NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Behaviorism: a psychologic theory, developed by john broadus watson, concerned with studying and measuring behaviors that are observable
Behcet Syndrome: rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. it is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. the neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. synovitis; thrombophlebitis; gastrointestinal ulcerations; retinal vasculitis; and optic atrophy may occur as well
Behcetův syndrom: onemocnění charakterizované výskytem aftů na sliznici dutiny ústní a pohlavních orgánů, postižením očí (iritidou, někdy hnisavou) a kožními uzly na bércích. dále mohou být postiženy klouby, nadvarle aj. výrazné může být i postižení cns - encefalitida, meningitida; v kombinaci s očním postižením (uveomeningitida). vyskytuje se obv. u mladších mužů, častější je např. v japonsku. postižení očí vede často k oslepnutí. příčina není zcela jasná, onemocnění má multisystémový charakter s autoimunitními rysy. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Behind-the-Counter Drugs: medicines that are stocked behind the counter of a pharmacy which require the attention or counsel of a pharmacist before being dispensed or handed over to a consumer or patient
Behr syndrome: optic atrophy in early childhood, associated with ataxia, spasticity, mental retardation, and posterior column sensory loss
Behrens Baumann Dust syndrome: unilateral aplasia of the optic nerve with cryptophthalmus and contralateral microphthalmus
Beijerinckiaceae: a family of aerobic gram-negative rods that are nitrogen fixers. they are highly viscous, and appear as a semitransparent slime in giant colonies
Beijerinckiaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, aerobních tyčinek, které mohou fixovat dusík. jsou vysoce viskózní a vypadají jako poloprůsvitný sliz v obrovských koloniích
Belgie: země v západní evropě, hraničí se severním mořem, mezi francií a nizozemskem. hlavním městem je brusel
Belgium: a country in western europe, bordering the north sea, between france and the netherlands. the capital is brussels
Belize: belize je malý stát na východním pobřeží střední ameriky, rozkládá se na yucatánském poloostrově při pobřeží karibiku. na severozápadě sousedí s mexikem a na západě a na jihu s guatemalou. formální hlavou státu je královna alžběta ii., ale skutečnou moc má ve svých rukou parlament a vláda v čele s premiérem. hlavní město je belmopan. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Bell Palsy: a syndrome characterized by the acute onset of unilateral facial paralysis which progresses over a 2-5 day period. weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscle and resulting incomplete eye closure may be associated with corneal injury. pain behind the ear often precedes the onset of paralysis. this condition may be associated with herpesvirus 1, human infection of the facial nerve. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1376)
Belladonna Alkaloids: alkaloids obtained from various plants, especially the deadly nightshade (atropa belladonna), variety acuminata; atropine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine are classical, specific antimuscarinic agents with many pharmacologic actions; used mainly as antispasmodics
Bellini Chiumello Rimoldi syndrome: wedge-shaped epiphyses of the knees with mental retardation and short stature
Bellova paréza: bellova paréza - izolovaná jednostranná obrna lícního nervu (n. facialis). vzniká náhle, někdy jí předchází prochlazení či herpesvirové onemocnění lícního nervu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Beloniformes: an order of fish in the group smegmamorpha, comprising adrianichthyids, medakas (oryzias), needlefishes, halfbeaks, and flying fishes
Beloniformes: řád ryb skupiny smegmamorpha zahrnující čeledi adrianichthyidae, belonidae, scomberesocidae, hemiramphidae a exocoetidae
Beluga Whale: the species delphinapterus leucas, in the family monodontidae, found primarily in the arctic ocean and adjoining seas. they are small whales lacking a dorsal fin
Bemegride: a cns stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. it has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose
Ben Ari Shuper Mimouni syndrome: agenesis of corpus callosum with double urinary collecting system, trigonocephaly and minor anomalies
Benactyzine: a centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior
Bence Jones Protein: an abnormal protein with unusual thermosolubility characteristics that is found in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma
Bence-Jonesova bílkovina: bence-jonesova bílkovina je paraprotein tvořený lehkými řetězci monoklonálního imunoglobulinu. vzniká při některých krevních chorobách, především při myelomu. vytváří paraproteinové krystalky, které se usazují v ledvinných tubulech, a tak mohou způsobit závažné poškození ledvin. pokud se bence-jonesova bílkovina objevuje v krvi a moči, jedná se tzv. mikromolekulární gamapatii. průkaz paraproteinu se provádí imunoelektroforézou moči. (cit. wikiskripta 2020 http://www.wikiskripta.eu/)
Bencyclane: a vasodilator agent found to be effective in a variety of peripheral circulation disorders. it has various other potentially useful pharmacological effects. its mechanism may involve block of calcium channels
Bendamustine Hydrochloride: a nitrogen mustard compound that functions as an alkylating antineoplastic agent and is used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and non-hodgkin's lymphoma
Bender-Gestalt Test: a psychological test consisting of nine geometric designs on cards. the subject is asked to redraw them from memory after each one is presented individually
Bender-Gestalt test: psychologický test skládající se z devíti geometrických vzorů namalovaných na kartách. jedinec je požádán, aby je z paměti překreslil poté, co mu jsou jednotlivě ukázány
