NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Toxicodendron: a genus (formerly part of rhus genus) of shrubs, vines, or trees that yields a highly allergenic oleoresin which causes a severe contact dermatitis (dermatitis, toxicodendron). the most toxic species are toxicodendron vernix (poison sumac), t. diversilobum (poison oak), and t. radicans (poison ivy). t. vernicifera yields a useful varnish from which certain enzymes (laccases) are obtained
Toxicodendron: rod rostlin z čeledi anacardiaceae (ledvinovníkovité). rod zahrnuje asi 27 druhů a je rozšířen v asii a americe. jedovatce jsou známy především tím, že jejich šťáva způsobuje při kontaktu s pokožkou alergické reakce a těžké dermatitidy (dermatitida ze škumpy). účinnými látkami jsou fenolické sloučeniny, urushioly. nejtoxičtějšími zástupci jsou t. diversilobum a t. radicans. pryskyřice některých druhů je v asii využívána k výrobě kvalitních a trvanlivých laků. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Toxicogenetics: the study of existing genetic knowledge, and the generation of new genetic data, to understand and thus avoid drug toxicity and adverse effects from toxic substances from the environment
Toxicokinetics: the quantitation of the body's metabolism of toxic xenobiotic compounds, as measured by the plasma concentration of the toxicant at various time points
Toxicological Phenomena: the nature and effects of chemical, physical or biological poisons on living organisms
Toxicology: the science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and biological action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations
Toxiferine: a curare alkaloid that is a very potent competitive nicotinic antagonist at the neuromuscular junction
Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: mechanisms that allow bacteria and archaea to rapidly adapt to changing environmental conditions via a toxin, produced during adverse conditions, that inhibits a specific vital process, and a partner antitoxin that blocks the effects of the toxin, under normal growth conditions
Toxins, Biological: specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants (plants, toxic), or animals
Toxocara: a genus of ascarid nematodes commonly parasitic in the intestines of cats and dogs
Toxocara: rod škrkavkovitých hlístic, které obvykle parazitují ve střevech koček a psů
Toxocara canis: a species of parasitic nematode found in the intestine of dogs. lesions in the brain, liver, eye, kidney, and lung are caused by migrating larvae. in humans, these larvae do not follow normal patterns and may produce visceral larva migrans (larva migrans, visceral)
Toxocara canis: celosvětově rozšířený červ z kmene nematoda, který parazituje u psů a psovitých masožravců. jejich migrující larvy mohou způsobit léze mozku, jater, očí, ledvin a plic. infekce u lidí je charakterizována přítomností migrujících larev škrkavek (larva migrans) v různých orgánech. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Toxocariasis: infection by round worms of the genus toxocara, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man
Toxoids: preparations of pathogenic organisms or their derivatives made nontoxic and intended for active immunologic prophylaxis. they include deactivated toxins. anatoxin toxoids are distinct from anatoxins that are tropanes found in cyanobacteria
Toxoplasma: a genus of protozoa parasitic to birds and mammals. t. gondii is one of the most common infectious pathogenic animal parasites of man
Toxoplasma: prvok patřící ke kokcidiím, vyvolavatel toxoplasmózy. vyskytuje se kosmopolitně. má složitý vývoj s konečným hostitelem (kočky) a mezihostitelem (člověk a řada dalších živočichů). infekční jsou oocysty (velikosti cca 12 µm), které vznikají ve střevě kočkovitých šelem a masivně se vylučují stolicí. ve střevě se z oocysty uvolňují sporozoity, které jsou diseminovány do vnitřních orgánů, kde se množí za vzniku cyst, v nichž mohou dlouhodobě přežívat. člověk jako mezihostitel se nakazí požitím oocyst (infekčních až po několika hodinách od vyloučení) z nedostatečně tepelně zpracovaného masa mezihostitelů nebo transplacentárně. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Toxoplasmosis: the acquired form of infection by toxoplasma gondii in animals and man
Toxoplasmosis, Animal: acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus toxoplasma
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral: infections of the brain caused by the protozoan toxoplasma gondii that primarily arise in individuals with immunologic deficiency syndromes (see also aids-related opportunistic infections). the infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. clinical manifestations include seizures, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and intracranial hypertension. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1998, ch27, pp41-3)
Toxoplasmosis, Congenital: prenatal protozoal infection with toxoplasma gondii which is associated with injury to the developing fetal nervous system. the severity of this condition is related to the stage of pregnancy during which the infection occurs; first trimester infections are associated with a greater degree of neurologic dysfunction. clinical features include hydrocephalus; microcephaly; deafness; cerebral calcifications; seizures; and psychomotor retardation. signs of a systemic infection may also be present at birth, including fever, rash, and hepatosplenomegaly. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p735)
Toxoplasmosis, Ocular: infection caused by the protozoan parasite toxoplasma in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. the severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness
Toyobo TM 5: segmented polyether polyurethane similar to biomer
Toyocamycin: 4-amino-5-cyano-7-(d-ribofuranosyl)-7h- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. it is an analog of adenosine, blocks rna synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry
Toyonite: a porous ceramics support for the immobilization of enzymes was prepared from the minerals of kaolinite under acidic conditions
Toyopearl DEAE 650 M: used to efficiently remove hemoglobin from hemolysates
Toyopearl HW55F: semi-rigid hydrophilic polymer used in high speed gel permeation chromatography of proteins
Toyopearl Phenyl 650 S: a hydrophobic interaction chromatographic (hic) support
Trabectedin: a complex structure that includes isoquinolines joined by a cyclic ester; it is a dna-binding agent and guanine n2 alkylator derived from the marine tunicate, ecteinascidia turbinata. trabectedin is used for the treatment of advanced soft-tissue sarcoma, after failure of anthracyclines or ifosfamide drug therapy
Trabecular Meshwork: a porelike structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor circulates to the schlemm's canal
Trabeculectomy: any surgical procedure for treatment of glaucoma by means of puncture or reshaping of the trabecular meshwork. it includes goniotomy, trabeculectomy, and laser perforation
Trace Amine-Associated Receptors: g-protein coupled receptors that interact with trace amine compounds (e.g., p-octopamine; beta-phenylethylalmine; tryptamine; p-tyramine) which are present at low tissue levels in mammals. most human trace amine-associated receptors are expressed in olfactory epithelium neurons
Trace Elements: a group of chemical elements that are needed in minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of an organism. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Trachea: the cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi
Tracheal Neoplasms: new abnormal growth of tissue in the trachea
Tracheal agenesis: a rare lethal congenital abnormality characterized by complete interruption or absence of the trachea. the affected male to female ratio is 2:1 and half of cases are associated with polyhydramnios or premature delivery
Tracheobronchomalacia: a congenital or acquired condition of underdeveloped or degeneration of cartilage in the trachea and the bronchi. this results in a floppy non-rigid airway making patency difficult to maintain
Tracheobronchomegaly: a rare and probably congenital condition characterized by great enlargement of the lumen of the trachea and the larger bronchi
Tracheobronchopathia osteoplastica: a hereditary tracheal abnormality characterized by cartilaginous or bony projections into the tracheobronchial lumen, with sparing of the posterior membranous portion of the tracheobronchial tree. symptoms may include dyspnea, coughing, hemoptysis, hoarseness, wheezing, and recurrent pneumonia. tomography of the trachea may show beaded calcification of the tracheobronchial cartilages. omim: 189961
Tracheoesophageal Fistula: abnormal passage between the esophagus and the trachea, acquired or congenital, often associated with esophageal atresia
Tracheomalacia: a congenital or acquired condition of underdeveloped or degeneration of cartilage in the trachea. this results in a floppy tracheal wall making patency difficult to maintain. it is characterized by wheezing and difficult breathing
Tracheophyta: a subset of plants bearing a vascular system. examples are ferns and seed-bearing species
Tracheostomy: surgical formation of an opening into the trachea through the neck, or the opening so created
Trachoma: a chronic infection of the conjunctiva and cornea caused by chlamydia trachomatis
Track and Field: sports performed on a track, field, or arena and including running events and other competitions, such as the pole vault, shot put, etc
Traction: the pull on a limb or a part thereof. skin traction (indirect traction) is applied by using a bandage to pull on the skin and fascia where light traction is required. skeletal traction (direct traction), however, uses pins or wires inserted through bone and is attached to weights, pulleys, and ropes. (from blauvelt & nelson, a manual of orthopaedic terminology, 5th ed)
Tradescantia: a plant genus of the family commelinaceae that is used in genotoxic bioassays
Tradescantia: rod bylin čeledi commelinaceae, jehož zástupci se používají v genotoxických testech
Traditional Medicine Practitioners: health personnel using systems of medicine based on cultural beliefs and practices handed down from generation to generation, including mystical and magical rituals (spiritual therapies); traditional medicine; phytotherapy; herbal medicine; and other treatments which may not be explained by modern medicine
Traditional Pulse Diagnosis: technique used in ayurvedic medicine, and east asian traditional medicine, in which reading pulse is used in the diagnosis of diseases
Tragacanth: powdered exudate from astragalus gummifer and related plants. it forms gelatinous mass in water. tragacanth is used as suspending agent, excipient or emulsifier in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. it has also been used as a bulk-forming laxative
Trager duck spleen necrosis virus: a species in the group reticuloendotheliosis viruses, avian of the genus gammaretrovirus originally isolated from ducks
Tragopogon: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. the root and shoots have been used for food
Tragopogon: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. z kozí brady luční se v lidové medicíně zužitkovává dužnatý kořen. mladé listy jsou v době, kdy ještě neobsahují latex, vhodné do zeleninových salátů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Trail Making Test: the subject's ability to connect 25 numbered and lettered circles in sequence in a specific length of time. a score of 12 or below is suggestive of organic brain damage
Trained Immunity: ability of the innate immunity system to form immunologic memory and provide enhanced defense against subsequent secondary infections. in trained immunity, long-term adaptation of innate immune cells occurs through epigenetic processes and metabolic cellular reprogramming to form long term immunologic memory
