NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
T-buněčná prolymfocytární leukemie: lymfoidní leukemie vyznačující se hlubokou lymfocytózou s nebo bez lymfadenopatie, hepatosplenomegalie. častá je rychlá progrese a krátké přežití. dříve byl používán název t-buněčná chronická lymfocytární leukémie
T-fágy: soubor sedmi virulentních fágů, které infikují e. coli. fágy t2, t4, t6 a t5 způsobují zánik celého metabolismu bakterie. lytický cyklus fágů t1, t3 a t7 závisí na pokračování bakteriálního metabolismu. fágy t2, t4 a t6 obsahují ve své dna 5-hydroxymethylcytosin místo obvyklého cytosinu
T-lymfocytopenie idiopatická CD4-pozitivní: opakovaný úbytek cd4+ lymfocytů pod 300/µl bez současného výskytu hiv infekce nebo jiné příčiny imunodeficience. vzácný heterogenní syndrom, který patrně není způsobený přenosným agens
T-lymfocyty: druh bílých krvinek ze skupiny lymfocytů. při růstu opouštějí kostní dřeň a migrují do brzlíku, ve kterém dozrávají. obecně se dá říci, že jsou podstatou specifické (získané) buněčné imunity, při níž potírají např. nádorové buňky či buňky napadené viry. dále jsou některé t-lymfocyty schopné účinně regulovat imunitní systém - zejména díky tomu, že vylučují do krve cytokiny. na povrchu t-buněk se nachází mimo jiné tzv. t-buněčný receptor a další markery. existují dva základní druhy, rozlišované na základě cd markerů na povrchu: pomocné t-lymfocyty a cytotoxické t-lymfocyty. oba tyto typy se mohou po proběhnutí primární imunitní odpovědi uchovávat v těle jako paměťové t-lymfocyty. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
T-lymfocyty - podskupiny: klasifikace t-lymfocytů podle strukturní nebo funkční odlišnosti, zejména na pomocné/indukující, supresorové/efektorové a cytotoxické
T-lymfocyty pomocné-indukující: subpopulace cd4+ lymfocytů spolupracujících s dalšími lymfocyty (buď t nebo b) za účelem nastartování různých imunitních funkcí. například pomáhající induktorové t-buňky spolupracují s b-buňkami za tím účelem, aby vyprodukovaly protilátky thymodependentním antigenům a s jinými subpopulacemi t-buněk spustí různé imunitní reakce na buněčné úrovni. r
T-lymfotropní virus primátů 1: druh retrovirů rodu deltaretrovirus, který zahrnuje kmeny různých hostitelských druhů stejného geografického původu. patří sem lidský t-lymfotropní virus 1 a stlv-1
T-lymfotropní virus primátů 2: druh retrovirů rodu deltaretrovirus, který zahrnuje kmeny různých hostitelských druhů stejného geografického původu. patří sem lidský t-lymfotropní virus 2, stlv-2 a stlv-pp
T-lymfotropní virus primátů 3: druh retrovirů rodu deltaretrovirus, který zahrnuje kmeny stlv-3 a htlv-3
T10 A protocol: chemotherapeutic protocol consisting of the above compounds; modified t10 protocol which uses cisplatin instead of methotrexate; used in the postoperative treatment of patients with osteosarcoma who responded poorly to the t10 protocol
T130R2: ionophore copolymer composed of a central ethylenediamine & blocks of hydrophilic polyoxyethylene & hydrophobic polyoxypropylene; have the ability to mediate the influx of sodiumions into cells by exchange diffusion with intracellular potassium
T7 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 7 cpds; used in treatment of osteosarcoma
T89 herbal drug: consists of s. miltiorrhiza and panax notoginseng
TA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma and leukemia
TA-RO CAP: intravaginal contraceptive; active ingredients benzethonium chloride & nonoxynol 9
TAC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in untreated metastatic breast cancer
TAD protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; do not confuse with a protocol sometimes called tad which consists of thioguanine, cytarabine & daunomycin (dat protocol)
TALENs: umělé nukleázy, které štěpí dna v definované vzdálenosti od specifických sekvencí dna rozpoznávaných tal efektory. jsou složeny z endodeoxyribonukleázy fúzované s dna-vazebnými doménami tal efektorů
TAM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma and leukemia
TAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of ovarian neoplasms
TAPA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 4 cpds; used in treatment of myeloblastic leukemia
TARP syndrome: tarps=talipes equinovarus, atrial septal defect, robin sequence, and persistence of left superior vena cava
TATA Box: a conserved a-t rich sequence which is contained in promoters for rna polymerase ii. the segment is seven base pairs long and the nucleotides most commonly found are tataaaa
TATA Box Binding Protein-Like Proteins: a class of proteins related in structure and function to tata-box binding protein that can take the place of tata-box binding protein in the transcription initiation complex. they are found in most multicellular organisms and may be involved in tissue-specific promoter regulation. they bind to dna and interact with tata-binding protein associated factors, however they may lack specificity for the tata-box
TATA box: sedminukleotidová sekvence dna, která se nachází na začátku (v promotorové oblasti) mnoha (u člověka asi u 24%) protein-kódujících genů u jaderných organismů. konsensuální sekvence tata boxu zní tataaaa. tata box je místo vazby tzv. tata vazebného proteinu. ten je součástí transkripčních faktorů, které umožňují spuštění transkripce genu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2021 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factors: factors that associate with tata-box binding protein. many of them are components of transcription factor tfiid
TATA-Box Binding Protein: a general transcription factor that plays a major role in the activation of eukaryotic genes transcribed by rna polymerases. it binds specifically to the tata box promoter element, which lies close to the position of transcription initiation in rna transcribed by rna polymerase ii. although considered a principal component of transcription factor tfiid it also takes part in general transcription factor complexes involved in rna polymerase i and rna polymerase iii transcription
