NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Alouatta caraya: a species of the genus alouatta, family atelidae, inhabiting the forests of south america. although sometimes known as black howler only adult males have black hair and adult females and juveniles are gold in color. closely related a. pigra in central america and a. nigerrima in the amazon are also called black howlers
Alouatta caraya: druh rodu alouatta, čeledi atelidae, žijící v pralesích jižní ameriky. černou srst mají pouze dospělí samci, samice a mláďata mají srst plavou
Alouattinae: a subfamily of atelidae inhabiting the forests of central and south america. the genus alouatta, or howler monkeys, belongs to this subfamily
Alouattinae: podčeleď opic čeledi atelidae (chápanovití), které se vyskytují v lesích střední a jižní ameriky. patří sem jeden žijící rod - alouatta (vřešťan)
Alpha Particles: positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e. equivalent to helium nuclei, which are emitted during disintegration of heavy isotopes. alpha rays have very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability
Alpha Rhythm: brain waves characterized by a relatively high voltage or amplitude and a frequency of 8-13 hz. they constitute the majority of waves recorded by eeg registering the activity of the parietal and occipital lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed with the eyes closed
Alpha-Amanitin: a cyclic octapeptide with a thioether bridge between the cystine and tryptophan. it inhibits rna polymerase ii. poisoning may require liver transplantation
Alpha-Beta T-Cell Lymphopenia with Gamma-Delta T-Cell Expansion, Severe Cytomegalovirus Infection, and Autoimmunity: mutation in rag1
Alpha-Globulins: serum proteins that have the most rapid migration during electrophoresis. this subgroup of globulins is divided into faster and slower alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-globulins
Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO: a dioxygenase that repairs alkylated dna and rna by oxidative demethylation. it has highest activity towards single-stranded rna containing 3-methyluracil, followed by single-stranded dna containing 3-methylthymine and specifically demethylates n(6)-methyladenosine (m6a) rna, the most common internal modification of messenger rna (mrna) in higher eukaryotes. it contributes to the regulation of the global metabolic rate, energy homeostasis, as well as body fat accumulation by regulating the differentiation of adipocytes into brown fat cells or white fat cells
Alphacoronavirus: a genus of the family coronaviridae which causes respiratory or gastrointestinal disease in a variety of mammals. human alphacoronaviruses include human coronavirus 229e and nl63. all members share the identical core transcription regulatory sequences of 5'-cuaaac-3' and most have 1 to 2 orfs downstream to the n protein gene
Alphacoronavirus: rod virů čeledi coronaviridae, které způsobují respirační nebo gastrointestinální onemocnění u řady savců. k lidským alfakoronavirům patří lidské alfakoronaviry 229e a nl63. všichni zástupci mají shodné jaderné transkripční regulační sekvence 5'-cuaaac-3' a většina má 1 až 2 otevřené čtecí rámce na 3'-konci u genu pro protein n
Alphacoronavirus 1: the type species of alphacoronavirus genus causing gastroenteritis, peritonitis and respiratory diseases in dogs, cats and swine. previously separate species transmissible gastroenteritis virus; porcine respiratory coronavirus; canine coronavirus and feline coronavirus merged into this species on the basis of similar genome nucleotide sequence and genome organization
Alphacoronavirus 1: typový druh viru rodu alphacoronavirus, který způsobuje gastroenteritidu, peritonitidu a respirační onemocnění u psů, koček a prasat. do tohoto druhu byly na základě podobnosti genomů sloučeny dříve samostatné druhy: virus přenosné gastroenteritidy prasat, respirační koronavirus prasat, koronavirus psů a koronavirus koček
Alphaherpesvirinae: a subfamily of herpesviridae characterized by a short replication cycle. the genera include: simplexvirus; varicellovirus; marek's disease-like viruses; and iltovirus
Alphaherpesvirinae: podčeleď virů čeledi herpesviridae charakterizovaná krátkým replikačním cyklem. obsahuje rody simplexvirus, varicellovirus, mardivirus a iltovirus
Alphainfluenzavirus: a genus in the family orthomyxoviridae causing influenza and other diseases in humans and animals. it contains many strains as well as antigenic subtypes of the integral membrane proteins hemagglutinin (viral hemagglutinins) and neuraminidase. the type species is influenza a virus
Alphainfluenzavirus: rod virů čeledi orthomyxoviridae, které způsobují chřipku a jiná onemocnění u lidí a zvířat. zahrnuje mnoho druhů a také antigenních subtypů rozlišených podle rozdílných antigenních vlastností integrálních membránových proteinů hemaglutininu a neuraminidázy. typovým druhem je virus chřipky a
Alphapapillomavirus: a genus of dna viruses in the family papillomaviridae. they preferentially infect the anogenital and oral mucosa in humans and primates, causing both malignant and benign neoplasms. cutaneous lesions are also seen
Alphapapillomavirus: rod dna virů čeledi papillomaviridae. přednostně infikují anogenitální a orální sliznici lidí a primátů. způsobují jak maligní, tak benigní nádory a také kožní léze
Alphaprodine: an opioid analgesic chemically related to and with an action resembling that of meperidine, but more rapid in onset and of shorter duration. it has been used in obstetrics, as pre-operative medication, for minor surgical procedures, and for dental procedures. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1067)
