NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuron-Glia: cell adhesion molecules that mediate neuron-neuron adhesion and neuron-astrocyte adhesion. they are expressed on neurons and schwann cells, but not astrocytes and are involved in neuronal migration, neurite fasciculation, and outgrowth. ng-cam is immunologically and structurally distinct from ncam
Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal: surface ligands that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion and function in the assembly and interconnection of the vertebrate nervous system. these molecules promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. these are not to be confused with neural cell adhesion molecules, now known to be expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types in addition to nervous tissue
Cell Aggregation: the phenomenon by which dissociated cells intermixed in vitro tend to group themselves with cells of their own type
Cell Biology: the study of the structure, behavior, growth, reproduction, and pathology of cells; and the function and chemistry of cellular components
Cell Body: the portion of a cell that contains the nucleus and cytoplasm but not cell surface extensions such as flagella and neurites
Cell Communication: any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic amp
Cell Compartmentation: a partitioning within cells due to the selectively permeable membranes which enclose each of the separate parts, e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, etc
Cell Competition: a cellular process that selectively eliminates cells with mutations from further development through short-range cell-cell interaction
Cell Count: the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample
Cell Culture Techniques, Three Dimensional: methods for growing cells in a way that they form three-dimensional shapes, such as on a three-dimensionally shaped substrate or as free-falling aggregates in stirred liquids
Cell Cycle: the complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. the cell cycle includes interphase, which includes g0 phase; g1 phase; s phase; and g2 phase, and cell division phase
Cell Cycle Checkpoints: regulatory signaling systems that control the progression through the cell cycle. they ensure that the cell has completed, in the correct order and without mistakes, all the processes required to replicate the genome and cytoplasm, and divide them equally between two daughter cells. if cells sense they have not completed these processes or that the environment does not have the nutrients and growth hormones in place to proceed, then the cells are restrained (or arrested) until the processes are completed and growth conditions are suitable
Cell Cycle Proteins: proteins that control the cell division cycle. this family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including cyclin-dependent kinases, mitogen-activated kinases, cyclins, and phosphoprotein phosphatases as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and transcription factors
Cell Death: the termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability
Cell Dedifferentiation: a reverse developmental process in which terminally differentiated cells with specialized functions revert back to a less differentiated stage within their own cell lineage
Cell Degranulation: the process of losing secretory granules (secretory vesicles). this occurs, for example, in mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and platelets when secretory products are released from the granules by exocytosis
Cell Differentiation: progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs
Cell Division: the fission of a cell. it includes cytokinesis, when the cytoplasm of a cell is divided, and cell nucleus division
Cell Encapsulation: the encapsulation of cells into semi-permeable microcapsules or microspheres that permits protection of encapsulated cells and allows passage of essential nutrients and release of a therapeutic product (e.g. insulin)
Cell Engineering: methods and techniques used to modify or select cells and develop conditions for growing cells for biosynthetic production of molecules (metabolic engineering), for generation of tissue structures and organs in vitro (tissue engineering), or for other bioengineering research objectives
Cell Extracts: preparations of cell constituents or subcellular materials, isolates, or substances
Cell Fusion: fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization
Cell Line Authentication: techniques used to characterize and confirm the identity of a cell line. characterization involves authentication to verify that it matches the original description of the cells and ensures that they are not cross-contaminated with another cell line. this is done to avoid attributing data incorrectly to the wrong cell line
Cell Line, Transformed: eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. it occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals
Cell Lineage: the developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original stem cells in the embryo
Cell Membrane: the lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Cell Membrane Permeability: a quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells
Cell Membrane Structures: structures which are part of the cell membrane or have cell membrane as a major part of their structure
Cell Migration Assays: specific assays that measure the migration of cells. they are commonly used to measure the migration of immune cells in response to stimuli and the inhibition of immune cell migration by immunosuppressive factors
