NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Sodium-Calcium Exchanger: an electrogenic ion exchange protein that maintains a steady level of calcium by removing an amount of calcium equal to that which enters the cells. it is widely distributed in most excitable membranes, including the brain and heart
Sodium-Coupled Vitamin C Transporters: membrane transport proteins that actively co-transport ascorbic acid and sodium ions across the cell membrane. dietary absorption of vitamin c is highly dependent upon this class of transporters and a subset of sodium glucose transporters which transport the oxidized form of vitamin c, dehydroascorbic acid
Sodium-Glucose Transport Proteins: monosaccharide transport proteins that function as active symporters. they utilize sodium or hydrogen ions to transport glucose across cell membranes
Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1: the founding member of the sodium glucose transport proteins. it is predominately expressed in the intestinal mucosa of the small intestine
Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2: a sodium-glucose transporter that is expressed in the luminal membrane of the proximal kidney tubules
Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors: compounds that inhibit sodium-glucose transporter 2. they lower blood sugar by preventing the reabsorption of glucose by the kidney and are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 1: a sodium-hydrogen antiporter expressed by many cell types, especially on the basolateral surfaces of epithelial cells. it functions through an inward sodium ion chemical gradient to eliminate acids (protons) generated by metabolism and regulate intracellular ph. it is highly sensitive to amiloride
Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3: a sodium-hydrogen antiporter expressed primarily by epithelial cells in the kidneys, it localizes to the apical membrane of the proximal kidney tubule, where it functions in sodium and water reabsorption and possibly calcium homeostasis. it also is expressed in heart, brain, and lung tissues and is resistant to amiloride inhibition
Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers: a family of plasma membrane exchange glycoprotein antiporters that transport sodium ions and protons across lipid bilayers. they have critical functions in intracellular ph regulation, cell volume regulation, and cellular response to many different hormones and mitogens
Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins: a family of symporters that facilitate sodium-dependent membrane transport of phosphate
Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type I: a family of sodium-phosphate cotransporter proteins that also transport organic anions. they are low affinity phosphate transporters
Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type II: a family of sodium-phosphate cotransporter proteins with eight transmembrane domains. they are present primarily in the kidney and small intestine and are responsible for renal and small intestinal epithelial transport of phosphates
Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type III: a family of highly conserved and widely expressed sodium-phosphate cotransporter proteins. they are electrogenic sodium-dependent transporters of phosphate that were originally identified as retroviral receptors in humans and have been described in yeast and many other organisms
Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIa: an electrogenic sodium-dependent phosphate transporter. it is present primarily in brush border membranes of proximal renal tubules
Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb: a sodium-dependent phosphate transporter present primarily at apical sites of epithelial cells in the small intestine
Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIc: a non-electrogenic sodium-dependent phosphate transporter. it is found primarily in apical membranes of proximal renal tubules
Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters: a subclass of symporters that specifically transport sodium; potassium and chloride ions across cellular membranes in a tightly coupled electroneutrality process
Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase: an enzyme that catalyzes the active transport system of sodium and potassium ions across the cell wall. sodium and potassium ions are closely coupled with membrane atpase which undergoes phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, thereby providing energy for transport of these ions against concentration gradients
Sofosbuvir: a uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of hepatitis c virus (hcv) polymerase ns5b that is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of chronic hepatitis c
Soft Computing: computing that deals with approximate models and gives solutions to complex real-life problems. has greater tolerance for imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximations. based on techniques such as fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, neural networks, computer, machine learning, and expert systems
Soft Oryl: an acrylic soft lining material; resembles tissue conditioners in composition
Soft Tissue Infections: infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. the concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. the predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. the organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (from cecil textbook of medicine, 19th ed, p1688)
Soft Tissue Injuries: injuries of tissue other than bone. the concept is usually general and does not customarily refer to internal organs or viscera. it is meaningful with reference to regions or organs where soft tissue (muscle, fat, skin) should be differentiated from bones or bone tissue, as soft tissue injuries of the hand
Soft Tissue Neoplasms: neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc
Soil: the unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants
Soil Erosion: the displacement of significant quantities of soil from an area by wind or rainwater runoff