Alphaproteobacteria: a class in the phylum proteobacteria comprised mostly of two major phenotypes: purple non-sulfur bacteria and aerobic bacteriochlorophyll-containing bacteria
Alphaproteobacteria: třída bakterií kmene proteobacteria, kam patří organismy dvou základních fenotypů: purpurové nesirné bakterie a aerobní bakterie obsahující bakteriochlorofyl
Alpharetrovirus: a genus of the family retroviridae with type c morphology, that causes malignant and other diseases in wild birds and domestic fowl
Alpharetrovirus: rod virů z čeledi retroviridae s morfologií typu c, který způsobuje maligní a jiná onemocnění u volně žijících ptáků a domácí drůbeže
Alphavirus: a genus of togaviridae, also known as group a arboviruses. they are serologically related to each other and are transmitted by mosquitoes. the type species is the sindbis virus
Alphavirus: rod virů čeledi togaviridae, který je také známý jako arboviry skupiny a. tyto viry jsou vzájemně sérologicky příbuzné. vektorem (přenašečem) jsou komáři. typovým druhem je virus sindbis
Alphavirus Infections: virus diseases caused by members of the alphavirus genus of the family togaviridae
Alpinia: a plant genus of the family zingiberaceae. members contain galangin, yakuchinone-a, and diarylheptanoids
Alpinia oxyphylla fruit extract: alpinia oxyphylla (korean name: ik-ji-in) dried fruit extract is from the zingiberacease tree
Alprazolam: a triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of panic disorders, with or without agoraphobia, and in generalized anxiety disorders. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1994, p238)
Alprenolol: one of the adrenergic beta-antagonists used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent
Alsing syndrome: atypical macular coloboma, familial juvenile nephronophthisis and skeletal abnormality
Alstonia: a plant genus of the family apocynaceae. members contain echitovenidine, echitamine, venenatine (an indole alkaloid), and anti-inflammatory triterpenoids
Alstonia: rod rostlin čeledi apocynaceae (toješťovité), jehož zástupci obsahují echitovenidin, echitamin, venenatin (indolový alkaloid) a protizánětlivé triterpenoidy
Alstroemeria: a plant genus of the family alstroemeriaceae. members contain allergens, tuliposide a and tulipalin a
Alstroemeria: rod rostlin čeledi alstroemeriaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují alergeny tuliposid a a tulipalin a
Alstrom Syndrome: rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by multiple organ dysfunction. the key clinical features include retinal degeneration (nystagmus, pathologic; retinitis pigmentosa; and eventual blindness), childhood obesity, sensorineural hearing loss, and normal mental development. endocrinologic complications include type 2 diabetes mellitus; hyperinsulinemia; acanthosis nigricans; hypothyroidism; and progressive renal and hepatic failures. the disease is caused by mutations in the alms1 gene
Alströmův syndrom: autozomálně recesivní porucha projevující se dětskou obezitou, hluchotou, mužským primárním hypogonadismem rezistentním na gonadotropiny, atypická retinitis pigmentosa může přejít do slepoty, alopecie a acanthosis nigricans, může se objevit inzulin-rezistentní diabetes a renální poruchy. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Alternaria: a mitosporic loculoascomycetes fungal genus including several plant pathogens and at least one species which produces a highly phytotoxic antibiotic. its teleomorph is lewia
Alternaria: rod mitosporických hub zahrnující několik parazitů rostlin a alespoň jeden druh, který tvoří vysoce toxické antibiotikum. jeho teleomorfou je lewia
Alternating hemiplegia of childhood: a rare syndrome characterized by episodes of hemiplegia or quadriplegia that can last from minutes to days. most cases are accompanied by dystonia, choreoathetoid movements, nystagmus, other ocular motor abnormalities, autonomic disturbances, and progressive cognitive impairment. it may mimic or overlap with other disorders, such as familial hemiplegic migraine and glut1 deficiency syndrome. germline mutations in the atp1a2 gene have been identified. omim: 104290
Alternative Splicing: a process whereby multiple rna transcripts are generated from a single gene. alternative splicing involves the splicing together of other possible sets of exons during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form a mature rna. the alternative forms of mature messenger rna produce protein isoforms in which one part of the isoforms is common while the other parts are different
Alteromonadaceae: a family of marine, gram-negative proteobacteria including the genera alteromonas; colwellia; idiomarina; marinobacter; moritella; pseudoalteromonas; and shewanella
Alteromonadaceae: čeleď gramnegativních mořských bakterií kmene proteobacteria
Alteromonas: a genus of gram-negative, straight or curved rods which are motile by means of a single, polar flagellum. members of this genus are found in coastal waters and the open ocean. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Alteromonas: rod gramnegativních bakterií tvaru rovných nebo zakřivených tyčinek. pohybují se pomocí jednoho polárního bičíku. vyskytují se v pobřežních vodách i v otevřených oceánech
Althaea: a plant genus of the family malvaceae known for mucilaginous roots. the common names of hollyhock and mallow are also used for other genera of malvaceae
Althaea: rod rostlin čeledi malvaceae. kořeny rostlin obsahují slizové látky
Altitude: a vertical distance measured from a known level on the surface of a planet or other celestial body
Altmetrics: non-traditional journal impact measures that include tracking of downloads; mentions in social media, news reports, blogs, and online encyclopedias; links in bookmarking services and online reference managers; and crowd-based reviews