Bendroflumethiazide: a thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. it has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810)
Beneficence: the state or quality of being kind, charitable, or beneficial. (from american heritage dictionary of the english language, 4th ed). the ethical principle of beneficence requires producing net benefit over harm. (bioethics thesaurus)
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo: idiopathic recurrent vertigo associated with positional nystagmus. it is associated with a vestibular loss without other neurological or auditory signs. unlike in labyrinthitis and vestibular neuronitis, inflammation in the ear is not observed
Benign essential blepharospasm: a dystonic disorder that affects the orbicularis oculi muscles; onset is typically in middle age. symptoms include eye irritation and frequent blinking, progressing to involuntary spasms of eyelid closure and possibly functional blindness. it is likely caused by a combination of multiple genetic and environmental factors and may be associated with polymorphisms in the drd5 gene. omim: 606798
Benign non-infected urachal cyst: rare persistent remnant of the urachus that results in a benign lesion which may disrupt drainage of urine from the bladder
Benin: a country in western africa, south of niger and between togo and nigeria. its capital is porto-novo
Benin: stát v západní africe ležící u guinejského zálivu, který byl do roku 1975 známý pod názvem dahome. na západě hraničí s togem, na severozápadě s burkinou faso, na severu s nigerem a na východě s nigérií. hlavním městem je porto novo, sídlem vlády je však největší město cotonou. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Benomyl: a systemic agricultural fungicide used for control of certain fungal diseases of stone fruit
Benperidol: a butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of haloperidol. it has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)
Benserazide: an inhibitor of dopa decarboxylase that does not enter the central nervous system. it is often given with levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. it has no antiparkinson actions when given alone
Bentonite: a colloidal, hydrated aluminum silicate that swells 12 times its dry size when added to water
Benz(a)Anthracenes: four fused benzyl rings with three linear and one angular, that can be viewed as a benzyl-phenanthrenes. compare with naphthacenes which are four linear rings
Benzaldehyde Dehydrogenase (NADP+): an nadp+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of benzaldehyde to benzoic acid. it also plays a role in the degradation of toluene and xylene
Benzaldehydes: compounds that consist of a benzene ring with a formyl group. they occur naturally in the seeds of many fruits and are used as flavoring agents and fragrances, as well as precursors in pharmaceutical and plastics manufacturing
Benzalkonium Compounds: a mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium compounds. it is a bactericidal quaternary ammonium detergent used topically in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, as a surgical antiseptic, and as a as preservative and emulsifier in drugs and cosmetics
Benzamidines: amidines substituted with a benzene group. benzamidine and its derivatives are known as peptidase inhibitors
Benzbromarone: uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. it is used in the treatment of gout
Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: proposed cholinesterase inhibitor
Benzene: toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon byproduct of coal distillation. it is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. it was formerly used as parasiticide
Benzeneacetamides: compounds based on benzeneacetamide, that are similar in structure to acetanilides
Benzenesulfonamides: a group of compounds that contain sulfonamide group s-linked to a benzene ring. many benzenesulfonamide derivatives are pharmaceuticals (e.g., bosentan; sulfapyridine; and sulfadiazine; celecoxib) as their sulfonamide moiety target various enzymes (e.g., carbonic anhydrases; acetylcholinesterase; butyrylcholinesterase; and cyclooxynenase 2)
Benzenesulfonates: organic salts and esters of benzenesulfonic acid
Benzethonium: bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. it is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. the compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade
Benzhydryl Compounds: compounds which contain the methyl radical substituted with two benzene rings. permitted are any substituents, but ring fusion to any of the benzene rings is not allowed
Benzidines: very toxic industrial chemicals. they are absorbed through the skin, causing lethal blood, bladder, liver, and kidney damage and are potent, broad-spectrum carcinogens in most species
Benzo(a)pyrene: a potent mutagen and carcinogen. it is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke
Benzoate 4-Monooxygenase: an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of benzoate to 4-hydroxybenzoate. it requires iron and tetrahydropteridine
Benzoates: derivatives of benzoic acid. included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxybenzene structure
Benzocaine: a surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along nerve fibers and at nerve endings
Benzocycloheptenes: compounds consisting of the cycloheptene ring with one or two benzene rings fused to it
Benzodiazepines: a group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring
Benzodioxoles: compounds based on benzene fused to oxole. they can be formed from methylated catechols such as eugenol
Benzoflavones: organic compounds containing a benzene ring attached to a flavone group. some of these are potent arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase inhibitors. they may also inhibit the binding of nucleic acids to benzopyrenes and related compounds. the designation includes all isomers; the 7,8-isomer is most frequently encountered
