NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 3: a subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that is characterized by the presence of an amino-terminal ferm domain, an intervening region containing one or more pdz domains, and a carboxyl-terminal phosphatase domain. expression of this phosphatase subtype has been observed in bone marrow; fetal liver; lymph nodes; and t lymphocytes
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 4: a subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that is characterized by the presence of an amino-terminal ferm domain, an intervening region containing one or more pdz domains, and a carboxyl-terminal phosphatase domain. the subtype was originally identified in a cell line derived from megakaryocytes
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6: a src-homology domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase found in the cytosol of hematopoietic cells. it plays a role in signal transduction by dephosphorylating signaling proteins that are activated or inactivated by protein-tyrosine kinases
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases: an enzyme group that specifically dephosphorylates phosphotyrosyl residues in selected proteins. together with protein-tyrosine kinase, it regulates tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in cellular signal transduction and may play a role in cell growth control and carcinogenesis
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Non-Receptor: a subcategory of protein tyrosine phosphatases that occur in the cytoplasm. many of the proteins in this category play a role in intracellular signal transduction
Protein Unfolding: conformational transitions of the shape of a protein to various unfolded states
Protein-Arginine Deiminase Type 1: a peptidylarginine deiminase isoenzyme. it is a post-translational modification enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of protein-bound arginine residues to citrulline residues in a calcium ion-dependent manner. it functions within the epidermis, targeting intermediate filaments; keratins; and filaggrin for citrullination to promote epidermal cornification
Protein-Arginine Deiminase Type 2: a widely expressed isoenzyme of peptidylarginine deiminase, a post-translational modification enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of protein-bound arginine residues to citrulline residues in a calcium ion-dependent manner
Protein-Arginine Deiminase Type 3: a post-translational enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of protein bound arginine residues to citrulline residues in a calcium ion-dependent manner. padi3 is a peptidylarginine deiminase isoenzyme expressed in epidermal tissue
Protein-Arginine Deiminase Type 4: a histone modification enzyme, which converts both arginine and monomethyl-arginine to citrulline. it is one of several protein-arginine deiminase isoenzymes. it is a gene regulator involved in apoptosis and cell differentiation and a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of a variety of diseases
Protein-Arginine Deiminase Type 6: a peptidylarginine deiminase isoenzyme mainly expressed in egg and embryo tissues. it is a post-translational modification enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of protein-bound arginine residues to citrulline residues in a calcium ion-dependent manner
Protein-Arginine Deiminases: a family of enzymes that, in the presence of calcium ion, converts arginine to citrulline in proteins. there are five pad isotypes in mammals. in humans: they include pad1, 2, 3, 4 and 6. they are encoded by five paralogous genes named padi and clustered on human chromosome 1
Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases: enzymes that catalyze the methylation of arginine residues of proteins to yield n-mono- and n,n-dimethylarginine. this enzyme is found in many organs, primarily brain and spleen
Protein-Energy Malnutrition: the lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses
Protein-Losing Enteropathies: pathological conditions in the intestines that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including serum albumin; immunoglobulins; and at times lymphocytes. severe condition can result in hypogammaglobulinemia or lymphopenia. protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including intestinal lymphangiectasis; whipple's disease; and neoplasms of the small intestine
Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase: an enzyme oxidizing peptidyl-lysyl-peptide in the presence of water & molecular oxygen to yield peptidyl-allysyl-peptide plus ammonia & hydrogen peroxide. ec 1.4.3.13
Protein-Tyrosine Kinases: protein kinases that catalyze the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with atp or other nucleotides as phosphate donors
Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory: peptides and proteins found in bodily secretions and body fluids that are protease inhibitors. they play a role in inflammation, tissue repair and innate immunity (immunity, innate) by inhibiting endogenous proteinases such as those produced by leukocytes and exogenous proteases such as those produced by invading microorganisms
Proteins: linear polypeptides that are synthesized on ribosomes and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. the specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during protein folding, and the function of the protein
Protemp: used to fabricate interim restorations; bis-acryl-composite resin
Proteobacteria: a phylum of bacteria consisting of the purple bacteria and their relatives which form a branch of the eubacterial tree. this group of predominantly gram-negative bacteria is classified based on homology of equivalent nucleotide sequences of 16s ribosomal rna or by hybridization of ribosomal rna or dna with 16s and 23s ribosomal rna
Proteobacteria: kmen bakterií sestávající z purpurových bakterií a jejich příbuzných, které tvoří větev eubakteriálního stromu. tato skupina převážně gramnegativních bakterií je klasifikována na základě homologie ekvivalentních nukleotidových sekvencí 16s ribozomální rna nebo hybridizací ribozomální rna nebo dna s 16s a 23s ribozomální rna
