NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
MEDLARS: a computerized biomedical bibliographic storage and retrieval system operated by the national library of medicine. medlars stands for medical literature analysis and retrieval system, which was first introduced in 1964 and evolved into an online system in 1971 called medline (medlars online). as other online databases were developed, medlars became the name of the entire nlm information system while medline became the name of the premier database. medlars was used to produce the former printed cumulated index medicus, and the printed monthly index medicus, until that publication ceased in december 2004
MEDLINE: the premier bibliographic database of the national library of medicine. medline® (medlars online) is the primary subset of pubmed and can be searched on nlm's web site in pubmed or the nlm gateway. medline references are indexed with medical subject headings (mesh)
MEF2 Transcription Factors: activating transcription factors of the mads family which bind a specific sequence element (mef2 element) in many muscle-specific genes and are involved in skeletal and cardiac myogenesis, neuronal differentiation and survival/apoptosis
MEHMO syndrome: mental retardation, epileptic seizures, hypogonadism and hypogenitalism, microcephaly, and obesity
MELAS Syndrome: a mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. the cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. vascular headache is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1992, ch56, p117)
MEP regimen: a chemotherapy regimen consisting of above cisplatin, epirubicin & mitomycin; used for treatment of carcinoma of unknown primary origin
MEPH protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of mitomycin c & above 3 cpds
MERRF Syndrome: a mitochondrial encephalomyopathy characterized clinically by a mixed seizure disorder, myoclonus, progressive ataxia, spasticity, and a mild myopathy. dysarthria, optic atrophy, growth retardation, deafness, and dementia may also occur. this condition tends to present in childhood and to be transmitted via maternal lineage. muscle biopsies reveal ragged-red fibers and respiratory chain enzymatic defects. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p986)
MF-D-80: combination of cereal & acid fruit fibers with added powdered milk, sorbic acid, potato starch, magnesium stearate, silicone cellulose oxide, hydroxypropylcellulose, polyethylene glycol
MF59 oil emulsion: an oil-in-water emulsion containing metabolizable oil squalene and the surfactants tween 80 and span 85
MFAV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in the therapy of breast cancer
MFC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of cytarabine, fluorouracil & mitomycin; used for gastric neoplasms
MFC-7 buňky: estrogen responzivní buněčná linie odvozená z lidského metastazujícího adenokarcinomu prsu
MFGE8 protein, human: located on membrane of human milk fat globule; expressed in human breast carcinomas; refseq nm_005928
MFGE8 protein, rat: milk fat globule epidermal growth factor protein, upregulated in rat microglia by fractalkine
MFL combination: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used against metastatic breast cancer
MFL protocol: chemotherapy protocol of above 3 cpds used in advanced colorectal cancer
MFP protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of endometrial carcinoma
MHC antigeny I. třídy: membránové glykoproteiny sestávající z alfa-podjednotky a beta-podjednotky beta-2-mikroglobulinu. vysoce polymorfní geny na chromozomu 6 u lidí kódují alfa-podjednotky antigenů i. třídy a hrají důležitou roli při určování sérologické specifity povrchového antigenu. antigeny i. třídy se nacházejí na většině buněk s jádrem a jsou obecně detekovány na základě reaktivity s aloantisérem. tyto antigeny jsou rozpoznávány při rejekci štěpu a omezují buněčnou lýzu buněk infikovaných virem
MI Fil composite resin: consists of udma, tegdma, bis-mepp, and other ingredients
MICE regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of cisplatin, ifosfamide, vindesine & mitomycin; used in treatment of non-small cell lung cancer
MIFAP regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds and fludarabine for the treatment of relapsed/refractory aggressive non-hodgkin's lymphoma
MIME protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of recurrent or refractory lymphoma
MIMOC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of advanced breast cancer
MINE regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of mitoguazone, ifosfamide, vinorelbine, and etoposide; used as salvage chemotherapy for relapsed and refractory hodgkin's disease
MINE-BOP protocol: a combination chemotherapy protocol consisting of a myelosuppressive phase (ifosfamide, mesna, etoposide, mitoxantrone) and a non-myelosuppressive phase (bleomycin, vincristine, prednisone); used in the treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
MINE-ESHAP protocol: used in the therapy of lymphoma patients; chemotherapy regimen consisting of above cpds
MINOCA: infarkt myokardu bez obstrukční ischemické choroby. příčinou přerušení koronární cirkulace jsou jiné faktory, např. aterosklerotický plak nebo koronární vazospasmus
MINOCA: myocardial infarction in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease. coronary circulation disruption is due to various other factors such as atherosclerotic plaque and coronary vasospasm
MIP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of cisplatin, ifosfamide & mitomycin; used in treatment of non-small cell lung cancer & esophageal carcinoma
MIZE protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of ifosfamide-mesna, idarubicin and etoposide; used in treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
ML-Y1 protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of elderly patients with non-hodgkin's lymphoma