Cell Migration Assays, Leukocyte: assays that measure the rate of migration of leukocytes. they may involve a variety of techniques such as measuring the movement of leukocytes through substrates such as agarose gels or the rate of exit of cells from a glass capillary
Cell Migration Assays, Macrophage: assays that measure the rate of migration of macrophages. they may involve the use hollow plastic chamber, sealed at one end with a porous membrane and suspended over a larger well which may contain chemotactic factors. the migration of cell through the pores to the other side of the membrane is measured
Cell Migration Inhibition: phenomenon of cell-mediated immunity measured by in vitro inhibition of the migration or phagocytosis of antigen-stimulated leukocytes or macrophages. specific cell migration assays have been developed to estimate levels of migration inhibitory factors, immune reactivity against tumor-associated antigens, and immunosuppressive effects of infectious microorganisms
Cell Movement: the movement of cells from one location to another. distinguish from cytokinesis which is the process of dividing the cytoplasm of a cell
Cell Nucleolus: within most types of eukaryotic cell nucleus, a distinct region, not delimited by a membrane, in which some species of rrna (rna, ribosomal) are synthesized and assembled into ribonucleoprotein subunits of ribosomes. in the nucleolus rrna is transcribed from a nucleolar organizer, i.e., a group of tandemly repeated chromosomal genes which encode rrna and which are transcribed by rna polymerase i. (singleton & sainsbury, dictionary of microbiology & molecular biology, 2d ed)
Cell Nucleus: within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (cell nucleolus). the nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. a cell may contain more than one nucleus. (from singleton & sainsbury, dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology, 2d ed)
Cell Phone: analog or digital communications device in which the user has a wireless connection from a telephone to a nearby transmitter. it is termed cellular because the service area is divided into multiple cells. as the user moves from one cell area to another, the call is transferred to the local transmitter
Cell Plasticity: the ability of a cell to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment
Cell Polarity: orientation of intracellular structures especially with respect to the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. polarized cells must direct proteins from the golgi apparatus to the appropriate domain since tight junctions prevent proteins from diffusing between the two domains
Cell Respiration: the metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell
Cell Self Renewal: the ability of certain cell types, such as progenitor cells or tumor cells, to go through numerous cycles of cell division while still maintaining an undifferentiated or partially differentiated state
Cell Surface Display Techniques: techniques utilizing cells that express recombinant fusion proteins engineered to translocate through the cell membrane and remain attached to the outside of the cell
Cell Surface Extensions: specialized structures of the cell that extend the cell membrane and project out from the cell surface
Cell Survival: the span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability
Cell Tracking: non-invasive imaging of cells that have been labeled non-destructively, such as with nanoemulsions or reporter genes that can be detected by molecular imaging, to monitor their location, viability, cell lineage expansion, response to drugs, movement, or other behaviors in vivo
Cell Transdifferentiation: a naturally occurring phenomenon where terminally differentiated cells dedifferentiate to the point where they can switch cell lineages. the cells then differentiate into other cell types
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic: cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill
Cell Transformation, Viral: an inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. it is induced by infection with a transforming virus
Cell Transplantation: transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species
Cell Wall: the outermost layer of a cell in most plants; bacteria; fungi; and algae. the cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the cell membrane, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents
Cell Wall Skeleton: a mucoprotein found in the cell wall of various types of bacteria. it has adjuvant and antitumor activities and has been used to augment the production of lymphokine-activated killer (lak) cells
Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy: therapies that involve the transplantation of cells or tissues developed for the purpose of restoring the function of diseased or dysfunctional cells or tissues
Cell-Derived Microparticles: extracellular vesicles generated by the shedding of cell membrane blebs
Cell-Free Nucleic Acids: nucleic acids (dna or rna) found circulating in serum; plasma; or other body fluids
Cell-Free System: a fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. a subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. the cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (from alberts et al., molecular biology of the cell, 2d ed, p166)
Cell-Matrix Junctions: specialized areas at the cell membrane where a cell attaches to the extracellular matrix or other substratum
Cell-Penetrating Peptides: peptides that have the ability to enter cells by crossing the plasma membrane directly, or through uptake by the endocytotic pathway