Soil Microbiology: the presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. this term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms
Soil Pollutants: substances which pollute the soil. use for soil pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading
Soil Pollutants, Radioactive: pollutants, present in soil, which exhibit radioactivity
Solanaceae: a plant family of the order solanales, class magnoliopsida. among the most noted are potatoes; tomatoes; capsicum (green and red peppers); tobacco; and belladonna
Solanaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu lilkotvaré (solanales). čeleď zahrnuje mnoho agrokulturně využívaných druhů, stejně jako druhů toxických. největší rody jsou lilek (solanum), lycianthes, tabák (nicotiana), nolana (nolana) a kustovnice (lycium). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Solanaceous Alkaloids: alkaloids, mainly tropanes, elaborated by plants of the family solanaceae, including atropa, hyoscyamus, mandragora, nicotiana, solanum, etc. some act as cholinergic antagonists; most are very toxic; many are used medicinally
Solanales: an order of flowering plants comprising tropical and temperate species, major crop plants such as potatoes, tomatoes, bell peppers, eggplants, tobacco, and the garden petunia. its largest family is the solanaceae
Solanine: a mixture of alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine, found in solanaceae plants
Solanum: a plant genus of the family solanaceae. members contain solanaceous alkaloids. some species in this genus are called deadly nightshade which is also a common name for atropa belladonna
Solanum: rod rostlin čeledi solanaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují solaninové alkaloidy
Solanum glaucophyllum: a plant species of the genus solanum, family solanaceae that causes calcinosis in grazing livestock due to high levels of 1a,25-dihydroxy vitamin d3 (calcitriol)
Solanum glaucophyllum: druh rostliny rodu solanum, čeledi solanaceae. obsahuje glykosid 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferolu, který se v trávicím traktu přeměňuje na aktivní formu vitamínu d3. nadměrné množství tohoto vitamínu může způsobit kalcinózu u pasoucích se zvířat. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Solanum lycopersicum: a plant species of the family solanaceae, native of south america, widely cultivated for their edible, fleshy, usually red fruit
Solanum lycopersicum: trvalka bylinného charakteru pěstovaná jako jednoletka. patří do čeledi lilkovitých. pochází ze střední a jižní ameriky. plodem je bobule zvané rajče, původně rajské jablko. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Solanum melongena: a plant species of the genus solanum, family solanaceae. the fruit is a large, egg-shaped berry, varying in color from dark purple to red, yellowish, or white. the leaves are large and ovate. the flowers are pendant, violet, and two inches across
Solanum melongena: druh rostliny rodu solanum, čeledi solanaceae. plodem jsou bobule používané jako plodová zelenina a označované jako lilek. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Solanum nigrum: a plant species of the genus solanum, family solanaceae that contains steroidal glycosides
Solanum nigrum: druh rostliny rodu solanum, čeledi solanaceae. obsahuje steroidní glykosidy
Solanum tuberosum: a plant species of the genus solanum, family solanaceae. the starchy roots are used as food. solanine is found in green parts
Solanum tuberosum: druh víceleté hlíznaté rostliny rodu solanum, čeledi solanaceae, která je pěstovaná jako jednoletá plodina. brambory jsou jednou z nejvýznamnějších zemědělských plodin. obsahují toxické glykoalkaloidy, především pak solanin a chakonin. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Solar Activity: any type of variation in the appearance of energy output of the sun. (nasa thesaurus, 1994)
Solar System: the group of celestial bodies, including the earth, orbiting around and gravitationally bound by the sun. it includes eight planets, one minor planet, and 34 natural satellites, more than 1,000 observed comets, and thousands of lesser bodies known as minor planets (asteroids) and meteoroids. (from academic american encyclopedia, 1983)
Solcoderm: used in topical treatment of basal cell epithelioma; chemotherapy protocol consisting of above four cpds
Solenopsis invicta, Solenopsis richteri: dva zástupci mravenců rodu solenopsis z čeledi formicidae, řádu hymenoptera, náhodně zavlečení do spojených států (mobile v alabamě). ohniví mravenci se nyní vyskytují v mnoha státech od kalifornie po floridu. pokousání ohnivými mravenci obvykle způsobuje pocit pálení, rány a puchýře, ale může vyvolat i systémové nebo život ohrožující reakce
Solid Phase Extraction: an extraction method that separates analytes using a solid phase and a liquid phase. it is used for preparative sample cleanup before analysis by chromatography and other analytical methods
Solid Phase Microextraction: a solventless sample preparation method, invented in 1989, that uses a fused silica fiber which is coated with a stationary phase. it is used for sample cleanup before using other analytical methods
Solid Waste: garbage, refuse, or sludge, or other discarded materials from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, and air pollution control facility that include solid, semi-solid, or contained material. it does not include materials dissolved in domestic sewage, irrigation return flows, or industrial discharges
Solid-Phase Synthesis Techniques: techniques used to synthesize chemicals using molecular substrates that are bound to a solid surface. typically a series of reactions are conducted on the bound substrate that results in either the covalent attachment of specific moieties or the modification of existing function groups. these techniques offer an advantage to those involving solution reactions in that the substrate compound does not have to be isolated and purified between the reaction steps
Solidago: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. goldenrods are often mistaken as being the cause of allergy attacks when it is most often similar looking ragweed most accountable. however, goldenrod pollens can cause allergies
