NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic: carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. when the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. they are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (dorland, 27th ed)
Carcinoma, Adenosquamous: a mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma
Carcinoma, Basal Cell: a malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). they develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (from devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 3d ed, p1471)
Carcinoma, Basosquamous: a skin carcinoma that histologically exhibits both basal and squamous elements. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic: malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the bronchi. it represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: small cell lung cancer and non-small-cell lung carcinoma
Carcinoma, Brown-Pearce: a transplantable epithelial cell neoplasm of rabbits
Carcinoma, Ductal: malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the mammary glands, the pancreas, the prostate, or the lacrimal gland
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast: an invasive (infiltrating) carcinoma of the mammary ductal system (mammary glands) in the human breast
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor: a transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. it grows in both solid and ascitic forms
Carcinoma, Embryonal: a highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. it is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (from dorland, 27th ed & holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed, p1595)
Carcinoma, Endometrioid: an adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of cells resembling the glandular cells of the endometrium. it is a common histological type of ovarian carcinoma and endometrial carcinoma. there is a high frequency of co-occurrence of this form of adenocarcinoma in both tissues
Carcinoma, Giant Cell: an epithelial neoplasm characterized by unusually large anaplastic cells. it is highly malignant with fulminant clinical course, bizarre histologic appearance and poor prognosis. it is most common in the lung and thyroid. (from stedman, 25th ed & segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular: a primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. it ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with epithelial cells indistinguishable from normal hepatocytes to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. the cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form giant cells. several classification schemes have been suggested
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating: a noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma
Carcinoma, Islet Cell: a primary malignant neoplasm of the pancreatic islet cells. usually it involves the non-insulin-producing cell types, the pancreatic alpha cells and the pancreatic delta cells (somatostatin-secreting cells) in glucagonoma and somatostatinoma, respectively
Carcinoma, Large Cell: a tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. it is usually bronchogenic. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung: a carcinoma discovered by dr. margaret r. lewis of the wistar institute in 1951. this tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a c57bl mouse. the tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (from cancer chemother rep 2 1972 nov;(3)1:325) it is also called 3ll and llc and is used as a transplantable malignancy
Carcinoma, Lobular: a type of breast cancer where the abnormal malignant cells form in the lobules, or milk-producing glands, of the breast
Carcinoma, Medullary: a carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (from dorland, 27th ed; devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 3d ed, p1141; segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Carcinoma, Merkel Cell: a carcinoma arising from merkel cells located in the basal layer of the epidermis and occurring most commonly as a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. merkel cells are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin and histologically show neurosecretory granules. the skin of the head and neck are a common site of merkel cell carcinoma, occurring generally in elderly patients. (holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed, p1245)
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid: a tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. the low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. the high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. they are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (from devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 3d ed, p575; holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed, p1240)
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine: a group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung: a heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma; adenocarcinoma; and large cell carcinoma. they are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial: a malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface epithelium of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. there are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. mutations in brca1, opcml, prkn, pik3ca, akt1, ctnnb1, rras2, and cdh1 genes are associated with this cancer
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal: carcinoma that arises from the pancreatic ducts. it accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the pancreas
Carcinoma, Papillary: a malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (stedman, 25th ed)
Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular: a thyroid neoplasm of mixed papillary and follicular arrangement. its biological behavior and prognosis is the same as that of a papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. (from devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 3d ed, p1271)
Carcinoma, Renal Cell: a heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the kidneys. there are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma
Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell: a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. it usually arises in the gastrointestinal system
Carcinoma, Skin Appendage: a malignant tumor of the skin appendages, which include the hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and the mammary glands. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Carcinoma, Small Cell: an anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. it is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (from stedman, 25th ed; holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell: a carcinoma derived from stratified squamous epithelial cells. it may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell: a malignant neoplasm derived from transitional epithelial cells, occurring chiefly in the urinary bladder; ureters; or renal pelvis
Carcinoma, Verrucous: a variant of well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma that is most common in the oral cavity, but also occurs in the larynx, nasal cavity, esophagus, penis, anorectal region, vulva, vagina, uterine cervix, and skin, especially on the sole of the foot. most intraoral cases occur in elderly male abusers of smokeless tobacco. the treatment is surgical resection. radiotherapy is not indicated, as up to 30% treated with radiation become highly aggressive within six months. (segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Carcinosarcoma: a malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (stedman, 25th ed)
Cardamine: a plant genus of the family brassicaceae that is low-growing in damp meadows of the northern hemisphere and has pinnately divided leaves and small white to rose flowers
Cardamine: obsáhlý rod nižších až středně vysokých bylin z čeledě brukvovitých. roste téměř po celém světě, většinou na vlhčích půdách v oblastech s mírným podnebím. rostliny mívají listy jednoduché nebo jednou či dvakrát zpeřené, nebo směsici současně. květy jsou barvy bílé, narůžovělé nebo slabě purpurové. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cardanolides: the aglycone constituents of cardiac glycosides. the ring structure is basically a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus attached to a lactone ring at the c-17 position
Cardenolides: c(23)-steroids with methyl groups at c-10 and c-13 and a five-membered lactone at c-17. they are aglycone constituents of cardiac glycosides and must have at least one double bond in the molecule. the class includes cardadienolides and cardatrienolides. members include digitoxin and digoxin and their derivatives and the strophanthins
Cardia: that part of the stomach close to the opening from esophagus into the stomach (cardiac orifice), the esophagogastric junction. the cardia is so named because of its closeness to the heart. cardia is characterized by the lack of acid-forming cells (gastric parietal cells)
Cardiac Arrhythmia, Ankyrin-B-Related: mutation in ankyrin-b
Cardiac Catheterization: procedures in which placement of cardiac catheters is performed for therapeutic or diagnostic procedures
Cardiac Catheters: catheters inserted into various locations within the heart for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes
Cardiac Complexes, Premature: a group of cardiac arrhythmias in which the cardiac contractions are not initiated at the sinoatrial node. they include both atrial and ventricular premature beats, and are also known as extra or ectopic heartbeats. their frequency is increased in heart diseases
Cardiac Conduction Defect, Nonspecific: associated with mutations in scn1b
Cardiac Conduction System Disease: diseases characterized by pathological irregularities in the heart conduction system. they may be associated with other heart diseases and syndromes (e.g., brugada syndrome; neuromuscular disease, heart blocks), isolated or may result from injuries. you can have a conduction disorder without having an arrhythmia, but some arrhythmias arise from conduction disorders. omim: 601144
Cardiac Electrophysiology: the study of the electrical activity and characteristics of the heart; myocardium; and cardiomyocytes
Cardiac Glycosides: cyclopentanophenanthrenes with a 5- or 6-membered lactone ring attached at the 17-position and sugars attached at the 3-position. plants they come from have long been used in congestive heart failure. they increase the force of cardiac contraction without significantly affecting other parameters, but are very toxic at larger doses. their mechanism of action usually involves inhibition of the na(+)-k(+)-exchanging atpase and they are often used in cell biological studies for that purpose
Cardiac Imaging Techniques: visualization of the heart structure and cardiac blood flow for diagnostic evaluation or to guide cardiac procedures via techniques including endoscopy (cardiac endoscopy, sometimes refered to as cardioscopy), radionuclide imaging; magnetic resonance imaging; tomography; or ultrasonography
Cardiac Output: the volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. it is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat)