Altretamine: a hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine
Alu Elements: the alu sequence family (named for the restriction endonuclease cleavage enzyme alu i) is the most highly repeated interspersed repeat element in humans (over a million copies). it is derived from the 7sl rna component of the signal recognition particle and contains an rna polymerase iii promoter. transposition of this element into coding and regulatory regions of genes is responsible for many heritable diseases
Alum Compounds: aluminum metal sulfate compounds used medically as astringents and for many industrial purposes. they are used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of ulcerative stomatitis, leukorrhea, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, metritis, and minor wounds
Aluminum: a metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol al, and atomic weight 26.98
Aluminum Chloride: a compound with the chemical formula alcl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of hyperhydrosis
Aluminum Hydroxide: a compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc
Aluminum Oxide: an oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. it is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories
Aluminum Silicates: any of the numerous types of clay which contain varying proportions of al2o3 and sio2. they are made synthetically by heating aluminum fluoride at 1000-2000 degrees c with silica and water vapor. (from hawley's condensed chemical dictionary, 11th ed)
Alveolar Bone Grafting: surgical procedure to add bone to the alveolar ridge in children born with a cleft lip and a cleft palate
Alveolar Bone Loss: resorption or wasting of the tooth-supporting bone (alveolar process) in the maxilla or mandible
Alveolar Epithelial Cells: epithelial cells that line the pulmonary alveoli
Alveolar Process: the thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth
Alveolar Ridge Augmentation: preprosthetic surgery involving rib, cartilage, or iliac crest bone grafts, usually autologous, or synthetic implants for rebuilding the alveolar ridge
Alveolar capillary dysplasia: a disorder characterized histologically by failure of formation and ingrowth of alveolar capillaries that then do not make contact with alveolar epithelium, medial muscular thickening of small pulmonary arterioles with muscularization of the intraacinar arterioles, thickened alveolar walls, and anomalously situated pulmonary veins running alongside pulmonary arterioles and sharing the same adventitial tissue sheath. mutations in the foxf1 gene have been identified in sporadic cases. omim: 265380
Alveolar echinococcosis: helminth infection caused by echinococcus multilocularis that forms parasitic tumors in the liver (echinococcosis, hepatic) primarily but also in the lungs, brain, and other organs
Alveolata: a group of three related eukaryotic phyla whose members possess an alveolar membrane system, consisting of flattened membrane-bound sacs lying beneath the outer cell membrane
Alveolata: skupina tří příbuzných eukaryotických kmenů, jejichž členové mají alveolární membránový systém, skládající se ze zploštělých vakuol vázaných na membránu, ležící pod vnější buněčnou membránou
Alveolectomy: subtotal or complete excision of the alveolar process of the maxilla or mandible. (dorland, 28th ed)
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic: a common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of pulmonary alveoli after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. the disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis
Alveoloplasty: conservative contouring of the alveolar process, in preparation for immediate or future denture construction. (dorland, 28th ed)
Alzheimer Disease: a degenerative disease of the brain characterized by the insidious onset of dementia. impairment of memory, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe apraxias and a global loss of cognitive abilities. the condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of senile plaques; neurofibrillary tangles; and neuropil threads. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)
Alzheimer Disease, Familial, 3, with Spastic Paraparesis and Unusual Plaques: mutation in psen1
Alzheimerova nemoc: choroba mozku, nejčastější příčina demence. patří do skupiny atroficko-degenerativních chorob. některé formy mají familiární výskyt. presenilní forma začíná do před 65. rokem, senilní forma po této hranici. postižena je zejm. cholinergní transmise z oblasti bazálních částí mozku do kůry a hipokampu významného pro paměť, postiženy jsou i neurony produkující crf či somatostatin. morfologicky jsou změny v neuronech tzv. tangles, popř. lewyho tělíska a extracelulárně neuritické senilní plaky s prokázanou depozicí amyloidu, kongofilní angiopatie. je patrno rozšíření komorového systému, atrofie hipokampů. příčina není známá, jsou popsány mutace některých genů zvyšující riziko vzniku nemoci mj. apolipoprotein e4. v klinickém obrazu je přítomna porucha paměti, kognitivní poruchy typu afázie, apraxie, agnozie, poruchy výkonných funkcí, orientace, citů, motivace. dochází k výraznému narušení fungování postižené osoby v zaměstnání, sociální sféře, k výraznému postižení osobnosti i v estetické a etické sféře s egocentrismem. postupně dochází k rozvratu osobnosti, inkontinenci, upoutání na lůžku a úmrtí obv. na interkurentní choroby. nemoc trvá několik let, rychleji probíhá u familiární a presenilní formy. diferenciálně diagnosticky je patrný postupný začátek s pomalým, ale plynulým zhoršováním; je nutné vyloučit jinou příčinu tohoto stavu. léčba je obtížná, nověji se popisují určité pozitivní výsledky zpomalení progrese u časnějších forem. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2014 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Alžírsko: země v severní africe na pobřeží středozemního moře, mezi marokem na západě a tuniskem na východě. asi tři čtvrtiny rozlohy země zabírá v jižní části poušť sahara. hlavní městem je alžír
