NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Nephritis, Interstitial: inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. this term is generally used for primary inflammation of kidney tubules and/or surrounding interstitium. for primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see glomerulonephritis. infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in edema, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction
Nephroblastoma Overexpressed Protein: a ccn protein family member found at high levels in nephroblastoma cells. it is found both intracellularly and in the extracellular matrix and may play a role in the regulation of cell proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis
Nephroblastomatosis, fetal ascites, macrosomia and Wilms tumor: an autosomal recessive congenital overgrowth syndrome with similarities to beckwith-wiedemann syndrome (omim: 130650). affected children are large at birth, are hypotonic, and show organomegaly, characteristic facial dysmorphisms (inverted v-shaped upper lip, prominent forehead, deep-set eyes, broad and flat nasal bridge, and low-set ears), renal anomalies (nephromegaly and hydronephrosis), frequent neurodevelopmental delay, and high neonatal mortality. perlman syndrome is associated with a high risk of wilms tumor, with a 64% incidence in infants surviving beyond the neonatal period. mutations in the dis3l2 gene have been identified. omim: 267000
Nephrocalcinosis: a condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. it is usually seen in distal renal tubular acidosis with calcium deposition in the distal kidney tubules and the surrounding interstitium. nephrocalcinosis causes renal insufficiency
Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy: a chronic, acquired, idiopathic, progressive eruption of the skin that occurs in the context of renal failure. it is sometimes accompanied by systemic fibrosis. the pathogenesis seems to be multifactorial, with postulated involvement of circulating fibrocytes. there is a strong association between this disorder and the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents
Nephrolithiasis, Calcium Oxalate: nephrolithiasis that is due to hyperoxaluria and increased intestinal absorption of calcium oxalate and is responsible for 75% of urolithiasis cases. this disorder shows significant heritability. omim: 167030
Nephrolithiasis, X-Linked Recessive, with Renal Failure: mutation in clcn5
Nephrolithiasis-Osteoporosis, Hypophosphatemic, 1: mutation in slc34a1
Nephrolithiasis-Osteoporosis, Hypophosphatemic, 2: mutation in slc9a3r1
Nephrolithotomy, Percutaneous: surgical removal of large kidney calculi by means of a percutaneous nephroscope which is passed into the kidney pelvis through a track created in the patient's back
Nephrology: a subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney
Nephrology Nursing: a nursing specialty involving the care of patients with or at risk for kidney diseases
Nephroma, Mesoblastic: a solid, unencapsulated tumor of the kidney composed of spindle mesenchymal cells that resemble fibroblasts or muscle cells. the homogeneous mass typically extends into the renal parenchyma and replaces most of the kidney. in most cases, mesoblastic nephroma is benign and occurs in the fetus or newborn, and rarely in the older child or the adult
Nephrons: the functional units of the kidney, consisting of the glomerulus and the attached tubule
Nephropidae: family of large marine crustacea, in the order decapoda. these are called clawed lobsters because they bear pincers on the first three pairs of legs. the american lobster and cape lobster in the genus homarus are commonly used for food
Nephrosclerosis: hardening of the kidney due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (fibrosis), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic hypertension. nephrosclerosis leads to renal ischemia
Nephrosis: pathological processes of the kidney without inflammatory or neoplastic components. nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. it is characterized by the nephrotic syndrome indicating the presence of proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia with accompanying edema
Nephrosis, Lipoid: a kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. it is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of kidney tubules and in the urine. patients usually show nephrotic syndrome indicating the presence of proteinuria with accompanying edema
Nephrosis, congenital: a congenital nephrotic syndrome; patients present with proteinuria; hypoalbuminemia; hyperlipidemia, and edema. biopsies show nonspecific histologic changes such as minimal change glomerulopathy; focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (fsgs), and diffuse mesangial proliferation. nephrotic syndrome type 1 (omim: 256300) presents with prenatal onset of massive proteinuria followed by severe steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome at birth with rapid progression to chronic kidney failure. germline mutations have been identified in the nphs1 gene for type 1; nphs2 gene for type 2 (omim: 600995); and the plce1 gene for type 3 (omim: 610725)
Nephrostomy, Percutaneous: the insertion of a catheter through the skin and body wall into the kidney pelvis, mainly to provide urine drainage where the ureter is not functional. it is used also to remove or dissolve renal calculi and to diagnose ureteral obstruction
Nephrotic Syndrome: a condition characterized by severe proteinuria, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. the substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as hypoproteinemia; generalized edema; hypertension; and hyperlipidemias. diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction
Nepovirus: a genus of polyhedral plant viruses of the family comoviridae causing ringspots and spotting on leaves or sometimes symptomless infection. transmission occurs by seeds, soil nematodes, or experimentally by mechanical inoculation. tobacco ringspot virus is the type species
Nepovirus: rod polyhedrálních rostlinných virů čeledi secoviridae, které způsobují kroužkovitost a skvrnitost listů, ale někdy jen bezpříznakovou infekci. jsou přenášeny semeny, půdními hlísticemi nebo experimentálně mechanickou inokulací. typovým druhem je virus kroužkovitosti tabáku
Neprilysin: enzyme that is a major constituent of kidney brush-border membranes and is also present to a lesser degree in the brain and other tissues. it preferentially catalyzes cleavage at the amino group of hydrophobic residues of the b-chain of insulin as well as opioid peptides and other biologically active peptides. the enzyme is inhibited primarily by edta, phosphoramidon, and thiorphan and is reactivated by zinc. neprilysin is identical to common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (calla antigen), an important marker in the diagnosis of human acute lymphocytic leukemia. there is no relationship with calla plant
Neptun: osmá, od slunce nejvzdálenější planeta sluneční soustavy; řadí se mezi plynné obry. má 14 dosud objevených měsíců, nejznámější jsou triton a nereida. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Neptune: the eighth planet in order from the sun. it is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. its two natural satellites are nereid and triton
Neptunium: a radioactive element of the actinide metals family. it has the atomic symbol np, and atomic number 93
Nepál: vnitrozemský stát v jižní asii ve střední části himálaje. na severu hraničí s čínskou lidovou republikou a na jihu, východě i západě s indií. hlavní město je káthmandú
Nerium: a plant genus of the family apocynaceae. it is a very poisonous plant that contains cardioactive agents
Nerium: rod rostlin čeledi apocynaceae zahrnující jediný druh. oleandr obecný je považován za jednu z nejjedovatějších zahradních rostlin. jeho jedovatost je způsobena glykosidy oleandrinem a neriinem, které působí přímo na srdce a zvyšují tonus srdeční svaloviny. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Nerve Agents: a class of compounds that adversely affect the transmission of impulses through the nervous system
Nerve Block: interruption of neural conduction in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., lidocaine; phenol; botulinum toxins) to manage or treat pain
Nerve Compression Syndromes: mechanical compression of nerves or nerve roots from internal or external causes. these may result in a conduction block to nerve impulses (due to myelin sheath dysfunction) or axonal loss. the nerve and nerve sheath injuries may be caused by ischemia; inflammation; or a direct mechanical effect
Nerve Conduction Studies: electrical tests to analyze the function of peripheral nerves by measuring various characteristics of nerve conduction such as amplitude, velocity, and latency
Nerve Degeneration: loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. the pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways
Nerve Endings: branch-like terminations of nerve fibers, sensory or motor neurons. endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the central nervous system. endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called presynaptic terminals
Nerve Expansion: procedures that stimulate nerve elongation over a period of time. they are used in repairing nerve tissue
Nerve Fibers: slender processes of neurons, including the axons and their glial envelopes (myelin sheath). nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the central nervous system
Nerve Fibers, Myelinated: a class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. the axons of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a myelin sheath. they are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. their neural conduction rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (nerve fibers, unmyelinated). myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves
Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated: a class of nerve fibers as defined by their nerve sheath arrangement. the axons of the unmyelinated nerve fibers are small in diameter and usually several are surrounded by a single myelin sheath. they conduct low-velocity impulses, and represent the majority of peripheral sensory and autonomic fibers, but are also found in the brain and spinal cord
Nerve Growth Factor: nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. it is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. the beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity
Nerve Growth Factors: factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells
Nerve Net: a meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. in invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction
Nerve Sheath Neoplasms: neoplasms which arise from nerve sheaths formed by schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system or by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, neurofibroma, and neurilemmoma are relatively common tumors in this category
Nerve Tissue: differentiated tissue of the central nervous system composed of nerve cells, fibers, dendrites, and specialized supporting cells
