NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Norovirus: rod virů čeledi caliciviridae, které způsobují epidemickou gastroenteritidu u lidí. typovým druhem je virus norwalk, který zahrnuje mnoho kmenů
Norpregnadienes: pregnadienes which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19
Norpregnanes: pregnanes which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19. unsaturation in the steroid ring system is not included
Norpregnatrienes: pregnatrienes which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19
Norpregnenes: pregnenes with one double bond or more than three double bonds which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19
Norprogesterones: progesterones which have undergone ring contraction or which are lacking carbon 18 or 19
Norrie disease: an x-linked recessive disorder characterized by very early childhood blindness due to degenerative and proliferative changes of the neuroretina. approximately 50% of patients show some form of progressive mental disorder, often with psychosis, and about one-third of patients develop sensorineural hearing loss in the second decade. growth failure and seizures may also occur. mutations in the ndp gene have been identified. omim: 310600
Norsko: jeden ze severských států na skandinávském poloostrově v severní evropě. hlavním městem je oslo. norsko je unitární stát a parlamentní monarchie. sousedí se švédskem na většině jihovýchodní hranice, s finskem a ruskem na severovýchodě. pod norskou suverenitu patří rovněž arktické souostroví svalbard (špicberky) a ostrov jan mayen, jež leží nedaleko islandu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Norsteroids: steroids which have undergone contraction in ring size or reduction in side chains
North African People: people native to or inhabitants of north africa including algeria; egypt; libya; morocco; tunisia and the canary islands
North America: the northern continent of the western hemisphere, extending northward from the colombia-panama border and including central america, mexico, caribbean area, the united states, canada and greenland. the term often refers more narrowly to mexico, continental united states, and canada
North Carolina: state bounded on the north by virginia, on the east and southeast by the atlantic ocean, on the south by georgia and south carolina, and on the west by tennessee
North Dakota: state bounded on the north by canada, on the east by minnesota, on the south by south dakota, and on the west by montana
North Sea: an arm of the atlantic ocean extending between europe on the south and east, great britain on the west
Northern Ireland: the northern one-sixth of the island of ireland - between the north atlantic ocean and the north sea; northwest of france. the capital is belfast
Northern Territory: territory in north central australia, between the states of queensland and western australia. its capital is darwin
Northwest Territories: a federally administered division of canada. its capital is yellowknife. the former northern and eastern-most parts of the territory comprise the new territory of nunavut, effective april 1, 1999
Northwestern United States: the geographic area of the northwestern region of the united states. the states usually included in this region are idaho, montana, oregon, washington, and wyoming
Nortriptyline: a metabolite of amitriptyline that is also used as an antidepressive agent. nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions
Nortropanes: derivatives of 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane
Norwalk virus: the type species in the genus norovirus, first isolated in 1968 from the stools of school children in norwalk, ohio, who were suffering from gastroenteritis. the virions are non-enveloped spherical particles containing a single protein. multiple strains are named after the places where outbreaks have occurred
Norway: a country located in northern europe, bordering the north sea and the atlantic ocean, west of sweden. the capital is oslo
Norwood Procedures: a set of surgical procedures performed to establish sufficient outflow to the systemic circulation in individuals with univentricular congenital heart malformations, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and mitral valve atresia, associated with systemic outflow obstruction. follow-on surgeries may be performed and consist of a hemi-fontan procedure as the stage 2 norwood procedure and a fontan procedure as the stage 3 norwood procedure
Noscapine: a naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent
Nose: a part of the upper respiratory tract. it contains the organ of smell. the term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the paranasal sinuses
Nose Deformities, Acquired: abnormalities of the nose acquired after birth from injury or disease
Nosema: a genus of parasitic fungi in the family nosematidae. some species are pathogenic for invertebrates of economic importance while others are being researched for possible roles in controlling pest insects. they are also pathogenic in humans
Nosema: rod parazitických hub (fungi) z čeledi nosematidae. některé druhy jsou patogenní pro bezobratlé s hospodářským významem, zatímco jiné druhy jsou zkoumány kvůli potenciální funkci při ochraně před škodlivým hmyzem. pro člověka jsou také patogenní
Nostoc: a form-genus of cyanobacteria in the order nostocales. trichomes composed of spherical or ovoid vegetative cells along with heterocysts and akinetes. the species form symbiotic associations with a wide range of eukaryotes
Nostoc: forma sinic kmene cyanobacteria řádu nostocales (jednořadka). trichomy jsou složeny z kulatých nebo vejčitých vegetativních buněk společně s heterocystami a akinetami. druhy se formují v symbiotická společenstva s velkým rozsahem eukaryotů
Nostoc commune: a form species of spore-producing cyanobacteria, in the family nostocaceae, order nostocales. it is an important source of fixed nitrogen in nutrient-depleted soils. when wet, it appears as a jelly-like mass
