NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Pneumoperitoneum: a condition with trapped gas or air in the peritoneal cavity, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the lung and the gastrointestinal tract, or to recent surgery. pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination
Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial: deliberate introduction of air into the peritoneal cavity
Pneumoradiography: radiography using air, oxygen, or some other gas as a contrast medium
Pneumorrhachis: presence of air or gas within the spinal canal cavity (epidural space; or subarachnoid space). it may result from traumatic injuries, emphysema, infection and other conditions. it can also develop as a complication of various surgical procedures (e.g., myelography)
Pneumothorax: an accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. the gas may also be introduced deliberately during pneumothorax, artificial
Pneumothorax, Artificial: injection of air or a more slowly absorbed gas such as nitrogen, into the pleural cavity to collapse the lung
Pneumovirinae: a subfamily of paramyxoviridae containing two genera: pneumovirus; and metapneumovirus
Pneumovirinae: podčeleď virů čeledi paramyxoviridae. patří sem rody pneumovirus a metapneumovirus
Pneumovirus: a genus of the family paramyxoviridae (subfamily pneumovirinae) where the human and bovine virions have neither hemagglutinin nor neuraminidase activity. respiratory syncytial virus, human is the type species
Pneumovirus: rod virů podčeledi pneumovirinae, čeledi paramyxoviridae. napadají skot a člověka, viriony nemají hemaglutininovou ani neuraminidázovou aktivitu. typovým druhem je lidský respirační syncyciální virus
Pneumovirus Infections: infections with viruses of the genus pneumovirus, family paramyxoviridae. this includes respiratory syncytial virus infections, an important cause of respiratory disease in humans
Poa: a plant genus of the family poaceae that contains the poa p ia allergen and allergen c kbgp
Poa: rod rostlin čeledi poaceae, který obsahuje alergeny c kbgp a poa p ia
Poaceae: a large family of narrow-leaved herbaceous grasses of the order cyperales, subclass commelinidae, class liliopsida (monocotyledons). food grains (edible grain) come from members of this family. rhinitis, allergic, seasonal can be induced by pollen of many of the grasses
Pobřeží slonoviny: stát v západní africe. jeho sousedy jsou burkina faso, ghana, guinea, libérie a mali. leží na pobřeží guinejského zálivu. oficiálním hlavním městem je od roku 1983 yamoussoukro, přesto abidžan zůstává administrativním centrem
Podiatry: a specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of foot disorders and injuries and anatomic defects of the foot
Podocytes: highly differentiated epithelial cells of the visceral layer of bowman capsule of the kidney. they are composed of a cell body with major cell surface extensions and secondary fingerlike extensions called pedicels. they enwrap the kidney glomerulus capillaries with their cell surface extensions forming a filtration structure. the pedicels of neighboring podocytes interdigitate with each other leaving between them filtration slits that are bridged by an extracellular structure impermeable to large macromolecules called the slit diaphragm, and provide the last barrier to protein loss in the kidney
Podophyllin: caustic extract from the roots of podophyllum peltatum and p. emodi. it contains podophyllotoxin and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause cns damage and teratogenesis. it is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses
Podophyllotoxin: a lignan (lignans) found in podophyllin resin from the roots of podophyllum plants. it is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. it is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives
Podophyllum: a genus of poisonous american herbs, family berberidaceae. the roots yield podophyllotoxin and other pharmacologically important agents. the plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. it is different from the european mandrake, mandragora
Podophyllum: rod jedovatých bylin čeledi berberidaceae, rozšířený v severní americe. kořeny obsahují podofylotoxin a další farmakologicky významné látky. droga byla dříve používaná v tradičním lékařství jako cholagogum a projímadlo
Podophyllum peltatum: a plant of the genus podophyllum, family berberidaceae (sometimes classified as podophyllaceae) which is the source of podophyllin and of podophyllotoxin that inhibits dna topoisomerases, type ii. it is different from the european mandrake, mandragora
Podophyllum peltatum: druh bylin rodu podophyllum, čeledi berberidaceae (také někdy klasifikovaný do podophyllaceae). je zdrojem podofylinu a podofylotoxinu, inhibitorů dna-topoisomerasy typu ii
Podoplanin: a cell-surface mucin-like glycoprotein that is encoded by the pdpn gene and is commonly found in the pulmonary alveoli, heart, and endothelium of lymphatic vessels. it interacts with the c-type lectin-like receptor 2 (clec-2), expressed on blood platelets. it may also function in tumor development and progression
Podosomes: actin-rich adhesive structures found at the ventral surface of metazoan endothelial cells. when found in cultured cancer cells they are referred to as invadopodia. these are matrix-degrading structures composed of an actin cytoskeleton core and an integrins-containing ring complex
Podospora: a genus of ascomycete fungi in the order sordariales, which is found on soil and herbivore dung (feces)
Podospora: rod vřeckovýtrusných hub čeledi lasiosphaeriaceae, řádu sordariales. vyskytuje se v půdě a v trusu býložravců
