NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Lactate Dehydrogenase 5: a member of the lactate dehydrogenases isozyme family, lactate dehydrogenase 5 is localized to liver and skeletal muscle cells where its expression increases in liver disease and striated muscle trauma respectively
Lactate Dehydrogenases: alcohol oxidoreductases with substrate specificity for lactic acid
Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus: a species arterivirus, occurring in a number of transplantable mouse tumors. infected mice have permanently elevated serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase
Lactates: salts or esters of lactic acid containing the general formula ch3chohcoor
Lactation: the processes of milk secretion by the maternal mammary glands after parturition. the proliferation of the mammary glandular tissue, milk synthesis, and milk expulsion or let down are regulated by the interactions of several hormones including estradiol; progesterone; prolactin; and oxytocin
Lactation Disorders: disturbances of milk secretion in either sex, not necessarily related to pregnancy
Lacteal Elimination: the discharge of substances from the blood supply into the milk formed in and secreted by the mammary gland
Lactic Acid: a normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. the concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (from stedman, 26th ed)
Lacticaseibacillus: a genus of gram-positive, non-motile, homofermentative, oxidase negative, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. its species previously were referred to as lactobacillus casei group. the genus harbors several species that are used as starter cultures in dairy fermentations and as probiotics
Lacticaseibacillus: rod grampozitivních, nepohyblivých, homofermentativních, oxidáza negativních, tyčinkovitých bakterií vyskytujících se běžně v přírodě. jeho druhy byly dříve označovány jako skupina lactobacillus casei. rod obsahuje několik druhů, které se používají jako startovací kultury při mléčných fermentacích a jako probiotika
Lacticaseibacillus casei: a rod-shaped bacterium isolated from milk and cheese, dairy products and dairy environments, sour dough, cow dung, silage, and human mouth, human intestinal contents and stools, and the human vagina. l. casei is catalase positive
Lacticaseibacillus paracasei: a species of lacticaseibacillus that occurs in the gut microbiota of healthy humans as well as fermented dairy products and fermented vegetables. it is used as a probiotic
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus: a species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria used in probiotics
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus: druh grampozitivní, tyčinkovité bakterie, která se používá jako probiotikum
Lactobacillaceae: a family of gram-positive bacteria found regularly in the mouth and intestinal tract of man and other animals, in food and dairy products, and in fermenting vegetable juices. a few species are highly pathogenic
Lactobacillaceae: čeleď grampozitivních bakterií, které se běžně vyskytují v dutině ústní a v intestinálním traktu člověka a zvířat, v potravinách, mléčných výrobcích a v kvasících rostlinných šťávách. několik druhů je vysoce patogenních
Lactobacillales: an order of gram-positive bacteria in the class bacilli, that have the ability to ferment sugars to lactic acid. they are widespread in nature and commonly used to produce fermented foods
Lactobacillales: řád grampozitivních bakterií třídy bacilli, které rozkládají cukry na kyselinu mléčnou. jsou široce rozšířené v přírodě a běžně se používají při výrobě fermentovaných potravin a nápojů
Lactobacillus: a genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. lactobacillus species are homofermentative and ferment a broad spectrum of carbohydrates often host-adapted but do not ferment pentoses. most members were previously assigned to the lactobacillus delbrueckii group. pathogenicity from this genus is rare
Lactobacillus: rod grampozitivních, fakultativně anaerobních či mikroaerofilních bakterií tyčinkovitého tvaru. tyto organismy se běžně vyskytují v přírodě a jsou také součástí normální flóry dutiny ústní, intestinálního traktu a vaginy mnoha savců včetně člověka. druhy lactobacillus jsou homofermentativní a fermentují široké spektrum sacharidů, často přizpůsobených hostiteli, ale nefermentují pentózy. většina členů byla dříve zařazena do skupiny lactobacillus delbrueckii. zástupci tohoto rodu vykazují patogenicitu pouze ojediněle
Lactobacillus acidophilus: a species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the intestinal tract of humans and animals, the human mouth, and vagina. this organism produces the fermented product, acidophilus milk
Lactobacillus acidophilus: druh grampozitivní, tyčinkovité bakterie izolované z intestinálního traktu člověka a zvířat, z lidské dutiny ústní a z vaginy. používá se pro výrobu acidofilního mléka
Lactobacillus casei: druh grampozitivní, tyčinkovité bakterie izolované z mléka, sýrů, mléčných produktů, mlékárenského prostředí, kvásku, kravského hnoje, ze siláže, z dutiny ústní, obsahu střev, ze stolice a z vaginy člověka. l. casei je kataláza pozitivní
Lactobacillus crispatus: a species of lactobacillus that occurs in the human gastrointestinal tract and the vagina of healthy women. it produces lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide, and is used as a probiotic. it is also used for the treatment and prevention of bacterial vaginosis
Lactobacillus crispatus: druh bakterie rodu lactobacillus, která se vyskytuje v lidském gastrointestinálním traktu a ve vagině zdravých žen. produkuje kyselinu mléčnou a peroxid vodíku. používá se jako probiotikum a pro léčbu a prevenci bakteriální vaginózy
Lactobacillus delbrueckii: a species of gram-positive, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacteria. capable of producing lactic acid. it is important in the manufacture of fermented dairy products