Nostoc commune: druh sinic kmene cyanobacteria čeledi nostocaceae, řádu nostocales, která vytváří spory. jedná se o důležitý zdroj vázaného dusíku v půdě jinak chudé na živiny. je-li vlhko, objevuje se jako gelovitá hmota
Nostoc muscorum: a form-species of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, in the family nostocaceae, order nostocales
Nostoc muscorum: forma druhu sinic kmene cyanobacteria, čeledi nostocaceae, řádu nostocales, která váže dusík
Notochord: a cartilaginous rod of mesodermal cells at the dorsal midline of all chordate embryos. in lower vertebrates, notochord is the backbone of support. in the higher vertebrates, notochord is a transient structure, and segments of the vertebral column will develop around it. notochord is also a source of midline signals that pattern surrounding tissues including the neural tube development
Notophthalmus: a genus of newts of the salamandridae family found in north america in areas east of the 100th meridian. a common species is notophthalmus viridescens
Notophthalmus: rod čolků čeledi salamandridae žijící v severní americe, v oblastech východně od 100. poledníku. běžným druhem je čolek zelenavý (notophthalmus viridescens)
Notophthalmus viridescens: a species of newt in the salamandridae family in which the larvae transform into terrestrial eft stage and later into an aquatic adult. they occur from canada to southern united states. viridescens refers to the greenish color often found in this species
Notophthalmus viridescens: druh mloků čeledi salamandridae, kteří se přeměňují z larválního stadia do suchozemského a dále na vodní dospělce. vyskytují se od kanady po jih usa. zástupci tohoto druhu mají často zelenavé zbarvení
Notostraca: branchiopod crustaceans with a shield-shaped carapace and unpaired median nauplius stage eye or naupliar ocellus in adult stage. tadpole shrimps are predominantly found in ephemeral freshwater habitat such as vernal pools
Nova Scotia: a province of eastern canada, one of the maritime provinces with new brunswick; prince edward island; and sometimes newfoundland and labrador. its capital is halifax. the territory was granted in 1621 by james i to the scotsman sir william alexander and was called nova scotia, the latin for new scotland. the territory had earlier belonged to the french, under the name of acadia. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p871 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p384)
NovaMin: contains calcium sodium phosphosilicate; a dentifrice containing novamin significantly improves oral health as measured by a reduction in gingival bleeding and reduction in supragingival plaque compared with a negative dentifrice over the 6 weeks study period
Novirhabdovirus: a genus in the family rhabdoviridae, infecting numerous species of fish with broad geographic distribution. the type species is infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus
Novirhabdovirus: rod virů čeledi rhabdoviridae, které infikují různé druhy ryb se širokým geografickým rozšířením. typovým druhem je virus infekční hematopoetické nekrózy
Novobiocin: an antibiotic compound derived from streptomyces niveus. it has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. novobiocin binds to dna gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (atpase) activity. (from reynolds, martindale the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189)
Nová Anglie: oblast mezi new yorkem a kanadou, severovýchodní cíp usa s největším městem bostonem. novou anglii tvoří šest států, původních britských kolonií: maine, new hampshire, vermont, massachusetts, rhode island a connecticut. spolu se středoatlantskou oblastí tvoří severovýchod spojených států. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2021 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Nová Guinea: druhý největší ostrov světa. leží v melanésii nedaleko severního pobřeží austrálie a je politicky rozdělený mezi indonésii (provincie západní papua a papua) v západní části a státem papua nová guinea ve východní části. celý ostrov je součástí australského kontinentu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Nová Kaledonie: od roku 1946 francouzské zámořské území v tichém oceánu, do r. 1897 bylo trestaneckou kolonií. hlavním městem je nouméa (dříve port-de-france). novou kaledonii tvoří skupina ostrovů v jihovýchodní melanésii. hlavní ostrov nová kaledonie, nazývaný také grande terre (velká země), zaujímá 90 % rozlohy země a leží 1270 km severovýchodně od pobřeží austrálie. další ostrovy a souostroví jsou např. île des pins (doslova borovicový ostrov), ostrovy loyauté - zejména ouvéa, lifou a maré, útesy bellone, skupina ostrovů okolo ostrova huon, chesterfieldovy ostrovy (11 neobydlených ostrovů). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Nové Mexiko: stát na jihu spojených států amerických. hraničí na západě s arizonou, na severu s coloradem, na severovýchodě s oklahomou, na východě a jihovýchodě s texasem a na jihozápadě s mexickými státy chihuahua a sonora. hlavní město je santa fe. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Nové Skotsko: nejvýchodnější z pobřežních provincií kanady. hlavní a zároveň největší město je přístav halifax. je zde silné zastoupení francouzsky mluvících obyvatel a malá menšina hovořící kanadskou modifikací gaelštiny. je také jednou ze součástí historického regionu akádie na východním pobřeží ameriky. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Nový Jižní Wales: australský spolkový stát rozkládající se na východě austrálie. na jihu hraničí se spolkovým státem victoria, na západě se spolkovým státem jižní austrálie, na východě s tichým oceánem, a na severu se spolkovým státem queensland. jeho metropolí je velkoměsto sydney. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Noxythiolin: local antibacterial that probably acts by releasing formaldehyde in aqueous solutions. it is used for therapeutic irrigation of infected body cavities - bladder, peritoneum, etc. and as a spray for burns
Nuchal Cord: a complication of pregnancy in which the umbilical cord wraps around the fetal neck once or multiple times. in some cases, cord entanglement around fetal neck may not affect pregnancy outcome significantly. in others, the nuchal cord may lead to restricted fetal blood flow, oxygen transport, fetal development, fetal movement, and complicated delivery at birth
Nuchal Translucency Measurement: a prenatal ultrasonography measurement of the soft tissue behind the fetal neck. either the translucent area below the skin in the back of the fetal neck (nuchal translucency) or the distance between occipital bone to the outer skin line (nuchal fold) is measured
Nuchal bleb, familial: fetal cystic hygromas are congenital malformations of the lymphatic system appearing as single or multiloculated fluid-filled cavities, most often in the neck. they are thought to arise from failure of the lymphatic system to communicate with the venous system in the neck. they often progress to hydrops and cause fetal death. they may be an autosomal recessive abnormality or result from 45,x turner syndrome. omim: 257350
Nuclear Bodies: dynamic intranucleoplasmic membraneless structures which concentrate various nuclear factors. nuclear bodies exchange components with nucleoplasm and participate in various rna metabolisms unlike nuclear inclusion bodies which aggregate most often foreign or inactive pathological biomolecules
Nuclear Cap-Binding Protein Complex: a heterodimeric protein complex of rna cap-binding proteins, which binds with high affinity to the 5' mrna cap structure in the cell nucleus. the complex contains two subunits, one of 80-kda molecular weight and another of 20-kda molecular weight
Nuclear Envelope: the membrane system of the cell nucleus that surrounds the nucleoplasm. it consists of two concentric membranes separated by the perinuclear space. the structures of the envelope where it opens to the cytoplasm are called the nuclear pores (nuclear pore)
Nuclear Export Signals: specific amino acid sequences present in the primary amino acid sequence of proteins which mediate their export from the cell nucleus. they are rich in hydrophobic residues, such as leucine and isoleucine
Nuclear Factor 45 Protein: a protein subunit that takes part in forming nuclear factor 90 protein complexes
Nuclear Factor 90 Proteins: a family of double-stranded rna-binding proteins that are related to nfatc transcription factors. in addition to binding to rna, nuclear factor 90 proteins form heterodimeric complexes that regulate genetic transcription and may play a role in t-cell activation
Nuclear Fission: nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of a heavy atom such as uranium or plutonium is split into two approximately equal parts by a neutron, charged particle, or photon
Nuclear Fusion: thermonuclear reaction in which the nuclei of an element of low atomic weight unite under extremely high temperature and pressure to form a nucleus of a heavier atom
Nuclear Lamina: a lattice of fibrils which covers the entire inner surface of the nuclear envelope and interlinks nuclear pores (nuclear pore)
Nuclear Localization Signals: short, predominantly basic amino acid sequences identified as nuclear import signals for some proteins. these sequences are believed to interact with specific receptors at the nuclear pore
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular: nmr spectroscopy on small- to medium-size biological macromolecules. this is often used for structural investigation of proteins and nucleic acids, and often involves more than one isotope
Nuclear Matrix: the residual framework structure of the cell nucleus that maintains many of the overall architectural features of the cell nucleus including the nuclear lamina with nuclear pore complex structures, residual cell nucleoli and an extensive fibrogranular structure in the nuclear interior. (advan. enzyme regul. 2002; 42:39-52)
Nuclear Matrix-Associated Proteins: a broad category of nuclear proteins that are components of or participate in the formation of the nuclear matrix
Nuclear Medicine: a specialty field of radiology concerned with diagnostic, therapeutic, and investigative use of radioactive compounds
Nuclear Microscopy: a method of simultaneously imaging and measuring elements at the submicron level. nuclear microscopy uses a focused high-energy ion beam of protons and alpha particles (a nuclear microprobe) to interact with the sample. the resulting emitted radiations are analyzed by a group of techniques simultaneously: particle induced x ray emission spectrometry for minor and trace element identification; rutherford backscattering spectroscopy to assess sample thickness and bulk elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; and scanning transmission ion microscopy to assess sample structure and density
Nuclear Pharmacy: an application of pharmacy involving the preparation and dispensing of radioactive materials for use in medications
Nuclear Physics: the study of the characteristics, behavior, and internal structures of the atomic nucleus and its interactions with other nuclei. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Nuclear Pore: an opening through the nuclear envelope formed by the nuclear pore complex which transports nuclear proteins or rna into or out of the cell nucleus and which, under some conditions, acts as an ion channel
Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins: proteins that form the structure of the nuclear pore. they are involved in active, facilitated and passive transport of molecules in and out of the cell nucleus
Nuclear Proteins: proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. do not confuse with nucleoproteins which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus
Nuclear Reactors: devices containing fissionable material in sufficient quantity and so arranged as to be capable of maintaining a controlled, self-sustaining nuclear fission chain reaction. they are also known as atomic piles, atomic reactors, fission reactors, and nuclear piles, although such names are deprecated. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 1: a nuclear protein that regulates the expression of genes involved in a diverse array of processes related to metabolism and reproduction. the protein contains three nuclear receptor interaction domains and three repressor domains and is closely-related in structure to nuclear receptor co-repressor 2
Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 2: a nuclear co-repressor protein that shows specificity for retinoic acid receptors and thyroid hormone receptors. the dissociation of this co-repressor from nuclear receptors is generally ligand-dependent, but can also occur by way of its phosphorylation by members of the map kinase signaling system. the protein contains two nuclear receptor interaction domains and four repressor domains and is closely-related in structure to nuclear receptor co-repressor 1
Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1: a nuclear receptor coactivator with specificity for estrogen receptors; progesterone receptors; and thyroid hormone receptors. it contains a histone acetyltransfrase activity that may play a role in the transcriptional activation of chromatin regions
Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 2: a transcription factor that partners with ligand bound glucocorticoid receptors and estrogen receptors to stimulate genetic transcription. it plays an important role in fertility as well as in metabolism of lipids
Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3: a nuclear receptor coactivator with specificity for estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors. it contains a histone acetyltransferase activity that may play a role in chromatin remodeling during the process of nuclear receptor-induced transcription. the coactivator has been found at elevated levels in certain hormone-dependent neoplasms such as those found in breast cancer
Nuclear Receptor Coactivators: proteins that enhance gene expression when associated with ligand bound activated nuclear receptors. the coactivators may act through an enzymatic process that affects the rate of transcription or the structure of chromatin. alternatively nuclear receptor coactivators can function as adaptor proteins that bring nuclear receptors into close proximity with transcriptional complexes
Nuclear Receptor Interacting Protein 1: a nuclear protein, characterized by multiple lxxll motifs, that modulates activation of gene transcription by steroid receptors, and transcriptional repression by nuclear hormone receptors. it positively regulates gene expression of circadian clock proteins and peptides, including arntl transcription factors and cryptochromes
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1: a dna-binding orphan nuclear receptor that negatively regulates expression of arntl transcription factors and plays a role as a regulatory component of the circadian clock system. the nr1d1 nuclear receptor expression is cyclically-regulated by a feedback loop involving its positive regulation by clock protein; bmal1 protein heterodimers and its negative regulation by cryptochrome and period proteins
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1: a dna-binding orphan nuclear receptor that positively regulates expression of arntl transcription factors and is a regulatory component of the circadian clock system. the protein also has a role in neuron cell survival and differentiation in that loss of function mutations of its gene result in the mouse phenotype referred to as the staggerer mouse
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 2: an orphan nuclear receptor that is expressed at high levels in neuronal tissues, the retina; epididymis; and vas deferens. the receptor is believed to play a role in regulating a variety of functions including the processing of sensory information, the differentiation of photoreceptor cells and the circadian rhythm
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3: an orphan nuclear receptor found in the thymus where it plays a role in regulating the development and maturation of thymocytes. an isoform of this protein, referred to as rorgammat, is produced by an alternatively transcribed mrna
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 2, Group C, Member 1: a dna-binding orphan nuclear receptor that has specificity for directly repeated (dr) aggtca sequences. it binds dna as either as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with the closely-related orphan nuclear receptor nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group c, member 2. the protein was originally identified as a prostate-specific protein and is involved in the regulation of variety of cellular processes, including cell differentiation; cell proliferation; and apoptosis
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 2, Group C, Member 2: an orphan nuclear receptor that has specificity for hormone response elements found in the promoters of target genes. it binds dna either as a homodimer or as heterodimer with the closely-related orphan nuclear receptor nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group c, member 1. the protein was originally identified as a testes-specific protein and is involved in the regulation of variety of cellular processes, including cell differentiation; cell proliferation; and apoptosis
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1: an orphan nuclear receptor that is closely related to members of the thyroid-steroid receptor gene family. it was originally identified in nerve cells and may play a role in mediation of nerve growth factor-induced cell differentiation. however, several other functions have been attributed to this protein including the positive and negative regulation of apoptosis
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2: an orphan nuclear receptor that is found at high levels in brain tissue. the protein is believed to play a role in development and maintenance of neurons, particularly dopaminergic neurons
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 3: an orphan nuclear receptor that is closely related to members of the thyroid-steroid receptor family. it was originally identified in nerve cells, however it may play regulatory roles in a variety of other tissues
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 6, Group A, Member 1: an orphan nuclear receptor expressed mainly in the germ cells of gonads. it functions as a transcription factor that binds to a direct repeat of the sequence aggtca and may play a role in the regulation of embryogenesis and germ cell differentiation
Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1: a transcription factor that controls the expression of variety of proteins including cytochrome c and 5-aminolevulinate synthetase. it plays an important role in maintenance of the respiratory chain of mitochondria
Nuclear Respiratory Factors: a family of transcription factors that control expression of a variety of nuclear genes encoding proteins that function in the respiratory chain of the mitochondria
Nuclear Speckles: membraneless intranucleoplasmic subcompartments or nuclear domains in which proteins related to rna metabolism (e.g., splicing factors) are dynamically localized
Nuclear Transfer Techniques: methods of implanting a cell nucleus from a donor cell into an enucleated acceptor cell
Nuclease Protection Assays: techniques for measuring specific nucleic acid interaction with another nucleic acid or with a protein by digestion of the non-interacting nucleic acid by various nucleases. after all non-interacting regions are eliminated by nuclease digestion, the protected nucleic acid that remains is analyzed. dna footprinting utilizes this technique to analyze the dna contact sites of dna-binding proteins
Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques: laboratory techniques that involve the in-vitro synthesis of many copies of dna or rna from one original template
Nucleic Acid Conformation: the spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape
Nucleic Acid Denaturation: disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme ph or chemical treatment. double strand dna is melted by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. denatured dna appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. the effects of denaturation on rna are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible
Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes: double-stranded nucleic acid molecules (dna-dna or dna-rna) which contain regions of nucleotide mismatches (non-complementary). in vivo, these heteroduplexes can result from mutation or genetic recombination; in vitro, they are formed by nucleic acid hybridization. electron microscopic analysis of the resulting heteroduplexes facilitates the mapping of regions of base sequence homology of nucleic acids
Nucleic Acid Hybridization: widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded dnas or rnas to pair with each other to form a double helix. hybridization can take place between two complimentary dna sequences, between a single-stranded dna and a complementary rna, or between two rna sequences. the technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (kendrew, encyclopedia of molecular biology, 1994, p503)
Nucleic Acid Precursors: use for nucleic acid precursors in general or for which there is no specific heading
Nucleic Acid Probes: nucleic acid which complements a specific mrna or dna molecule, or fragment thereof; used for hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms and for genetic studies
Nucleic Acid Renaturation: the reformation of all, or part of, the native conformation of a nucleic acid molecule after the molecule has undergone denaturation
Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors: compounds that inhibit cell production of dna or rna
Nucleic Acid-Based Vaccines: vaccines formulated with nucleic acids specific for a target antigen. they are designed to induce antibody production against the target by host
Nucleic Acids: high molecular weight polymers containing a mixture of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides chained together by ribose or deoxyribose linkages
Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides: complex compounds of high molecular weight occurring in living cells. these are basically of two types, ribonucleic (rna) and deoxyribonucleic (dna) acids, both of which consist of nucleotides (nucleoside phosphates linked together by phosphate bridges)
Nucleobase Transport Proteins: proteins involved in the transport of nucleobases such as pyrimidines and purines across membranes
Nucleobase, Nucleoside, Nucleotide, and Nucleic Acid Transport Proteins: a broad class of proteins involved in the transport of nucleobases, nucleosides; nucleotides; and nucleic acids; across membranes
Nucleobindins: a dna and calcium binding protein which plays a role in calcium homeostasis
Nucleocapsid: a protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. it consists of a capsid plus enclosed nucleic acid. depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope
Nucleocapsid Proteins: viral proteins found in either the nucleocapsid or the viral core (viral core proteins)
Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins: proteins involved in the process of transporting molecules in and out the cell nucleus. included here are: nucleoporins, which are membrane proteins that form the nuclear pore complex; karyopherins, which carry molecules through the nuclear pore complex; and proteins that play a direct role in the transport of karyopherin complexes through the nuclear pore complex
Nucleolin: phosphoprotein found in nucleoli, on the cell membrane, and in cytoplasm of all higher eukaryotes. they act as a receptor for some viruses, bacteria, and toxins
Nucleolus Organizer Region: the chromosome region which is active in nucleolus formation and which functions in the synthesis of ribosomal rna
Nucleophosmin: predominantly localized in the cell nucleolus, involved in diverse cellular processes such as ribosome biogenesis, cytoplasmic-nuclear trafficking, centrosome duplication, and regulation of p53
Nucleoplasmins: a family of histone molecular chaperones that play roles in sperm chromatin decondensation and chromatin assembly in fertilized eggs. they were originally discovered in xenopus egg extracts as histone-binding factors that mediate nucleosome formation in vitro
Nucleopolyhedroviruses: genera of the family baculoviridae, characterized by the formation of crystalline, polyhedral occlusion bodies in the host cell nucleus. nucleopolyhedrovirus is the common name for viruses from the alphabaculovirus, deltabaculovirus, or gammabaculovirus genera
Nucleoside Deaminases: catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleosides with the elimination of ammonia
Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase D: a nucleoside diphosphate kinase subtype that is localized to the intermembrane space of mitochondria. it is believed to play a role in the synthesis of triphosphonucleotides using atp formed through oxidative phosphorylation
Nucleoside Q: a modified nucleoside which is present in the first position of the anticodon of trna-tyrosine, trna-histidine, trna-asparagine and trna-aspartic acid of many organisms. it is believed to play a role in the regulatory function of trna. nucleoside q can be further modified to nucleoside q*, which has a mannose or galactose moiety linked to position 4 of its cyclopentenediol moiety
Nucleoside Transport Proteins: proteins involved in the transport of nucleosides across cellular membranes
Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase: an enzyme that is found in mitochondria and in the soluble cytoplasm of cells. it catalyzes reversible reactions of a nucleoside triphosphate, e.g., atp, with a nucleoside diphosphate, e.g., udp, to form adp and utp. many nucleoside diphosphates can act as acceptor, while many ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates can act as donor. ec 2.7.4.6
Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase: an enzyme that catalyzes reversible reactions of a nucleoside triphosphate, e.g., atp, with a nucleoside monophosphate, e.g., ump, to form adp and udp. many nucleoside monophosphates can act as acceptor while many ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates can act as donor. ec 2.7.4.4
Nucleoside-Triphosphatase: an enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates to nucleoside diphosphates. it may also catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleotide triphosphates, diphosphates, thiamine diphosphates and fad. the nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolases i and ii are subtypes of the enzyme which are found mostly in viruses
Nucleosides: purine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose. (from king & stansfield, a dictionary of genetics, 4th ed)
Nucleosome Assembly Protein 1: a histone chaperone that facilitates nucleosome assembly by mediating the formation of the histone octamer and its transfer to dna
Nucleosomes: the repeating structural units of chromatin, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of dna wound around a protein core. this core is composed of the histones h2a, h2b, h3, and h4
Nucleotidases: a class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. ec 3.1.3.-
Nucleotide Deaminases: catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleotides with the elimination of ammonia
Nucleotide Motifs: commonly observed base sequence or nucleotide structural components which can be represented by a consensus sequence or a sequence logo
Nucleotide Transport Proteins: proteins involved in the transport of nucleotides across cellular membranes
Nucleotides: the monomeric units from which dna or rna polymers are constructed. they consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (from king & stansfield, a dictionary of genetics, 4th ed)
Nucleotidyltransferases: a class of enzymes that transfers nucleotidyl residues. ec 2.7.7
Nucleus Accumbens: collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. it is part of the so-called ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia
Nucleus Pulposus: fibrocartilage inner core of the intervertebral disc. prolapsed or bulged nucleus pulposus leads to intervertebral disc displacement while proliferation of cells in the nucleus pulposus is associated with intervertebral disc degeneration
Nucleus Raphe Magnus: a nucleus located directly rostral to the nucleus raphe obscurus in the pontine part of the raphe nuclei. another pontine nucleus located directly rostral to the magnus nucleus is the nucleus raphe pontis
Nucleus Raphe Obscurus: a nucleus in the medullary raphe nuclei located caudal to the nucleus raphe pallidus
Nucleus Raphe Pallidus: a nucleus in the medullary raphe nuclei located rostral to the nucleus raphe obscurus and caudal to the nucleus raphe magnus
Nudiviridae: a family of arthropod viruses, including insect viruses and crustacean viruses. they are rod-shaped, enveloped, and circular dsdna viruses that share structural and replication characteristics with baculoviridae. genera include alphanudivirus and betanudivirus
Nudiviridae: čeleď virů napadajících členovce včetně virů hmyzu a korýšů. jsou to obalené viry tyčinkovitého tvaru, s kruhovou dsdna. mají podobnou strukturu a způsob replikace jako baculoviridae. patří sem rody alphanudivirus a betanudivirus
Nudix Hydrolases: a group of mg2+/mn2+-dependent mainly pyrophosphohydrolases that hydrolyzes structures of nucleoside diphosphate linked to another moiety x to nucleoside monophosphate and x-phosphate. nudix hydrolases share conserved nudix box (gx5ex7reuxeexgu) and degrade variety of substrates including oxidized nucleotides (e.g., mutt) and metabolic intermediates (e.g., thiamine pyrophosphatase). in humans, nudix superfamily proteins such as mutt proteins participate in dna damage repairs. mutations on a nudix hydrolase (nudt15) are associated with a purine-pyrimidine metabolism, inborn errors disorder called thpm2, and mutations in nudix hydrolase (nudt2) are associated with iddpn, a developmental intellectual disorder