MLL-93 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds as salvage therapy against relapsed or refractory childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia
MMC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used for the treatment of myeloid leukemia
MME protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 3 cpds; used in the therapy of small cell carcinoma of the lung
MMF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of fluorouracil, semustine & mitomycin
MMIP protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
MMM protocol 1: chemotherapy protocol consisting of melphalan, methotrexate & mitomycin for the treatment of breast & lung cancer
MMM protocol 2: chemotherapy protocol consisting of methotrexate, mitoxantrone & mitomycin for the treatment of advanced breast neoplasms
MMPI: a personality inventory consisting of statements to be asserted or denied by the individual. the patterns of response are characteristic of certain personality attributes
MMPI: osobnostní dotazník skládající se z otázek typu pravda-není pravda-nevím. vzory odpovědí jsou charakteristické pro určité osobnostní typy
MMPP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of mcnu, melaphalan, procarbazine, & prednisolone; used in treatment of patients with multiple myeloma
MNCOP-B protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of high & intermediate grate hodgkin's lymphoma
MNSs Blood-Group System: a system of universal human blood group isoantigens with many associated subgroups. the m and n traits are codominant and the s and s traits are probably very closely linked alleles, including the u antigen. this system is most frequently used in paternity studies
MOCCA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of multiple myeloma
MOD protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of mutiple myeloma
MOF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of methyl-ccnu, 5-fluorouracil & vincristine
MOFK protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of mechlorethamine, vincristine, fluorouracil, and actinomycin k
MOMK protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of mechlorethamine, vincristine, methotrexate, & actinomycin k
MOP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 3 cpds; used in treatment of hodgkin's disease
MOP-BAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of hodgkin's disease
MOPA-6 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of canine lymphoma
MOPLACE protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used for the therapy of previously treated hodgkin's disease
MOPLEC protocol: chemotherapy regimen consisting of above cpds; used in the treatment of advanced hodgkin disease
MOPP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treating hodgkins disease; mop is combination without prednisone
MOPP-ABV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in the therapy of hodgkin's disease
MOPP-Bleo protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of hodgkin's disease
MOPPEBVCAD protocol: when associated with conditioned and limited (not adjuvant) radiotherapy, abvd and moppebvcad were superior to stanford v chemotherapy in terms of response rate and ffs and progression-free survival. patients were irradiated less often after moppebvcad, but this regimen was more toxic. abvd is still the best choice when it is combined with optional, limited irradiation
MP combination: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used for the treatment of ige plasma cell leukemia; do not confuse with mp protocol (melphalan and prednisone) nor with mp regimen (methotrexate and cisplatin)
MP regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in the treatment of advanced bladder cancer; do not confuse with mp protocol (melphalan & prednisone) nor with mp combination (melphalan & prednisolone)
MP-1 protein, synthetic: a synthetic protein that models the cytoplasmic domain of integrin alphaiibbeta3; amino acid
MP3 přehrávač: přenosné elektronické zařízení pro ukládání a přehrávání zvukových nebo mediálních souborů (videa, obrázky). mp3 je formát digitálního kódování
MP3-Player: portable electronics device for storing and playing audio and or media files. mp3 for mpeg-1 audio layer 3, is a digital coding format
MP35N alloy: alloy containing cobalt, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, iron, silicon, manganese & titanium; used for surgical implants
MP4CO hemoglobin: a carbon monoxide-releasing molecule consisting of pegylated hemoglobin that is saturated with carbon monoxide
MPCAM polymer: a nanoparticle coating that discourages protein adsorption and phagocytic uptake
MPCCV protocol: for treatment of multiple myeloma; chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 5 cpds
MPEMi protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of breast carcinoma
MPEpiE protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of breast carcinoma
MPEpiV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of breast carcinoma
MPP peptidasa: heterodimerický protein sestávající ze dvou podjednotek, alfa a beta, které se u lidí označují jako pmpca a pmpcb. hraje zásadní roli při odstraňování n-koncové cílové peptidázy z prekurzorových proteinů importovaných do mitochondrií
MPP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of multiple myeloma
MPT-závislá buněčná smrt: forma regulované buněčné smrti, která je zahájena specifickými poruchami nitrobuněčného mikroprostředí (např. těžkým oxidačním stresem a kalciovým přetížením cytosolu). to vede k osmotickému kolapsu mitochondriálních membrán
MPTP Poisoning: a condition caused by the neurotoxin mptp which causes selective destruction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. clinical features include irreversible parkinsonian signs including rigidity and bradykinesia (parkinson disease, secondary). mptp toxicity is also used as an animal model for the study of parkinson disease. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1072; neurology 1986 feb;36(2):250-8)