Podoviridae: a family of bacteriophages which are characterized by short, non-contractile tails
Podoviridae: čeleď bakteriofágů charakterizovaných krátkými, nekontraktilními bičíky
Poecilia: a genus of livebearing cyprinodont fish comprising the guppy and molly. some species are virtually all female and depend on sperm from other species to stimulate egg development. poecilia is used in carcinogenicity studies as well as neurologic and physiologic research
Poetry: works that consist of literary and oral genre expressing meaning via symbolism and following formal or informal patterns
Poetry as Topic: works about the literary and oral genre expressing meaning via symbolism and following formal or informal patterns
Pogostemon: genus in the lamiaceae family. volatile oils from several species of pogostemon are used in perfume; insect repellents; and alternative therapies
Pogostemon: rod rostlin čeledi lamiaceae. éterické oleje z některých druhů jsou součástí parfémů, repelentů proti hmyzu a mají řadu dalších uplatnění (aromaterapie, alternativní terapie)
Poikiloderma of Kindler: a hereditary, autosomal recessive form of epidermolysis bullosa.. it is characterized by congenital blistering, skin atrophy, photosensitivity, skin fragility, and scaling; periodontal disease may also occur. mutations in the kind1 gene have been identified. omim: 173650
Poikiloderma with Neutropenia: a disorder characterized by abnormal skin pigmentation regions (poikiloderma), palmoplantar keratoderma; and recurrent infections due to neutropenia. it is associated with mutations in the c16orf57 (usb1) gene. omim: 604173
Point Mutation: a mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. this results in the dna molecule having a change in a single base pair
Point-of-Care Systems: laboratory and other services provided to patients at the bedside. these include diagnostic and laboratory testing using automated information entry
Point-of-Care Testing: allows patient diagnoses in the physician's office, in other ambulatory setting or at bedside. the results of care are timely, and allow rapid treatment to the patient. (from nih fact sheet point-of-care diagnostic testing, 2010.)
Poison Frogs: frogs that sequester and secrete poisons (e.g., batrachotoxins). poison frogs include australian pseudophryne, central and south american dendrobates, epipedobates, and phyllobates and madagascan mantella. melanophyrniscus is a poison toad in the family of bufonidae. all poison dart frogs are from rain forest of western colombia and are members of phyllobates
Poisoning: a condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection, inhalation of or exposure to a deleterious agent
Poisons: substances which, when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed, or when applied to, injected into, or developed within the body in relatively small amounts may, by their chemical action, cause damage to structure or disturbance of function. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Poisson Distribution: a distribution function used to describe the occurrence of rare events or to describe the sampling distribution of isolated counts in a continuum of time or space
Poissonovo rozdělení: rozdělení pravděpodobnosti, které mají náhodné proměnné popisující četnosti jevů s těmito vlastnostmi:1/ to, že jev v daném intervalu (časovém, prostorovém) nastane (nenastane), nezávisí na tom co se stalo jindy nebo jinde; 2/ pro každý časový okamžik je pravděpodobnost jevu v malém časovém intervalu stejná (totéž platí v prostoru); 3/ neexistuje případ, že by nastaly dva jevy přesně v jednom časovém okamžiku nebo místě v prostoru
Pokeweed Mitogens: proteins isolated from the roots of the pokeweed, phytolacca americana, that agglutinate some erythrocytes, stimulate mitosis and antibody synthesis in lymphocytes, and induce activation of plasma cells
Pol1 Transcription Initiation Complex Proteins: factors that form a preinitiation complex at promoters that are specifically transcribed by rna polymerase i
Poland Syndrome: a syndrome which is characterized by symbrachydactyly and aplasia of the sternal head of pectoralis major
Polandův syndrom: dědičný komplex anomálií hrudníku, ramen a dlaní, unilaterální absence sternokostální hlavy u velkého hrudního svalu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Polar Bodies: minute cells produced during development of an oocyte as it undergoes meiosis. a polar body contains one of the nuclei derived from the first or second meiotic cell division. polar bodies have practically no cytoplasm. they are eventually discarded by the oocyte. (from king & stansfield, a dictionary of genetics, 4th ed)
Polarography: an electrochemical technique for measuring the current that flows in solution as a function of an applied voltage. the observed polarographic wave, resulting from the electrochemical response, depends on the way voltage is applied (linear sweep or differential pulse) and the type of electrode used. usually a mercury drop electrode is used
Polgel: contains copolymerized acrylamide & methylene bis(acrylamide) in the presence of agar & antibiotic
Police: agents of the law charged with the responsibility of maintaining and enforcing law and order among the citizenry
Policy Making: the decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures
Polidocanol: an alkyl polyglycol ether of lauryl alcohol, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12-14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. it is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of esophageal and gastric varices and varicose veins