Cardiac Output, High: a state of elevated cardiac output due to conditions of either increased hemodynamic demand or reduced cardiac oxygen output. these conditions may include anemia; arteriovenous fistula; thyrotoxicosis; pregnancy; exercise; fever; and hypoxia. in time, compensatory changes of the heart can lead to pathological form of high cardiac output and eventual heart failure
Cardiac Output, Low: a state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. it is a characteristic of cardiovascular diseases, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. the serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in stroke volume, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities
Cardiac Pacing, Artificial: regulation of the rate of contraction of the heart muscles by an artificial pacemaker
Cardiac Papillary Fibroelastoma: primary tumors, predominantly of the cardiac valves, characterized by multiple papillary frond structures. although histologically benign, they may result in complications (e.g., valve dysfunction, embolism; stroke; and sudden death)
Cardiac Rehabilitation: restoration of functions to the maximum degree possible in a person or persons suffering from a cardiovascular disease. it also includes cardiac conditioning and secondary prevention in patients with elevated cardiovascular risk profile
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: the restoration of the sequential order of contraction and relaxation of the heart atria and heart ventricles by atrio-biventricular pacing
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Devices: types of artificial pacemakers with implantable leads to be placed at multiple intracardial sites. they are used to treat various cardiac conduction disturbances which interfere with the timing of contraction of the ventricles. they may or may not include defibrillating electrodes (implantable defibrillators) as well
Cardiac Tamponade: compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (pericardial effusion) or blood (hemopericardium) in the pericardium surrounding the heart. the affected cardiac functions and cardiac output can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse
Cardiac Valve Annuloplasty: a type of heart valve surgery that involves the repair, replacement, or reconstruction of the annuli of heart valves. it includes shortening the circumference of the annulus to improve valve closing capacity and reinforcing the annulus as a step in more complex valve repairs
Cardiac Volume: the volume of the heart, usually relating to the volume of blood contained within it at various periods of the cardiac cycle. the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle at each beat is stroke volume
Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques: timing the acquisition of imaging data to specific points in the cardiac cycle to minimize image blurring and other motion artifacts
Cardiac-Gated Single-Photon Emission Computer-Assisted Tomography: tomography using single-photon emitting radionuclides to create images that are captured in times corresponding to various points in the cardiac cycle
Cardiidae: a family of bivalve mollusks with heart-shaped shells, commonly known as cockles. unlike most bivalves, cockles are hermaphroditic
Cardiidae: čeleď mlžů s lasturami tvaru srdce. na rozdíl od většiny ostatních mlžů jsou srdcovky hermafrodité
Cardio Ankle Vascular Index: an index of arterial stiffness obtained from pulse wave velocity measurements between the heart and the ankle
Cardio-Oncology: the study, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiotoxicity in patients who undergo treatment for cancer
Cardio-Renal Syndrome: condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., heart failure with worsening renal insufficiency)
Cardiobacteriaceae: a family of gram-negative, mostly aerobic bacteria, in the order cardiobacteriales. there are three genera: cardiobacterium; dichelobacter; and suttonella
Cardiobacteriaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, převážně aerobních bakterií řádu cardiobacteriales. patří sem tři rody: cardiobacterium, dichelobacter a suttonella
Cardiobacterium: a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the family cardiobacteriaceae. it is found in the nasal flora of humans and causes endocarditis
Cardiobacterium: rod gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních bakterií čeledi cardiobacteriaceae. je součástí mikroflóry nosu člověka a způsobuje endokarditidu
Cardiocranial syndrome: craniostenosis, sagittal, with congenital heart disease, mental deficiency, and mandibular ankylosis
Cardioencephalomyopathy, Fatal Infantile, due to Cytochrome C Oxidase Deficiency: mutation in sco2
Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome: a multiple congenital anomaly disorder characterized by a distinctive facies, intellectual disability, and cardiovascular abnormalities that include pulmonic stenosis; atrial septal defect, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. ectodermal abnormalities such as sparse hair, skin lesions, and ichthyosis may also be present. usually occurs sporadically, but germline mutations in the braf gene have been identified in some patients with cfc1. omim: 115150
Cardiography, Impedance: a type of impedance plethysmography in which bioelectrical impedance is measured between electrodes positioned around the neck and around the lower thorax. it is used principally to calculate stroke volume and cardiac volume, but it is also related to myocardial contractility, thoracic fluid content, and circulation to the extremities
Cardiolipins: acidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol. they occur primarily in mitochondrial inner membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes. they are the main antigenic components of the wassermann-type antigen that is used in nontreponemal syphilis serodiagnosis
