NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Botswana: vnitrozemský stát na jihu afriky sousedící s jihoafrickou republikou na jihu, namibií na západě, zambií na severu a zimbabwe na severovýchodě. v letech 1885 až 1966 byla britským protektorátem bečuánsko, nezávislost získala 30. září 1966. většinu jejího povrchu zabírá poušť kalahari. hlavní město gaborone
Bottle-Nosed Dolphin: the species tursiops truncatus, in the family delphinidae, characterized by a bottle-shaped beak and slightly hooked broad dorsal fin
Botulinum Toxins: toxic proteins produced from the species clostridium botulinum. the toxins are synthesized as a single peptide chain which is processed into a mature protein consisting of a heavy chain and light chain joined via a disulfide bond. the botulinum toxin light chain is a zinc-dependent protease which is released from the heavy chain upon endocytosis into presynaptic nerve endings. once inside the cell the botulinum toxin light chain cleaves specific snare proteins which are essential for secretion of acetylcholine by synaptic vesicles. this inhibition of acetylcholine release results in muscular paralysis
Botulinum Toxins, Type A: a serotype of botulinum toxins that has specificity for cleavage of synaptosomal-associated protein 25
Botulism: a disease caused by potent protein neurotoxins produced by clostridium botulinum which interfere with the presynaptic release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute paralysis (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and diplopia. botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1208)
Boudhina Yedes Khiari syndrome: familial syndrome combining short stature, microcephaly, mental deficiency, seizures, hearing loss, and skin lesions
Boutonneuse Fever: a febrile disease of the mediterranean area, the crimea, africa, and india, caused by infection with rickettsia conorii
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex: a multifactorial disease of cattle resulting from complex interactions between environmental factors, host factors, and pathogens. the environmental factors act as stressors adversely affecting the immune system and other host defenses and enhancing transmission of infecting agents
Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease: acute disease of cattle caused by the bovine viral diarrhea viruses (diarrhea viruses, bovine viral). often mouth ulcerations are the only sign but fever, diarrhea, drop in milk yield, and loss of appetite are also seen. severity of clinical disease varies and is strain dependent. outbreaks are characterized by low morbidity and high mortality
Bovine papillomavirus 1: a species of deltapapillomavirus infecting cattle
Bovine papillomavirus 4: a type of xipapillomavirus causing alimentary carcinoma in cattle. it is related to bovine papillomavirus 3
Bowen syndrome: congenital glaucoma, flexion contracture of fingers and facial dysmorphism without peroxisomal abnormalities
Bowen's Disease: a persistent progressive non-elevated red scaly or crusted plaque which is due to an intradermal carcinoma and is potentially malignant. atypical squamous cells proliferate through the whole thickness of the epidermis. the lesions may occur anywhere on the skin surface or on mucosal surfaces. the cause most frequently found is trivalent arsenic compounds. freezing, cauterization or diathermy coagulation is often effective. (from rook et al., textbook of dermatology, 4th ed, pp2428-9)
Bowenova nemoc: nádorové onemocnění kůže, při němž nádorové buňky zůstávají ohraničeny na pokožku (epidermis). dobře ohraničené ložisko nahnědlé barvy se šupinami, po jejichž odstranění je patrná mokvající spodina. odstraňuje se chirurgicky, někdy přechází ve spinaliom. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Bowhead Whale: the species balaena mysticetus, in the family balaenidae, found in the colder waters of the northern hemisphere. the common name is derived from the extreme arching of the lower jaw
Bowman Capsule: a double-walled epithelial capsule that is the bulbous closed proximal end of the kidney tubular system. it surrounds the cluster of convoluted capillaries of kidney glomerulus and is continuous with the convoluted proximal kidney tubule
Bowman Membrane: a layer of acellular matrix that lies beneath the corneal epithelium and above the corneal stroma. it consists of randomly arranged collagen fibers in a condensed bed of intercellular substance. it provides stability and strength to the cornea
Bowmanova membrána: bazální blanka pod rohovkovým epitelem, pod níž je rohovkové stroma (substantia propria corneae). skládá se z náhodně uspořádaných kolagenních vláken a kondenzované mezibuněčné hmoty. zajišťuje stabilitu a pevnost rohovky. (upraveno podle: velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Bowmanovo pouzdro: pouzdro ledvinného glomerulu, do něhož se z kapilár filtruje prvotní moč. b. p. přechází do tzv. proximálního tubulu, jímž prvotní moč odtéká do dalších částí nefronu, v nichž se postupně upravuje do definitivní podoby. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Braces: orthopedic appliances used to support, align, or hold parts of the body in correct position. (dorland, 28th ed)
Brachial Artery: the continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries
Brachial Plexus: the large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. the brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. in humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (c5-c8 and t1), but variations are not uncommon
Brachial Plexus Block: a blocking of neural conduction in the network of nerve fibers innervating the upper extremity
