NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Camptotheca: a plant genus of the family nyssaceae (sometimes classified in the cornaceae family). it is a source of camptothecin
Camptotheca: rod rostlin čeledi nyssaceae (dříve řazený do čeledi cornaceae), jehož zástupci obsahují kamptothecin
Camptothecin: an alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the chinese tree, camptotheca acuminata. this compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme dna topoisomerases, type i. several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity
Campylobacter: a genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. some species are pathogenic
Campylobacter: rod bakterií nalezených v reprodukčních orgánech, střevním traktu a ústní dutině zvířat a člověka. některé druhy jsou patogenní
Campylobacter coli: a species of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the intestinal tract of swine, poultry, and man. it may be pathogenic
Campylobacter coli: druh gramnegativní, tyčinkovité bakterie izolované ze střevního traktu prasat, drůbeže a člověka. může být patogenní
Campylobacter fetus: a species of bacteria present in man and many kinds of animals and birds, often causing infertility and/or abortion
Campylobacter fetus: druh bakterie, která se vyskytuje u člověka a u mnoha druhů zvířat a ptáků. často způsobuje neplodnost a/nebo potrat
Campylobacter hyointestinalis: a species of campylobacter isolated from the intestines of pigs with proliferative enteritis. it is also found in cattle and in cricetinae and can cause enteritis in humans
Campylobacter hyointestinalis: druh bakterie rodu campylobacter izolované ze střev prasat s proliferativní enteritidou. vyskytuje se také u skotu a u křečkovitých (cricetinae). může způsobovat enteritidu u člověka
Campylobacter jejuni: a species of bacteria that resemble small tightly coiled spirals. its organisms are known to cause abortion in sheep and fever and enteritis in man and may be associated with enteric diseases of calves, lambs, and other animals
Campylobacter jejuni: druh bakterií, které svým tvarem připomínají malé, pevně stočené spirály. tyto organismy mohou způsobit zmetání ovcí a horečku a enteritidu u člověka. mohou být příčinou enteropatií telat, jehňat a dalších zvířat
Campylobacter lari: a species of thermophilic campylobacter found in healthy seagulls and causing enteritis in humans
Campylobacter lari: druh termofilní bakterie rodu campylobacter, která se vyskytuje u zdravých racků a způsobuje enteritidu u člověka
Campylobacter rectus: a species of campylobacter isolated from cases of human periodontitis. it is a microaerophile, capable of respiring with oxygen
Campylobacter rectus: druh bakterie rodu campylobacter izolované z klinického materiálu pacientů s parodontitidou. je mikroaerofilní, při buněčném dýchání využívá kyslík
Campylobacter sputorum: a species of campylobacter comprised of three biovars based on their reaction to catalase and urease. they have been isolated from humans, cattle, and sheep
Campylobacter sputorum: druh bakterie rodu campylobacter. podle reakce na katalázu a ureázu se rozlišují tři biovary. byly izolované z lidí, skotu a ovcí
Campylobacter upsaliensis: a species of campylobacter isolated from dogs; cats; and humans
Campylobacter upsaliensis: druh bakterie rodu campylobacter izolované ze psů, z koček a z lidí
Campylobacteraceae: a large and diverse group in the order campylobacterales, individual species of which grow in aerobic and anaerobic conditions as free-living, commensal, or pathogenic forms
Campylobacteraceae: velká a různorodá čeleď bakterií řádu campylobacterales. zahrnuje druhy žijící volně, jako komenzálové či patogeni, v aerobních i anaerobních podmínkách
Campylobacterales: gram negative microaerophilic bacteria of the phylum proteobacteria, class epsilonproteobacteria
Campylobacterales: řád gramnegativních, mikroaerofilních bakterií kmene proteobacteria, třídy epsilonproteobacteria
Camurati-Engelmann Syndrome: an autosomal dominant form of dysplasia that is characterized by progressive thickening of diaphyseal cortex of long bones. mutations in the gene that encodes transforming growth factor beta1 are one cause of this disorder
Camuratiho-Engelmannův syndrom: osteochondrodysplazie spočívající v symetrickém ztluštění kortikalis diafýz dlouhých kostí. dědičnost je autozomálně dominantní. dysplazie vede k osteoskleróze a redukci dřeňové dutiny s následnou aplastickou anemií. kosti jsou citlivé na dotyk. výskyt je mezi 4. až 20. rokem života. příčina onemocnění není známa. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Canada: the largest country in north america, comprising 10 provinces and three territories. its capital is ottawa
Canagliflozin: a glucoside-derived sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor that stimulates urinary excretion of glucose by suppressing renal glucose reabsorption. it is used to manage blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes
Canaliculitis: inflammation and infection of the lacrimal canaliculus area in the lacrimal apparatus
Cananga: a plant genus of the family annonaceae known for its aromatic oil (oils, volatile)
Cananga: rod rostlin čeledi annonaceae. kananga vonná (cananga odorata, běžně známá jako ylang-ylang) je tropický strom, pocházející z tropické asie a austrálie, běžně je pěstována i v polynésii, melanésii, mikronésii a komorských ostrovech. je ceněna pro svou vůni, esenciální olej z jejích květů se používá v aromaterapii. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Canarypox virus: a species of avipoxvirus, subfamily chordopoxvirinae. canarypox virus vectors are used in vaccine and immunotherapy research