Benzoic Acid: a fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. it is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid
Benzoin: a white crystalline compound prepared by condensation of benzaldehyde in potassium cyanide and used in organic syntheses. this should not be confused with benzoin gum from styrax
Benzoin Gum: benzoin has two meanings in the literature, both of them important and both well established in their own fields: 1) a chemical, 2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethanone, is also available 2) this record, a sap of a tree, styrax, which is usp as an adhesive wound dressing. medline plus includes tincture of benzoin in the recommended first aid kit. it contains a bit of benzoic acid (not the chemical benzoin #1)
Benzoisochromanequinones: polycyclic aromatic polyketides with tricyclic benzoisochrome quinone skeletons. benzoisochromanequinones are produced by actinobacteria, e.g., streptomyces coelicolor, using type ii minimal polyketide synthase involving condensation of 8 malonyl-coa in actinorhodin pathway
Benzolamide: selective renal carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. it may also be of use in certain cases of respiratory failure
Benzomorphans: morphine derivatives of the methanobenzazocine family that act as potent analgesics
Benzophenanthridines: compounds of four rings containing a nitrogen. they are biosynthesized from reticuline via rearrangement of scoulerine. they are similar to benzylisoquinolines. members include chelerythrine and sanguinarine
Benzophenoneidum: an aniline dye used as a disinfectant and an antiseptic agent. it is weakly fluorescing and binds specifically to certain proteins
Benzophenones: derivatives of benzophenone (with the structural formula phenyl-(c=o)-phenyl)
Benzopyrene Hydroxylase: a drug-metabolizing, cytochrome p-448 (p-450) enzyme which catalyzes the hydroxylation of benzopyrene to 3-hydroxybenzopyrene in the presence of reduced flavoprotein and molecular oxygen. also acts on certain anthracene derivatives. an aspect of ec 1.14.14.1
Benzopyrenes: a class of chemicals that contain an anthracene ring with a naphthalene ring attached to it
Benzoquinones: benzene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. they can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups
Benzothiadiazines: heterocyclic compounds of a ring with sulfur and two nitrogen atoms fused to a benzene ring. members inhibit sodium-potassium-chloride symporters and are used as diuretics
Benzothiazoles: compounds with a benzene ring fused to a thiazole ring
Benzoyl Peroxide: a peroxide derivative that has been used topically for burns and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of acne and poison ivy dermatitis. it is used also as a bleach in the food industry
Benzoylarginine Nitroanilide: a chromogenic substrate that permits direct measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g., papain and trypsin, by colorimetry. the substrate liberates p-nitroaniline as a chromogenic product
Benzoylarginine-2-Naphthylamide: an enzyme substrate which permits the measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g. trypsin and thrombin. the enzymes liberate 2-naphthylamine, which is measured by colorimetric procedures
Benzphetamine: a sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine. it is used in the treatment of obesity. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222)
Benztropine: a centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of parkinson disease. benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine
Benzydamine: a benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. it is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. it is also used topically in treatment of rheumatic diseases and inflammation of the mouth and throat
Benzyl Alcohol: a colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. it is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with lidocaine injection. also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring
Benzyl Alcohols: alcohols derived from the aryl radical (c6h5ch2-) and defined by c6h5choh. the concept includes derivatives with any substituents on the benzene ring
Benzyl Compounds: benzene derivatives that contain a benzyl group with the general formula phenyl-ch2-r
Benzyl Viologen: 1,1'-bis(phenylmethyl)4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride. oxidation-reduction indicator
Benzylamine Oxidase: an aspect of monoamine oxidase, ec 1.4.3.4. catalyzes the oxidation of benzylamine to form benzaldehyde, ammonia and hydrogen peroxide
Benzylamines: toluenes in which one hydrogen of the methyl group is substituted by an amino group. permitted are any substituents on the benzene ring or the amino group
Benzylammonium Compounds: quaternary ammonium compounds based on benzylamines with the general formula phenyl-cn+r3
Benzylidene Compounds: compounds which include a double-bonded carbon atom that is directly attached to a benzene ring. while this category is named after the highly reactive compound benzylidene, the compounds listed under it occur through a variety of synthetic pathways
Bephenium Compounds: analogs or derivatives of bephenium (n,n-dimethyl-n-(2-phenoxyethyl)benzenemethanaminium)
Bepridil: a long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. the drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. it has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist
Berberidaceae: the barberry plant family of the order ranunculales, subclass magnoliidae, class magnoliopsida. the shrubs have spiny leaves
Berberidaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu ranunculales, podtřídy magnoliidae, třídy magnoliopsida (nižší dvouděložné rostliny). dřišťálovité jsou byliny i dřeviny s jednoduchými nebo složenými listy a pravidelnými květy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Berberine: an alkaloid from hydrastis canadensis l., berberidaceae. it is also found in many other plants. it is relatively toxic parenterally, but has been used orally for various parasitic and fungal infections and as antidiarrheal
Berberine Alkaloids: a group of related plant alkaloids that contain the berberine heterocyclic ring structure
Berberis: a plant genus in the family berberidaceae. the common names of barberry or oregon grape are also used for mahonia. the similar-named bayberry is the unrelated myrica. oregon grape was classified by pursh as a berberis but nuttall claimed it is different enough to call it a new genus, mahonia. botanists insist on this name while horticulturists stay with mahonia. they are shrubs with yellow wood and usually three-branched spines at the base of leafstalks. flowers are yellow, six-petaled and fruit is a berry with one to several seeds. members contain berberine
Berberis: rod keřů čeledi berberidaceae. je blízce příbuzný rodu mahonia. změněné listy na dlouhých výhonech se vyvinuly do tříostných trnů. květy jsou žluté nebo oranžové, se šesti kališními lístky a šesti okvětními lístky. plody jsou malé bobule. zástupci obsahují berberin. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Bereavement: refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness
Beriberi: a disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin b1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. the epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in japan, china, the philippines, india, and other countries of southeast asia. (dorland, 27th ed)
Berk-Tabatznik syndrome: short stature, congenital optic atrophy, and hypoplasia of the cervical vertebral bodies and distal phalanges
Berkelium: a man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol bk, atomic number 97, and atomic weight 247. its valence can be +3 or +4. twelve isotopes have been produced with mass numbers 240-251
Berlin-Frankfurt-Muenster protocol II: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Bermuda: a british colony in the western north atlantic ocean about 640 miles east southeast of cape hatteras, north carolina. it comprises a group of about 300 islands of which only about 20 are inhabited. it is called also the bermuda islands or the bermudas. it was named for the spanish explorer juan bermudez who visited the islands in 1515. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p140 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p61)
Bermudy: bermudské ostrovy jsou zámořským územím spojeného království v atlantiku u jihovýchodního pobřeží spojených států. nacházejí se přibližně 1070 km východojihovýchodně od mysu hatteras v severní karolíně u západního okraje sargasového moře. bermudy se skládají ze 181 ostrovů a ostrůvků, největším z nich je main island, který je označován také jako bermuda. k dalším velkým patří st. george's island, st. david's island a somerset island. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome: a familial coagulation disorder characterized by a prolonged bleeding time, unusually large platelets, and impaired prothrombin consumption
Bernardův-Soulierův syndrom: vzácné dědičné onemocnění s porušenou funkcí destiček (trombocytopatie). porušena je adheze destiček (defekt membránových glykoproteinů ib a ix). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Bertholletia: a plant genus of the family lecythidaceae which is the source of edible brazil nuts
Bertholletia: rod rostlin čeledi lecythidaceae (hrnečníkovité) zahrnující jediný druh. juvie ztepilá (bertholletia excelsa) je vysoký strom, který roste v deštných pralesích jižní ameriky. strom je významný pro svá semena - para ořechy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Berylliosis: a form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhaled rare metal beryllium or its soluble salts which are used in a wide variety of industry including alloys, ceramics, radiographic equipment, and vacuum tubes. berylliosis is characterized by an acute inflammatory reaction in the upper airway leading to bronchiolitis; pulmonary edema; and pneumonia
Beryllium: an element with the atomic symbol be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as berylliosis
Besnoitia: an apicomplexan parasitic genus of the family sarcocystidae. infection by besnoitia is besnoitiasis
Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy, Multifocal: mutation in best1
Bestova nemoc: autozomálně dominantně dědičná makulopatie s počátkem v dětství. dochází k hromadění lipofuscinu v retinálním pigmentovém epitelu. k příznakům patří progresivní ztráta centrální zrakové ostrosti a poruchy zraku. souvisí s mutacemi genu pro bestrofin, který tvoří chloridové kanály buněk retinálního pigmentového epitelu
Bestrophins: a protein family characterized by a highly conserved n-terminus and four to six transmembrane helices; they function as bicarbonate permeable, calcium-activated chloride channels. bestrophin-1 (best-1) and bestrophin-2 are highly expressed in human retinal pigment epithelium cells and mutations in the best-1 gene are associated with vitelliform macular dystrophy, type 2
Beta Rhythm: brain waves with frequency between 15-30 hz seen on eeg during wakefulness and mental activity
Beta ketothiolase deficiency: an autosomal recessive inborn error of isoleucine catabolism characterized by urinary excretion of 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid, 2-methylacetoacetic acid, tiglylglycine, and 2-butanone. some patients may experience ketosis during infections and some may have intellectual disability. mutations in the acat1 gene have been identified. omim: 203750