Cell-in-Cell Formation: the mechanisms by which a cell becomes internalized in another. the host cell may engulf another as do phagocytic cells, or the host cell may be invaded by another cell (entosis), or internalization processes may involve the cooperation of both the host cell and the cell being internalized. viable cells may remain in non-phagocytic cells (emperipolesis), undergo cell division, pass through and then out of the host cell (transcellular cell migration), or trigger apoptosis of the invaded cell
Cellobiose: a disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose
Cellophane: a generic name for film produced from wood pulp by the viscose process. it is a thin, transparent sheeting of regenerated cellulose, moisture-proof and sometimes dyed, and used chiefly as food wrapping or as bags for dialysis. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed & mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Cells: the fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. they are composed of cytoplasm containing various organelles and a cell membrane boundary
Cells, Cultured: cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others
Cells, Immobilized: microbial, plant, or animal cells which are immobilized by attachment to solid structures, usually a column matrix. a common use of immobilized cells is in biotechnology for the bioconversion of a substrate to a particular product. (from singleton & sainsbury, dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology, 2d ed)
Cellular Apoptosis Susceptibility Protein: a nucleocytoplasmic transport protein that binds to alpha karyopherins and ran gtp binding protein inside the cell nucleus and participates in their export into cytoplasm. it is also associated with the regulation of apoptosis and microtubule assembly
Cellular Automata: space-oriented dynamic modeling algorithms acting in an array of cells, whose temporal states evolve based on the rules (algorithms) of the automata. they are used to model complex dynamic systems for study and analysis in a variety of scientific fields
Cellular Microenvironment: local surroundings with which cells interact by processing various chemical and physical signals, and by contributing their own effects to this environment
Cellular Neural Networks, Computer: a type of neural network that consists of a large number of processing elements called cells arranged in a grid-like structure that interact with each other and neighboring cells through a set of predefined rules to perform complex computations
Cellular Reprogramming: a process where fully differentiated or specialized cells revert to pluripotency or a less differentiated cell type
Cellular Reprogramming Techniques: procedures used for the induction of cellular reprogramming to change the terminal phenotype of a cell, such as the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from differentiated adult cells by the forced expression of specific genes
Cellular Senescence: process by which cells irreversibly stop dividing and enter a state of permanent growth arrest without undergoing cell death. senescence can be induced by dna damage or other cellular stresses, such as oxidative stress
Cellulase: an endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans
Cellulases: a family of glycosidases that hydrolyse crystalline cellulose into soluble sugar molecules. within this family there are a variety of enzyme subtypes with differing substrate specificities that must work together to bring about complete cellulose hydrolysis. they are found in structures called cellulosomes
Cellulite: skin lumpiness or skin surface dimpling often seen on the thighs, buttocks and abdomen. it is due to protrusion of subcutaneous fat into the dermis layer of skin
Cellulitis: an acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions
Cellulomonas: a genus of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria, in the family cellulomonadaceae. it is found in the soil and capable of hydrolyzing cellulose
Cellulomonas: rod aerobních nebo fakultativně anaerobních bakterií čeledi cellulomonadaceae. tyto organismy žijí v půdě a mají schopnost hydrolyzovat celulózu
Cellulose: a polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. it is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. as a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations
Cellulose 1,4-beta-Cellobiosidase: an exocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-d-glucosidic linkages in cellulose and cellotetraose. it catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing ends of beta-d-glucosides with release of cellobiose
Cellulose, Oxidized: a cellulose of varied carboxyl content retaining the fibrous structure. it is commonly used as a local hemostatic and as a matrix for normal blood coagulation
Cellulosomes: extracellular structures found in a variety of microorganisms. they contain cellulases and play an important role in the digestion of cellulose
Cellvibrio: a genus of aerobic, gram-negative, motile, slightly curved, rod-shaped bacteria. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Cellvibrio: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, pohyblivých, mírně zakřivených, tyčinkovitých bakterií
Celosia: a plant genus of the family amaranthaceae. young leaves are used as vegetables in asia. members contain betacyanins, celogentins, betaxanthin, and celosian
Celosia: rod rostlin čeledi amaranthaceae. v asii se využívá jako listová zelenina. zástupci obsahují betakyaniny, celogentiny, betaxanthin a celosian
