NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Cerebral Palsy: a heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. the four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. the motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see muscle spasticity) in all limbs. spastic diplegia (little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. pathologically, this condition may be associated with leukomalacia, periventricular. (from dev med child neurol 1998 aug;40(8):520-7)
Cerebral Palsy, Spastic Quadriplegic, 1: also known as cpsq; associated with mutation in gad1
Cerebral Palsy, Spastic Quadriplegic, 2: also known as cpsq2; associated with mutation in kank1
Cerebral Peduncle: ventral portion of the mesencephalon including the midbrain tegmentum; crus cerebri; and the pretectum. it does not include tectum mesencephali and trochlear nerve
Cerebral Phaeohyphomycosis: cns infections caused by neurotropic dematiaceous fungi that contain melanin in their cell walls. the infections often result in brain abscess; encephalitis; and meningitis in patients who are often immunocompetent. the common causative fungi include members cladophialophora bantiana, exophiala dermatitidis, rhinocladiella mackenziei, and ochroconis gallopavum. r. mackenziei infection is seen almost exclusively in patients from the middle east
Cerebral Revascularization: microsurgical revascularization to improve intracranial circulation. it usually involves joining the extracranial circulation to the intracranial circulation but may include extracranial revascularization (e.g., subclavian-vertebral artery bypass, subclavian-external carotid artery bypass). it is performed by joining two arteries (direct anastomosis or use of graft) or by free autologous transplantation of highly vascularized tissue to the surface of the brain
Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases: pathological processes or diseases where cerebral microvessels show abnormalities. they are often associated with aging, hypertension and risk factors for lacunar infarcts (see lacunar infarction); leukoaraiosis; and cerebral hemorrhage
Cerebral Ventricle Neoplasms: neoplasms located in the brain ventricles, including the two lateral, the third, and the fourth ventricle. ventricular tumors may be primary (e.g., choroid plexus neoplasms and glioma, subependymal), metastasize from distant organs, or occur as extensions of locally invasive tumors from adjacent brain structures
Cerebral Ventricles: four csf-filled (see cerebrospinal fluid) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres (lateral ventricles), in the midline (third ventricle) and within the pons and medulla oblongata (fourth ventricle)
Cerebral Ventriculography: radiography of the ventricular system of the brain after injection of air or other contrast medium directly into the cerebral ventricles. it is used also for x-ray computed tomography of the cerebral ventricles
Cerebral palsy, spastic, diplegic: cerebral palsy characterized with onset in infancy or early childhood and characterized by muscle spasticity in the legs. the arm muscles are usually not affected. it is caused by damage to the brain area that controls movement due to genetic abnormalities, brain malformations, prenatal trauma, or infection
Cerebrooculofacioskeletal Syndrome 2: mutation in ercc2 (xpd)
Cerebroside-Sulfatase: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cerebroside 3-sulfate (sulfatide) to yield a cerebroside and inorganic sulfate. a marked deficiency of arylsulfatase a, which is considered the heat-labile component of cerebroside sulfatase, has been demonstrated in all forms of metachromatic leukodystrophy (leukodystrophy, metachromatic). ec 3.1.6.8
Cerebrosides: neutral glycosphingolipids that contain a monosaccharide, normally glucose or galactose, in 1-ortho-beta-glycosidic linkage with the primary alcohol of an n-acyl sphingoid (ceramide). in plants the monosaccharide is normally glucose and the sphingoid usually phytosphingosine. in animals, the monosaccharide is usually galactose, though this may vary with the tissue and the sphingoid is usually sphingosine or dihydrosphingosine. (from oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology, 1st ed)
Cerebrospinal Fluid: a watery fluid that is continuously produced in the choroid plexus and circulates around the surface of the brain; spinal cord; and in the cerebral ventricles
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak: discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through a hole through the skull bone most commonly draining from the nose (cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea) or the ear (cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea)
Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea: discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the external auditory meatus or through the eustachian tube into the nasopharynx. this is usually associated with craniocerebral trauma (e.g., skull fracture involving the temporal bone;), neurosurgical procedures; or other conditions, but may rarely occur spontaneously. (from am j otol 1995 nov;16(6):765-71)
Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure: manometric pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid as measured by lumbar, cerebroventricular, or cisternal puncture. within the cranial cavity it is called intracranial pressure
Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins: proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid, normally albumin and globulin present in the ratio of 8 to 1. increases in protein levels are of diagnostic value in neurological diseases. (brain and bannister's clinical neurology, 7th ed, p221)
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea: discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (otolaryngol head neck surg 1997 apr;116(4):442-9)
Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts: tubes inserted to create communication between a cerebral ventricle and the internal jugular vein. their emplacement permits draining of cerebrospinal fluid for relief of hydrocephalus or other condition leading to fluid accumulation in the ventricles
Cerebrovascular Disorders: a spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. they can involve vessels (arteries or veins) in the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem. major categories include intracranial arteriovenous malformations; brain ischemia; cerebral hemorrhage; and others
Cerebrovascular Trauma: penetrating and nonpenetrating traumatic injuries to an extracranial or intracranial blood vessel that supplies the brain. this includes the carotid arteries; vertebral arteries; meningeal arteries; cerebral arteries; veins, and venous sinuses
Cerebrum: derived from telencephalon, cerebrum is composed of a right and a left hemisphere. each contains an outer cerebral cortex and a subcortical basal ganglia. the cerebrum includes all parts within the skull except the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum. cerebral functions include sensorimotor, emotional, and intellectual activities
Cerec: a ceramic dental inlay material for use with the cerec cad-cam system
Ceremonial Behavior: a series of actions, sometimes symbolic actions which may be associated with a behavior pattern, and are often indispensable to its performance
Ceriodaphnia dubia: a freshwater water flea in genus ceriodaphnia, family daphniidae, suborder cladocera. it has postabdominal claw with central pecten, absent rostrum and cervical sinus. it is often used as an indicator organism in toxicological bioassays of freshwaters
Ceriodaphnia dubia: sladkovodní blecha rodu ceriodaphnia (břichatka), čeleď daphniidae (hrotnatkovití), podřád cladocera
Cerium: an element of the rare earth family of metals. it has the atomic symbol ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications
Cerium Isotopes: stable cerium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cerium, but differ in atomic weight. ce-136, 138, and 142 are stable cerium isotopes
Cerium Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of cerium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. ce atoms with atomic weights 132-135, 137, 139, and 141-148 are radioactive cerium isotopes
Cermet Cements: fluoride-releasing restorative materials made by the sintering of metal (usually silver) particles to glass ionomer powder. glass ionomers are fluoride-releasing cements that are not very durable. sintering of the metal particles is a means of improving those physical properties that will make the glass ionomer cement more durable
Ceroid: a naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to lipofuscin. it accumulates in various tissues in certain experimental and pathological conditions
Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, Neuronal, 10: also known as cln10
Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, Neuronal, 2: mutation on tripeptidyl-peptidase 1
Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, Neuronal, 6: mutation on cln6 protein, human
Certificate of Need: a certificate issued by a governmental body to an individual or organization proposing to construct or modify a health facility, or to offer a new or different service. the process of issuing the certificate is also included
Certification: compliance with a set of standards defined by non-governmental organizations. certification is applied for by individuals on a voluntary basis and represents a professional status when achieved, e.g., certification for a medical specialty
Certolizumab Pegol: a polyethylene-glycolated fab' fragment of tumor necrosis factor antibody that binds specifically to tnf-alpha and neutralises it in a dose-dependent manner. it also inhibits the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced tnf-alpha and il-1 beta and is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis
Cerulenin: an epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including acremonium, acrocylindrum, and helicoceras. it inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function
Ceruletide: a specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of hila caerulea, an australian amphibian. caerulein is similar in action and composition to cholecystokinin. it stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. it is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction
Ceruloplasmin: a multi-copper blood ferroxidase involved in iron and copper homeostasis and inflammation
Cerumen: the yellow or brown waxy secretions produced by vestigial apocrine sweat glands in the external ear canal
Cerumenolytic Agents: compounds that disintegrate natural waxy exudates such as ear wax
Cervical Length Measurement: a parameter usually used in prenatal ultrasonography to measure the length of the uterine neck (cervix uteri). cervical length or its shortening is used to identify and prevent early cervical opening and preterm birth
Cervical Plexus: a network of nerve fibers originating in the upper four cervical spinal cord segments. the cervical plexus distributes cutaneous nerves to parts of the neck, shoulders, and back of the head. it also distributes motor fibers to muscles of the cervical spinal column, infrahyoid muscles, and the diaphragm
Cervical Plexus Block: a blocking of neural conduction in the network of nerve fibers innervating the neck and shoulder
Cervical Rib: a supernumerary rib developing from an abnormal enlargement of the costal element of the c7 vertebra. this anomaly is found in 1-2% of the population and can put pressure on adjacent structures causing cervical rib syndrome; thoracic outlet syndrome; or other conditions