Cardiologists: qualified medical professionals who specialize in preventing and treating disorders of the heart and cardiovascular system
Cardiology Service, Hospital: the hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of diagnostic and therapeutic services for the cardiac patient
Cardiomegaly: enlargement of the heart, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both heart ventricles or heart atria. cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (heart failure) or several forms of cardiomyopathies
Cardiomegaly, Exercise-Induced: non-pathological heart enlargement and other remodeling in cardiac morphology and electrical circuitry found in individuals who participate in intense repeated exercises
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: a cluster of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, inborn or inherited conditions and characteristics, which, on the basis of epidemiological evidence, is known to be associated with cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Cardiomyopathies: a group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the cardiac muscle itself. cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (dilated cardiomyopathy; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; restrictive cardiomyopathy) or their etiological/pathological factors (cardiomyopathy, alcoholic; endocardial fibroelastosis)
Cardiomyopathy dilated with woolly hair and keratoderma: a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma, woolly hair, and dilated cardiomyopathy. woolly hair is present at birth; palmoplantar keratoderma and other keratotic signs appear around the first year of life. cardiac abnormalities may be detected by electrocardiograph in asymptomatic patients and include dilation of the left ventricle leading to congestive heart failure and death. mutations in the dsp gene have been identified. omim: 605676
Cardiomyopathy, Alcoholic: disease of cardiac muscle resulting from chronic excessive alcohol consumption. myocardial damage can be caused by: (1) a toxic effect of alcohol; (2) malnutrition in alcoholics such as thiamine deficiency; or (3) toxic effect of additives in alcoholic beverages such as cobalt. this disease is usually manifested by dyspnea and palpitations with cardiomegaly and congestive heart failure (heart failure)
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated: a form of cardiac muscle disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, ventricular dysfunction, and heart failure. risk factors include smoking; alcohol drinking; hypertension; infection; pregnancy; and mutations in the lmna gene encoding lamin type a, a nuclear lamina protein
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, 1AA: mutation in actn2
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, 1D: mutation in cardiac troponin t
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, 1EE: mutation in myh6
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, 1J: mutation in eya4
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, 1M: mutation in csrp3
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, 1N: mutation in telethonin
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, 1l: mutationin sgcd
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, 1s: mutation in myh7
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, 1u: mutation on psen1
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, 1x: mutation on fukutin
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, 1y: mutation on tpm1
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, 1z: mutation on troponin c, slow
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, 2a: troponin i, cardiac mutation
Cardiomyopathy, Familial Hypertrophic, 1: promote to hm
Cardiomyopathy, Familial Hypertrophic, 10: mutation in myl2
Cardiomyopathy, Familial Hypertrophic, 11: mutations in actc1
Cardiomyopathy, Familial Hypertrophic, 14: mutations in myh6
Cardiomyopathy, Familial Hypertrophic, 4: mutations in mybpc3
Cardiomyopathy, Familial Hypertrophic, 6: mutation in prkag2
Cardiomyopathy, Familial Hypertrophic, 8: mutation in myl3
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic: a form of cardiac muscle disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (hypertrophy, left ventricular; hypertrophy, right ventricular), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the heart septum, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. risk factors include hypertension; aortic stenosis; and gene mutation; (familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial: an autosomal dominant inherited form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. it results from any of more than 50 mutations involving genes encoding contractile proteins such as ventricular myosins; cardiac troponin t; alpha-tropomyosin
Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive: a form of cardiac muscle disease in which the ventricular walls are excessively rigid, impeding ventricular filling. it is marked by reduced diastolic volume of either or both ventricles but normal or nearly normal systolic function. it may be idiopathic or associated with other diseases (endomyocardial fibrosis or amyloidosis) causing interstitial fibrosis
Cardiomyoplasty: an operation that uses stimulated latissimus dorsi muscle (skeletal muscle ventricle) to assist cardiac function. the latissimus dorsi muscle is mobilized from the chest wall and moved into the thorax through the bed of the resected 2nd or 3rd rib. the muscle is then wrapped around the left and right ventricles and stimulated to contract during cardiac systole by means of an implanted burst-stimulator. (stedman, 26th ed)
Cardioplegic Solutions: solutions which, upon administration, will temporarily arrest cardiac activity. they are used in the performance of heart surgery