Cementation: the joining of objects by means of a cement (e.g., in fracture fixation, such as in hip arthroplasty for joining of the acetabular component to the femoral component). in dentistry, it is used for the process of attaching parts of a tooth or restorative material to a natural tooth or for the attaching of orthodontic bands to teeth by means of an adhesive
Cementogenesis: the formation of dental cementum, a bone-like material that covers the root of the tooth
Cementoma: an odontogenic fibroma in which cells have developed into cementoblasts and which consists largely of cementum
Cenchrus: a plant genus of the family poaceae. the common name of buffelgrass is also used for pennisetum
Censorship, Research: the act or practice of scrutinizing the practice of scientific research for the purpose of preventing or suppressing the unethical applications as well knowledge derived from it
Census Tract: small, relatively permanent statistical subdivisions of a county or equivalent entity that are updated by local participants prior to each decennial census as part of the u. s. census bureau's participant statistical areas program.(https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/about/glossary.html#par_textimage_13)
Censuses: enumerations of populations usually recording identities of all persons in every place of residence with age or date of birth, sex, occupation, national origin, language, marital status, income, relation to head of household, information on the dwelling place, education, literacy, health-related data (e.g., permanent disability), etc. the census or numbering of the people is mentioned several times in the old testament. among the romans, censuses were intimately connected with the enumeration of troops before and after battle and probably a military necessity. (from last, a dictionary of epidemiology, 3d ed; garrison, an introduction to the history of medicine, 4th ed, p66, p119)
Centaurea: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain 5-methyl-8-hydroxycoumarin. the common name of centaury is more often used for centaurium
Centaurea: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. zástupci obsahují 5-methyl-8-hydroxykumarin
Centaurea benedicta: a plant species of the genus centaurea and family asteraceae. members contain sesquiterpene lactone cnicin
Centaurea benedicta: druh rostliny rodu centaurea a čeledi asteraceae. rostliny obsahují seskviterpenový lakton knicin
Centaurium: a plant genus of the family gentianaceae. triterpene lactones and other compounds have been isolated from species of this genus. the common name of century plant has also been used for the agave genus
Centaurium: rod rostlin čeledi gentianaceae. zeměžluče obsahují různé hořčiny, které způsobují jejich hořkou chuť. v nati zeměžluči okolíkaté je obsažen zejména hořký glykosid gentiopikrin, dále flavony a silice. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Centchroman: a non-steroidal anti-fertility agent with anti-hormonal properties
Centella: a plant of the family apiaceae which is the source of asiatic acid and asiaticoside. centella asiatica (l.) urb. = hydrocotyle asiatica l. is known for effect on peripheral circulation
Centella: rostlina z čeledi apiaceae (miříkovité), která je zdrojem kyseliny asiatikové a asiatikosidu. centella asiatica podporuje periferní cirkulaci
Centella asiatica extract: asiaticoside is the active component; beneficial against arsenic-induced oxidative stress in rats
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.: an agency of the united states public health service that conducts and supports programs for the prevention and control of disease and provides consultation and assistance to health departments and other countries
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.: a component of the department of health and human services to oversee and direct the medicare and medicaid programs and related federal medical care quality control staffs. name was changed effective june 14, 2001
Central African People: people native to or inhabitants of the central africa including cameroon; central african republic; chad; congo; democratic republic of the congo; equatorial guinea; gabon; and sao tome and principe. it includes indigenous peoples in the congo basin. sometimes people native or inhabitants of the country of central african republic are referred to as central africans
Central African Republic: a republic in central africa south of chad and sudan, north of democratic republic of the congo, and east of cameroon. the capital is bangui
Central America: a region of southern north america extending from the southern border of mexico to the northern border of colombia. it separates the caribbean sea from the pacific ocean and is linked to south america by the isthmus of panama
Central American People: people native to or inhabitants of central america including belize; costa rica; el salvador; guatemala; honduras; nicaragua; and panama
Central Amygdaloid Nucleus: a nucleus located in the caudal half of the amygdala. it is a primary region involved in controlling responses and receives many intrinsic gabaergic amygdaloid connections
Central Asian People: people native to or inhabitants of central asia including kazakhstan; kyrgyzstan; tajikistan; turkmenistan and uzbekistan
Central Cord Syndrome: a syndrome associated with traumatic injury to the cervical or upper thoracic regions of the spinal cord characterized by weakness in the arms with relative sparing of the legs and variable sensory loss. this condition is associated with ischemia, hemorrhage, or necrosis involving the central portions of the spinal cord. corticospinal fibers destined for the legs are spared due to their more external location in the spinal cord. this clinical pattern may emerge during recovery from spinal shock. deficits may be transient or permanent