Cervical Rib Syndrome: a condition associated with compression of the brachial plexus; subclavian artery; and subclavian vein at the thoracic outlet and caused by a complete or incomplete anomalous cervical rib or fascial band connecting the tip of a cervical rib with the first thoracic rib. clinical manifestations may include pain in the neck and shoulder which radiates into the upper extremity, paresis or paralysis of brachial plexus innervated muscles; sensory loss; paresthesias; ischemia; and edema. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p214)
Cervical Ripening: a change in the cervix uteri with respect to its readiness to relax. the cervix normally becomes softer, more flexible, more distensible, and shorter in the final weeks of pregnancy. these cervical changes can also be chemically induced (labor, induced)
Cervical Vertebrae: the first seven vertebrae of the spinal column, which correspond to the vertebrae of the neck
Cervical hypertrichosis neuropathy: familial congenital anterior cervical hypertrichosis associated with peripheral sensory and motor neuropathy; hypertrichosis, congenital anterior cervical, with peripheral sensory and motor neuropathy
Cervicoplasty: plastic surgery procedures in the neck region to restore or improve form and function
Cervix Mucus: a slightly alkaline secretion of the endocervical glands. the consistency and amount are dependent on the physiological hormone changes in the menstrual cycle. it contains the glycoprotein mucin, amino acids, sugar, enzymes, and electrolytes, with a water content up to 90%. the mucus is a useful protection against the ascent of bacteria and sperm into the uterus. (from dictionary of obstetrics and gynecology, 1988)
Cervix Uteri: the neck portion of the uterus between the lower isthmus and the vagina forming the cervical canal
Cesarean Section, Repeat: extraction of the fetus by abdominal hysterotomy anytime following a previous cesarean
Cesium: a member of the alkali metals. it has an atomic symbol cs, atomic number 55, and atomic weight 132.91. cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency
Cesium Isotopes: stable cesium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cesium, but differ in atomic weight. cs-133 is a naturally occurring isotope
Cesium Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of cesium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. cs atoms with atomic weights of 123, 125-132, and 134-145 are radioactive cesium isotopes
Cestoda: podtřída článkovaných cizopasníků zahrnujících tasemnice
Cestrum: a plant genus of the family solanaceae. members contain steroidal saponins and cause calcinosis in grazing livestock due to high levels of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3
Cestrum: rod rostlin čeledi solanaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují steroidní saponiny. druh cestrum diurnum obsahuje glykosid 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferolu, který se v trávicím traktu přeměňuje na aktivní formu vitamínu d3. nadměrné množství tohoto vitamínu může způsobit kalcinózu u pasoucích se zvířat. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cetacea: an order of wholly aquatic mammals occurring in all the oceans and adjoining seas of the world, as well as in certain river systems. they feed generally on fishes, cephalopods, and crustaceans. most are gregarious and most have a relatively long period of parental care and maturation. included are dolphins; porpoises; and whales. (from walker's mammals of the world, 5th ed, pp969-70)
Cetacea: řád vodních savců vyskytujících se ve všech oceánech a mořích světa a v některých řekách. živí se rybami, hlavonožci a korýši. většinou žijí v hejnech a mají poměrně nízkou rozmnožovací schopnost. patří sem dva podřády: kosticovci a ozubení
Cetirizine: a potent second-generation histamine h1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects
Cetomacrogol: non-ionic surfactant of the polyethylene glycol family. it is used as a solubilizer and emulsifying agent in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, often as an ointment base, and also as a research tool
Cetrimonium: cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics
Cetrimonium Compounds: cetyltrimethylammonium compounds that have cationic detergent, antiseptic, and disinfectant activities. they are used in pharmaceuticals, foods, and cosmetics as preservatives; on skin, mucous membranes, etc., as antiseptics or cleansers, and also as emulsifiers. these compounds are toxic when used orally due to neuromuscular blockade
Cetuximab: a chimeric monoclonal antibody that functions as an antineoplastic agent through its binding to the epidermal growth factor receptor, where it prevents the binding and signaling action of cell growth and survival factors
Cetylpyridinium: cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19: a viral vector vaccine against sars-cov-2 developed by astrazeneca. its vector encodes the sars-cov-2 spike protein
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19: virová vektorová vakcína proti sars-cov-2 vyvinutá společností astrazeneca. její vektor kóduje spike protein sars-cov-2
Chad: a republic in central africa, east of niger, west of sudan and south of libya. its capital is n'djamena
Chaetomium: a genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family chaetomiaceae, order sordariales. many members are cellulolytic and some mycotoxic. they occur naturally on paper and cotton fabric
Chaetomium: rod vřeckovýtrusných hub čeledi chaetomiaceae, řádu sordariales. patří sem řada celulolytických druhů a některé druhy jsou mykotoxické. přirozeným protředím je papír a bavlněné látky
Chagas Cardiomyopathy: a disease of the cardiac muscle developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by trypanosoma cruzi. after infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as myocarditis (mostly in children). the disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. myocardial symptoms of advanced chagas disease include conduction defects (heart block) and cardiomegaly