Nerve Transfer: surgical reinnervation of a denervated peripheral target using a healthy donor nerve and/or its proximal stump. the direct connection is usually made to a healthy postlesional distal portion of a non-functioning nerve or implanted directly into denervated muscle or insensitive skin. nerve sprouts will grow from the transferred nerve into the denervated elements and establish contact between them and the neurons that formerly controlled another area
Nervous System: the entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (stedman, 26th ed)
Nervous System Autoimmune Disease, Experimental: experimental animal models for human autoimmune diseases of the nervous system. they include guillain-barre syndrome (see neuritis, autoimmune, experimental); myasthenia gravis (see myasthenia gravis, autoimmune, experimental); and multiple sclerosis (see encephalomyelitis, autoimmune, experimental)
Nervous System Diseases: diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. this includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle
Nervous System Malformations: structural abnormalities of the central or peripheral nervous system resulting primarily from defects of embryogenesis
Nervous System Neoplasms: benign and malignant neoplastic processes arising from or involving components of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, cranial nerves, and meninges. included in this category are primary and metastatic nervous system neoplasms
Nervous System Physiological Phenomena: characteristic properties and processes of the nervous system as a whole or with reference to the peripheral or the central nervous system
Nesidioblastosis: an inherited autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by the disorganized formation of new islets in the pancreas and congenital hyperinsulinism. it is due to focal hyperplasia of pancreatic islet cells budding off from the ductal structures and forming new islets of langerhans. mutations in the islet cells involve the potassium channel gene kcnj11 or the atp-binding cassette transporter gene abcc8, both on chromosome 11
Nestin: a type vi intermediate filament protein expressed mostly in nerve cells where it is associated with the survival, renewal and mitogen-stimulated proliferation of neural progenitor cells
Nesting Behavior: animal behavior associated with the nest; includes construction, effects of size and material; behavior of the adult during the nesting period and the effect of the nest on the behavior of the young
Netherlands: country located in europe. it is bordered by the north sea, belgium, and germany. constituent areas are aruba, curacao, and sint maarten, formerly included in the netherlands antilles
Netherlands Antilles: former netherlands overseas territory in the lesser antilles in the west indies. it had included the islands of aruba, bonaire, curacao, saba, st. eustatius, and the southern part of st. martin. the netherlands antilles dissolved on october 10, 2010
Netherton Syndrome: rare autosomal recessive disease with variable expressions. clinical features of the disease include variable ichthyosiform erythroderma, congenital; bamboo hair (trichorrhexis invaginata); and atopic dermatitis. the disease is caused by mutations in the spink5 gene
Nethertonův syndrom: autozomálně-recesivně dědičná kožní porucha, s erytrodermií, ichtyózou, abnormalitami vlasů a ochlupení, časté jsou alergické reakce. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Netilmicin: semisynthetic 1-n-ethyl derivative of sisomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity
Netrin Receptors: cell surface receptors that bind netrins. they typically contain both immunoglobulin domains and fibronectin type iii domains and function to mediate cell migration and axon guidance
Netrin-1: a netrin that binds the dcc receptor or unc5 receptors, resulting respectively in axon attraction or repulsion. its interaction with these receptors also prevents apoptosis; it may function as a tumor suppressor protein
Netrins: a family of extracellular proteins that are related structurally to laminin. they function as chemotactic factors for cell migration and axon guidance, acting as chemoattractants for some cell types, and as chemorepellents for others
Netropsin: a basic polypeptide isolated from streptomyces netropsis. it is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to a-t areas of dna is useful to genetics research
Network Meta-Analysis: works consisting of meta-analysis of randomized trials in which estimates of comparative treatment effects are visualized and interpreted from a network of interventions that may or may not have been evaluated directly against each other. common considerations in network meta-analysis include conceptual and statistical heterogeneity and incoherence
Network Meta-Analysis as Topic: works about meta-analyses of randomized trials in which estimates of comparative treatment effects are visualized and interpreted from a network of interventions that may or may not have been evaluated directly against each other. common considerations in network meta-analysis include conceptual and statistical heterogeneity and incoherence
Network Pharmacology: a systems-based pharmacologic discovery process used to predict the multiple targets of multiple drugs in a complex mixture such as chinese herbal drugs. it involves analytical detection of chemicals plus prediction of pharmacologic activity and protein targets for each compound in the mixture and aggregating the net physiological effect
Neural Analyzers: a term used in eastern european research literature for the functional neural unit that provides the basis for differential sensitivity; the analyzer consists of receptor, afferent nerves, and their central connections. (from campbell's psychiatric dictionary, 8th ed.)