Central Nervous System: the main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges
Central Nervous System Agents: a class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms. they can be divided into specific agents, e.g., affecting an identifiable molecular mechanism unique to target cells bearing receptors for that agent, and nonspecific agents, those producing effects on different target cells and acting by diverse molecular mechanisms. those with nonspecific mechanisms are generally further classed according to whether they produce behavioral depression or stimulation. those with specific mechanisms are classed by locus of action or specific therapeutic use. (from gilman ag, et al., goodman and gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 8th ed, p252)
Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections: bacterial infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges, including infections involving the perimeningeal spaces
Central Nervous System Cysts: congenital or acquired cysts of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges which may remain stable in size or undergo progressive enlargement
Central Nervous System Depressants: a very loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system. the major groups included here are ethyl alcohol, anesthetics, hypnotics and sedatives, narcotics, and tranquilizing agents (antipsychotics and antianxiety agents)
Central Nervous System Diseases: diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord
Central Nervous System Fungal Infections: mycoses of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges which may result in encephalitis; meningitis, fungal; myelitis; brain abscess; and epidural abscess. certain types of fungi may produce disease in immunologically normal hosts, while others are classified as opportunistic pathogens, causing illness primarily in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
Central Nervous System Helminthiasis: infections of the brain; spinal cord; or meninges caused by helminths (parasitic worms)
Central Nervous System Infections: pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. dna virus infections; rna virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process
Central Nervous System Neoplasms: benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges
Central Nervous System Parasitic Infections: infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges caused by parasites
Central Nervous System Protozoal Infections: infections of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges by single celled organisms of the former subkingdom known as protozoa. the central nervous system may be the primary or secondary site of protozoal infection. these diseases may occur as opportunistic infections or arise in immunocompetent hosts
Central Nervous System Sensitization: an increased response to stimulation that is mediated by amplification of signaling in the central nervous system (cns)
Central Nervous System Stimulants: a loosely defined group of drugs that tend to increase behavioral alertness, agitation, or excitation. they work by a variety of mechanisms, but usually not by direct excitation of neurons. the many drugs that have such actions as side effects to their main therapeutic use are not included here
Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations: congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities involving arteries; veins; or venous sinuses in the brain; spinal cord; and meninges
Central Nervous System Venous Angioma: a vascular anomaly characterized by a radial or wedge-shaped arrangement of dilated veins draining into a larger vein in the brain, spinal cord, or the meninges. veins in a venous angioma are surrounded by normal nervous tissue, unlike a central nervous system cavernous hemangioma that lacks intervening nervous tissue. drainage of venous angioma is fully integrated with the body's venous system, therefore, in most cases there is no clinical signs and rare bleeding
Central Nervous System Viral Diseases: viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces
Central Pattern Generators: networks of nerve cells that control the firing patterns of motor neurons to produce rhythmic movements such as mastication; walking; swimming; respiration; and peristalsis
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: a visual impairment characterized by the accumulation of fluid under the retina through a defect in the retinal pigment epithelium
Central Supply, Hospital: hospital department responsible for receiving, storing, and distributing medical and surgical supplies and equipment
Central Tolerance: the mechanism, in central lymphoid organs (thymus; bone marrow), that prevents immature lymphocytes from reacting to self-antigens. this is accomplished by clonal anergy and clonal deletion
Central Venous Catheters: catheters that are inserted into a large central vein such as a subclavian vein or femoral vein
Central Venous Pressure: the blood pressure in the central large veins of the body. it is distinguished from peripheral venous pressure which occurs in an extremity
Centric Relation: the location of the maxillary and the mandibular condyles when they are in their most posterior and superior positions in their fossae of the temporomandibular joint