Canavalia: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. canavalia ensiformis is the source of concanavalin a
Canavalia: rod rostlin z čeledi fabaceae (bobovité). druh canavalia ensiformis je zdrojem lektinu concanavalinu a (řidč. též concavalin a)
Canavan Disease: a rare neurodegenerative condition of infancy or childhood characterized by white matter vacuolization and demeylination that gives rise to a spongy appearance. aspartoacylase deficiency leads to an accumulation of n-acetylaspartate in astrocytes. inheritance may be autosomal recessive or the illness may occur sporadically. this illness occurs more frequently in individuals of ashkenazic jewish descent. the neonatal form features the onset of hypotonia and lethargy at birth, rapidly progressing to coma and death. the infantile form features developmental delay, dyskinesias, hypotonia, spasticity, blindness, and megalencephaly. the juvenile form is characterized by ataxia; optic atrophy; and dementia. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p944; am j med genet 1988 feb;29(2):463-71)
Cancellous Bone: a type of osseous tissue which makes up the inner part of bone. it has a spongy, honeycomb-like structure with struts or trabecula and contains the bone marrow. it has higher rate of bone remodeling turnover than cortical bone
Cancer Pain: pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during neoplasm growth, tissue invasion, and metastasis
Cancer Survivors: persons who have experienced prolonged survival with or following malignant neoplastic disease
Cancer Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent or treat cancer. vaccines are produced using the patient's own whole tumor cells as the source of antigens, or using tumor-specific antigens, often recombinantly produced
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: subpopulation of heterogeneous fibroblasts within the tumor microenvironment that support neoplastic cell transformation and neoplastic processes
Candicidin: mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides from streptomyces griseus or actinomyces levoris used topically in candidiasis. the antibiotic complex is composed of candicidins a, b, c, and d, of which d is the major component
Candida: a genus of yeast-like mitosporic saccharomycetales fungi characterized by producing yeast cells, mycelia, pseudomycelia, and blastophores. it is commonly part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina, but can cause a variety of infections, including candidiasis; onychomycosis; vulvovaginal candidiasis; and candidiasis, oral (thrush)
Candida: rod kvasinkovitých mitosporických hub řádu saccharomycetales charakterizovaný tvorbou jednobuněčných kvasinek, mycelií, pseudomycelií a blastospor. zpravidla je součástí normální kožní a slizniční flóry (úst, střevního traktu a vaginy), ale může vyvolat řadu infekcí (kandidózu, onychomykózu, vulvovaginální kandidózu a orální kandidózu)
Candida albicans: a unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing candidiasis (moniliasis)
Candida albicans: druh jednobuněčných pučivých hub, je příčinným agens kandidózy (moniliázy)
Candida auris: a species of yeast in genus candida. c. auris infection is most often associated with immunocompromised patients in healthcare settings. invasive candidiasis and colonization pose a treatment challenge when multidrug resistant strains are involved
Candida auris: druh kvasinky rodu candida. infekce kvasinkou c. auris se nejčastěji vyskytují u imunokompromitovaných pacientů ve zdravotnických zařízeních. invazivní kandidóza a kolonizace multi-rezistentními kmeny mohou být obtížně léčitelné
Candida glabrata: a species of mitosporic fungi commonly found on the body surface. it causes opportunistic infections especially in immunocompromised patients
Candida glabrata: druh mitosporických hub, které se běžně vyskytují na povrchu těla. způsobuje oportunní infekce, zejména u imunokompromitovaných pacientů
Candida parapsilosis: a species of mitosporic fungi and opportunistic pathogen associated with its ability to form biofilms in catheters and parenteral nutrition iv lines. c. parapsilosis complex includes closely related species c. orthopsilosis; and c. metapsilosis
Candida parapsilosis: druh mitosporických hub a oportunní patogen pro schopnost tvořit biofilmy v katétrech a přístupech pro parenterální výživu. skupina c. parapsilosis complex zahrnuje blízce příbuzné druhy c. orthopsilosis a c. metapsilosis
Candida tropicalis: a species of mitosporic fungi that is a major cause of septicemia and disseminated candidiasis, especially in patients with lymphoma; leukemia; and diabetes mellitus. it is also found as part of the normal human mucocutaneous flora
Candida tropicalis: druh mitosporických hub, který je hlavní příčinou septikemie a diseminované kandidózy, zejména u pacientů s lymfomem, leukemií a diabetes mellitus. také je součástí běžné lidské mukokutánní flóry
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus: causative agent for huanglongbing disease or citrus greening disease
Candidemia: a form of invasive candidiasis where species of candida are present in the blood
Candidiasis: infection with a fungus of the genus candida. it is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by candida albicans. (dorland, 27th ed)
Candidiasis familial chronic mucocutaneous, autosomal recessive: mutations in clec7a (candf4) and card9 (candf2) genes
Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous: a clinical syndrome characterized by development, usually in infancy or childhood, of a chronic, often widespread candidiasis of skin, nails, and mucous membranes. it may be secondary to one of the immunodeficiency syndromes, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, or associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity, endocrine disorders, dental stomatitis, or malignancy