Brachial Plexus Neuritis: a syndrome associated with inflammation of the brachial plexus. clinical features include severe pain in the shoulder region which may be accompanied by muscle weakness and loss of sensation in the upper extremity. this condition may be associated with virus diseases; immunization; surgery; heroin use (see heroin dependence); and other conditions. the term brachial neuralgia generally refers to pain associated with brachial plexus injury. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp1355-6)
Brachial Plexus Neuropathies: diseases of the cervical (and first thoracic) roots, nerve trunks, cords, and peripheral nerve components of the brachial plexus. clinical manifestations include regional pain, paresthesia; muscle weakness, and decreased sensation (hypesthesia) in the upper extremity. these disorders may be associated with trauma (including birth injuries); thoracic outlet syndrome; neoplasms; neuritis; radiotherapy; and other conditions. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp1351-2)
Brachiaria: a plant genus of the family poaceae originating from the savanna of eastern africa. it is widely grown for livestock forage
Brachiaria: rod rostlin čeledi poaceae (lipnicovité), který pochází ze savan východní afriky. pěstuje se jako pícnina
Brachiocephalic Trunk: the first and largest artery branching from the aortic arch. it distributes blood to the right side of the head and neck and to the right arm
Brachiocephalic Veins: large veins on either side of the root of the neck formed by the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. they drain blood from the head, neck, and upper extremities, and unite to form the superior vena cava
Brachydactyly: congenital anomaly of abnormally short fingers or toes
Brachydactyly type A6: brachymesophalangy with mesomelic short limbs and carpal and tarsal osseous abnormalities
Brachymesomelia renal syndrome: severe upper limb brachymesomelia, glomerulocystic renal dysplasia, cranial and facial abnormalities, corneal opacities
Brachypodium: a plant genus in the family poaceae. brachypodium distachyon is a model species for functional genomics studies
Brachypodium: rod rostlin čeledi poaceae (lipnicovité). brachypodium distachyon je modelový druh funkčních genomových studií
Brachyspira: a genus of spiral bacteria of the family brachyspiraceae
Brachyspira: rod spirálních bakterií čeledi brachyspiraceae
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae: a species of anaerobic, spiral bacteria that was formerly classified as serpulina hyodysenteriae and treponema hyodysenteriae (and for a short while, serpula hyodysenteriae). this organism is the agent of swine dysentery
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae: druh anaerobní, spirálovité bakterie, dříve klasifikované jako serpulina hyodysenteriae a treponema hyodysenteriae (a krátce jako serpula hyodysenteriae). tento organismus je původce dyzentérie prasat
Brachytherapy: a collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. it uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues
Brachyura: an infraorder of chiefly marine, largely carnivorous crustacea, in the order decapoda, including the genera cancer, uca, and callinectes
Brachyury Protein: a t-box transcription factor which regulates the expression of genes required for mesoderm formation and differentiation
Bradycardia: cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow heart rate, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. they can be classified broadly into sinoatrial node dysfunction and atrioventricular block
Bradykinin: a nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter
Bradykinin B1 Receptor Antagonists: compounds and drugs that inhibit ligand binding or cellular signaling by bradykinin b1 receptors
Bradykinin B2 Receptor Antagonists: compounds and drugs that inhibit ligand binding or cellular signaling by bradykinin b2 receptors
Bradykinin Receptor Antagonists: compounds and drugs that inhibit ligand binding or cellular signaling by bradykinin receptors
Bradyrhizobiaceae: a proposed family of bacteria belonging to the alpha-2 subgroup of proteobacteria
Bradyrhizobiaceae: navrhovaná čeleď bakterií, která patří k alfa-2 podskupině kmene proteobacteria
Bradyrhizobium: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria usually containing granules of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. they characteristically invade the root hairs of leguminous plants and act as intracellular symbionts
Bradyrhizobium: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které obvykle obsahují granula poly-beta-hydroxybutyrátu. charakteristicky osidlují vláskové kořínky luštěnin a působí jako intracelulární symbionti
Brain: the part of central nervous system that is contained within the skull (cranium). arising from the neural tube, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including prosencephalon (the forebrain); mesencephalon (the midbrain); and rhombencephalon (the hindbrain). the developed brain consists of cerebrum; cerebellum; and other structures in the brain stem
Brain Abscess: a circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. the majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the paranasal sinuses, middle ear (see ear, middle); heart (see also endocarditis, bacterial), and lung. penetrating craniocerebral trauma and neurosurgical procedures may also be associated with this condition. clinical manifestations include headache; seizures; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)
Brain Chemistry: changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. these are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states