Beta vulgaris: a species of the beta genus. cultivars are used as a source of beets (root) or chard (leaves)
Beta vulgaris: druh byliny rodu beta. hospodářská plodina (kultivary se používají jako potravina, listová zelenina, surovina k výrobě cukru, krmivo pro dobytek, léčivka)
Beta-Cryptoxanthin: a mono-hydroxylated xanthophyll that is a provitamin a precursor
Beta-Globulins: serum proteins with an electrophoretic mobility that falls between alpha-globulins and gamma-globulins
Beta-Hydroxyisobutyryl CoA Deacylase Deficiency: mutation in 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-coa hydrolase (hibch)
Betabaculovirus: granulovirus je dřívější název pro betabaculovirus, rod čeledi baculoviridae (bakuloviry), charakterizovaný ovicylindrickými okluzními tělísky. typovým druhem je cydia pomonella granulovirus - virus granulózy obaleče jablečného
Betacellulin: an egf family member that plays an important role in regulating growth and differentiation of pancreatic beta cells. betacellulin has specificity for the egf receptor and the erbb-4 receptor
Betacoronavirus: a genus of the family coronaviridae which causes respiratory or gastrointestinal disease in a variety of mostly mammals. human betacoronaviruses include human enteric coronavirus; human coronavirus oc43; mers virus; and severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. members have either core transcription regulatory sequences of 5'-cuaaac-3' or 5'-cuaaac-3' and mostly have no orf downstream to the n protein gene
Betacoronavirus: rod virů čeledi coronaviridae, které způsobují respirační nebo gastrointestinální onemocnění, převážně u řady savců. patří sem betacoronavirus 1, lidský koronavirus oc43, koronavirus mers a virus sars. tyto viry mají jaderné transkripční regulační sekvence 5'-cuaaac-3' nebo 5'-cuaaac-3' a většina nemá žádný otevřený čtecí rámec na 3'-konci u genu pro protein n
Betacoronavirus 1: the type species of betacoronavirus genus causing gastroenteritis respiratory diseases in mammals. previously separate species human coronavirus oc43; bovine coronavirus; human enteric coronavirus; equine coronavirus; and porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus merged into this species on the basis of similar genome nucleotide sequence and genome organization
Betacoronavirus 1: typový druh viru rodu betacoronavirus, který způsobuje gastroenteritidu a respirační onemocnění u savců. do tohoto druhu byly na základě podobnosti genomů sloučeny dříve samostatné druhy: lidský koronavirus oc43, bovinní koronavirus, lidský enterický koronavirus, equine coronavirus a hemaglutinující virus prasečí encefalomyelitidy
Betacyanins: conjugates of betalamic acid with cyclo-dopa, both of which derive from tyrosine. they appear similar to indoles but are biosynthesized by a different path and contain n+. members are red or violet coloring agents found in the caryophyllales order of plants and some basidiomycetes
Betaherpesvirinae: a subfamily of herpesviridae characterized by a relatively long replication cycle. genera include: cytomegalovirus; muromegalovirus; and roseolovirus
Betaherpesvirinae: podčeleď virů čeledi herpesviridae charakterizovaná poměrně dlouhým replikačním cyklem. zahrnuje rody cytomegalovirus, muromegalovirus a roseolovirus
Betahistine: a histamine analog and h1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. it is used in meniere disease and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers
Betaine: a naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. as a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341)
Betaine-Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: an nad+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of betain aldehyde to betaine
Betaine-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase: a zinc metalloenzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from betaine to homocysteine to produce dimethylglycine and methionine, respectively. this enzyme is a member of a family of zinc-dependent methyltransferases that use thiols or selenols as methyl acceptors
Betainfluenzavirus: a genus of the family orthomyxovirus causing human influenza and other diseases primarily in humans. in contrast to influenzavirus a, no distinct antigenic subtypes of hemagglutinin (viral hemagglutinin) and neuraminidase are recognized. the type species is influenza b virus
Betainfluenzavirus: rod virů čeledi orthomyxoviridae, které primárně způsobují chřipku a jiná onemocnění u lidí. na rozdíl od rodu influenzavirus a má jediný sérotyp, nejsou rozeznávány odlišné antigenní podtypy virového hemaglutininu a neuraminidázy. typovým druhem je virus chřipky b. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2021 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Betalains: compounds derived from tyrosine via betalamic acid, including betaxanthins and betacyanins. they are found in the caryophyllales order of plants and some basidiomycetes
Betamethasone: a glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)
Betamethasone Valerate: the 17-valerate derivative of betamethasone. it has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity
Betapapillomavirus: a genus of dna viruses in the family papillomaviridae, causing cutaneous lesions in humans. infections exist in latent form in the general population and are activated under conditions of immunosuppression therapy
Betapapillomavirus: rod dna virů čeledi papillomaviridae, které způsobují kožní léze u člověka. infekce přetrvává v populaci v latentní formě a při imunosupresi se aktivuje
Betaproteobacteria: a class in the phylum proteobacteria comprised of chemoheterotrophs and chemoautotrophs which derive nutrients from decomposition of organic material
Betaproteobacteria: třída bakterií kmene proteobacteria zahrnující chemoorganotrofní a chemoautotrofní organismy, které získávají živiny rozkladem organické hmoty
