NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Mainstreaming, Education: most frequently refers to the integration of a physically or mentally disabled child into the regular class of normal peers and provision of the appropriately determined educational program
Maintenance Chemotherapy: treatment designed to help prevent a relapse of a disease following the successful primary treatments (induction chemotherapy and consolidation chemotherapy) with a long-term low-dose drug therapy
Maintenance and Engineering, Hospital: hospital department whose primary function is the upkeep and supervision of the buildings and grounds and the maintenance of hospital physical plant and equipment which requires engineering expertise
Majeed syndrome: chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, and neutrophilic dermatosis
Major Affective Disorder 1: a hereditary (autosomal dominant) form of bipolar disorder. it has been mapped to chromosome 18. omim: 125480
Major Histocompatibility Complex: the genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (sd) and lymphocyte-defined (ld) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune response-associated antigens, human; the immune response genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement
Mal de debarquement: a rare condition characterized by persistent motion sentations that occur following a cruise or aircraft flight. affected individuals may also experience loss of balance, vertigo, difficulty concentrating, headaches, and hearing or visual disturbances
Mal-PL-sCT: mal - epsilon-maleimido lysine; pl - peg lipid; sct - salmon calcitonin
Malabsorption Syndromes: general term for a group of malnutrition syndromes caused by failure of normal intestinal absorption of nutrients
Malacoplakia: the formation of soft patches on the mucous membrane of a hollow organ, such as the urogenital tract or digestive tract
Malajsie: federativní konstituční monarchie v jihovýchodní asii. rozkládá se na jihu malajského poloostrova, na severu ostrova borneo a dalších malých ostrovech. jejími sousedy jsou indonésie, brunej, singapur a thajsko. od filipín je odděluje suluské moře. hlavním městem je kuala lumpur, ale federální vláda již přesídlila do zcela nově budovaného města putrajaya. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Malar hypoplasia: underdevelopment of the malar bone (cheek bone)
Malaria: a protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the plasmodium genus: plasmodium falciparum; plasmodium vivax; plasmodium ovale; and plasmodium malariae; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus anopheles. malaria is endemic in parts of asia, africa, central and south america, oceania, and certain caribbean islands. it is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever; sweating; shaking chills; and anemia. malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia
Malaria Vaccines: vaccines made from antigens arising from any of the four strains of plasmodium which cause malaria in humans, or from p. berghei which causes malaria in rodents
Malaria, Avian: any of a group of infections of fowl caused by protozoa of the genera plasmodium, leucocytozoon, and haemoproteus. the life cycles of these parasites and the disease produced bears strong resemblance to those observed in human malaria
Malaria, Cerebral: a condition characterized by somnolence or coma in the presence of an acute infection with plasmodium falciparum (and rarely other plasmodium species). initial clinical manifestations include headaches; seizures; and alterations of mentation followed by a rapid progression to coma. pathologic features include cerebral capillaries filled with parasitized erythrocytes and multiple small foci of cortical and subcortical necrosis. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p136)
Malaria, Falciparum: malaria caused by plasmodium falciparum. this is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. this disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations
Malaria, Vivax: malaria caused by plasmodium vivax. this form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. febrile paroxysms often occur every other day
Malassezia: a mitosporic fungal genus that causes a variety of skin disorders. malassezia furfur (pityrosporum orbiculare) causes tinea versicolor
Malassezia: rod mitosporických hub způsobující různá onemocnění kůže. malassezia furfur (pityrosporum orbiculare) je původce kožní mykózy tinea versicolor
Malate Dehydrogenase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of (s)-malate and nad+ to oxaloacetate and nadh. ec 1.1.1.37
Malate Dehydrogenase (NADP+): a light-activated enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of (s)-malate to oxaloacetate. it is involved in pyruvate metabolism and carbon fixation
Malate Synthase: an important enzyme in the glyoxylic acid cycle which reversibly catalyzes the synthesis of l-malate from acetyl-coa and glyoxylate. this enzyme was formerly listed as ec 4.1.3.2
Malates: derivatives of malic acid (the structural formula: (coo-)2ch2choh), including its salts and esters
Malathion: a wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes
Malawi: a republic in southern africa east of zambia and mozambique. its capital is lilongwe. it was formerly called nyasaland
Malawi: vnitrozemský stát v jihovýchodní části afriky u stejnojmenného jezera mezi zambii, tanzanií a mosambikem. od roku 1907 bylo území známé jako britský protektorát nyasaland (česky ňasko). po vyhlášení nezávislosti v roce 1964 bylo přejmenováno na malawi. hlavní město lilongwe. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Malaysia: a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast asia, consisting of 11 states (west malaysia) on the malay peninsula and two states (east malaysia) on the island of borneo. it is also called the federation of malaysia. its capital is kuala lumpur. before 1963 it was the union of malaya. it reorganized in 1948 as the federation of malaya, becoming independent from british malaya in 1957 and becoming malaysia in 1963 as a federation of malaya, sabah, sarawak, and singapore (which seceded in 1965). the form malay- probably derives from the tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p715 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p329)