Lactobacillus delbrueckii: druh grampozitivní, tyčinkovité, fakultativně anaerobní bakterie mléčného kvašení. je důležitá při výrobě kysaných mléčných výrobků
Lactobacillus gasseri: a species of lactobacillus that occurs in the human oral mucosa; gastrointestinal tract; and vagina. it produces bacteriocins, can modulate the immune response, and is used as a probiotic
Lactobacillus gasseri: druh bakterie, která se vyskytuje na sliznici dutiny ústní, v gastrointestinálním traktu a ve vagině u člověka. produkuje bakteriociny, je schopna modulovat imunitní odpověď a používá se jako probiotikum
Lactobacillus helveticus: a species of gram-positive bacteria isolated from milk and cheese-starter cultures
Lactobacillus helveticus: druh grampozitivní bakterie izolované z mléka a ze startovacích kultur pro výrobu sýrů
Lactobacillus johnsonii: a species of lactobacillus that occurs in the human gastrointestinal tract and vagina. it produces bacteriocins and hydrogen peroxide and is used as a probiotic
Lactobacillus johnsonii: druh bakterie rodu lactobacillus, která se vyskytuje v lidském gastrointestinálním traktu a ve vagíně žen. produkuje bakteriociny a peroxid vodíku. používá se jako probiotikum
Lactobacillus leichmannii: a species of gram-negative bacteria isolated from milk, cheese, and compressed yeast
Lactobacillus leichmannii: druh gramnegativní bakterie izolované z mléka, sýrů a lisovaných kvasnic
Lactobacillus paracasei: lactobacillus paracasei je grampozitivní druh bakterií mléčného kvašení, které se běžně používá při fermentaci mléčných výrobků a probiotik. lactobacillus paracasei byl identifikován jako bakterie, která má probiotické vlastnosti. je součástí normální lidské střevní mikrobioty
Lactobacillus pentosus: a species of lactobacillus that occurs in fermented foods where its ability to produce lactic acid; anti-infective agents; and bacteriocins make it useful as a food preservation agent. it is also used as a probiotic
Lactobacillus pentosus: druh bakterie rodu lactobacillus, která se vyskytuje ve fermentovaných potravinách. díky schopnosti produkovat kyselinu mléčnou, antiinfekční látky a bakteriociny je tak nástrojem pro konzervaci potravin. používá se také jako probiotikum
Lactobacillus plantarum: a species of rod-shaped, lactic acid bacteria used in probiotics and silage production
Lactobacillus plantarum: druh tyčinkovité bakterie mléčného kvašení, která se používá jako probiotikum a jako inokulant při výrobě siláží
Lactobacillus salivarius: druh bakterie rodu lactobacillus, která se vyskytuje v gastrointestinálním traktu a na sliznici dutiny ústní člověka. tvoří bakteriociny a používá se jako probiotikum
Lactococcus: a genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria mainly isolated from milk and milk products. these bacteria are also found in plants and nonsterile frozen and dry foods. previously thought to be a member of the genus streptococcus (group n), it is now recognized as a separate genus
Lactococcus: rod grampozitivních, kokoidních bakterií izolovaných hlavně z mléka a mléčných výrobků. tyto bakterie se vyskytují také na rostlinách a na nesterilně mražených a sušených potravinách. dříve byly zařazovány do rodu streptococcus (skupiny n)
Lactococcus lactis: a non-pathogenic species of lactococcus found in dairy products and responsible for the souring of milk and the production of lactic acid
Lactococcus lactis: nepatogenní druh bakterie rodu lactococcus, který se vyskytuje v mléčných výrobcích a způsobuje kysnutí mléka. produkuje kyselinu mléčnou
Lactoferrin: an iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. it is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of leukocytes. the n-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the type iii secretion system used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion
Lactones: cyclic esters of hydroxy carboxylic acids, containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure. large cyclic lactones of over a dozen atoms are macrolides
Lactoperoxidase: an enzyme derived from cow's milk. it catalyzes the radioiodination of tyrosine and its derivatives and of peptides containing tyrosine
Lactose: a disaccharide of glucose and galactose in human and cow milk. it is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry
Lactose Factors: plasmids which determine the ability of a bacterium to ferment lactose
Lactose Intolerance: the condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of lactase in the mucosa cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and the inability to break down lactose in milk for absorption. bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (dyspepsia) to severe diarrhea. lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired
Lactose Intolerance, Adult Type: adult lactose intolerance due to reduced lactase activity. it is associated with a variation of the minichromosome maintenance complex component 6 (mcm6) gene. omim: 223100
Lactose Synthase: an enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of galactose from udp galactose to glucose, forming lactose. the enzyme complex is composed of a b subunit, alpha-lactalbumin, which changes the substrate specificity of the a subunit, n-acetyllactosamine synthase, from n-acetylglucosamine to glucose making lactose synthesis the preferred reaction
Lactosylceramides: glycosphingolipids which contain as their polar head group a lactose moiety bound in glycosidic linkage to the hydroxyl group of ceramide. their accumulation in tissue, due to a defect in lactosylceramide beta-galactosidase, is the cause of lactosylceramidosis
Lactoylglutathione Lyase: an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of methylglyoxal and lactate, with glutathione serving as a coenzyme. ec 4.4.1.5
Lactuca: any of the various plants of the genus lactuca, especially l. sativa, cultivated for its edible leaves. (from american heritage dictionary, 2d ed)
Lactulose: a synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. it has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887)