Brain Concussion: a nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. the duration of unconsciousness generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (coma, post-head injury). (from rowland, merritt's textbook of neurology, 9th ed, p418)
Brain Cortical Thickness: measurements of the thickness of the cerebral cortex often detected automatically from medical imaging. abnormal changes in cortical thickness (e.g., cortical thinning) are potential biomarkers for various neuropathologies
Brain Damage, Chronic: a condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. potential etiologies include brain infarction; certain neurodegenerative disorders; craniocerebral trauma; anoxia, brain; encephalitis; certain neurotoxicity syndromes; metabolic disorders (see brain diseases, metabolic); and other conditions
Brain Death: a state of prolonged irreversible cessation of all brain activity, including lower brain stem function with the complete absence of voluntary movements, responses to stimuli, brain stem reflexes, and spontaneous respirations. reversible conditions which mimic this clinical state (e.g., sedative overdose, hypothermia, etc.) are excluded prior to making the determination of brain death. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp348-9)
Brain Diseases: pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. this includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum
Brain Diseases, Metabolic: acquired or inborn metabolic diseases that produce brain dysfunction or damage. these include primary (i.e., disorders intrinsic to the brain) and secondary (i.e., extracranial) metabolic conditions that adversely affect cerebral function
Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn: brain disorders resulting from inborn metabolic errors, primarily from enzymatic defects which lead to substrate accumulation, product reduction, or increase in toxic metabolites through alternate pathways. the majority of these conditions are familial, however spontaneous mutation may also occur in utero
Brain Drain: a phenomenon of concern for migrant-sending countries, particularly for small countries where high-skilled emigration rates are highest. include those with sought after technical, professional and other skills. economic theory suggests a number of possible benefits, in addition to costs, from skilled emigration. (from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/3878?show=full)
Brain Edema: increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see hypoxia, brain). an increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of csf flow (e.g., obstructive hydrocephalus). (from childs nerv syst 1992 sep; 8(6):301-6)
Brain Hemorrhage, Traumatic: bleeding within the brain as a result of penetrating and nonpenetrating craniocerebral trauma. traumatically induced hemorrhages may occur in any area of the brain, including the cerebrum; brain stem (see brain stem hemorrhage, traumatic); and cerebellum
Brain Infarction: tissue necrosis in any area of the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, the cerebellum, and the brain stem. brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by hypoxia and hypoglycemia in brain tissue. damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis
Brain Injuries: acute and chronic (see also brain injuries, chronic) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem. clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with diffuse axonal injury or coma, post-traumatic. localized injuries may be associated with neurobehavioral manifestations; hemiparesis, or other focal neurologic deficits
Brain Injuries, Traumatic: a form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain
Brain Injury, Chronic: conditions characterized by persistent brain damage or dysfunction as sequelae of cranial trauma. this disorder may result from diffuse axonal injury; intracranial hemorrhages; brain edema; and other conditions. clinical features may include dementia; focal neurologic deficits; persistent vegetative state; akinetic mutism; or coma
Brain Ischemia: localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. this frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (hypoxia, brain). prolonged ischemia is associated with brain infarction
Brain Mapping: imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures
Brain Neoplasms: neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. in general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain
Brain Stem: the part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. it consists of the mesencephalon; pons; and medulla oblongata
Brain Stem Hemorrhage, Traumatic: bleeding into structures of brain stem, including the midbrain; pons; or medulla oblongata, as the result of craniocerebral trauma. diffuse axonal injury is commonly associated. clinical manifestations may include ocular motility disorders; ataxia; paralysis; persistent vegetative state; and coma
Brain Stem Infarctions: infarctions that occur in the brain stem which is comprised of the midbrain; pons; and medulla oblongata. there are several named syndromes characterized by their distinctive clinical manifestations and specific sites of ischemic injury
Brain Stem Neoplasms: benign and malignant intra-axial tumors of the mesencephalon; pons; or medulla oblongata of the brain stem. primary and metastatic neoplasms may occur in this location. clinical features include ataxia, cranial neuropathies (see cranial nerve diseases), nausea, hemiparesis (see hemiplegia), and quadriparesis. primary brain stem neoplasms are more frequent in children. histologic subtypes include glioma; hemangioblastoma; ganglioglioma; and ependymoma
