NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Paxillin: paxillin is a signal transducing adaptor protein that localizes to focal adhesions via its four lim domains. it undergoes phosphorylation in response to integrin-mediated cell adhesion, and interacts with a variety of proteins including vinculin; focal adhesion kinase; proto-oncogene protein pp60(c-src); and proto-oncogene protein c-crk
Pdgfra-Associated Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia: a form of leukemia characterized by hyperproliferation of eosinophils. their presence may cause damage to tissues and organs, including the skin, lungs, nervous system, heart, and spleen (splenomegaly). some patients may develop other leukemias
Pea Proteins: dietary proteins that are present in or isolated from the seeds of pisum sativum
Peace Corps: it was established in 1961 and made an independent agency in 1981. its mission is to help the people of interested countries in meeting their need for trained men and women, and to help promote better mutual understanding between americans and citizens of other countries. (united states government manual, 2006-2007, pg497)
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate: measurement of the maximum rate of airflow attained during a forced vital capacity determination. common abbreviations are pefr and pfr
Peanut Agglutinin: lectin purified from peanuts (arachis hypogaea). it binds to poorly differentiated cells and terminally differentiated cells and is used in cell separation techniques
Peanut Hypersensitivity: allergic reaction to peanuts that is triggered by the immune system
Pecten: a genus of scallops in the family pectinidae, class bivalvia. the shell is usually radially ribbed
Pecten: rod hřebenatek čeledi pectinidae, třídy bivalvia. lastura je zpravidla paprsčitě žebrovaná
Pectinatus: a genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family acidaminococcaceae, isolated from spoiled beer and pitching yeast
Pectinatus: rod gramnegativních bakterií čeledi acidaminococcaceae, které byly izolované ze zkaženého piva a z kvasnic přidávaných k mladině
Pectinidae: a large family of mollusks in the class bivalvia, known commonly as scallops. they possess flat, almost circular shells and are found in all seas from shallow water to great depths
Pectinidae: velká čeleď mořských mlžů třídy bivalvia. mají ploché, téměř okrouhlé lastury. vyskytují se ve všech mořích od mělčin po velké hloubky
Pectins: high molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. pectins cement cell walls together. they are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. they have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia
Pectobacterium: a genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family enterobacteriaceae consisting of species that profusely produce pectinolytic enzymes in plant pathogenesis
Pectobacterium: rod gramnegativních, fytopatogenních bakterií čeledi enterobacteriaceae, které produkují pektinolytické enzymy
Pectobacterium carotovorum: a species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that causes rotting, particularly of storage tissues, of a wide variety of plants and causes a vascular disease in carrots; and potato plants
Pectobacterium carotovorum: druh gramnegativní, fakultativně anaerobní, tyčinkovité bakterie, která napadá dužnaté orgány řady rostlin a způsobuje měkkou hnilobu rostlinných pletiv. může také proniknout do cév xylému a vyvolat systémové onemocnění projevující se vadnutím nebo zakrslostí. kromě brambor se nejčastěji vyskytuje u skladované řepy, mrkve a celeru, na plodech tykvovitých rostlin a rajčete. (kůdela, v., novacky, a., fucikovsky, l. rostlinolékařská bakteriologie. 1.vyd. praha: academia, 2002. 347 s. isbn 80-200-0899-3)
Pectoralis Muscles: the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles that make up the upper and fore part of the chest in front of the axilla
Pectus Carinatum: a developmental anomaly characterized by abnormal anterior protrusion of the sternum and adjacent costal cartilage
Pedaliaceae: the sesame family of the order lamiales that are mainly herbs and shrubs growing in warm regions
Pedaliaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu lamiales (hluchavkotvaré). jsou to převážně byliny a keře rostoucí v teplých oblastech
Pediatric Anesthesia: conducting anesthesia procedures in infants, children, and adolescents
Pediatric Assistants: persons academically trained to provide medical care, under the supervision of a physician, to infants and children
Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections: obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorders that occur in children, typically under age 10, and is associated with group a beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. onset occurs rapidly and patients may also exhibit emotional lability; separation anxiety disorder; anorexia; and addh - like symptoms. autoimmunity against proteins in the basal ganglia may cause this disorder
Pediatric Crohn's disease: crohn disease that occurs in children (about 20% of all cases) as early as 7 years of age. a germline mutation has been identified in the atg16l1 gene. omim: 611081
Pediatric Dentistry: the practice of dentistry concerned with the dental problems of children, proper maintenance, and treatment. the dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists
Pediatric Nurse Practitioners: registered nurses with graduate degrees in nursing who provide care to pediatric patients who are acutely or critically ill
Pediatric Nursing: the nursing specialty concerning care of children from birth to adolescence. it includes the clinical and psychological aspects of nursing care