Poliomyelitis: an acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (poliovirus). usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. the central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse fasciculation and hyporeflexia. motor neurons are primarily affected. encephalitis may also occur. the virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. a rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)
Poliomyelitis, Bulbar: a form of paralytic poliomyelitis affecting neurons of the medulla oblongata of the brain stem. clinical features include impaired respiration, hypertension, alterations of vasomotor control, and dysphagia. weakness and atrophy of the limbs and trunk due to spinal cord involvement is usually associated. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p765)
Poliovirus: a species of enterovirus which is the causal agent of poliomyelitis in humans. three serotypes (strains) exist. transmission is by the fecal-oral route, pharyngeal secretions, or mechanical vector (flies). vaccines with both inactivated and live attenuated virus have proven effective in immunizing against the infection
Poliovirus: druh viru rodu enterovirus, který je původcem poliomyelitidy člověka. existují tři sérotypy (kmeny). k přenosu dochází fekálně-orální cestou, faryngeálními sekrety nebo mechanicky (mouchami). efektivní imunizaci proti této infekci poskytují inaktivované i živé oslabené vakcíny
Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated: a suspension of formalin-inactivated poliovirus grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture and used to prevent poliomyelitis
Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral: a live vaccine containing attenuated poliovirus, types i, ii, and iii, grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture, used for routine immunization of children against polio. this vaccine induces long-lasting intestinal and humoral immunity. killed vaccine induces only humoral immunity. oral poliovirus vaccine should not be administered to immunocompromised individuals or their household contacts. (dorland, 28th ed)
Poliovirus Vaccines: vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis. they include inactivated (poliovirus vaccine, inactivated) and oral vaccines (poliovirus vaccine, oral)
Political Activism: active involvement in the political process including promoting, impeding or raising awareness of a certain issue or set of issues
Political Systems: the units based on political theory and chosen by countries under which their governmental power is organized and administered to their citizens
Politicization: generally an issue or an institution emerging into the sphere of politics such as making previously unpolitical matters political. (tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13501763.2019.1619188)
Pollen Tube: a growth from a pollen grain down into the flower style which allows two sperm to pass, one to the ovum within the ovule, and the other to the central cell of the ovule to produce endosperm of seeds
Pollination: the transfer of pollen grains (male gametes) to the plant ovule (female gamete)
Polo-Like Kinase 1: plays a crucial role in the regulation of proliferative activity of normal and malignant cells. proposed as a new target for antineoplastic treatment strategies
Polo-like Kinases: protein serine-threonine kinases which regulate entry into m phase, spindle pole biogenesis and function, mitotic chromosome dynamics, mitotic exit, and cytokinesis. they contain a characteristic polo-box protein interaction domain
Polonium: a radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. it has the atomic symbol po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209po) is 208.98. it decays by alpha-emission
Poloxalene: a copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. it is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat
Poloxamer: a nonionic polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block co-polymer with the general formula ho(c2h4o)a(-c3h6o)b(c2h4o)ah. it is available in different grades which vary from liquids to solids. it is used as an emulsifying agent, solubilizing agent, surfactant, and wetting agent for antibiotics. poloxamer is also used in ointment and suppository bases and as a tablet binder or coater. (martindale the extra pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
Polsko: stát ve střední evropě, východně od německa. hlavní město je varšava
Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1: a poly(adp-ribose) polymerase that contains two zinc fingers in its n-terminal dna-binding region. it modifies nuclear proteins involved in chromatin architecture and base excision repair with poly adenosine diphosphate ribose
Poly A: a group of adenine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each adenine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties
Poly A-U: a double-stranded polyribonucleotide comprising polyadenylic and polyuridylic acids
Poly ADP Ribosylation: post-translational modification of proteins with poly adenosine diphosphate ribose
Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: a polynucleotide formed from the adp-ribose moiety of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (nad) by poly(adp-ribose) polymerases
Poly C: a group of cytosine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each cytosine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties
Poly G: a group of guanine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each guanine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties
Poly I: a group of inosine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each inosine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties
Poly I-C: interferon inducer consisting of a synthetic, mismatched double-stranded rna. the polymer is made of one strand each of polyinosinic acid and polycytidylic acid
Poly R-481: red polymeric dye consisting of an anthrapyridone chromophore linked to an acetylated polyaminoethylene-sodium ethylene sulfonate copolymer backbone
Poly T: a group of thymine nucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each thymine nucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties
Poly U: a group of uridine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each uridine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties
Poly dA-dT: polydeoxyribonucleotides made up of deoxyadenine nucleotides and thymine nucleotides. present in dna preparations isolated from crab species. synthetic preparations have been used extensively in the study of dna
Poly(A)-Binding Protein I: a poly(a) binding protein that has a variety of functions such as mrna stabilization and protection of rna from nuclease activity. although poly(a) binding protein i is considered a major cytoplasmic rna-binding protein it is also found in the cell nucleus and may be involved in transport of mrnp particles
Poly(A)-Binding Protein II: a poly(a) binding protein that is involved in promoting the extension of the poly a tails of mrna. the protein requires a minimum of ten adenosine nucleotides in order for binding to mrna. once bound it works in conjunction with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor to stimulate the rate of poly a synthesis by poly a polymerase. once poly-a tails reach around 250 nucleotides in length poly(a) binding protein ii no longer stimulates polyadenylation. mutations within a gcg repeat region in the gene for poly(a) binding protein ii have been shown to cause the disease muscular dystrophy, oculopharyngeal
Poly(A)-Binding Proteins: proteins that bind to the 3' polyadenylated region of mrna. when complexed with rna the proteins serve an array of functions such as stabilizing the 3' end of rna, promoting poly(a) synthesis and stimulating mrna translation
Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors: chemicals and drugs that inhibit the action of poly(adp-ribose)polymerases
Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases: enzymes that catalyze the transfer of multiple adp-ribose groups from nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (nad) onto protein targets, thus building up a linear or branched homopolymer of repeating adp-ribose units i.e., poly adenosine diphosphate ribose
Poly(methyloctadecylsiloxane): immobilized on silica by gamma radiation for use in solid-phase extraction
Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Motif: a protein motif 22 to 26 amino acids in length that binds poly(adp ribose) polymers through non-covalent interactions. it is characterized by basic and hydrophobic residues that frequently include alanine; valine; isoleucine; or leucine and flank lysine and arginine amino acids
Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Proteins: proteins that contain poly-adp ribose binding motifs. they include histones and other proteins that function in dna repair, replication, gene transcription, and apoptosis
Polyacetylene Polymer: a conducting polyene polymer that consists of alternating single and double bonds. this alkene is formed by the oxidative polymerization of acetylene (an alkyne)
Polyadenylation: the addition of a tail of polyadenylic acid (poly a) to the 3' end of mrna (rna, messenger). polyadenylation involves recognizing the processing site signal, (aauaaa), and cleaving of the mrna to create a 3' oh terminal end to which poly a polymerase (polynucleotide adenylyltransferase) adds 60-200 adenylate residues. the 3' end processing of some messenger rnas, such as histone mrna, is carried out by a different process that does not include the addition of poly a as described here
Polyalthia: a plant genus of the family annonaceae. members contain 8-oxopolyalthiaine
Polyalthia: rod rostlin čeledi annonaceae. zástupci obsahují 8-oxopolyalthiain
Polyamine Oxidase: an fad-dependent enzyme in the polyamine catabolism pathway that generates hydrogen peroxide. present with high activity in most tissues of vertebrate organisms
Polyamines: amine compounds that consist of carbon chains or rings containing two or more primary amino groups
Polyanetholesulfonate: a compound originally developed as an anticoagulant, but possessing anticomplement action and lowering the bactericidal action of blood. it is used in vitro to inhibit blood coagulation and as a diagnostic reagent to encourage the growth of pathogens in the blood. it is also used to stabilize colloidal solutions such as milk and gelatin. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Polyanhydrides: anhydride polymers with a repeating structure of rc(=o)oc(=o)r. they readily hydrolyze in water making them useful for delayed-action preparations
Polyarteritis Nodosa: a form of necrotizing non-granulomatous inflammation occurring primarily in medium-sized arteries, often with microaneurysms. it is characterized by muscle, joint, and abdominal pain resulting from arterial infarction and scarring in affected organs. polyarteritis nodosa with lung involvement is called churg-strauss syndrome
Polybrominated Biphenyls: biphenyl compounds which are extensively brominated. many of these compounds are toxic environmental pollutants
Polycarboxylate Cement: water-soluble low-molecular-weight polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid that form solid, insoluble products when mixed with specially prepared zno powder. the resulting cement adheres to dental enamel and is also used as luting agent