Brain Tissue Transplantation: transference of brain tissue, either from a fetus or from a born individual, between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species
Brain Waves: wave-like oscillations of electric potential between parts of the brain recorded by eeg
Brain-Computer Interfaces: instrumentation consisting of hardware and software that communicates with the brain. the hardware component of the interface records brain signals, while the software component analyzes the signals and converts them into a command that controls a device or sends a feedback signal to the brain
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: a member of the nerve growth factor family of trophic factors. in the brain bdnf has a trophic action on retinal, cholinergic, and dopaminergic neurons, and in the peripheral nervous system it acts on both motor and sensory neurons. (from kendrew, the encyclopedia of molecular biology, 1994)
Brain-Gut Axis: an interactive network between the gastrointestinal tract (gut) and the brain principally mediated through the enteric nervous system. control of the gut activities during stress, for instance, is mediated by activation of neuroendocrine hormones (e.g., corticotropin-releasing factor). conversely, intestinal microbiota associate with the central nervous system through the axis via microorganism-derived products (e.g., urocortins). some functional gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome) have dysregulated brain-gut axis
Brainwashing: a broad class of intense and often coercive tactics intended to produce profound changes in attitudes, beliefs, and emotions. targets of such tactics have typically been prisoners of war and members of religious cults. (from https://dictionary.apa.org/brainwashing)
Branched DNA Signal Amplification Assay: a molecular probe technique that utilizes branched dna (bdna) as a means to amplify the hybridization signal. one end of the bdna molecule is designed to bind a specific target, while the other end of the bdna molecule contains many branches of dna that are designed to bind a probe used for signal detection
Branchial Cleft Anomalies: congenital abnormalities of the neck that include cysts, sinuses, or fistulas which connect the skin and pharynx. autosomal dominant inheritance has been observed. omim: 113600
Branchial Region: a region, of somite development period, that contains a number of paired arches, each with a mesodermal core lined by ectoderm and endoderm on the two sides. in lower aquatic vertebrates, branchial arches develop into gills. in higher vertebrates, the arches forms outpouchings and develop into structures of the head and neck. separating the arches are the branchial clefts or grooves
Branchial arch syndrome X-linked: microcephaly, downslanting palpebral fissures, highly arched palate, protruding ears, hearing loss & webbed neck
Branchio-Oto-Renal Syndrome: an autosomal dominant disorder manifested by various combinations of preauricular pits, branchial fistulae or cysts, lacrimal duct stenosis, hearing loss, structural defects of the outer, middle, or inner ear, and renal dysplasia. associated defects include asthenic habitus, long narrow facies, constricted palate, deep overbite, and myopia. hearing loss may be due to mondini type cochlear defect and stapes fixation. (jablonski's dictionary of syndromes & eponymic diseases, 2d ed)
Branchioma: a tumor derived from branchial epithelium or branchial rests. (dorland, 27th ed)
Brassica: a plant genus of the family cruciferae. it contains many species and cultivars used as food including cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, brussel sprouts, kale, collard greens, mustard plant; (b. alba, b. junica, and b. nigra), turnips (brassica napus) and rapeseed (brassica rapa)
Brassica: rod rostlin z čeledi cruciferae. má mnoho druhů a kultivarů, které se používají jako potrava včetně zelí, květáku, brokolice, růžičkové kapusty, kapusty, dřeňové kapusty, hořčice (rostliny) (b. alba, b. junica a b. nigra), brukve řepky (brassica napus) a brukve řepáku (brassica rapa)
Brassica napus: a plant species of the family brassicaceae best known for the edible roots
Brassica napus: druh rostlin rodu brassica, čeledi brassicaceae. brukev řepka (brassica napus) je jednoletá nebo dvouletá plodina pěstovaná pro olejnatá semena, využívaná zejména k výrobě oleje. často se rozlišují dva poddruhy: brukev řepka olejka neboli řepka olejka (brassica napus subsp. napus) a brukev řepka tuřín (brassica napus subsp. napobrassica). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Brassica rapa: a subspecies of brassica that includes rape mustard. it is cultivated for the seed and used as animal feed
Brassica rapa: brukev řepák (brassica rapa) je rostlina z čeledi brukvovitých, pěstovaná jako zelenina nebo jako olejnodárná rostlina. kulovité bulvy vodnice se konzumují jako zelenina nebo slouží jako krmivo pro dobytek, semena řepáku olejného obsahují velké množství oleje. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Brassicaceae: a plant family of the order capparales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida. they are mostly herbaceous plants with peppery-flavored leaves, due to gluconapin (glucosinolates) and its hydrolysis product butenylisotrhiocyanate. the family includes many plants of economic importance that have been extensively altered and domesticated by humans. flowers have 4 petals. podlike fruits contain a number of seeds. cress is a general term used for many in the brassicacea family. rockcress is usually arabis; bittercress is usually cardamine; yellowcress is usually rorippa; pennycress is usually thlaspi; watercress refers to nasturtium; or rorippa or tropaeolum; gardencress refers to lepidium; indiancress refers to tropaeolum