Pediatric Obesity: body mass index in children (ages 2-12) and in adolescents (ages 13-18) that is grossly above the recommended cut-off for a specific age and sex. for infants less than 2 years of age, obesity is determined based on standard weight-for-length percentile measures
Pediatric ulcerative colitis: ulcerative colitis that occurs in children. some cases of crohn disease are associated with mutations in the nod2 gene. omim: 266600
Pediatricians: qualified medical professionals specializing in maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth through adolescence
Pediatrics: a medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence
Pedicle Screws: bone screws to be used in the pedicle of the vertebral arch
Pedicularis: a plant genus of the family orobanchaceae. members contain phenylpropanoid glycosides and iridoids
Pedicularis: rod rostlin čeledi orobanchaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují fenylpropanoidní glykosidy a iridoidy
Pediculus: lice of the genus pediculus, family pediculidae. pediculus humanus corporus is the human body louse and pediculus humanus capitis is the human head louse
Pediculus: rod vší čeledi pediculidae. k zástupcům patří veš šatní (pediculus humanus) a veš dětská (pediculus capitis)
Pedigree: the record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition
Pediocins: bacteriocins produced by species of pediococcus. they range from 3.5-4.6 kda in mass, contain a conserved ygngvxcxk motif and beta sheet at their n-terminals, and a more diverse hydrophobic or amphiphilic c-terminal alpha helical domain. they function as antimicrobial peptides against several pathogenic species of gram-positive bacteria, including listeria monocytogenes and are useful as food preservatives
Pediococcus: a genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria whose growth is dependent on the presence of a fermentable carbohydrate. no endospores are produced. its organisms are found in fermenting plant products and are nonpathogenic to plants and animals, including humans
Pediococcus: rod grampozitivních, fakultativně anaerobních, nesporulujících bakterií. jejich růst závisí na přítomnosti fermentovatelných sacharidů. vyskytují se ve fermentovaných rostlinných produktech. nejsou patogenní
Pediococcus acidilactici: a species of pediococcus that occurs in fermented foods where its ability to produce lactic acid and pediocins makes it useful in food preservation. it is also used as a probiotic
Pediococcus acidilactici: druh bakterie rodu pediococcus, která se vyskytuje ve fermentovaných potravinách. díky schopnosti produkovat kyselinu mléčnou a pediociny je tak nástrojem pro konzervaci potravin. používá se také jako probiotikum
Pediococcus pentosaceus: a species of pediococcus that occurs in fermented foods where its ability to produce lactic acid and pediocins make it useful as a food preservation agent. it is also used as a probiotic
Pediococcus pentosaceus: druh bakterie rodu pediococcus, která se vyskytuje ve fermentovaných potravinách. díky schopnosti produkovat kyselinu mléčnou a pediociny je tak nástrojem pro konzervaci potravin. používá se také jako probiotikum
Pedobacter: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria in the family sphingobacteriaceae. they exhibit gliding motility
Pedobacter: rod aerobních gramnegativních tyčinkovitých bakterií čeledi sphingobacteriaceae. vykazují klouzavou pohyblivost. r
Pedophilia: a sexual disorder occurring in a person 16 years or older and that is recurrent with intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child (generally age 13 or younger). (from apa, dsm-iv, 1994)
Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus: dense collection of cells in the caudal pontomesencephalic tegmentum known to play a role in the functional organization of the basal ganglia and in the modulation of the thalamocortical neuronal system
Peeling Skin Syndrome: a rare, hereditary, autosomal recessive genodermatosis with onset from birth to adulthood. clinically, it is characterized by spontaneous superficial peeling of the skin with or without pruritis, which sometimes is accompanied by erythema or vesiculation. the skin involvement is usually general, but in some patients the scalp, face, palms, and soles may be unaffected. seasonal changes have been reported. histologically, it is characterized by separation of the epidermis between the statum corneum and the stratum granulosum. mutations in the cdsn gene have been identified. omim: 270300
Peer Group: group composed of associates of same species, approximately the same age, and usually of similar rank or social status
Peer Influence: the effect or sway that a peer group exerts on the beliefs, value systems and behavior of each member of a group. the social expectations for individuals to conform to peer group influence is known as peer pressure
Peer Review: an organized procedure carried out by a select committee of professionals in evaluating the performance of other professionals in meeting the standards of their specialty. review by peers is used by editors in the evaluation of articles and other papers submitted for publication. peer review is used also in the evaluation of grant applications. it is applied also in evaluating the quality of health care provided to patients
Peer Review, Health Care: the concurrent or retrospective review by practicing physicians or other health professionals of the quality and efficiency of patient care practices or services ordered or performed by other physicians or other health professionals (from the facts on file dictionary of health care management, 1988)
Peer Review, Research: the evaluation by experts of the quality and pertinence of research or research proposals of other experts in the same field. peer review is used by editors in deciding which submissions warrant publication, by granting agencies to determine which proposals should be funded, and by academic institutions in tenure decisions