Betaretrovirus: a genus of the family retroviridae consisting of viruses with either type b or type d morphology. this includes a few exogenous, vertically transmitted and endogenous viruses of mice (type b) and some primate and sheep viruses (type d). mammary tumor virus, mouse is the type species
Betaretrovirus: rod virů čeledi retroviridae. zahrnuje retroviry morfologického typu b a d. patří sem několik exogenních (vertikálně přenášených) a endogenních virů myší (typ b) a viry primátů a ovcí (typ d). typovým druhem je virus myšího tumoru prsní žlázy
Betaxanthins: conjugates of betalamic acid with amino acids. some of them are yellow coloring agents in the caryophyllales order of plants. this should not be confused with xanthin which is a term used for carotenes nor with xanthines
Betaxolol: a cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist with no partial agonist activity
Betazole: a histamine h2 agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function
Bethanechol: a slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gi tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. it may cause hypotension, heart rate changes, and bronchial spasm
Bethanidine: a guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. the precise mode of action is not clear
Bethlem myopathy: a hereditary myopathy characterized by skeletal muscle weakness and contractures of the finger, wrist, and ankle joints. onset can be at any age; affected children may be delayed in reaching developmental milestones and most patients over age 50 have difficulty walking without assistance. skin abnormalities such as follicular hyperkeratosis may occur in some cases. mutations in the col6a1, col6a2, and col6a3 genes have been identified. omim: 158810
Betula: a plant genus of the family betulaceae. the tree has smooth, resinous, varicolored or white bark, marked by horizontal pores (lenticels), which usually peels horizontally in thin sheets
Betulaceae: a plant family of the order fagales, subclass hamamelidae, class magnoliopsida. they have simple, serrate, alternate leaves. male flowers are borne in long, pendulous catkins; the female in shorter, pendulous or erect catkins. the fruit is usually a small nut or a short-winged samara
Betulinic Acid: a lupane-type triterpene derivative of betulin which was originally isolated from betula or birch tree. it has anti-inflammatory, anti-hiv and antineoplastic activities
Bevacizumab: an anti-vegf humanized murine monoclonal antibody. it inhibits vegf receptors and helps to prevent pathologic angiogenesis
Beverages: liquids that are suitable for drinking. (from merriam webster collegiate dictionary, 10th ed)
Bexarotene: a rexinoid (an rxr-binding ligand), tetrahydronaphthalene derivative and retinoid x receptor antagonist that is used in the treatment of cutaneous t-cell lymphoma
Bezafibrate: an antilipemic agent that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides. it decreases low density lipoproteins and increases high density lipoproteins
Bezoars: concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal
Bhaskar Jagannathan syndrome: arachnodactyly, aminoaciduria, congenital cataracts, cerebellar ataxia, and delayed developmental milestones
Bhopal Accidental Release: 1984 accident in bhopal, india at a pesticides facility, resulting when water entered a storage tank containing isocyanates. the following accidental chemical release and uncontrolled reaction resulted in several thousand deaths
Bhutan: a kingdom in the eastern himalayas on the northeast border of india, bounded on the north by tibet, on the east by assam, on the south by assam and west bengal, and on the west by sikkim and tibet. from 1720 to 1970 it was under chinese or indian domination. in 1971 it became a member of the united nations. the name comes from the sanskrit bhota, the name for tibet, + anta, end, with reference to its location at the southern extremity of tibet. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p144 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p64)
Bhútán: bhútánské království je vnitrozemský stát v jižní asii. leží na východním konci himálajských hor. na jihu, východě a západě sousedí s indií, na severu s tibetskou autonomní oblastí v čínské lidové republice. od nedalekého nepálu je bhútán oddělen indickým státem sikkim. bhútánu se někdy říká "země hřmícího draka". skoro 50 % rozlohy se nachází v nadmořské výšce přes 3 000 m. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Bias: any deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes leading to such deviation. bias can result from several sources: one-sided or systematic variations in measurement from the true value (systematic error); flaws in study design; deviation of inferences, interpretations, or analyses based on flawed data or data collection; etc. there is no sense of prejudice or subjectivity implied in the assessment of bias under these conditions
Bias, Implicit: the attitudes or stereotypes that affect understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner. these biases which include favorable and unfavorable assessments, are activated involuntarily without individual's intentional control. (from https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/deprecated-unorganized/imported-assets/tjc/system-folders/joint-commission-online/quick_safety_issue_23_apr_2016pdf.pdf?db=web&hash=a5852411bca02d1a918284ebaa775988)
Bibenzyls: compounds that include 1,2-diphenylethane in their structure
Bible: the book composed of writings generally accepted by christians as inspired by god and of divine authority. (webster, 3d ed)
Bibliography: a work consisting of a list of books, articles, documents, publications, and other items, usually on a single subject or related subjects