Polychaeta: a class of marine annelids including sandworms, tube worms, clamworms, and fire worms. it includes also the genus myxicola infundibulum
Polychaeta: fylogeneticky starší třída kmene kroužkovců. žijí většinou v moři. některé skupiny mají homonomní segmentaci (vnější uspořádání článků odpovídá uspořádání orgánů uvnitř, např. errantia), další však jsou uspořádány heteronomně (sedentaria). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Polychlorinated Biphenyls: industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. these compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to accumulate in fat stores of animals. many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants
Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins: dibenzodioxin derivatives that contain multiple chloride atoms bound to the benzene ring structures
Polychloroterphenyl Compounds: compounds consisting of three benzene rings linked to each other in either ortho, meta or para positions and substituted with chlorine atoms
Polychondritis, Relapsing: an acquired disease of unknown etiology, chronic course, and tendency to recur. it is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage and can result in deformities such as floppy ear and saddle nose. loss of cartilage in the respiratory tract can lead to respiratory obstruction
Polycomb Repressive Complex 1: a multisubunit polycomb protein complex with affinity for chromatin that contains methylated histone h3. it contains an e3 ubiquitin ligase activity that is specific for histone h2a and works in conjunction with polycomb repressive complex 2 to effect epigenetic repression
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2: a multisubunit polycomb protein complex that catalyzes the methylation of chromosomal histone h3. it works in conjunction with polycomb repressive complex 1 to effect epigenetic repression
Polycomb-Group Proteins: a family of proteins that play a role in chromatin remodeling. they are best known for silencing hox genes and the regulation of epigenetic processes
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: aromatic hydrocarbons that contain extended fused-ring structures
Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes: sesquiterpenes that contain two or more ring structures
Polycystic Kidney Diseases: hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed cysts within the kidneys. they include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant: kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple cysts in both kidneys with progressive deterioration of renal function
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive: a genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance, characterized by multiple cysts in both kidneys and associated liver lesions. serious manifestations are usually present at birth with high perinatal mortality
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a complex disorder characterized by infertility, hirsutism; obesity; and various menstrual disturbances such as oligomenorrhea; amenorrhea; anovulation. polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. the term, polycystic ovary, is misleading
Polycystic kidneys, severe infantile with tuberous sclerosis: pkdts not included
Polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy: a rare hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by cyst-like bone changes visible on x-rays beginning in the patient's 20s as well as bone fractures and pain in the ankles, feet, wrists, and hands. brain abnormalities present in the patient's 30s and are characterized by leukoencephalopathy, cognitive and behavioral changes, dementia and ataxia. mutations in the tyrobp and trem2 genes have been identified. omim: 221770
Polycystic liver disease: a predominantly autosomal dominant hereditary condition characterized by multiple cysts of various sizes in the liver of affected patients. may also occur together with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. germline mutations in prkcsh and sec63 genes have been identified. omim: 174050
Polycythemia: an increase in the total red cell mass of the blood. (dorland, 27th ed)
Polycythemia Vera: a myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). in time myelofibrosis occurs
Polydactyly: a congenital anomaly of the hand or foot, marked by the presence of supernumerary digits
Polydactyly, Postaxial: polydactyly characterized by a well-formed extra digit that articulates with the fifth or a sixth metacarpal (type a); or by a poorly developed extra digit (type b). both types occur at significantly higher frequency in african and african-american populations and are caused by mutations in the gli3 gene. omim: 174200
Polydeoxyribonucleotides: a group of 13 or more deoxyribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties
Polydioxanone: an absorbable suture material used also as ligating clips, as pins for internal fixation of broken bones, and as ligament reinforcement for surgically managed ligament injuries. its promising characteristics are elasticity, complete biodegradability, and lack of side effects such as infections
Polydipsia: excessive thirst manifested by excessive fluid intake. it is characteristic of many diseases such as diabetes mellitus; diabetes insipidus; and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. the condition may be psychogenic in origin
Polydipsia, Psychogenic: a clinical disorder characterized by excessive fluid intake (polydipsia); hyponatremia; and polyuria in schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. impaired water metabolism in psychogenic polydipsia can result in water intoxication