Tramadol: a narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. it may be habituating
Tranexamic Acid: antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage
Tranquilizing Agents: a traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought, or behavior. included here are the anti-anxiety agents (minor tranquilizers), antimanic agents, and the antipsychotic agents (major tranquilizers). these drugs act by different mechanisms and are used for different therapeutic purposes
Trans Fatty Acids: unsaturated fatty acids that contain at least one double bond in the trans configuration, which results in a greater bond angle than the cis configuration. this results in a more extended fatty acid chain similar to saturated fatty acids, with closer packing and reduced fluidity. hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids increases the trans content
Trans-Activators: diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular dna to regulate the expression of proteins
Trans-Cinnamate 4-Monooxygenase: a member of the p450 superfamily, this enzyme catalyzes the first oxidative step of the phenylpropanoid pathway in higher plants by transforming trans-cinnamate into p-coumarate
Trans-Splicing: the joining of rna from two different genes. one type of trans-splicing is the spliced leader type (primarily found in protozoans such as trypanosomes and in lower invertebrates such as nematodes) which results in the addition of a capped, noncoding, spliced leader sequence to the 5' end of mrnas. another type of trans-splicing is the discontinuous group ii introns type (found in plant/algal chloroplasts and plant mitochondria) which results in the joining of two independently transcribed coding sequences. both are mechanistically similar to conventional nuclear pre-mrna cis-splicing. mammalian cells are also capable of trans-splicing
TransCyte: consists of biobrane's mesh component with extracellular matrix components of fibroblasts cultured on the mesh
Transactinide Series Elements: a series of radioactive elements with atomic numbers greater than 103. current members include rutherfordium, atomic number 104, to and including ununoctium, atomic number 118. all members are synthetic with short half-lives
Transactional Analysis: a psychoanalytic therapy wherein each social transaction is analyzed to determine the involved ego state (whether parent-like, child-like, or adult-like) as a basis for understanding behavior
Transaldolase: an enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the reaction sedoheptulose 7-phosphate and d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to yield d-erythrose 4-phosphate and d-fructose phosphate in the pentose phosphate pathway. (dorland, 27th ed) ec 2.2.1.2
Transaminases: a subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (dorland, 28th ed) ec 2.6.1
Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery: a specialized form of transanal endoscopic surgery for microscopically controlled operations in the rectum
Transanal Endoscopic Surgery: surgical procedures performed through the anus using a proctoscope
Transbond: orthodontic adhesive; a light cured bis-gma resin
Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer: contains methacrylate ester derivative & water
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: surgical treatment for severe aortic valve stenosis. transcatheter aortic valve replacement (tavr) is used as an alternative option in patients who are deemed at high risk or inoperable for traditional open-heart surgery
Transcellular Cell Migration: the movement of one cell into, through, and out of another cell
Transcobalamins: a group of carrier proteins which bind with vitamin b12 in the blood and aid in its transport. transcobalamin i migrates electrophoretically as a beta-globulin, while transcobalamins ii and iii migrate as alpha-globulins
Transcortin: a serpin family member that binds to and transports glucocorticoids in the blood
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: a technique of brain electric stimulation therapy which uses constant, low current delivered via electrodes placed on various locations on the scalp
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a technique that involves the use of electrical coils on the head to generate a brief magnetic field which reaches the cerebral cortex. it is coupled with electromyography response detection to assess cortical excitability by the threshold required to induce motor evoked potentials. this method is also used for brain mapping, to study neurophysiology, and as a substitute for electroconvulsive therapy for treating depression. induction of seizures limits its clinical usage
Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases: artificial nucleases that cleave dna at a defined distance from specific dna sequences recognized by transcription activator-like effectors. they are composed of an endodeoxyribonuclease fused to dna-binding domains of the transcription activator-like effectors
Transcription Activator-Like Effectors: virulence factors of pathogenic plant bacteria, such as xanthomonas species, that bind to specific sequences in the promoter regions of host dna to induce transcription of specific host genes. variations in the dna binding domain of tale family members account for the variations in dna specificity. the tale dna-binding domains are used in various genetic techniques by fusing them with various dna modifying enzymes to detect and manipulate sequence-specific targeted dna sites
Transcription Elongation, Genetic: the lengthening of a nascent rna molecule by rna polymerase during transcription