Proteogenomics: the systematic study of annotated genomic information to global protein expression in order to determine the relationship between genomic sequences and both expressed proteins and predicted protein sequences
Proteoglycans: glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content of which one or more are glycosaminoglycans
Proteolipids: protein-lipid combinations abundant in brain tissue, but also present in a wide variety of animal and plant tissues. in contrast to lipoproteins, they are insoluble in water, but soluble in a chloroform-methanol mixture. the protein moiety has a high content of hydrophobic amino acids. the associated lipids consist of a mixture of glycerophosphates; cerebrosides; and sulfoglycosphingolipids; while lipoproteins contain phospholipids; cholesterol; and triglycerides
Proteolysis: cleavage of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids either by proteases or non-enzymatically (e.g., hydrolysis). it does not include protein processing, post-translational
Proteolysis Targeting Chimera: bifunctional molecules that are designed to recruit e3 ubiquitin ligase to a specific target protein. proteolysis targeting chimera consist of a target protein ligand connected via a linker to an e3 ligand. they promote association of e3 with specific target proteins tagged for degradation via the proteasome
Proteostasis: regulation of the concentration, folding, interactions, and cellular localization of each of the proteins that comprise the proteome
Proteostasis Deficiencies: disorders caused by imbalances in the protein homeostasis network - synthesis, folding, and transport of proteins; post-translational modifications; and degradation or clearance of misfolded proteins
Proteotoxic Stress: stressors and conditions which disturb proteostasis. dysfunctional responses to proteotoxic stress are associated with cell death; cell senescence;  cancer and proteinopathy
Protestantism: the name given to all christian denominations, sects, or groups rising out of the reformation. protestant churches generally agree that the principle of authority should be the scriptures rather than the institutional church or the pope. (from w.l. reese, dictionary of philosophy and religion, 1999)
Proteus: a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the intestines of humans and a wide variety of animals, as well as in manure, soil, and polluted waters. its species are pathogenic, causing urinary tract infections and are also considered secondary invaders, causing septic lesions at other sites of the body
Proteus: proteus - rod bakterií běžně se vyskytujících v tlustém střevě a rovněž v půdě, které mohou způsobit různé infekce, obv. v již poškozených místech (např. močové, kožní infekce, záněty středního ucha, mening, pobřišnice aj.). gramnegativní bakterie řazené do čeledi enterobacteriaceae, tvarově velmi rozmanité. kultivačně je nápadný plazivý růst, biochemicky tvorba ureázy a produkce amoniaku infekce predisponuje i k vzniku urolitiázy. sérologicky se rozlišují podle o- a h-antigenů. nejběžnější jsou druhy p. mirabilis, p. vulgaris, p. pennerii, p. myxofaciens. některé druhy byly do těchto rodů přeřazeny. p. je blízký rodům morganella a providentia. z antibiotik se používají aminopeniciliny, aminoglykosidy, fluorochinolony, cefalosporiny 3. generace; s ohledem na možnost rezistence je třeba stanovit citlivost. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2015 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Proteus Syndrome: hamartoneoplastic malformation syndrome of uncertain etiology characterized by partial gigantism of the hands and/or feet, asymmetry of the limbs, plantar hyperplasia, hemangiomas (hemangioma), lipomas (lipoma), lymphangiomas (lymphangioma), epidermal nevi; macrocephaly; cranial hyperostosis, and long-bone overgrowth. joseph merrick, the so-called elephant man, apparently suffered from proteus syndrome and not neurofibromatosis, a disorder with similar characteristics
Proteus mirabilis: a species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is frequently isolated from clinical specimens. its most common site of infection is the urinary tract
Proteus mirabilis: druh gramnegativní, fakultativně anaerobní, tyčinkovité bakterie, která je často izolována z klinického materiálu. nejčastěji způsobuje infekce močového ústrojí
Proteus penneri: a genus of gram-negative bacteria isolated from individuals in long-term care facilities and hospitals
Proteus penneri: druh gramnegativní bakterie izolované z pacientů v nemocnicích a v zařízeních dlouhodobé péče
Proteus vulgaris: a species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in soil, fecal matter, and sewage. it is an opportunistic pathogen and causes cystitis and pyelonephritis
Proteus vulgaris: druh gramnegativní, fakultativně anaerobní, tyčinkovité bakterie. vyskytuje se v půdě, ve výkalech a v odpadních vodách. je oportunním patogenem, způsobuje cystitidu a pyelonefritidu
Proteův syndrom: syndrom hamartoneoplastických malformací, který má nejasný původ. projevuje se částečným gigantismem na končetinách, asymetrií končetin, plantární hyperplazií, hemangiomy, lipomy, lymfangiomy, epidermálními névy, makrocefalií, lebeční hyperostózou a přerůstáním dlouhých kostí. proteovým syndromem zřejmě trpěl joseph merrick, takzvaný "sloní muž" (dříve se mělo za to, že trpěl neurofibromatózou, poruchou s podobnými vlastnostmi)
Prothionamide: antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ethionamide. it is used mostly in combination with other agents
Prothrombin: a plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. it is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor xa, factor v, phospholipid, and calcium ions. deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia
Prothrombin Time: clotting time of plasma recalcified in the presence of excess tissue thromboplastin. factors measured are fibrinogen; prothrombin; factor v; factor vii; and factor x. it is used for monitoring anticoagulant therapy with coumarins
Proto-Oncogene Mas: a protein that is encoded by the mas1 gene. it is a receptor for angiotensin 1-7 and acts as an antagonist of angiotensin-2 type 1 receptor
Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1: an ets proto-oncogene protein expressed primarily in adult lymphoid tissue; brain; and vascular endothelial cells
Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-2: a ubiquitously expressed ets proto-oncogene protein that may play a role in regulation of cell proliferation and cell differentiation
Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1: a member of the c-ets family of transcription factors that is preferentially expressed in cells of hematopoietic lineages and vascular endothelial cells. it was originally identified as a protein that provides a retroviral integration site for integration of friend murine leukemia virus
Proto-Oncogene Proteins: products of proto-oncogenes. normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. they often have protein kinase activity
Proto-Oncogene Proteins A-raf: a raf kinase subclass expressed primarily in non-neuronal tissues such as skeletal muscle. the a-raf kinases are map kinase kinase kinases that have specificity for map kinase kinase 1
Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf: a raf kinase subclass found at high levels in neuronal tissue. the b-raf kinases are map kinase kinase kinases that have specificity for map kinase kinase 1 and map kinase kinase 2
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl: non-receptor tyrosine kinases encoded by the c-abl genes. they are distributed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. c-abl plays a role in normal hematopoiesis especially of the myeloid lineage. oncogenic transformation of c-abl arises when specific n-terminal amino acids are deleted, releasing the kinase from negative regulation
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt: protein-serine-threonine kinases that contain pleckstrin homology domains and are activated by phosphorylation in response to growth factors or insulin. they play a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of signal transduction. three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2: membrane proteins encoded by the bcl-2 genes and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by apoptosis. the proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and nuclear membrane sites within many cell types. overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6: a dna-binding protein that contains an n-terminal btb (poz) domain and c-terminal cys2-his2 zinc fingers. it represses genetic transcription of target genes by recruiting histone deacetylases. aberrant blc-6 expression is associated with certain types of human b-cell lymphoma
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcr: a serine-threonine kinase that contains a c2 domain and pleckstrin homology domain. it also has activity as a gtpase-activating protein for rac1 protein and cdc42 protein. it functions as a negative regulator of cell proliferation and neoplastic cell transformation and is commonly fused with cellular abl protein to form bcr-abl fusion proteins in philadelphia chromosome positive leukemia patients
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl: proto-oncogene proteins that negatively regulate receptor protein-tyrosine kinase signaling. it is a ubiquitin-protein ligase and the cellular homologue of oncogene protein v-cbl
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-crk: signal transducing adaptor proteins that contain src homology domains and play a role in cytoskeleton reorganization. c-crk protein is closely related to oncogene protein v-crk and includes several alternatively spliced isoforms
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets: a family of transcription factors that share a unique dna-binding domain. the name derives from viral oncogene-derived protein oncogene protein v-ets of the avian erythroblastosis virus
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fes: proto-oncogene proteins fes are protein-tyrosine kinases with a central sh2 domain. it has been implicated in signal transduction pathways for cell differentiation of a variety of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells. fes proto-oncogene proteins also bind tubulin and promote microtubule assembly
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos: cellular dna-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (genes, fos). they are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (proto-oncogene proteins c-jun) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (transcription factor ap-1) that binds to the tre (tpa-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn: src-family kinases that associate with t-cell antigen receptor and phosphorylate a wide variety of intracellular signaling molecules
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-hck: members of the src-family tyrosine kinase family that are strongly expressed in myeloid cells and b-lymphocytes
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun: cellular dna-binding proteins encoded by the c-jun genes (genes, jun). they are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. there appear to be three distinct functions: dimerization (with c-fos), dna-binding, and transcriptional activation. oncogenic transformation can take place by constitutive expression of c-jun
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit: a protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for stem cell factor. this interaction is crucial for the development of hematopoietic, gonadal, and pigment stem cells. genetic mutations that disrupt the expression of proto-oncogene proteins c-kit are associated with piebaldism, while overexpression or constitutive activation of the c-kit protein-tyrosine kinase is associated with tumorigenesis