TAVH protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of advanced breast cancer
TBI protein, recombinant: a globular water-soluble four-helix bundle protein; candidate for vaccine against hiv-1; amino acid sequence given in first source
TBV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; use for treatment of early- and intermediate-stage hodgkin's disease
TCAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds and triazinate; used in treatment of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung
TCCSG B-8801 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; has 3 variations (blocks); block1 also contains cytarabine, block2 also contains cytarabine, vincristine & enocytabine. block3 also contains vincristine; used for treatment of b-cell-type lymphoma associated with bloom's syndrome
TCF Transcription Factors: a family of dna-binding proteins that are primarily expressed in t-lymphocytes. they interact with beta catenin and serve as transcriptional activators and repressors in a variety of developmental processes
TCF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of cisplatin, fluorouracil, & docetaxel for the treatment of gastric cancer
TDP-43 Proteinopathies: diseases characterized by the presence of abnormally phosphorylated, ubiquitinated, and cleaved dna-binding protein tdp-43 in affected brain and spinal cord. inclusions of the pathologic protein in neurons and glia, without the presence of amyloid, is the major feature of these conditions, thus making these proteinopathies distinct from most other neurogenerative disorders in which protein misfolding leads to brain amyloidosis. both frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis exhibit this common method of pathogenesis and thus they may represent two extremes of a continuous clinicopathological spectrum of one disease
TEA Domain Transcription Factors: a family of transcription factors that share a conserved tea dna binding domain
TEC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer
TEGAFOX protocol: combination of uracil/ftorafur (uft protocol) plus leucovorin and oxapliplatin as first-line treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer
TEMP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of metastatic breast carcinoma
TERF2IP protein, human: human homolog of rap1 protein, s cerevisiae; refseq nm_018975
TGAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds, reverses cytosine arabinoside resistance in human leukemia lines lacking or expressing p53 protein
TGF-beta Superfamily Proteins: a large family of cell regulatory proteins which are structurally related to transforming growth factor beta. the superfamily is subdivided into at least three related protein families: bone morphogenetic proteins; growth differentiation factors; and transforming growth factors
TGF-beta receptor I. typu: transmembránová serin-threoninová kináza, která tvoří heteromerní komplex s receptory tgf-beta typu ii, který váže tgf-beta a reguluje řadu fyziologických a patologických procesů, včetně zastavení buněčného cyklu, buněčné proliferace, buněčné diferenciace, hojení ran, produkce extracelulární matrix, imunosuprese a onkogeneze
TGF-beta receptor II. typu: transmembránová serin-threoninová kináza, která po navázání na tgf-beta tvoří heteromerní komplex s receptory tgf-beta typu i. tento receptorový komplex reguluje řadu fyziologických a patologických procesů, včetně zastavení buněčného cyklu, buněčné proliferace, buněčné diferenciace, hojení ran, produkce extracelulární matrix, imunosuprese a onkogeneze
THP-1 Cells: a human leukemia monocytic cell line derived from a patient with leukemia, monocytic, acute. it is used as a model to study the function of monocytes and macrophages, their signaling pathways, nutrient and drug transport
THP-1 buňky: lidská leukemická monocytární buněčná linie odvozená z krve pacienta s akutní monocytární leukemií. používá se jako model pro studium funkce monocytů a makrofágů, jejich signálních drah a transportu živin a léčiv
THP-COPBLM regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of piracubicin (doxorubicin/analogs) & other compounds listed; used for the treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
THP-FLPM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of pirarubicin (doxorubicin/analogs), cisplatin, leucovorin, fluorouracil & mitomycin; used in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer
TIC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head & neck
TIP regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of head & neck squamous cell carcinoma
TMAEMC-methyl methacrylate copolymer: ionic polymeric material
TMC regimen: chemotherapy regimen consisting of above cpds for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer
TMM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds used in treatment of metastatic breast cancer
TMM(M)-Si3N4: composite resin for de-amalgam in dentistry
TNCF regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of doxorubicin, vinorelbine, cyclophosphamide & 5-fluorouracil; used in the treatment of breast cancer
TNF Receptor-Associated Death Domain Protein: a 34 kda signal transducing adaptor protein that associates with tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1. it facilitates the recruitment of signaling proteins such as tnf receptor-associated factor 2 and fas associated death domain protein to the receptor complex
TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 1: a signal transducing tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor that is involved in tnf receptor feedback regulation. it is similar in structure and appears to work in conjunction with tnf receptor-associated factor 2 to inhibit apoptosis
TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2: a signal transducing tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor that is involved in tnf receptor feedback regulation. it is similar in structure and appears to work in conjunction with tnf receptor-associated factor 1 to inhibit apoptosis
TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 3: a signal transducing tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor that is involved in regulation of nf-kappa b signaling and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases
TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 4: a widely expressed member of the tnf receptor-associated family that may play a role in neuronal development and embryogenesis. although tnf receptor-associated factor 4 does not strongly associate with tumor necrosis factor receptors it may be a signaling partner with the glucocorticoid-induced tnfr-related protein that plays a role in the activation of jnk mitogen-activated protein kinases and nf-kappa b
TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 5: a signal transducing tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor that mediates signaling from cd27 antigens; cd40 antigens; and the lymphotoxin beta receptor. it is involved in regulation of nf-kappa b signaling
TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6: a signal transducing tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor that is involved in regulation of nf-kappa b signalling and activation of jnk mitogen-activated protein kinases
TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand: a transmembrane-protein belonging to the tnf family of intercellular signaling proteins. it is a widely expressed ligand that activates apoptosis by binding to tnf-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptors. the membrane-bound form of the protein can be cleaved by specific cysteine endopeptidases to form a soluble ligand form
TNF-alfa: sérový glykoprotein produkovaný aktivovanými makrofágy a dalšími savčími mononukleárními leukocyty. má nekrotizující aktivitu proti nádorovým buněčným liniím a zvyšuje schopnost rejekce nádorových transplantátů. známý také jako tnf-alfa, je pouze z 30 % homologní s tnf-beta (lymfotoxinem), ale oba mají společné receptory pro tnf
TNFAIP3: enzym upravující ubikvitin, který funguje jako ubikvitinligáza i jako deubikvitináza. obsahuje několik zinkových prstů a působí v imunitní odpovědi a zánětu tím, že prostřednictvím toll-like receptorů moduluje signály z tnf-alfa, il1-beta nebo od patogenů k ukončení aktivity nf-kappa b
TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases: a serine threonine kinase that controls a wide range of growth-related cellular processes. the protein is referred to as the target of rapamycin due to the discovery that sirolimus (commonly known as rapamycin) forms an inhibitory complex with tacrolimus binding protein 1a that blocks the action of its enzymatic activity
TOR serin-threoninkinasy: serin-treoninkináza, která řídí celou řadu buněčných procesů souvisejících s růstem. tento protein je označován jako cíl pro rapamycin díky objevu, že sirolimus (běžně známý jako rapamycin) tvoří s makrofilinem-12 inhibiční komplex, který blokuje působení enzymatické aktivity této kinázy
TOTAL-XII protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of daily oral 6-mercaptopurine and weekly intravenous or intramuscular methotrexate for 2.5 years interrupted every 6 weeks during the first year with high-dose methotrexate or teniposide plus cytarabine
TPDC-FuHu protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of recurrent metastatic brain tumors
TPDCV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in therapy of malignant glioma in children
TPF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of docetaxel (paclitaxel/analog) & above compounds; used in the treatment of head & neck squamous cell carcinoma
TPFL4 regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting above cpds, given over a period of 4 days; used in treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
TPFL5 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of docetaxel (paclitaxel/analog) & above compounds; used in the treatment of head & neck squamous cell carcinoma
TPH spectrum: consists of mod bisgma, bisema, tegdma, silicates, initiatiors, and stabilizers
TRF2 protein, mouse: a major telomere component in the epigenetic regulation of telomeres
TRPA1 Cation Channel: a highly conserved, non-selective trp cation channel that contains 14-17 ankyrin repeats. it functions in cold sensation and nociception of endogenous inflammatory factors and volatile irritants. trpa1 is also activated by cannabinoids and may play a role in sound perception by hair cells of the inner ear
TRPC Cation Channels: a subgroup of trp cation channels that contain 3-4 ankyrin repeat domains and a conserved c-terminal domain. members are highly expressed in the central nervous system. selectivity for calcium over sodium ranges from 0.5 to 10
TRPC6 Cation Channel: a non-selective, calcium permeant trpc cation channel that contains four ankyrin repeats and is activated by diacylglycerol independently of protein kinase c. it is expressed in placenta, lung, spleen, ovary and the small intestine, as well as by podocytes in the kidney glomerulus. mutations in the trpc6 gene are associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis type 2
TRPM Cation Channels: a subgroup of trp cation channels named after melastatin protein. they have the trp domain but lack ankyrin repeats. enzyme domains in the c-terminus leads to them being called chanzymes
TRPP Cation Channels: a subgroup of trp cation channels that are widely expressed in various cell types. defects are associated with polycystic kidney diseases
TRPV Cation Channels: a subgroup of trp cation channels named after the vanilloid receptor. they are very sensitive to temperature; hot spicy food, and capsaicin. they contain a trp domain (a five-turn amphipathic helix with an invariant tryptophan) and ankyrin repeats. selectivity for calcium over sodium ranges from 3 to 100 fold