Transcription Factor 3: a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that plays a role in determining cell fate during embryogenesis. it forms a heterodimer with twist-related protein 1 and achaete-scute gene complex-related transcription factors
Transcription Factor 4: a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor that functions in neuronal cell differentiation. it dimerizes with other bhlh transcription factors and activates transcription through binding to e-box elements containing 5'-acanntgt-3' or 5'-ccanntgg-3' sequences. mutations in the tcf-4 gene are associated with pitt-hopkins syndrome, a severe developmental disorder
Transcription Factor 7-Like 1 Protein: a transcription factor that takes part in wnt signaling pathway where it may play a role in the differentiation of keratinocytes. the transcriptional activity of this protein is regulated via its interaction with beta catenin
Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 Protein: a transcription factor that takes part in wnt signaling pathway. the activity of the protein is regulated via its interaction with beta catenin. transcription factor 7-like 2 protein plays an important role in the embryogenesis of the pancreas and islet cells
Transcription Factor AP-1: a multiprotein complex composed of the products of c-jun and c-fos proto-oncogenes. these proteins must dimerize in order to bind to the ap-1 recognition site, also known as the tpa-responsive element (tre). ap-1 controls both basal and inducible transcription of several genes
Transcription Factor AP-2: a family of dna binding proteins that regulate expression of a variety of genes during cell differentiation and apoptosis. family members contain a highly conserved carboxy-terminal basic helix-turn-helix motif involved in dimerization and sequence-specific dna binding
Transcription Factor Brn-3: a family of mammalian pou domain factors that are expressed predominately in neurons
Transcription Factor Brn-3A: a pou domain factor that activates genetic transcription of genes encoding neurofilament proteins; alpha internexin; synaptosomal-associated protein 25; and bcl-2 proto-oncogene proteins
Transcription Factor Brn-3B: a pou domain factor that represses genetic transcription of genes encoding neurofilament proteins, alpha internexin, and synaptosomal-associated protein 25
Transcription Factor Brn-3C: a pou domain factor that activates neuronal cell genetic transcription of genes encoding neurofilament proteins, alpha internexin, and synaptosomal-associated protein 25. mutations in the brn-3c gene have been associated with deafness
Transcription Factor CHOP: a ccaat-enhancer binding protein that is induced by dna damage and growth arrest. it serves as a dominant negative inhibitor of other ccaat-enhancer binding proteins
Transcription Factor DP1: a transcription factor that possesses dna-binding and e2f-binding domains but lacks a transcriptional activation domain. it is a binding partner for e2f transcription factors and enhances the dna binding and transactivation function of the dp-e2f complex
Transcription Factor HES-1: a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor that functions as a transcriptional repressor for genes transcribed by bhlh proteins. for example, it may negatively regulate myogenesis by inhibiting myod1 and ash1 proteins. it is also required for the stability of fanconi anemia complementation group proteins and their localization to the cell nucleus in response to dna damage
Transcription Factor MTF-1: a zinc dependent transcription factor involved in the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways. regulates the expression of two streams of genes functioning in metal homeostasis and anti-oxidative response
Transcription Factor Pit-1: a pou domain factor that regulates expression of growth hormone; prolactin; and thyrotropin-beta in the anterior pituitary gland
Transcription Factor RelA: a subunit of nf-kappa b that is primarily responsible for its transactivation function. it contains a c-terminal transactivation domain and an n-terminal domain with homology to proto-oncogene proteins c-rel
Transcription Factor RelB: a transcription factor that takes part in the nf-kappa-b complex by interacting with nf-kappa b p50 subunit or nf-kappa b p52 subunit. it regulates genetic transcription that is involved in immune and inflammatory responses
Transcription Factor TFIIA: an rna polymerase ii specific transcription factor. it may play a role in transcriptional activation of gene expression by interacting with the tata-box binding protein component of transcription factor tfiid
Transcription Factor TFIIB: an rna polymerase ii specific transcription factor. it plays a role in assembly of the pol ii transcriptional preinitiation complex and has been implicated as a target of gene-specific transcriptional activators
Transcription Factor TFIID: the major sequence-specific dna-binding component involved in the activation of transcription of rna polymerase ii. it was originally described as a complex of tata-box binding protein and tata-binding protein associated factors. it is now know that tata box binding protein-like proteins may take the place of tata-box binding protein in the complex
Transcription Factor TFIIH: a general transcription factor that is involved in basal genetic transcription and nucleotide excision repair. it consists of nine subunits including atp-dependent dna helicases; cyclin h; and xeroderma pigmentosum group d protein
Transcription Factor TFIIIA: one of several general transcription factors that are specific for rna polymerase iii. it is a zinc finger (zinc fingers) protein and is required for transcription of 5s ribosomal genes
Transcription Factor TFIIIB: one of several general transcription factors that are specific for rna polymerase iii. tfiiib recruits and positions pol iii over the initiation site and remains stably bound to the dna through multiple rounds of re-initiation by rna polymerase iii