Pefloxacin: a synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria
Peganum: a plant genus of the family zygophyllaceae. harmaline and other alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, and triterpenes have been found in plants of this genus
Peganum: rod rostlin čeledi zygophyllaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují harmalin a další alkaloidy, fenylpropanoidy a triterpeny
Pegivirus: a genus of virus in the family flaviviridae. while pegivirus are mostly non-pathogenic, pegivirus coinfections are sometimes associated with non-hodgkin lymphoma in human and a viral hepatitis theiler's disease in horses
Pegivirus: rod virů čeledi flaviviridae. většinou nejsou patogenní, ale někdy jsou spojené s nehodgkinským lymfomem u lidí a theilerovou chorobou (virovou hepatitidou) u koní
Pegloticase: uricase covalently attached to polyethylene glycol, modifying 71% of amino groups & retaining 11% of activity without eliciting antibody response in mice or man; used for lowering serum uric acid
Pelargonium: a plant genus of the family geraniaceae. the common name of geranium is also used for the geranium genus
Pelger-Huet Anomaly: autosomal dominant anomaly characterized by abnormal ovoid shape granulocyte nuclei and their clumping chromatin. mutations in the lamin b receptor gene that results in reduced protein levels are associated with the disorder. heterozygote individuals are healthy with normal granulocyte function while homozygote individuals occasionally have skeletal anomalies, developmental delay, and seizures
Pelgerova-Huëtova anomálie: autozomálně-dominantně dědičný defekt jader leukocytů (zejm. neutrofilů). v popředí je hyposegmentace (falešný posun doleva), jádra jsou tyčinkovitá, kulovitá či činkovitá, jejich struktura je hrubá a rozsochatá (homozygoti mají jádra téměř kulatá); anomálie nemá pravděpodobně žádný známý klinický dopad, podobné leukocyty se však pozorují u chronické myeloidní leukemie, malárie a těžkých virových nemocí, zde se však označují jako pseudopelgerovy buňky. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Peliosis Hepatis: a vascular disease of the liver characterized by the occurrence of multiple blood-filled cysts or cavities. the cysts are lined with endothelial cells; the cavities lined with hepatic parenchymal cells (hepatocytes). peliosis hepatis has been associated with use of anabolic steroids (anabolic agents) and certain drugs
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease: a rare, slowly progressive disorder of myelin formation. subtypes are referred to as classic, congenital, transitional, and adult forms of this disease. the classic form is x-chromosome linked, has its onset in infancy and is associated with a mutation of the proteolipid protein gene. clinical manifestations include tremor, spasmus nutans, roving eye movements, ataxia, spasticity, and nystagmus, congenital. death occurs by the third decade of life. the congenital form has similar characteristics but presents early in infancy and features rapid disease progression. transitional and adult subtypes have a later onset and less severe symptomatology. pathologic features include patchy areas of demyelination with preservation of perivascular islands (trigoid appearance). (from menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, p190)
Pelizaeusova-Merzbacherova nemoc: dědičná porucha nervového systému, forma leukodystrofie, počínající v kojeneckém věku s pomalou progresí do dospělosti (exitus po pubertě); v popředí je neschopnost udržet zdviženou hlavičku, sedět, dále je nystagmus, ataxie, tremor, křeče a demence. dědičnost je recesivní, vázaná na chromozom x. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Pellagra: a disease due to deficiency of niacin, a b-complex vitamin, or its precursor tryptophan. it is characterized by scaly dermatitis which is often associated with diarrhea and dementia (the three d's)
Pelvic Bones: bones that constitute each half of the pelvic girdle in vertebrates, formed by fusion of the ilium; ischium; and pubic bone
Pelvic Exenteration: removal of all of the organs and adjacent structures of the pelvis. it is usually performed to surgically remove cancer involving the bladder, uterine cervix, or rectum. (stedman, 25th ed)
Pelvic Floor: soft tissue formed mainly by the pelvic diaphragm, which is composed of the two levator ani and two coccygeus muscles. the pelvic diaphragm lies just below the pelvic aperture (outlet) and separates the pelvic cavity from the perineum. it extends between the pubic bone anteriorly and the coccyx posteriorly
Pelvic Floor Disorders: injury, weakening, or prolapse of the pelvic muscles, surrounding connective tissues or ligaments (pelvic floor)
Pelvic Girdle Pain: discomfort associated with the bones that make up the pelvic girdle. it occurs frequently during pregnancy
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: a spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. it is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. infection may be confined to the uterus (endometritis), the fallopian tubes; (salpingitis); the ovaries (oophoritis), the supporting ligaments (parametritis), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility
Pelvic Organ Prolapse: abnormal descent of a pelvic organ resulting in the protrusion of the organ beyond its normal anatomical confines. symptoms often include vaginal discomfort, dyspareunia; urinary stress incontinence; and fecal incontinence
Pelvic Pain: pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin
Pelvic lipomatosis: excess of mature unencapsulated fatty tissue in the pelvis
Pelvimetry: measurement of the dimensions and capacity of the pelvis. it includes cephalopelvimetry (measurement of fetal head size in relation to maternal pelvic capacity), a prognostic guide to the management of labor, obstetric associated with disproportion