Lafora Disease: a form of stimulus sensitive myoclonic epilepsy inherited as an autosomal recessive condition. the most common presenting feature is a single seizure in the second decade of life. this is followed by progressive myoclonus, myoclonic seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, focal occipital seizures, intellectual decline, and severe motor and coordination impairments. most affected individuals do not live past the age of 25 years. concentric amyloid (lafora) bodies are found in neurons, liver, skin, bone, and muscle (from menkes, textbook of childhood neurology, 5th ed, pp111-110)
Laforova nemoc: myoklonická epilepsie s autozomálně recesivní dědičností (dále demence, slepota aj.). v nervových buňkách se objevují mukopolysacharidové inkluze (laforova tělíska) asi v důsledku enzymového defektu metabolismu polysacharidů. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Lagenidium: a genus of oomycetes in the family lagenidiaceae. one species (l. giganteum) parasitizes the larval stage of mosquitoes and is used in its biological control (pest control, biological); it also causes disease in freshwater fishes
Lagenidium: rod řasovek čeledi lagenidiaceae. druh l. giganteum parazituje na larvách komárů a používá se jako biologický pesticid. také napadá sladkovodní ryby
Lagerstroemia: a plant genus of the family lythraceae. members contain lagertannin and have hypoglycemic effects
Lagerstroemia: rod rostlin čeledi lythraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují lagertanin a mají hypoglykemické účinky
Lagomorpha: an order of small mammals comprising two families, ochotonidae (pikas) and leporidae (rabbits and hares). head and body length ranges from about 125 mm to 750 mm. hares and rabbits have a short tail, and the pikas lack a tail. rabbits are born furless and with both eyes and ears closed. hares are born fully haired with eyes and ears open. all are vegetarians. (from nowak, walker's mammals of the world, 5th ed, p539-41)
Lagomorpha: zajícovci (lagomorpha) jsou řádem savců obsahující dvě čeledi: pišťuchovité (ochotonidae) a zajícovité (leporidae). zajícovci žijí na všech kontinentech kromě antarktidy, do austrálie a na mnohá další místa ale byli zavlečeni člověkem. všechny druhy žijí na zemi a jsou býložravé. druhy z tohoto řádu se nápadně podobají hlodavcům (rodentia). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Lagovirus: a genus of the family caliciviridae, associated with infections in rabbits and hares, responsible for epidemics with high mortality. rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus is the type species
Lagovirus: rod virů čeledi caliciviridae, které způsobují infekce u králíků a zajíců. jsou původci epidemií s vysokou mortalitou. typovým druhem je virus králičího moru
Lakes: inland bodies of still or slowly moving fresh water or salt water, larger than a pond, and supplied by rivers and streams
Lambdapapillomavirus: a genus of dna viruses in the family papillomaviridae, causing mucosal and cutaneous lesions in cats and dogs. canine oral papillomavirus is the type species
Lambdapapillomavirus: rod dna virů čeledi papillomaviridae, které způsobují kožní a slizniční léze u psů a koček. typovým druhem je copv virus
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome: an autoimmune disease characterized by weakness and fatigability of proximal muscles, particularly of the pelvic girdle, lower extremities, trunk, and shoulder girdle. there is relative sparing of extraocular and bulbar muscles. carcinoma, small cell of the lung is a frequently associated condition, although other malignancies and autoimmune diseases may be associated. muscular weakness results from impaired impulse transmission at the neuromuscular junction. presynaptic calcium channel dysfunction leads to a reduced amount of acetylcholine being released in response to stimulation of the nerve. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp 1471)
Lambertův-Eatonův myastenický syndrom: paraneoplastický stav provázející malobuněčný bronchogenní karcinom plic připomínající klinicky myastenii (pseudomyastenie). paraneoplastický syndrom charakterizovaný nervosvalovými poruchami a vegetativní dysfunkcí, svalová slabost, hyporeflexie, ptóza, xerostomie, ortostatická hypotenze, trávicí obtíže aj.. podstatou je vznik autoprotilátek proti iontovým kanálům. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Lamellar Bodies: endolysosomal organelles surrounded by multi-lamellar membrane lipids. they are involved in diverse functions in storage and secretion of cellular lipids. lamellar bodies in the type 2 pneumocytes produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant (e.g., dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine). lamellar bodies in the skin produce and secrete neutral lipids to provide hydrophobic barrier. pathological accumulation of lamellar bodies are also known in lipid storage diseases (e.g.,lcat deficiency; and hermansky-pudlak syndrome)
Lamiaceae: the mint plant family. they are characteristically aromatic, and many of them are cultivated for their oils. most have square stems, opposite leaves, and two-lipped, open-mouthed, tubular corollas (united petals), with five-lobed, bell-like calyxes (united sepals)
Lamiales: an order of the lamiidae clade. lamiales is one of the largest orders of flowering plants and includes pot-herbs in the mint family (mint; sage; oregano; basil); sesame, foxgloves; snapdragons; and the olive family
Lamicel: polyvinyl alcohol foam synthetic sponge (merocel) impregnated with magnesium sulfate; shaped under pressure for cervical dilatation
Lamin B Receptor: a 58 kda membrane protein and delta(14)-sterol reductase that is found in the nuclear envelope. deficiencies of this receptor cause pelger-huet anomaly
Lamin Type A: a subclass of developmentally regulated lamins having a neutral isoelectric point. they are found to disassociate from nuclear membranes during mitosis
Lamin Type B: a subclass of ubiquitously-expressed lamins having an acidic isoelectric point. they are found to remain bound to nuclear membrane during mitosis