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-maf: maf proto-oncogene protein is the major cellular homolog of the v-maf oncogene protein. it was the first of the mammalian maf transcription factors identified, and it is induced in activated t-lymphocytes and regulates genetic transcription of interleukin-4. c-maf is frequently translocated to an immunoglobulin locus in multiple myeloma
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2: an e3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with and inhibits tumor suppressor protein p53. its ability to ubiquitinate p53 is regulated by tumor suppressor protein p14arf
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met: cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptors for hepatocyte growth factor. they consist of an extracellular alpha chain which is disulfide-linked to the transmembrane beta chain. the cytoplasmic portion contains the catalytic domain and sites critical for the regulation of kinase activity. mutations in the c-met proto-oncogene are associated with papillary renal carcinoma and other neoplasia
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes (genes, mos). they function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myb: cellular dna-binding proteins encoded by the myb gene (genes, myb). they are expressed in a wide variety of cells including thymocytes and lymphocytes, and regulate cell differentiation. overexpression of myb is associated with autoimmune diseases and malignancies
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc: basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors encoded by the c-myc genes. they are normally involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. elevated and deregulated (constitutive) expression of c-myc proteins can cause tumorigenesis
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-pim-1: serine-threonine protein kinases that relay signals from cytokine receptors and are involved in control of cell growth processes; cell differentiation; and apoptosis
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf: a ubiquitously expressed raf kinase subclass that plays an important role in signal transduction. the c-raf kinases are map kinase kinase kinases that have specificity for map kinase kinase 1 and map kinase kinase 2
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-rel: cellular dna-binding proteins encoded by the rel gene (genes, rel). they are expressed predominately in hematopoietic cells and may play a role in lymphocyte differentiation. rel frequently combines with other related proteins (nf-kappa b, i-kappa b, rela) to form heterodimers that regulate transcription. rearrangement or overexpression of c-rel can cause tumorigenesis
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret: receptor protein-tyrosine kinases involved in the signaling of glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor ligands. they contain an extracellular cadherin domain and form a receptor complexes with gdnf receptors. mutations in ret protein are responsible for hirschsprung disease and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis: cellular dna-binding proteins encoded by the sis gene (genes, sis). c-sis proteins make up the b chain of platelet-derived growth factor. overexpression of c-sis causes tumorigenesis
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav: proteins that are guanine nucleotide exchange factors for rho gtpases. they contain pleckstrin homology and sh2 domains, through which they function as signal transducing adaptor proteins
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-yes: members of the src-family tyrosine kinases that are activated during the transition from g2 phase to m phase of the cell cycle. it is highly homologous to proto-oncogene protein pp60(c-src)
Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras): cellular proteins encoded by the h-ras, k-ras and n-ras genes. the proteins have gtpase activity and are involved in signal transduction as monomeric gtp-binding proteins. elevated levels of p21 c-ras have been associated with neoplasia. this enzyme was formerly listed as ec 3.6.1.47
Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src): membrane-associated tyrosine-specific kinases encoded by the c-src genes. they have an important role in cellular growth control. truncation of carboxy-terminal residues in pp60(c-src) leads to pp60(v-src) which has the ability to transform cells. this kinase pp60 c-src should not be confused with csk, also known as c-src kinase
Proto-Oncogenes: normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. the products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. proto-oncogenes have names of the form c-onc
Protocadherins: members of cadherin superfamily involved in cell adhesion and cell-cell interactions in neural development. they are subdivided into clustered (cpcdhs) and non-clustered protocadherin (ncpcdhs) depending whether their genes are tandemly arranged in vertebrates
Protocatechuate-3,4-Dioxygenase: an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of protocatechuate to 3-carboxy-cis-cis-muconate in the presence of molecular oxygen. it contains ferric ion. ec 1.13.11.3
Protochlorophyllide: a photo-active pigment localized in prolamellar bodies occurring within the proplastids of dark-grown bean leaves. in the process of photoconversion, the highly fluorescent protochlorophyllide is converted to chlorophyll
Proton Ionophores: chemical agents that increase the permeability of cell membranes to protons
Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: spectroscopy technique which measures changes in organic compounds by tracking the spectral energy of absorption of hydrogen atoms
Proton Pump Inhibitors: compounds that inhibit h(+)-k(+)-exchanging atpase. they are used as anti-ulcer agents and sometimes in place of histamine h2 antagonists for gastroesophageal reflux