Transcription Factor TFIIIC: tfiii transcription factor that consists of tfiiic1 (mw appx 200 kda) and tfiiic2 (mw 400-500 kda) subunits. tfiiic2 contains the tfiiic90 subunit, which has histone acetyltransferase activity
Transcription Factors: endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process
Transcription Factors, General: transcription factors that form transcription initiation complexes on dna, bind to specific dna-directed rna polymerases and are required to initiate transcription. although their binding may be localized to distinct sequence and structural motifs within the dna they are considered non-specific with regard to the specific gene being transcribed
Transcription Factors, TFII: the so-called general transcription factors that bind to rna polymerase ii and that are required to initiate transcription. they include tfiia; tfiib; tfiid; tfiie; tfiif; tfiih; tfii-i; and tfiij. in vivo they apparently bind in an ordered multi-step process and/or may form a large preinitiation complex called rna polymerase ii holoenzyme
Transcription Factors, TFIII: factors that bind to rna polymerase iii and aid in transcription. they include the assembly factors tfiiia and tfiiic and the initiation factor tfiiib. all combine to form a preinitiation complex at the promotor that directs the binding of rna polymerase iii
Transcription Initiation Site: the first nucleotide of a transcribed dna sequence where rna polymerase (dna-directed rna polymerase) begins synthesizing the rna transcript
Transcription Initiation, Genetic: the process that starts the transcription of an rna molecule. it includes the assembly of the initiation complex and establishment of the start site
Transcription Termination, Genetic: the discontinuation of transcription at the end of a transcription unit, including the recognition of termination sites and release of the newly synthesized rna molecule
Transcription, Genetic: the biosynthesis of rna carried out on a template of dna. the biosynthesis of dna from an rna template is called reverse transcription
Transcriptional Activation: processes that stimulate the genetic transcription of a gene or set of genes
Transcriptional Coactivator with PDZ-Binding Motif Proteins: a family of signal transducing adaptor proteins that are similar in structure and function to yap-signaling proteins. they are components of the hippo-signaling pathway, and may act as transcriptional co-activators for tead transcription factors
Transcriptional Elongation Factors: transcription factors whose primary function is to regulate the rate in which rna is transcribed
Transcriptional Regulator ERG: a trans-activator and member of the erythroblast transformation-specific family of transcriptions factors that contain a characteristic ets motif. it is required for platelet cell adhesion to the subendothelium and associates with chimeric oncogene proteins in prostate cancer; ewing's sarcoma; and acute myeloid leukemia
Transcriptome: the pattern of gene expression at the level of genetic transcription in a specific organism or under specific circumstances in specific cells
Transcultural Nursing: a nursing specialty created to answer the need for developing a global perspective in the practice of nursing in a world of interdependent nations and people. the focus of this nursing discipline is on the integration of international and transcultural content into the training. courses include study in the area of cultural differences, nursing in other countries, and international health issues and organizations, as an example
Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation: the use of specifically placed small electrodes to deliver electrical impulses across the skin to relieve pain. it is used less frequently to produce anesthesia
Transcytosis: the transport of materials through a cell. it includes the uptake of materials by the cell (endocytosis), the movement of those materials through the cell, and the subsequent secretion of those materials (exocytosis)
Transdermal Patch: a medicated adhesive patch placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication into the bloodstream
Transducers: any device or element which converts an input signal into an output signal of a different form. examples include the microphone, phonographic pickup, loudspeaker, barometer, photoelectric cell, automobile horn, doorbell, and underwater sound transducer. (mcgraw hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Transducers, Pressure: transducers that are activated by pressure changes, e.g., blood pressure
Transducin: a heterotrimeric gtp-binding protein that mediates the light activation signal from photolyzed rhodopsin to cyclic gmp phosphodiesterase and is pivotal in the visual excitation process. activation of rhodopsin on the outer membrane of rod and cone cells causes gtp to bind to transducin followed by dissociation of the alpha subunit-gtp complex from the beta/gamma subunits of transducin. the alpha subunit-gtp complex activates the cyclic gmp phosphodiesterase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of cyclic gmp to 5'-gmp. this leads to closure of the sodium and calcium channels and therefore hyperpolarization of the rod cells
Transduction, Genetic: the transfer of bacterial dna by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. this also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. this naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a gene transfer technique
Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration: the passage of cells across the layer of endothelial cells, i.e., the endothelium; or across the layer of epithelial cells, i.e. the epithelium
Transfection: the uptake of naked or purified dna by cells, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. it is analogous to bacterial transformation (transformation, bacterial) and both are routinely employed in gene transfer techniques