MQF-OK protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of carbazilquinone, fluorouracil, picibanil & mitomycin
MQF-OK-FT protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of carbazilquinone, fluorouracil, tegafur, picibanil & mitomycin; used in the therapy of advanced gastrointestinal cancers
MQF-OK-UFT protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in the therapy of advanced gastrointestinal cancers
MRB-CFI-1: a nanometric compound of metallic salts and phosphate and associated with a glycosidic protein 420-530 nm in size
MRC AML 10 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia
MRE11 Homologue Protein: a component of the mrn complex along with rad50 and nibrin. together, these perform a critical function in the repair of double-stranded dna breaks; recombinational dna repair; maintenance of telomere integrity and meiosis. mre11, which contains a poly(adp)-ribose binding motif and associates with parp1, possesses single-strand endonuclease activity and double-strand-specific 3'-5' exonuclease activity. mutations in the mre11 gene are associated with ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder 1
MSH Release-Inhibiting Hormone: a hypothalamic tripeptide, enzymatic degradation product of oxytocin, that inhibits the release of melanocyte-stimulating hormones
MSK-NY-II protocol, modified: a modified memorial sloan-kettering-new york ii protocol consisting of the above compounds
MSX1 Transcription Factor: a homeodomain protein that interacts with tata-box binding protein. it represses genetic transcription of target genes and plays a critical role in odontogenesis
MT resin: consists of only methylmethacrylate & tri-n-butylborane
MTAD (intracanal irrigant): a mixture of doxycycline, citric acid & teeen-80
MTF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of breast neoplasms
MTOR Inhibitors: agents that inhibit the activity of tor serine-threonine kinases
MTV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the thiotepa, vindesine & mitomycin; used in treatment of breast cancer
MTX-CHOP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of advanced hodgkin's disease
MV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of bronchogenic carcinoma
MV protocol 2: chemotherapy protocol consisting of vindesine & mitomycin; used in the treatment of symptomatic advanced non-small-cell lung cancer
MV2 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of mitoxantrone, etoposide, mitoguazone, and vinblastine; used in the treatment of malignant lymphoma and hodgkin's disease
MV26PD protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of methotrexate, vm-26 (teniposide), procarbazine, & dexamethasone; used in treatment of patients with non-hodgkin's lymphoma
MVC protocol 2: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; use for treatment of hodgkin's disease
MVC regimen: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of vinblastine, carboplatin & mitomycin; used for the treatment of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer
MVF protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used with leucovorin modulation as induction chemotherapy prior to high-dose intensification in metastatic breast cancer
MVLBG2 dendrimer: a hexadecavalent cationic lipid
MVLP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of relapsed non-hodgkin's lymphoma
MVMF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of tegafur methotrexate, vincristine & mitomycin; used in treatment of breast cancer
MVMJ protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in treatment of bladder cancer
MVP protocol 1: chemotherapy protocol consisting of progesterone, vinblastine & mitomycin; used in treatment of advanced ovarian cancer
MVP protocol 2: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in treatment of non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma
MVP-CAB protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of metastatic transitional cell carcinoma
MVPF protocol: chemotherapy regimen that contains fluorouracil, procarbazine, procarbazine & mitomycin; used in the treatment of bronchogenic adenocarcinoma
MVPP-Bleo protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of lymphoma
MVT protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of locally advanced & metastatic breast cancer
MXN-004: a conjugate of polyethylene glycol and sn38; has antineoplastic activity
MYD88 Deficiency: a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the myd88 gene that result in susceptibility to severe, life-threatening, recurrent pyogenic bacterial infections in affected children, including invasive pneumococcal disease. omim: 612260
MYH9-Related Disorders: a spectrum of disorders caused by mutations in the myh9 gene (omim: 160775) and characterized by thrombocytopenia, large platelets, and distinct lleukocyte inclusions (dohle-like bodies); sensorineural deafness, cataracts, and nephritis may also occur
MYND Domains: zinc finger domains (named for myeloid, nervy and deaf-1) that occur in a variety of eukaryotic proteins, including runt-related transcription factor 1 . they are characterized by a cluster of cysteine and histidine residues with conserved spacing that forms the zinc-binding motif and have beta-beta-alpha (see beta-sheet and alpha-helix) topology, similar to lim domains (see lim domain proteins) and ring finger domains. mynd domains function as protein interaction motifs and have affinity for proline-rich protein domains