Chagas Disease: infection with the protozoan parasite trypanosoma cruzi, a form of trypanosomiasis endemic in central and south america. it is named after the brazilian physician carlos chagas, who discovered the parasite. infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of parasympathetic ganglia; chagas cardiomyopathy; and dysfunction of the esophagus or colon
Chagasova kardiomyopatie: onemocnění srdečního svalu, které se rozvine v důsledku infekce prvokem trypanosoma cruzi a následné chagasovy nemoci. po infekci se u méně než 10% nemocných rozvine akutní onemocnění jako je myokarditida (převážně u dětí). v ostatních případech pak nemoc vstoupí do latentní fáze bez klinických příznaků, která trvá až 20 let. k myokardickým příznakům pokročilé chagasovy choroby patří srdeční blokáda a kardiomegalie
Chagasova nemoc: infekce parazitem trypanosoma cruzi, forma trypanozomiázy vyskytující se ve střední a jižní americe. pojmenovaná po brazilském lékaři carlosi chagasovi, který tento druh objevil. infekce je rozpoznatelná pouze z pozitivního sérologického výsledku, klinické příznaky se objeví až o několik let později - jsou to: destrukce parasympatických ganglií, kardiomyopatie, nefunkčnost jícnu nebo střev
Chain of Infection: a sequence of infection transmission from infectious agent leaving disease reservoir or host through a portal of exit, conveyed by some mode of transmission, and entering through a portal of entry to infect a susceptible host
Chalazion: a non-neoplastic cyst of the meibomian glands of the eyelid
Chalcogens: the elements oxygen; polonium; selenium; sulfur; and tellurium; that form group 16 (formerly group vi) of the periodic table
Chalcones: derivatives of chalcone that are important intermediates in the formation of flavonoids with anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties
Chalones: peptides that inhibit mitosis (antimitotics). during the 1960's the term referred to crude extracts that inhibited cell proliferation; the activity was later attributed to pyroglutamate type oligopeptides
Chamaecrista: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. some species were reclassified from cassia and senna
Chamaecrista: rod rostlin z čeledi fabaceae (bobovité). některé druhy byly přesunuty z rodů cassia a senna
Chamaecyparis: a plant genus of the family cupressaceae which should not be confused with other cedar and cypress trees of thuja or cupressus genera
Chamaemelum: a plant genus of the family asteraceae that is used in folk medicine as chamomile. other plants with similar common names include matricaria; tripleurospermum and anthemis
Chamaemelum: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae, který je užíván v lidovém léčitelství, gastronomii a kosmetice
Chamomile: common name for several daisy-like plants (matricaria; tripleurospermum; anthemis; chamaemelum) native to europe and western asia, now naturalized in the united states and australia
Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome: a rare hereditary autosomal recessive lipid storage syndrome that is more common in persons of middle eastern descent. it is characterized by the appearance of lipid droplets in granulocytes and a variety of symptoms in multiple organs, including congenital icthyosis; sensoruneural hearing loss, ocular abnormalities, fatty liver and hepatomegaly; ataxia; myopathy, and intellectual disability. mutations in the abhd5 gene have been identied. omim: 275630
Chancre: the primary sore of syphilis, a painless indurated, eroded papule, occurring at the site of entry of the infection
Chancroid: acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. caused by haemophilus ducreyi, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas
Chang Davidson Carlson syndrome: hypogonadotropic hypogonadism associated with retinitis pigmentosa
Change Management: processes, tools, and techniques involved in the management of organizational innovation, the purpose of which is to help individuals and work groups make successful personal transitions which ensure overall successful outcomes
Changkil: has hepatoprotective effect; from roots of platycodon grandiflorum
Channa punctata: a species of fish in the snakehead family channidae, known as the spotted snakehead
Channa punctata: druh ryb z rodu hadohlavcovití (channidae), který je známý také jako hadohlavec
Channel Islands: a group of four british islands and several islets in the english channel off the coast of france. they are known to have been occupied prehistorically. they were a part of normandy in 933 but were united to the british crown at the time of the norman conquest in 1066. guernsey and jersey originated noted breeds of cattle. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p242)
Channelopathies: a variety of neuromuscular conditions resulting from mutations in ion channels manifesting as episodes of epilepsy; headache disorders; and dyskinesias
Channelrhodopsins: a subfamily of rhodopsin proteins that function as light-gated ion channels in green algae
Chapare hemorrhagic fever: a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by infection with chapare virus spread through contact with infected rodents or their urine or feces. chapare hemorrhagic fever was first reported in chapare province, bolivia
Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy: a selective type of autophagy in which a specific set of cytosolic proteins are moved across the membrane of the lysosomes by protein translocation, rather than by invagination of the lysosomal membrane. the proteins that will be degraded by chaperone-mediated autophagy (cma) contain a cma-targeting motif that, when exposed, is recognized by the cytosolic chaperone hspa8 (aka hsc70) and cochaperones which deliver the protein to lamp2a monomers on the lysosome cell surface for translocation via the lamp2a translocation complex. cma is distinguished from chaperone-assisted-selective autophagy - a type of selective macroautophagy
Chaperonin 10: a group i chaperonin protein that forms a lid-like structure which encloses the non-polar cavity of the chaperonin complex. the protein was originally studied in bacteria where it is commonly referred to as groes protein