Laminaria: a genus of brown algae in the family laminariaceae. dried pencil-like pieces may be inserted in the cervix where they swell as they absorb moisture, serving as osmotic dilators
Laminaria: rod chaluh čeledi laminariaceae. ve světě se používají vysušené tyčinky z těchto řas při mechanické preindukci porodu. využívá se absorpčních vlastností řas
Laminectomy: a surgical procedure that entails removing all (laminectomy) or part (laminotomy) of selected vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the spinal cord and/or spinal nerve roots. vertebral lamina is the thin flattened posterior wall of vertebral arch that forms the vertebral foramen through which pass the spinal cord and nerve roots
Laminin: large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. it is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion
Laminopathies: congenital neuromuscular and muscular dystrophy diseases associated with mutations in the lamin type a (lamin a/c or lmna gene). it includes cardiomyopathy, dilated, 1a; charcot-marie-tooth disease, type 2b1; emery-dreifuss muscular dystrophy, types 2 and 3; hutchinson-gilford progeria syndrome; lipodystrophy, familial partial, type 2; malouf syndrome; mandibuloacral dysplasia; lmna-related muscular dystrophy; restrictive dermopathy, lethal; heart-hand syndrome, slovenian type
Laminoplasty: a surgical procedure performed on selected pairs of vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the spinal cord and which also allows for osteoplastic enlargement of the spinal canal
Lamins: nuclear matrix proteins that are structural components of the nuclear lamina. they are found in most multicellular organisms
Lamivudine: a reverse transcriptase inhibitor and zalcitabine analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. it is used to treat hiv disease
Lamotrigine: a phenyltriazine compound, sodium and calcium channel blocker that is used for the treatment of seizures and bipolar disorder
Lampreys: common name for the only family (petromyzontidae) of eellike fish in the order petromyzontiformes. they are jawless but have a sucking mouth with horny teeth
Lanatosides: glycosides from digitalis lanata leaf. lanatoside c has actions similar to digoxin. mixtures of lanatosides a, b, and c have also been used. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p670)
Lancelets: small fish-like marine creatures often used in phylogenetic comparative studies of chordates
Landau-Kleffner Syndrome: a syndrome characterized by the onset of isolated language dysfunction in otherwise normal children (age of onset 4-7 years) and epileptiform discharges on electroencephalography. seizures, including atypical absence (epilepsy, absence), complex partial (epilepsy, complex partial), and other types may occur. the electroencephalographic abnormalities and seizures tend to resolve by puberty. the language disorder may also resolve although some individuals are left with severe language dysfunction, including aphasia and auditory agnosia. (from menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, pp749-50; j child neurol 1997 nov;12(8):489-495)
Landau-Kleffnerův syndrom: objevuje se obvykle kolem 4.-8. roku, o něco častěji u chlapců. prvním příznakem jsou obtíže porozumět mluvenému slovu (akustická agnózie), postupně se rozpadá řeč postiženého dítěte, které se stává neklidné, hyperaktivní až agresivní. epileptické záchvaty nejsou četné, často přicházejí až po delším období afázie a dominujícím problémem je porucha verbální komunikace. pro diagnostiku lks jsou charakteristické eeg hroty a pomalé vlny s nekonstantním centro-temporálním maximem a s výraznou tendencí ke generalizované kontinuální sw aktivitě v pomalém synchronním spánku.(cit. medicabáze.cz, 2018 http://www.medicabaze.cz)
Landslides: downslope movements of soil and and/or rock resulting from natural phenomena or man made actions. these can be secondary effects of severe storms, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes
Langer-Giedion Syndrome: autosomal dominant disorder characterized by cone-shaped epiphyses in the hands and multiple cartilaginous exostoses. intellectual disability and abnormalities of chromosome 8 are often present. the exostoses in this syndrome appear identical to those of hereditary multiple exostoses (exostoses, hereditary multiple)
Langerhans Cell Sarcoma: rare malignant neoplasm of dendritic langerhans cells exhibiting atypical cytology, frequent mitoses, and aggressive clinical behavior. they can be distinguished from other histiocytic and dendritic proliferations by immunohistochemical and ultrastructure studies. cytologically benign proliferations of langerhans cells are called langerhans cell histiocytosis
Langerhans Cells: recirculating, dendritic, antigen-presenting cells containing characteristic racket-shaped granules (birbeck granules). they are found principally in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis and are rich in class ii major histocompatibility complex molecules. langerhans cells were the first dendritic cell to be described and have been a model of study for other dendritic cells (dcs), especially other migrating dcs such as dermal dcs and interstitial dendritic cells
Langerhansovy buňky: druh buněk prezentujících antigen (apc) při imunitních dějích v organismu (známy např. v kůži). patří k dendritickým buňkám, které jsou zřejmě podobného původu jako makrofágy. obsahují birbeckova granula. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Langerhansovy ostrůvky: langerhansovy ostrůvky - malé ostrůvky buněk s endokrinní funkcí roztroušené uvnitř slinivky břišní, která jich obsahuje cca 1-2 miliony. existují v nich tři typy buněk (alfa, beta, delta, resp. a, b, d). l. o. produkují několik hormonů, zejm. inzulin (beta buňky), glukagon (alfa buňky), somatostatin (delta buňky). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online 2012, http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Langerův-Giedionův syndrom: autozomálně dominantní onemocnění projevující se kuželovitým tvarem epifýz na rukou a četnými chrupavčitými exostózami. často se také vyskytuje mentální postižení a abnormality na chromozomu 8. exostózy v tomto syndromu se jeví shodné s těmi u mnohočetných dědičných exostóz