MYND doména: domény zinkového prstu (pojmenovány po myeloidní, nervové a deaf-1), které se vyskytují v různých eukaryotických proteinech včetně proteinu runx1. jsou charakterizované klastrem cysteinových a histidinových zbytků s konzervovaným rozestupem, který tvoří vazebný motiv. mají beta-beta-alfa topologii podobnou doménám lim a doménám ring-prstů. mynd domény zajišťují proteinové interakce a mají afinitu k proteinovým doménám bohatým na prolin
Maackia: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. it contains a hemagglutinin
Maackia: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují hemaglutinin
Mac Bond II: a dentin bonding system composed of primer (mac-10, acetone, ethanol, methacryloyloxyalkylacid phosphate, water); bonding resin (mac-10, hydroxyethyl methacrylate (hema), bis-gma, tegdma and photoinitiator) & resin composite (bis-gma, tegma & filler)
MacKay Shek Carr syndrome: retinal degeneration with nanophthalmos, cystic macular degeneration, and angle closure glaucoma
Macaca: a genus of the subfamily cercopithecinae, family cercopithecidae, consisting of 16 species inhabiting forests of africa, asia, and the islands of borneo, philippines, and celebes
Macaca: rod úzkonosých opic z čeledi kočkodanovití (cercopithecidae). je známo celkem 26 druhů, z toho některé jsou již vyhynulé. makakové se vyskytují v jižní a jihovýchodní asii včetně ostrovních oblastí (sulawesi, malé sundy, filipíny, japonsko), na severozápadě afriky a jeden druh, magot bezocasý (m. sylvanus), se vyskytuje na gibraltaru v evropě. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Macaca arctoides: a species of the genus macaca inhabiting india, china, and other parts of southern asia. the species is characterized by its thick brown fur covering most of its body except the face and short tail
Macaca arctoides: druh úzkonosých primátů rodu macaca. makak medvědí se vyskytuje v jihovýchodní asii, od indočíny, jako je indie, čína, myanmar, thajsko, až k malajskému souostroví. srst je hustá a dlouhá, krátký ocas a obličej je lysý. tváře bývají sytě růžové, s přibývajícím věkem tmavnou až do hněda. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Macaca fascicularis: a species of the genus macaca which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the malay peninsula
Macaca fascicularis: úzkonosý primát z čeledi kočkodanovití (cercopithecidae) a rodu makak (macaca). ve volné přírodě se vyskytuje především v různých typech lesů. nebojí se vody, dovede výtečně plavat a hledá v ní i část své potravy. schopnost adaptovat se na různá prostředí mu umožnila, aby se rozšířil po téměř celé jihovýchodní asii. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Macaca fuscata: a species of the genus macaca characterized by red naked face. m. fuscata is primarily ground-dwelling in forest and mountains often near hot springs in japan
Macaca mulatta: a species of the genus macaca inhabiting india, china, and other parts of asia. the species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans
Macaca mulatta: úzkonosý primát z čeledi kočkodanovití. má sedm poddruhů. žije v asii od afganistanu přes indií, barmu, thajsko až po vietnam a jižní čínu. obývá celou řadu biotopů od tropických pralesů, přes polopouště a bažinaté oblasti, od nížin až po horská pásma do 3000 metrů n. m. jsou to primáti, kteří jsou nejčastěji využíváni k laboratorním pokusům. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Macaca nemestrina: a species of the genus macaca which inhabits malaya, sumatra, and borneo. it is one of the most arboreal species of macaca. the tail is short and untwisted
Macaca radiata: a species of macaque monkey that mainly inhabits the forest of southern india. they are also called bonnet macaques or bonnet monkeys
Macaca radiata: úzkonosý primát z čeledi kočkodanovití (cercopithecidae) a rodu makak (macaca). tento primát se vyskytuje v jižní indii. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Macadamia: a plant genus of the family proteaceae that is the source of edible nuts
Macadamia: rod rostlin čeledi proteaceae. druhy makadamie celolistá a macadamia tetraphylla jsou pěstovány pro jádra plodů, známá jako makadamiové ořechy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Macao: bývalá portugalská kolonie, od roku 1999 zvláštní správní oblast čínské lidové republiky. rozprostírá se při ústí perlové řeky do jihočínského moře, 60 kilometrů západně od hongkongu. území macaa sestává ze stejnojmenného poloostrova macao a dvou historických ostrůvků taipa a coloane. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Macau: special administrative region of the people's republic of china since december 20, 1999 with its own constitution. the island of macau and adjacent islands are located off the southeast coast of china
Machado-Joseph Disease: a dominantly-inherited ataxia first described in people of azorean and portuguese descent, and subsequently identified in brazil, japan, china, and australia. this disorder is classified as one of the spinocerebellar ataxias (type 3) and has been associated with a mutation of the mjd1 gene on chromosome 14. clinical features include progressive ataxia, dysarthria, postural instability, nystagmus, eyelid retraction, and facial fasciculations. dystonia is prominent in younger patients (referred to as type i machado-joseph disease). type ii features ataxia and ocular signs; type iii features muscular atrophy and a sensorimotor neuropathy; and type iv features extrapyramidal signs combined with a sensorimotor neuropathy. (from clin neurosci 1995;3(1):17-22; ann neurol 1998 mar;43(3):288-96)
Machado-Josephova nemoc: autozomálně dominantní ataxie poprvé popsaná u lidí azorského a portugalského původu a následně identifikovaná v brazílii, japonsku, číně a austrálii. tato porucha je řazena do skupiny spinocerebelárních ataxií (typ 3) a souvisí s mutací genu mjd1 na chromozomu 14. klinické rysy zahrnují progresivní ataxii, dysartrii, posturální nestabilitu, nystagmus, retrakci víček a obličejovou fascikulaci, dystonie je významná u mladších pacientů (machado-josephova nemoc typu i). typ ii je nápadný ataxií a očními příznaky. typ iii se projevuje svalovou atrofií a senzorimotorickou neuropatií a typ iv vykazuje extrapyramidové příznaky spojené se senzorimotorickou neuropatií