Proton Pumps: integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane. this transport can be linked to the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate. what is referred to as proton pump inhibitors frequently is about potassium hydrogen atpase
Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter: a symporter protein that couples the transport of folic acid with hydrogen ions. the transporter functions most effectively under acidic conditions
Proton-Motive Force: energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane and that can be used for chemical, osmotic, or mechanical work. proton-motive force can be generated by a variety of phenomena including the operation of an electron transport chain, illumination of a purple membrane, and the hydrolysis of atp by a proton atpase. (from singleton & sainsbury, dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology, 2d ed, p171)
Proton-Phosphate Symporters: proteins that cotransport hydrogen ions and phosphate ions across cellular membranes
Proton-Translocating ATPases: multisubunit enzymes that reversibly synthesize adenosine triphosphate. they are coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane
Protons: stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. the proton mass is less than that of a neutron. a proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion
Protoplasts: the protoplasm and plasma membrane of plant, fungal, bacterial or archaeon cells without the cell wall
Protoporphyria, Erythropoietic: an autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of ferrochelatase (heme synthetase) in both the liver and the bone marrow, the last enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of heme. clinical features include mainly neurological symptoms, rarely cutaneous lesions, and elevated levels of protoporphyrin and coproporphyrins in the feces
Protoporphyria, Erythropoietic, X-Linked Dominant: mutation in alas2
Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase: a membrane-bound flavoenzyme that catalyzes the oxygen-dependent aromatization of protoporphyrinogen ix (protogen) to protoporphyrin ix (proto ix). it is the last enzyme of the common branch of the heme and chlorophyll pathways in plants, and is the molecular target of diphenyl ether-type herbicides. variegate porphyria is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with deficiency of protoporphyrinogen oxidase
Protoporphyrins: porphyrins with four methyl, two vinyl, and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. protoporphyrin ix occurs in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and most of the cytochromes
Prototheca: a genus of achlorophyllic algae in the family chlorellaceae, and closely related to chlorella. it is found in decayed matter; water; sewage; and soil; and produces cutaneous and disseminated infections in various vertebrates including humans
Prototheca: rod řas bez chlorofylu z čeledi chlorellaceae, blízce příbuzný s rodem chlorella. nalézá se v rozkládajících se materiálech, ve vodě, kanalizaci a v půdě. způsobuje kožní a diseminované infekce u různých obratlovců včetně lidí
Protoveratrines: mixtures of closely related hypotensive alkaloids from veratrum album (liliaceae). they have been used in the treatment of hypertension but have largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects
Protozoan Infections: infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom protozoa
Protozoan Infections, Animal: infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom protozoa. the infections may be experimental or veterinary
Protozoan Vaccines: suspensions of attenuated or killed protozoa administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious protozoan disease
Protriptyline: tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to imipramine. it may produce excitation
Proventriculus: a thin-walled, glandular stomach found in birds. it precedes the gizzard
Providencia: rod gramnegativních tyčinek izolovaných z lidské moči a stolice
Provider-Sponsored Organizations: entities sponsored by local hospitals, physician groups, and other licensed providers which are affiliated through common ownership or control and share financial risk whose purpose is to deliver health care services
Provipont system: a microfilled composite two component system, a base and an activator that provides advantages of wear-resistance and polishability; has miniumum shrinkage, heat generation & wear, along with maximum strength, aesthetics and ease of utilization
Proviruses: duplex dna sequences in eukaryotic chromosomes, corresponding to the genome of a virus, that are transmitted from one cell generation to the next without causing lysis of the host. proviruses are often associated with neoplastic cell transformation and are key features of retrovirus biology
Proximal Femoral Fractures: fractures of the proximal femur at the hip
Proxy: a person authorized to decide or act for another person, for example, a person having durable power of attorney
Prune Belly Syndrome: a syndrome characterized by abdominal wall musculature deficiency, cryptorchism, and urinary tract abnormalities. the syndrome derives its name from its characteristic distended abdomen with wrinkled skin
Prunella: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae. members contain triterpenes. heal all is another common name
Prunella: rod rostlin z čeledi hluchavkovitých. zástupci obsahují triterpeny
Prunus: a plant genus in the family rosaceae, order rosales, subclass rosidae. it is best known as a source of edible fruits such as apricot, plum, peach, cherry, and almond
Prunus africana: a plant species in the family rosaceae. the bark extract known as pygeum is an ingredient in folk remedies
Prunus africana: druh dřeviny čeledi rosaceae. extrakt kůry obsahuje blokátory růstových faktorů a je součástí lidových léků
Prunus armeniaca: a plant species in the family rosaceae. it is the source of apricot fruit
Prunus avium: a plant species in the family rosaceae. it is the source of the sweet cherry fruit