Bibliography of Medicine: a list of works, documents, and other publications on medical subjects and topics of interest to the field of medicine
Bibliography, Descriptive: the area of bibliography which makes known precisely the material conditions of books, i.e., the full name of the author, the exact title of the work, the date and place of publication, the publisher's and printer's names, the format, the pagination, typographical particulars, illustrations, and the price, and for old books, other characteristics such as the kind of paper, binding, etc. it is also called analytical bibliography and physical bibliography. (harrod's librarians' glossary, 7th ed)
Bibliography, National: a bibliography which lists all the books and other publications published, or distributed in significant quantity, in a particular country. sometimes the term is used with respect to the new publications published within a specific period, and sometimes with respect to all those published within a lengthy period of many years. it is also used to indicate a bibliography of publications about a country (whether written by its nationals or not) and those written in the language of the country as well as those published in it. (harrod's librarians' glossary, 7th ed)
Bibliometrics: the use of statistical methods in the analysis of a body of literature to reveal the historical development of subject fields and patterns of authorship, publication, and use. formerly called statistical bibliography. (from the ala glossary of library and information science, 1983)
Bibliotherapy: a form of supportive psychotherapy in which the patient is given carefully selected material to read
Bicarbonates: inorganic salts that contain the -hco3 radical. they are an important factor in determining the ph of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity
Bicornuate Uterus: a congenital uterine anomaly in which the uterus is divided into two uterine horns with a significant cleft at the uterine fundus due to partial fusion of the mullerian ducts. bicornuate uterus is sometimes associated with a longitudinal vaginal septum and abnormal development of renal tracts
Bicuculline: an isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from dicentra cucullaria and other plants. it is a competitive antagonist for gaba-a receptors
Bicuspid: one of the eight permanent teeth, two on either side in each jaw, between the canines (cuspid) and the molars (molar), serving for grinding and crushing food. the upper have two cusps (bicuspid) but the lower have one to three. (jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p822)
Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease: congenital heart valve defects where the aortic valve has two instead of normal three cusps. it is often associated with aortic regurgitation and aortic insufficiency
Bicyclic Monoterpenes: monoterpenes containing two ring structures that are joined either by bridgehead carbon atoms or fused ring structure
Bicycling: the use of a bicycle for transportation or recreation. it does not include the use of a bicycle in studying the body's response to physical exertion (bicycle ergometry test see exercise test)
Bidens: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain bidensyneosides (polyacetylene glucosides)
Bidens: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. zástupci obsahují bidensyneosidy (polyacetylenové glukosidy)
Bidirectional tachycardia: an uncommon form of tachycardia characterized by beat-to-beat alternation of the morphology and the axis of the qrs complexes seen in some of the electrocardiogram leads. the usual ventricular rate ranges from 140 to 180 bpm and can be regular or irregular. it is usually associated with digitalis toxicity, but may occur in cases of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis; hypokalemic periodic paralysis; brugada syndrome; and severe structural heart disease. (anesth analg. 2002 aug;95(2):310-5)
Bietti Crystalline Dystrophy: a rare hereditary form of retinal degeneration that occurs more frequently in persons of east asian descent. inheritance is autosomal recessive and onset is typically in young adulthood. it is characterized by the accumulation of numerous lipid vesicles over the fundus oculi; sclerosis of the chorioid vessels, progressive night blindness, and constriction of the visual fields. mutations in the cyp4v2 gene have been identified. omim: 210370
Bifid Nose With Or Without Anorectal And Renal Anomalies: mutations in frem1
Bifid nose: hereditary autosomal dominant (omim: 109740) or recessive (omim: 210400) nose abnormalities where the nostrils are separated by a cleft or fissure. individuals with autosomal dominant cases may also present with scoliosis; blepharoptosis; and cryptorchidism
Bifidobacteriales Infections: infections with bacteria of the order bifidobacteriales. this includes infections in the genera bifidobacterium and gardnerella, in the family bifidobacteriaceae
Bifidobacterium: a rod-shaped, gram-positive, non-acid-fast, non-spore-forming, non-motile bacterium that is a genus of the family bifidobacteriaceae, order bifidobacteriales, class actinobacteria. it inhabits the intestines and feces of humans as well as the human vagina
Bifidobacterium: rod grampozitivních, tyčinkovitých, nesporulujících, nepohyblivých bakterií čeledi bifidobacteriaceae, řádu bifidobacteriales, třídy actinobacteria. žije ve střevech a stolici lidí a také ve vagíně žen
Bifidobacterium adolescentis: a species of bifidobacterium that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and healthy humans from birth until late adulthood. it produces anti-viral agents and anti-inflammatory agents and is used as a probiotic
Bifidobacterium adolescentis: druh bakterie rodu bifidobacterium, která se vyskytuje v gastrointestinálním traktu savců a zdravých lidí od narození až do pozdní dospělosti. produkuje antivirové a protizánětlivé látky a používá se jako probiotikum