Cardiopulmonary Bypass: diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: the artificial substitution of heart and lung action as indicated for heart arrest resulting from electric shock, drowning, respiratory arrest, or other causes. the two major components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are artificial ventilation (respiration, artificial) and closed-chest cardiac massage
Cardiorespiratory Fitness: a measure of the functional capabilities of the heart, lungs and muscles, relative to the demands of specific exercise routines such as running or cycling
Cardiotocography: monitoring of fetal heart frequency before birth in order to assess impending prematurity in relation to the pattern or intensity of antepartum uterine contraction
Cardiotonic Agents: agents that have a strengthening effect on the heart or that can increase cardiac output. they may be cardiac glycosides; sympathomimetics; or other drugs. they are used after myocardial infarct; cardiac surgical procedures; in shock; or in congestive heart failure (heart failure)
Cardiotoxicity: damage to the heart or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in chemotherapy; immunotherapy; or radiation
Cardiotoxins: agents that have a damaging effect on the heart. such damage can occur from alkylating agents; free radicals; or metabolites from oxidative stress and in some cases is countered by cardiotonic agents. induction of long qt syndrome or torsades de pointes has been the reason for viewing some drugs as cardiotoxins
Cardiovascular Abnormalities: congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the cardiovascular system, including the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular Agents: agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume
Cardiovascular Deconditioning: a change in cardiovascular function resulting in a reduction in blood volume, and reflex diuresis. it occurs frequently after actual or simulated weightlessness
Cardiovascular Diseases: pathological conditions involving the cardiovascular system including the heart; the blood vessels; or the pericardium
Cardiovascular Nursing: a specialty concerned with the nursing care of patients suffering from disorders of the cardiovascular system as well as those identified as at risk for adverse cardiac or vascular events
Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena: processes and properties of the cardiovascular system as a whole or of any of its parts
Cardiovascular System: the heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body
Cardiovirus: a genus of the family picornaviridae causing encephalitis and myocarditis in rodents. encephalomyocarditis virus is the type species
Cardiovirus: rod čeledi picornaviridae způsobující encefalitidu a myokarditidu u hlodavců. typem je virus encefalomyokarditidy
Cardiovirus Infections: infections caused by viruses of the genus cardiovirus, family picornaviridae
Carduus: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain arctiin and onopordopicrin
Carduus: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. zástupci obsahují arktiin a onopordopikrin
Career Mobility: the upward or downward mobility in an occupation or the change from one occupation to another
Caregiver Burden: the stresses or associated emotional responses experienced by caregivers when caring for the mentally or physically disabled
Caregivers: persons who provide care to those who need supervision or assistance in illness or disability. they may provide the care in the home, in a hospital, or in an institution. although caregivers include trained medical, nursing, and other health personnel, the concept also refers to parents, spouses, or other family members, friends, members of the clergy, teachers, social workers, fellow patients
Carex: fluoride (1.8%) containing varnish; no further information available 8/91
Carex (rostlina): rod rostlin čeledi cyperaceae. semena obsahují oligostilbeny (stilbeny)
Carex Plant: a plant genus of the family cyperaceae. the seed contains oligostilbenes (stilbenes)
Carfecillin: the phenyl ester of carbenicillin that, upon oral administration, is broken down in the intestinal mucosa to the active antibacterial. it is used for urinary tract infections
Caribbean People: people native to or inhabitants of islands in the caribbean sea or caribbean including antigua and barbuda; aruba; bahamas; barbados; british virgin islands; caribbean netherlands; cuba; curacao; dominica; dominican republic; grenada; guadeloupe; haiti; jamaica; martinique; puerto rico; saint kitts and nevis; saint lucia; saint vincent and the grenadines; sint maarten; trinidad and tobago; and united states virgin islands
Caribbean Region: the area that lies between continental north and south america and comprises the caribbean sea, the west indies, and the adjacent mainland regions of southern mexico, central america, colombia, and venezuela
Carica: a plant genus of the family caricaceae, order violales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida. it is the source of edible fruit and papain
Carica: rod rostlin čeledi caricaceae, řádu violales (brassicales v systému apg), podtřídy dilleniidae, třídy magnoliopsida. jediným druhem rodu papája je papája obecná (carica papaya), vyznačující se velkými jedlými plody. latex, který obsahuje proteolytické enzymy rozkládající bílkoviny, např. papain a chymopapain, je obsažený v pletivu téměř celé rostliny. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Caricaceae: a plant family of the order violales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida
Caricaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu violales (brassicales v systému apg), podtřídy dilleniidae, třídy magnoliopsida