Centrifugation: process of using a rotating machine to generate centrifugal force to separate substances of different densities, remove moisture, or simulate gravitational effects. it employs a large motor-driven apparatus with a long arm, at the end of which human and animal subjects, biological specimens, or equipment can be revolved and rotated at various speeds to study gravitational effects. (from websters, 10th ed; mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Centrifugation, Density Gradient: separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. at equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Centrifugation, Isopycnic: a technique used to separate particles according to their densities in a continuous density gradient. the sample is usually mixed with a solution of known gradient materials and subjected to centrifugation. each particle sediments to the position at which the gradient density is equal to its own. the range of the density gradient is usually greater than that of the sample particles. it is used in purifying biological materials such as proteins, nucleic acids, organelles, and cell types
Centrifugation, Zonal: centrifugation using a rotating chamber of large capacity in which to separate cell organelles by density-gradient centrifugation. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Centrioles: self-replicating, short, fibrous, rod-shaped organelles. each centriole is a short cylinder containing nine pairs of peripheral microtubules, arranged so as to form the wall of the cylinder
Centromere: the clear constricted portion of the chromosome at which the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division
Centromere Protein A: a 17 kda, centromeric, poly(adp)-ribose binding protein that is structurally similar to histone h3 and localizes to nucleosomes within the centromere; specifically within the region that binds kinetochores, where it replaces histone h3. it plays a critical role in recruiting kinetochore proteins and progression through mitosis, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis. it also binds sera from patients with some scleroderma-like autoimmune diseases
Centromere Protein B: a dna-binding protein that interacts with a 17-base pair sequence known as the cenp-b box motif. the protein is localized constitutively to the centromere and plays an important role in its maintenance
Centrosomal Associated Proteins: proteins that are localized in the centrosome. they help with processes such as mitosis and cell motility
Centrosome: an organelle near the nucleus of the cell consisting (in animals and organisms that have cilia) of two centrioles, and the surrounding pericentriolar material. it functions as the primary microtubule-organizing center during the eukaryotic cell cycle (https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm2180)
Cephaelis: a plant genus of the family rubiaceae, order rubiales, subclass asteridae. cephaelis ipecacuanha is the source of ipecac
Cephaelis: rod rostlin z čeledi rubiaceae (mořenovité), řádu gentianales (hořcotvaré). rod hlavěnka (cephaelis) byl sloučen s rodem psychotria, naopak řada druhů včetně medicínsky významné hlavěnky dávivé byla přesunuta do rodu carapichea či do příbuzných rodů. druh cephaelis ipecacuanha (hlavěnka dávivá) je zdrojem sirupu ipecac, který vyvolává zvracení (emetikum) a má i expektorační účinky. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cephalexin: a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of cephaloridine or cephalothin, but somewhat less potent. it is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms
Cephalochordata: a subphylum of chordates intermediate between the invertebrates and the true vertebrates. it includes the lancelets. its members are characterized by a notochord which extends into the adult stage head
Cephalopelvic Disproportion: a condition in which the head of the fetus is larger than the mother's pelvis through which the fetal head must pass during a vaginal delivery
Cephalopoda: a class in the phylum mollusca comprised of squid; cuttlefish; octopus; and nautilus. these marine animals are the most highly organized of all the mollusks
Cephalosporin Resistance: non-susceptibility of an organism to the action of the cephalosporins
Cephalosporins: a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the mediterranean fungus acremonium. they contain the beta-lactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid
Cephalotaxus: a plant genus of the family taxaceae, order pinales, class pinopsida, division tracheophyta. members contain homoharringtonine
Cephalotaxus: rod jehličnatých dřevin z čeledi tisovitých (taxaceae), řádu pinales, třídy jehličnanů (pinopsida), podříše tracheophyta. zástupci obsahují homoharringtonin
Cephamycins: naturally occurring family of beta-lactam cephalosporin-type antibiotics having a 7-methoxy group and possessing marked resistance to the action of beta-lactamases from gram-positive and gram-negative organisms
Cephapirin: cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms
Ceraform: a bioactive ceramic consisting of hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate
Ceramics: products made by baking or firing nonmetallic minerals (clay and similar materials). in making dental restorations or parts of restorations the material is fused porcelain. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed & boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed)
Ceramidases: amidohydrolases that are specific for the cleavage of the n-acyl linkage of ceramides. ceramidases are classified as acidic, neutral or basic according to the optimal ph with which they function