Pelvis: the space or compartment surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis). it is subdivided into the greater pelvis and lesser pelvis. the pelvic girdle is formed by the pelvic bones and sacrum
Pemetrexed: a guanine-derived antineoplastic agent that functions as a nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor through its binding to, and inhibition of, thymidylate synthase
Pemoline: a central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children
Pemphigoid Gestationis: an itching, autoimmune, bullous skin disease that occurs during the last two trimesters of pregnancy and puerperium. it also affects non-pregnant females with tissue of placenta origin, such as choriocarcinoma; or hydatidiform mole. it exhibits antigenic and clinical similarity to bullous pemphigoid (pemphigoid, bullous). this disease does not involve herpes viruses (old name, herpes gestationis)
Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane: a chronic blistering disease with predilection for mucous membranes and less frequently the skin, and with a tendency to scarring. it is sometimes called ocular pemphigoid because of conjunctival mucous membrane involvement
Pemphigoid, Bullous: a chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis
Pemphigus: group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis
Pemphigus and fogo selvagem: a form of pemphigus foliaceus caused by igg autoantibodies in the epidermis and endemic to rural brazilian populations. lesions often cause painful burning sensations and occur on the face, scalp, and upper trunk, and may spread over the body as erythroderma
Pemphigus, Benign Familial: an autosomal dominantly inherited skin disorder characterized by recurrent eruptions of vesicles and bullae mainly on the neck, axillae, and groin. mutations in the atp2c1 gene (encoding the secretory pathway ca2++/mn2++ atpase 1 (spca1)) cause this disease. it is clinically and histologically similar to darier disease - both have abnormal, unstable desmosomes between keratinocytes and defective calcium-transporting atpases. it is unrelated to pemphigus vulgaris though it closely resembles that disease
Pempidine: a nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. it has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs
Pena Shokeir syndrome, type 1: a clinically and genetically heterogeneous constellation of congenital abnormalities that include fetal akinesia, intrauterine growth retardation, arthrogryposis, lung hypoplasia, cleft palate; and cryptorchidism. it is associated with mutations in the dok7, musk, and rapsn genes. omim: 208150
Penaeidae: a family of crustacea, order decapoda, comprising the penaeid shrimp. species of the genus penaeus are the most important commercial shrimp throughout the world
Penaeidae: čeleď krevet třídy crustacea, řádu decapoda. druhy krevet rodu penaeus jsou celosvětově komerčně nejvýznamnějšími krevetami
Penbutolol: a nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent
Pendred syndrome: an autosomal recessive disorder associated with developmental abnormalities of the cochlea, sensorineural hearing loss, and diffuse thyroid enlargement (goiter). mutations in the slc26a4 gene have been identified. omim: 274600
Penetrance: the percent frequency with which a dominant or homozygous recessive gene or gene combination manifests itself in the phenotype of the carriers. (from glossary of genetics, 5th ed)
Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer: ulceration of the aorta by an atherosclerotic plaque by penetrating through and disrupting the internal elastic lamina of the tunica intima
Penfluridol: one of the long-acting antipsychotic agents used for maintenance or long-term therapy of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
Penicillamine: 3-mercapto-d-valine. the most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. it is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in wilson's disease
Penicillanic Acid: a building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Penicillic Acid: a mycotoxin with antibiotic and carcinogenic activity produced by various strains of penicillium and aspergillus. it has been found in tobacco, sausages, and corn
Penicillin Amidase: an enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of penicillin to penicin and a carboxylic acid anion. ec 3.5.1.11
Penicillin G: a penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. it is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. it has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on gamma-aminobutyric acid mediated synaptic transmission
Penicillin G Benzathine: semisynthetic antibiotic prepared by combining the sodium salt of penicillin g with n,n'-dibenzylethylenediamine
Penicillin G Procaine: semisynthetic antibiotic prepared by combining penicillin g with procaine
Penicillin Resistance: nonsusceptibility of an organism to the action of penicillins
Penicillin V: a broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms
Penicillin-Binding Proteins: bacterial proteins that share the property of binding irreversibly to penicillins and other antibacterial agents derived from lactams. the penicillin-binding proteins are primarily enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis including muramoylpentapeptide carboxypeptidase; peptide synthases; transpeptidases; and hexosyltransferases
Penicillinase: a beta-lactamase preferentially cleaving penicillins. (dorland, 28th ed) ec 3.5.2.-
Penicillins: a group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. the penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. the side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (goodman and gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)