Caricature: work portraying in a critical or facetious way a real individual or group, or a figure representing a social, political, ethnic, or racial type. the effect is usually achieved through distortion or exaggeration of characteristics. (genre terms: a thesaurus for use in rare book and special collection cataloguing, 2d ed)
Caricatures as Topic: works about portraying in a critical or facetious way a real individual or group, or a figure representing a social, political, ethnic, or racial type. (genre terms: a thesaurus for use in rare book and special collections cataloguing, 2d ed)
Cariostatic Agents: substances that inhibit or arrest dental caries formation. (boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed)
Carisoprodol: a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. it is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202)
Carlavirus: a genus of rna plant viruses in the family flexiviridae, containing slightly flexuous filaments, often transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent manner. carnation latent virus is the type species
Carlavirus: rod rostlinných virů čeledi flexiviridae. jejich částice jsou mírně flexibilní vlákna. jsou často neperzistentně přenášeny mšicemi. typovým druhem je latentní virus karafiátu
Carminagel: combination drug containing pancreatin, extract of cynar. scolym. sicc., and dimethylpolysiloxane
Carmine: coloring matter from the insect coccus cacti l. it is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker
Carmovirus: a genus in the family tombusviridae mostly found in temperate regions. some species infecting legumes (fabaceae) are reported from tropical areas. most viruses are soil-borne, but some are transmitted by the fungus olpidium radicale and others by beetles. carnation mottle virus is the type species
Carmovirus: rod rostlinných rna-virů čeledi tombusviridae, které se vyskytují převážně v mírných oblastech. některé druhy infikující bobovité žijí v tropech. většinou jde o půdní viry, ale některé druhy jsou přenášeny houbou olpidium radicale a jiné brouky. typovým druhem je virus strakatosti karafiátu
Carmustine: a cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. it is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the fourth annual report on carcinogens (ntp 85-002, 1985). (from merck index, 11th ed)
Carney Complex: autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by cardiac and cutaneous myxomas; lentiginosis (spotty pigmentation of the skin), and endocrinopathy and its associated endocrine tumors. the cardiac myxomas may lead to sudden cardiac death and other complications in carney complex patients. the gene coding for the prkar1a protein is one of the causative genetic loci (type 1). a second locus is at chromosome 2p16 (type 2)
Carney Triad: gastric (epithelioid) leiomyosarcoma, functioning extraadrenal paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondroma where at least two of the three, usually the gastric and pulmonary tumors, occur in the same patient. omim: 604287
Carneyův komplex: jedná se o autozomálně dominantní dědičné onemocnění, které se projevuje kožními a srdečními myxomy, lentigem a endokrinopatií (poruchu žláz s vnitřní sekrecí). srdeční myxomy mohou vést k náhlé srdeční smrti. carneyův komplex je nejčastěji způsoben mutacemi v genu prkar1a na 17. chromozomu. tato mutace se vyskytuje u 70 % lidí trpících tímto onemocněním. méně často je příčina na 16. chromozomu
Carnitine: a constituent of striated muscle and liver. it is an amino acid derivative and an essential cofactor for fatty acid metabolism
Carnitine Acyltransferases: acyltransferases in the inner mitochondrial membrane that catalyze the reversible transfer of acyl groups from acyl-coa to l-carnitine and thereby mediate the transport of activated fatty acids through that membrane. ec 2.3.1
Carnitine O-Acetyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of o-acetylcarnitine from acetyl-coa plus carnitine. ec 2.3.1.7
Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the conversion of palmitoyl-coa to palmitoylcarnitine in the inner mitochondrial membrane. ec 2.3.1.21
Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase II Deficiency, Infantile: mutation in carnitine o-palmitoyltransferase
Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase II Deficiency, Late-Onset: prom mutation in carnitine palmitoyltransferase ii
Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase II Deficiency, Lethal Neonatal: mutation in cpt2
Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 deficiency: three autosomal recessive forms of this disorder caused by mutations in the cpt2 gene occur: the lethal neonatal form (omim: 608836) is characterized by respiratory failure; seizures; liver failure; cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmia and is fatal in the first few days or months of life. the infantile form (omim: 600649) also affects the heart, liver, and muscles and can result in severe symptoms or death during fasting or viral infection. the most common myopathic form (omim: 255110) occurs in young adults and is characterized by recurrent episodes of rhabdomyolysis triggered by prolonged exercise, fasting, or febrile illness
Carnitine-Acylcarnitine Translocase Deficiency: mutation in slc25a20
Carnivora: an order of mammals, usually flesh eaters with appropriate dentition. suborders include the terrestrial carnivores fissipedia, and the aquatic carnivores caniformia