TSKgel Tresyl-Toyopearl 650M: chromatography gel prepared by introducing tresyl groups into tskgel toyopearl hw-65
TSKgel heparin-5PW: support for high-performance affinity chromatography
TSOP protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
TVTG protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds, including vinorelbine and gemcitabine, for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
TWEAK Receptor: a receptor for tweak cytokine that is highly expressed by cells in the heart, placenta, and kidney. it plays a role in angiogenesis and the proliferation of endothelial cells; it may also modulate cellular adhesion to the extracellular matrix
TYK2 Kinase: a janus kinase subtype that is involved in signaling from a broad variety of cytokine receptors. the tyk2 kinase is considered the founding member of the janus kinase family and was initially discovered as a signaling partner for the interferon alpha-beta receptor. the kinase has since been shown to signal from several interleukin receptors
Tabebuia: a plant genus of the family bignoniaceae that is a source of lapachol and beta-lapachone
Tabebuia: rod rostlin čeledi bignoniaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují lapachol a beta-lapachon
Tabernaemontana: a plant genus of the family apocynaceae that contains bisindole alkaloids and ibogaine
Tabernaemontana: rod rostlin čeledi apocynaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují bisindolové alkaloidy a ibogain
Tabes Dorsalis: parenchymatous neurosyphilis marked by slowly progressive degeneration of the posterior columns, posterior roots, and ganglia of the spinal cord. the condition tends to present 15 to 20 years after the initial infection and is characterized by lightening-like pains in the lower extremities, urinary incontinence; ataxia; severely impaired position and vibratory sense, abnormal gait (see gait disorders, neurologic), optic atrophy; argyll-robertson pupils, hypotonia, hyperreflexia, and trophic joint degeneration (charcot's joint; see arthropathy, neurogenic). (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p726)
Tablets: solid dosage forms, of varying weight, size, and shape, which may be molded or compressed, and which contain a medicinal substance in pure or diluted form. (dorland, 28th ed)
Tablets, Enteric-Coated: tablets coated with material that delays release of the medication until after they leave the stomach. (dorland, 28th ed)
Taboo: any negative tradition or behavior that is generally regarded as harmful to social welfare and forbidden within a cultural or social group
Tachycardia: abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute for adults. tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia
Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry: abnormally rapid heartbeats caused by reentry of atrial impulse into the dual (fast and slow) pathways of atrioventricular node. the common type involves a blocked atrial impulse in the slow pathway which reenters the fast pathway in a retrograde direction and simultaneously conducts to the atria and the ventricles leading to rapid heart rate of 150-250 beats per minute
Tachycardia, Ectopic Atrial: abnormally rapid heartbeats originating from one or more automatic foci (nonsinus pacemakers) in the heart atrium but away from the sinoatrial node. unlike the reentry mechanism, automatic tachycardia speeds up and slows down gradually. the episode is characterized by a heart rate between 135 to less than 200 beats per minute and lasting 30 seconds or longer
Tachycardia, Ectopic Junctional: a rare form of supraventricular tachycardia caused by automatic, not reentrant, conduction initiated from sites at the atrioventricular junction, but not the atrioventricular node. it usually occurs during myocardial infarction, after heart surgery, or in digitalis intoxication with a heart rate ranging from 140 to 250 beats per minute
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal: abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation
Tachycardia, Reciprocating: abnormally rapid heartbeats caused by reentrant conduction over the accessory pathways between the heart atria and the heart ventricles. the impulse can also travel in the reverse direction, as in some cases, atrial impulses travel to the ventricles over the accessory pathways and back to the atria over the bundle of his and the atrioventricular node
Tachycardia, Sinoatrial Nodal Reentry: abnormally rapid heartbeats caused by reentry circuit in or around the sinoatrial node. it is characterized by sudden onset and offset episodes of tachycardia with a heart rate of 100-150 beats per minute. the p wave is identical to the sinus p wave but with a longer pr interval
Tachycardia, Sinus: simple rapid heartbeats caused by rapid discharge of impulses from the sinoatrial node, usually between 100 and 180 beats/min in adults. it is characterized by a gradual onset and termination. sinus tachycardia is common in infants, young children, and adults during strenuous physical activities
Tachycardia, Supraventricular: a generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the bundle of his
Tachycardia, Ventricular: an abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. it is generated within the ventricle below the bundle of his, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide qrs complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (av dissociation)
Tachyglossidae: an oviparous burrowing mammal of the order monotremata native to australia, tasmania, and new guinea. it has hair mingled with spines on the upper part of the body and is adapted for feeding on ants
Tachykinins: a family of biologically active peptides sharing a common conserved c-terminal sequence, -phe-x-gly-leu-met-nh2, where x is either an aromatic or a branched aliphatic amino acid. members of this family have been found in mammals, amphibians, and mollusks. tachykinins have diverse pharmacological actions in the central nervous system and the cardiovascular, genitourinary, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems, as well as in glandular tissues. this diversity of activity is due to the existence of three or more subtypes of tachykinin receptors