Chaperonin 60: a group i chaperonin protein that forms the barrel-like structure of the chaperonin complex. it is an oligomeric protein with a distinctive structure of fourteen subunits, arranged in two rings of seven subunits each. the protein was originally studied in bacteria where it is commonly referred to as groel protein
Chaperonin Containing TCP-1: a group ii chaperonin found in eukaryotic cytosol. it is comprised of eight subunits with each subunit encoded by a separate gene. this chaperonin is named after one of its subunits which is a t-complex region-encoded polypeptide
Chaperonins: a family of multisubunit protein complexes that form into large cylindrical structures which bind to and encapsulate non-native proteins. chaperonins utilize the energy of atp hydrolysis to enhance the efficiency of protein folding reactions and thereby help proteins reach their functional conformation. the family of chaperonins is split into group i chaperonins, and group ii chaperonins, with each group having its own repertoire of protein subunits and subcellular preferences
Chaplaincy Service, Hospital: hospital department which administers religious activities within the hospital, e.g., pastoral care, religious services
Chara: a genus of green plants in the family characeae, phylum streptophyta. they have a strong garlic-like odor and are an important food source for waterfowl
Chara: rod parožnatek. mají výrazný česnekový pach a jsou důležitým zdrojem potravy pro vodní ptactvo
Characeae: family of slender threadlike aquatic plants, in the order charales, phylum streptophyta, that are closely related to land plants
Characeae: čeleď parožnatek, organizace těla připomíná vyšší rostliny
Characidae: a family of fresh water fish in the order characiformes, which includes the tetras
Characidae: čeleď sladkovodních ryb řádu characiformes (trnobřiší), patří sem i tetry
Characiformes: an order of fresh water fish with 18 families and over 1600 species. the order includes characins, hatchetfish, piranhas, and tetras
Characiformes: řád sladkovodních ryb s 18 čeleděmi a více než 1600 druhy. do řádu patří characidae, hatchetfish (sekernatkovití), piraně a tetry. r
Character: in current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. the sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual
Charadriiformes: an order of birds including over 300 species that primarily inhabit coastal waters, beaches, and marshes. they are comprised of shorebirds, gulls, and terns
Charadriiformes: řád ptáků zahrnující přes 300 druhů, které žijí primárně v pobřežních vodách, na mořských březích a v bažinách. patří sem brodiví ptáci, racci a rybáci
Charcoal: an amorphous form of carbon prepared from the incomplete combustion of animal or vegetable matter, e.g., wood. the activated form of charcoal is used in the treatment of poisoning. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease: a hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. this condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (hmsn) types i and ii. hmsn i is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in hmsn ii. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1343)
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Autosomal Dominant, Type 2k: mutation in gdap1
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Axonal, Type 2A2: prom
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Dominant Intermediate D: mutation in mpz
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Guadalajara Neuronal Type: congenital contraction deformities of feet, delayed motor development, laryngeal abnormalities, peculiar facies, short neck, narrow shoulders, protruding chest, inspiratory stridor at birth and flexion contractures
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Recessive Intermediate A: mutation in gdap1
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Neuropathy, Type 4B2, with Early-Onset Glaucoma: mutation in sbf2
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Type 4B1: mutation in mtmr2
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Type 4E: a form of charcot-marie-tooth disease that may be autosomal dominant or recessive. it is characterized by the early onset of muscle hypotonia; areflexia, distal muscle weakness, and very slow nerve conduction velocities due to demyelination. mutations in the mpz and egr2 genes have been identified. omim: 605253
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, X-linked, 1: an x-linked dominant form of charcot-marie-tooth disease that is characterized by severely reduced motor nerve conduction velocities (ncv) (less than 38 m/s) and segmental demyelination and remyelination with onion bulb formations on nerve biopsy. mutations in the gjb1 gene have been identified
Charcotova-Marieova-Toothova nemoc: peroneální svalová atrofie, autozomálně dominantně dědičná porucha periferního nervstva postihující zejm. předloktí a lýtka. nejčastěji se vyskytující hereditární neuropatie. dědičnost je nejč. autozomálně dominantní (lokus 17p11.2 - duplikace genu pro myelinový protein), ale také recesivní s vazbou na x chromozom (lokus xq13.1). manifestuje se kolem 2. roku života zejm. atrofií svalů lýtka, dítě má typickou chůzi (kohoutí chůze), jako by stepovalo. senzorické poškození se projeví parestezií, autonomní postižení nervů se projeví nejč. v dospělosti poruchou cévní mikrocirkulace (chladné nohy). léčba spočívá ve stabilizaci kotníků a ochraně před zraněním, popř. chirurgické korekci zkrácených šlach. onemocnění nezkracuje život. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Charles Bonnet Syndrome: repetitive visual hallucinations experienced mostly by elderly with diminished visual acuity or visual field loss, with awareness of the fictional nature of their hallucinations. it is not associated with delusions and other sensory hallucinations
Charmfil Flow: a flowable composite used as a sealant without using bonding agents