Ceramides: members of the class of neutral glycosphingolipids. they are the basic units of sphingolipids. they are sphingoids attached via their amino groups to a long chain fatty acyl group. they abnormally accumulate in fabry disease
Cerapearl: composition by wt: cao 44.6%, sio2 34%, p2o5 16.2%, mgo 4.6%; a castable apatite ceramic material, similar to natural tooth enamel
Cerastes: a genus of viperinae found mostly in africa, arabia and india with characteristic horny scale over each eye. cerastes genus includes saharan sand viper (cerastes vipera) and horned desert viper (cerastes cerastes). a desert sidewinder crotalus cerastes also has horny scale over its eyes but is a species in sister subfamily crotalinae and found in southwest american desert
Cerastes: rod zmijovitých vyskytující se převážně v africe, arábii a indii s charakteristickými rohovitými šupinami nad každým okem. rod cerastes zahrnuje saharskou zmiji písečnou (cerastes vipera) a pouštní zmiji rohatou (cerastes cerastes). chřestýš rohatý (crotalus cerastes) má také rohovité šupiny nad očima, ale je to druh ze sesterské podčeledi crotalinae a vyskytuje se v jihozápadoamerických pouštích
Ceratitis capitata: a species of fruit fly originating in sub-saharan africa but widely distributed worldwide. one of the most destructive fruit pests, its larvae feed and develop on many different fruits and some vegetables
Ceratitis capitata: druh ovocných mušek s původním výskytem v subsaharské africe, který je rozšířený po celém světě. jeden z nejzávažnějších škůdců ovoce, larvy mušek se živí mnoha různými druhy ovoce a některými druhy zeleniny
Ceratocystis: a genus of fungi in the family ceratocystidaceae, order microascales, and phylum ascomycota. ceratocystis fungi are ascomycetes and causative agents for plant fungal diseases such as root rot
Ceratocystis: rod hub čeledi ceratocystidaceae, řádu microascales a kmene ascomycota. jsou rostlinnými patogeny, způsobují např. tracheomykózu
Ceratopogonidae: a family of biting midges, in the order diptera. it includes the genus culicoides which transmits filarial parasites pathogenic to man and other primates
Ceratopogonidae: čeleď kousavých komárů z řádu diptera. zahrnuje rod culicoides, který přenáší filariální parazity patogenní pro lidi a jiné primáty
Cerclage, Cervical: the surgical closure of the incompetent cervix uteri with suture material
Cercocebus: a genus of the subfamily cercopithecinae inhabiting the african forests. they are also known as mangabeys
Cercocebus: rod primátů podčeledi cercopithecinae (kočkodani), kteří žijí v afrických pralesích
Cercocebus atys: a species of old world monkeys from the genera cercocebus that is important in aids research. they may be naturally or experimentally infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus. they inhabit african forests from sierra leone to the congo republic
Cercocebus atys: druh opic starého světa rodu cercocebus, který je důležitý pro výzkum aids. opice mohou být přirozeně nebo uměle infikované virem opičí imunodeficience. žijí v afrických pralesích od sierra leone po republiku kongo
Cercopithecidae: the family of old world monkeys and baboons consisting of two subfamilies: cercopithecinae and colobinae. they are found in africa and part of asia
Cercopithecidae: čeleď opic starého světa zahrnující dvě podčeledi: cercopithecinae (kočkodani) a colobinae (hulmani). vyskytují se v teplých oblastech afriky a asie
Cercopithecinae: a subfamily of the old world monkeys, cercopithecidae. they inhabit the forests and savannas of africa. this subfamily contains the following genera: cercocebus; cercopithecus; erythrocebus; macaca; papio; and theropithecus
Cercopithecinae: podčeleď čeledi cercopithecidae (kočkodanovití). tyto opice žijí v pralesích a savanách afriky. patří sem např. rody cercocebus, cercopithecus, erythrocebus, macaca, papio a theropithecus
Cercopithecus: a genus of old world monkeys found in africa although some species have been introduced into the west indies. this genus is composed of at least twenty species: c. aethiops, c. ascanius, c. campbelli, c. cephus, c. denti, c. diana, c. dryas, c. erythrogaster, c. erythrotis, c. hamlyni, c. lhoesti, c. mitis, c. mona, c. neglectus, c. nictitans, c. petaurista, c. pogonias, c. preussi, c. salongo, and c. wolfi
Cercopithecus: rod opic původně žijících v africe, některé druhy byly zavlečeny do západní indie. patří sem minimálně dvacet druhů: c. aethiops, c. ascanius, c. campbelli, c. cephus, c. denti, c. diana, c. dryas, c. erythrogaster, c. erythrotis, c. hamlyni, c. lhoesti, c. mitis, c. mona, c. neglectus, c. nictitans, c. petaurista, c. pogonias, c. preussi, c. salongo a c. wolfi
Cercopithecus aethiops: druh kočkodana zahrnující tři poddruhy: c. tantalus, c. pygerythrus a c. sabeus. tito kočkodani žijí v pralesích a savanách afriky. kočkodan červenozelený (c. pygerythrus) je přirozeným hostitelem viru opičí imunodeficience a používá se ve výzkumu aids
Cercospora: a genus of fungi in the family mycosphaerellaceae, order capnodiales and phylum ascomycota. cercospora fungi are ascomycete and causative agents for plant fungal diseases such as leaf spots. cercospora species produce the phytotoxin cercosporin and have no known sexual stage
Cercospora: rod hub čeledi mycosphaerellaceae, řádu capnodiales a kmene ascomycota. jsou fytopatogeny (způsobují např. skvrnitost listů). produkují fytotoxin cerkosporin. sexuální stadium není známo
Cercozoa: a group of amoeboid and flagellate eukaryotes in the supergroup rhizaria. they feed by means of threadlike pseudopods