Bifidobacterium animalis: a species of bifidobacterium that occurs in the large intestine of humans and other mammals and in fermented dairy products. it is used as a probiotic
Bifidobacterium animalis: druh bifidobacterium, který se vyskytuje v tlustém střevě u lidí a jiných savců a v kysaných mléčných výrobcích. používá se jako probiotikum
Bifidobacterium bifidum: a species of bifidobacterium that occurs in the human gastrointestinal tract, especially in infants, and in fermented dairy products. it produces bacteriocins and is used as a probiotic
Bifidobacterium bifidum: druh bakterie rodu bifidobacterium, která se vyskytuje v lidském gastrointestinálním traktu (zejména u kojenců) a ve fermentovaných mléčných výrobcích. produkuje bakteriociny a používá se jako probiotikum
Bifidobacterium breve: a species of bifidobacterium present in the human gut microbiota. it is used as a probiotic
Bifidobacterium breve: druh bifidobakterie přítomný v lidské střevní mikroflóře. používá se jako probiotikum
Bifidobacterium longum: a species of bifidobacterium that occurs in the human gastrointestinal tract and vagina. it inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria, may modulate the immune response, and is used as a probiotic
Bifidobacterium longum: druh bifidobacterium, který se vyskytuje v lidském gastrointestinálním traktu a vagině. inhibuje růst patogenních bakterií, může modulovat imunitní odpověď a používá se jako probiotikum
Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis: poddruh bakterie bifidobacterium longum, která se vyskytuje v gastrointestinálním traktu kojenců. používá se jako probiotikum a také při léčbě syndromu dráždivého tračníku
Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis: a subspecies of bifidobacterium longum that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract of human infants and is used as a probiotic. it may also be used in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome
Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum: a species of bifidobacterium that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and healthy humans. it has anti-inflammatory activity and is used as a probiotic
Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum: druh bakterie rodu bifidobacterium, která se vyskytuje v gastrointestinálním traktu savců a zdravých lidí. má protizánětlivé účinky a používá se jako probiotikum
Bifivir: symbiotic product that is a combination of probiotics and prebiotics for prevention of flu
Bifluorid 12: contains 2.71 wt% naf and 2.92 wt% caf2
Big Data: extremely large amounts of data which require rapid and often complex computational analyses to reveal patterns, trends, and associations, relating to various facets of human and non-human entities
Biglycan: a small leucine-rich proteoglycan found in a variety of tissues including capillary endothelium; skeletal muscle; cartilage; bone; and tendons. the protein contains two glycosaminoglycan chains and is similar in structure to decorin
Bignoniaceae: a plant family of the order lamiales. the family is characterized by oppositely paired, usually compound leaves and bell- or funnel-shaped, bisexual flowers having a five-lobed calyx and corolla
Bignoniaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu lamiales (hluchavkotvaré). jsou to stromy nebo liány, řidčeji i byliny či keře, obvykle se vstřícnými složenými listy. květy bývají nápadné, nálevkovité nebo zvonkovité. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Biguanides: derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula hn(c(nh)nh2)2) that are primarily used as oral hypoglycemic agents for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, type 2 and prediabetes
Bilateral Vestibulopathy: impairment of the vestibular function of both inner ears which can cause difficulties with balance, gait, vertigo, and visual blurring
Bile: an emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. its composition includes bile acids and salts; cholesterol; and electrolytes. it aids digestion of fats in the duodenum
Bile Acid Synthesis Defect, Congenital, 3: also known as cbas3
Bile Acids and Salts: steroid acids and salts. the primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. the secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. they play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. they have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones
Bile Canaliculi: minute intercellular channels that occur between liver cells and carry bile towards interlobar bile ducts. also called bile capillaries
Bile Duct Diseases: diseases in any part of the ductal system of the biliary tract from the smallest bile canaliculi to the largest common bile duct
Bile Ducts: the channels that collect and transport the bile secretion from the bile canaliculi, the smallest branch of the biliary tract in the liver, through the bile ductules, the bile ducts out the liver, and to the gallbladder for storage
Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic: passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. these include the common bile duct and the common hepatic duct (hepatic duct, common)
Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic: passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct
Bile Pigments: linear tetrapyrroles that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin; biliverdin; and bilicyanin
Bile Reflux: retrograde bile flow. reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (duodenogastric reflux); to the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux); or to the pancreas
Biliary Atresia: progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic bile ducts, resulting in the complete obstruction of bile flow. usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic jaundice