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule L1: a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of neuronal cell adhesion molecules that is required for proper nervous system development. neural cell adhesion molecule l1 consists of six ig domains, five fibronectin domains, a transmembrane region and an intracellular domain. two splicing variants are known: a neuronal form that contains a four-amino acid rsle sequence in the cytoplasmic domain, and a non-neuronal form that lacks the rsle sequence. mutations in the l1 gene result in l1 disease. neural cell adhesion molecule l1 is predominantly expressed during development in neurons and schwann cells; involved in cell adhesion, neuronal migration, axonal growth and pathfinding, and myelination
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules: cell adhesion molecule involved in a diverse range of contact-mediated interactions among neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and myotubes. it is widely but transiently expressed in many tissues early in embryogenesis. four main isoforms exist, including cd56; (cd56 antigen); but there are many other variants resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications. (from pigott & power, the adhesion molecule factsbook, 1993, pp115-119)
Neural Conduction: the propagation of the nerve impulse along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus
Neural Crest: the two longitudinal ridges along the primitive streak appearing near the end of gastrulation during development of nervous system (neurulation). the ridges are formed by folding of neural plate. between the ridges is a neural groove which deepens as the fold become elevated. when the folds meet at midline, the groove becomes a closed tube, the neural tube
Neural Inhibition: the function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells
Neural Networks, Computer: a computer architecture, implementable in either hardware or software, modeled after biological neural networks. like the biological system in which the processing capability is a result of the interconnection strengths between arrays of nonlinear processing nodes, computerized neural networks, often called perceptrons or multilayer connectionist models, consist of neuron-like units. a homogeneous group of units makes up a layer. these networks are good at pattern recognition. they are adaptive, performing tasks by example, and thus are better for decision-making than are linear learning machines or cluster analysis. they do not require explicit programming
Neural Plate: the region in the dorsal ectoderm of a chordate embryo that gives rise to the future central nervous system. tissue in the neural plate is called the neuroectoderm, often used as a synonym of neural plate
Neural Prostheses: medical devices which substitute for a nervous system function by electrically stimulating the nerves directly and monitoring the response to the electrical stimulation
Neural Stem Cells: self-renewing cells that generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system in both the embryo and adult. neural stem cells are precursors to both neurons and neuroglia
Neural Tube: a tube of ectodermal tissue in an embryo that will give rise to the central nervous system, including the spinal cord and the brain. lumen within the neural tube is called neural canal which gives rise to the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain. for malformation of the neural tube, see neural tube defects
Neural Tube Defects: congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1992, ch55, pp31-41)
Neural crest tumor: a tumor associated with the neural crest cell lineages, including ganglioneuroma and neuroblastoma
Neuralgia: intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve
Neuralgia, Postherpetic: pain in nerves, frequently involving facial skin, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (herpesvirus 3, human). the two forms of the condition preceding the pain are herpes zoster oticus; and herpes zoster ophthalmicus. following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists
Neuraminic Acids: nine-carbon deoxyamino sugar acids that are substrates for neuraminidase. their derivatives include sialic acids
Neuraminidase: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992)
Neuraminidase deficiency with beta-galactosidase deficiency: a hereditary autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease associated with a combined deficiency of beta-galactosidase and neuraminidase, secondary to a defect in protective protein/cathepsin a (ppca). all patients have clinical manifestations typical of a lysosomal disorder, such as coarse facies, cherry red spots, vertebral changes, foam cells in the bone marrow, and vacuolated lymphocytes. three phenotypic subtypes are recognized. the early infantile form is associated with hydrops fetalis; edema; ascites, visceromegaly, skeletal dysplasia, and early death. the late infantile type is characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, growth retardation, cardiac involvement, and rare occurrence of neurologic signs. the juvenile/adult form is characterized by myoclonus; ataxia; angiokeratoma; intellectual disability, neurologic deterioration, absence of visceromegaly, and long survival. the majority of reported patients belong to the juvenile/adult group and are mainly of japanese origin. mutations in the ctsa gene have been identified. omim: 256540