Brassicaceae: velká čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu brukvotvarých (brassicales). většina zástupců této čeledi jsou byliny s jednoduchými členěnými listy a bílými, žlutými nebo purpurovými čtyřčetnými květy. mají poměrně uniformní stavbu květů a charakteristické plody, nazývané šešule. do čeledi brukvovitých náleží významné zemědělské plodiny, jako jsou zelí, kapusta, květák, ředkev, růžičková kapusta, hořčice, brokolice, pekingské zelí, křen, řepka aj. některé druhy jsou pěstovány jako okrasné jednoleté, dvouleté či vytrvalé zahradní rostliny i skalničky, mají význam také v přírodní medicíně. mezi zásadní látky, které obsahují, patří zejména glukosinoláty, které také způsobují štiplavou chuť většiny rostlin. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Brassinosteroids: plant steroids ubiquitously distributed throughout the plant kingdom. they play essential roles in modulating growth and differentiation of cells at nanomolar to micromolar concentrations
Brazil: a country located on the eastern coast of south america, located between colombia and peru, that borders the atlantic ocean. it is bordered on the north by venezuela, guyana, suriname, and french guiana, on the south by uruguay, and on the west by argentina. the capital is brasilia
Brazílie: federativní republika tvořená 26 státy a jedním federálním územím. na severu sousedí s francouzskou guyanou, surinamem, guyanou, venezuelou a kolumbií, na západě s peru, bolívií a paraguayí, na jihu s argentinou a uruguayí, východ tvoří pobřeží atlantského oceánu. nejdelší řekou země a celého světa je amazonka. hlavní město je brasília. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Bread: baked food product made of flour or meal that is moistened, kneaded, and sometimes fermented. a major food since prehistoric times, it has been made in various forms using a variety of ingredients and methods
Breakthrough Infections: infections by the same infectious agent (e.g., virus, fungus) occurring during exposure to prophylaxis, vaccine and treatment
Breast: in humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the thorax. the breasts consist of the mammary glands, the skin, the muscles, the adipose tissue, and the connective tissues
Breast Cancer Lymphedema: abnormal accumulation of lymph in the arm, shoulder and breast area associated with surgical treatment (e.g., mastectomy) or radiation treatment of breast cancer
Breast Cancer, Familial: susceptibility for developing breast carcinoma in patients whose relatives have a history of breast carcinoma is associated with germline mutations in several genes. these include: brca1, brca2, brca3, bwscr1a, rb1cc1, rad51, chek2, and bard1 genes. omim: 114480
Breast Carcinoma In Situ: a condition in which abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct, lobule, or nipple to other tissues of the breast. there are 3 types of breast carcinoma in situ: ductal carcinoma in situ; lobular carcinoma in situ; and paget disease of the nipple
Breast Cyst: a fluid-filled closed cavity or sac that is lined by an epithelium and found in the breast. it may appear as a single large cyst in one breast, multifocal, or bilateral in fibrocystic breast disease
Breast Density: measurement of relative composition of different breast tissue types often determined from mammography; ultrasonography; or mri
Breast Implantation: surgical insertion of an inert sac filled with silicone or other material to augment the female form cosmetically
Breast Implants: implants used to reconstruct and/or cosmetically enhance the female breast. they have an outer shell or envelope of silicone elastomer and are filled with either saline or silicone gel. the outer shell may be either smooth or textured
Breast Neoplasms, Male: any neoplasms of the male breast. these occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females
Breast Self-Examination: the inspection of one's breasts, usually for signs of disease, especially neoplastic disease
Breath Holding: an involuntary or voluntary pause in breathing, sometimes accompanied by loss of consciousness
Breathing Exercises: therapeutic exercises aimed to deepen inspiration or expiration or even to alter the rate and rhythm of respiration
Breech Presentation: a malpresentation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor with the fetal cephalic pole in the fundus of the uterus. there are three types of breech: the complete breech with flexed hips and knees; the incomplete breech with one or both hips partially or fully extended; the frank breech with flexed hips and extended knees
Breeding: the production of offspring by selective mating or hybridization, genetic in animals or plants
Brefeldin A: a fungal metabolite which is a macrocyclic lactone exhibiting a wide range of antibiotic activity
Brenner Tumor: a smooth, solid or cystic fibroepithelial (fibroepithelial neoplasms) tumor, usually found in the ovaries but can also be found in the adnexal region and the kidneys. it consists of a fibrous stroma with nests of epithelial cells that sometimes resemble the transitional cells lining the urinary bladder. brenner tumors generally are benign and asymptomatic. malignant brenner tumors have been reported
Brennerův nádor: jde o smíšený fibroepiteliální nádor vaječníků. jde o poměrně málo častý nádor, představuje asi 2 % všech ovariálních tumorů, 71 % případů se demonstruje ve věku nad 40 let. většinou jde o nádor benigní, mohou se ovšem vyskytovat i hraniční a maligní varianty. ačkoliv jde o nádor ovariální, vzácně se může vyskytnout i v jiných lokalitách, zejm. v jiných oblastech ženského pohlavního traktu. (cit. wikiskripta, 2016 http://www.wikiskripta.eu)