Tachyphylaxis: rapidly decreasing response to a drug or physiologically active agent after administration of a few doses. in immunology, it is the rapid immunization against the effect of toxic doses of an extract or serum by previous injection of small doses. (dorland, 28th ed)
Tacrine: a cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders
Tacrolimus: a macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of t-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro
Tacrolimus Binding Protein 1A: a 12-kda tacrolimus binding protein that is found associated with and may modulate the function of calcium release channels. it is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase which is inhibited by both tacrolimus (commonly called fk506) and sirolimus
Tacrolimus Binding Proteins: a family of immunophilin proteins that bind to the immunosuppressive drugs tacrolimus (also known as fk506) and sirolimus
Tadalafil: a carboline derivative and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor that is used primarily to treat erectile dysfunction; benign prostatic hyperplasia and primary pulmonary hypertension
Taenia: rod tasemnic z čeledi taeniidae s typickým dvojhostitelským cyklem savec-savec. tasemnice rodu taenia patří mezi jedny z nejdelších tasemnic vůbec, tělo dospělce měří od několika desítek centimetrů do několika metrů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Taenia saginata: kosmopolitně rozšířený helmint z čeledi taeniidae. definitivním hostitelem je člověk, mezihostitelem skot. dospělí jedinci se lokalizují v tenkém střevě člověka, kde se živí tráveninou. člověk se nakazí pozřením nedostatečně tepelně upraveného hovězího masa s boubelemi. jedná se o zoonózu. hlavním preventivním opatřením před nákazou člověka je krom tepelné úpravy masa také veterinární prohlídka poráženého skotu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Taenia saginata: species of tapeworm in the genus taenia, that infects cattle. it is acquired by humans through the ingestion of raw or insufficiently cooked beef
Taenia solium: kosmopolitně rozšířený helmint z čeledi taeniidae, jehož dospělí jedinci parazitují v tenkém střevě člověka. mezihostitelem je prase domácí nebo prase divoké. člověk se nakazí konzumací nedostatečně tepelně upraveného vepřového masa či orgánů s cysticerky. přítomnost dospělých tasemnic ve střevě člověka se označuje jako taenióza. člověk může zároveň sloužit jako mezihostitel - larvy v orgánech. v tomto případě se jedná o závažné onemocnění zvané cysticerkóza. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Taenia solium: species of tapeworm in the genus taenia, that infects swine. it is acquired by humans through the ingestion of cured or undercooked pork
Tagetes: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. the common name of marigold is also used for calendula
Tagetes: rod rostlin z čeledi hvězdnicovité (asteraceae)
Tai Ji: one of the martial arts and also a form of meditative exercise using methodically slow circular stretching movements and positions of body balance
Taiga: an ecosystem dominated by coniferous forests including the tree line bordered by tundra to the north and steppe to the south
Taiwan: country in eastern asia, islands bordering the east china sea, philippine sea, south china sea, and taiwan strait, north of the philippines, off the southeastern coast of china. the capital is taipei. the alternate country name is republic of china
Taiwan: země ve východní asii rozkládající se na stejnojmenném ostrově tchaj-wan (dříve nazývaném formosa) a dalších ostrovech u jihovýchodního pobřeží číny. ostrovy sousedí s východočínským mořem, filipínským mořem, jihočínským mořem a tchajwanským průlivem, severně od filipín, u jihovýchodního pobřeží číny. hlavním městem je taipei. ostrovní stát je úředním názvem čínská republika. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Tajikistan: country in central asia, west of china, south of kyrgyzstan. the capital is dushanbe
Takayasu Arteritis: a chronic inflammatory process that affects the aorta and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (brachiocephalic trunk) and carotid arteries. it results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. the pulse in the arm is hard to detect. patients with aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy
Takayasuova arteriitida: vaskulitida postihující aortu a hlavní tepny z ní odstupující, zejm. tepny z oblouku aorty, které zásobují krví hlavu a horní končetiny. postihuje obv. mladší ženy, etiologie je neznámá, vyskytuje se spíše vzácně. onemocnění začíná celkovými příznaky (systémová fáze) s horečkou, únavou, artralgiemi, myalgiemi, nočním pocením, hubnutím apod. v okluzní fázi jsou příznaky související s poruchou prokrvení v daných oblastech. bývají klaudikace horních končetin, bolesti hlavy, závratě, parestezie, poruchy zraku. hypertenze může vést k srdečnímu selhání. při fyzikálním vyšetření jsou šelesty nad velkými tepnami, na tepnách horní končetiny někdy není hmatný puls (tzv. "bezpulsová nemoc"). pro diagnózu je zásadní arteriografie. laboratorní nález je nespecifický s obrazem chronického zánětu (anemie, zrychlená sedimentace). změny lze pozorovat i na očním pozadí. neléčené onemocnění mělo špatnou prognózu. léčebně se podávají kortikoidy, ev. s imunosupresivy, k odstranění stenóz se používá perkutánní angioplastika či bypass. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Takifugu: rod ryb čeledi tetraodontidae (čtverzubcovití), běžně používaný pro vědecký výzkum
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: a transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ecg) t wave inversions. this abnormality is associated with high levels of catecholamines, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress
Talampicillin: an ester of ampicillin which is readily hydrolyzed on absorption to release ampicillin. it is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract resulting in a greater bioavailability of ampicillin than can be achieved with equivalent doses of ampicillin
Talaromyces: a fungal genus in the family trichocomaceae, order eurotiales, characterized by loose hyphal fruiting bodies containing spherical asci. anamorphs include penicillium and paecilomyces
Talaromyces: rod vřeckovýtrusných hub čeledi trichocomaceae, řádu eurotiales. je charakterizovaný hyfálními plodnicemi se sférickými vřecky. k anamorfním formám patří penicillium a paecilomyces
Talc: finely powdered native hydrous magnesium silicate. it is used as a dusting powder, either alone or with starch or boric acid, for medicinal and toilet preparations. it is also an excipient and filler for pills, tablets, and for dusting tablet molds. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Talin: a 235-kda cytoplasmic protein that is also found in platelets. it has been localized to regions of cell-substrate adhesion. it binds to integrins; vinculin; and actins and appears to participate in generating a transmembrane connection between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton
Talipes: deformity in which the foot is misaligned with respect to the talus in the ankle joint. while mostly congenital, as in clubfoot, acquired deformities are included. acquired talipedes are often associated with other foot deformities such as syndactyly and polydactyly
Talipes Cavus: a foot deformity in which the arch of the foot is high and often the heel adducted
Talus: the second largest of the tarsal bones. it articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint
Tamaricaceae: a plant family of the order violales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida
Tamaricaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu violales, podtřídy dilleniidae, třídy magnoliopsida
Tamarindus: rostlinný rod z čeledi fabaceae (bobovité), známý pro své luskovité plody s dužinou nakyslé chuti
Tamoxifen: one of the selective estrogen receptor modulators with tissue-specific activities. tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the endometrium
Tampons, Surgical: plugs or cylinders made of cotton, sponge, or other absorbent material. they are used in surgery to absorb fluids such as blood or drainage
Tamsulosin: a sulfonamide derivative and adrenergic alpha-1 receptor antagonist that is used to relieve symptoms of urinary obstruction caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia
Tamus: původně samostatný rod jednoděložných rostlin z čeledi smldincovitých (dioscoreaceae), od roku 2002 vřazen do rodu dioscorea. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Tanacetum: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. some species of the chrysanthemum and the old pyrethrum genera have been reclassified to this genus. the common name of tansy usually refers to this but also forms part of the common name of other plants such as tansy ragwort (senecio) and tansyaster (haplopappus)
Tanacetum: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae, do kterého byly převedeny druhy rodu pyrethrum a některé druhy rodu chrysanthemum
Tanacetum parthenium: an aromatic perennial plant species that has been used to treat migraines, arthritis, and as a febrifuge. it contains tannins, volatile oils (oils, essential), and sesquiterpene lactones, especially parthenolide
Tanacetum parthenium: středně vysoká, vytrvalá, aromatická rostlina s množstvím drobných květních úborů podobných kopretině. v léčitelství se používá proti horečce, migréně a artritidě, snižuje bolest, rozšiřuje cévy, podporuje trávení. droga obsahuje taniny, silice a seskviterpenické laktony, zejména parthenolid. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Tandem Affinity Purification: a technique used to isolate specific interacting partners of macromolecular complexes that have been assembled with a tagged component (bait) that interacts with other partners in the complex. the interacting bait component is labeled with a dual-affinity tag that allows for capture of the complex by immunoprecipitation, followed by purification of only the partners of the complex interacting with the bait by affinity chromatography
Tandem Mass Spectrometry: a mass spectrometry technique using two (ms/ms) or more mass analyzers. with two in tandem, the precursor ions are mass-selected by a first mass analyzer, and focused into a collision region where they are then fragmented into product ions which are then characterized by a second mass analyzer. a variety of techniques are used to separate the compounds, ionize them, and introduce them to the first mass analyzer. for example, for in gc-ms/ms, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is involved in separating relatively small compounds by gas chromatography prior to injecting them into an ionization chamber for the mass selection
Tandem Repeat Sequences: copies of dna sequences which lie adjacent to each other in the same orientation (direct tandem repeats) or in the opposite direction to each other (inverted tandem repeats)
Tangier Disease: an autosomal recessively inherited disorder caused by mutation of atp-binding cassette transporters involved in cellular cholesterol removal (reverse-cholesterol transport). it is characterized by near absence of alpha-lipoproteins (high-density lipoproteins) in blood. the massive tissue deposition of cholesterol esters results in hepatomegaly; splenomegaly; retinitis pigmentosa; large orange tonsils; and often sensory polyneuropathy. the disorder was first found among inhabitants of tangier island in the chesapeake bay, md
Tankyrases: a group of telomere associated proteins that interact with trf1 protein, contain ankyrin repeats and have poly(adp-ribose) polymerase activity