Langhansovy obrovské buňky: obrovské vícejaderné buňky charakteristické pro některé záněty s tvorbou granulomů. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Language Development: the gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences
Language Development Disorders: conditions characterized by language abilities (comprehension and expression of speech and writing) that are below the expected level for a given age, generally in the absence of an intellectual impairment. these conditions may be associated with deafness; brain diseases; mental disorders; or environmental factors
Language Disorders: conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. these include acquired and developmental disorders
Language Tests: tests designed to assess language behavior and abilities. they include tests of vocabulary, comprehension, grammar and functional use of language, e.g., development sentence scoring, receptive-expressive emergent language scale, parsons language sample, utah test of language development, michigan language inventory and verbal language development scale, illinois test of psycholinguistic abilities, northwestern syntax screening test, peabody picture vocabulary test, ammons full-range picture vocabulary test, and assessment of children's language comprehension
Lanolin: a yellow fat obtained from sheep's wool. it is used as an emollient, cosmetic, and pharmaceutic aid
Lanosterol: a triterpene that derives from the chair-boat-chair-boat folding of 2,3-oxidosqualene. it is metabolized to cholesterol and cucurbitacins
Lansoprazole: a 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of stomach ulcers and zollinger-ellison syndrome. the drug inhibits h(+)-k(+)-exchanging atpase which is found in gastric parietal cells. lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (r)- and (s)-isomers
Lantana: a plant genus of the family verbenaceae. members contain lantadene and other triterpenes
Lantana: rod rostlin čeledi verbenaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují lantaden a další triterpeny
Lanthanoid Series Elements: elements of the lanthanoid series including atomic number 57 (lanthanum) through atomic number 71 (lutetium)
Lanthanum: the prototypical element in the rare earth family of metals. it has the atomic symbol la, atomic number 57, and atomic weight 138.91. lanthanide ion is used in experimental biology as a calcium antagonist; lanthanum oxide improves the optical properties of glass
Laos: a country in southeastern asia, northeast of thailand, west of vietnam. the capital is vientiane
Laos: vnitrozemský stát v jihovýchodní asii na poloostrově zadní indie. jeho sousedy jsou vietnam, kambodža, thajsko, myanmar a čína. hlavním městem je vientiane
Laparoscopes: endoscopes for examining the abdominal and pelvic organs in the peritoneal cavity
Laparoscopy: a procedure in which a laparoscope (laparoscopes) is inserted through a small incision near the navel to examine the abdominal and pelvic organs in the peritoneal cavity. if appropriate, biopsy or surgery can be performed during laparoscopy
Laparotomy: incision into the side of the abdomen between the ribs and pelvis
Lapatinib: a quinazoline derivative that inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor and her2 (receptor, erbb-2) tyrosine kinases. it is used for the treatment of advanced or metastatic breast cancer, where tumors overexpress her2
Large Language Models: computational designs that apply deep learning methods on extremely large data sets as a basis for predicting and constructing natural-sounding text
Large Neutral Amino Acid-Transporter 1: a cd98 antigen light chain that when heterodimerized with cd98 antigen heavy chain (fusion regulatory protein-1 heavy chain) forms a protein that mediates sodium-independent l-type amino acid transport
Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel alpha Subunits: the pore-forming subunits of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. they form tetramers in cell membranes
Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel beta Subunits: the regulatory subunits of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels
Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels: a major class of calcium activated potassium channels whose members are voltage-dependent. maxik channels are activated by either membrane depolarization or an increase in intracellular ca(2+). they are key regulators of calcium and electrical signaling in a variety of tissues
Larix: a plant genus in the family pinaceae, order pinales, class pinopsida, division coniferophyta
Laron Syndrome: an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by short stature, defective growth hormone receptor, and failure to generate insulin-like growth factor i by growth hormone. laron syndrome is not a form of primary pituitary dwarfism (growth hormone deficiency dwarfism) but the result of mutation of the human ghr gene on chromosome 5
Laronův syndrom: autozomálně recesivně dědičná porucha projevující se malým vzrůstem při normální či zvýšené hladině růstového hormonu (defekt receptorů pro růstový hormon či nedostatek somatomedinu). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Larrea: a plant genus of the family zygophyllaceae. it is sometimes called chaparral but that is a generic word which is used with a number of other plants. members contain nordihydroguaiaretic acid
Larrea: rod rostlin čeledi zygophyllaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují kyselinu nordihydroguaiaretovou
Larsen syndrome, dominant type: bilateral dislocation of the knees, pes cavus, cylindrically shaped fingers, and characteristic facies