Brentuximab Vedotin: immunoconjugate that consists of the chimeric monoclonal anti - cd30 antigen antibody cac-10 conjugated to monomethyl auristatin e. it is used for the treatment of lymphoma
Brettanomyces: nebyl prokázán rozdíl mezi pohlavní a nepohlavní formou těchto kvasinek, tedy mezi anamorfní brettanomyces a telemorfní dekkera, proto není třeba jejich přítomnost rozlišovat a značí se univerzálně jako brettanomyces. kvasinky brettanomyces bruxellensis jsou schopny během výroby červeného vína vytvářet těkavé fenoly - ethylfenoly, které jsou zodpovědné za nežádoucí živočišné aroma vína. (uprav. podle hana cháberová: kvasinky brettanomyces bruxelensis v technologii vín, brno, mendel. univ. 2016)
Brettanomyces: the anamorphic form of the yeast dekkera. it is implicated as a spoilage microorganism in wines
Bretylium Compounds: benzylammonium compounds with the formula br-phenyl-cn+r3 that include bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: an agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. it was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic
Brevibacillus: a genus of gram-positive endospore-forming rods in the family paenibacillaceae. most strains have been isolated from the natural environment, particularly soils
Brevibacillus: rod grampozitivních tyčinek čeledi paenibacillaceae, který tvoří endospory. většina druhů byla izolována z přírodních lokalit, zejména z půdy
Brevibacterium: a gram-positive organism found in dairy products, fresh and salt water, marine organisms, insects, and decaying organic matter
Brevibacterium: grampozitivní organismus nalezený v mléčných výrobcích, sladké a slané vodě, mořských organismech, hmyzu a rozkládající se organické hmotě
Brevibacterium flavum: a species in the genus corynebacterium, family corynebacteriaceae, which is used for industrial production of the amino acid lysine. it is closely related to corynebacterium glutamicum
Brevibacterium flavum: druh bakterie rodu corynebacterium, čeledi corynebacteriaceae, která se využívá při fermentační produkci aminokyseliny lysinu
Brevican: a brain-specific hyalectin that may play a role in terminally differentiating neurons. it is found highly overexpressed in primary brain tumors and in experimental models of glioma
Bridged Bicyclo Compounds: saturated alicyclic hydrocarbon molecules consisting of two rings that have two non-adjacent atoms in common
Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic: heterocyclic compounds that contain two rings that share two non-adjacent atoms in common
Bridged-Ring Compounds: cyclic hydrocarbons that contain multiple rings which share one or more bridgehead connections
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale: a scale comprising 18 symptom constructs chosen to represent relatively independent dimensions of manifest psychopathology. the initial intended use was to provide more efficient assessment of treatment response in clinical psychopharmacology research; however, the scale was readily adapted to other uses. (from hersen, m. and bellack, a.s., dictionary of behavioral assessment techniques, p. 87)
Brief, Resolved, Unexplained Event: an event experienced by an infant or a child that is characterized by some combination of apnea, color change, change in muscle tone, choking, and gagging
Brilliant hybrid composite: contains filler (barium aluminum, borosilicate, pyrogenic silicon dioxide); resin (bis-gma, bis-ema, tegdma); 55% filler volume; mean particle size is 0.5 micro-m
Brimonidine Tartrate: a quinoxaline derivative and adrenergic alhpa-2 receptor agonist that is used to manage intraocular pressure associated with open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension
Brimonidine Tartrate, Timolol Maleate Drug Combination: a pharmaceutical preparation of brimonidine tartrate and timolol maleate. the combined adrenergic alpha2 receptor agonist and adrenergic beta-antagonist activity of these drugs reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients
Brinolase: a fibrinolytic and thrombolytic enzyme from aspergillus oryzae. ec 3.4.99.-
British Columbia: a province of canada on the pacific coast. its capital is victoria. the name given in 1858 derives from the columbia river which was named by the american captain robert gray for his ship columbia which in turn was named for columbus. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p178 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p81-2)
British Virgin Islands: a british overseas territory, part of the british west indies, lying about 60 miles east of puerto rico. tortola is the main island, other islands include virgin gorda, jost van dyke and anegada
Britská Kolumbie: provincie na jihozápadě kanady. západní břehy britské kolumbie omývá tichý oceán. z kanadských provincií sousedí britská kolumbie na severu s yukonem a severozápadními teritorii, na východě sousedí s provincií alberta. z amerických států sousedí britská kolumbie na severozápadě s aljaškou, na jihu pak se státy washington, idaho a montana. hlavním městem britské kolumbie je victoria, která leží na ostrově vancouver. největším městem je však vancouver, který leží na pevnině u stejnojmenného ostrova. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Britské Panenské ostrovy: britské panenské ostrovy jsou zámořské území spojeného království sestávající z více než 50 ostrovů souostroví panenské ostrovy. v roce 1917 odkoupily spojené státy od dánska ostrovy sv. jan, sv. tomáš a st. croix a přejmenovaly je na americké panenské ostrovy. následně britové přejmenovali ostrovy na britské panenské ostrovy. samostatnou kolonií se staly ostrovy v roce 1960 a v roce 1967 získaly širší autonomii. největšími ostrovy jsou tortola, virgin gorda, anegada, a jost van dyke. hlavní a zároveň největší město road town je na ostrově tortola. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Brittle cornea syndrome 1: a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by by blue sclera, corneal rupture after minor trauma, keratoconus or keratoglobus, hyperelasticity of the skin, and hypermobility of the joints. mutations in the znf469 gene have been identified. omim: 229200