Charophyceae: a group (or class) of aquatic plants, including the streptophyte algae, that are the closest relatives to land plants (embryophyta)
Charybdotoxin: a 37-amino acid residue peptide isolated from the scorpion leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. it is a neurotoxin that inhibits calcium activated potassium channels
Checkpoint Kinase 1: a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase which is encoded by the chek1 gene in humans. checkpoint kinase 1 (also known as chk1) coordinates dna damage response and cell cycle checkpoint response. under these conditions, activation of chk1 results in the initiation of cell cycle checkpoints, cell cycle arrest, dna repair and cell death, to prevent damaged cells from progressing through the cell cycle
Checkpoint Kinase 2: enzyme activated in response to dna damage involved in cell cycle arrest. the gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 22 at position 12.1. in humans it is encoded by the chek2 gene
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome: a form of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction characterized by unusual oculocutaneous albinism, high incidence of lymphoreticular neoplasms, and recurrent pyogenic infections. in many cell types, abnormal lysosomes are present leading to defective pigment distribution and abnormal neutrophil functions. the disease is transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance and a similar disorder occurs in the beige mouse, the aleutian mink, and albino hereford cattle
Chediakův-Higashiho syndrom: forma fagocytární dysfunkce charakterizovaná neobvyklým okulokutánním albinismem, vysokou incidencí lymforetikulárních nádorů a recidivujícími hnisavými infekcemi. v mnoha buněčných typech jsou abnormální lyzozomy, což vede k vadám pigmentace a k poruše funkcí neutrofilů. onemocnění je dědičné (autozomálně recesivní) a podobná nemoc se vyskytuje u myší, norků a skotu
Cheek: the part of the face that is below the eye and to the side of the nose and mouth
Cheese: a nutritious food consisting primarily of the curd or the semisolid substance formed when milk coagulates
Cheilitis: inflammation of the lips. it is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology
Cheilitis glandularis: enlargement and eversion of the lower lip, hypertrophy of the labial mucous glands, dilatation of the excretory ducts, and variable inflammation
Cheirogaleidae: a family of the order primates, suborder strepsirhini (prosimii), containing five genera. all inhabitants of madagascar, the genera are: allocebus, cheirogaleus (dwarf lemurs), microcebus (mouse lemurs), mirza, and phaner
Cheirogaleidae: čeleď poloopic podřádu strepsirrhini (prosimii), řádu primates, zahrnující pět žijících rodů: allocebus, cheirogaleus, microcebus, mirza a phaner. makiové patří mezi endemity, vyskytují se jen na madagaskaru
Chelating Agents: chemicals that bind to and remove ions from solutions. many chelating agents function through the formation of coordination complexes with metals
Chelation Therapy: therapy of heavy metal poisoning using agents which sequester the metal from organs or tissues and bind it firmly within the ring structure of a new compound which can be eliminated from the body
Chelidonium: a plant genus in the family papaveraceae, order papaverales, subclass magnoliidae
Chelidonium: rod rostlin čeledi papaveraceae, řádu ranunculales, třídy rosopsida
Chelidonium majus: a plant species of the family papaveraceae. the common name greater celandine is similar to lesser celandine (ficaria verna), and celandine poppy (stylophorum diphyllum). it has been used in folk medicine and its latex contains biologically active compounds including benzophenanthridines alkaloids (e.g., chelerythrine)
Chelidonium majus: druh rostliny z čeledi papaveraceae. používá se v lidovém léčitelství a jeho latex obsahuje biologicky aktivní sloučeniny včetně alkaloidů benzofenantridinů (např. chelerythrin)
ChemFlex: a hand-mixed high-strength chemically curing glass ionomer restorative material; the power consists of a strontium-alumino-fluoro-silicate glass and an anhydrous form of polyacrylic acid and tartaric acid that has been coated to allow easier removal of the powder from the measuring scoop; has greater resistance to drying out & use of varnish immediately after placing the cement is not necessary
Chemexfoliation: application of a cauterant to the skin for the purpose of causing a superficial destruction of the epidermis and upper layers of the dermis. after healing, the treated area has new epithelium
Chemical Actions and Uses: a group of pharmacologic activities, effects on living systems and the environment, and modes of employment of drugs and chemicals. they are broken into actions, which describe their effects, and uses, which describe how they are employed
Chemical Engineering: application of principles and practices of engineering science to the transformation, design, and manufacture of substances on an industrial scale
Chemical Fractionation: separation of a mixture in successive stages, each stage removing from the mixture some proportion of one of the substances, for example by differential solubility in water-solvent mixtures. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Chemical Hazard Release: uncontrolled release of a chemical from its containment that either threatens to or causes exposure to a chemical hazard. such an incident may occur accidentally or deliberately
Chemical Industry: the aggregate enterprise of manufacturing and technically producing chemicals. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Chemical Phenomena: the composition, structure, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes
Chemical Precipitation: the formation of a solid in a solution as a result of a chemical reaction or the aggregation of soluble substances into complexes large enough to fall out of solution