Penicillium: a mitosporic trichocomaceae fungal genus that develops fruiting organs resembling a broom. when identified, teleomorphs include eupenicillium and talaromyces. several species (but especially penicillium chrysogenum) are sources of the antibiotic penicillin
Penicillium: rod mitosporických hub čeledi trichocomaceae, které vytvářejí štětičkovité konidiofory. teleomorfní stadia patří do rodů eupenicillium a talaromyces. několik druhů (zejména p. chrysogenum) se používá pro produkci antibiotika penicilinu
Penicillium chrysogenum: a mitosporic fungal species used in the production of penicillin
Penicillium chrysogenum: druh mitosporických hub, který se používá pro produkci antibiotika penicilinu
Peniculina: a suborder of protozoa characterized by peniculi, which are often situated deep in the buccal cavity, and by fusiform trichocysts
Peniculina: podřád nálevníků charakterizovaný přítomností fusiformních trichocyst a kartáčovitých útvarů (peniculi), které jsou často hluboko v ústní dutině
Penile Erection: the state of the penis when the erectile tissue becomes filled or swollen (tumid) with blood and causes the penis to become rigid and elevated. it is a complex process involving central nervous system; peripheral nervous systems; hormones; smooth muscles; and vascular functions
Penile Implantation: surgical insertion of cylindric hydraulic devices for the treatment of organic erectile dysfunction
Penile Induration: a condition characterized by hardening of the penis due to the formation of fibrous plaques on the dorsolateral aspect of the penis, usually involving the membrane (tunica albuginea) surrounding the erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum penis). this may eventually cause a painful deformity of the shaft or constriction of the urethra, or both
Penile Neoplasms: cancers or tumors of the penis or of its component tissues
Penile Prosthesis: rigid, semi-rigid, or inflatable cylindric hydraulic devices, with either combined or separate reservoir and pumping systems, implanted for the surgical treatment of organic erectile dysfunction
Penile Transplantation: surgical transference of the penis (or the penis and scrotum together) as a complete organ and the composite of many tissue types, from one individual to another
Penis: the external reproductive organ of males. it is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. the third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra
Penis agenesis: underdevelopment of the penis, resulting in an abnormally small size in the affected adult male. micropenis may also occur in combination with other congenital and developmental abnormalities. mutations in the srd5a2 gene have been identified in several cases. omim: 607306
Pennisetum: a plant genus of the family poaceae. the seed is one of the millets used in edible grain. it contains vitexin. the common name of buffelgrass is also used for cenchrus
Pennisetum: rod rostlin čeledi poaceae. p. glaucum je obilnina, některé druhy jsou pěstované jako krmivo, jiné jako okrasné trávy. rostliny obsahují vitexin
Pennsylvania: state bounded on the north by new york and lake erie, on the east by delaware and new jersey, on the south by delaware and maryland, and on the west by ohio and west virginia
Pennsylvania: stát ohraničený na severu new yorkem a jezerem erie, na východě delawarem a new jersey, na jihu delawarem a marylandem a na západě ohiem a západní virginií
Penstemon: a plant genus of the family plantaginaceae. members contain phenylpropanoid and iridoid glycosides
Penstemon: rod rostlin čeledi plantaginaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují fenylpropanoid a iridoidní glykosidy
Pentachlorophenol: an insecticide and herbicide that has also been used as a wood preservative. pentachlorphenol is a widespread environmental pollutant. both chronic and acute pentachlorophenol poisoning are medical concerns. the range of its biological actions is still being actively explored, but it is clearly a potent enzyme inhibitor and has been used as such as an experimental tool
Pentacyclic Triterpenes: five-ring derivatives of dammarane having a chair-chair-chair-boat configuration. they include the lupanes, oleananes, amyrins, glycyrrhizic acid, and soyasaponins
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate: a vasodilator with general properties similar to nitroglycerin but with a more prolonged duration of action. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025)
Pentagastrin: a synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. it stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid
Pentalogy of Cantrell: rare congenital deformity syndrome characterized by a combination of five anomalies as a result of neural tube defect. the five anomalies are a midline supraumbilical abdominal wall defect (e.g., omphalocele), a lower sternum defect, a congenital intracardiac defect, an anterior diaphragm defect, and a diaphragmatic pericardium defect (e.g., pericardial effusion). variants with incomplete and variable combinations of the defects are known. ectopia cordis; cleft lip; and cleft palate are often associated with the syndrome
Pentamidine: antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia in hiv-infected patients. it may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects
Pentanes: five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. include isomers and derivatives
Pentanoic Acids: straight-chain carboxylic acids with the general formula c5h10o2
Pentanols: isomeric forms and derivatives of pentanol (c5h11oh)
Pentastomida: a subclass of crustacea comprising the tongue worms which are obligatory parasites of reptiles, birds, and mammals including humans