Candidiasis, Cutaneous: candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (dorland, 27th ed)
Candidiasis, Invasive: an important nosocomial fungal infection with species of the genus candida, most frequently candida albicans. invasive candidiasis occurs when candidiasis goes beyond a superficial infection and manifests as candidemia, deep tissue infection, or disseminated disease with deep organ involvement
Candidiasis, Oral: infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus candida. (dorland, 27th ed)
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal: infection of the vulva and vagina with a fungus of the genus candida
Candy: sweet food products combining cane or beet sugars with other carbohydrates and chocolate, milk, eggs, and various flavorings. in the united states, candy refers to both sugar- and cocoa-based confections and is differentiated from sweetened baked goods; elsewhere the terms sugar confectionary, chocolate confectionary, and flour confectionary (meaning goods such as cakes and pastries) are used
Canes: sticks used as walking aids. the canes may have three or four prongs at the end of the shaft
Canidae: a family of terrestrial carnivores with long snouts and non-retractable claws. members include coyotes; dogs; foxes; jackals; raccoon dogs; and wolves
Canidae: čeleď suchozemských masožravců s dlouhými čenichy a nezatahovatelnými drápy. mezi členy patří kojoti, psi, lišky, šakali, psíci mývalovití a vlci
Caniformia: podřád psotvárných šelem, kam patří šelmy psovité, medvědovité a ploutvonožci
Caniformia: suborder of dog-like carnivores which include dogs, coyotes, skunks, mustelids, walruses, seals, bears, and procyonids
Cannabaceae: a plant family of the order urticales, subclass hamamelidae, class magnoliopsida. it is most notable for the members, cannabis and hops
Cannabaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu růžotvaré (rosales). mezi nejvýznamnější zástupce patří konopí a chmel. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: recurrent vomiting accompanied by nausea, abdominal pain and sometimes compulsive hot bathing behavior in chronic cannabis abuse
Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists: compounds that interact with and stimulate the activity of cannabinoid receptors
Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists: compounds that inhibit or block the activity of cannabinoid receptors
Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators: compounds that interact with and modulate the activity of cannabinoid receptors
Cannabinoids: compounds having the cannabinoid structure. they were originally extracted from cannabis sativa l. the most pharmacologically active constituents are tetrahydrocannabinol; cannabinol; and cannabidiol
Cannabis: rod rostlin z čeledi cannabaceae, z řádu urticales, podtřídy hamamelidae. vrchní okvětní část se označuje mnoha slangovými termíny, například tráva, hulení, zelí, marihuana, hašiš, bhang a ganja. stonek je významný zdroj konopného vlákna
Cannabis: the plant genus in the cannabaceae plant family, urticales order, hamamelidae subclass. the flowering tops are called many slang terms including pot, marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. the stem is an important source of hemp fiber
Cannula: short, hollow cylinders or tubes for insertion into a canal, vessel, or body cavity
Canonical Correlation Analysis: mathematical procedure that transforms vectors of variables into canonical variate pairs and finds their correlation to describe strength of association
Cantharidin: a toxic compound, isolated from the spanish fly or blistering beetle (lytta (cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. it is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (pp1) and 2a (pp2a). this compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally
Canthaxanthin: a trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. the compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy
Cantrellova pentalogie: syndrom vzácné vrozené deformity, který se projevuje kombinací pěti anomálií v důsledku poruchy neurální trubice. mezi těchto pět anomálií patří: defekt střední linie abdominální stěny (např. pupeční kýla), defekt spodní části kosti hrudní, vrozený intrakardiální defekt, přední brániční kýla a defektu membrány perikardu (např. perikardiální efuze). jsou známy varianty s neúplnými a variabilními kombinacemi vad. se syndromem jsou často spojeny ectopia cordis, rozštěp rtu a rozštěp patra
Cantu syndrome: a rare hereditary autosomal dominant disorder characterized by congenital hypertrichosis, fetal macrosomia, a distinct osteochondrodysplasia, and cardiomegaly; additional heart abnormalities are present in approximately 80% of cases. motor development is usually delayed due to hypotonia, most patients have a mild speech delay, and a small percentage have learning disorders or intellectual disability. mutations in the abcc9 gene have been identified. omim: 239850
Cap3B protein, Streptococcus pneumoniae: a type 3 synthase of streptococcus pneumoniae that directs type 3 capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis; mw 49 kda; has been sequenced
Cap3a protein, Streptococcus pneumoniae: involved in the synthesis of the capsular polysaccharide of streptococcus pneumoniae type 3; gene cap3-1 is renamed cap3a; has udp-glucose dehydrogenase activity; amino acid sequence given in first source; genbank z12159