Amacrine Cells: interneurons of the vertebrate retina. they integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the retinal ganglion cells, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer
Amanita: a genus of fungi of the family agaricaceae, order agaricales; most species are poisonous
Amanita: rod stopkovýtrusých hub čeledi agaricaceae, řádu agaricales. většina druhů je jedovatých
Amanitins: cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. they are potent inhibitors of rna polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mrna and protein synthesis. these peptides are important in the study of transcription. alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals
Amantadine: an antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza a. it is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. the mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake
Amaranth Dye: a sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. it was banned by the fda in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Amaranthaceae: a family of flowering plants in the order caryophyllales, with about 60 genera and more than 800 species of plants, with a few shrubs, trees, and vines. the leaves usually have nonindented edges
Amaranthaceae: obsáhlá čeleď rostlin řádu caryophyllales, podtřídy caryophyllidae, třídy magnoliopsida. rostliny čeledi laskavcovitých jsou byliny, řidčeji keře nebo polokeře, jen ojediněle stromy nebo liány s koncentrickými cévními svazky. některé jsou nitrofilní, halofilní, heliofilní nebo sukulentní rostliny. okraje listů mají celistvé nebo hrubě zubaté. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Amaranthus: a plant genus, in the family amaranthaceae, best known as a source of high-protein grain crops and of red dye no. 2 (amaranth dye). tumbleweed sometimes refers to amaranthus but more often refers to salsola
Amaryllidaceae: a family of herbaceous plants with bulbs or rhizomes in the order asparagales
Amaryllidaceae: čeleď bylin s hlízami nebo oddenky řádu asparagales (chřestotvaré)
Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids: alkaloids derived from tyramine combined with 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde via a norbelladine pathway, including galantamine, lycorine and crinine. they are found in the amaryllidaceae plant family
Amastia: absence of breasts (amastia) or mammary glands (amazia). omim: 113700
Amaurosis Fugax: transient complete or partial monocular blindness due to retinal ischemia. this may be caused by emboli from the carotid artery (usually in association with carotid stenosis) and other locations that enter the central retinal artery. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p245)
Amazona: amazoňan (amazona) je rod papouškovitých ptáků střední velikosti. vyskytují se od mexika po jižní ameriku a také v karibiku. mnoho z podřazených druhů je oblíbených jako domácí mazlíčci. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Amazona: one of the largest genera of parrots, ranging from south american to northern mexico. many species are commonly kept as house pets
Ambenonium Chloride: a quaternary ammonium compound that is an inhibitor of cholinesterase activity with actions similar to those of neostigmine, but of longer duration. ambenonium is given by mouth in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1112)
Amber: a yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern germany. it is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber
Amberchrom CG161 M: a rigid, hydrophobic resin, highly cross-linked microreticular adsorbent polymer
Ambergris: a gray substance found in the gastrointestinal tract of the sperm whale
Amberlite IR-120: polystyrene sulphonate type of cation exchanger
Amberlite XAD-2 resin: styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer
Ambersorb XE-344 resin: resin produced by rohm and haas having adsorptive capability between the amberlite xad-4 resins and activated charcoal
Ambient Intelligence: an emerging paradigm in which people are empowered through intelligent (digital) tools embedded in the surrounding environment. these tools proactively support human existence by being sensitive, adaptive, and responsive to the needs, habits, gestures, and emotions of individuals
Amblycera: a suborder of chewing lice, in the order phthiraptera, that are ectoparasites of poultry and some mammals
Amblycera: podřád všenek řádu phthiraptera. jsou ektoparazité drůbeže a některých savců
Amblyomma: a genus of hardbacked ticks, in the family ixodidae. it includes the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum, and the gulf coast tick, amblyomma maculatum, in the americas. amblyomma americanum is the primary vector of ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia ewingii which cause ehrlichiosis. other amblyomma-associated diseases include tularemia and rickettsiosis
Amblyomma: rod klíšťat čeledi ixodidae. patří sem klíště americké a klíště skvrnité žijící v americe. klíště americké je primárním vektorem bakterií ehrlichia chaffeensis a ehrlichia ewingii, které způsobují ehrlichiózu. dalšími infekcemi spojenými s rodem amblyomma jsou tularemie a rickettsiové infekce
Amblyopia: a nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. a discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. strabismus and refractive errors may cause this condition. toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the optic nerve which is associated with alcoholism, tobacco smoking, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications
Amblyospora: a genus of fungi, in the family amblyosporidae, which is a parasite of mosquitoes
Amblyospora: rod mikrosporidií čeledi amblyosporidae, které parazitují v buňkách komárů
Ambrosia: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. the pollen is one cause of hayfever
Ambrosia: rod rostlin z čeledi hvězdnicovitých (asteraceae), jejich pyl způsobuje sezónní alergickou rýmu
Ambroxol: a metabolite of bromhexine that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. it is usually administered as the hydrochloride
Ambulance Diversion: the practice of redirecting ambulances and patients seeking urgent care from one emergency department to others for various reasons such as overcrowding and shortage of skilled staff
Ambulatory Care: health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. the services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility
Ambulatory Care Facilities: those facilities which administer health services to individuals who do not require hospitalization or institutionalization
Ambulatory Care Information Systems: information systems, usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling administrative activities associated with the provision and utilization of ambulatory care services and facilities
Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions: various health conditions in outpatient care settings for which adequate management, treatment and interventions delivered in the ambulatory care setting could potentially prevent hospitalization
Ambulatory Surgical Procedures: surgery performed on an outpatient basis. it may be hospital-based or performed in an office or surgicenter
Ambystoma: a genus of the ambystomatidae family. the best known species are the axolotl ambystoma mexicanum and the closely related tiger salamander ambystoma tigrinum. they may retain gills and remain aquatic without developing all of the adult characteristics. however, under proper changes in the environment they metamorphose
Ambystoma: rod čeledi ambystomatidae. nejznámějšími druhy jsou axolotli ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl mexický) a blízce příbuzný ambystoma tigrinum (axolotl tygrovaný). mohou zůstávat v larválním stadiu ve vodním prostředí, za určitých změn prostředí se promění v dospělce
Ambystoma mexicanum: a salamander found in mexican mountain lakes and accounting for about 30 percent of the urodeles used in research. the axolotl remains in larval form throughout its life, a phenomenon known as neoteny
Ambystoma mexicanum: mlok žijící v mexických horských jezerech. asi 30% mloků používaných ve výzkumu tvoří příslušníci tohoto druhu. zachovává po celý život larvální stadium, ve kterém je schopný se rozmnožovat (tzv. neotenie)
Ambystomatidae: a family of the class caudata which includes 4 living genera, about 33 species, and occurs only in north america. adults are usually terrestrial, but the larval forms are aquatic
Ambystomatidae: čeleď třídy urodela zahrnující 4 žijící rody (asi 33 druhů). vyskytuje se pouze v severní americe. dospělci jsou většinou suchozemští, ale larvální formy žijí ve vodě
Amdinocillin: an amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action
Amdinocillin Pivoxil: pivaloyloxymethyl ester of amdinocillin that is well absorbed orally, but broken down to amdinocillin in the intestinal mucosa. it is active against gram-negative organisms and used as for amdinocillin
Amdovirus: a genus in the subfamily parvovirinae consisting of a single species aleutian mink disease virus
Amdovirus: rod virů podčeledi parvovirinae obsahující jeden druh - virus aleutské choroby norků
Amebiasis: infection with any of various amebae. it is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur
Amebicides: agents which are destructive to amebae, especially the parasitic species causing amebiasis in man and animal
Ameloblastoma: an immature epithelial tumor of the jaw originating from the epithelial rests of malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the enamel from the developmental period. it is a slowly growing tumor, usually benign, but displays a marked propensity for invasive growth
Ameloblasts: cylindrical epithelial cells in the innermost layer of the enamel organ. their functions include contribution to the development of the dentinoenamel junction by the deposition of a layer of the matrix, thus producing the foundation for the prisms (the structural units of the dental enamel), and production of the matrix for the enamel prisms and interprismatic substance. (from jablonski's dictionary of dentistry, 1992)
Amelogenesis: the elaboration of dental enamel by ameloblasts, beginning with its participation in the formation of the dentino-enamel junction to the production of the matrix for the enamel prisms and interprismatic substance. (jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992)
Amelogenesis Imperfecta: a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of hereditary conditions characterized by malformed dental enamel, usually involving dental enamel hypoplasia and/or tooth hypomineralization
Amelogenesis Imperfecta, Hypomaturation Type, Iia3: mutations in wdr72
Amelogenesis Imperfecta, Hypomaturation Type, with Snow-Capped Teeth: mutation in amelogenin
Amelogenin: a major dental enamel-forming protein found in mammals. in humans the protein is encoded by genes found on both the x chromosome and the y chromosome
American Civil War: 1861-1865 conflict between the union (northern states) and the 11 southern states that seceded and were organized as the confederate states of america