Carnivora: šelmy (carnivora) jsou různorodý řád zahrnující okolo 260 placentálních savců. potravu téměř všech šelem tvoří maso. typická šelma je rychlá a hbitá s ostrými zuby a drápy, má vynikající sluch, zrak a čich. někdy se dělí na dva podřády: suchozemské šelmy (fissipedia) a ploutvonožce (pinnipedia). současná taxonomie preferuje dělení na podřády psotvární (caniformia) a kočkotvární (feliformia). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Carnivorous Plant: plants adapted to trap and kill insects and other non-plant organisms, deriving nutrients from trapped organisms
Carnobacteriaceae: a family of gram-positive, lactic acid-producing bacteria in the order lactobacillales. it includes both high-pressure-loving species (piezophiles) found in the deep ocean, and antarctic species
Carnobacteriaceae: rod grampozitivních bakterií mléčného kvašení z řádu lactobacillales. zahrnuje hlubokomořské druhy rostoucí lépe za podmínek zvýšeného hydrostatického tlaku (piezofilní) i druhy žijící v chladném prostředí antarktidy
Carnobacterium: a genus of gram-positive bacteria in the family carnobacteriaceae. they are tolerant to freezing/thawing and high pressure and able to grow at low temperatures
Carnobacterium: rod grampozitivních bakterií čeledi carnobacteriaceae. tyto bakterie jsou tolerantní k mrazu/varu i k vysokému tlaku a mohou růst při nízkých teplotách
Caroli Disease: congenital cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts, intrahepatic). it consists of 2 types: simple caroli disease is characterized by bile duct dilatation (ectasia) alone; and complex caroli disease is characterized by bile duct dilatation with extensive hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension (hypertension, portal). benign renal tubular ectasia is associated with both types of caroli disease
Caroliho nemoc: vzácné dědičné postižení intrahepatálních žlučových cest s jejich ektaziemi; vyskytují se dále anomálie na dalších orgánech (ledviny, pankreas). projevuje se ikterem, recidivami cholangitidy s následným postižením jater. v léčbě může přicházet v úvahu transplantace jater. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Carotenoids: the general name for a group of fat-soluble pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. they are aliphatic hydrocarbons containing 4 terpene subunits
Carotid Arteries: either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery
Carotid Artery Diseases: pathological conditions involving the carotid arteries, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. atherosclerosis and trauma are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology
Carotid Artery Injuries: damages to the carotid arteries caused either by blunt force or penetrating trauma, such as craniocerebral trauma; thoracic injuries; and neck injuries. damaged carotid arteries can lead to carotid artery thrombosis; carotid-cavernous sinus fistula; pseudoaneurysm formation; and internal carotid artery dissection. (from am j forensic med pathol 1997, 18:251; j trauma 1994, 37:473)
Carotid Artery Thrombosis: blood clot formation in any part of the carotid arteries. this may produce carotid stenosis or occlusion of the vessel, leading to transient ischemic attack; cerebral infarction; or amaurosis fugax
Carotid Artery, Common: the two principal arteries supplying the structures of the head and neck. they ascend in the neck, one on each side, and at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage, each divides into two branches, the external (carotid artery, external) and internal (carotid artery, internal) carotid arteries
Carotid Artery, External: branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the exterior of the head, the face, and the greater part of the neck
Carotid Artery, Internal: branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the anterior part of the brain, the eye and its appendages, the forehead and nose
Carotid Artery, Internal, Dissection: the splitting of the vessel wall in one or both (left and right) internal carotid arteries (carotid artery, internal). interstitial hemorrhage into the media of the vessel wall can lead to occlusion of the internal carotid artery and aneurysm formation
Carotid Body: a small cluster of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. the carotid body, which is richly supplied with fenestrated capillaries, senses the ph, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and plays a crucial role in their homeostatic control
Carotid Body Tumor: benign paraganglioma at the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries. it can encroach on the parapharyngeal space and produce dysphagia, pain, and cranial nerve palsies
Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: a measurement of the thickness of the carotid artery walls. it is measured by b-mode ultrasonography and is used as a surrogate marker for atherosclerosis
Carotid Intimal Medial Thickness 1: measure of atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic risk; polymorphism in pparg
Carotid Sinus: the dilated portion of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids. it contains baroreceptors which, when stimulated, cause slowing of the heart, vasodilatation, and a fall in blood pressure
Carotid Stenosis: narrowing or stricture of any part of the carotid arteries, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce thrombus formation. platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a transient ischemic attack; cerebrovascular accident; or temporary blindness (amaurosis fugax). (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)
Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula: an acquired or spontaneous abnormality in which there is communication between cavernous sinus, a venous structure, and the carotid arteries. it is often associated with head trauma, specifically basilar skull fractures (skull fracture, basilar). clinical signs often include vision disorders and intracranial hypertension
Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity: the transit time of an aortic pressure wave between the common carotid artery and the common femoral artery. it is a standard measure of arterial stiffness
Carpal Bones: the eight bones of the wrist: scaphoid bone; lunate bone; triquetrum bone; pisiform bone; trapezium bone; trapezoid bone; capitate bone; and hamate bone
Carpal Joints: the articulations between the various carpal bones. this does not include the wrist joint which consists of the articulations between the radius; ulna; and proximal carpal bones
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: entrapment of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the carpal bones. this syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (cumulative trauma disorders); wrist injuries; amyloid neuropathies; rheumatoid arthritis (see arthritis, rheumatoid); acromegaly; pregnancy; and other conditions. symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (joynt, clinical neurology, 1995, ch51, p45)
Carpometacarpal Joints: the articulations between the carpal bones and the metacarpal bones
Carps: common name for a number of different species of fish in the family cyprinidae. this includes, among others, the common carp, crucian carp, grass carp, and silver carp
Carrageenan: a water-soluble extractive mixture of sulfated polysaccharides from red algae. chief sources are the irish moss chondrus crispus (carrageen), and gigartina stellata. it is used as a stabilizer, for suspending cocoa in chocolate manufacture, and to clarify beverages
Carrier Proteins: proteins that bind or transport specific substances in the blood, within the cell, or across cell membranes
Carrier State: the condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. the organism must be readily transmissible to another susceptible host
Carteolol: a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent
Carthamus tinctorius: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. oil from the seed (safflower oil) is an important food oil of commerce
Carthamus tinctorius: druh rostlin rodu carthamus, čeledi asteraceae. z květů se vyrábí žluté přírodní barvivo a ze semen saflorový olej (použitelný za studena stejně jako slunečnicový olej) pro lidskou výživu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Carticaine: a thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to mepivacaine
Cartilage: a non-vascular form of connective tissue composed of chondrocytes embedded in a matrix that includes chondroitin sulfate and various types of fibrillar collagen. there are three major types: hyaline cartilage; fibrocartilage; and elastic cartilage
Cartilage Diseases: pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (cartilage)
Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein: major component of chondrocyte extracellular matrix of various tissues including bone, tendon, ligament, synovium and blood vessels. it binds matrilin proteins and is associated with development of cartilage and bone
Cartilage, Articular: a protective layer of firm, flexible cartilage over the articulating ends of bones. it provides a smooth surface for joint movement, protecting the ends of long bones from wear at points of contact
Cartilage-hair hypoplasia: a hereditary autosomal recessive form of short-limbed dwarfism due to osteochondrodysplasia. affected individuals may also experience gastrointestinal abnormalities such as hirschsprung disease, immunologic deficiency, and increased susceptibility for lymphoma and skin neoplasms. mutations in the rmrp gene have been identified. omim: 250250
Cartoon: image used to comment on such things as contemporary events, social habits, or political trends; usually executed in a broad or abbreviated manner
Cartoons as Topic: works about images used to comment on such things as contemporary events, social habits, or political trends; usually executed in a broad or abbreviated manner
Cartwright Nelson Fryns syndrome: growth retardation, severe mental retardation, acral limb deficiencies with poorly keratinized nails
Carubicin: a very toxic anthracycline-type antineoplastic related to daunorubicin, obtained from actinomadura carminata
Carvedilol: a carbazole and propanol derivative that acts as a non-cardioselective beta blocker and vasodilator. it has blocking activity for alpha 1 adrenergic receptors and, at higher doses, may function as a blocker of calcium channels; it also has antioxidant properties. carvedilol is used in the treatment of hypertension; angina pectoris; and heart failure. it can also reduce the risk of death following myocardial infarction
Carya: rod dřevin čeledi juglandaceae. jádra plodů řady druhů jsou jedlá. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Caryophyllaceae: a plant family of the order caryophyllales, subclass caryophyllidae, class magnoliopsida. the species are diverse in appearance and habitat; most have swollen leaf and stem joints
Caryophyllaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu caryophyllales, podtřídy caryophyllidae, třídy magnoliopsida. zástupci jsou většinou hmyzosnubné jednoleté až vytrvalé byliny nebo polokeře s lodyhami vidličnatě rozvětvenými. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Caryophyllales: diverse and ecologically specialized dicotyledonous flowering plants that include trees, annuals, shrubs, lianas, mangroves, stem or leaf succulents, and insectivores; acting as important food sources in many cases
Caryophyllales: rozmanité a ekologicky specializované dvouděložné kvetoucí rostliny, které zahrnují stromy, letničky, keře, liány, mangrovy, kmenové a listové sukulenty a masožravé rostliny; fungují v mnoha případech jako důležitý zdroj potravin
Caryophyllanae: nadřád dvouděložných rostlin třídy magnoliopsida