Polydnaviridae: a family of insect viruses isolated from endoparasitic hymenopteran insects belonging to the families ichneumonidae and braconidae. the two genera are ichnovirus and bracovirus
Polydnaviridae: čeleď hmyzích virů, které byly izolovány z endoparazitického blanokřídlého hmyzu čeledí ichneumonidae a braconidae. obsahuje rody ichnovirus a bracovirus
Polyelectrolytes: naturally occurring or artificially made water-soluble polymers whose repeating units are ionizable. polyelectrolytes demonstrate attributes that are typical of salts, such as electrical conductivity, and typical of polymers, such as viscosity
Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune: autoimmune diseases affecting multiple endocrine organs. type i is characterized by childhood onset and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (candidiasis, chronic mucocutaneous), while type ii exhibits any combination of adrenal insufficiency (addison's disease), lymphocytic thyroiditis (thyroiditis, autoimmune;), hypoparathyroidism; and gonadal failure. in both types organ-specific antibodies against a variety of endocrine glands have been detected. the type ii syndrome differs from type i in that it is associated with hla-a1 and b8 haplotypes, onset is usually in adulthood, and candidiasis is not present
Polyenes: hydrocarbons with more than one double bond. they are a reduced form of polyynes
Polyesters: polymers of organic acids and alcohols, with ester linkages--usually polyethylene terephthalate; can be cured into hard plastic, films or tapes, or fibers which can be woven into fabrics, meshes or velours
Polyether Compounds: organic polymers that consist of molecules that are joined together by single bonded oxygen atoms
Polyether Polyketides: polycyclic polyketides with distinctive ladder shaped multiple polyether motifs. in streptomyces polycyclic polyketide backbones are assembled by type i modular polyketide synthases which then are modified by epoxidase and epoxide hydrolase to achieve their stereochemistry. polyether ionophore antibiotics coordinate alkali metal cations with their multiple oxygen atoms which disturbs sodium/potassium concentration gradient. they are widely used to treat and control coccidiosis. structurally related marine ladder polyethers are neurotoxins
Polyether Toxins: polycyclic polyether polyketides most often produced by marine organisms, e.g., dinoflagellates. many polyether marine toxins are ionophores and neurotoxins and responsible for seafood poisoning
Polyethylene: a vinyl polymer made from ethylene. it can be branched or linear. branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses
Polyethylene Glycols: polymers of ethylene oxide and water, and their ethers. they vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. they are used as surfactants, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. some specific groups are nonoxynols, octoxynols, and poloxamers
Polyethylene Terephthalates: polyester polymers formed from terephthalic acid or its esters and ethylene glycol. they can be formed into tapes, films or pulled into fibers that are pressed into meshes or woven into fabrics
Polyethyleneimine: strongly cationic polymer that binds to certain proteins; used as a marker in immunology, to precipitate and purify enzymes and lipids. synonyms: aziridine polymer; epamine; epomine; ethylenimine polymer; montrek; pei; polymin(e)
Polyethylenes: synthetic thermoplastics that are tough, flexible, inert, and resistant to chemicals and electrical current. they are often used as biocompatible materials for prostheses and implants
Polygala: a plant genus of the family polygalaceae that contains onjisaponins, xanthones, pyrones, and benzophenones. the name is similar to other snakeroots such as asarum; sanicula; aristolochia; ageratina; and others
Polygala: rod rostlin čeledi polygalaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují onjisaponiny, xanthony, pyrony a benzofenony
Polygalaceae: a plant family of the order polygalales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida
Polygalaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu bobotvaré (fabales). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Polygalacturonase: a cell wall-degrading enzyme found in microorganisms and higher plants. it catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-d-galactosiduronic linkages in pectate and other galacturonans. ec 3.2.1.15
Polygeline: a 3.5 per cent colloidal solution containing urea-cross-linked polymerized peptides. it has a molecular weight of approximately 35,000 and is prepared from gelatin and electrolytes. the polymeric solution is used as a plasma expander
Polyglactin 910: a polyester used for absorbable sutures & surgical mesh, especially in ophthalmic surgery. 2-hydroxy-propanoic acid polymer with polymerized hydroxyacetic acid, which forms 3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-dione polymer with 1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione copolymer of molecular weight about 80,000 daltons
Polyglutamic Acid: a peptide that is a homopolymer of glutamic acid
Polyglycolic Acid: a biocompatible polymer used as a surgical suture material
Polygonaceae: the only family of the buckwheat order (polygonales) of dicotyledonous flowering plants. it has 40 genera of herbs, shrubs, and trees
Polygonaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu caryophyllales (hvozdíkotvaré). v klasické taxonomii byly řazeny nejčastěji do samostatného řádu rdesnotvaré (polygonales) v rámci nadřádu caryophyllanae. jsou to byliny i dřeviny, rozšířené po celém světě. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Polygonatum: a plant genus of the family asparagaceae. members contain benzoquinones, steroidal saponin, and ribosome-inactivating proteins