Solidago: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. jejich pyl může způsobovat alergenní reakce. v česku roste jediný původní druh, zlatobýl obecný, ostatní druhy byly introdukovány z ameriky. cizí druhy zlatobýl kanadský, zlatobýl obrovský a zlatobýl trávolistý jsou považovány za invazní neofyty, vytlačují původní floru a vytvářejí monocenózy. druh zlatobýl obecný se používá v lidovém lékařství. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Solifenacin Succinate: a quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective m3 muscarinic antagonist. it is used as a urologic agent in the treatment of urinary incontinence
Solitaire composite resin: a condensable composite resin that can be placed 67% faster than conventional hybrid composite resins & produces superior interproximal contacts
Solitary Fibrous Tumor, Pleural: a rare neoplasm, usually benign, derived from mesenchymal fibroblasts located in the submesothelial lining of the pleura. it spite of its various synonyms, it has no features of mesothelial cells and is not related to malignant mesothelioma or asbestos exposure
Solitary Fibrous Tumors: rare neoplasms of mesenchymal origin, usually benign, and most commonly involving the pleura (see solitary fibrous tumor, pleural). they also are found in extrapleural sites
Solitary Kidney: either a single or a single functioning kidney due to nephrectomy, birth defects or other kidney diseases
Solitary Nucleus: gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. the solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. it is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. the solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein
Solitary Pulmonary Nodule: a single lung lesion that is characterized by a small round mass of tissue, usually less than 1 cm in diameter, and can be detected by chest radiography. a solitary pulmonary nodule can be associated with neoplasm, tuberculosis, cyst, or other anomalies in the lung, the chest wall, or the pleura
Solubility: the ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase: a mammalian enzyme composed of a heterodimer of alpha and beta subunits. each subunit consists of four domains; n-terminal hnox domain, pas-like domain, a coiled-coil domain, and a c-terminal catalytic domain. all four domains are homologous proteins with a similar conformation of functional domains. soluble guanylate cyclase catalyzes the formation of cyclic gmp from gtp, and is a key enzyme of the nitric oxide signaling pathway involved in the regulation of a variety of biological and physiological processes in mammals
Soluble N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor Attachment Proteins: snare binding proteins that facilitate the atp hydrolysis-driven dissociation of the snare complex. they are required for the binding of n-ethylmaleimide-sensitive protein (nsf) to the snare complex which also stimulates the atpase activity of nsf. they are unrelated structurally to snap-25 protein
Solute Carrier Family 12: inorganic cation-chloride cotransporters mediating the movement of inorganic sodium and/or potassium cations, coupled to the movement of chloride anions. the solute carrier 12 (slc12) family can be divided into na+-dependent slc12a1-a3 (nkcc1, nkcc2, and ncc) and na+-independent slc12a4-a7 (kcc1-kcc4)
Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 1: na-k-cl transporter in the ascending limb of loop of henle. it mediates active reabsorption of sodium chloride and is inhibited by loop diuretics such as furosemide; and bumetanide. mutations in the gene encoding slc12a1 are associated with a bartter syndrome
Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 2: na-k-cl transporter ubiquitously expressed. it plays a key role in salt secretion in epithelial cells and cell volume regulation in nonepithelial cells
Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 3: na-cl cotransporter in the convoluted segments of the distal kidney tubule. it mediates active reabsorption of sodium and chloride and is inhibited by thiazide diuretics
Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 4: k-cl cotransporter ubiquitously expressed with higher expression levels in erythrocytes of anemia, sickle cell. it mediates active potassium and chloride cotransport across the plasma membrane and contributes to cell volume homeostasis
Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5: a high-affinity, atp-binding, co-transporter for carnitine that is highly expressed in kidney, skeletal muscle, heart, and placental tissues. it transports one sodium ion with one carnitine molecule. it has a lower affinity for other organic cations and transports them independently of sodium. mutations in the slc22a5 gene are associated with systemic carnitine deficiency
Solute Carrier Family 44, Member 2 Protein: a mitochondrion and plasma membrane protein that enables choline transmembrane transporter activity
Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter Family Member 1B3: a sodium-independent organic anion transporter that functions in the uptake of various drugs and endogenous compounds including estradiol; taurocholate; leukotriene c4; and methotrexate. it also functions in clearing bile acids and organic anions from the liver. mutations in the slco1b3 gene are associated with rotor type hyperbilirubinemia
Solute Carrier Proteins: a large diverse group of membrane transport proteins whose families are generally classified according to function. most slcs localize to the cell membrane; however, some families such as slc25, localize to mitochondrial membranes or other organelles
Solutions: the homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Solutol HS 15: multidrug resistance modification agent in tumor cells; polyoxyethylene esters of 12-hydroxystearic acid; previous rn 105109-85-1
Solvents: liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Somalia: somalia is located on the east coast of africa on and north of the equator and, with ethiopia, eritrea, djibouti, and kenya, is often referred to as the horn of africa. it comprises italy's former trust territory of somalia and the former british protectorate of somaliland. the capital is mogadishu