Transfer Agreement: a written agreement for the transfer of patients and their medical records from one health care institution to another
Transfer Factor: factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients
Transfer Machine Learning: process of training a new learning network by beginning with previously trained for a related problem, leading to less time and energy required for training the new learning network
Transfer RNA Aminoacylation: the conversion of uncharged transfer rna to amino acyl trna
Transfer, Psychology: change in learning in one situation due to prior learning in another situation. the transfer can be positive (with second learning improved by first) or negative (where the reverse holds)
Transferases: transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). the classification is based on the scheme donor:acceptor group transferase. (enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 2
Transferases (Other Substituted Phosphate Groups): a class of enzymes that transfers substituted phosphate groups. ec 2.7.8
Transference, Psychology: the unconscious transfer to others (including psychotherapists) of feelings and attitudes which were originally associated with important figures (parents, siblings, etc.) in one's early life
Transferrin: an iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the liver and secreted into the blood. it plays a central role in the transport of iron throughout the circulation. a variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states
Transferrin-Binding Protein A: a subtype of bacterial transferrin-binding protein found in bacteria. it forms a cell surface receptor complex with transferrin-binding protein b
Transferrin-Binding Protein B: a subtype of bacterial transferrin-binding protein found in bacteria. it forms a cell surface receptor complex with transferrin-binding protein a
Transferrin-Binding Proteins: a class of carrier proteins that bind to transferrin. many strains of pathogenic bacteria utilize transferrin-binding proteins to acquire their supply of iron from serum
Transferrins: a group of iron-binding proteins that tightly bind two ferrate ions along with two carbonate ions. they are found in the bodily fluids of vertebrates where they act as transport and storage molecules for iron
Transformation, Bacterial: the heritable modification of the properties of a competent bacterium by naked dna from another source. the uptake of naked dna is a naturally occuring phenomenon in some bacteria. it is often used as a gene transfer technique
Transformation, Genetic: change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (transfection; transduction, genetic; conjugation, genetic, etc.) and incorporation of foreign dna into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that dna into the cell's genome
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: an epidermal growth factor related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including epithelium, and maternal decidua. it is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the egf receptor
Transforming Growth Factor beta: a factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. it acts synergistically with tgf-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. tgf-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. tgf-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products tgf-beta1, tgf-beta2 or tgf-beta3. heterodimers composed of tgf-beta1 and 2 (tgf-beta1.2) or of tgf-beta2 and 3 (tgf-beta2.3) have been isolated. the tgf-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins
Transforming Growth Factor beta1: a subtype of transforming growth factor beta that is synthesized by a wide variety of cells. it is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature tgf-beta 1 and tgf-beta1 latency-associated peptide. the association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor. defects in the gene that encodes tgf-beta1 are the cause of camurati-engelmann syndrome
Transforming Growth Factor beta2: a tgf-beta subtype that was originally identified as a glioblastoma-derived factor which inhibits the antigen-dependent growth of both helper and cytotoxic t lymphocytes. it is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature tgf-beta2 and tgf-beta2 latency-associated peptide. the association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor
Transforming Growth Factor beta3: a tgf-beta subtype that plays role in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during embryonic development. it is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature tgf-beta3 and tgf-beta3 latency-associated peptide. the association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor
Transforming Growth Factors: hormonally active polypeptides that can induce the transformed phenotype when added to normal, non-transformed cells. they have been found in culture fluids from retrovirally transformed cells and in tumor-derived cells as well as in non-neoplastic sources. their transforming activities are due to the simultaneous action of two otherwise unrelated factors, transforming growth factor alpha and transforming growth factor beta
Transfusion Medicine: the area of hematology that is concerned with the transfusion of blood and blood components, and in prevention and treatment of adverse effects from blood transfusion errors
Transfusion Reaction: complications of blood transfusion. included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility
Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury: a rare but serious transfusion-related reaction in which fluid builds up in the lungs unrelated to excessively high infusion rate and/or volume (transfusion-associated circulatory overload). signs of transfusion-related acute lung injury include pulmonary secretions; hypotension; fever; dyspnea; tachypnea; tachycardia; and cyanosis