CapZ Actin Capping Protein: an actin capping protein that binds to the barbed-ends of actin filaments. it is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha and a beta subunit. it regulates actin assembly by stabilizing actin oligomers for elongation. in skeletal muscle, capz is localized to the z-disk
Capacity Building: organizational development including enhancement of management structures, processes and procedures, within organizations and among different organizations and sectors to meet present and future needs
Capecitabine: a deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil prodrug that is used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite in the treatment of colon cancer; breast cancer and gastric cancer
Capgras Syndrome: a psychotic disorder characterized by the patient's belief that acquaintances or closely related persons have been replaced by doubles or imposters
Capgrasův syndrom: psychická porucha, při které jedinec věří, že někdo z rodiny nebo přátel byl nahrazen identickým dvojníkem
Capillaria: a genus of trichuroid nematodes parasitic in the liver and intestines of many mammals and birds. two species, c. hepatica and c. philippinensis, produce often fatal infections in man
Capillaria: rod tenkých vlasovitých hlístic parazitujících v játrech a střevech mnoha savců a ptáků. dva druhy, c. hepatica a c. philippinensis, vyvolávají často fatální infekce u lidí
Capillary Action: a phenomenon in which the surface of a liquid where it contacts a solid is elevated or depressed, because of the relative attraction of the molecules of the liquid for each other and for those of the solid. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Capillary Electrochromatography: a separation technique which combines liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis
Capillary Fragility: the susceptibility of capillaries, under conditions of increased stress, to leakage
Capillary Isoelectric Focusing: isoelectric focusing in capillary gels instead of slab gels. capillary gel electrophoresis generally allows higher resolution, higher detection sensitivity and easier integration with other separation and detection techniques
Capillary Leak Syndrome: a condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. if not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized edema; shock; cardiovascular collapse; and multiple organ failure
Capillary Malformation-Arteriovenous Malformation: congenital capillary and arteriovenous anomalies associated with port-wine-stain. caused by mutations in the p120 gtpase activating protein (rasa1) gene. omim: 608354
Capillary Malformations, Congenital, 1: congenital vascular malformations that usually grow with the individual, do not regress spontaneously, and show normal rates of endothelial cell turnover. they are distinct from hemangioma, capillary and are associated with somatic mosaic mutations in the gnaq gene. omim: 163000
Capillary Permeability: the property of blood capillary endothelium that allows for the selective exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues and through membranous barriers such as the blood-air barrier; blood-aqueous barrier; blood-brain barrier; blood-nerve barrier; blood-retinal barrier; and blood-testis barrier. small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. these pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement
Capillary Resistance: the vascular resistance to the flow of blood through the capillaries portions of the peripheral vascular bed
Capillary Tubing: hollow cylindrical objects with an internal diameter that is small enough to fill by and hold liquids inside by capillary action
Capital Expenditures: those funds disbursed for facilities and equipment, particularly those related to the delivery of health care
Capital Financing: institutional funding for facilities and for equipment which becomes a part of the assets of the institution
Capitalism: a political and economic system characterized by individual rights, by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market. (from merriam-webster's collegiate dictionary, 10th ed)
Capitate Bone: a carpal bone with a rounded head located between the trapezoid bone and the hamate bone
Capitation Fee: a method of payment for health services in which an individual or institutional provider is paid a fixed, per capita amount without regard to the actual number or nature of services provided to each patient
Caplan Syndrome: a condition characterized by the presence of rheumatoid arthritis associated with a specific form of pneumoconiosis, often in coal miners and asbestos workers
Caplanův syndrom: kombinace plicní silikózy s postižením kloubů charakteru revmatoidní artritidy. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2015 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Capnocytophaga: a gram-negative gliding bacterium isolated from the oral cavity. it is a pathogen often causing periodontitis
Capnocytophaga: rod gramnegativních, klouzavých bakterií izolovaných z dutiny ústní. je to patogen, který je častou příčinou parodontitidy
Capparaceae: a plant family of the order capparales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida, that are mostly herbs and shrubs growing in warm arid regions. several produce glucosinolates
Capparaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu capparales, podtřídy dilleniidae, třídy magnoliopsida. čeleď kaparovité je tvořena keři, popínavými rostlinami, vzácně i bylinami, bývají opadavé i stálezelené. největší celosvětové rozšíření mají v subtropických a tropických oblastech, řidčeji v mírném pásmu. několik druhů obsahuje glukosinoláty. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Capparis: a plant genus of the family capparaceae that contains mabinlin, a sweet protein