Maldives: country in southern asia, an island in the indian ocean. the capital is city of male
Male Urogenital Diseases: pathological processes of the male urinary tract and the reproductive system (genitalia, male)
Male sterility due to Y-chromosome deletions: male infertility or reduced fertility that is caused by deletions in the y chromosome
Maleates: derivatives of maleic acid (the structural formula (coo-)-c=c-(coo-)), including its salts and esters
Maledivy: ostrovní stát na jihu asie v indickém oceánu, tvoří jej stejnojmenné souostroví - řetězec devatenácti korálových atolů, hlavní město male pokrývá celý stejnojmenný ostrov. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Maleic Anhydrides: used in copolymerization reactions, in the diels-alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. it is a powerful irritant and causes burns
Maleic Hydrazide: 1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione. a herbicide and plant growth regulator; also used to control suckering of tobacco. its residue in food and tobacco is highly toxic, causing cns disturbances and liver damage
Maleimides: derivatives of maleimide (the structural formula h2c2(co)2nh) containing a pyrroledione ring where the hydrogen atom of the nh group is replaced with aliphatic or aromatic groups
Malformations of Cortical Development: abnormalities in the development of the cerebral cortex. these include malformations arising from abnormal neuronal and glial cell proliferation or apoptosis (group i); abnormal neuronal migration (group ii); and abnormal establishment of cortical organization (group iii). many inborn metabolic brain disorders affecting cns formation are often associated with cortical malformations. they are common causes of epilepsy and developmental delay
Malformations of Cortical Development, Group I: cortical malformations secondary to abnormal neuronal and glial cell proliferation or apoptosis in neurogenesis. this group includes congenital microcephalies; microlissencephalies, megalencephalies, hemimegalencephalies and cortical dysplasias with balloon cells
Malformations of Cortical Development, Group II: cortical malformations secondary to abnormal neuronal cell migration in neurogenesis. this group includes cobblestone lissencephaly and periventricular nodular heterotopia
Malformations of Cortical Development, Group III: cortical malformations secondary to abnormal cortical maturation after cell migration in neurogenesis. this group includes injury to the cortex during later stages of cortical development such as polymicrogyria and focal cortical dysplasias
Mali: a country in western africa, east of mauritania and south of algeria. its capital is bamako. from 1904-1920 it was known as upper senegal-niger; prior to 1958, as french sudan; 1958-1960 as the sudanese republic and 1959-1960 it joined senegal in the mali federation. it became an independent republic in 1960
Mali: poloprezidentská republika, nacházející se v oblasti sahelu a jižní sahary. hraničí na severu s alžírskem, na východě s nigerem, na jihu s burkinou faso a pobřežím slonoviny, na západě s guineí, senegalem a mauritánií. téměř celý sever země je poušť. hlavní město je bamako. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Malignant Atrophic Papulosis: variously described as a vasculopathy, endovasculitis, or occlusive arteriopathy, this condition occurs in a benign cutaneous form and a lethal multiorgan systemic variant. it is characterized by a narrowing and occlusion of the lumen of small to medium-sized blood vessels, leading to ischemia and infarction in the involved organ systems. the etiology and pathophysiology are unknown
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome: a symptom complex associated with carcinoid tumor and characterized by attacks of severe flushing of the skin, diarrheal watery stools, bronchoconstriction, sudden drops in blood pressure, edema, and ascites. the carcinoid tumors are usually located in the gastrointestinal tract and metastasize to the liver. symptoms are caused by tumor secretion of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other biologically active substances. cardiac manifestations constitute carcinoid heart disease. (dorland, 27th ed; stedman, 25th ed)
Malignant Catarrh: a herpesvirus infection of cattle characterized by catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory and alimentary epithelia, keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis and lymph node enlargement. syn: bovine epitheliosis, snotsiekte
Malignant Hyperthermia: rapid and excessive rise of temperature accompanied by muscular rigidity following general anesthesia
Malignant Teratocarcinosarcoma: a rare neoplasm that involves connective and epithelial tissues and is characterized by large tumors. it often occurs in the nose, pharynx, and sinuses
Malignant mesenchymal tumor: rare tumors with two or more sarcomatous elements. they can include osteosarcoma; chondrosarcoma; leiomyosarcoma; rhabdomyosarcoma; and liposarcoma and are highly metastatic, especially in younger patients
Malingering: simulation of symptoms of illness or injury with intent to deceive in order to obtain a goal, e.g., a claim of physical illness to avoid jury duty
Malleus: the largest of the auditory ossicles, and the one attached to the membrana tympani (tympanic membrane). its club-shaped head articulates with the incus