American Indian or Alaska Native: a person having origins in any of the original peoples of north, south and central americas, and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment (https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1997/10/30/97-28653/revisions-to-the-standards-for-the-classification-of-federal-data-on-race-and-ethnicity). in the united states it is used for classification of federal government data on race and ethnicity. race and ethnicity terms are self-identified social construct and may include terms outdated and offensive in mesh to assist users who are interested in retrieving comprehensive search results for studies such as in longitudinal studies
American Public Health Association: professional organization concerned with issues affecting personal and environmental health, including federal and state funding for health programs, programs related to chronic and infectious diseases, and professional education in public health
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act: public law no: 111-5, enacted february 2009, makes supplemental appropriations for job preservation and creation, infrastructure investment, energy efficiency and science, assistance to the unemployed, and state and local fiscal stabilization, for fiscal year ending september 30, 2009
American Revolution: armed conflict that resulted in separation of american colonies from britain and established the united states of america
American Samoa: a group of islands of samoa, in the southwest central pacific. its capital is pago pago. the islands were ruled by native chiefs until about 1869. an object of american interest beginning in 1839, pago pago and trading and extraterritorial rights were granted to the united states in 1878. the united states, germany, and england administered the islands jointly 1889-99, but in 1899 they were granted to the united states by treaty. the department of the interior has administered american samoa since 1951. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p44)
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association: a professional society concerned with the diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and remediation of speech, language, and hearing disorders
Americium: a completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol am, and atomic number 95. its valence can range from +3 to +6. because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. it is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy
Americká Samoa: nezačleněné území spojených států amerických nacházející se v jižním tichém oceánu jihovýchodně od samoy. americká samoa se rozkládá na 5 ostrovech a dvou korálových atolech v souostroví samojských ostrovů. hlavním městem je pago pago, avšak úřad vlády se nachází ve fagatogu. obě města se nacházejí na největším ostrově tutuila. americká samoa je nejjižnější položené území spojených států. obyvatel je cca 65 000. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Americká asociace audiologů a foniatrů: odborná společnost zabývající se diagnostikou, prevencí, léčbou a nápravou poruch řeči, jazyka a sluchu
Americká asociace sester: odborná společnost zastupující oblast ošetřovatelství
Americká kardiologická asociace: nezávislá organizace zajímající se o prevenci a léčbu srdečních a vaskulárních nemocí
Americká lékařská asociace: odborná společnost zastupující oblast lékařství
Americká onkologická společnost: nezávislá organizace zajímající se o prevenci a léčbu rakoviny pomocí vzdělávání a výzkumu
Americká stomatologická asociace: odborná společnost zastupující obor zubního lékařství
Americké Panenské ostrovy: souostroví v malých antilách v karibském moři, které je nezačleněným územím spojených států amerických. souostroví je geograficky součástí panenských ostrovů a tvoří ho tři hlavní ostrovy: svatý tomáš, svatý jan, saint croix a přibližně 50 menších ostrovů se subtropickým podnebím. v roce 1917 je spojené státy odkoupily od dánska. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Amerika: amerika je souvislá pevnina na zemi, která se skládá ze tří patrných částí - severní ameriky, střední ameriky a jižní ameriky. severní a jižní amerika jsou považovány za dva samostatné kontinenty, zatímco střední amerika je považována za součást kontinentu severní ameriky. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Američané asijského původu: osoby žijící ve spojených státech, které pocházejí z kterékoli skupiny původního obyvatelstva dálného východu, jihovýchodní asie nebo indického subkontinentu
Američané mexického původu: osoby mexického původu žijící ve spojených státech
Amide Synthases: enzymes that catalyze the joining of either ammonia or an amide with another molecule, in which the linkage is in the form of a carbon-nitrogen bond. ec 6.3.1
Amides: organic compounds containing the -co-nh2 radical. amides are derived from acids by replacement of -oh by -nh2 or from ammonia by the replacement of h by an acyl group. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Amidine-Lyases: these enzymes catalyze the elimination of ammonia from amidines with the formation of a double bond. ec 4.3.2
Amidines: derivatives of oxoacids rne(=o)oh in which the hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group and the oxo group is replaced by =nr. amidines include carboxamidines, sulfinamidines and phosphinamidines
Amidinotransferases: enzymes of a subclass of transferases that catalyze the transfer of an amidino group from donor to acceptor. ec 2.1.4
Amido Black: a dye used to stain proteins in electrophoretic techniques. it is used interchangeably with its acid form
Amidohydrolases: any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of amide bonds and result in the addition of water to the resulting molecules
Amidophosphoribosyltransferase: an enzyme, involved in the early steps of purine nucleotide biosynthesis, that catalyzes the formation of 5-phosphoribosylamine from glutamine and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. ec 2.4.2.14