Numbers Needed To Treat: number of patients who need to be treated in order to prevent one additional bad outcome. it is the inverse of absolute risk reduction
Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted: computer-assisted study of methods for obtaining useful quantitative solutions to problems that have been expressed mathematically
Numismatics: study of coins, tokens, medals, etc. however, it usually refers to medals pertaining to the history of medicine
Nunavut: a self-governing territory formed from the central and eastern portions of the northwest territories. it was officially established april 1, 1999. the capital is iqaluit
Nunavut: největší a nejsevernější teritorium kanady. jde o samosprávné území eskymáků s rozsáhlou autonomií vytvořené 1. dubna 1999 odtržením od severozápadních teritorií. největším a hlavním městem je iqaluit
Nuns: members of a religious community of women typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience
Nuo-6 protein, C elegans: refseq nm_059600.4
Nuphar: a plant genus of the family nymphaeaceae. members contain sesquiterpene thioalkaloids
Nuphar: rod rostlin čeledi nymphaeaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují seskviterpenové thioalkaloidy
Nupro Gold: a viscous, syringe-delivered gel that contains 10% carbamide peroxide, carbopol, sodium hydroxide, water and a flavoring agent
Nurse Anesthetists: professional nurses who have completed postgraduate training in the administration of anesthetics
Nurse Clinicians: registered nurses who hold master's degrees in nursing with an emphasis in clinical nursing and who function independently in coordinating plans for patient care
Nurse Practitioners: nurses who are specially trained to assume an expanded role in providing medical care under the supervision of a physician
Nurses: professionals qualified by graduation from an accredited school of nursing and by passage of a national licensing examination to practice nursing. they provide services to patients requiring assistance in recovering or maintaining their physical or mental health
Nurses Improving Care for Health System Elders: nonprofit programs designed to address the complex needs of older adults and improve outcomes. they provide the principles, education and tools to support healthcare systems in transforming and achieving patient-centered care
Nurses, Community Health: nurses whose work combines elements of both primary care nursing and public health practice and takes place primarily outside the therapeutic institution. primary nursing care is directed to individuals, families, or groups in their natural settings within communities
Nurses, International: nurses who provide nursing care in countries other than the ones in which they received their training
Nurses, Pediatric: qualified nursing professionals specializing in the care of children from birth to adolescence
Nurses, Public Health: nurses whose goal is to improve health and quality of life in a population or community through the prevention and treatment of disease and other physical and mental health conditions, the surveillance of cases and health indicators, and the promotion of healthy behaviors through public education and awareness
Nursing Administration Research: research concerned with establishing costs of nursing care, examining the relationships between nursing services and quality patient care, and viewing problems of nursing service delivery within the broader context of policy analysis and delivery of health services (from a national study, presented at the 1985 council on graduate education for administration in nursing (cgean) meeting)
Nursing Assessment: evaluation of the nature and extent of nursing problems presented by a patient for the purpose of patient care planning
Nursing Audit: a detailed review and evaluation of selected clinical records by qualified professional personnel for evaluating quality of nursing care
Nursing Diagnosis: conclusions derived from the nursing assessment that establish a health status profile for the patient and from which nursing interventions may be ordered
Nursing Education Research: investigations into the problems of integrating research findings into nursing curricula, developing problem solving skills, finding approaches to clinical teaching, determining the level of practice by graduates from different basic preparations, etc
Nursing Evaluation Research: research carried out by nurses that uses interviews, data collection, observation, surveys, etc., to evaluate nursing, health, clinical, and nursing education programs and curricula, and which also demonstrates the value of such evaluation
Nursing Faculty Practice: clinical practice by members of the nursing faculty in order to maintain a balance in their nursing activities--clinical, education, and research
Nursing Homes: facilities which provide nursing supervision and limited medical care to persons who do not require hospitalization
Nursing Informatics: the field of information science concerned with the analysis and dissemination of data through the application of computers applied to the field of nursing
Nursing Methodology Research: research carried out by nurses concerning techniques and methods to implement projects and to document information, including methods of interviewing patients, collecting data, and forming inferences. the concept includes exploration of methodological issues such as human subjectivity and human experience
Nursing Process: the sum total of nursing activities which includes assessment (identifying needs), intervention (ministering to needs), and evaluation (validating the effectiveness of the help given)
Nursing Records: data recorded by nurses concerning the nursing care given to the patient, including judgment of the patient's progress
Nursing Research: research carried out by nurses, generally in clinical settings, in the areas of clinical practice, evaluation, nursing education, nursing administration, and methodology
Nursing Stations: an area in a clinic, unit, or ward in a health care facility that serves as the administrative center for nursing care. (from mosby's medical dictionary, 8th ed)