Soman: an organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. it causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent
Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin: a programmed mutation process whereby changes are introduced to the nucleotide sequence of immunoglobulin gene dna during development
Somatoform Disorders: disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. the medically unexplained symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. in contrast to factitious disorders and malingering, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (apa, dsm-v)
Somatomedins: insulin-like polypeptides made by the liver and some fibroblasts and released into the blood when stimulated by somatotropin. they cause sulfate incorporation into collagen, rna, and dna synthesis, which are prerequisites to cell division and growth of the organism
Somatosensory Cortex: area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving sensations such as movement, pain, pressure, position, temperature, touch, and vibration. it lies posterior to the central sulcus
Somatosensory Disorders: disorders of sensory information received from superficial and deep regions of the body. the somatosensory system conveys neural impulses which pertain to proprioception, tactile sensation, thermal sensation, pressure sensation, and pain. peripheral nervous system diseases; spinal cord diseases; and brain diseases may be associated with impaired or abnormal somatic sensation
Somatostatin: a 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary growth hormone release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. it is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. srif can also inhibit the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone; prolactin; insulin; and glucagon besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. in a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, srif-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the n-terminal
Somatostatin-28: a 28-amino acid peptide with the same biological activities of somatostatin-14 but with a 14-amino acid extension at the n-terminal. srif-28 is the major form of somatostatin in the gastrointestinal tract
Somatostatin-Secreting Cells: endocrine cells found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in islets of the pancreas. d cells secrete somatostatin that acts in both an endocrine and paracrine manner. somatostatin acts on a variety of tissues including the pituitary gland; gastrointestinal tract; pancreas; and kidney by inhibiting the release of hormones, such as growth hormone; gastrin; insulin; and renin
Somatostatinoma: a somatostatin-secreting tumor derived from the pancreatic delta cells (somatostatin-secreting cells). it is also found in the intestine. somatostatinomas are associated with diabetes mellitus; cholelithiasis; steatorrhea; and hypochlorhydria. the majority of somatostatinomas have the potential for metastasis
Somatotypes: body builds determined on the basis of certain physical characteristics of body shape and body composition. a somatotyping appraisal is a composite rating of the three basic body types: ectomorph (thin physique), endomorph (rounded physique), and mesomorph (athletic physique)
Somites: paired, segmented masses of mesenchyme located on either side of the developing spinal cord (neural tube). somites derive from paraxial mesoderm and continue to increase in number during organogenesis. somites give rise to skeleton (sclerotome); muscles (myotome); and dermis (dermatome)
Somnambulism: a parasomnia characterized by a partial arousal that occurs during stage iv of non-rem sleep. affected individuals exhibit semipurposeful behaviors such as ambulation and are difficult to fully awaken. children are primarily affected, with a peak age range of 4-6 years
Somálsko: východoafrická země na somálském poloostrově zvaném africký roh. sousedními státy jsou etiopie na západě, džibutsko na severozápadě a keňa na jihozápadě. z východu zemi omývá indický oceán a ze severu adenský záliv. somálsko získalo nezávislost v roce 1960, předtím bylo rozděleno do dvou kolonií, britské a italské. britské somálsko je předchůdcem mezinárodně neuznaného státu somaliland, který se odtrhl od somálské republiky a nárokuje si hranice shodné s britským somálskem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Son of Sevenless Protein, Drosophila: a guanine nucleotide exchange factor from drosophila. sevenless refers to genetic mutations in drosophila that cause loss of the r7 photoreceptor which is required to see uv light
Son of Sevenless Proteins: a class of ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors that are genetically related to the son of sevenless gene from drosophila. sevenless refers to genetic mutations in drosophila that cause loss of the r7 photoreceptor which is required to see uv light
Sonchus: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. sesquiterpene lactone glucosides (sesquiterpenes) have been found in it
Sonchus: rod rostlin z čeledi asteraceae (hvězdnicovité). byly v nich objeveny glukosidy seskviterpenických laktonů
Sondhi Indirect Bonding Resin: indirect method for bonding fixed retainers, using sondhi rapid-set indirect bonding adhesive
Songbirds: passeriformes of the suborder, oscines, in which the flexor tendons of the toes are separate, and the lower syrinx has 4 to 9 pairs of tensor muscles inserted at both ends of the tracheal half rings. they include many commonly recognized birds such as crows; finches; robins; sparrows; and swallows
SonoRx: an oral sonographic contrast agent with simethicone coated cellulose as the active ingredient
Sonoda syndrome: round face with depressed nasal bridge and small mouth, congenital heart defect, and retarded development
Soot: a dark powdery deposit of unburned fuel residues, composed mainly of amorphous carbon and some hydrocarbons, that accumulates in chimneys, automobile mufflers and other surfaces exposed to smoke. it is the product of incomplete combustion of carbon-rich organic fuels in low oxygen conditions. it is sometimes called lampblack or carbon black and is used in ink, in rubber tires, and to prepare carbon nanotubes