Neurasthenia: a mental disorder characterized by chronic fatigue and concomitant physiologic symptoms
Neuregulin-1: a peptide factor originally identified by its ability to stimulate the phosphorylation the erbb-2 receptor (receptor, erbb-2). it is a ligand for the erbb-3 receptor (receptor, erbb-3) and the erbb-4 receptor. variant forms of neuregulin-1 occur through alternative splicing of its mrna
Neuregulins: a family of peptides originally found as factors that stimulate the phosphorylation of the erbb-2 receptor (receptors, erbb-2). multiple variant forms of neuregulins occur due to alternative splicing of their mrnas. the neuregulins include products from the three known genes (ngr1; ngr2 and ngr3)
Neurexins: presynaptic cell-adhesion molecules that bind postsynaptic neuroligins to form calcium-dependent trans-synaptic adhesions. neurexins recruit synaptic scaffolding proteins via their pdz domains. distribution and interaction with neuroligins are regulated by alternative splicing. alterations in genes encoding neurexins are associated with cognitive diseases such autism spectrum disorder; schizophrenia and pitt-hopkins-like syndrome 2
Neurilemma: the outermost cytoplasmic layer of the schwann cells covering nerve fibers
Neurilemmoma: a neoplasm that arises from schwann cells of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (from devita jr et al., cancer: principles and practice of oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)
Neurites: in tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. these projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. neurite may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell
Neuritis: a general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia
Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental: an experimental animal model for the demyelinating disease of guillaine-barre syndrome. in the most frequently used protocol, animals are injected with a peripheral nerve tissue protein homogenate. after approximately 2 weeks the animals develop a neuropathy secondary to a t cell-mediated autoimmune response directed towards the myelin p2 protein in peripheral nerves. pathologic findings include a perivascular accumulation of macrophages and t lymphocytes in the peripheral nervous system, similar to that seen in the guillaine-barre syndrome. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1314; j neuroimmunol 1998 apr 1;84(1):40-52)
Neuro-Oncological Ventral Antigen: they are rna-binding proteins involved in mrna processing. these are essential in gene regulation, including splicing, translation, transport, stability, and degradation of rna
Neuroacanthocytosis: an inherited autosomal disorder that is characterized by neurodegeneration; orofacial and buccal dyskinesias; chorea; and thorny-looking red cells (acanthocytes). this disorder is due to mutations of chorein which is important in protein trafficking and is encoded by vps13a on chromosome 9q21
Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques: methods used to label and follow the course of neural pathways by axonal transport of injected neuronal tract-tracers
Neuroanesthesia: anesthesia method that deals with the complexities of the physiology and pharmacology of the nervous system when providing anesthesia for patients undergoing neurological procedures
Neuroaspergillosis: infections of the nervous system caused by fungi of the genus aspergillus, most commonly aspergillus fumigatus. aspergillus infections may occur in immunocompetent hosts, but are more prevalent in individuals with immunologic deficiency syndromes. the organism may spread to the nervous system from focal infections in the lung, mastoid region, sinuses, inner ear, bones, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and heart. sinus infections may be locally invasive and enter the intracranial compartment, producing meningitis, fungal; cranial neuropathies; and abscesses in the frontal lobes of the brain. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1998, ch 27, pp62-3)
Neuroaxonal Dystrophies: a nonspecific term referring both to the pathologic finding of swelling of distal portions of axons in the brain and to disorders which feature this finding. neuroaxonal dystrophy is seen in various genetic diseases, vitamin deficiencies, and aging. infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by arrested psychomotor development at 6 months to 2 years of age, ataxia, brain stem dysfunction, and quadriparesis. juvenile and adult forms also occur. pathologic findings include brain atrophy and widespread accumulation of axonal spheroids throughout the neuroaxis, peripheral nerves, and dental pulp. (from davis & robertson, textbook of neuropathology, 2nd ed, p927)
Neuroaxonal dystrophy renal tubular acidosis: cns disorder characterized by severe behavioral retardation, hypotonia, inability to talk, marked tremors, gait disturbances and inability to concentrate or acidify the urine, with growth delay
Neurobehavioral Manifestations: signs and symptoms of higher cortical dysfunction caused by organic conditions. these include certain behavioral alterations and impairments of skills involved in the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge or information
Neurobiology: the study of the structure, growth, activities, and functions of neurons and the nervous system