Transgender Persons: persons having a sense of persistent identification with, and expression of, gender-coded behaviors not typically associated with one's anatomical sex at birth, with or without a desire to undergo gender-affirming procedures
Transglutaminases: transglutaminases catalyze cross-linking of proteins at a glutamine in one chain with lysine in another chain. they include keratinocyte transglutaminase (tgm1 or tgk), tissue transglutaminase (tgm2 or tgc), plasma transglutaminase involved with coagulation (factor xiii and factor xiiia), hair follicle transglutaminase, and prostate transglutaminase. although structures differ, they share an active site (ygqcw) and strict calcium dependence
Transient Receptor Potential Channels: a broad group of eukaryotic six-transmembrane cation channels that are classified by sequence homology because their functional involvement with sensation is varied. they have only weak voltage sensitivity and ion selectivity. they are named after a drosophila mutant that displayed transient receptor potentials in response to light. a 25-amino-acid motif containing a trp box (ewkfar) just c-terminal to s6 is found in trpc, trpv and trpm subgroups. ankyrin repeats are found in trpc, trpv & trpn subgroups. some are functionally associated with tyrosine kinase or type c phospholipases
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn: abnormal increase in respiratory rate in the newborn. it is self-limiting and attributed to the delayed fetal lung fluid clearance often in caesarean section delivery
Transistors, Electronic: electrical devices that are composed of semiconductor material, with at least three connections to an external electronic circuit. they are used to amplify electrical signals, detect signals, or as switches
Transition Elements: elements with partially filled d orbitals. they constitute groups 3-12 of the periodic table of elements
Transition Temperature: the temperature at which a substance changes from one state or conformation of matter to another
Transitional Care: health care provided during a transition to a different mode of care (e.g., transition to adult care)
Transketolase: an enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the conversion of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate and d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to d-ribose 5-phosphate and d-xylulose 5-phosphate in the pentose phosphate pathway. (dorland, 27th ed) ec 2.2.1.1
Translational Research, Biomedical: the endeavour to traverse a specific step of the translation process of turning an observation in the laboratory, clinic, or community into an intervention that will improve the health of individuals and the public. (from nat rev drug discov. 2018 july ; 17(7): 455-456.)
Translational Science, Biomedical: the field of investigation which seeks to understand the scientific and operational principles underlying each step of the translational process to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of translational research in all therapeutic areas. (from nat rev drug discov 2018 jul;17(7):455-456)
Translesion DNA Synthesis: dna damage tolerant, error-prone dna replication by specialized dna polymerases that can accommodate damaged bases in their active sites and insert nucleotides in the strand directly opposite the dna damage
Translocation, Genetic: a type of chromosome aberration characterized by chromosome breakage and transfer of the broken-off portion to another location, often to a different chromosome
Transmembrane Activator and CAML Interactor Protein: a tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member found expressed on peripheral b-lymphocytes. it has specificity for b-cell maturation antigen and tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus: a species of coronavirus causing a fatal disease to pigs under 3 weeks old
Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization: a procedure to increase the flow of blood to the myocardium by creating transmural channels in the heart wall via the application of laser pulses to epicardial or endocardial surfaces
Transplant Donor Site: the body location or part from which tissue is taken for transplantation
Transplant Recipients: individuals receiving tissues or organs transferred from another individual of the same or different species, or from within the same individual
Transplantation: transference of a tissue or organ from either an alive or deceased donor, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species
Transplantation Chimera: an organism that, as a result of transplantation of donor tissue or cells, consists of two or more cell lines descended from at least two zygotes. this state may result in the induction of donor-specific transplantation tolerance
Transplantation Conditioning: preparative treatment of transplant recipient with various conditioning regimens including radiation, immune sera, chemotherapy, and/or immunosuppressive agents, prior to transplantation. transplantation conditioning is very common before bone marrow transplantation
Transplantation Immunology: a general term for the complex phenomena involved in allo- and xenograft rejection by a host and graft vs host reaction. although the reactions involved in transplantation immunology are primarily thymus-dependent phenomena of cellular immunity, humoral factors also play a part in late rejection
Transplantation Tolerance: an induced state of non-reactivity to grafted tissue from a donor organism that would ordinarily trigger a cell-mediated or humoral immune response
Transplantation, Autologous: transplantation of an individual's own tissue from one site to another site. for the transplant itself see autografts
Transplantation, Haploidentical: transplantation between individuals who share a partial haplotype match