Sophora flavescens: a sophora species commonly used as medicinal herb and is main source of quinolizidine alkaloid matrines. it is a perennial with yellow flowers
Sophora flavescens: druh rostliny z rodu sophora - jerlín, užívá se jako léčivá bylina a je hlavním zdrojem chinolizidinových alkaloidů matrinů. je to trvalka se žlutými květy
Sophora japonica: a member of the family fabaceae, native to the far east and used in traditional medicine. sophora japonica yellow flower bud and dried fruit extracts are rich in flavonoids, e.g., sophoricoside and rutin
Sorafenib: a niacinamide and phenylurea derivative that inhibits multiple intracellular and cell surface kinases thought to be involved in angiogenesis, including raf kinases and vegf receptors. it is used in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, and for treatment of thyroid carcinoma refractory to radioactive iodine therapy
Sorangium: a genus of gram-negative, soil-dwelling deltaproteobacteria in the order myxococcales that has gliding motility
Sorangium: rod gramnegativních, půdních deltaproteobakterií (deltaproteobacteria) řádu myxococcales, které se pohybují klouzavým pohybem
Sorbic Acid: mold and yeast inhibitor. used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses
Sorbitol: a polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. it was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. it is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications
Sorbose: a ketose sugar that is commonly used in the commercial synthesis of ascorbic acid
Sordariales: an order of fungi in the phylum ascomycota that includes many valuable experimental organisms. there are eight families and very few anamorphic forms
Sordariales: řád vřeckovýtrusných hub zahrnující řadu cenných experimentálních organismů. patří sem osm čeledí a velmi málo anamorfních forem
Sorghum: a plant genus of the family poaceae. the grain is used for food and for animal feed. this should not be confused with kaffir lime or with kefir milk product
Sorghum: rod rostlin čeledi poaceae (lipnicovité). je pěstován jako obilovina např. na výrobu mouky a používá se též ke krmným a technickým účelům. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Sorption Detoxification: elimination of toxic or biologically active substances from body fluids by interaction with a sorbent medium. the types of media include absorbents, adsorbents, ion-exchange materials, and complexing agents. detoxification can be extracorporeal (hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemoperfusion, plasmapheresis), or occur inside the body (enterosorption, peritoneal dialysis)
Sorting Nexins: a large family of phosphatidylinositol phosphate-binding proteins that are involved in mediating intracellular transport and sorting of proteins via a variety of endocytic pathways
Sost protein, rat: a cystine knot-containing protein; gene is highly conserved in vertebrates; loss of protein results in bone dysplasia sclerosteosis; refseq nm_030584
Sotalol: an adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias
Sotos Syndrome: congenital or postnatal overgrowth syndrome most often in height and occipitofrontal circumference with variable delayed motor and cognitive development. other associated features include advanced bone age, seizures, neonatal jaundice; hypotonia; and scoliosis. it is also associated with increased risk of developing neoplasms in adulthood. mutations in the nsd1 protein and its haploinsufficiency are associated with the syndrome
Sotosův syndrom: vrozený nebo postnatální overgrowth syndrom. nejčastěji se projevuje nadměrným růstem, velkým okcipitofrontálním obvodem (větší hlava) a různým postižením psychomotorického vývoje. mezi další příznaky patří pokročilý kostní věk, křeče, novorozenecká žloutenka, hypotonie a skolióza. v dospělosti je zvýšené riziko vzniku rakoviny. onemocnění souvisí s mutacemi genu nsd1 a jeho haploinsuficiencí
Sound: a type of non-ionizing radiation in which energy is transmitted through solid, liquid, or gas as compression waves. sound (acoustic or sonic) radiation with frequencies above the audible range is classified as ultrasonic. sound radiation below the audible range is classified as infrasonic
Sound Recordings: the storing of sound signals on various media such as cylinders, analog discs, digital discs, tapes, and wires.[lcsh, 10/27/2020]
Sound Spectrography: the graphic registration of the frequency and intensity of sounds, such as speech, infant crying, and animal vocalizations
South Africa: a republic in southern africa, the southernmost part of africa. it has three capitals: pretoria (administrative), cape town (legislative), and bloemfontein (judicial). officially the republic of south africa since 1960, it was called the union of south africa 1910-1960
South American People: people native to or inhabitants of south america including argentina; bolivia; brazil; chile; colombia; ecuador; french guiana; guyana; paraguay; peru; suriname; uruguay; and venezuela
South Asian People: people native to or inhabitants of southern asia including afghanistan; bangladesh; bhutan; india; maldives; nepal; pakistan and sri lanka
South Australia: a state in south central australia. its capital is adelaide. it was probably first visited by f. thyssen in 1627. later discoveries in 1802 and 1830 opened up the southern part. it became a british province in 1836 with this self-descriptive name and became a state in 1901. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p1135)
South Carolina: state bounded on the north by north carolina, on the east and south by the atlantic ocean, and on the west by georgia
South Dakota: state bounded on the north by north dakota, on the east by minnesota, on the south by nebraska, and on the west by montana and wyoming
South Sudan: a nation located in east-central africa; south of sudan, north of uganda and kenya, west of ethiopia. independence from sudan was attained on 9 july 2011. the capital is juba. (from cia. world factbook, 2014.)