Polygonatum: rod rostlin čeledi asparagaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují benzochinony, steroidní saponiny a proteiny inaktivující ribozomy
Polygonum: a plant genus of the family polygonaceae that is an ingredient of shou-wu-pian, a chinese herbal preparation (drugs, chinese herbal). the common name of black bindweed also refers to tamus or fallopia (use polygonaceae)
Polyhydramnios: a condition of abnormally high amniotic fluid volume, such as greater than 2,000 ml in the last trimester and usually diagnosed by ultrasonographic criteria (amniotic fluid index). it is associated with maternal diabetes mellitus; multiple pregnancy; chromosomal disorders; and congenital abnormalities
Polyhydroxyalkanoates: biodegradable microbial polyesters which contain hydroxyacyl monomers. polyhydroxyalkanoates are carbon and energy reserve materials produced and sequestered in cytoplasmic granules called polyhydroxyalkanoate or pha granules by various archaea and bacteria and may additionally provide protective mechanism to the microbes. they are biosynthesized by microbial polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase enzymes using fatty acids or citramalate synthase enzymes using glucose
Polyhydroxybutyrates: a thermostable biopolymer with repeating hydroxybutyryl units. it is typically the most abundant polyhydroxyalkanoate in microbes with pha granules
Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate: a biocompatible, hydrophilic, inert gel that is permeable to tissue fluids. it is used as an embedding medium for microscopy, as a coating for implants and prostheses, for contact lenses, as microspheres in adsorption research, etc
Polyisoprenyl Phosphate Monosaccharides: these compounds function as activated monosaccharide carriers in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and oligosaccharide phospholipids. obtained from a nucleoside diphosphate sugar and a polyisoprenyl phosphate
Polyisoprenyl Phosphate Oligosaccharides: these compounds function as activated glycosyl carriers in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and glycophospholipids. include the pyrophosphates
Polyisoprenyl Phosphate Sugars: compounds functioning as activated glycosyl carriers in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and glycophospholipids. they include the polyisoprenyl pyrophosphates
Polyisoprenyl Phosphates: phosphoric or pyrophosphoric acid esters of polyisoprenoids
Polyketide Synthases: large enzyme complexes composed of a number of component enzymes that are found in streptomyces which biosynthesize macrolides and other polyketides
Polyketides: natural compounds containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups (beta-polyketones), bioenergenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme a via malonyl coenzyme a, in a process similar to fatty acid synthesis
Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer: a co-polymer that consists of varying ratios of polylactic acid and polyglycolic acid. it is used as a matrix for drug delivery and for bone regeneration
Polymem: tradename; an absorbent polymeric membrane dressing; comprised of a urethane prepolymer, glycerol, a nonionic surfactant, and water-soluble components designed to promote fluid retention; used for the treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulcers
Polymenophorea: a class of ciliate protozoa characterized by a well-developed, conspicuous adoral zone of numerous buccal or peristomial organelles, often extending out onto the body surface
Polymenophorea: třída nálevníků charakterizovaných dobře vyvinutou adorální zónou membranel
Polymerase Chain Reaction: in vitro method for producing large amounts of specific dna or rna fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). the essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with dna polymerase. the reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, dna sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships
Polymerization: chemical reaction in which monomeric components are combined to form polymers (e.g., polymethylmethacrylate)
Polymers: compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. these compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., biopolymers; plastics)
Polymethacrylic Acids: poly-2-methylpropenoic acids. used in the manufacture of methacrylate resins and plastics in the form of pellets and granules, as absorbent for biological materials and as filters; also as biological membranes and as hydrogens. synonyms: methylacrylate polymer; poly(methylacrylate); acrylic acid methyl ester polymer
Polymethyl Methacrylate: polymerized methyl methacrylate monomers which are used as sheets, moulding, extrusion powders, surface coating resins, emulsion polymers, fibers, inks, and films (from international labor organization, 1983). this material is also used in tooth implants, bone cements, and hard corneal contact lenses
Polymicrogyria: heterogeneous disorders of cortical malformation characterized by excessive and small fused gyri and shallow sulci of the cortex with abnormal cortical lamination. it is considered a malformation secondary to abnormal post-migrational development of the neurons during cerebral cortical development and is associated with epilepsy and learning difficulties
Polymicrogyria With Optic Nerve Hypoplasia: tuba8 mutations
Polymorphic Catecholaminergic Ventricular Tachycardia: an arrhythmogenic disorder of the heart characterized by irregular heart rhythms in response to physical activity, stress, or catecholamine infusion, often transitioning into ventricular fibrillation
Polymorphism, Genetic: the regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. the concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (polymorphism, single nucleotide) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level
Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length: variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of dna fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide: a single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population
Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational: variation in a population's dna sequence that is detected by determining alterations in the conformation of denatured dna fragments. denatured dna fragments are allowed to renature under conditions that prevent the formation of double-stranded dna and allow secondary structure to form in single stranded fragments. these fragments are then run through polyacrylamide gels to detect variations in the secondary structure that is manifested as an alteration in migration through the gels
Polymyalgia Rheumatica: a syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. women are affected twice as commonly as men and caucasians more frequently than other groups. the condition is frequently associated with giant cell arteritis and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity
Polymyositis: diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. this may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (drug toxicity); connective tissue diseases; infections; malignant neoplasms; and other disorders. the term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. the illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)
Polymyxin B: a mixture of polymyxins b1 and b2, obtained from bacillus polymyxa strains. they are basic polypeptides of about eight amino acids and have cationic detergent action on cell membranes. polymyxin b is used for treatment of infections with gram-negative bacteria, but may be neurotoxic and nephrotoxic
Polymyxins: basic lipopeptide antibiotic group obtained from bacillus polymyxa. they affect the cell membrane by detergent action and may cause neuromuscular and kidney damage. at least eleven different members of the polymyxin group have been identified, each designated by a letter
Polynesia: the collective name for the islands of the central pacific ocean, including the austral islands, cook islands, easter island, hawaii; new zealand; phoenix islands, pitcairn island; samoa; tonga; tuamotu archipelago, wake island, and wallis and futuna islands. polynesians are of the caucasoid race, but many are of mixed origin. polynesia is from the greek poly, many + nesos, island, with reference to the many islands in the group. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p966 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p426)
Polyneuropathies: diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. the pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. the various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance
Polyneuropathy, Hearing Loss, Ataxia, Retinitis Pigmentosa, And Cataract: mutation on abhd12 protein, human
Polynucleotide 5'-Hydroxyl-Kinase: an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to the 5'-terminal hydroxyl groups of dna and rna. ec 2.7.1.78
Polynucleotide Adenylyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of polyadenylic acid from atp. may be due to the action of rna polymerase (ec 2.7.7.6) or polynucleotide adenylyltransferase (ec 2.7.7.19). ec 2.7.7.19
Polynucleotide Ligases: catalyze the joining of preformed ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes. ec 6.5.1
Polynucleotides: biopolymers composed of nucleotides covalently bonded in a chain. the most common examples are dna and rna chains
Polynésie: geografický a kulturní subregion oceánie, tvořený skupinou více než tisíce ostrovů středního a jižního pacifiku. dalšími dvěma subregiony jsou mikronésie a melanésie. mezi četné ostrovy a souostroví polynésie se řadí například havaj, nový zéland, samoa, tonga nebo společenské ostrovy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Polyomaviridae: a family of small, non-enveloped dna viruses, infecting mainly mammals
Polyomaviridae: čeleď malých, neobalených dna virů, které infikují zejména savce
Polyomavirus: a genus of potentially oncogenic viruses of the family polyomaviridae. these viruses are normally present in their natural hosts as latent infections. the virus is oncogenic in hosts different from the species of origin
Polyomavirus: rod virů z čeledi papovaviridae. neobalené dna viry o velikosti cca 45 nm, značně rezistentní k zevním vlivům. jsou známy u zvířat (sv40 u opic, lpv u zeleného kočkodana), lidské p. jsou jc virus a bk virus (tzv. lidský polyomavirus 1, resp. 2). jsou značně rozšířeny, promořenost je vysoká. integrují se do lidského genomu, perzistují v buňkách (ledvin), infekce se aktivuje zejm. u oslabených osob a vylučování močí bývá i u těhotných. viry lze izolovat, používá se zejm. molekulárně biologická diagnostika. stanovení protilátek má spíše význam epidemiologický. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Polyomavirus Infections: infections with polyomavirus, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. excretion of bk virus is associated with ureteral strictures and cystitis, and that of jc virus with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (leukoencephalopathy, progressive multifocal)
Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase: family of enzymes that catalyze the formation of galnacalpha1-serine/threonine linkages in glycoproteins
Polypharmacology: the design or use of pharmaceutical agents that act on multiple targets or disease pathways