Prunus avium: druh ovocného stromu čeledi rosaceae. plodem je třešeň
Prunus domestica: a plant species in the family rosaceae. it is a tree that produces fruits called plums
Prunus dulcis: a plant species in the family rosaceae, genus prunus which produces edible seeds called almonds
Prunus persica: a plant species in the family rosaceae. it is a tree that produces peach fruit
Prunus persica: druh ovocného stromu čeledi rosaceae. plodem je broskev
Prurigo: a name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. the characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Pruritic urticarial papules plaques of pregnancy: a condition characterized by pruritic urticarial papules and plaques or polymorphic eruptions during the later stages of pregnancy. it usually appears first in abdominal striae before spreading to other areas. the eruption clears soon after delivery and may be hereditary with autosomal dominant inheritance. omim: 178995
Pruritus: an intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief
Prusko: bývalé vévodství v severním středním německu (1525-1701). království založeno 1701. formálně zrušeno 1. března 1947. dnes je území tohoto zaniklého státu rozděleno mezi polsko, rusko (exkláva kaliningradská oblast) a litvu
Prussia: former state in north central germany. formally abolished march 1, 1947. kingdom established 1701
Prussian Blue Reaction: the reaction of potassium ferrocyanide with ferric iron to yield a dark blue precipitate at the sites of the ferric iron. used to determine ferric iron in tissues, particularly in the diagnosis of disorders of iron metabolism
Psacalium: a genus of the asteraceae family. several of its species are used in traditional medicine
Psacalium: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. několik druhů tohoto rodu se používá v tradičním lékařství
Pseudallescheria: ascomycetous fungi, family microascaceae, order microascales, commonly found in the soil. they are causative agents of mycetoma, maduromycosis, and other infections in humans
Pseudallescheria: rod vřeckovýtrusných hub čeledi microascaceae, řádu microascales, který se běžně vyskytuje v půdě. způsobují mycetom, maduromykózu a další infekce u člověka
Pseudarthrosis: a pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal bony callus leading to existence of the false joint that gives the condition its name. (dorland, 27th ed)
Pseudoachondroplasia: a hereditary autosomal dominant form of achondroplasia characterized by dwarfism, lower limb abnormalities, brachydactyly, loose joints, and ligamentous laxity. vertebral anomalies usually resolve with age, but affected individuals develop severe osteoarthritis. muations in the comp gene have been identified. omim: 177170
Pseudoainhum: an acquired constricting band that usually occurs around a finger or toe. it is often associated with other dermatoses
Pseudoalteromonas: a genus of gram-negative aerobic bacteria of marine origin. many species were formerly classified under alteromonas
Pseudoalteromonas: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, mořských bakterií. mnoho druhů bylo dříve zařazeno do rodu alteromonas
Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia: a benign proliferation of the stromal cells in the breast
Pseudoarylsulfatase A Deficiency: mutation in arylsulfatase a
Pseudoautosomal Regions: homologous chromosomal regions at either end of the x chromosome or y chromosome. these two regions pair regularly at male meiosis and undergo recombination. pseudoautosomal region 1 (par1) is located at the tip of the short 'p' arms (xp22 and yp11) and pseudoautosomal region 2 (par2) is located at the tip of the long 'q' arms (xq28 and yq12)
Pseudobulbar Palsy: a syndrome characterized by dysarthria, dysphagia, dysphonia, impairment of voluntary movements of tongue and facial muscles, and emotional lability. this condition is caused by diseases that affect the motor fibers that travel from the cerebral cortex to the lower brain stem (i.e., corticobulbar tracts); including multiple sclerosis; motor neuron disease; and cerebrovascular disorders. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p489)
Pseudocowpox Virus: a species of parapoxvirus causing a pox-like disease on udders of cows that may spread to milkers
Pseudoephedrine: a phenethylamine that is an isomer of ephedrine which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion
Pseudogenes: genes bearing close resemblance to known genes at different loci, but rendered non-functional by additions or deletions in structure that prevent normal transcription or translation. when lacking introns and containing a poly-a segment near the downstream end (as a result of reverse copying from processed nuclear rna into double-stranded dna), they are called processed genes
Pseudohypoaldosteronism: a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by renal electrolyte transport dysfunctions. congenital forms are rare autosomal disorders characterized by neonatal hypertension, hyperkalemia, increased renin activity and aldosterone concentration. the type i features hyperkalemia with sodium wasting; type ii, hyperkalemia without sodium wasting. pseudohypoaldosteronism can be the result of a defective renal electrolyte transport protein or acquired after kidney transplantation
Pseudohypoparathyroidism: a hereditary syndrome clinically similar to hypoparathyroidism. it is characterized by hypocalcemia; hyperphosphatemia; and associated skeletal development impairment and caused by failure of response to parathyroid hormone rather than deficiencies. a severe form with resistance to multiple hormones is referred to as type 1a and is associated with maternal mutant allele of the alpha chain of stimulatory g protein
Pseudolymphoma: a group of disorders having a benign course but exhibiting clinical and histological features suggestive of malignant lymphoma. pseudolymphoma is characterized by a benign infiltration of lymphoid cells or histiocytes which microscopically resembles a malignant lymphoma. (from dorland, 28th ed & stedman, 26th ed)