Larsen syndrome, recessive type: multiple congenital dislocations associated with characteristic facial abnormality
Larva: wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals
Larva Migrans: infections caused by nematode larvae which never develop into the adult stage and migrate through various body tissues. they commonly infect the skin, eyes, and viscera in man. ancylostoma brasiliensis causes cutaneous larva migrans. toxocara causes visceral larva migrans
Larva Migrans, Visceral: a condition produced in man by the prolonged migration of animal nematode larvae in extraintestinal tissues other than skin; characterized by persistent hypereosinophilia, hepatomegaly, and frequently pneumonitis, commonly caused by toxocara canis and toxocara cati
Laryngeal Cartilages: the nine cartilages of the larynx, including the cricoid, thyroid and epiglottic, and two each of arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform
Laryngeal Diseases: pathological processes involving any part of the larynx which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing
Laryngeal Edema: abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the larynx, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions
Laryngeal Masks: a type of oropharyngeal airway that provides an alternative to endotracheal intubation and standard mask anesthesia in certain patients. it is introduced into the hypopharynx to form a seal around the larynx thus permitting spontaneous or positive pressure ventilation without penetration of the larynx or esophagus. it is used in place of a facemask in routine anesthesia. the advantages over standard mask anesthesia are better airway control, minimal anesthetic gas leakage, a secure airway during patient transport to the recovery area, and minimal postoperative problems
Laryngeal Mucosa: the mucous lining of the larynx, consisting of various types of epithelial cells ranging from stratified squamous epithelium in the upper larynx to ciliated columnar epithelium in the rest of the larynx, mucous goblet cells, and glands containing both mucous and serous cells
Laryngeal Muscles: the striated muscle groups which move the larynx as a whole or its parts, such as altering tension of the vocal cords, or size of the slit (rima glottidis)
Laryngeal Neoplasms: cancers or tumors of the larynx or any of its parts: the glottis; epiglottis; laryngeal cartilages; laryngeal muscles; and vocal cords
Laryngeal Nerves: branches of the vagus nerve. the superior laryngeal nerves originate near the nodose ganglion and separate into external branches, which supply motor fibers to the cricothyroid muscles, and internal branches, which carry sensory fibers. the recurrent laryngeal nerve originates more caudally and carries efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid. the laryngeal nerves and their various branches also carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions
Laryngeal cleft: a congenital abnormality characterized by an opening between the larynx and esophagus, allowing aspiration of food and liquids into the lungs. omim: 215800
Laryngeal papillomatosis: papillomatosis (warts) that occur on the larynx as a result of infection by human papilloma virus hpv-6 or hpv-11 infections
Laryngismus: a disorder in which the adductor muscles of the vocal cords exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. laryngismus causes closure of the vocal folds and airflow obstruction during inspiration
Laryngitis: inflammation of the laryngeal mucosa, including the vocal cords. laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to voice disorders such as aphonia and hoarseness
Laryngocele: congenital anomalous dilitation of the laryngeal saccule that may extend internally into the airway or externally through the thyrohyoid membrane
Laryngomalacia: a congenital or acquired condition of underdeveloped or degeneration of cartilage in the larynx. this results in a floppy laryngeal wall making patency difficult to maintain
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux: back flow of gastric contents to the laryngopharynx where it comes in contact with tissues of the upper aerodigestive tract. laryngopharyngeal reflux is an extraesophageal manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux
Laryngoplasty: restoration, reconstruction, or improvement of a defective or damaged larynx
Laryngoscopy: examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the larynx performed with a specially designed endoscope
Laryngostenosis: developmental or acquired stricture or narrowing of the larynx. symptoms of respiratory difficulty depend on the degree of laryngeal narrowing
Larynx: a tubular organ of voice production. it is located in the anterior neck, superior to the trachea and inferior to the tongue and hyoid bone
Larynx, Artificial: a device, activated electronically or by expired pulmonary air, which simulates laryngeal activity and enables a laryngectomized person to speak. examples of the pneumatic mechanical device are the tokyo and van hunen artificial larynges. electronic devices include the western electric electrolarynx, tait oral vibrator, cooper-rand electrolarynx and the ticchioni pipe
Lasalocid: cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. it is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry
Laser Capture Microdissection: techniques using a laser to cut away and harvest a specific cell or cluster of cells from a tissue section while viewing it under the microscope
Laser Coagulation: the use of green light-producing lasers to stop bleeding. the green light is selectively absorbed by hemoglobin, thus triggering blood coagulation
Laser Scanning Cytometry: a scanning microscope-based, cytofluorimetry technique for making fluorescence measurements and topographic analysis on individual cells. lasers are used to excite fluorochromes in labeled cellular specimens. fluorescence is detected in multiple discrete wavelengths and the locational data is processed to quantitatively assess apoptosis; ploidies; cell proliferation; gene expression; protein transport; and other cellular processes
Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging: two-dimensional imaging created from the quantification of the blurring of speckle (randomly varying intensity patterns of light seen after it is scattered through a medium) that occurs spatially or temporally. lsci is used for measuring blood flow in tissues such as the retina, skin, and brain
Laser Therapy: the use of photothermal effects of lasers to coagulate, incise, vaporize, resect, dissect, or resurface tissue
Laser-Doppler Flowmetry: a method of non-invasive, continuous measurement of microcirculation. the technique is based on the values of the doppler effect of low-power laser light scattered randomly by static structures and moving tissue particulates
Laser-Evoked Potentials: somatosensory evoked potentials generated through the application of heat to the skin with a laser. they are often used clinically to assess the function of the central nociceptive system and in diagnosing nociceptive pain
Lasers: an optical source that emits photons in a coherent beam. light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser) is brought about using devices that transform light of varying frequencies into a single intense, nearly nondivergent beam of monochromatic radiation. lasers operate in the infrared, visible, ultraviolet, or x-ray regions of the spectrum
Lasers, Dye: tunable liquid lasers with organic compounds (i.e., dye) which have a strong absorption band, used as the active medium. during emission, the dye has to be optically excited by another light source (e.g., another laser or flash lamp). the range of the emission wavelength may be anywhere from the ultraviolet to the near infrared (i.e., from 180 to 1100nm). these lasers are operated in continuous wave and pulsed modes. (umdns, 2005)
Lasers, Excimer: gas lasers with excited dimers (i.e., excimers) as the active medium. the most commonly used are rare gas monohalides (e.g., argon fluoride, xenon chloride). their principal emission wavelengths are in the ultraviolet range and depend on the monohalide used (e.g., 193 nm for arf, 308 nm for xe cl). these lasers are operated in pulsed and q-switched modes and used in photoablative decomposition involving actual removal of tissue. (umdns, 2005)
Lasers, Gas: lasers in which a gas lasing medium is stimulated to emit light by an electric current or high-frequency oscillator
Lasers, Semiconductor: lasers with a semiconductor diode as the active medium. diode lasers transform electric energy to light using the same principle as a light-emitting diode (led), but with internal reflection capability, thus forming a resonator where a stimulated light can reflect back and forth, allowing only a certain wavelength to be emitted. the emission of a given device is determined by the active compound used (e.g., gallium arsenide crystals doped with aluminum or indium). typical wavelengths are 810, 1,060 and 1,300 nm. (from umdns, 2005)
Lasers, Solid-State: lasers which use a solid, as opposed to a liquid or gas, as the lasing medium. common materials used are crystals, such as yag (yttrium aluminum garnet); alexandrite; and corundum, doped with a rare earth element such as a neodymium; erbium; or holmium. the output is sometimes additionally modified by addition of non-linear optical materials such as potassium titanyl phosphate crystal, which for example is used with neodymium yag lasers to convert the output light to the visible range
Lassa virus: a species of arenavirus, part of the old world arenaviruses (arenaviruses, old world), and the etiologic agent of lassa fever. lassa virus is a common infective agent in humans in west africa. its natural host is the multimammate mouse mastomys natalensis
Latanoprost: a prostaglandin f analog used to treat ocular hypertension in patients with glaucoma
Late Onset Disorders: pathological conditions (disorder, syndrome, or disease) whose signs and symptoms manifest late in the life of an individual
Latency Period, Psychological: the period from about 5 to 7 years to adolescence when there is an apparent cessation of psychosexual development
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults: autoimmune diabetes in adults with slowly progressive pancreatic beta cell failure and the presence of circulating autoantibodies to pancreatic islets cell antigens
Latent Class Analysis: a statistical algorithm used to analyze clusters of observed variables by constructing categorical unobserved or latent segment based on weighted analysis and the average probabilities. such latent classes are used to infer variables whose relationships are not directly observed. in biomedical research, it is often used to categorize data that allows the determination of symptom clusters
Latent TGF-beta Binding Proteins: a family of secreted multidomain proteins that were originally identified by their association with the latent form of transforming growth factors. they interact with a variety of extracellular matrix proteins and may play a role in the regulation of tgb-beta bioavailability
Latent Tuberculosis: the dormant form of tuberculosis where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the sputum despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test
Lateral Internal Sphincterotomy: surgical incision of the internal anal sphincter typically in the treatment of fissure in ano; chronic anal fissure and fecal incontinence
Lateral Ligament, Ankle: lateral ligaments of the ankle joint. it includes inferior tibiofibular ligaments
Lateral Line System: aquatic vertebrate sensory system in fish and amphibians. it is composed of sense organs (canal organs and pit organs) containing neuromasts (mechanoreceptors) that detect water displacement caused by moving objects