Neuroblastoma: a common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. this tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (from devita et al., cancer: principles and practice of oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; curr opin oncol 1998 jan;10(1):43-51)
Neurocalcin: a neuronal calcium sensor protein that is expressed as several isoforms and can interact with actin; tubulin; and clathrin
Neurocan: a hyalectin family member that is expressed in neuronal tissue and plays a role in neuronal cell adhesion
Neurochemistry: the study of the composition, chemical structures, and chemical reactions of the nervous system or its components
Neurocirculatory Asthenia: a clinical syndrome characterized by palpitation, shortness of breath, labored breathing, subjective complaints of effort and discomfort, all following slight physical exertion. other symptoms may be dizziness, tremulousness, sweating, and insomnia. neurocirculatory asthenia is most typically seen as a form of anxiety disorder
Neurocognitive Disorders: diagnoses of dementia and amnestic disorder are subsumed here. (dsm-5)
Neurocutaneous Syndromes: a group of disorders characterized by ectodermal-based malformations and neoplastic growths in the skin, nervous system, and other organs
Neurocutaneous melanosis: a disorder characterized by the presence of melanin-producing cells within the brain parenchyma or leptomeninges, which may cause neurologic signs and symptoms, such as seizures; hydrocephalus; arachnoid cysts; brain neoplasms, and syringomyelia. occurs as a rare but severe manifestation of congenital melanocytic nevus syndrome (cmns) (omim: 137550). some patients with neurocutaneous melanosis or cmns may develop melanoma. somatic mutations in the nras gene have been identified. omim: 249400
Neurocysticercosis: infection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal structures with the larval forms of the genus taenia (primarily t. solium in humans). lesions formed by the organism are referred to as cysticerci. the infection may be subacute or chronic, and the severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the host immune response and the location and number of lesions. seizures represent the most common clinical manifestation although focal neurologic deficits may occur. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1998, ch27, pp46-50)
Neurocytoma: a benign brain tumor composed of neural elements which most often arise from the septum pellucidum and the walls of the lateral ventricles. immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy evaluations may reveal expression of neuron specific enolase and synaptophysin and cells containing microtubuli, neurosecretory granules, and presynaptic vesicles. (from acta med port 1994 feb;7(2):113-9)
Neurodegeneration Due To Cerebral Folate Transport Deficiency: associated with mutaiton in folr1
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA): a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with onset in childhood that is characterized by parkinson disease-like symptoms, dystonia; and dementia. it is associated with mutations in the pank2 gene (see pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration). omim: 234200
Neurodegenerative Diseases: hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. these disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures
Neurodermatitis: an extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. it varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. the circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus
Neurodevelopmental Disorders: these are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. the disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (from dsm-5)
Neuroectodermal Tumor, Melanotic: a benign, rapidly growing, deeply pigmented tumor of the jaw and occasionally of other sites, consisting of an infiltrating mass of cells arranged in an alveolar pattern, and occurring almost exclusively in infants. its source of origin is in dispute, the various theories giving rise to its several names. (dorland, 27th ed)
Neuroectodermal Tumors: malignant neoplasms arising in the neuroectoderm, the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems, including some glial cells
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive: a group of malignant tumors of the nervous system that feature primitive cells with elements of neuronal and/or glial differentiation. use of this term is limited by some authors to central nervous system tumors and others include neoplasms of similar origin which arise extracranially (i.e., neuroectodermal tumors, primitive, peripheral). this term is also occasionally used as a synonym for medulloblastoma. in general, these tumors arise in the first decade of life and tend to be highly malignant. (from devita et al., cancer: principles and practice of oncology, 5th ed, p2059)
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral: a group of highly cellular primitive round cell neoplasms which occur extracranially in soft tissue and bone and are derived from embryonal neural crest cells. these tumors occur primarily in children and adolescents and share a number of characteristics with ewing sarcoma
Neuroeffector Junction: the synapse between a neuron (presynaptic) and an effector cell other than another neuron (postsynaptic). neuroeffector junctions include synapses onto muscles and onto secretory cells