Nursing Theory: concepts, definitions, and propositions applied to the study of various phenomena which pertain to nursing and nursing research
Nursing, Practical: the practice of nursing by licensed, non-registered persons qualified to provide routine care to the sick
Nursing, Private Duty: the practice of nursing by a registered or licensed nurse to care for a specific patient in a health facility or in the home
Nursing, Team: coordination of nursing services by various nursing care personnel under the leadership of a professional nurse. the team may consist of a professional nurse, nurses' aides, and the practical nurse
Nut Hypersensitivity: allergic reaction to tree nuts that is triggered by the immune system
Nut and Peanut Hypersensitivity: allergic reaction to tree nuts and peanuts, including other legumes, that is triggered by the immune system. it includes co-sensitization to other food (e.g., sesame seed)
Nutrigenomics: the study of the relationship between nutritional physiology and genetic makeup. it includes the effect of different food components on gene expression and how variations in genes effect responses to food components
Nutrition Assessment: evaluation and measurement of nutritional variables in order to assess the level of nutrition or the nutritional status of the individual. nutrition surveys may be used in making the assessment
Nutrition Disorders: disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition
Nutrition Surveys: a systematic collection of factual data pertaining to the nutritional status of a human population within a given geographic area. data from these surveys are used in preparing nutrition assessments
Nutrition Therapy: improving health status of an individual by adjusting the quantities, qualities, and methods of nutrient intake
Nutritional Physiological Phenomena: the processes and properties of living organisms by which they take in and balance the use of nutritive materials for energy, heat production, or building material for the growth, maintenance, or repair of tissues and the nutritive properties of food
Nutritional Requirements: the amounts of various substances in food needed by an organism to sustain healthy life
Nutritional Sciences: the study of nutrition processes as well as the components of food, their actions, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease
Nutritional Support: the administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. it does not include fluid therapy which normalizes body fluids to restore water-electrolyte balance
Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases: a collective term for nutritional disorders resulting from poor absorption or nutritional imbalance, and metabolic disorders resulting from defects in biosynthesis (anabolism) or breakdown (catabolism) of endogenous substances
Nutritive Sweeteners: any agent that adds not only sweet taste but some energy value to food. they include natural sugars such as sucrose; fructose; and galactose; and certain sugar alcohols
Nutritive Value: an indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. this value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. this value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing
Nuts: botanically, a type of single-seeded fruit in which the pericarp enclosing the seed is a hard woody shell. in common usage the term is used loosely for any hard, oil-rich kernel. of those commonly eaten, only hazel, filbert, and chestnut are strictly nuts. walnuts, pecans, almonds, and coconuts are really drupes. brazil nuts, pistachios, macadamias, and cashews are really seeds with a hard shell derived from the testa rather than the pericarp
Nuva Tach: used as orthodontic bonding material; contains bis-gma, methylmethacrylate & quartz filler
Nyctaginaceae: a plant family of the order caryophyllales, subclass caryophyllidae, class magnoliopsida
Nyctaginaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu caryophyllales, podtřídy caryophyllidae, třídy magnoliopsida
Nylidrin: a beta-adrenergic agonist. nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. it is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor
Nylons: polymers where the main polymer chain comprises recurring amide groups. these compounds are generally formed from combinations of diamines, diacids, and amino acids and yield fibers, sheeting, or extruded forms used in textiles, gels, filters, sutures, contact lenses, and other biomaterials
Nymph: the immature stage in the life cycle of those orders of insects characterized by gradual metamorphosis, in which the young resemble the imago in general form of body, including compound eyes and external wings; also the 8-legged stage of mites and ticks that follows the first moult
Nymphaeaceae: the water lily plant family of aquatic, rhizomatous herbs in the class magnoliopsida
Nymphaeaceae: čeleď vodních rostlin řádu nymphaeales (leknínotvaré), třídy magnoliopsida (nižší dvouděložné rostliny)
Nyssa: a plant genus of the family nyssaceae. named for the water nymph from classical mythology, these species grow in moist habitats and are tolerant of flooding
Nyssa: rod rostlin čeledi nyssaceae. vědecké rodové jméno nyssa pochází ze starořecké mytologie, je odvozeno od jména vodní nymfy. tyto dřeviny mohou růst v širokém spektru podmínek, od trvale vlhkých bažin, přes stanoviště občas přeplavovaná vodou až po krátce suchá místa. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Nyssaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu cornales (dřínotvaré)
Nystagmus, Congenital: nystagmus present at birth or caused by lesions sustained in utero or at the time of birth. it is usually pendular, and is associated with albinism and conditions characterized by early loss of central vision. inheritance patterns may be x-linked, autosomal dominant, or recessive. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p275)
Nystagmus, Optokinetic: normal nystagmus produced by looking at objects moving across the field of vision