Pseudomonadaceae: a family of gram-negative bacteria usually found in soil or water and including many plant pathogens and a few animal pathogens
Pseudomonadaceae: čeleď gramnegativních bakterií, které se obvykle vyskytují v půdě nebo ve vodě. patří sem řada patogenů rostlin a několik zvířecích patogenů
Pseudomonas: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants
Pseudomonas: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které jsou široce rozšířené v přírodě. některé druhy jsou patogeny člověka, zvířat a rostlin
Pseudomonas Phages: viruses whose host is pseudomonas. a frequently encountered pseudomonas phage is bacteriophage phi 6
Pseudomonas Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat pseudomonas infections
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). it is also found widely distributed in soil and water. p. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: druh gramnegativní, aerobní, tyčinkovité bakterie, která je běžně izolována z klinického materiálu (infikované rány, popáleniny a infekce močových cest). je také široce rozšířená v půdě a ve vodě. p. aeruginosa je hlavní původce nozokomiálních infekcí
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A: an nad-dependent adp-ribosyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of the adp ribosyl moiety of oxidized nad onto elongation factor 2 (ef-2) thus arresting protein synthesis. commonly used as the toxin in immunotoxins
Pseudomonas alcaligenes: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus pseudomonas. it cannot utilize fructose; glucose; or maltose for energy
Pseudomonas alcaligenes: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu pseudomonas. nedokáže využívat fruktózu, glukózu nebo maltózu jako zdroj energie
Pseudomonas chlororaphis: a non-pathogenic species of pseudomonas that occurs in soil, especially in the rhizosphere surrounding plant roots, as well as on the leaves of plants. it has anti-fungal and anti-nematode activities and is used in agriculture as a biocontrol agent
Pseudomonas chlororaphis: nepatogenní druh bakterie rodu pseudomonas, která se vyskytuje v půdě, zejména v rhizosféře, kde obklopuje kořeny rostlin. žije ale i na listech rostlin. působí antifungálně a antinematodně a používá se v zemědělství jako prostředek biologické ochrany (bioagens)
Pseudomonas fluorescens: a species of nonpathogenic fluorescent bacteria found in feces, sewage, soil, and water, and which liquefy gelatin
Pseudomonas fluorescens: nepatogenní druh bakterie rodu pseudomonas, která se vyskytuje ve fekáliích, v odpadních vodách, v půdě a ve vodě. produkuje fluorescein a hydrolyzuje želatinu
Pseudomonas fragi: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria in the genus pseudomonas. it has a characteristic strawberry color and is widely distributed in soil and water
Pseudomonas fragi: druh gramnegativní, aerobní bakterie rodu pseudomonas. při kontaminaci pasterizovaného mléka a mléčných výrobků skladovaných v chladu vytváří ovocné (jahodové) aroma. je široce rozšířená v půdě a ve vodě
Pseudomonas mendocina: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus pseudomonas, which is found in soil and water
Pseudomonas mendocina: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu pseudomonas, která se vyskytuje v půdě a ve vodě
Pseudomonas oleovorans: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus pseudomonas. it is isolated from oil-water emulsions used as lubricants and cooling agents in the cutting and grinding of materials
Pseudomonas oleovorans: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu pseudomonas. vyskytuje se v emulzích olej/voda, které se používají jako maziva a chladící látky při řezání a broušení materiálů
Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus pseudomonas. all strains can utilize fructose for energy. it is occasionally isolated from humans and some strains are pathogenic to watermelon
Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu pseudomonas. všechny kmeny mohou jako zdroj energie využívat fruktózu. někdy je izolována z lidí a některé kmeny jsou patogenní pro vodní melouny
Pseudomonas putida: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and water as well as clinical specimens. occasionally it is an opportunistic pathogen
Pseudomonas putida: druh gramnegativní, aerobní bakterie rodu pseudomonas, která se vyskytuje v půdě, ve vodě a také v klinickém materiálu. je příležitostným oportunním patogenem
Pseudomonas stutzeri: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus pseudomonas, containing multiple genomovars. it is distinguishable from other pseudomonad species by its ability to use maltose and starch as sole carbon and energy sources. it can degrade environmental pollutants and has been used as a model organism to study denitrification
Pseudomonas stutzeri: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu pseudomonas. zahrnuje mnoho genomovarů. od ostatních druhů se liší schopností využívat maltózu a škrob jako jediných zdrojů uhlíku a energie. může rozkládat látky znečišťující vzduch a používá se jako modelový organismus pro studium denitrifikace
Pseudomonas syringae: a species of gram-negative, fluorescent, phytopathogenic bacteria in the genus pseudomonas. it is differentiated into approximately 50 pathovars with different plant pathogenicities and host specificities
Pseudomonas syringae: druh gramnegativní, fluorescentní, fytopatogenní bakterie rodu pseudomonas. rozlišuje se asi 50 patovarů s různou patogenicitou a hostitelskou specificitou
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei: a peritoneal adenocarcinoma characterized by build-up of mucus in the peritoneal cavity. mucus secreting cells may attach to the peritoneal lining and continue to secrete mucus. the majority of cases represent tumor spread from a primary low-grade mucinous neoplasm of the appendix (nci thesaurus)
Pseudonocardia: a genus of high gc-content actinobacteria in the family pseudonocardiaceae. this genus is known for its antibiotic properties which aid in the protection of leafcutter ants from parasites in the fungus they cultivate