Chemical Terrorism: the use of chemical agents in terrorism. this includes the malevolent use of nerve agents, blood agents, blister agents, and choking agents (noxae)
Chemical Warfare: tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases
Chemical Warfare Agents: chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during warfare
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury: a spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to acute liver failure, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic: liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. the adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response
Chemically-Induced Disorders: disorders caused by the intentional or unintentional ingestion or exposure to chemical substances such as pharmaceutical preparations; noxae; and pesticides
Cheminformatics: the use of computational and data retrieval techniques in understanding problems of chemistry. cheminformatics strategies are useful in high throughput drug discovery
Chemistry: a basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange
Chemistry Techniques, Analytical: methodologies used for the isolation, identification, detection, and quantitation of chemical substances
Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic: methods used for the chemical synthesis of compounds. included under this heading are laboratory methods used to synthesize a variety of chemicals and drugs
Chemistry, Agricultural: the science of the chemical composition and reactions of chemicals involved in the production, protection and use of crops and livestock. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Chemistry, Analytic: the branch of chemistry dealing with detection (qualitative) and determination (quantitative) of substances. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Chemistry, Bioinorganic: field of chemistry pertaining to the study of inorganic compounds or ions and their interactions with biological ligands at the molecular level
Chemistry, Clinical: the specialty of analytic chemistry applied to assays of physiologically important substances found in blood, urine, tissues, and other biological fluids for the purpose of aiding the physician in making a diagnosis or following therapy
Chemistry, Inorganic: a field of chemistry which pertains to chemical compounds or ions that do not contain the element carbon (with the exception of carbon dioxide and compounds containing a carbonate radical, e.g., calcium carbonate)
Chemistry, Organic: the study of the structure, preparation, properties, and reactions of carbon compounds. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical: chemistry dealing with the composition and preparation of agents having pharmacologic actions or diagnostic use
Chemoautotrophic Growth: growth of organisms using autotrophic processes for obtaining nutrients and chemotrophic processes for obtaining a primary energy supply. chemotrophic processes are involved in deriving a primary energy supply from exogenous chemical sources. chemotrophic autotrophs (chemoautotrophs) generally use inorganic chemicals as energy sources and as such are called chemolithoautotrophs. most chemoautotrophs live in hostile environments, such as deep sea vents. they are mostly bacteria and archaea, and are the primary producers for those ecosystems
Chemoembolization, Therapeutic: administration of antineoplastic agents together with an embolizing vehicle. this allows slow release of the agent as well as obstruction of the blood supply to the neoplasm
Chemogenetics: the use of engineered small molecules to manipulate the activity of specific cells within living organisms, typically. chemogenetic techniques are often used to study specific neural activity through genetically engineered receptors that bind specific endogenous or exogenous ligands
Chemokine CCL1: a cc-type chemokine secreted by activated monocytes and t-lymphocytes. it has specificity for ccr8 receptors
Chemokine CCL11: a cc-type chemokine that is specific for ccr3 receptors. it is a potent chemoattractant for eosinophils
Chemokine CCL17: a cc-type chemokine that is found at high levels in the thymus and has specificity for ccr4 receptors. it is synthesized by dendritic cells; endothelial cells; keratinocytes; and fibroblasts
Chemokine CCL18: a cc-type chemokine highly expressed in the lungs, lymph nodes, placenta, and bone marrow; it is also expressed by dendritic cells in the germinal center, and peripheral blood macrophages. it functions as a chemotactic factor that specifically attracts lymphocytes, especially b-cells, into lymph node follicles, and naive t-cells towards dendritic cells and activated t-cells. it does not attract monocytes or granulocytes
Chemokine CCL19: a cc-type chemokine with specificity for ccr7 receptors. it has activity towards t lymphocytes and b lymphocytes
Chemokine CCL2: a chemokine that is a chemoattractant for monocytes and may also cause cellular activation of specific functions related to host defense. it is produced by leukocytes of both monocyte and lymphocyte lineage and by fibroblasts during tissue injury. it has specificity for ccr2 receptors
Chemokine CCL20: a cc-type chemokine with specificity for ccr6 receptors. it has activity towards dendritic cells; t-lymphocytes; and b-lymphocytes
Chemokine CCL21: a cc-type chemokine with specificity for ccr7 receptors. it has activity towards dendritic cells and t-lymphocytes
Chemokine CCL22: a cc-type chemokine with specificity for ccr4 receptors. it has activity towards th2 cells and tc2 cells
Chemokine CCL24: a cc-type chemokine with specificity for ccr3 receptors. it is a chemoattractant for eosinophils
Chemokine CCL26: a c-c chemokine expressed by all tissues that functions as a chemoattractant for eosinophils and basophils. it binds to the ccr3 receptor
Chemokine CCL27: a cc-type chemokine with specificity for ccr10 receptors. it is constitutively expressed in the skin and may play a role in t-cell trafficking during cutaneous inflammation