Neuroendocrine Cells: specialized neurons that produce hormones, such as neuropeptides or biogenic amines. they generally are in the nervous system, such as hypothalamus, but can be found in other organs or systems. these neurons contain dense neurosecretory granules and proprotein convertases allowing the rapidly release of neurohormones into the blood circulation upon stimulation
Neuroendocrine Secretory Protein 7B2: an acidic protein found in the neuroendocrine system that functions as a molecular chaperone for proprotein convertase 2
Neuroendocrine Tumors: tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via apud cells), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition
Neuroendocrinology: the study of the anatomical and functional relationships between the nervous system and the endocrine system
Neuroendoscopes: instruments for the visual examination of interior structures related to neurosurgical procedures. there are two broad categories of neuroendoscopes, the rigid scope and the flexible scope, for various types of procedures
Neuroendoscopy: procedures that use neuroendoscopes for disease diagnosis and treatment. neuroendoscopy, generally an integration of the neuroendoscope with a computer-assisted neuronavigation system, provides guidance in neurosurgical procedures
Neuroepithelial Bodies: innervated clusters of neuroepithelial cells found in the lungs. they act as airway oxygen sensors, releasing regulatory peptides and serotonin in response to hypoxia
Neuroepithelial Cells: cells of epithelial origin possessing specialized sensory functions. they include cells that are found in the taste buds; olfactory mucosa; cochlea; and neuroepithelial bodies
Neurofeedback: a technique to self-regulate brain activities provided as a feedback in order to better control or enhance one's own performance, control or function. this is done by trying to bring brain activities into a range associated with a desired brain function or status
Neuroferritinopathy: neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by progressive iron accumulation in the basal ganglia and other brain regions, resulting in movements similar to those observed in parkinsonism and dystonia. age at onset, cognitive involvement, and mode of inheritance are variable. nbia3 is autosomal dominant with age of onset from 13 to 63 years of age and is caused by mutations in the ftl gene. omim: 606159
Neurofibrillary Tangles: abnormal structures located in various parts of the brain and composed of dense arrays of paired helical filaments (neurofilaments and microtubules). these double helical stacks of transverse subunits are twisted into left-handed ribbon-like filaments that likely incorporate the following proteins: (1) the intermediate filaments: medium- and high-molecular-weight neurofilaments; (2) the microtubule-associated proteins map-2 and tau; (3) actin; and (4) ubiquitins. as one of the hallmarks of alzheimer disease, the neurofibrillary tangles eventually occupy the whole of the cytoplasm in certain classes of cell in the neocortex, hippocampus, brain stem, and diencephalon. the number of these tangles, as seen in post mortem histology, correlates with the degree of dementia during life. some studies suggest that tangle antigens leak into the systemic circulation both in the course of normal aging and in cases of alzheimer disease
Neurofibrils: the delicate interlacing threads, formed by aggregations of neurofilaments and neurotubules, coursing through the cytoplasm of the body of a neuron and extending from one dendrite into another or into the axon
Neurofibroma: a moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of schwann cells and fibroblasts that includes portions of nerve fibers. the tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of neurofibromatosis 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1016)
Neurofibroma, Plexiform: a type of neurofibroma manifesting as a diffuse overgrowth of subcutaneous tissue, usually involving the face, scalp, neck, and chest but occasionally occurring in the abdomen or pelvis. the tumors tend to progress, and may extend along nerve roots to eventually involve the spinal roots and spinal cord. this process is almost always a manifestation of neurofibromatosis 1. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1016; j pediatr 1997 nov;131(5):678-82)
Neurofibromatoses: a group of disorders characterized by an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with high rates of spontaneous mutation and multiple neurofibromas or neurilemmomas. neurofibromatosis 1 (generalized neurofibromatosis) accounts for approximately 95% of cases, although multiple additional subtypes (e.g., neurofibromatosis 2, neurofibromatosis 3, etc.) have been described. (from neurochirurgie 1998 nov;44(4):267-72)
Neurofibromatosis 1: an autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic neural crest. multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially optic nerve glioma and neurofibrosarcoma. nf1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the nf1 gene (genes, neurofibromatosis 1) on chromosome 17q. the incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) there is overlap of clinical features with noonan syndrome in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-noonan syndrome. both the ptpn11 and nf1 gene products are involved in the signal transduction pathway of ras (ras proteins)