Pseudonocardia: rod grampozitivních aktinobakterií v čeledi pseudonocardiaceae. genom má vysoký obsah gc. tento rod je známý produkcí antibiotik, které pomáhají chránit mravenčí houbové plantáže
Pseudopapilledema: an anomalous elevation of the optic disk. familial cases have been reported and it is also associated with optic disk drusen; nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy; and poems syndrome. omim: 177800
Pseudopodia: a dynamic actin-rich extension of the surface of an animal cell used for locomotion or prehension of food
Pseudopregnancy: an acyclic state that resembles pregnancy in that there is no ovarian cycle, estrous cycle, or menstrual cycle. unlike pregnancy, there is no embryo implantation. pseudopregnancy can be experimentally induced to form deciduoma in the uterus
Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism: a form of pseudohypoparathyroidism characterized by the same features except for the abnormal response to hormones such as parathyroid hormone. it is associated with paternally inherited mutant alleles of the alpha chain of stimulatory g protein
Pseudorabies: a highly contagious herpesvirus infection affecting the central nervous system of swine, cattle, dogs, cats, rats, and other animals
Pseudorabies Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent pseudorabies (aujeszky's disease), a herpesvirus of swine and other animals
Pseudoscience: system of theories, assumptions, and methods erroneously regarded as based on science
Pseudotsuga: a plant genus in the family pinaceae, order pinales, class pinopsida, division coniferophyta. they are coniferous evergreen trees with long, flat, spirally arranged needles that grow directly from the branch
Pseudotsuga: rod vždyzelených jehličnatých stromů čeledi pinaceae, řádu pinales, třídy pinopsida, oddělení pinophyta. jehlice jsou ploché a uspořádané spirálovitě, v optimálních podmínkách přetrvávají na větvičkách 4-7 let. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Pseudotumor Cerebri: a condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by headaches; nausea; papilledema, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile tinnitus. obesity is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. chronic papilledema may lead to optic nerve injury (see optic nerve diseases) and visual loss (see blindness)
Pseudouridine: a naturally-occurring isomer of uridine found in rna, in which ribosyl is attached to a carbon instead of a nitrogen atom
Pseudowintera: rod rostlin z čeledi winteraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují polygodial
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum: an inherited disorder of connective tissue with extensive degeneration and calcification of elastic tissue primarily in the skin, eye, and vasculature. at least two forms exist, autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant. this disorder is caused by mutations of one of the atp-binding cassette transporters. patients are predisposed to myocardial infarction and gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Psidium: a plant genus of the family myrtaceae that bears an edible fruit and contains guavin b and quercetin glycosides
Psidium: rod rostlin čeledi myrtaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují guavin b a kvercetinové glykosidy. mnoho druhů má jedlé plody
Psilocybe: a genus of small mushrooms in the family strophariaceae. some species are known for their hallucinogenic properties
Psilocybe: rod malých stopkovýtrusých hub čeledi strophariaceae. některé druhy jsou známé svými halucinogenními vlastnostmi
Psilocybin: the major of two hallucinogenic components of the sacred teonanacatl mushrooms (see psilocybe), the other component being psilocin
Psittaciformes: an order of birds comprised of several families and more than 300 species. it includes cockatoos; parrots; parakeets; macaws; and budgerigars
Psittaciformes: řád ptáků zahrnující několik čeledí a víc než 300 druhů. patří sem například kakaduovití, papouškovití a andulky
Psittacosis: infection with chlamydophila psittaci (formerly chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected birds. this infection results in a febrile illness characterized by pneumonitis and systemic manifestations
Psittacula: a genus in the family psittacidae containing three species of parakeets: the derbyan, the alexandrine, and the rose-ringed
Psittacula: rod čeledi psittacidae (papouškovití)
Psoas Abscess: abscess of the psoas muscles resulting usually from disease of the lumbar vertebrae, with the pus descending into the muscle sheath. the infection is most commonly tuberculous or staphylococcal
Psoas Muscles: a powerful flexor of the thigh at the hip joint (psoas major) and a weak flexor of the trunk and lumbar spinal column (psoas minor). psoas is derived from the greek psoa, the plural meaning muscles of the loin. it is a common site of infection manifesting as abscess (psoas abscess). the psoas muscles and their fibers are also used frequently in experiments in muscle physiology
Psoralea: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that is a source of psoralen (ficusin)
Psoralea: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují psoralen (fikusin)
Psoriasis: a common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. the lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis
Psoroptidae: family of parasitic mites, in the superfamily sarcoptoidea, order astigmata. genera include psoroptes and chorioptes
Psoroptidae: čeleď parazitických roztočů z nadčeledi sarcoptoidea, z řádu astigmata (zákožkovci). patří sem např. rody psoroptes a chorioptes
Psychiatric Aides: persons who assist in the routine care of psychiatric persons, usually under the supervision of the nursing department
Psychiatric Nursing: a specialty concerned with the application of psychiatric principles in caring for the mentally ill. it also includes the nursing care provided the mentally ill patient