Southeast Asian People: people native to or inhabitants of southeastern asia including borneo; brunei; cambodia; indonesia; laos; malaysia; the mekong valley; myanmar (formerly burma), the philippines; singapore; thailand; and vietnam. it includes people native or inhabitants of the mekong valley
Southeastern United States: the geographic area of the southeastern region of the united states in general or when the specific state or states are not included. the states usually included in this region are alabama, arkansas, florida, georgia, louisiana, mississippi, north carolina, south carolina, west virginia, and virginia
Southern African People: people native to or inhabitants of southern africa including angola; botswana; ewatini; lesotho; malawi; mozambique; namibia; south africa; zambia; and zimbabwe
Southern tick-associated rash illness: a rash similar to lyme disease transmitted to humans by the the lone star tick (amblyomma americanum)
Southernův blotting: v roce 1975 publikoval e. m. southern důležitý nový pracovní postup, který umožnil zjistit umístění genů a jiných sekvencí v restrikčních fragmentech separovaných gelovou elektroforézou. základem metody je přenos molekul dna separovaných gelovou elektroforézou na nitrocelulózovou nebo nylonovou membránu. po přenosu je dna imobilizována na membráně vysušením nebo ozářením uv světlem a hybridizována s radioaktivní dna-sondou obsahující studovanou sekvenci. sonda bude hybridizovat pouze s molekulami dna, které obsahují nukleotidovou sekvenci komplementární k sekvenci sondy. takový přenos dna je nazýván southernův přenos/blotting. (upraveno podle wikiskripta 2022 http://www.wikiskripta.eu/)
Southwestern United States: the geographic area of the southwestern region of the united states. the states usually included in this region are arizona, california, colorado, nevada, new mexico, texas, and utah
Souvenaid: a nutraceutical compound containing uridine monophosphate, docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, choline, phospholipids, folic acid, vitamins b12, b6, c, and e, and selenium
Soy Foods: foods made from glycine max. soy foods are high in dietary proteins and phytoestrogens such as isoflavones
Sp Transcription Factors: a family of dna-binding proteins that contain three zinc fingers at their carboxy termini. they are transcription factors that have specificity for gc boxes
Sp1 Transcription Factor: promoter-specific rna polymerase ii transcription factor that binds to the gc box, one of the upstream promoter elements, in mammalian cells. the binding of sp1 is necessary for the initiation of transcription in the promoters of a variety of cellular and viral genes
Sp2 Transcription Factor: a ubiquitously expressed sp transcription factor that binds to the consensus dna sequence gggcgggac
Sp3 Transcription Factor: a specificity protein transcription factor that contains three c-terminal cys2-his2 zinc fingers. it regulates expression of a variety of genes including vascular endothelial growth factor and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27
Sp4 Transcription Factor: a specificity protein transcription factor that is expressed primarily in the central nervous system
Sp7 Transcription Factor: an sp transcription factor that contains three cys2-his2 zinc fingers. it binds to gc rich sequences and performs an essential function in regulating gene expression for differentiation of osteoblasts. mutations in the sp7 gene are associated with type 12 osteogenesis imperfecta
Space Maintenance, Orthodontic: common treatment method used in pediatric dentistry that involves the use of fixed or removable space maintainers in order to keep the space left by a baby tooth safe in the event it is lost early. space maintainers also help permanent teeth to grow safely
Space Motion Sickness: disorder characterized by nausea, vomiting, and dizziness, possibly in response to vestibular disorientation or fluid shifts associated with space flight. (from webster's new world dictionary)
Space Research: studies of interactions between living organisms and characteristics of the extraterrestrial environment. these studies specifically address the structure and function of living organisms in an extraterrestrial environment and interdependent relationships of organisms with each other and/or the extraterrestrial environment while also touching on the origin, evolution and potential for extraterrestrial life. (from www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/spacelife/)
Space Simulation: an environment simulating one or more parameters of the space environment, applied in testing space systems or components. often, a closed chamber is used, capable of approximating the vacuum and normal environments of space. (from nasa thesaurus, 1988) this also includes simulated extravehicular activity studies in atmosphere exposure chambers or water tanks
Space Suits: pressure suits for wear in space or at very low ambient pressures within the atmosphere, designed to permit the wearer to leave the protection of a pressurized cabin. (nasa thesaurus, 1994)
Space-Time Clustering: a statistically significant excess of cases of a disease, occurring within a limited space-time continuum
Spacecraft: devices, manned and unmanned, which are designed to be placed into an orbit about the earth or into a trajectory to another celestial body. (nasa thesaurus, 1988)