Broad Ligament: a broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis
Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies: neutralizing antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent (e.g., hiv) by targeting several epitopes
Broadside: work consisting of published pieces of paper or other material, usually printed on one side and intended to be read unfolded and usually intended to be posted, publicly distributed, or sold, e.g., proclamations, handbills, newssheets, etc. (from genre terms: a thesaurus for use in rare book and special collections cataloguing, 2d ed)
Broadsides as Topic: works about published pieces of paper or other material, usually printed on one side and intended to be read unfolded and usually intended to be posted, publicly distributed, or sold, e.g., proclamations, handbills, newssheets, etc
Broca Area: functional neuroanatomical region of the inferior frontal gyrus consisting of pars opercularis and pars triangularis. it is important in speech and language production. injuries to broca area are associated with broca aphasia and apraxia
Brochothrix: a genus of gram-positive bacteria in the family listeriaceae. it has 93% homology to listeria and shares with it many phenotypic properties
Brochothrix: rod grampozitivních bakterií čeledi listeriaceae. vykazuje 93% homologii s rodem listeria a sdílí s ním mnoho fenotypových rysů
Brocova afázie: afázie charakterizovaná poruchou tvorby řeči při zachované schopnosti řeči rozumět. příčinou vzniku této afázie jsou léze v motorické asociační oblasti čelního laloku (brocovo centrum a přilehlé oblasti kůry a bílé hmoty mozkové). (upraveno podle: velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Brocova oblast: funkční neuroanatomická oblast, která se nachází v gyrus frontalis inferior, v řečové hemisféře. sestává z pars opercularis a pars triangularis. významně se podílí na řízení tvorby řeči. poškození této oblasti způsobuje brocovou afázii a apraxii
Brocův diagonální svazek: cholinergní svazek nervových vláken za substantia perforata anterior. propojuje gyrus paraterminalis v oblasti septálních jader (nuclei septales) s hippokampem a area olfactoria lateralis
Bromazepam: one of the benzodiazepines that is used in the treatment of anxiety disorders
Bromcresol Green: an indicator and reagent. it has been used in serum albumin determinations and as a ph indicator
Bromcresol Purple: an indicator and reagent. it has been used for several purposes including the determination of serum albumin concentrations
Bromelains: protein-digesting and milk-clotting enzymes found in pineapple fruit juice and stem tissue. enzymes from the two sources are distinguished as fruit bromelain and stem bromelain. this enzyme was formerly listed as ec 3.4.22.4
Bromelia: a plant genus of the family bromeliaceae. members contain karatasin and balansain (endopeptidases) and bromelains
Bromelia: rod rostlin čeledi bromeliaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují karatasin a balansain (endopeptidasy) a bromelainy
Bromeliaceae: a plant family of the order bromeliales, subclass zingiberidae, class liliopsida (monocotyledons)
Bromhexine: a mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744)
Bromides: salts of hydrobromic acid, hbr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Bromine: a halogen with the atomic symbol br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. it is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested
Bromine Compounds: inorganic compounds that contain bromine as an integral part of the molecule
Bromine Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of bromine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. br atoms with atomic weights 74-78, 80, and 82-90 are radioactive bromine isotopes
Bromobenzenes: derivatives of benzene in which one or more hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring are replaced by bromine atoms
Bromobenzoates: benzoic acid or benzoic acid esters substituted with one or more bromine atoms
Bromochlorofluorocarbons: a series of hydrocarbons containing bromine; chlorine and flourine
Bromocriptine: a semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine d2 agonist. it suppresses prolactin secretion
Bromodeoxycytidine: 5-bromo-2'-deoxycytidine. can be incorporated into dna in the presence of dna polymerase, replacing dctp
Bromodeoxyuridine: a nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in dna and thus acts as an antimetabolite. it causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. it has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors
Bromodomain Containing Proteins: non-histone chromosomal proteins that regulate gene expression through a variety of mechanisms including recognizing acetylated histone lysine residues and through transcriptional machinery regulation
Bromosuccinimide: a brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. it is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (from miall's dictionary of chemistry, 5th ed; hawley's condensed chemical dictionary, 12th ed,)
Bromotrichloromethane: a potent liver poison. in rats, bromotrichloromethane produces about three times the degree of liver microsomal lipid peroxidation as does carbon tetrachloride