Pentastomida: podtřída parazitických korýšů. obvykle dorůstají velikosti několika centimetrů a je jich známo kolem 60 druhů. žijí v dutinách čelních a čelistních kostí psovitých šelem, v plicích velkých plazů a ve vzdušných vacích ptáků. mezihostitelem může být i člověk. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Pentazocine: the first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. it is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1991, p97)
Pentetic Acid: an iron chelating agent with properties like edetic acid. dtpa has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium
Pentobarbital: a short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. it is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1994, p236)
Pentolinium Tartrate: a nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension
Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester: a sulfated pentosyl polysaccharide with heparin-like properties
Pentose Phosphate Pathway: an oxidative decarboxylation process that converts glucose-6-phosphate to d-ribose-5-phosphate via 6-phosphogluconate. the pentose product is used in the biosynthesis of nucleic acids. the generated energy is stored in the form of nadph. this pathway is prominent in tissues which are active in the synthesis of fatty acids and steroids
Pentostatin: a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. the drug induces apoptosis of lymphocytes, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly hairy cell leukemia. it is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity
Pentosuria: a benign hereditary condition characterized by the excretion of 1 to 4 grams of pentose l-xylulose in urine per day. it is caused by mutations in the dcxr gene and occurs primarily in ashkenazi jewish populations. omim: 260800
Pentosyltransferases: enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a pentose group from one compound to another
Pentoxifylline: a methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. it improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. it also inhibits platelet aggregation. pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production
Pentoxyl: 5-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1h,3h)-pyrimidinedione. uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity. synonyms: pentoksil; hydroxymethylmethyluracil
Pentra-Bond II: rn given refers to pentra-bond; dentin adhesive system
Pentron D-90: low mw polyacrylamide based ferrous sulfate cpd; used to alleviate condenser tube corrosion; potential environmental pollutant
Penttinen-Aula syndrome: prematurely aged appearance, delayed bone maturation, acro-osteolysis, and brachydactyly
Pentylenetetrazole: a pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. it is considered a non-competitive gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonist. pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility
PepGen P-15: pepgen p-15 is tradename; a bioengeered bone replacement graft material using a synthetic peptide that is bound irreversibly to an organic bovine-derived material similar to that found in human bone
Peperomia: a plant genus of the family piperaceae. members contain prenylated quinones
Peperomia: rod rostlin čeledi piperaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují prenylované chinony
Pepsin A: formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. the enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. it cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice
Pepsinogen A: this is one of 2 related pepsinogen systems in humans and is also known as pepsinogen. (the other is pepsinogen c.) this includes isozymogens pg1-pg5 (pepsinogens 1-5, group i or products of pga1-pga5 genes). this is the main pepsinogen found in urine
Pepsinogen C: this is one of the 2 related pepsinogen systems in humans. it is found in prostate and seminal fluid whereas pepsinogen a is not
Pepsinogens: proenzymes secreted by chief cells, mucous neck cells, and pyloric gland cells, which are converted into pepsin in the presence of gastric acid or pepsin itself. (dorland, 28th ed) in humans there are 2 related pepsinogen systems: pepsinogen a (formerly pepsinogen i or pepsinogen) and pepsinogen c (formerly pepsinogen ii or progastricsin). pepsinogen b is the name of a pepsinogen from pigs
Pepstatins: n-acylated oligopeptides isolated from culture filtrates of actinomycetes, which act specifically to inhibit acid proteases such as pepsin and renin
Peptaibols: a group of peptides characterized by length of 1-2 dozen residues with a high proportion of them being non-proteinogenic, notably alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (aib) and isovaline, and have a c-terminal amino alcohol and n terminal alkyl group. they are found in fungi and some are anti-infective agents. they form channels or pores in target organisms. the term is a contraction of peptide-aib-alcohol
Peptic Ulcer: ulcer that occurs in the regions of the gastrointestinal tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and gastric acid. it occurs when there are defects in the mucosa barrier. the common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with helicobacter pylori and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids)
Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage: bleeding from a peptic ulcer that can be located in any segment of the gastrointestinal tract
Peptic Ulcer Perforation: penetration of a peptic ulcer through the wall of duodenum or stomach allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the peritoneal cavity
Peptichemio: a mixture of six synthetic oligopeptides, each containing melphalan. it is used as a broad-spectrum antineoplastic due to its alkylating and antimetabolic actions but, is toxic to bone marrow, gastrointestinal system and vasculature
Peptide Biosynthesis: the production of peptides or proteins by the constituents of a living organism. the biosynthesis of proteins on ribosomes following an rna template is termed translation (translation, genetic). there are other, non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis (peptide biosynthesis, nucleic acid-independent) mechanisms carried out by peptide synthases and peptidyltransferases. further modifications of peptide chains yield functional peptide and protein molecules
Peptide Biosynthesis, Nucleic Acid-Independent: the enzymatic synthesis of peptides without an rna template by processes that do not use the ribosomal apparatus (ribosomes)
Peptide Chain Elongation, Translational: a process of genetic translation, when an amino acid is transferred from its cognate transfer rna to the lengthening chain of peptides
Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational: a process of genetic translation whereby the formation of a peptide chain is started. it includes assembly of the ribosome components, the messenger rna coding for the polypeptide to be made, initiator trna, and peptide initiation factors; and placement of the first amino acid in the peptide chain. the details and components of this process are unique for prokaryotic protein biosynthesis and eukaryotic protein biosynthesis
Peptide Chain Termination, Translational: a process of genetic translation whereby the terminal amino acid is added to a lengthening polypeptide. this termination process is signaled from the messenger rna, by one of three termination codons (codon, terminator) that immediately follows the last amino acid-specifying codon
Peptide Elongation Factor 1: peptide elongation factor 1 is a multisubunit protein that is responsible for the gtp-dependent binding of aminoacyl-trnas to eukaryotic ribosomes. the alpha subunit (ef-1alpha) binds aminoacyl-trna and transfers it to the ribosome in a process linked to gtp hydrolysis. the beta and delta subunits (ef-1beta, ef-1delta) are involved in exchanging gdp for gtp. the gamma subunit (ef-1gamma) is a structural component
Peptide Elongation Factor 2: peptide elongation factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-trna from the a site to the p site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of gtp to gdp
Peptide Elongation Factor G: peptide elongation factor g catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-trna from the a to the p site of bacterial ribosomes by a process linked to hydrolysis of gtp to gdp
Peptide Elongation Factor Tu: a protein found in bacteria and eukaryotic mitochondria which delivers aminoacyl-trna's to the a site of the ribosome. the aminoacyl-trna is first bound to a complex of elongation factor tu containing a molecule of bound gtp. the resulting complex is then bound to the 70s initiation complex. simultaneously the gtp is hydrolyzed and a tu-gdp complex is released from the 70s ribosome. the tu-gtp complex is regenerated from the tu-gdp complex by the ts elongation factor and gtp
Peptide Elongation Factors: protein factors uniquely required during the elongation phase of protein synthesis
Peptide Fragments: partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through protein engineering techniques
Peptide Hormones: hormones synthesized from amino acids. they are distinguished from intercellular signaling peptides and proteins in that their actions are systemic
Peptide Hydrolases: hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in proteins and peptides. examples of sub-subclasses for this group include exopeptidases and endopeptidases
Peptide Initiation Factors: protein factors uniquely required during the initiation phase of protein synthesis in genetic translation
Peptide Library: a collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide
Peptide Mapping: analysis of peptides that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of proteins, by electrophoresis; chromatography; or mass spectrometry. the resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, genetic polymorphisms, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases
Peptide Nucleic Acids: dna analogs containing neutral amide backbone linkages composed of aminoethyl glycine units instead of the usual phosphodiester linkage of deoxyribose groups. peptide nucleic acids have high biological stability and higher affinity for complementary dna or rna sequences than analogous dna oligomers
Peptide PHI: a 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the n-terminal and isoleucine amide at the c-terminal. the exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. the peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. it has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems
Peptide Synthases: ligases that catalyze the joining of adjacent amino acids by the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds between their carboxylic acid groups and amine groups
Peptide T: n-(n-(n(2)-(n-(n-(n-(n-d-alanyl l-seryl)-l-threonyl)-l-threonyl) l-threonyl)-l-asparaginyl)-l-tyrosyl) l-threonine. octapeptide sharing sequence homology with hiv envelope protein gp120. it is potentially useful as antiviral agent in aids therapy. the core pentapeptide sequence, ttnyt, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide t, is the hiv envelope sequence required for attachment to the cd4 receptor
Peptide Termination Factors: proteins that are involved in the peptide chain termination reaction (peptide chain termination, translational) on ribosomes. they include codon-specific class-i release factors, which recognize stop signals (terminator codon) in the messenger rna; and codon-nonspecific class-ii release factors
Peptide Transporter 1: a proton-coupled symporter that transports oligopeptides and dipeptides. it localizes to the brush-border membrane of the intestinal epithelium and plays a critical role in the assimilation of dietary proteins