Spain: country located between france on the northeast and portugal on the west and bordered by the atlantic ocean and the mediterranean sea. the capital is madrid
Spalax: a genus of blind, subterranean mole rats, in the subfamily spalacinae, family spalacidae, used as an animal model in neurophysiology. there are at least five different species described, all found in the ukraine
Spalax: rod podzemních hlodavců z čeledi slepcovitých (spalacidae) žijících ve východní evropě, na blízkém východě a v severní africe. jde o středně velké hlodavce podobné krtkům, kteří nemají žádné viditelné oči. celý život žijí prakticky jen pod zemí. používají se jako zvířecí model v neurofyziologii. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Spanish-American War, 1898: conflict between spain and the united states, arising out of spanish policies in cuba
Sparganosis: infection of animals, including fish and man, with a developmental stage of diphyllobothrium. this stage has recently been referred to as a plerocercoid but the name sparganum has persisted. therefore, infection of fish or other animals with the plerocercoid larvae is sparganosis. fish-eating mammals, including man, are the final hosts
Sparganum: the larval form of the diphyllobothriid tapeworms of the genus diphyllobothrium and spirometra. fish-eating mammals and man are the final hosts
Sparrows: the family passeridae comprised of small, mainly brown and grey seed-eating birds with conical bills
Sparsomycin: an antitumor antibiotic produced by streptomyces sparsogenes. it inhibits protein synthesis in 70s and 80s ribosomal systems
Sparteine: a quinolizidine alkaloid isolated from several fabaceae including lupinus; spartium; and cytisus. it has been used as an oxytocic and an anti-arrhythmia agent. it has also been of interest as an indicator of cyp2d6 genotype
Spartium: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that is a source of sparteine. do not confuse with broom or scotch broom (cytisus) or butcher's broom (ruscus) or desert broom (baccharis) or brome (bromus)
Spartium: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae s jediným druhem spartium junceum. rostliny obsahují jedovaté chinolizidinové alkaloidy, zejména spartein. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Spasm: an involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle
Spasms, Infantile: an epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. the majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. the condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; brain diseases, metabolic, inborn; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; tuberous sclerosis; etc.). (from menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)
Spastic Ataxia: a genetically heterogeneous group of hereditary progressive neurodegenerative disorders characterized by lower-limb spasticity and generalized ataxia with dysarthria, impaired ocular movements, and gait disturbances. some cases may also have intellectual disability. omim: 108600
Spastic Paraplegia 18, Autosomal Recessive: also known as spg18 or idmdc
Spastic Paraplegia 31, Autosomal Dominant: also known as spg31; associated with mutations in reep1 gene
Spastic Paraplegia 32, Autosomal Recessive: also known as spg32
Spastic Paraplegia 33, Autosomal Dominant: also known as spg33; associated with mutations in zfyve27, the gene for zinc finger fyve domain-containing protein 27
Spastic Paraplegia 34, X-Linked: also known as spg34
Spastic Paraplegia 36, Autosomal Dominant: also known as spg36
Spastic Paraplegia 37, Autosomal Dominant: also known as spg37
Spastic Paraplegia 38, Autosomal Dominant: also known as spg38
Spastic Paraplegia 39, Autosomal Recessive: mutation in pnpla6
Spastic Paraplegia 42, Autosomal Dominant: also known as spg42
Spastic Paraplegia 44, Autosomal Recessive: also known as spg44; associated with mutations of gjc2 gene which encodes gap junction protein, gamma-2
Spastic Paraplegia 5a, Autosomal Recessive: also known as spg5a; associated with mutation in the cyp7b1gene
Spastic Paraplegia 7, Autosomal Recessive: mutation in the paraplegin gene, spg7
Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary: a group of inherited diseases that share similar phenotypes but are genetically diverse. different genetic loci for autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and x-linked forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia have been identified. clinically, patients present with slowly progressive distal limb weakness and lower extremity spasticity. peripheral sensory neurons may be affected in the later stages of the disease. (j neurol neurosurg psychiatry 1998 jan;64(1):61-6; curr opin neurol 1997 aug;10(4):313-8)
Spastic Paraplegia-50, Autosomal Recessive: also known as spg50; formerly cerebral palsy, spastic quadriplegic, 3
Spastic ataxia Charlevoix-Saguenay type: a complex hereditary neurodegenerative disorder that exhibits autosomal recessive inheritance. onset is typically in early childhood and is characterized b cerebellar ataxia; pyramidal tract signs, and peripheral neuropathy. most patients become wheelchair-bound, but cognitive function is usually not affected. some patients may have atypical features, such as later onset or initial presentation of peripheral neuropathy. mutations in the sacs gene have been identified. omim: 270550
