: scientific discipline that studies external factors, both biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving), to which an organism is exposed
Environmentalism: advocacy for the preservation, restoration, or improvement of the natural environment. it aims to reduce the impact of human activities on the earth and its inhabitants
Enzootic Bovine Leukosis: a lymphoid neoplastic disease in cattle caused by the bovine leukemia virus. enzootic bovine leukosis may take the form of lymphosarcoma, malignant lymphoma, or leukemia but the presence of malignant cells in the blood is not a consistent finding
Enzyme Activation: conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. it includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme
Enzyme Assays: methods used to measure the relative activity of a specific enzyme or its concentration in solution. typically an enzyme substrate is added to a buffer solution containing enzyme and the rate of conversion of substrate to product is measured under controlled conditions. many classical enzymatic assay methods involve the use of synthetic colorimetric substrates and measuring the reaction rates using a spectrophotometer
Enzyme Induction: an increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis
Enzyme Inhibitors: compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction
Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique: an immunoenzyme test for the presence of drugs and other substances in urine and blood. the test uses enzyme linked antibodies that react only with the particular drug for which the sample is being tested
Enzyme Reactivators: compounds which restore enzymatic activity by removing an inhibitory group bound to the reactive site of the enzyme
Enzyme Replacement Therapy: therapeutic replacement or supplementation of defective or missing enzymes to alleviate the effects of enzyme deficiency (e.g., glucosylceramidase replacement for gaucher disease)
Enzyme Repression: the interference in synthesis of an enzyme due to the elevated level of an effector substance, usually a metabolite, whose presence would cause depression of the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis
Enzyme Stability: the extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: an immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. while either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. many variations of the method have been developed
Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay: a method of detection of the number of cells in a sample secreting a specific molecule. with this method, a population of cells are plated over top of the immunosorbent substrate that captures the secreted molecules
Enzymes: biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. they may occur naturally or be synthetically created. enzymes are usually proteins, however catalytic rna and catalytic dna molecules have also been identified
Enzymes, Immobilized: enzymes which are immobilized on or in a variety of water-soluble or water-insoluble matrices with little or no loss of their catalytic activity. since they can be reused continuously, immobilized enzymes have found wide application in the industrial, medical and research fields
Eosine I Bluish: a red fluorescein dye used as a histologic stain. it may be cytotoxic, mutagenic, and inhibit certain mitochondrial functions
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): a versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with hematoxylin. it is also used in special culture media
Eosinophil Cationic Protein: one of several basic proteins released from eosinophil cytoplasmic granules. eosinophil cationic protein is a 21-kda cytotoxic peptide with a pi of 10.9. although eosinophil cationic protein is considered a member of the rnase a superfamily of proteins, it has only limited rnase activity
Eosinophil Granule Proteins: proteins found in eosinophil granules. they are primarily basic proteins that play a role in host defense and the proinflammatory actions of activated eosinophils
Eosinophil Major Basic Protein: one of several basic proteins released from eosinophil cytoplasmic granules. eosinophil major basic protein is a 14-kda cytotoxic peptide with a pi of 10.9. in addition to its direct cytotoxic effects, it stimulates the release of variety of inflammation mediators
Eosinophil Peroxidase: a 66-kda peroxidase found in eosinophil granules. eosinophil peroxidase is a cationic protein with a pi of 10.8 and is comprised of a heavy chain subunit and a light chain subunit. it possesses cytotoxic activity towards bacteria and other organisms, which is attributed to its peroxidase activity
Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin: a 19-kda cationic peptide found in eosinophil granules. eosinophil-derived neurotoxin is a ribonuclease and may play a role as an endogenous antiviral agent
Eosinophilia: abnormal increase of eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs
Eosinophilia, Familial: rare hereditary peripheral eosinophilia characterized by peripheral hypereosinophilia (greater than 500 eosinophils/micro liter of blood) with or without other organ involvement. maps to chromosome 5q. omim: 131400
Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome: a complex systemic syndrome with inflammatory and autoimmune components that affect the skin, fascia, muscle, nerve, blood vessels, lung, and heart. diagnostic features generally include eosinophilia, myalgia severe enough to limit usual activities of daily living, and the absence of coexisting infectious, autoimmune or other conditions that may induce eosinophilia. biopsy of affected tissue reveals a microangiopathy associated with diffuse inflammation involving connective tissue. (from spitzer et al., j rheumatol suppl 1996 oct;46:73-9; blackburn wd, semin arthritis rheum 1997 jun;26(6):788-93)
Eosinophilic Esophagitis: chronic esophagitis characterized by esophageal mucosal eosinophilia. it is diagnosed when an increase in eosinophils are present over the entire esophagus. the reflux symptoms fail to respond to proton pump inhibitors treatment, unlike in gastroesophageal reflux disease. the symptoms are associated with ige-mediated hypersensitivity to food or inhalant allergens
Eosinophilic Fasciitis: a rare type of fascitis that particularly affects the arms and legs and is similar in presentation to scleroderma. omim: 226350
Eosinophilic Granuloma: the most benign and common form of langerhans-cell histiocytosis which involves localized nodular lesions predominantly of the bones but also of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, lungs, or skin, with infiltration by eosinophils
Eosinophilic enteropathy: eosinophilia of the gastrointestinal tract, causing polyps; inflammation; and ulcers. it may occur in adults or children
Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis: a rare eosinophilia of the skin characterized by the cyclic formation of small fluid-filled pustules at hair follicles . it is most common among adults age 20-40, and the infancy associated type occurs in infants age 5 to 10 months. males are more often affected than females and the classic type occurs most often in individuals of japanese decent. immunocompromised individuals are also at greater risk
Eosinophilic synovitis: a rare disorder that typically affects young adults and is characterized by rapid onset localized scleroderma on the skin of the extremitie, contracture of joints due to inflammation and thickening of muscular fascia, and eosinophilia
Eosinophils: granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin
EpPt-OMB protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of gestational trophoblastic neoplasms
Ependyma: a thin membrane that lines the cerebral ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord
Ependymoglial Cells: the macroglial cells of ependyma. they are characterized by bipolar cell body shape and processes that contact basal lamina around blood vessels and/or the pia mater and the cerebral ventricles. muller cells of the retina are included based on similar microenvironmental contacts and morphology
Ependymoma: glioma derived from ependymoglial cells that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. it may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the fourth ventricle and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (from devita et al., principles and practice of oncology, 5th ed, p2018; escourolle et al., manual of basic neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)