Capparis: rod rostlin z čeledi capparaceae (kaparovité), obsahující sladký protein mabinlin
Capreomycin: cyclic peptide antibiotic similar to viomycin. it is produced by streptomyces capreolus
Caprifoliaceae: a plant family of the order dipsacales, subclass asteridae, class magnoliopsida
Caprifoliaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu dipsacales, třídy rosopsida
Capripoxvirus: a genus of the family poxviridae, subfamily chordopoxvirinae, comprising poxviruses infecting sheep, goats, and cattle. transmission is usually mechanical by arthropods, but also includes contact, airborne routes, and non-living reservoirs (fomites)
Capripoxvirus: rod virů čeledi poxviridae, podčeledi chordopoxvirinae. patří sem viry infikující ovce, kozy a skot. přenos je zpravidla prostřednictvím členovců, ale také kontaktem, vzduchem nebo pomocí neživých objektů (fomitů)
Caproates: derivatives of caproic acid. included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated six carbon aliphatic structure
Caprolactam: cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. can cause local irritation
Capromed DC: consists of nylon 6, dioxidine & quinoxidine; antibacterial polymeric sutures
Caprylates: derivatives of caprylic acid. included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure
Capsaicin: an alkylamide found in capsicum that acts at trpv cation channels
Capsicum: a plant genus of the family solanaceae. the hot peppers yield capsaicin, which activates vanilloid receptors. several varieties have sweet or pungent edible fruits that are used as vegetables when fresh and spices when the pods are dried
Capsicum: rod rostlin z čeledi solanaceae. pálivé papriky obsahují kapsaicin, který aktivuje vanilloidové receptory. několik odrůd má sladké nebo pálivé jedlé plody, které se používají jako zelenina a sušené lusky jako koření
Capsid: the outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. capsids are composed of repeating units (capsomers or capsomeres) of capsid proteins which when assembled together form either an icosahedral or helical shape
Capsule Endoscopes: a pill sized videocamera encased in a capsule. it is designed to be swallowed and subsequently traverse the gastrointestinal tract while transmitting diagnostic images along the way
Capsule Endoscopy: non-invasive, endoscopic imaging by use of video capsule endoscopes to perform examination of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the small bowel
Capsule Opacification: clouding or loss of transparency of the posterior lens capsule, usually following cataract extraction
Capsulorhexis: the making of a continuous circular tear in the anterior capsule during cataract surgery in order to allow expression or phacoemulsification of the nucleus of the lens. (dorland, 28th ed)
Captek alloy: a commercially-available dental alloy composed of two different alloys (captek p & g), has a high gold content (au 88%, pt 4%, & pd 4% by wt); used in porcelain-fused-to-metal dental crowns and bridges
Captopril: a potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase a. it blocks the conversion of angiotensin i to angiotensin ii, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin
Caragana: rod rostlin z čeledi fabaceae (bobovité). zástupci obsahují stilbeny
Carbachol: a slowly hydrolyzed cholinergic agonist that acts at both muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors
Carbadox: an antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. however, its use has been prohibited in the uk following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)
Carbamates: derivatives of carbamic acid, h2nc(=o)oh. included under this heading are n-substituted and o-substituted carbamic acids. in general carbamate esters are referred to as urethanes, and polymers that include repeating units of carbamate are referred to as polyurethanes. note however that polyurethanes are derived from the polymerization of isocyanates and the singular term urethane refers to the ethyl ester of carbamic acid
Carbamazepine: a dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. it is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. it may also be used in the management of bipolar disorder, and has analgesic properties
Carbamide Peroxide: a urea peroxide compound that is commonly used in tooth whitening agents; topical anti-infective agents, and earwax remover
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I Activators: substances and drugs that stimulate the synthesis or increase the activity of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase i. drugs in this class of compounds have been used to treat the genetic disorder, carbamoyl-phosphate synthase i deficiency disease
Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia): an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from atp, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. this enzyme is specific for arginine biosynthesis or the urea cycle. absence or lack of this enzyme may cause carbamoyl-phosphate synthase i deficiency disease. ec 6.3.4.16
Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Glutamine-Hydrolyzing): an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from atp, carbon dioxide, and glutamine. this enzyme is important in the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines. ec 6.3.5.5
Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase I Deficiency Disease: a urea cycle disorder manifesting in infancy as lethargy, emesis, seizures, alterations of muscle tone, abnormal eye movements, and an elevation of serum ammonia. the disorder is caused by a reduction in the activity of hepatic mitochondrial carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (ammonia). (menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, pp50-1)