Tannerella: a genus of anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria in the family tannerellaceae and phylum bacteroidetes. tannerella forsythia, a known species of this genus, is a cause of periodontal diseases and associated with esophageal cancer and bacterial vaginosis
Tannerella: rod anaerobních, gramnegativních bakterií čeledi tannerellaceae a kmene bacteroidetes. tannerella forsythia je známým původcem nemocí parodontu a souvisí s nádory jícnu a bakteriální vaginózou
Tannerella forsythia: a periodontal pathogen which is a gram-negative member of bacteroidetes. it is implicated in periodontitis
Tannerella forsythia: druh gramnegativních bakterií kmene bacteroidetes. tento patogen může způsobovat parodontitidu
Tanning: a process of preserving animal hides by chemical treatment (using vegetable tannins, metallic sulfates, and sulfurized phenol compounds, or syntans) to make them immune to bacterial attack, and subsequent treatments with fats and greases to make them pliable. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 5th ed)
Tannins: polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 mw) for effective cross linking of other compounds (astringents). the two main types are hydrolyzable tannins and condensed tannins. historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin collagen impervious to degradation. the word tannin derives from the celtic word for oak tree which was used for leather processing
Tantalum: a rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol ta. it is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices
Tanzania: a republic in eastern africa, south of uganda and north of mozambique. it was formed in 1964 by a merger of the countries of tanganyika and zanzibar
Tanzanie: stát ve východní africe. na severovýchodě s ní sousedí keňa, na severu uganda, na severozápadě rwanda a burundi, na západě demokratická republika kongo, na jihozápadě zambie a malawi a na jihu mosambik. tanzanie vznikla v roce 1964 sloučením dvou původně nezávislých států: tanganiky, ležící u stejnojmenného jezera, a ostrovního zanzibaru. na území tanzanie se nachází nejvyšší hora afriky kilimandžáro, největší africké jezero - viktoriino, stejně jako nejhlubší jezero kontinentu tanganika. od roku 1996 je hlavním městem dodoma, kde se nachází sídlo prezidenta, parlament a všechna ministerstva. bývalé hlavní město dar es salaam je největším městem v zemi, hlavním přístavem a předním obchodním centrem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Tapentadol: an opioid analgesic, mu opioid receptor agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with diabetic neuropathies
Taq Polymerase: a heat stable dna-directed dna polymerase from the bacteria thermus aquaticus. it is widely used for the amplification of genes through the process of polymerase chain reaction. ec 2.7.7.-
Taq-polymerasa: tepelně stabilní dna- řízená dna-polymeráza z bakterie thermus aquaticus. široce se používá k amplifikaci genů prostřednictvím procesu polymerázové řetězové reakce. ec 2.7.7.-
Tar-Water: a cold infusion of tar in water, formerly regarded as a cure-all. (webster, 3d ed)
Taraxacum: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain chicoric and chlorogenic acids and germacrane- and eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes
Taraxacum: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. zástupci obsahují kyselinu čekankovou a chlorogenovou a seskviterpeny germakranového a eudesmanového typu
Tardigrada: a phylum of microscopic ecdysozoan invertebrates, closely related to arthropods. members exhibit anabiosis and cryptobiosis, dormant states where metabolic activity is reduced or absent, thus making them tolerant to extreme environmental conditions. they are distributed worldwide and most are semi-aquatic
Tardigrada: kmen mikroskopických bezobratlých z oddělení ecdysozoa, blízce příbuzných členovcům. mají schopnost anabiózy a kryptobiózy, kdy se jejich metabolismus snižuje či zastavuje. to jim umožňuje přežít v extrémních podmínkách. vyskytují se kosmopolitně, téměř v každém prostředí
Tardive Dyskinesia: drug-related movement disorder characterized by uncontrollable movements in certain muscles. it is associated with a long-term exposure to certain neuroleptic medications (e.g., metoclopramide)
Targeted Gene Repair: a technique which uses synthetic oligonucleotides to direct the cell's inherent dna repair system to correct a mutation at a specific site in an episome or chromosome
Tarlov Cysts: perineurial cysts commonly found in the sacral region. they arise from the perineurium membrane within the spinal nerve roots. the distinctive feature of the cysts is the presence of spinal nerve root fibers within the cyst wall, or the cyst cavity itself
Tarlovovy cysty: perineurální cysty se běžně vyskytují v sakrální oblasti na úrovni obratlů s1 až s4 (1. až 4. křížový obratel). vznikají uvnitř míšních kořenů z membrány periferních nervů. cysty jsou vyplněny mozkomíšním mokem. méně často se vyskytují v oblasti krční, hrudní či bederní páteře
Tars: viscous materials composed of complex, high-molecular-weight compounds derived from the distillation of petroleum or the destructive distillation of wood or coal. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Tarsal Bones: the seven bones which form the tarsus - namely, calcaneus; talus; cuboid, navicular, and the internal, middle, and external cuneiforms
Tarsal Coalition: congenital, complete or partial fusion of the tarsal bones of the foot. pes planus is usually a feature
Tarsal Joints: the articulations between the various tarsal bones. this does not include the ankle joint which consists of the articulations between the tibia; fibula; and talus