Amifampridine: 4-aminopyridine derivative that acts as a potassium channel blocker to increase release of acetylcholine from nerve terminals. it is used in the treatment of congenital myasthenic syndromes
Amifostine: a phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. it causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia
Amikacin: a broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from kanamycin. it is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics
Amiloride: a pyrazine compound inhibiting sodium reabsorption through sodium channels in renal epithelial cells. this inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. amiloride is used in conjunction with diuretics to spare potassium loss. (from gilman et al., goodman and gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 9th ed, p705)
Aminacrine: a highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with dna. it is also used as an intracellular ph indicator
Amination: the creation of an amine. it can be produced by the addition of an amino group to an organic compound or reduction of a nitro group
Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing): a group of enzymes including those oxidizing primary monoamines, diamines, and histamine. they are copper proteins, and, as their action depends on a carbonyl group, they are sensitive to inhibition by semicarbazide
Amines: a group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones: inhibitors of serine endopeptidases and sulfhydryl group-containing enzymes. they act as alkylating agents and are known to interfere in the translation process
Amino Acid Isomerases: enzymes that catalyze either the racemization or epimerization of chiral centers within amino acids or derivatives. ec 5.1.1
Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors: disorders affecting amino acid metabolism. the majority of these disorders are inherited and present in the neonatal period with metabolic disturbances (e.g., acidosis) and neurologic manifestations. they are present at birth, although they may not become symptomatic until later in life
Amino Acid Motifs: three-dimensional protein structural elements that are composed of a combination of secondary structures. they include helix-loop-helix motifs and zinc fingers. motifs are typically the most conserved regions of protein domains and are critical for domain function. however, the same motif may occur in proteins or enzymes with different functions
Amino Acid Oxidoreductases: a class of enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions of amino acids
Amino Acid Sequence: the order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. this is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. it is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation
Amino Acid Substitution: the naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more amino acids in a protein with another. if a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties
Amino Acid Transport Disorders, Inborn: disorders characterized by defective transport of amino acids across cell membranes. these include deficits in transport across brush-border epithelial cell membranes of the small intestine (microvilli) and kidney tubules; transport across the basolateral membrane; and transport across the membranes of intracellular organelles. (from nippon rinsho 1992 jul;50(7):1587-92)
Amino Acid Transport System A: a sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. the preferred substrates for this transporter system include alanine; serine; and glutamine
Amino Acid Transport System ASC: a ubiquitous sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter. the preferred substrates for this transporter system include alanine; serine; and cysteine
Amino Acid Transport System L: a sodium-independent neutral amino acid transporter system with specificity for large amino acids. one of the functions of the transporter system is to supply large neutral amino acids to the brain
Amino Acid Transport System X-AG: a family of potassium and sodium-dependent acidic amino acid transporters that demonstrate a high affinity for glutamic acid and aspartic acid. several variants of this system are found in neuronal tissue
Amino Acid Transport System y+: a sodium-independent, basic amino acid transport system with a high-affinity for lysine; arginine; and ornithine
Amino Acid Transport System y+L: a leucine-sensitive amino acid transport system with high affinity for basic amino acids( amino acids, basic)
Amino Acid Transport Systems: cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes
Amino Acid Transport Systems, Acidic: amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting acidic amino acids (amino acids, acidic)
Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic: amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (amino acids, basic)
Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral: amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting neutral amino acids (amino acids, neutral)
Amino Acids: organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-nh2) and a carboxyl (-cooh) group. twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins
Amino Acids, Acidic: amino acids with side chains that are negatively charged at physiological ph
Amino Acids, Basic: amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological ph
Amino Acids, Essential: amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. they are obtained from dietary foodstuffs
Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins: amino acids and chains of amino acids connected by peptide linkages
Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases: a subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate amino acid-specific transfer rna with their corresponding amino acids
Amino Alcohols: compounds possessing both a hydroxyl (-oh) and an amino group (-nh2)
Amino Sugars: sugars containing an amino group. glycosylation of other compounds with these amino sugars results in aminoglycosides
Amino-Acid N-Acetyltransferase: a mitochondrial matrix enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of l-glutamate to n-acetyl-l-glutamate in the presence of acetyl-coa
Aminoacridines: acridines which are substituted in any position by one or more amino groups or substituted amino groups
Aminoacylation: a reaction that introduces an aminoacyl group to a molecule. transfer rna aminoacylation is the first step in genetic translation
Aminoacyltransferases: enzymes that catalyze the transfer of an aminoacyl group from donor to acceptor resulting in the formation of an ester or amide linkage. ec 2.3.2
Aminobenzoates: derivatives of benzoic acid that contain one or more amino groups attached to the benzene ring structure. included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobenzoate structure
Aminobiphenyl Compounds: biphenyl compounds substituted in any position by one or more amino groups. permitted are any substituents except fused rings
Aminobutyrates: derivatives of butyric acid that contain one or more amino groups attached to the aliphatic structure. included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobutryrate structure
Aminocaproates: amino derivatives of caproic acid. included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the amino caproic acid structure
Aminocaproic Acid: an antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties
Aminocoumarins: coumarins with an amino group, exemplified by novobiocin
Aminoethylphosphonic Acid: an organophosphorus compound isolated from human and animal tissues
Aminoglutethimide: an aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced breast cancer
Aminoglycosides: glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substituent on the glycoside. some of them are clinically important antibiotics
Aminohippuric Acids: a group of glycine amides of aminobenzoic acids
Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: an imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents bic and dic. by itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases
Aminoisobutyric Acids: a group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: a compound produced from succinyl-coa and glycine as an intermediate in heme synthesis. it is used as a photochemotherapy for actinic keratosis
Aminomethyltransferase: a one-carbon group transferase that transfers lipoamide-linked methylamine groups to tetrahydrofolate (tetrahydrofolates) to form methylenetetrahydrofolate and ammonia. it is one of four components of the glycine decarboxylase complex
Aminomuconate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase: an nad+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 2-aminomuconate 6-semialdehyde to 2-aminomuconate
Aminooxyacetic Acid: a compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues
Aminopeptidases: a subclass of exopeptidases that act on the free n terminus end of a polypeptide liberating a single amino acid residue. ec 3.4.11
Aminophylline: a drug combination that contains theophylline and ethylenediamine. it is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. it's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications
Aminopropionitrile: reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid
Aminopterin: a folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic
Aminopyridines: pyridines substituted in any position with an amino group. may be hydrogenated but must retain at least one double bond
Aminopyrine: a pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of agranulocytosis. a breath test with 13c-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of cytochrome p-450 metabolic activity in liver function tests
Aminoquinolines: quinolines substituted in any position by one or more amino groups
Aminorex: an amphetamine-like anorectic agent. it may cause pulmonary hypertension
Aminosalicylic Acid: an antitubercular agent often administered in association with isoniazid. the sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid
Aminosalicylic Acids: a group of 2-hydroxybenzoic acids that can be substituted by amino groups at any of the 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-positions
Amiodarone: an antianginal and class iii antiarrhythmic drug. it increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting potassium channels and voltage-gated sodium channels. there is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance
Amish: an ethnic group with shared religious beliefs in protestantism. originating in switzerland in the late 1600s, and first migrating to the mid-atlantic, they now live throughout eastern and mid-western united states and elsewhere. communities are usually close-knit and marriage is within the community
Amish Infantile Epilepsy Syndrome: mutation in gm3 synthetase
Amisulpride: a benzamide derivative that is used as an antipsychotic agent for the treatment of schizophrenia. it is also used as an antidepressive agent
Amitriptyline: tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. it appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines
Amitrole: a non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. according to the seventh annual report on carcinogens (pb95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (from merck index, 12th ed) it is an irreversible inhibitor of catalase, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes