NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Rehabilitation: specialty field that promotes recovery, community functioning, and increased well-being of individuals diagnosed with mental disorders that impair their ability to live meaningful lives
Psychiatric Somatic Therapies: the biologic treatment of mental disorders (e.g., electroconvulsive therapy), in contrast with psychotherapy. (stone, american psychiatric glossary, 1988, p159)
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales: standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness
Psychiatry: the medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders
Psychiatry in Literature: written or other literary works whose subject matter is related to mental disorders or psychiatry from the lay or practitioner perspective
Psycho-Oncology: a specialty which deals with the interrelationship of physical, psychological, social, behavioral, and ethical aspects of cancer. psycho-oncology examines the behavioral and psychosocial factors that may influence the course of the disease, cancer risk, prevention, and detection
Psychoacoustics: the science pertaining to the interrelationship of psychologic phenomena and the individual's response to the physical properties of sound
Psychoanalysis: the separation or resolution of the psyche into its constituent elements. the term has two separate meanings: 1. a procedure devised by sigmund freud, for investigating mental processes by means of free association, dream interpretation and interpretation of resistance and transference manifestations; and 2. a theory of psychology developed by freud from his clinical experience with hysterical patients. (from campbell, psychiatric dictionary, 1996)
Psychoanalytic Interpretation: utilization of freudian theories to explain various psychologic aspects of art, literature, biographical material, etc
Psychoanalytic Theory: conceptual system developed by freud and his followers in which unconscious motivations are considered to shape normal and abnormal personality development and behavior
Psychoanalytic Therapy: a form of psychiatric treatment, based on freudian principles, which seeks to eliminate or diminish the undesirable effects of unconscious conflicts by making the patient aware of their existence, origin, and inappropriate expression in current emotions and behavior
Psychodidae: malé, molům podobné mušky mají hnědá křídla pokrytá šupinkami nebo chloupky. vyskytují se celosvětově v teplých oblastech. flebotomové (rod phlebotomus - koutule) přenášejí na lidi nebezpečné choroby. jednou z takových chorob je leishmanióza. (upraveno podle biolib.cz 2019 https://www.biolib.cz/)
Psychodidae: small, hairy, moth-like flies which are of considerable public health importance as vectors of certain pathogenic organisms. important disease-related genera are phlebotomus, lutzomyia, and sergentomyia
Psychodrama: primarily a technique of group psychotherapy which involves a structured, directed, and dramatized acting out of the patient's personal and emotional problems
Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures: seizures caused by psychological factors without electrophysiological epileptic changes
Psycholinguistics: a discipline concerned with relations between messages and the characteristics of individuals who select and interpret them; it deals directly with the processes of encoding (phonetics) and decoding (psychoacoustics) as they relate states of messages to states of communicators
Psychological Distance: the degree of a person's detachment from emotional involvement with people or situations.(apa thesaurus of psychological index terms accessed 12/29/2020)
Psychological Distress: negative emotional state characterized by physical and/or emotional discomfort, pain, or anguish
Psychological First Aid: early psychosocial intervention approach used during or after traumatic life events as disasters, accidents, terrorist attacks causing negative effects on individual and/or society. it focuses on determining basic physical and mental needs of individuals in major events
Psychological Growth: a process of actively learning and adapting to new ways to function following a challenging life crisis
Psychological Safety: an environment where people are able to act and engage without fear of punishment or humiliation from others
Psychological Tests: standardized tests designed to measure abilities (as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests) or to evaluate personality traits
Psychological Trauma: an emotionally painful, shocking, stressful, and sometimes life-threatening experience. it can result from witnessing distressing events such as natural disasters, physical or sexual abuse, and terrorism or other acts of violence. (https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/)
Psychological Warfare: the manipulation of psychological influences, primarily concerned with morale, to strengthen the ability of one's own country and weaken the enemy
Psychological Well-Being: condition of existence, or state of awareness, in which psychological needs are satisfied
Psychology, Adolescent: field of psychology involving the study of normal and abnormal behavior of adolescents. it includes mental processes as well as observable responses
Psychology, Applied: the science which utilizes psychologic principles to derive more effective means in dealing with practical problems
Psychology, Comparative: the branch of psychology concerned with similarities or differences in the behavior of different animal species or of different races or peoples
Psychology, Developmental: field of study concerned with age-related changes in behavior that occur in human beings over the course of life, from birth to death. it includes all aspects of human growth, including emotional, intellectual, social, perceptual and personality development
Psychology, Educational: the branch of psychology concerned with psychological aspects of teaching and the formal learning process in school
Psychology, Experimental: the branch of psychology which seeks to learn more about the fundamental causes of behavior by studying various psychologic phenomena in controlled experimental situations
Psychology, Industrial: the branch of applied psychology concerned with the application of psychologic principles and methods to industrial problems including selection and training of workers, working conditions, etc
Psychology, Medical: a branch of psychology in which there is collaboration between psychologists and physicians in the management of medical problems. it differs from clinical psychology, which is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of behavior disorders
Psychology, Military: the branch of applied psychology concerned with psychological aspects of selection, assignment, training, morale, etc., of armed forces personnel
Psychology, Positive: the scientific study of the strengths that enable individuals and communities to thrive. it is founded on the belief that people want to lead meaningful and fulfilling lives, to cultivate what is best within themselves, and to enhance their experiences of love, work, and play. (https://ppc.sas.upenn.edu/)
Psychology, Social: the branch of psychology concerned with the effects of group membership upon the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of an individual
Psychology, Sports: field of research that studies mental factors influencing the attainment of athletic skills and athletic performance
Psychomotor Agitation: a feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. this may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions
Psychomotor Disorders: abnormalities of motor function that are associated with organic and non-organic cognitive disorders
Psychomotor Performance: the coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity
Psychoneuroimmunology: the field concerned with the interrelationship between the brain, behavior and the immune system. neuropsychologic, neuroanatomic and psychosocial studies have demonstrated their role in accentuating or diminishing immune/allergic responses
Psychophysics: the science dealing with the correlation of the physical characteristics of a stimulus, e.g., frequency or intensity, with the response to the stimulus, in order to assess the psychologic factors involved in the relationship
Psychophysiologic Disorders: a group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under autonomic nervous system control. (american psychiatric glossary, 1988)
Psychoses, Alcoholic: a group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol
Psychoses, Substance-Induced: psychotic organic mental disorders resulting from the toxic effect of drugs and chemicals or other harmful substance
Psychosexual Development: the stages of development of the psychological aspects of sexuality from birth to adulthood; i.e., oral, anal, genital, and latent periods
Psychosine: an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cerebrosides. it is formed by reaction of sphingosine with udp-galactose and then itself reacts with fatty acid-coenzyme a to form the cerebroside
Psychosocial Deprivation: the absence of appropriate stimuli in the physical or social environment which are necessary for the emotional, social, and intellectual development of the individual
Psychosocial Intervention: psychological and social interventions by providers including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, counselors/therapists, primary care and other nonpsychiatric physicians, nurses, physical and occupational therapists, religious leaders, lay and peer providers, paraprofessionals and caregivers, and automated providers (e.g. internet/audio/video-delivered interventions). combinations of provider options are sometimes used
Psychosocial Support Systems: organized efforts to address ongoing psychological and social problems of individuals, their partners, families and caregivers
Psychosomatic Medicine: a system of medicine which aims at discovering the exact nature of the relationship between the emotions and bodily function, affirming the principle that the mind and body are one
Psychosurgery: treatment of chronic, severe and intractable psychiatric disorders by surgical removal or interruption of certain areas or pathways in the brain, especially in the prefrontal lobes
Psychotherapeutic Processes: experiential, attitudinal, emotional, or behavioral phenomena occurring during the course of treatment. they apply to the patient or therapist (i.e., nurse, doctor, etc.) individually or to their interaction. (american psychological association: thesaurus of psychological index terms, 1994)
Psychotherapists: trained professionals who treat mental or emotional problems using psychological rather than solely using medical methods
Psychotherapy: a generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication
Psychotherapy, Brief: any form of psychotherapy designed to produce therapeutic change within a minimal amount of time, generally not more than 20 sessions
Psychotherapy, Group: a form of therapy in which two or more patients participate under the guidance of one or more psychotherapists for the purpose of treating emotional disturbances, social maladjustments, and psychotic states
Psychotherapy, Multiple: the use of more than one therapist at one time in individual or group psychotherapy
Psychotherapy, Psychodynamic: forms of psychotherapy falling within or deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition, that view individuals as reacting to unconscious forces (e.g., motivation, drive), that focus on processes of change and development, and that place a premium on self understanding and making meaning of what is unconscious
Psychotherapy, Rational-Emotive: the replacement of illogical and unrealistic ideas with more realistic and adaptive ones through direct intervention and confrontation by the therapist
Psychotic Disorders: disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (from dsm-iv, 1994)
Psychotria: a plant genus of the family rubiaceae. members contain psychotridine and brachycerine (indole alkaloids)
Psychotria: rod rostlin čeledi rubiaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují psychotridin a brachycerin (indolové alkaloidy)
Psychotropic Drugs: a loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents)
Psychrobacter: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria in the family moraxellaceae, associated with processed meat; fish products; and poultry products
Psychrobacter: rod gramnegativních, aerobních bakterií čeledi moraxellaceae, které se vyskytují v potravinách živočišného původu (masné, rybí a drůbeží výrobky)
Psyllium: dried, ripe seeds of plantago psyllium; plantago indica; and plantago ovata. plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives
Pteridaceae: a plant family of the order polypodiales, class filicopsida, division pteridophyta (ferns)
Pteridaceae: čeleď kapradin řádu polypodiales, třídy filicopsida, oddělení pteridophyta
Pteridines: compounds based on pyrazino[2,3-d]pyrimidine which is a pyrimidine fused to a pyrazine, containing four nitrogen atoms
Pteridium: a plant genus of the family dennstaedtiaceae. members contain ptaquiloside, braxin a1, and braxin b. the name is similar to brake fern (pteris)
Pteridium: rod rostlin čeledi dennstaedtiaceae. zástupci obsahují ptaquilosid, braxin a1 a braxin b
Pteris: a plant genus of the family pteridaceae. members contain entkaurane diterpenes. the name is similar to bracken fern (pteridium)
Pteris: rod rostlin čeledi pteridaceae. zástupci obsahují diterpeny
Pterocarpans: a group of compounds which can be described as benzo-pyrano-furano-benzenes which can be formed from isoflavones by internal coupling of the b ring to the 4-ketone position. members include medicarpin, phaseolin, and pisatin which are found in fabaceae
Pterocarpus: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují triterpeny
Pterocarpus santalinus: used in ayurveda medicine and as a furniture material. common source of colorant santalin
Pteroylpolyglutamic Acids: derivatives of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid). in gamma-glutamyl linkage they are found in many tissues. they are converted to folic acid by the action of pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase or synthesized from folic acid by the action of folate polyglutamate synthetase. synthetic pteroylpolyglutamic acids, which are in alpha-glutamyl linkage, are active in bacterial growth assays
Pterygium: an abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (dorland, 27th ed)
Pterygoid Muscles: two of the masticatory muscles: the internal, or medial, pterygoid muscle and external, or lateral, pterygoid muscle. action of the former is closing the jaws and that of the latter is opening the jaws, protruding the mandible, and moving the mandible from side to side
Pterygopalatine Fossa: a small space in the skull between the maxilla and the sphenoid bone, medial to the pterygomaxillary fissure, and connecting to the nasal cavity via the sphenopalatine foramen
Pterygota: podtřída hmyzu, do níž patří naprostá většina dnes žijícího hmyzu. na středohrudi a zadohrudi (tedy na druhém a třetím ze tří hrudních článků) mají po páru křídel. pokud křídla nemají, je to způsobeno druhotně v důsledku způsobu života (např. parazité). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Pthirus: rod vší čeledi pediculidae. k zástupcům patří veš muňka (phthirus pubis), která se zpravidla přenáší pohlavním stykem nebo kontaktem s infikovanými objekty. vyskytuje se nejčastěji v pubickém ochlupení, ale i v obočí, řasách a v podpaží
PubMed: a bibliographic database that includes medline as its primary subset. it is produced by the national center for biotechnology information (ncbi), part of the national library of medicine. pubmed, which is searchable through nlm's web site, also includes access to additional citations to selected life sciences journals not in medline, and links to other resources such as the full-text of articles at participating publishers' web sites, ncbi's molecular biology databases, and pubmed central
Puberty: a period in the human life in which the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system takes place and reaches full maturity. the onset of synchronized endocrine events in puberty lead to the capacity for reproduction (fertility), development of secondary sex characteristics, and other changes seen in adolescent development
Puberty Suppression: a non-intensive, reversible medical intervention achieved by using compounds that mimic the actions of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh), which in turn slows or stops the physical changes associated with puberty such as the development of breasts or facial hair
Puberty, Delayed: the lack of development of sexual maturation in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations above the mean age at onset of puberty in a population. delayed puberty can be classified by defects in the hypothalamic lhrh pulse generator, the pituitary gland, or the gonads. these patients will undergo spontaneous but delayed puberty whereas patients with sexual infantilism will not
Puberty, Precocious: development of sexual maturation in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of puberty in the population. this early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of gonadotropins and gonadal steroid hormones such as estradiol and testosterone
Pubic Bone: a bone that forms the lower and anterior part of each side of the hip bone
Pubic Symphysis: a slightly movable cartilaginous joint which occurs between the pubic bones
Pubic Symphysis Diastasis: separation of the pubic symphysis. it is an uncommon complication of childbirth causing postpartum pain, but it can also arise from other causes
Public Assistance: financial assistance to impoverished persons for the essentials of living through federal, state or local government programs
Public Expenditures: expenses of public funds incurred by government bodies: state, regional and local
Public Facilities: any facility owned, leased, or otherwise operated, or funded by a governmental body or public entity
Public Health: branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level
Public Health Dentistry: a dental specialty concerned with the prevention of disease and the maintenance of oral health through promoting organized dental health programs at a community, state, or federal level
Public Health Informatics: the systematic application of information and computer sciences to public health practice, research, and learning
Public Health Infrastructure: systems built on capacity of workforce, information systems, organizational resources and include public health programs, policies and resources that enable public health agencies to perform their core functions and essential services
Public Health Nursing: a nursing specialty concerned with promoting and protecting the health of populations, using knowledge from nursing, social, and public health sciences to develop local, regional, state, and national health policy and research. it is population-focused and community-oriented, aimed at health promotion and disease prevention through educational, diagnostic, and preventive programs
Public Health Surveillance: the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data with the purpose of preventing or controlling disease or injury, or of identifying unusual events of public health importance, followed by the dissemination and use of information for public health action. (from am j prev med 2011;41(6):636)
Public Health Systems Research: a field of study that examines the organization, financing, and delivery of public health services within communities, and the impact of these services on public health
Public Nondiscrimination Policies: policies that include the existence of a body responsible for the articulation and implementation of a platform based on an equality perspective that requires the integration of race-ethnicity, differences in sexual orientation, as well as the demands and needs arising from differences within the executive. its objective is to translate a programmatic vision into action and action axes that reflects the struggle for egalitarian social relations. (from http://bit.ly/28waayo)
Public Opinion: the attitude of a significant portion of a population toward any given proposition, based upon a measurable amount of factual evidence, and involving some degree of reflection, analysis, and reasoning
Public Policy: a course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions
Public Relations: relations of an individual, association, organization, hospital, or corporation with the publics which it must take into consideration in carrying out its functions. publics may include consumers, patients, pressure groups, departments, etc
Public Service Announcement: work consisting of announcements which promote programs, activities, or services of federal, state, or local governments or those of non-profit organizations and other announcements regarded as serving community interests
Public Service Announcements as Topic: works about announcements for which no charge is made and which promote programs, activities, or services of federal, state, or local governments or those of non-profit organizations and other announcements regarded as serving community interests
Public-Private Sector Partnerships: an organizational enterprise between a public sector agency (federal, state or local) and a private sector entity. skills and assets of each sector are shared to deliver a service or facility for the benefit or use of the general public
Publication Bias: the influence of study results on the chances of publication and the tendency of investigators, reviewers, and editors to submit or accept manuscripts for publication based on the direction or strength of the study findings. publication bias has an impact on the interpretation of clinical trials and meta-analyses. bias can be minimized by insistence by editors on high-quality research, thorough literature reviews, acknowledgement of conflicts of interest, modification of peer review practices, etc
Publications: copies of a work or document distributed to the public by sale, rental, lease, or lending. (from ala glossary of library and information science, 1983, p181)
Published Erratum: work consisting of an acknowledgment of an error, issued by a publisher, editor, or author. it customarily cites the source where the error occurred, giving complete bibliographic data for retrieval. in the case of books and monographs, author, title, imprint, paging, and other helpful references will be given; in the case of journal articles, the author, title, paging, and journal reference will be shown. an erratum notice is variously cited as errata or corrigenda
Publishing: the business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature (webster's 3d). it includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing
Puccinia: a genus of fungi in the family pucciniaceae, order pucciniales, and phylum basidiomycota. puccinia fungi are causative agents for some plant fungal rust diseases such as cereal rust caused by puccinia graminis
Puccinia: rod stopkovýtrusných, fytopatogenních hub čeledi pucciniaceae, řádu pucciniales. druh puccinia graminis (rez travní) parazituje na obilí a na dřišťálu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2021 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Pudendal Nerve: a nerve which originates in the sacral spinal cord (s2 to s4) and innervates the perineum, the external genitalia, the external anal sphincter and the external urethral sphincter. it has three major branches: the perineal nerve, inferior anal nerves, and the dorsal nerve of penis or clitoris
Pudendal Neuralgia: pain associated with a damaged pudendal nerve. clinical features may include positional pain with sitting in the perineal and genital areas, sexual dysfunction and fecal incontinence and urinary incontinence
Pueraria: a plant genus of the family fabaceae a common weed of the southeast us. there has been folk use for alcoholism and liver protection. it contains puerarin, kakkalide, daidzein (isoflavonoids), and kudzusaponins (oleanene-type triterpene glycosides)
Pueraria: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují puerarin, kakkalid, daidzein (isoflavonoidy) a kudzusaponiny (triterpenové glykosidy oleanenového typu). patří mezi invazní rostliny. některé druhy mají využití v tradičním lékařství
Puerperal Disorders: disorders or diseases associated with puerperium, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after parturition in humans
Puerperal Infection: an infection occurring in puerperium, the period of 6-8 weeks after giving birth
Puerto Rico: an island in the greater antilles in the west indies. its capital is san juan. it is a self-governing commonwealth in union with the united states. it was discovered by columbus in 1493 but no colonization was attempted until 1508. it belonged to spain until ceded to the united states in 1898. it became a commonwealth with autonomy in internal affairs in 1952. columbus named the island san juan for st. john's day, the monday he arrived, and the bay puerto rico, rich harbor. the island became puerto rico officially in 1932. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p987 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p436)
Pulicaria: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain pulicanadienes and other cytotoxic sesquiterpenes
Pulicaria: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. zástupci obsahují pulikanadieny a další cytotoxické seskviterpeny
Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine: a contagious, neoplastic, pulmonary disease of sheep characterized by hyperplasia and hypertrophy of pneumocytes and epithelial cells of the lung. it is caused by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus
Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis: a rare disease characterized by the deposition of calcium phosphate microliths throughout the lungs. most patients are asymptomatic for many years and microliths are found incidentally during an unrelated examination. a 'sandstorm-appearing' chest x-ray is a typical diagnostic finding. onset varies from the neonatal period to old age, and the disease follows a long-term progressive course, resulting in a slow deterioration of lung functions. about one-third of the reported cases may be familial with autosomal recessive inheritance. mutations in the slc34a2 gene have been identified. omim: 265100
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis: a pulmonary alveoli-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and dyspnea. this disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of pulmonary surfactants by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis, Acquired: there are 3 clinically distinct forms of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: hereditary (usually congenital), secondary, and acquired. the acquired form is the most common form, accounting for approximately 90% of cases. the mean age at diagnosis is 39 years and it is associated with smoking in 72% of cases. secondary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is associated with functional impairment or reduced numbers of alveolar macrophages, as occurs in some hematologic cancers, immunosuppression, inhalation of inorganic dust or toxic fumes, and certain infections. congenital pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is a rare, severe, often fatal disorder of newborns associated with pulmonary surfactant metabolism dysfunction caused by mutations in genes involved in surfactant metabolism. omim: 610910
Pulmonary Alveoli: small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: a progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary Arteriovenous Fistulas: a rare finding that occurs in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (omim: 187300), although the fistulas themselves are hereditary in only a small minority of cases. onset is typically in adolescence. omim: 265140
Pulmonary Artery: the short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs
Pulmonary Aspergillosis: infections of the respiratory tract with fungi of the genus aspergillus
Pulmonary Atelectasis: absence of air in the entire or part of a lung, such as an incompletely inflated neonate lung or a collapsed adult lung. pulmonary atelectasis can be caused by airway obstruction, lung compression, fibrotic contraction, or other factors
Pulmonary Atresia: a congenital heart defect characterized by the narrowing or complete absence of the opening between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. lacking a normal pulmonary valve, unoxygenated blood in the right ventricle can not be effectively pumped into the lung for oxygenation. clinical features include rapid breathing, cyanosis, right ventricle atrophy, and abnormal heart sounds (heart murmurs)
Pulmonary Atresia With Ventricular Septal Defect: an isolated case of a father and son with these two abnormalities suggests autosomal dominant inheritance. multiple genes and environmental factors are likely involved in its etiology. omim: 178370
Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum: a rare abnormality characterized by a hypoplastic right heart and pulmonary atresia (narrowing or absence of the opening between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery). it accounts for less than 3% of congenital heart defects. omim: 265150
Pulmonary Blastoma: a malignant neoplasm of the lung composed chiefly or entirely of immature undifferentiated cells (i.e., blast forms) with little or virtually no stroma. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity: the amount of a gas taken up, by the pulmonary capillary blood from the alveolar gas, per minute per unit of average pressure of the gradient of the gas across the blood-air barrier
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive: a disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. subcategories of copd include chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive, Severe Early-Onset: susceptibility for severe early onset copd has been mapped to chromosome 2. omim: 606963
Pulmonary Edema: excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. pulmonary edema prevents efficient pulmonary gas exchange in the pulmonary alveoli, and can be life-threatening
Pulmonary Elimination: the discharge of substances from the pulmonary capillary blood into the alveolar space to be exhaled or removed by mucociliary clearance
Pulmonary Embolism: blocking of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by an embolus
Pulmonary Emphysema: enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles where gas-exchange normally takes place. this is usually due to destruction of the alveolar wall. pulmonary emphysema can be classified by the location and distribution of the lesions
Pulmonary Eosinophilia: a condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with eosinophils due to inflammation or other disease processes. major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents
Pulmonary Fibrosis: a process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by fibroblasts and collagen causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via pulmonary alveoli. patients show progressive dyspnea finally resulting in death
Pulmonary Gas Exchange: the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood that occurs across the blood-air barrier
Pulmonary Heart Disease: hypertrophy and dilation of the right ventricle of the heart that is caused by pulmonary hypertension. this condition is often associated with pulmonary parenchymal or vascular diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary Infarction: necrosis of lung tissue that is cause by the lack of oxygen or blood supply. the most common cause of pulmonary infarction is a blood clot in the lung