Machine Learning: a type of artificial intelligence that enable computers to independently initiate and execute learning when exposed to new data
Machine Learning Algorithms: a class of algorithms which enables a computer to learn as it goes, thereby accomplishing its goal without being explicitly programmed to do so
Maclura: a plant genus of the family moraceae. members contain maclurin, antifungal chalcones, and other compounds
Maclura: rod rostlin čeledi moraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují maklurin, antifungální chalkony a další sloučeniny
Macro-Prep 50Q: macroporous, methacrylate-based anion exchanger
Macroautophagy: the segregation of large parts of the cytoplasm, including organelles and protein aggregates, into autophagosomes and lysosomal degradation after fusion with lysosomes
Macrocyclic Compounds: cyclic compounds with a ring size of approximately 1-4 dozen atoms
Macrocystis: a genus of brown algae in the family lessoniaceae, and one of the major forms of kelp. the species macrocystis pyrifera, also known as giant kelp, is the largest of the marine algae
Macrocystis: rod hnědých řas čeledi lessoniaceae a významná součást chaluhových lesů. druh macrocystis pyrifera je největší mořskou řasou
Macrodactyly of the hand: a rare congenital condition characterized by abnormally large fingers due to overgrowth of the underlying bone and soft tissue. it usually affects only one hand but multiple fingers and may occur with syndactyly
Macroepiphyseal dysplasia, McAlister Coe type: macroepiphyseal dysplasia with osteoporosis, wrinkled skin, and aged appearance
Macroglobulins: serum globulins with high molecular weight. (dorland, 28th ed)
Macroglossia: the presence of an excessively large tongue, which may be congenital or may develop as a result of a tumor or edema due to obstruction of lymphatic vessels, or it may occur in association with hyperpituitarism or acromegaly. it also may be associated with malocclusion because of pressure of the tongue on the teeth. (from jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992)
Macrolides: a group of often glycosylated macrocyclic compounds formed by chain extension of multiple propionates cyclized into a large (typically 12, 14, or 16)-membered lactone. macrolides belong to the polyketides class of natural products, and many members exhibit antibiotic properties
Macromolecular Substances: compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kda in size. in biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using electron microscopy and are distinguished from organelles by the lack of a membrane structure
Macronucleus: the larger of two types of nuclei in ciliate protozoans. it is the transcriptionally active nucleus of the vegetative cells as distinguished from the smaller transcriptionally inert germline micronucleus
Macrophage Activation: the process of altering the morphology and functional activity of macrophages so that they become avidly phagocytic. it is initiated by lymphokines, such as the macrophage activation factor (maf) and the macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (mmif), immune complexes, c3b, and various peptides, polysaccharides, and immunologic adjuvants
Macrophage Activation Syndrome: a serious complication of childhood systemic inflammatory disorders that is thought to be caused by excessive activation and proliferation of t-lymphocytes and macrophages. it is seen predominantly in children with systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: a mononuclear phagocyte colony-stimulating factor (m-csf) synthesized by mesenchymal cells. the compound stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. m-csf is a disulfide-bonded glycoprotein dimer with a mw of 70 kda. it binds to a specific high affinity receptor (receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor)
Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins: heparin-binding proteins that exhibit a number of inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities. originally identified as secretory products of macrophages, these chemokines are produced by a variety of cell types including neutrophils; fibroblasts; and epithelial cells. they likely play a significant role in respiratory tract defenses
Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors: proteins released by sensitized lymphocytes and possibly other cells that inhibit the migration of macrophages away from the release site. the structure and chemical properties may vary with the species and type of releasing cell
Macrophage-1 Antigen: an adhesion-promoting leukocyte surface membrane heterodimer. the alpha subunit consists of the cd11b antigen and the beta subunit the cd18 antigen. the antigen, which is an integrin, functions both as a receptor for complement 3 and in cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesive interactions
Macrophage-Activating Factors: factors secreted by stimulated lymphocytes that prime macrophages to become nonspecifically cytotoxic to tumors. they also modulate the expression of macrophage cell surface ia antigens. one maf is interferon-gamma. other factors antigenically distinct from ifn-gamma have also been identified
Macrophages: the relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood monocytes. main types are peritoneal macrophages; alveolar macrophages; histiocytes; kupffer cells of the liver; and osteoclasts. they may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to epithelioid cells or may fuse to form foreign body giant cells or langhans giant cells. (from the dictionary of cell biology, lackie and dow, 3rd ed.)
Macrophages, Alveolar: round, granular, mononuclear phagocytes found in the alveoli of the lungs. they ingest small inhaled particles resulting in degradation and presentation of the antigen to immunocompetent cells
Macrophages, Peritoneal: mononuclear phagocytes derived from bone marrow precursors but resident in the peritoneum
Macrophagic myofasciitis: a rare inflammatory myopathy characterized by accumulation of macrophages in muscular fascia without muscle fiber necrosis. it may result from a reaction to intramuscular injections of aluminum-containing vaccines
Macropodidae: a family of herbivorous leaping mammals of australia, new guinea, and adjacent islands. members include kangaroos, wallabies, quokkas, and wallaroos
Macropodidae: druhá největší čeleď vačnatců (po vačicovitých) s 54 druhy v 11 rodech. klokani jsou endemity, kteří žijí v austrálii a tasmánii, nové guineji a na přilehlých ostrovech. obývají nejrůznější biomy, od pouště po deštný prales. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Macrostomia: greatly exaggerated width of the mouth, resulting from failure of union of the maxillary and mandibular processes, with extension of the oral orifice toward the ear. the defect may be unilateral or bilateral. (dorland, 27th ed)
Macula Lutea: an oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. it is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototropic visual acuity. it is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (from cline et al., dictionary of visual science, 4th ed)
Macular Degeneration: degenerative changes in the retina usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the macula lutea) because of damage to the retina. it occurs in dry and wet forms
Macular Degeneration, Age-Related, 2: a hereditary form of macular degeneration that occurs in elderly individuals. it is associated with mutations in the abca4 gene. omim: 153800
Macular Edema: fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the macula lutea that results from intraocular or systemic insults. it may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, diabetic retinopathy, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (from survey of ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)
Macular Pigment: a yellow pigment that accumulates in the macula lutea. it is composed of lutein, meso-zeaxanthin, and zeaxanthin
Mad2 Proteins: mad2 is a component of the spindle-assembly checkpoint apparatus. it binds to and inhibits the cdc20 activator subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex, preventing the onset of anaphase until all chromosomes are properly aligned at the metaphase plate. mad2 is required for proper microtubule capture at kinetochores
Madagascar: one of the indian ocean islands off the southeast coast of africa. its capital is antananarivo. it was formerly called the malagasy republic. discovered by the portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the french, becoming a french protectorate in 1882, a french colony in 1896, and a territory within the french union in 1946. the malagasy republic was established in the french community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. its name was changed to madagascar in 1975. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p714)
Madagaskar: stát ležící na stejnojmenném ostrově v indickém oceánu při jihovýchodním pobřeží kontinentální afriky a na nejbližších přilehlých ostrůvcích. samotný madagaskar je největší ostrov v africe a 4. největší na světě. od nejbližší pevniny (mosambik) ho odděluje 400 km široký mosambický průliv. madagaskar zůstal francouzskou kolonií až do 26. června 1960, kdy získal nezávislost a stal se malgašskou republikou. roku 1975 byl změněn název za současný. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Madelung Deformity: a hereditary osteochondrodysplasia affecting the wrist and forearm, including the distal radius; ulna; and proximal carpal bones. it commonly occurs in leri-weill dyschondrosteosis (omim: 127300), which is associated with mutations in the shox gene located on the pseudoautosomal region of the x and y chrosomosmes; thus, inheritance is autosomal dominant
Madhuca: a plant genus of the family sapotaceae that is the source of mahua oil. members contain oleanene triterpenoid saponins
Madhuca: rod rostlin čeledi sapotaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují oleanenové triterpenoidní saponiny. ze semen druhu madhuca longifolia se získává olej s mnohostranným využitím
Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells: an epithelial cell line derived from a kidney of a normal adult female dog
Madurella: a mitosporic fungal genus that causes mycetoma in humans. madurella grisea and m. mycetomatis are the etiological agents
Madurella: rod mitosporických hub způsobující maduromykózu. původci jsou madurella grisea a m. mycetomatis
Maesa: rod vyšších dvouděložných rostlin čeledi primulaceae, řád ericales
Maf Transcription Factors: maf transcription factors are a family of basic-leucine zipper transcription factors that are closely related to v-maf oncogene protein. the c-maf proto-oncogene protein was the first mammalian maf transcription factor identified, and now the family is known to include a variety of other maf proteins such as mafb transcription factor; maff transcription factor; mafg transcription factor; and mafk transcription factor
Maf Transcription Factors, Large: a family of high molecular weight maf transcription factors that contain distinct activation domains
Maf Transcription Factors, Small: a family of maf transcription factors that lack activation domains. small maf proteins function as transcriptional repressors or form heterodimeric complexes to serve as transcriptional coactivators. small maf proteins include maff, mafg, and mafk
MafB Transcription Factor: a large maf protein that regulates hindbrain development, contributes to cell differentiation of monocytes, and interacts with ets-1 transcription factor
MafF Transcription Factor: a small maf protein that forms dimers with nrf1 protein; nrf2 protein; and p45 nf-e2 protein. maff complexes bind maf recognition elements to regulate tissue-specific genetic transcription
MafG Transcription Factor: mafg is a ubiquitously expressed small maf protein that is involved in cell differentiation of erythrocytes. it dimerizes with p45 nf-e2 protein and activates expression of alpha-globin and beta-globin
MafK Transcription Factor: a small maf protein involved in differentiation of erythroid cells. mafk was originally described as the small subunit of the nf-e2 transcription factor, but other small maf proteins also serve as nf-e2 subunits
Mafenide: a sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme carbonic anhydrase and is used as a topical anti-bacterial agent, especially in burn therapy
Magainins: a class of antimicrobial peptides discovered in the skin of xenopus laevis. they kill bacteria by permeabilizing cell membranes without exhibiting significant toxicity against mammalian cells
Maggot Debridement Therapy: medical use of live maggots for cleaning non-healing wounds
Magic: beliefs and practices concerned with producing desired results through supernatural forces or agents as with the manipulation of fetishes or rituals
MagicFil: a multi-colored, dual-cured compomer with glitter inclusions
Magnaporthe: a genus of fungi, in the family magnaporthaceae of uncertain position (incertae sedis). it is best known for its species, m. grisea, which is one of the most popular experimental organisms of all fungal plant pathogens. its anamorph is pyricularia grisea
Magnaporthe: rod hub čeledi magnaporthaceae, nejasného zařazení (incertae sedis). druh m. grisea je jedním z nejpopulárnějších výzkumných organismů v oblasti fytopatogenních hub. jeho anamorfou je pyricularia grisea
Magnesium: a metallic element that has the atomic symbol mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. it is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in oxidative phosphorylation
Magnesium Chloride: magnesium chloride. an inorganic compound consisting of one magnesium and two chloride ions. the compound is used in medicine as a source of magnesium ions, which are essential for many cellular activities. it has also been used as a cathartic and in alloys
Magnesium Compounds: inorganic compounds that contain magnesium as an integral part of the molecule
Magnesium Deficiency: a nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. in addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (harrison's principles of internal medicine, 12th ed, p1936)
Magnesium Hydroxide: an inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. it acts as an antacid with cathartic effects
Magnesium Oxide: magnesium oxide (mgo). an inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral periclase. in aqueous media combines quickly with water to form magnesium hydroxide. it is used as an antacid and mild laxative and has many nonmedicinal uses
Magnesium Silicates: a generic term for a variety of compounds that contain silicon, oxygen, and magnesium, and may contain hydrogen. examples include talc and some kinds of asbestos
Magnesium Sulfate: a small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. it causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1992, p1083)
Magnetic Field Therapy: the magnetic stimulation of specific target tissues or areas of the body for therapeutic purposes via the application of magnetic fields generated by magnets or electromagnets
Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: synthesized nanoparticles related to iron oxide crystalline structures with magnetic properties useful for biomedical applications. examples include hematite, magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles
Magnetic Resonance Angiography: non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. the technique is used especially in cerebral angiography as well as for studies of other vascular structures
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. the concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine: a type of imaging technique used primarily in the field of cardiology. by coordinating the fast gradient-echo mri sequence with retrospective ecg-gating, numerous short time frames evenly spaced in the cardiac cycle are produced. these images are laced together in a cinematic display so that wall motion of the ventricles, valve motion, and blood flow patterns in the heart and great vessels can be visualized
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Interventional: minimally invasive procedures guided with the aid of magnetic resonance imaging to visualize tissue structures
Magnetic Resonance Myelography: a modified magnetic resonance imaging method for generating myelogram like images, characterized by high signal intensity of the cerebrospinal fluid, which permits visualization of spinal subarachnoid spaces and nerve root sheaths
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. it is employed in clinical applications such as nmr tomography (magnetic resonance imaging)
Magnetite Nanoparticles: synthesized magnetic particles under 100 nanometers used in many biomedical applications including drug delivery systems and contrast agents. the particles are usually coated with a variety of polymeric compounds
Magnetocardiography: the measurement of magnetic fields generated by electric currents from the heart. the measurement of these fields provides information which is complementary to that provided by electrocardiography
Magnetoencephalography: the measurement of magnetic fields over the head generated by electric currents in the brain. as in any electrical conductor, electric fields in the brain are accompanied by orthogonal magnetic fields. the measurement of these fields provides information about the localization of brain activity which is complementary to that provided by electroencephalography. magnetoencephalography may be used alone or together with electroencephalography, for measurement of spontaneous or evoked activity, and for research or clinical purposes
Magnetosomes: membrane-bound prokaryotic organelles of magnetotactic bacteria that contain chains of magnetite crystals which orient the bacteria to geomagnetic fields
Magnetospirillum: a genus of microaerophilic, gram-negative bacteria that forms crystals of the mineral magnetite in special organelles called magnetosomes
Magnetospirillum: rod gramnegativních, mikroaerofilních bakterií, které tvoří anorganické magnetické krystaly ve speciálních organelách označovaných jako magnetozomy
Magnolia: a plant genus of the family magnoliaceae. the germacranolide sesquiterpene lactones costunolide, parthenolide, and costunolide diepoxide have been isolated from the leaves. bark contains honokiol and magnolol. parts are an ingredient of banxia houpo tang
Magnolia: rod rostlin čeledi magnoliaceae (šácholanovité). z listů byly izolovány germakranolidové seskviterpenové laktony kostunolid, parthenolid a diepoxid kostunolidu. kůra obsahuje honokiol a magnolol. je součástí čínské bylinné směsi banxia houpo tang
Magnoliaceae: a plant family of the order magnoliales, subclass magnoliidae, class magnoliopsida. they are trees and shrubs having an elongated conelike floral axis with fragrant flowers that have six tepals (sepals and petals that are not distinctly different) and many spirally arranged stamens
Magnoliaceae: čeleď nižších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu magnoliales (šácholanotvaré), podtřídy magnoliidae, třídy magnoliopsida. opadavé i stále zelené dřeviny s velkými jednoduchými střídavými listy. květy velké, mnohočetné, oboupohlavné. okvětí v počtu 6-18 plátků, nejčastěji nerozlišené nebo i gradující od kališních ke korunním lístkům, spirální nebo ve 3-4 kruzích. tyčinky v hojném počtu. gyneceum svrchní, apokarpní, z mnoha plodolistů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Magnoliopsida: a class of vascular plants which produce flowers and seeds. they include monocotyledons, dicotyledons, and about 80% of all known plant species
Magnoliopsida: třída cévnatých rostlin, které produkují květiny a semena. zahrnuje jednoděložné rostliny, dvouděložné rostliny a asi 80% všech známých druhů rostlin
Mahaimův typ preexcitace: forma komorové preexcitace charakterizovaná normálním pr intervalem a rozšířením komplexu qrs s počáteční vlnou delta. vzruch ze srdečních síní se šíří mahaimovými vlákny, která spojují atrioventrikulární uzel přímo se svalovinou pravé komory (přídatná nodoventrikulární dráha) nebo s hisovým svazkem (přídatná nodofascikulární dráha)
Mahonia: a plant genus in the family berberidaceae. oregon grape was discovered in north america and classified by pursh as a berberis but nuttall claimed it is different enough to call it a new genus, mahonia. now botanists insist on berberis while horticulturists stay with this genus. it is a source of berberine
Mahonia: rod rostlin čeledi berberidaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují berberin. taxonomické pojetí rodu mahonia není v současné botanické literatuře ustálené. rod je některými soudobými autory spojován s rodem dřišťál (berberis). (upraveno podle botany.cz 2020 https://botany.cz/))
Maianthemum: a plant genus of the family asparagaceae. the cluster of flowers at the end of the stalk distinguishes this plant from true solomon's seal (polygonatum), which has flowers that grow along the stem
Maillard Reaction: a group of nonenzymatic reactions in which aldehydes; ketones; or reducing sugars react with the amino groups of amino acids; peptides; proteins; lipids; or nucleic acids.the reaction with reducing sugars (glycation) results in formation of schiff bases which undergo amadori rearrangement and other reactions that result in the irreversible formation of advanced glycation end products (ages). food browning, such as occurs when cooking with high heat (grilling, frying, roasting, etc.) is attributed to the maillard reaction. non-enzymatic glycation and subsequent formation of ages also occurs in vivo and is accelerated under hyperglycemic and inflammatory conditions, and oxidative stress
Maillardova reakce: skupina neenzymatických reakcí mezi karbonylovými skupinami, obvykle redukujícími sacharidy nebo produkty jejich degradace a aminoskupinami, často aminokyselinami, nebo bílkovinami. ireverzibilně dochází ke vzniku produktů pokročilé glykace. maillardovy reakce se vyskytují převážně v potravinách (hnědnutí potravin), zejména při zpracování za zvýšené teploty, jako je například pražení, pečení nebo vytlačování, či při dlouhodobém skladování. tyto reakce probíhají také in vivo a jsou zesíleny při hyperglykemii, oxidačním stresu a zánětlivých stavech
Maine: a state bounded on the east by the atlantic ocean, on the north by canada, and on the south and west by new hampshire
Maine: stát na východním pobřeží spojených států amerických. maine, nejvýchodnější stát kontinentálních usa, hraničí na západě s new hampshire, na severozápadě s kanadskou provincií québec a na severu a východě s kanadskou provincií nový brunšvik, jihovýchodní ohraničení státu tvoří atlantský oceán. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)