Lateral Medullary Syndrome: infarction of the dorsolateral aspect of medulla oblongata in the brain stem. it is caused by occlusion of the vertebral artery and/or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. clinical manifestations vary with the size of infarction, but may include loss of pain and temperature sensation in the ipsilateral face and contralateral body below the chin; ipsilateral horner syndrome; ipsilateral ataxia; dysarthria; vertigo; nausea, hiccup; dysphagia; and vocal cord paralysis. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p801)
Lateral Sinus Thrombosis: formation or presence of a blood clot (thrombus) in the lateral sinuses. this condition is often associated with ear infections (otitis media or mastoiditis) without antibiotic treatment. in developed nations, lateral sinus thrombosis can result from craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; neurosurgical procedures; thrombophilia; and other conditions. clinical features include headache; vertigo; and increased intracranial pressure
Lateral Thalamic Nuclei: a narrow strip of cell groups on the dorsomedial surface of the thalamus. it includes the lateral dorsal nucleus, lateral posterior nucleus, and the pulvinar
Lateral Ventricles: cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of the embryonic neural tube. they are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of monro, through which also the choroid plexuses (choroid plexus) of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle
Latex: a milky, product excreted from the latex canals of a variety of plant species that contain cauotchouc. latex is composed of 25-35% caoutchouc, 60-75% water, 2% protein, 2% resin, 1.5% sugar & 1% ash. rubber is made by the removal of water from latex.(from concise encyclopedia biochemistry and molecular biology, 3rd ed). hevein proteins are responsible for latex hypersensitivity. latexes are used as inert vehicles to carry antibodies or antigens in latex fixation tests
Latex Fixation Tests: passive agglutination tests in which antigen is adsorbed onto latex particles which then clump in the presence of antibody specific for the adsorbed antigen. (from stedman, 26th ed)
Latex Hypersensitivity: allergic reaction to products containing processed natural rubber latex such as rubber gloves, condoms, catheters, dental dams, balloons, and sporting equipment. both t-cell mediated (hypersensitivity, delayed) and ige antibody-mediated (hypersensitivity, immediate) allergic responses are possible. delayed hypersensitivity results from exposure to antioxidants present in the rubber; immediate hypersensitivity results from exposure to a latex protein
Lathyrism: a paralytic condition of the legs caused by ingestion of lathyrogens, especially beta-aminopropionitrile or beta-n-oxalyl amino-l-alanine, which are found in the seeds of plants of the genus lathyrus
Lathyrus: a plant genus in the family fabaceae known for lathyrism poisoning
Lathyrus: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae, jehož zástupci mohou způsobovat latyrismus
Laticauda: a genus of semi-aquatic elapid snake that inhabits coastal waters of the tropical indian and western pacific oceans
Laticauda: rod polovodních hadů z čeledi korálovcovití, kteří žijí v tropických pobřežních vodách indického oceánu a západního tichého oceánu
Latilactobacillus sakei: a species of lactobacillus that occurs in fermented meat and fish. it produces the bacteriocin sakacin p and is used for food preservation and as a probiotic
Latilactobacillus sakei: druh bakterie rodu lactobacillus, která se vyskytuje ve fermentovaném mase a rybách. tvoří bakteriocin sakacin p a používá se pro konzervaci potravin a jako probiotikum
Latin America: the geographic area of mexico, central america, continent of south america and the islands of the caribbean where spanish or other romance language is spoken
Latinská Amerika: zeměpisná oblast mexika, střední ameriky, jižní ameriky a ostrovů v karibiku, kde se mluví španělsky nebo jiným románským jazykem
Lattice corneal dystrophy type 1: a hereditary autosomal dominant form of corneal dystrophy with significant phenotypic variability. it is characterized by polymorphic geographic deposits at bowman's membrane, lattice corneal dystrophy, recurrent corneal ulceration, and mild progressive visual impairment. mutations in the tgfbi gene have been identified. omim: 122200
Latvia: a country located in eastern europe, bordering the baltic sea, between estonia and lithuania. the capital is riga
Laughter: an involuntary expression of merriment and pleasure; it includes the patterned motor responses as well as the inarticulate vocalization
Laundry Service, Hospital: hospital department which administers all activities pertaining to the hospital laundry service
Lauraceae: a family of mainly aromatic evergreen plants in the order laurales. the laurel family includes 2,200 species in 45 genera and from these are derived medicinal extracts, essential oils, camphor and other products
Lauraceae: vavřínovité jsou velká čeleď, zahrnující kolem 50 rodů a 2500-3000 druhů. je to největší čeleď řádu vavřínotvaré a na druhy nejbohatší čeleď nižších dvouděložných rostlin. je rozšířena zejména v tropech celého světa. některé druhy rostou i v mírném pásu, v evropě je to vavřín vznešený ve středomoří. ekonomický význam má zejména avokádo - plody hruškovce přelahodného, skořice ze skořicovníku a bobkový list z vavřínu vznešeného, z kafrovníku lékařského (cinnamomum camphora) se získává kafr. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Laurales: order of flowering plants in the superorder magnolianae. common examples are bay laurel, avocado; sassafras and cinnamon
Laurales: řád nižších dvouděložných rostlin (třída magnoliopsida). všeobecně známými zástupci řádu jsou vavřín (bobkový list), avokádo (hruškovec přelahodný), kašťa (sasafras) a skořicovník
Laurates: salts and esters of the 12-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--lauric acid
Laurence Prosser Rocker syndrome: hirschsprung's disease associated with congenital heart malformation, broad big toes, and ulnar polydactyly; hirschsprung's disease associated with ulnar polydactyly, polysyndactyly of big toes and ventricular septal defect