Carbamyl Phosphate: the monoanhydride of carbamic acid with phosphoric acid. it is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by carbamyl-phosphate synthase (ammonia) and carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing)
Carbanilides: compounds consisting of two phenyl groups joined by a urea. derivatives may be used as antiparasitic agents
Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: strains of enterobacteriaceae that are resistant to carbapenems, primarily due to the acquisition of carbapenemase (beta-lactamase) genes
Carbapenems: a group of beta-lactam antibiotics in which the sulfur atom in the thiazolidine ring of the penicillin molecule is replaced by a carbon atom. thienamycins are a subgroup of carbapenems which have a sulfur atom as the first constituent of the side chain
Carbaryl: a carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. it is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. it has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries
Carbasugars: sugar analogs in which the ring oxygen is replaced by a methylene (ch2) carbon
Carbazilquinone: an alkylating agent structurally similar to mitomycin and found to be effective in the treatment of leukemia and various other neoplasms in mice. it causes leukemia and thrombocytopenia in almost all human patients
Carbazoles: benzo-indoles similar to carbolines which are pyrido-indoles. in plants, carbazoles are derived from indole and form some of the indole alkaloids
Carbenicillin: broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. it is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function
Carbenoxolone: an agent derived from licorice root. it is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity
Carbidopa: an inhibitor of dopa decarboxylase that prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. it is used in parkinson disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa. it has no anti-parkinson activity by itself
Carbimazole: an imidazole antithyroid agent. carbimazole is metabolized to methimazole, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity
Carbo-MVE protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used for treatment of transitional cell bladder carcinoma
Carbocyanines: compounds that contain three methine groups. they are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials
Carbocysteine: a compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. it has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action
Carbodiimides: compounds with the general formula rn=c=nr, where r is a hydrocarbyl group
Carbofuran: a cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Carbohydrate Binding Modules: contiguous amino acid sequences within a carbohydrate-active enzyme with discrete folds having carbohydrate binding activity. they are classified into 43 different families based on amino acid sequence, binding specificity, and structure
Carbohydrate Biochemistry: the study of the structure, biosynthesis, and function of carbohydrates and glycosylation
Carbohydrate Conformation: the characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate
Carbohydrate Dehydrogenases: reversibly catalyze the oxidation of a hydroxyl group of carbohydrates to form a keto sugar, aldehyde or lactone. any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. includes ec 1.1.1.; ec 1.1.2.; and 1.1.99
Carbohydrate Epimerases: enzymes that catalyze the epimerization of chiral centers within carbohydrates or their derivatives. ec 5.1.3
Carbohydrate Metabolism: cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of carbohydrates
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors: dysfunctions of carbohydrate metabolism resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero
Carbohydrate Sequence: the sequence of carbohydrates within polysaccharides; glycoproteins; and glycolipids
Carbohydrate Sulfotransferases: transmembrane enzymes of the golgi network that recognize glycans attached to lipids and proteins passing through the secretory pathway
Carbohydrates: a class of organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of cn(h2o)n. the largest class of organic compounds, including starch; glycogen; cellulose; polysaccharides; and simple monosaccharides
Carbolines: a group of pyrido-indole compounds. included are any points of fusion of pyridine with the five-membered ring of indole and any derivatives of these compounds. these are similar to carbazoles which are benzo-indoles
Carbon: a nonmetallic element with atomic symbol c, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. it may occur as several different allotropes including diamond; charcoal; and graphite; and as soot from incompletely burned fuel
Carbon Compounds, Inorganic: inorganic compounds that contain carbon as an integral part of the molecule but are not derived from hydrocarbons
Carbon Cycle: the cycle by which the element carbon is exchanged between organic matter and the earth's physical environment
Carbon Dioxide: a colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals
Carbon Disulfide: a colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, cs2. it is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. it is highly toxic with pronounced cns, hematologic, and dermatologic effects
Carbon Fiber: fiber with a diameter of approximately 5 to 10 micrometers that is composed mostly of carbon atoms. it has a variety of applications
Carbon Footprint: a measure of the total greenhouse gas emissions produced by an individual, organization, event, or product. it is measured in units of equivalent kilograms of carbon dioxide generated in a given time frame
Carbon Isotopes: stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon but differ in atomic weight. c-13 is a stable carbon isotope
Carbon Monoxide: carbon monoxide (co). a poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. it combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. the resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide
Carbon Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. c atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes
Carbon Sequestration: any of several processes for the permanent or long-term artificial or natural capture or removal and storage of carbon dioxide and other forms of carbon, through biological, chemical or physical processes, in a manner that prevents it from being released into the atmosphere
Carbon Tetrachloride: a solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (merck index, 11th ed)
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning: poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of carbon tetrachloride
Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: magnetic resonance spectroscopy involving detection of changes in the resonance of carbon-13 nuclei in organic molecules
Carbon-Carbon Double Bond Isomerases: enzymes that catalyze the shifting of a carbon-carbon double bond from one position to another within the same molecule. ec 5.3.3
Carbon-Carbon Ligases: enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-carbon bond. these are the carboxylating enzymes and are mostly biotinyl-proteins. ec 6.4
Carbon-Carbon Lyases: enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. this subclass contains the decarboxylases, the aldehyde-lyases, and the oxo-acid-lyases. ec 4.1
Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases: enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-nitrogen bond. ec 6.3
Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases with Glutamine as Amide-N-Donor: enzymes that catalyze the joining of glutamine-derived ammonia and another molecule. the linkage is in the form of a carbon-nitrogen bond. ec 6.3.5
Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases: enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. subclasses are the ammonia-lyases, the amidine-lyases, the amine-lyases, and other carbon-nitrogen lyases. ec 4.3
Carbon-Oxygen Ligases: enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-oxygen bond. ec 6.1
Carbon-Oxygen Lyases: enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. ec 4.2
Carbon-Sulfur Ligases: enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-sulfur bond. ec 6.2
Carbon-Sulfur Lyases: enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-sulfur bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. ec 4.4
Carbonated Beverages: drinkable liquids combined with or impregnated with carbon dioxide
Carbonates: salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical co2(3-). carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. the carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Carbonic Acid: carbonic acid (h2c03). the hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. it exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Carbonic Anhydrase I: a cytosolic carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme primarily expressed in erythrocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and the gastrointestinal mucosa. ec 4.2.1.-
Carbonic Anhydrase II: a cytosolic carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme found widely distributed in cells of almost all tissues. deficiencies of carbonic anhydrase ii produce a syndrome characterized by osteopetrosis, renal tubular acidosis (acidosis, renal tubular) and cerebral calcification. ec 4.2.1.-
Carbonic Anhydrase III: a cytosolic carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme primarily expressed in skeletal muscle (muscles, skeletal). ec 4.2.1.-
Carbonic Anhydrase IV: a membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase found in lung capillaries and kidney
Carbonic Anhydrase IX: a carbonic anhydrase and transmembrane protein that consists of an n-terminal proteoglycan-like domain, a catalytic region, a single-pass transmembrane domain, and a short intracellular tail. it functions as a dimer and is expressed primarily by cells of the gastrointestinal tract; bile duct epithelium; and gall bladder. it is expressed at high levels in many solid tumors, especially clear cell renal carcinoma, in response to cell hypoxia
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: a class of compounds that reduces the secretion of h+ ions by the proximal kidney tubule through inhibition of carbonic anhydrases
Carbonic Anhydrase V: a carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme found in mitochondria where it provides bicarbonate ions that are components in the urea cycle and in gluconeogenesis
Carbonic Anhydrases: a family of zinc-containing enzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. they play an important role in the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lung. ec 4.2.1.1
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: a proton ionophore. it is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: a proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies
Carbonyl Reductase (NADPH): nadph-dependent reductase that catalyzes the reduction of many carbonyl compounds including quinones; prostaglandins; and xenobiotics
Carboprost: a nonsteroidal abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy
Carboranes: molecules that include carbon, boron and hydrogen and typically form into a polygonal structure
Carboxy-Lyases: enzymes that catalyze the addition of a carboxyl group to a compound (carboxylases) or the removal of a carboxyl group from a compound (decarboxylases). ec 4.1.1
Carboxyl and Carbamoyl Transferases: a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of carboxyl- or carbamoyl- groups. ec 2.1.3
Carboxylesterase: carboxylesterase is a serine-dependent esterase with wide substrate specificity. the enzyme is involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and the activation of ester and of amide prodrugs
Carboxylic Acids: organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-cooh). this group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic
Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases: enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of carboxylic acid esters with the formation of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid anion
Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium: a cellulose derivative which is a beta-(1,4)-d-glucopyranose polymer. it is used as a bulk laxative and as an emulsifier and thickener in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals and as a stabilizer for reagents
Carboxypeptidase B: a zinc-dependent carboxypeptidase primary found in the digestive system. the enzyme catalyzes the preferential cleavage of a c-terminal peptidyl-l-lysine or arginine. it was formerly classified as ec 3.4.2.2 and ec 3.4.12.3
Carboxypeptidase B2: a carboxypeptidase that removes c-terminal lysine or arginine from peptides and proteins. carboxypeptidase b2 (cpb2) is released into the circulation as a proenzyme which is activated by the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex. activated cpb2 is involved in modulating a variety of processes by cleaving and inactivating various circulating proteins and peptides that are its substrates including fibrin; kinins; and anaphylatoxins
Carboxypeptidase H: a zinc-containing exopeptidase primarily found in secretory vesicles of endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. it catalyzes the cleavage of c-terminal arginine or lysine residues from polypeptides and is active in processing precursors of peptide hormones and other bioactive peptides
Carboxypeptidases: enzymes that act at a free c-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue
Carboxypeptidases A: carboxypeptidases that are primarily found the digestive system that catalyze the release of c-terminal amino acids. carboxypeptidases a have little or no activity for hydrolysis of c-terminal aspartic acid; glutamic acid; arginine; lysine; or proline. this enzyme requires zinc as a cofactor and was formerly listed as ec 3.4.2.1 and ec 3.4.12.2
Carbuncle: an infection of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue that consists of a cluster of boils. commonly, the causative agent is staphylococcus aureus. carbuncles produce fever, leukocytosis, extreme pain, and prostration
Carbutamide: a sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to chlorpropamide. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)
Carcinoembryonic Antigen: a glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. it is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the response to colon cancer treatment
Carcinogenesis: the origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years
Carcinogenicity Tests: tests to experimentally measure the tumor-producing/cancer cell-producing potency of an agent by administering the agent (e.g., benzanthracenes) and observing the quantity of tumors or the cell transformation developed over a given period of time. the carcinogenicity value is usually measured as milligrams of agent administered per tumor developed. though this test differs from the dna-repair and bacterial microsome mutagenicity tests, researchers often attempt to correlate the finding of carcinogenicity values and mutagenicity values
Carcinogens: substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. both genotoxic chemicals, which affect dna directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included
Carcinoid Heart Disease: cardiac manifestation of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor that metastasizes to the liver. substances secreted by the tumor cells, including serotonin, promote fibrous plaque formation in endocardium and its underlying layers. these deposits cause distortion of the tricuspid valve and the pulmonary valve eventually leading to stenosis and valve regurgitation
Carcinoid Tumor: a usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. the tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. it is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (from stedman, 25th ed & holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed, p1182)
Carcinoid Tumors, Intestinal: malignant carcinoid tumors of the intestine. susceptibility may be hereditary (autosomal dominant) or due to de novo mutations. variations in the sdhd gene have been identified. omim: 114900
Carcinoma: a malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. it is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer
Carcinoma 256, Walker: a transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (stedman, 25th ed)
Carcinoma in Situ: a lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane
Carcinoma, Acinar Cell: a malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. racemose (latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. this tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (stedman, 25th ed; holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 3d ed, p575)