Transplantation, Heterotopic: transplantation of tissue typical of one area to a different recipient site. the tissue may be autologous, heterologous, or homologous
Transplantation, Homologous: transplantation between individuals of the same species. usually refers to genetically disparate individuals in contradistinction to isogeneic transplantation for genetically identical individuals
Transplantation, Isogeneic: transplantation between genetically identical individuals, i.e., members of the same species with identical histocompatibility antigens, such as monozygotic twins, members of the same inbred strain, or members of a hybrid population produced by crossing certain inbred strains
Transplants: organs, tissues, or cells taken from the body for grafting into another area of the same body or into another individual
Transport Vesicles: vesicles that are involved in shuttling cargo from the interior of the cell to the cell surface, from the cell surface to the interior, across the cell or around the cell to various locations
Transportation Facilities: places such as airports, bus stations, and train stations that are used for managing arriving and departing transport vehicles, and included facilities for handling passengers
Transposases: enzymes that recombine dna segments by a process which involves the formation of a synapse between two dna helices, the cleavage of single strands from each dna helix and the ligation of a dna strand from one dna helix to the other. the resulting dna structure is called a holliday junction which can be resolved by dna replication or by holliday junction resolvases
Transposition of Great Vessels: a congenital cardiovascular malformation in which the aorta arises entirely from the right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle. consequently, the pulmonary and the systemic circulations are parallel and not sequential, so that the venous return from the peripheral circulation is re-circulated by the right ventricle via aorta to the systemic circulation without being oxygenated in the lungs. this is a potentially lethal form of heart disease in newborns and infants
Transposon Resolvases: recombinases that involved in the propagation of dna transposons. they bind to transposon sequences found at two different sites along the same stretch of dna and bring them into close proximity. the enzymes then catalyze the double strand cleavage, exchange of double strands and rejoining of dna helices so that the dna transposon is formed into a circular plasmid
Transsexualism: expression of a gender identity inconsistent with, or not culturally-associated with the gender assigned to an individual at birth, combined with the desire to permanently transition to the gender with which they identify
Transtheoretical Model: a model which is based on a theory that people don't change at once but instead rely on multiple stages of readiness to change. each stage in turn is associated with strategies for progressing through that stage
Transtympanic Micropressure Treatment: the intermittent delivery of pulses of air pressure (5 -20 cmh2o) to the middle ear space through a tympanostomy tube
Transurethral Resection of Bladder: surgical removal of tumor in the bladder with resectoscope inserted through the urethra
Transurethral Resection of Prostate: removal of all or part of the prostate, often using a cystoscope and/or resectoscope passed through the urethra
Transverse Sinuses: the two large endothelium-lined venous channels that begin at the internal occipital protuberance at the back and lower part of the cranium and travels laterally and forward ending in the internal jugular vein (jugular veins). one of the transverse sinuses, usually the right one, is the continuation of the superior sagittal sinus. the other transverse sinus is the continuation of the straight sinus
Transvestism: disorder characterized by recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving cross-dressing in a heterosexual male. the fantasies, urges, or behaviors cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other areas of functioning. (from apa, dsm-iv, 1994)
Tranylcypromine: a propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. this monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. it also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1994, p311)
Trapa: fruit of trapa sp. is sometimes referred to as "water chestnut" which is also a common name for unrelated plant eleocharis
Trapezoid Body: a region in the pontine tegmentum containing nuclei and fibers associated with auditory pathways
Trapezoid Bone: a carpal bone which is located between the trapezium bone and the capitate bone
Trastuzumab: a humanized monoclonal antibody against the erbb-2 receptor (her2). as an antineoplastic agent, it is used to treat breast cancer where her2 is overexpressed
Trauma Nursing: specialization in the care of patients who suffer an acute injury or illness, whether it is accidental or intentional. it includes skills in caring for patients of all ages-from newborn to the elderly. examples of cases that may be involved are: traffic accidents, or other wounds or injuries
Trauma Severity Indices: systems for assessing, classifying, and coding injuries. these systems are used in medical records, surveillance systems, and state and national registries to aid in the collection and reporting of trauma
Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders: disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is explicitly a diagnostic criterion
Trauma, Nervous System: traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures
Traumatology: the medical specialty which deals with wounds and injuries as well as resulting disability and disorders from physical traumas
Travel Medicine: multidisciplinary field focusing on prevention of infectious diseases and patient safety during international travel. key element of patient's pre-travel visit to the physician is a health risk assessment