Chemokine CCL3: a cc chemokine with specificity for ccr1 receptors and ccr5 receptors. it is a chemoattractant for nk cells; monocytes; and a variety of other immune cells. this chemokine is encoded by multiple genes
Chemokine CCL4: a cc chemokine with specificity for ccr5 receptors. it is a chemoattractant for nk cells; monocytes and a variety of other immune cells. this chemokine is encoded by multiple genes
Chemokine CCL5: a cc-type chemokine that is a chemoattractant for eosinophils; monocytes; and lymphocytes. it is a potent and selective eosinophil chemotaxin that is stored in and released from platelets and activated t-lymphocytes. chemokine ccl5 is specific for ccr1 receptors; ccr3 receptors; and ccr5 receptors. the acronym rantes refers to regulated on activation, normal t expressed and secreted
Chemokine CCL7: a monocyte chemoattractant protein that has activity towards a broad variety of immune cell types. chemokine ccl7 has specificity for ccr1 receptors; ccr2 receptors; and ccr5 receptors
Chemokine CCL8: a monocyte chemoattractant protein that attracts monocytes; lymphocytes; basophils; and eosinophils. chemokine ccl8 has specificity for ccr3 receptors and ccr5 receptors
Chemokine CX3CL1: a cx3c chemokine that is a transmembrane protein found on the surface of cells. the soluble form of chemokine cx3cl1 can be released from cell surface by proteolysis and act as a chemoattractant that may be involved in the extravasation of leukocytes into inflamed tissues. the membrane form of the protein may also play a role in cell adhesion
Chemokine CXCL1: a cxc chemokine with specificity for cxcr2 receptors. it has growth factor activities and is implicated as a oncogenic factor in several tumor types
Chemokine CXCL10: a cxc chemokine that is induced by gamma-interferon and is chemotactic for monocytes and t-lymphocytes. it has specificity for the cxcr3 receptor
Chemokine CXCL11: a cxc chemokine that is induced by gamma-interferon. it is a chemotactic factor for activated t-lymphocytes and has specificity for the cxcr3 receptor
Chemokine CXCL12: a cxc chemokine that is chemotactic for t-lymphocytes and monocytes. it has specificity for cxcr4 receptors. two isoforms of cxcl12 are produced by alternative mrna splicing
Chemokine CXCL13: a cxc chemokine that is chemotactic for b-lymphocytes. it has specificity for cxcr5 receptors
Chemokine CXCL16: a cxcr6 receptor-binding chemokine that functions as a scavenger receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxldl) when expressed by macrophages. its secreted, or cytokine form induces a strong chemotactic response for monocytes when it is expressed by dendritic cells
Chemokine CXCL2: a cxc chemokine that is synthesized by activated monocytes and neutrophils. it has specificity for cxcr2 receptors
Chemokine CXCL5: a cxc chemokine that is predominantly expressed in epithelial cells. it has specificity for the cxcr2 receptors and is involved in the recruitment and activation of neutrophils
Chemokine CXCL6: a cxc chemokine that has stimulatory and chemotactic activities towards neutrophils. it has specificity for cxcr1 receptors and cxcr2 receptors
Chemokine CXCL9: an inteferon-inducible cxc chemokine that is specific for the cxcr3 receptor
Chemokine Receptor D6: a broad-specificity receptor for inflammatory cc chemokine
Chemokines: class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. they can be divided into at least three structural branches: c; (chemokines, c); cc; (chemokines, cc); and cxc; (chemokines, cxc); according to variations in a shared cysteine motif
Chemokines, C: group of chemokines without adjacent cysteines that are chemoattractants for lymphocytes only
Chemokines, CC: group of chemokines with adjacent cysteines that are chemoattractants for lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils but not neutrophils
Chemokines, CX3C: group of chemokines with the first two cysteines separated by three amino acids. cx3c chemokines are chemotactic for natural killer cells, monocytes, and activated t-cells
Chemokines, CXC: group of chemokines with paired cysteines separated by a different amino acid. cxc chemokines are chemoattractants for neutrophils but not monocytes
Chemometrics: the use of statistical and mathematical methods to analyze chemical observations and phenomena, such as epidemiological analysis of spectroscopically identified bacteria or quantitative structure-activity relationship
Chemoradiotherapy, Adjuvant: combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy given to augment some other form of treatment such as surgery. it is commonly used in the therapy of cancer
Chemoreceptor Cells: cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. chemoreceptor cells may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
Chemosterilants: compounds that cause reproductive sterility in organisms. they are sometimes used to control pest populations by sterilizing males within the population
Chemotactic Factors: chemical substances that attract or repel cells. the concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, microbial invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes; macrophages; or other cells to the site of infection or insult
Chemotactic Factors, Eosinophil: cytotaxins liberated from normal or invading cells that specifically attract eosinophils; they may be complement fragments, lymphokines, neutrophil products, histamine or other; the best known is the tetrapeptide ecf-a, released mainly by mast cells
Chemotaxis: the movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient
Chemotaxis, Leukocyte: the movement of leukocytes in response to a chemical concentration gradient or to products formed in an immunologic reaction
Chemotherapy, Adjuvant: drug therapy given to augment or stimulate some other form of treatment such as surgery or radiation therapy. adjuvant chemotherapy is commonly used in the therapy of cancer and can be administered before or after the primary treatment