Peptide YY: a 36-amino acid peptide produced by the l cells of the distal small intestine and colon. peptide yy inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion
Peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) Asparagine Amidase: an amidohydrolase that removes intact asparagine-linked oligosaccharide chains from glycoproteins. it requires the presence of more than two amino-acid residues in the substrate for activity. this enzyme was previously listed as ec 3.2.2.18
Peptides: members of the class of compounds composed of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. oligopeptides are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. proteins are considered to be larger versions of peptides that can form into complex structures such as enzymes and receptors
Peptides, Cyclic: peptides whose amino acid residues are linked together forming a circular chain. some of them are anti-infective agents; some are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (peptide biosynthesis, non-ribosomal)
Peptidoglycan: a structural polymer of the bacterial cell envelope consisting of sugars and amino acids which is responsible for both shape determination and cellular integrity under osmotic stress in virtually all bacteria
Peptidoglycan Glycosyltransferase: a hexosyltransferase involved in the transfer of disaccharide molecules to the peptidoglycan structure of the cell wall skeleton. it plays an important role in the genesis of the bacterial cell wall
Peptidomimetics: compounds that are designed to mimic the 3d structure of a natural peptide or protein
Peptidyl Transferases: acyltransferases that use amino acyl trna as the amino acid donor in formation of a peptide bond. there are ribosomal and non-ribosomal peptidyltransferases
Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A: a peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a c-terminal dipeptide, oligopeptide--xaa-yaa, when xaa is not pro, and yaa is neither asp nor glu. thus, conversion of angiotensin i to angiotensin ii, with increase in vasoconstrictor activity, but no action on angiotensin ii. it is also able to inactivate bradykinin, a potent vasodilator; and has a glycosidase activity which releases gpi-anchored proteins from the membrane by cleaving the mannose linkage in the gpi moiety. (from https://www.uniprot.org april 15, 2020)
Peptidyl-Prolyl Cis-Trans Isomerase NIMA-Interacting 4: a nima-interacting peptidylprolyl isomerase. it binds to double-stranded dna and functions in the biogenesis of ribosomes
Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase D: a cytoplasmic cyclophilin with molecular chaperoning properties. it is found along with other molecular chaperones, in steroid aporeceptor complexes and plays a role in maintaining the nonnative folding-competent intermediate state of the steroid aporeceptors. the protein has the alias name cyclophilin d which is also the alias name for the related protein peptidyl-prolyl isomerase f
Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase F: a member of the cyclophilins family of isomerases which plays a role in the regulation of the permeability transition pore in mitochondria. the protein has the alias name cyclophilin d which is also the alias name for the related protein peptidyl-prolyl isomerase d
Peptidylprolyl Isomerase: an enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of proline residues within proteins. ec 5.2.1.8
Peptococcaceae: a family of bacteria found in the mouth and intestinal and respiratory tracts of man and other animals as well as in the human female urogenital tract. its organisms are also found in soil and on cereal grains
Peptococcaceae: čeleď bakterií, které se vyskytují v dutině ústní, v intestinálním a respiračním traktu člověka a zvířat a dále také v ženském urogenitálním traktu. nacházejí se také v půdě a obilovinách
Peptococcus: a genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, coccoid bacteria that is part of the normal flora of the mouth, upper respiratory tract, and large intestine in humans. its organisms cause infections of soft tissues and bacteremias
Peptococcus: rod grampozitivních, anaerobních, kokoidních bakterií, které jsou součástí normální flóry dutiny ústní, horních dýchacích cest a tlustého střeva člověka. mohou způsobovat infekce měkkých tkání a bakteriemie
Peptoids: polymers of n-substituted glycines containing chiral centers at the a-position of their side chains. these oligomers lack hydrogen bonding donors, preventing formation of the usual intrachain hydrogen bonds but can form helices driven by the steric influence of chiral side chains
Peptones: derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (dorland, 28th ed)
Peptostreptococcus: a genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, coccoid bacteria that is part of the normal flora of humans. its organisms are opportunistic pathogens causing bacteremias and soft tissue infections
Peptostreptococcus: rod grampozitivních, anaerobních, kokoidních bakterií, které jsou součástí normální flóry člověka. jsou to oportunní patogeny způsobující bakteriemie a infekce měkkých tkání
Peracetic Acid: a liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. it has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant
Perazine: a phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of chlorpromazine. extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects
Perceived Discrimination: perception of being treated badly or unfairly on the basis of race, ethnicity, gender, age, religion, physical appearance, sexual orientation, or other characteristics. this includes perceived discrimination in health care settings
Perceptual Closure: the tendency to perceive an incomplete pattern or object as complete or whole. this includes the gestalt law of closure