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome: entrapment of the distal branches of the posterior tibial nerve (which divides into the medial plantar, lateral plantar, and calcanial nerves) in the tarsal tunnel, which lies posterior to the internal malleolus and beneath the retinaculum of the flexor muscles of the foot. symptoms include ankle pain radiating into the foot which tends to be aggravated by walking. examination may reveal tinel's sign (radiating pain following nerve percussion) over the tibial nerve at the ankle, weakness and atrophy of the small foot muscles, or loss of sensation in the foot. (from foot ankle 1990;11(1):47-52)
Tarsii: an infraorder (or suborder) of small primates comprised of a single family and genus
Tarsii: infrařád malých primátů zahrnující jednu žijící čeleď, která obsahuje jeden žijící rod
Tarsiidae: jediná žijící čeleď infrařádu tarsii (nártouni) z podřádu haplorrhini (vyšší primáti). zahrnuje jeden žijící rod - tarsius (nártoun). nártouni se vyskytují na jihu sumatry, na borneu, sulawesi a filipínách
Tarsiidae: the single family of primates in the infraorder tarsii, suborder haplorhini. it is comprised of one genus, tarsius, that inhabits southern sumatra, borneo, sulawesi, and the philippines
Tarsus, Animal: the region in the hindlimb of a quadruped, corresponding to the human ankle
Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase: one of several acid phosphatases in humans, other mammals, plants, and a few prokaryotes. the protein fold of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (trap) resembles that of the catalytic domain of plant purple acid phosphatase and other serine/threonine-protein phosphatases that also contain a metallophosphoesterase domain. one gene produces the various forms which include purple acid phosphatases from spleen and other tissues. tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase is a biomarker for pathological states in which it is over-expressed. such conditions include gaucher disease; hodgkin disease; bone resorption; and neoplasm metastasis
Tartrates: derivatives of tartronic acid (the structural formula (cooh)choh(cooh)) including its salts and esters
Tartrazine: an anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain
Tartronates: derivatives of tartronic acid (the structural formula (cooh)choh(cooh)) including its salts and esters
Task Performance and Analysis: the detailed examination of observable activity or behavior associated with the execution or completion of a required function or unit of work
Task Shifting: the rational redistribution of tasks among health workforce teams. world health organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43821
Tasmania: an island south of australia and the smallest state of the commonwealth. its capital is hobart. it was discovered and named van diemen's island in 1642 by abel tasman, a dutch navigator, in honor of the dutch governor-general of the dutch east indian colonies. it was renamed for the discoverer in 1853. in 1803 it was taken over by great britain and was used as a penal colony. it was granted government in 1856 and federated as a state in 1901. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p1190 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, p535)
Tasmánie: tasmánie je australský spolkový stát nacházející se na stejnojmenném ostrově a 334 okolních ostrovech. hlavní a největší město je hobart, které leží na jihovýchodě ostrova u ústí řeky derwent. v roce 1642 zde přistál jako první nizozemský mořeplavec abel tasman (v roce 1855 pojmenován ostrov po něm). populace tasmánských domorodců byla v 19. století vyhlazena. od roku 1856 do roku 1901 byla tasmánie britskou kolonií s vlastní správou. roku 1901 se stala součástí australského společenství. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Taste: the ability to detect chemicals through gustatory receptors in the mouth, including those on the tongue; the palate; the pharynx; and the epiglottis
Taste Buds: small sensory organs which contain gustatory receptor cells, basal cells, and supporting cells. taste buds in humans are found in the epithelia of the tongue, palate, and pharynx. they are innervated by the chorda tympani nerve (a branch of the facial nerve) and the glossopharyngeal nerve
Taste Disorders: conditions characterized by an alteration in gustatory function or perception. taste disorders are frequently associated with olfaction disorders. additional potential etiologies include metabolic diseases; drug toxicity; and taste pathway disorders (e.g., taste bud diseases; facial nerve diseases; glossopharyngeal nerve diseases; and brain stem diseases)
Taste Perception: the process by which the nature and meaning of gustatory stimuli are recognized and interpreted by the brain. the five basic classes of taste perception are salty, sweet, bitter, sour and umami
Taste Threshold: the minimum concentration at which taste sensitivity to a particular substance or food can be perceived
Tatarstan: political subdivision of eastern russia located within europe. it lies between the volga river and the kama river, and extends east to the ural mountains
Tatarstán: jedna z republik ruské federace. nachází se na východě evropy na soutoku řek volhy a kamy v povolžském federálním okruhu s hlavním městem kazaní
Tattoo Removal: procedures to remove a tattoo. they may include laser surgery, excisional surgery, dermabrasion, or application of topical agents
Tattooing: the indelible marking of tissues, primarily skin, by pricking it with needles to imbed various coloring agents. tattooing of the cornea is done to colorize leukoma spots
Tauopathies: neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (tau proteins) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with alzheimer disease; dementia; parkinsonian disorders; progressive supranuclear palsy (supranuclear palsy, progressive); and corticobasal degeneration
Taurine: a conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. it is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids
Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: a bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. it acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. it is used as a cholagogue and choleretic