Bromouracil: 5-bromo-2,4(1h,3h)-pyrimidinedione. brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in dna. it is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (bromodeoxyuridine) is used to treat neoplasms
Bromoviridae: a family of rna plant viruses with a wide host range in crops and horticultural species. all viruses are readily transmitted by mechanical means and some by insects and pollen. the genera include: alfamovirus; bromovirus; cucumovirus; ilarvirus; and oleavirus
Bromoviridae: čeleď rostlinných rna-virů s širokým hostitelským spektrem v oblasti zemědělských plodin a zahradních rostlin. přenos probíhá u všech těchto virů mechanicky, u některých také pomocí hmyzu a pylu. patří sem rody alfamovirus, bromovirus, cucumovirus, ilarvirus a oleavirus
Bromovirus: a genus of tripartite plant viruses in the family bromoviridae. transmission is by beetles. brome mosaic virus is the type species
Bromovirus: rod rostlinných virů čeledi bromoviridae. jsou přenášeny brouky. typovým druhem je virus mozaiky sveřepu
Brompheniramine: histamine h1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria
Bromphenol Blue: a dye that has been used as an industrial dye, a laboratory indicator, and a biological stain
Bromthymol Blue: a ph sensitive dye that has been used as an indicator in many laboratory reactions
Bromus: a plant genus of the family poaceae. the name is similar to broom or scotch broom (cytisus) or butcher's broom (ruscus) or desert broom (baccharis) or spanish broom (spartium)
Bronchi: the larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. they include the largest two primary bronchi which branch out into secondary bronchi, and tertiary bronchi which extend into bronchioles and pulmonary alveoli
Bronchial Arteries: left bronchial arteries arise from the thoracic aorta, the right from the first aortic intercostal or the upper left bronchial artery; they supply the bronchi and the lower trachea
Bronchial Fistula: an abnormal passage or communication between a bronchus and another part of the body
Bronchial Hyperreactivity: tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. this condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. the most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory
Bronchial Provocation Tests: tests involving inhalation of allergens (nebulized or in dust form), nebulized pharmacologically active solutions (e.g., histamine, methacholine), or control solutions, followed by assessment of respiratory function. these tests are used in the diagnosis of asthma
Bronchial Spasm: spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi
Bronchial Thermoplasty: thermal destruction of the excess bronchial smooth muscle tissue with heat delivered through a catheter assembly attached to a bronchoscope. it is often used to control bronchial hyperreactivity in severe asthma for better airway management
Bronchiectasis With Or Without Elevated Sweat Chloride 1: mutations in scnn1
Bronchiectasis With Or Without Elevated Sweat Chloride 3: mutation in scnn1g
Bronchioles: the small airways branching off the tertiary bronchi. terminal bronchioles lead into several orders of respiratory bronchioles which in turn lead into alveolar ducts and then into pulmonary alveoli
Bronchiolitis Obliterans: inflammation of the bronchioles leading to an obstructive lung disease. bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. clinical features include a nonproductive cough and dyspnea
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome: bronchiolitis obliterans complication from allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and lung transplantation
Bronchiolitis, Viral: an acute inflammatory disease of the lower respiratory tract, caused by paramyxoviruses, occurring primarily in infants and young children; the viruses most commonly implicated are parainfluenza virus type 3; respiratory syncytial virus, human; and metapneumovirus
Bronchitis: inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the bronchi, from the primary bronchi to the tertiary bronchi
Bronchitis, Chronic: a subcategory of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. the disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis
Bronchoalveolar Lavage: washing out of the lungs with saline or mucolytic agents for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. it is very useful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients
Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid: washing liquid obtained from irrigation of the lung, including the bronchi and the pulmonary alveoli. it is generally used to assess biochemical, inflammatory, or infection status of the lung
Bronchoconstriction: narrowing of the caliber of the bronchi, physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention
Bronchoconstrictor Agents: agents causing the narrowing of the lumen of a bronchus or bronchiole
Bronchodilator Agents: agents that cause an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes
Bronchogenic Cyst: a usually spherical cyst, arising as an embryonic out-pouching of the foregut or trachea. it is generally found in the mediastinum or lung and is usually asymptomatic unless it becomes infected
Bronchomalacia: a congenital or acquired condition of underdeveloped or degeneration of cartilage in the bronchi. this results in a floppy bronchial wall making patency difficult to maintain. it is characterized by wheezing and difficult breathing
Bronchopneumonia: inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with bronchitis, usually involving lobular areas from terminal bronchioles to the pulmonary alveoli. the affected areas become filled with exudate that forms consolidated patches