Spastic paraplegia 11, autosomal recessive: autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia, complicated with a thin corpus callosum
Spastic paraplegia 3, autosomal dominant: hereditary autosomal dominant spastic paraplegia that is associated with mutations in the atl1 gene. omim: 182600
Spastic paraplegia 6, autosomal dominant: fsp3; spg6 not included
Spastin: an aaa atpase that binds and severs microtubules. it specifically recognizes and cuts polyglutamylated microtubules with short polyglutamate tails to promote reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays and the release of microtubules from the centrosome following nucleation. it is critical for the biogenesis and maintenance of complex microtubule arrays in axons; spindle apparatus; and cilia. mutations in the spastin gene (spast) are associated with type 4 of hereditary spastic paraplegia
Spatial Analysis: investigative techniques which measure the topological, geometric, and or geographic properties of the entities studied
Spatial Behavior: reactions of an individual or groups of individuals with relation to the immediate surrounding area including the animate or inanimate objects within that area
Spatial Navigation: process by which organisms use various cues to develop a route to a destination and their ability to travel such a planned route
Spatial Regression: methods used to take into account and incorporate spatial autocorrelation and regional variation into regression analysis models of data that has spatial dependency, and also to provide information on the spatial relationships among the variables
Spatio-Temporal Analysis: techniques which study entities using their topological, geometric, or geographic properties and include the dimension of time in the analysis
Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators: lipid mediators derived from derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids which tends to limit inflammation. they include resolvins, protectin, maresins, and lipoxins
Specialty Boards: organizations which certify physicians and dentists as specialists in various fields of medical and dental practice
Specialty Uses of Chemicals: uses of chemicals in a research, industrial, or household setting. this does not include pharmacologic actions
Species Specificity: the restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. it refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species
Specific Gravity: the ratio of the density of a material to the density of some standard material, such as water or air, at a specified temperature
Specific Language Disorder: language disorder that delays the mastery of oral language skills or in children who have no hearing loss or other developmental delays
Specific Learning Disorder: diagnosed when there are specific deficits in an individual's ability to perceive or process information efficiently and accurately. this disorder first manifests during the years of formal schooling and is characterized by persistent and impairing difficulties with learning foundational academic skills in reading, writing, and/or math. the individual's performance of the affected academic skills is well below average for age, or acceptable performance levels are achieved only with extraordinary effort. specific learning disorder may occur in individuals identified as intellectually gifted and manifest only when the learning demands or assessment procedures (e.g., timed tests) pose barriers that cannot be overcome by their innate intelligence and compensatory strategies. for all individuals, specific learning disorder can produce lifelong impairments in activities dependent on the skills, including occupational performance. (from dsm-v)
Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms: animals or humans raised in the absence of a particular disease-causing virus or other microorganism. less frequently plants are cultivated pathogen-free
Specimen Handling: procedures for collecting, preserving, and transporting of specimens sufficiently stable to provide accurate and precise results suitable for clinical interpretation
Specol: contains mineral oil, paraffins & cycloparaffins as well as sorbitan trioleate & tween 85 as emulsifiers; before use as an adjuvant specol is mixed with physiological saline which contains an antigen
Spectinomycin: an antibiotic produced by streptomyces spectabilis. it is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of gonorrhea
Spectra-1000: extended-chain polyethylene with a mw in excess of 1 million; used in a surgical underglove
Spectral Karyotyping: the simultaneous identification of all chromosomes from a cell by fluorescence in situ hybridization (in situ hybridization, fluorescence) with chromosome-specific florescent probes that are discerned by their different emission spectra
Spectrin: a high molecular weight (220-250 kda) water-soluble protein which can be extracted from erythrocyte ghosts in low ionic strength buffers. the protein contains no lipids or carbohydrates, is the predominant species of peripheral erythrocyte membrane proteins, and exists as a fibrous coating on the inner, cytoplasmic surface of the membrane
Spectrometry, Gamma: determination of the energy distribution of gamma rays emitted by nuclei. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)