Cercozoa: skupina améboidních a bičíkatých eukaryot z říše rhizaria. přijímají potravu pomocí vláknitých pseudopodií
Cerebellar Ataxia: incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of cerebellar diseases. characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention tremor), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and gait ataxia. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p90)
Cerebellar Ataxia, Mental Retardation, And Dysequilibrium Syndrome 2: mutation in wdr81
Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome: disease that affects linguistic, visual spatial processing; executive function, and mood regulation. cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome is associated with acquired lesions in the cerebellum particularly in the posterior lobe and the vermis
Cerebellar Cortex: the superficial gray matter of the cerebellum. it consists of two main layers, the stratum moleculare and the stratum granulosum
Cerebellar Diseases: diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia
Cerebellar Golgi Cells: inhibitory interneurons embedded in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex
Cerebellar Hypoplasia: a rare congenital abnormality where the cerebellum is either absent or is significantly smaller than average. affected individuals may have nystagmus, hypotonia; ataxia; tremor; seizures, and intellectual disabilities. familial studies suggest autosomal recessive inheritance. omim: 213000
Cerebellar Neoplasms: primary or metastatic neoplasms of the cerebellum. tumors in this location frequently present with ataxia or signs of intracranial hypertension due to obstruction of the fourth ventricle. common primary cerebellar tumors include fibrillary astrocytoma and cerebellar hemangioblastoma. the cerebellum is a relatively common site for tumor metastases from the lung, breast, and other distant organs. (from okazaki & scheithauer, atlas of neuropathology, 1988, p86 and p141)
Cerebellar Nuclei: four clusters of neurons located deep within the white matter of the cerebellum, which are the nucleus dentatus, nucleus emboliformis, nucleus globosus, and nucleus fastigii
Cerebellar Vermis: a subregion of the cerebellar cortex, located along the midsagittal plane of the cerebellum
Cerebellum: the part of brain that lies behind the brain stem in the posterior base of skull (cranial fossa, posterior). it is also known as the little brain with convolutions similar to those of cerebral cortex, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: a heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by amyloid deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of cerebral cortex and meninges. clinical features include multiple, small lobar cerebral hemorrhage; cerebral ischemia (brain ischemia); and cerebral infarction. cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized amyloidosis. amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in alzheimer disease. (from kumar: robbins and cotran: pathologic basis of disease, 7th ed., 2005)
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, Familial: a familial disorder marked by amyloid deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of cerebral cortex and meninges
Cerebral Angiography: radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium
Cerebral Aqueduct: narrow channel in the mesencephalon that connects the third and fourth cerebral ventricles
Cerebral Arterial Diseases: pathological conditions of intracranial arteries supplying the cerebrum. these diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the anterior cerebral artery; middle cerebral artery; and posterior cerebral artery
Cerebral Autosomal Recessive Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy: a hereditary autosomal recessive nonhypertensive cerebral small vessel arteriopathy characterized by alopecia, spondylosis, and progressive motor dysfunction and dementia with onset typically in the second or third decade of life. mutations in the htra1 gene have been identified. omim: 600142
Cerebral Blood Volume: volume of circulating blood in a region of the brain. it is a functional measure of the brain perfusion status which relates changes in this to changes in cerebrovasular circulation that are often seen in brain diseases
Cerebral Cortex: the thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri and sulci. it reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions
Cerebral Crus: anterior portion of the cerebral peduncle which contains the motor tracts
Cerebral Decortication: partial or total removal, ablation, or destruction of the cerebral cortex; may be chemical. it is not used with animals that do not possess a cortex, i.e., it is used only with mammals
Cerebral Hemorrhage: bleeding into one or both cerebral hemispheres including the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex. it is often associated with hypertension and craniocerebral trauma
Cerebral Hemorrhage, Traumatic: bleeding into one or both cerebral hemispheres due to trauma. hemorrhage may involve any part of the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. depending on the severity of bleeding, clinical features may include seizures; aphasia; vision disorders; movement disorders; paralysis; and coma
Cerebral Infarction: the formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction)
Cerebral Intraventricular Hemorrhage: bleeding within the cerebral ventricles. it is associated with intraventricular trauma, aneurysm, vascular malformations, hypertension and in very low birth weight infants