Neurofibromatosis 2: an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a high incidence of bilateral acoustic neuromas as well as schwannomas (neurilemmoma) of other cranial and peripheral nerves, and other benign intracranial tumors including meningiomas, ependymomas, spinal neurofibromas, and gliomas. the disease has been linked to mutations of the nf2 gene (genes, neurofibromatosis 2) on chromosome 22 (22q12) and usually presents clinically in the first or second decade of life
Neurofibromatosis type 5: rare type of neurofibromatosis characterized by benign tumors that occur on or just under the skin. affected individuals may also have cafe-au-lait spots and other features similar to those of neurofibromatosis i. the affected area can vary in size from a narrow strip to nearly half the body and may occur on either or both sides of the body
Neurofibromatosis, Familial Spinal: mutation in neurofibromin
Neurofibromatosis-Pheochromocytoma-Duodenal Carcinoid Syndrome: does not include npdc syndrome
Neurofibromin 1: a protein found most abundantly in the nervous system. defects or deficiencies in this protein are associated with neurofibromatosis 1, watson syndrome, and leopard syndrome. mutations in the gene (gene, neurofibromatosis 1) affect two known functions: regulation of ras-gtpase and tumor suppression
Neurofibromin 2: a membrane protein homologous to the erm (ezrin-radixin-moesin) family of cytoskeleton-associated proteins which regulate physical properties of membranes. alterations in neurofibromin 2 are the cause of neurofibromatosis 2
Neurofibrosarcoma: a malignant tumor that arises from small cutaneous nerves, is locally aggressive, and has a potential for metastasis. characteristic histopathologic features include proliferating atypical spindle cells with slender wavy and pointed nuclei, hypocellular areas, and areas featuring organized whorls of fibroblastic proliferation. the most common primary sites are the extremities, retroperitoneum, and trunk. these tumors tend to present in childhood, often in association with neurofibromatosis 1. (from devita et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 5th ed, p1662; mayo clin proc 1990 feb;65(2):164-72)
Neurofilament Proteins: type iii intermediate filament proteins that assemble into neurofilaments, the major cytoskeletal element in nerve axons and dendrites. they consist of three distinct polypeptides, the neurofilament triplet. types i, ii, and iv intermediate filament proteins form other cytoskeletal elements such as keratins and lamins. it appears that the metabolism of neurofilaments is disturbed in alzheimer's disease, as indicated by the presence of neurofilament epitopes in the neurofibrillary tangles, as well as by the severe reduction of the expression of the gene for the light neurofilament subunit of the neurofilament triplet in brains of alzheimer's patients. (can j neurol sci 1990 aug;17(3):302)
Neurogenesis: formation of neurons which involves the differentiation and division of stem cells in which one or both of the daughter cells become neurons
Neurogenic Bowel: loss or absence of normal intestinal function due to nerve damage or birth defects. it is characterized by the inability to control the elimination of stool from the body
Neurogenic Inflammation: inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury
Neuroglia: the non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. they not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the blood-brain barrier and blood-retinal barrier, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear
Neuroglobin: a vertebrate globin that is expressed predominantly in the brain where it is involved in oxygen transport. it protects neurons from apoptosis during oxidative stress
Neurogranin: a brain-specific substrate for protein kinase c that binds calmodulin and is involved in regulation of calcium signaling
Neuroimaging: non-invasive methods of visualizing the central nervous system, especially the brain, by various imaging modalities
Neuroimmunomodulation: the biochemical and electrophysiological interactions between the nervous system and immune system
Neurokinin A: a mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. it is similar in structure and action to substance p and neurokinin b with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the bronchi
Neurokinin B: a mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. it is similar in structure and action to substance p and neurokinin a with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the urinary bladder and uterus
Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists: compounds that inhibit or block the activity of neurokinin-1 receptors
Neuroleptanalgesia: a form of analgesia accompanied by general quiescence and psychic indifference to environmental stimuli, without loss of consciousness, and produced by the combined administration of a major tranquilizer (neuroleptic) and a narcotic
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: a potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see antipsychotic agents) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see receptors, dopamine) in the basal ganglia and hypothalamus, and sympathetic dysregulation. clinical features include diffuse muscle rigidity; tremor; high fever; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. serum cpk level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1199; psychiatr serv 1998 sep;49(9):1163-72)