Mallinson protocol: chemotherapy regimen containing above cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil, methotrexate, vincristine & mitomycin; used in therapy of pancreatic carcinoma
Mallory Bodies: cytoplasmic hyaline inclusions in hepatocytes. they are associated with alcoholic steatohepatitis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, but are also present in benign and malignant hepatocellular neoplasms, and metabolic, toxic, and chronic cholestatic liver diseases
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome: a condition characterized by mucosal tears at the esophagogastric junction, sometimes with hematemesis. typically it is caused by forceful bouts of retching or vomiting
Malloryho tělíska: acidofilní hyalinová tělíska v hepatocytech v souvislosti s příjmem alkoholu, zejm. u zieveho syndromu a při cirhóze; ev. též u wilsonovy choroby a primární biliární cirhóze. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2019 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Malloryho-Weissův syndrom: stav charakterizovaný krvácením z lineárních ruptur v oblasti ezofagogastrické junkce. vzniká při silném zvracení, někdy u alkoholiků; jedna z příčin hematemeze. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Mallotus (rostlina): rod rostlin z čeledi pryšcovitých (euphorbiaceae). zástupci obsahují triterpeny, mallorepin (cyanopyridon) a hydrolyzovatelné taniny
Mallotus Plant: a plant genus of the family euphorbiaceae. members contain fredelin type triterpenes, mallorepine (a cyano-pyridone), and hydrolyzable tannins
Malnutrition: an imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement
Malocclusion: such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (jablonski, illustrated dictionary of dentistry, 1982)
Malocclusion, Angle Class I: malocclusion in which the mandible and maxilla are anteroposteriorly normal as reflected by the relationship of the first permanent molar (i.e., in neutroclusion), but in which individual teeth are abnormally related to each other
Malocclusion, Angle Class II: malocclusion in which the mandible is posterior to the maxilla as reflected by the relationship of the first permanent molar (distoclusion)
Malocclusion, Angle Class III: malocclusion in which the mandible is anterior to the maxilla as reflected by the first relationship of the first permanent molar (mesioclusion)
Malonate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase (Acetylating): an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 3-oxopropanoate (malonate semialdehyde) to acetyl coenzyme a. it plays a role in the metabolism of beta-alanine
Malonates: derivatives of malonic acid (the structural formula ch2(cooh)2), including its salts and esters
Malonyl Coenzyme A: a coenzyme a derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems
Malpighiaceae: a plant family of the order polygalales, subclass rosidae class, magnoliopsida that are mostly shrubs and small trees. many of the members contain indole alkaloids
Malpighiaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu malpighiales (malpígiotvaré). jsou to dřeviny, byliny i liány s jednoduchými a převážně vstřícnými listy a pravidelnými květy s charakteristicky tvarovanými korunními lístky. řada zástupců obsahuje indolové alkaloidy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Malpighiales: order of flowering plants which includes many tropical species. well-characterized members include salicaceae (willow family), violaceae (violet family), passifloraceae (passion-flower family), euphorbiaceae (spurge or croton family), rhizophoraceae (mangrove family), and erythroxylaceae (coca family)
Malpighiales: řád vyšších dvouděložných rostlin, kam patří mnoho tropických druhů. k dobře popsaným čeledím patří salicaceae (čeleď vrbovité), violaceae (čeleď violkovité), passifloraceae (čeleď mučenkovité), euphorbiaceae (čeleď pryšcovité), rhizophoraceae (čeleď kořenovníkovité) a erythroxylaceae (čeleď rudodřevovité)
Malpighian Tubules: slender tubular or hairlike excretory structures found in insects. they emerge from the alimentary canal between the mesenteron (midgut) and the proctodeum (hindgut)
Malpractice: failure of a professional person, a physician or lawyer, to render proper services through reprehensible ignorance or negligence or through criminal intent, especially when injury or loss follows. (random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Malta: an independent state consisting of three islands: malta, comino and gozo, located in the mediterranean sea, south of sicily. its capital is valetta
Malta: nezávislý stát skládající se ze tří obydlených ostrovů: malta, comino a gozo. nachází se ve středozemním moři jižně od sicílie. hlavním městem je valetta
Maltose: a dextrodisaccharide from malt and starch. it is used as a sweetening agent and fermentable intermediate in brewing. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Maltose-Binding Proteins: periplasmic proteins that bind maltose and maltodextrin. they take part in the maltose transport system of bacteria
Malus: a plant genus in the family rosaceae, order rosales, subclass rosidae. it is best known as a source of the edible fruit (apple) and is cultivated in temperate climates worldwide
Malus: rod ovocných stromů čeledi rosaceae, řádu rosales, třídy rosopsida. přirozeně se vyskytuje v mírném pásu severní polokoule. jabloně široce pěstované pro plody zvané jablka jsou označovány jako taxonomický druh jabloň domácí, na křížení současných odrůd se ovšem podílelo více druhů rodu jabloň. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Malva: a plant genus of the family malvaceae, order malvales, subclass dilleniida. the common name of 'mallow' may sometimes get confused with other plants
Malva: rod rostlin čeledi malvaceae, řádu malvales, třídy rosopsida
Malvaceae: the mallow family of the order malvales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida. the common names of hollyhock and mallow are used for several genera of malvaceae
Malvales: an order of mostly woody plants in the superorder rosanae. members of the malvales grow in various habitats around the world
Malvales: řád, jehož členy jsou většinou dřeviny nadřádu rosanae. členové řádu malvales se vyskytují celosvětově, na různých stanovištích
Mamastrovirus: a genus of small, circular rna viruses in the family astroviridae. they cause gastroenteritis and are found in the stools of several vertebrates including humans. transmission is by the fecal-oral route and there are at least eight human serotypes. the type species is human astrovirus
Mamastrovirus: rod malých, kulatých rna-virů čeledi astroviridae. způsobují gastroenteritidu a vyskytují se ve stolici některých obratlovců včetně člověka. k přenosu dochází fekálně-orální cestou a je známo nejméně osm lidských sérotypů. typovým druhem je lidský astrovirus
Mammaglobin A: a secretoglobin that is produced by the mammary gland of humans and may be involved in the binding of androgens and other steroids. the expression of this protein in normal breast epithelium and in human breast cancer has made it an important histological marker
Mammaglobin B: a mammaglobin a-related secretoglobin that is expressed in several human tissues including the uterus; breast; salivary gland; and lacrimal gland
Mammalian orthoreovirus 3: a serotype of orthoreovirus, mammalian causing serious pathology in laboratory rodents, characterized by diarrhea, oily coat, jaundice, and multiple organ involvement
Mammals: warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young
Mammary Analogue Secretory Carcinoma: a malignant neoplasm of epithelial cells of the salivary glands, with microcystic architecture, low-grade nuclei, and granular vacuolated cytoplasm
Mammary Arteries: arteries originating from the subclavian or axillary arteries and distributing to the anterior thoracic wall, mediastinal structures, diaphragm, pectoral muscles and mammary gland
Mammary Glands, Human: glandular tissue in the breast of human that is under the influence of hormones such as estrogens; progestins; and prolactin. in women, after parturition, the mammary glands secrete milk (milk, human) for the nourishment of the young
Mammary Neoplasms, Animal: tumors or cancer of the mammary gland in animals (mammary glands, animal)
Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental: experimentally induced mammary neoplasms in animals to provide a model for studying human breast neoplasms
Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse: the type species of betaretrovirus commonly latent in mice. it causes mammary adenocarcinoma in a genetically susceptible strain of mice when the appropriate hormonal influences operate
Mammea: a plant genus of the family clusiaceae. members contain xanthones and benzophenones. the common name of mamey is also used with pouteria
Mammea: rod rostlin z čeledi calophyllaceae - kalabovité. zástupci obsahují xanthony a benzofenony
Mammillary Bodies: a pair of nuclei and associated gray matter in the interpeduncular space rostral to the posterior perforated substance in the posterior hypothalamus
Mammoths: an extinct genus of large mammals in the family elephantidae that fed by grazing on low vegetation. most died out at the end of the last ice age
Man-Machine Systems: a system in which the functions of the man and the machine are interrelated and necessary for the operation of the system
Managed Care Programs: health insurance plans intended to reduce unnecessary health care costs through a variety of mechanisms, including: economic incentives for physicians and patients to select less costly forms of care; programs for reviewing the medical necessity of specific services; increased beneficiary cost sharing; controls on inpatient admissions and lengths of stay; the establishment of cost-sharing incentives for outpatient surgery; selective contracting with health care providers; and the intensive management of high-cost health care cases. the programs may be provided in a variety of settings, such as health maintenance organizations and preferred provider organizations
Managed Competition: a strategy for purchasing health care in a manner which will obtain maximum value for the price for the purchasers of the health care and the recipients. the concept was developed primarily by alain enthoven of stanford university and promulgated by the jackson hole group. the strategy depends on sponsors for groups of the population to be insured. the sponsor, in some cases a health alliance, acts as an intermediary between the group and competing provider groups (accountable health plans). the competition is price-based among annual premiums for a defined, standardized benefit package. (from slee and slee, health care reform terms, 1993)
Management Audit: management review designed to evaluate efficiency and to identify areas in need of management improvement within the institution in order to ensure effectiveness in meeting organizational goals
Management Information Systems: systems designed to provide information primarily concerned with the administrative functions associated with the provision and utilization of services; also includes program planning, etc
Management Quality Circles: participation of employees with management as a labor-management team, in decisions pertaining to the operational activities of the organization or industry
Management Service Organizations: voluntarily-formed groups of healthcare professionals who join for common management services and other benefits such as collective bargaining agreements with reimbursement agents. the physical assets of a practice are controlled by the mso which also provides billing, collections, and similar services. the practitioner retains control of patient records and management of patient care
Mandatory Reporting: a legal requirement that designated types of information acquired by professionals or institutions in the course of their work be reported to appropriate authorities
Mandatory Testing: testing or screening required by federal, state, or local law or other agencies for the diagnosis of specified conditions. it is usually limited to specific populations such as categories of health care providers, members of the military, and prisoners or to specific situations such as premarital examinations or donor screening
Mandatory Vaccination: vaccination compelled by direct or indirect threat of restrictions in cases of non-compliance
Mandelic Acids: analogs or derivatives of mandelic acid (alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid)
Mandible: the largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. it supports the lower teeth
Mandibular Advancement: moving a retruded mandible forward to a normal position. it is commonly performed for malocclusion and retrognathia. (from jablonski's dictionary of dentistry, 1992)
Mandibular Canal: internal aspect of the mandible from the mental foramen to the mandibular foramen which serves as the conduit for the inferior alveolar nerve and the inferior alveolar artery and vein. bifid and trifid mandibular canals are normal anatomical variants
Mandibular Condyle: the posterior process on the ramus of the mandible composed of two parts: a superior part, the articular portion, and an inferior part, the condylar neck
Mandibular Nerve: a branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. the mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura
Mandibular Nerve Injuries: traumatic injuries to the mandibular nerve and its branches. note that marginal mandibular nerve injury is a type of facial nerve injuries. injuries to lingual nerve branch of mandibular nerve is lingual nerve injuries
Mandibular Osteotomy: intraoral osteotomy of the lower jaw usually performed in order to correct malocclusion
Mandibular Prosthesis: a prosthetic appliance for the replacement of areas of the mandible missing or defective as a result of deformity, disease, injury, or surgery
Mandibular Prosthesis Implantation: surgical insertion of an appliance for the replacement of areas of the mandible
Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type A lipodystrophy: an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by growth retardation, craniofacial anomalies with mandibular hypoplasia, skeletal abnormalities with progressive osteolysis of the distal phalanges and clavicles, and pigmentary skin changes. the lipodystrophy is characterized by a marked acral loss of fatty tissue with normal or increased fatty tissue in the neck and trunk. it is associated with mutations in the lmna gene. omim: 248370
Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type B lipodystrophy: autosomal recessive disorder characterized by mandibular and clavicular hypoplasia, acroosteolysis, delayed closure of cranial sutures, joint contractures, and mottled cutaneous pigmentation. associated with mutations in the gene encoding zmpste24 protein
Mandibulofacial Dysostosis: a hereditary disorder occurring in two forms: the complete form (franceschetti's syndrome) is characterized by a slant of the palpebral fissures, coloboma of the lower lid, micrognathia and hypoplasia of the zygomatic arches, and congenital microtia. it is transmitted as an autosomal trait. the incomplete form (treacher collins syndrome) is characterized by the same anomalies in less pronounced degree. it occurs sporadically, but an autosomal dominant mode of transmission is suspected. (dorland, 27th ed)
Mandragora: plants of the mandragora genus in the solanaceae family, including mandragora officinarum l. and mandragora vernalis bertol (sometimes called atropa mandragora). they contain tropanes that are anticholinergic (cholinergic antagonists). mandrake may also refer to podophyllum
Mandragora: rod rostlin čeledi solanaceae. jeho zástupci obsahují tropany s anticholinergním účinkem
Mandrillus: a genus of the subfamily cercopithecinae, family cercopithecidae, comprising two species: the drill (m. leucophaeus) and the mandrill (m. sphinx). they are usually found in thick rainforest and have a gentle disposition despite their ferocious reputation. some authors consider mandrillus a subgenus of papio
Mandrillus: rod primátů podčeledi cercopithecinae (kočkodani) z čeledi cercopithecidae (kočkodanovití). zahrnuje dva druhy: dril (m. leucophaeus) a mandril (m. sphinx). obvykle žijí v hustých pralesích na západě rovníkové afriky. mají mírnou povahu. někdy je mandrillus zařazován jako podrod paviána (papio)
Manduca: a genus of sphinx or hawk moths of the family sphingidae. these insects are used in molecular biology studies during all stages of their life cycle
Manduca: rod motýlů čeledi sphingidae. tento hmyz se používá pro výzkum v oblasti molekulární biologie
Maneb: manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. it is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat
Manganese: a trace element with atomic symbol mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. it is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (from ama drug evaluations annual 1992, p2035)
Manganese Compounds: inorganic chemicals that contain manganese as an integral part of the molecule
Manganese Poisoning: manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. clinical features include confusion; hallucinations; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (parkinson disease, secondary) that includes rigidity; dystonia; retropulsion; and tremor. (adams, principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1213)
Mangifera: a plant genus of the family anacardiaceae best known for the edible fruit
Mangifera: rod rostlin čeledi anacardiaceae známý svým ovocem mango
Mangifera indica extract: standard aqueous extract from the stem bark of mangifera indica l., used in cuba as antioxidants & nsaids under the brand name of vimang
Mania: a state of elevated excitement with over-activity sometimes accompanied with psychotic symptoms (e.g., psychomotor agitation, inflated self esteem and flight of ideas). it is often associated with mental disorders (e.g., cyclothymic disorder; and bipolar diseases)
Manifest Anxiety Scale: true-false questionnaire made up of items believed to indicate anxiety, in which the subject answers verbally the statement that describes him
Manihot: a plant genus of the family euphorbiaceae that is perennial with conspicuous, almost palmate leaves like those of ricinus but more deeply parted into five to nine lobes. it is a source of a starch after removal of the cyanogenic glucosides. the common name of arrowroot is also used with maranta (marantaceae). the common name of yuca is also used for yucca
Manikins: inanimate physical models which bear likeness to human beings and are used for various purposes in place of humans
Manilkara: rod rostlin čeledi sapotaceae, jehož zástupci plodí sladké ovoce
Manipulation, Chiropractic: procedures used by chiropractors to treat neuromusculoskeletal complaints
Manipulation, Orthopedic: the planned and carefully managed manual movement of the musculoskeletal system, extremities, and spine to produce increased motion. the term is sometimes used to denote a precise sequence of movements of a joint to determine the presence of disease or to reduce a dislocation. in the case of fractures, orthopedic manipulation can produce better position and alignment of the fracture. (from blauvelt & nelson, a manual of orthopaedic terminology, 5th ed, p264)
Manipulation, Osteopathic: musculoskeletal manipulation based on the principles of osteopathic medicine developed in 1874 by dr andrew taylor still
Manitoba: a province of canada, lying between the provinces of saskatchewan and ontario. its capital is winnipeg. taking its name from lake manitoba, itself named for one of its islands, the name derived from algonquian manitou, great spirit. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p724 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p332)
Manitoba: manitoba je jedna z kanadských prérijních provincií. kanadskou vládou byla vytvořena v roce 1870. hlavní a největší město provincie je winnipeg. manitoba hraničí s provincií ontario na východě a saskatchewanem na západě, s teritoriem nunavut a severozápadními teritorii na severu, a se státy usa severní dakotou a minnesotou na jihu. na severovýchodě přiléhá k hudsonově zálivu a je tak jedinou prérijní provincií, která má mořské pobřeží. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Mannheimia: genus of bacteria in the family pasteurellaceae, comprising multiple species that do not ferment trehalose. species include mannheimia haemolytica; m. glucosida, m. granulomatis, m. ruminalis, and m. varigena
Mannheimia: rod gramnegativních bakterií čeledi pasteurellaceae. zahrnuje řadu druhů, které nefermentují trehalózu. patří sem mannheimia haemolytica, m. glucosida, m. granulomatis, m. ruminalis a m. varigena
Mannheimia haemolytica: a species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria normally commensal in the flora of cattle and sheep. but under conditions of physical or physiological stress, it can cause mastitis in sheep and shipping fever or enzootic calf pneumonia in cattle. its former name was pasteurella haemolytica
Mannheimia haemolytica: druh gramnegativní, fakultativně anaerobní, tyčinkovité bakterie, která je běžným komenzálem u skotu a ovcí. v podmínkách fyzického nebo fyziologického stresu ale může způsobit mastitidu ovcí a přepravní stresový syndrom nebo enzootickou pneumonii telat u skotu. dřívější název byl pasteurella haemolytica
Mannich Bases: ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. a mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols
Mannichovy báze: ketonické aminy připravené kondenzací ketonu s formaldehydem a amoniakem nebo s primárním nebo sekundárním aminem. mannichova báze může při syntéze působit jako ekvivalent alfa, beta-nenasyceného ketonu nebo může být redukována za vzniku fyziologicky aktivních aminoalkoholů
Mannitol: a diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. it has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. it can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity
Mannitol Dehydrogenases: sugar alcohol dehydrogenases that have specificity for mannitol. enzymes in this category are generally classified according to their preference for a specific reducing cofactor
Mannomustine: nitrogen mustard derivative alkylating agent used as antineoplastic. it causes severe bone marrow depression and is a powerful vesicant
Mannose: a hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash fraxinus ornus and related plants. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed & random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Mannose Receptor: a member of a family of endocytic receptors. highly expressed on human macrophages, involved in regulating endocytosis, phagocytosis, and immune responses
Mannose-6-Phosphate Isomerase: an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible isomerization of d-mannose-6-phosphate to form d-fructose-6-phosphate, an important step in glycolysis. ec 5.3.1.8
Mannose-Binding Lectin: a specific mannose-binding member of the collectin family of lectins. it binds to carbohydrate groups on invading pathogens and plays a key role in the mannose-binding lectin complement pathway
Mannose-Binding Lectins: a subclass of lectins that are specific for carbohydrates that contain mannose
Mannose-Binding Protein Deficiency: a condition characterized by a mannose-binding lectin (mbl) protein level of less than 100 ng/ml, that occurs in about 5% of people of european descent and in about 10% of sub-saharan africans. most mbl-deficient adults appear healthy, but low levels of mbl are associated with increased risk of infection in toddlers, in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and in organ-transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, particularly recipients of liver transplants. polymorphisms in the mbl2 gene have been identified. omim: 614372
Mannose-Binding Protein-Associated Serine Proteases: serum serine proteases which participate in complement activation. they are activated when complexed with the mannose-binding lectin, therefore also known as mannose-binding protein-associated serine proteases (masps). they cleave complement c4 and complement c2 to form c4b2a, the classical pathway c3 convertase
Mannosidase Deficiency Diseases: diseases caused by the loss of one or more enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of mannoside linkages (mannosidases). the defects in enzyme activity are primarily associated with genetic mutation of the genes that codes for a particular mannosidase isoenzyme
Mannosidases: glycoside hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of alpha or beta linked mannose
Mannosides: glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of mannose with an alcohol to form an acetal. they include both alpha- and beta-mannosides
Mannosyl-Glycoprotein Endo-beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase: a group of related enzymes responsible for the endohydrolysis of the di-n-acetylchitobiosyl unit in high-mannose-content glycopeptides and glycoproteins
Mannosyltransferases: enzymes that catalyze the transfer of mannose from a nucleoside diphosphate mannose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. the group includes ec 2.4.1.32, ec 2.4.1.48, ec 2.4.1.54, and ec 2.4.1.57
Mansonella: a genus of parasitic nematodes whose organisms are distributed in central and south america. characteristics include a smooth cuticle and an enlarged anterior end
Mansonella: rod parazitických hlístic, které se vyskytují ve střední a jižní americe. k charakteristickým znakům patří hladká kutikula a rozšířená přední část těla
Mansonelliasis: infection with nematodes of the genus mansonella. symptoms include pruritus, headache, and articular swelling
Mantodea: an order of insects, comprising a single family (mantidae), restricted almost entirely to the tropics. only one species, the praying mantis (mantis religiosa), is found in temperate habitats
Mantodea: řád dravého hmyzu, který je nejvíce proslulý tím, že samička při páření sežere svého samečka. kudlanky žijí převážně v tropech. ve střední evropě žije jeden druh, kudlanka nábožná (mantis religiosa). aktuální systematické pojetí rozděluje tento řád do 15 čeledí, které zahrnují 400 rodů a 2500 druhů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Manual Lymphatic Drainage: the application of massage to control edema and improve circulation by manually moving excess lymph out of a tissue
Manubrium: the upper or most anterior segment of the sternum which articulates with the clavicle and first two pairs of ribs
Manufacturing Industry: an industry which specializes in the fabrication or manufacture of products from raw or intermediate materials
Manufacturing and Industrial Facilities: places provided for the processing, fabrication, assembly, and production of a line of products, services, commodities, or merchandise
Manure: accumulations of solid or liquid animal excreta usually from stables and barnyards with or without litter material. its chief application is as a fertilizer. (from webster's 3d ed)
Manuscript, Medical: medical works prepared by hand including handwritten or typescript drafts of pre-publication papers or works not otherwise reproduced in multiple copies
Manuscripts as Topic: works about compositions written by hand, as one written before the invention or adoption of printing
Manz syndrome: polyuria, nystagmus and recurrent episodes of tetany with radiological evidence of rickets and nephrocalcinosis
Map: works consisting of representations, normally to scale and on a flat medium, of a selection of material or abstract features on the surface of the earth. they may be used also in delineating the heavens and celestial bodies. (from anglo-american cataloguing rules, 2d ed, p619)
Maple Syrup Urine Disease: an autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple forms of phenotypic expression, caused by a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids (amino acids, branched-chain). these metabolites accumulate in body fluids and render a maple syrup odor. the disease is divided into classic, intermediate, intermittent, and thiamine responsive subtypes. the classic form presents in the first week of life with ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, emesis, neonatal seizures, and hypertonia. the intermediate and intermittent forms present in childhood or later with acute episodes of ataxia and vomiting. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p936)
Maple syrup urine disease, type 1B: msud due to deficiency of e1-beta subunit of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
Maprotiline: a bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use
Maps as Topic: works about representations, normally to scale and on a flat medium, of a selection of material or abstract features on the surface of the earth, the heavens, or celestial bodies
Marantaceae: a plant family of the order zingiberales, subclass zingiberidae, class liliopsida
Marasmius: a genus of tiny mushrooms in the family tricholomataceae. they help break down the decaying organic matter of the forest floor
Marasmius: rod drobných stopkovýtrusých hub čeledi tricholomataceae. pomáhají rozkládat organickou hmotu lesní půdy
Marathon Running: a sporting event in which participants run a distance of approximately 26.2 miles in a race
Maraviroc: a cyclohexane and triazole derivative that acts as an antagonist of the ccr5 receptor. it prevents infection by hiv-1 virus strains which use ccr5 as a co-receptor for membrane fusion and cellular entry
Marburg Virus Disease: an rna virus infection of rhesus, vervet, and squirrel monkeys transmissible to man
Marburgvirus: a genus in the family filoviridae consisting of one species (lake victoria marburgvirus) with several strains. the genus shows no antigenic cross-reactivity with ebolavirus
Marchantia: a liverwort plant genus of the family marchantiaceae, order marchantiales, subclass marchantiae. members contain brassinosteroids and diterpenes
Marchantia: rod játrovek čeledi marchantiaceae, řádu marchantiales, podtřídy marchantiae. zástupci obsahují brassinosteroidy a diterpeny
Marchantiophyta: oddělení stélkatých zelených rostlin. jednoduché bezcévné rostliny, které se přichycují k podkladu pomocí rhizoidů. játrovky mají na svrchní straně stélky pohárky (thalidia) s rozmnožovacími tělísky (gemy), které jim slouží k nepohlavnímu rozmnožování. rovněž se rozmnožují pohlavně, pomocí spor produkovaných samičími pohlavními orgány po jejich oplození bičíkatými samčími gametami. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Marchiafava-Bignami Disease: a neurodegenerative condition that is characterized by demyelination or necrosis of the corpus callosum. symptoms include depression; paranoia; dementia; seizures; and ataxia which can progress to coma and death in a few months. marchiafava-bignami syndrome is seen often in alcoholics but has been found in non-alcoholics as well
Marchiafavův-Bignamiho syndrom: demyelinizace corpus callosum u alkoholiků, progresivní alkoholická demence; v popředí jsou konvulze, halucinace, poruchy osobnosti, demence, může mít také akutní nebo subakutní průběh s exitem během dnů až týdnů. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Marcus Gunn phenomenon: a rare condition of unknown etiology that is characterized by movement of the upper eyelid in a rapid rising motion (a "wink") each time the jaw moves. this phenomenon may be elicited by opening the mouth, thrusting the jaw to the side, jaw protrusion, chewing, smiling, or sucking. it is usually present at birth and may occur with other eye abnormalities (such as strabismus) or vision problems. it is usually unilateral but can affect both eyes in rare cases. it is generally sporadic, but familial cases with autosomal dominant inheritance have been reported. omim: 154600
Mardivirus: a genus in the family herpesviridae, subfamily alphaherpesvirinae, associated with malignancy in birds
Mardivirus: rod virů čeledi herpesviridae, podčeledi alphaherpesvirinae, spojený se zhoubnými nádory u ptáků
Marek Disease: a transmissible viral disease of birds caused by avian herpesvirus 2 (herpesvirus 2, gallid) and other mardivirus. there is lymphoid cell infiltration or lymphomatous tumor formation in the peripheral nerves and gonads, but may also involve visceral organs, skin, muscle, and the eye
Marek Disease Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent marek disease, an avian disease caused by a herpesvirus
Marfan Syndrome: an autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. cardiovascular manifestations include mitral valve prolapse; aortic aneurysm; and aortic dissection. other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged dura mater (dural ectasia). marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding fibrillin-1 (fbn1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. mutations in the gene encoding type ii tgf-beta receptor (tgfbr2) are associated with marfan syndrome type 2
Marfanoid hypermobility syndrome: increased height, long limbs & digits, chest deformity, joint laxity, scoliosis, thoracic lordosis, a highly arched palate with crowding of teeth
Marfanův syndrom: autozomálně-dominantně dědičné onemocnění (lokalizace genového defektu na chromozomu 15) postihující pojivovou tkáň kostry, oka (poruchy čočky, její subluxace), a kardiovaskulárního systému (postižení mitrální chlopně a aorty s možným vznikem jejího aneurysmatu). postižení mají typický habitus - vysokou postavu, dlouhé tenké končetiny i prsty (arachnodaktylie), trychtýřovitý hrudník, ektázii dura mater. marfanův syndrom typu 1 je spojen s mutacemi v genu kódujícím fibrilin 1 (fbn1; 15q21.1), což je hlavní prvek extracelulárních mikrofibril pojivové tkáně. mutace v genu kódujícím tgf-beta receptor ii. typu (tgfbr2) jsou spojeny s marfanovým syndromem typu 2. (upraveno podle: velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Margarine: a butterlike product made of refined vegetable oils, sometimes blended with animal fats, and emulsified usually with water or milk. it is used as a butter substitute. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Margins of Excision: the edges of tissue removed in a surgery for assessment of the effectiveness of a surgical procedure in achieving the local control of a neoplasm and the adequacy of tumor removal. when the margin is negative or not involved by tumor (e.g., cancer) it suggests all of the tumor has been removed by the surgery
Marijuana Abuse: use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning
Marine Biology: the study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of organisms which inhabit the oceans and seas
Marine Toxins: toxic or poisonous substances elaborated by marine flora or fauna. they include also specific, characterized poisons or toxins for which there is no more specific heading, like those from poisonous fishes
Marinesco-Sjogren-like syndrome (MSLS): juvenile cataract, cerebellar atrophy, mental retardation, and myopathy
Marinobacter: a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria in the family alteromonadaceae. the inability to utilize carbohydrates is a distinguishing feature from other genera in the family
Marinobacter: rod gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých bakterií čeledi alteromonadaceae. charakteristickým znakem je neschopnost využívat sacharidy