Pulmonary Medicine: a subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the respiratory system. it is especially concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases and defects of the lungs and bronchial tree
Pulmonary Sclerosing Hemangioma: a benign neoplasm of pneumocytes, cells of the pulmonary alveoli. originally considered to be vascular in origin, it is now classified as an epithelial tumor with several elements, including solid cellular areas, papillary structure, sclerotic regions, and dilated blood-filled spaces resembling hemangioma
Pulmonary Stretch Receptors: stretch receptors found in the bronchi and bronchioles. pulmonary stretch receptors are sensors for a reflex which stops inspiration. in humans, the reflex is protective and is probably not activated during normal respiration
Pulmonary Subvalvular Stenosis: narrowing below the pulmonary valve or well below it in the infundibuluar chamber where the pulmonary artery originates, usually caused by a defective ventricular septum or presence of fibrous tissues. it is characterized by restricted blood outflow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery, exertional fatigue, dyspnea, and chest discomfort
Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A: an abundant pulmonary surfactant-associated protein that binds to a variety of lung pathogens, resulting in their opsinization. it also stimulates macrophages to undergo phagocytosis of microorganisms. surfactant protein a contains a n-terminal collagen-like domain and a c-terminal lectin domain that are characteristic of members of the collectin family of proteins
Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein B: a pulmonary surfactant associated-protein that plays an essential role in alveolar stability by lowering the surface tension at the air-liquid interface. inherited deficiency of pulmonary surfactant-associated protein b is one cause of respiratory distress syndrome, newborn
Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein C: a pulmonary surfactant associated protein that plays a role in alveolar stability by lowering the surface tension at the air-liquid interface. it is a membrane-bound protein that constitutes 1-2% of the pulmonary surfactant mass. pulmonary surfactant-associated protein c is one of the most hydrophobic peptides yet isolated and contains an alpha-helical domain with a central poly-valine segment that binds to phospholipid bilayers
Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D: an abundant pulmonary surfactant-associated protein that binds to a variety of lung pathogens and enhances their opsinization and killing by phagocytic cells. surfactant protein d contains a n-terminal collagen-like domain and a c-terminal lectin domain that are characteristic of members of the collectin family of proteins
Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins: proteins found in the lung that act as pulmonary surfactants
Pulmonary Surfactants: substances and drugs that lower the surface tension of the mucoid layer lining the pulmonary alveoli
Pulmonary Valve: a valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle
Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency: backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle due to imperfect closure of the pulmonary valve
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: the pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the pulmonary valve. this lesion restricts blood outflow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. when the trileaflet valve is fused into an imperforate membrane, the blockage is complete
Pulmonary Veins: the veins that return the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease: pathological process resulting in the fibrous obstruction of the small- and medium-sized pulmonary veins and pulmonary hypertension. veno-occlusion can arise from fibrous proliferation of the vascular intima and vascular media; thrombosis; or a combination of both
Pulmonary Ventilation: the total volume of gas inspired or expired per unit of time, usually measured in liters per minute
Pulmonary Wedge Pressure: the blood pressure as recorded after wedging a catheter in a small pulmonary artery; believed to reflect the pressure in the pulmonary capillaries
Pulmonary edema of mountaineers: an elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure that occurs in populations who live at or above 2000 m above sea level. polymorphisms in the gucy1a3 gene may confer protection. omim: 178400
Pulmonologists: physicians who specialize in treating disorders of the respiratory system, especially diagnosing and treating diseases and defects of the lungs and bronchial tree
Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents: materials used in dental pulp capping or pulpectomy
Pulpectomy: dental procedure in which the entire pulp chamber is removed from the crown and roots of a tooth
Pulpispad: replaces spad; its new composition is as follows: 76.55% zinc oxide, 22.45% di-iodothymol, and 1.00 silver powder (for powder) and 76.20% eugenol, 13.35% synthetic camphor, 5.70% para-chlorophenol, and 4.75% menthol (for liquid)
Pulpitis: inflammation of the dental pulp, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis
Pulpotomy: dental procedure in which part of the pulp chamber is removed from the crown of a tooth
Pulsatile Flow: rhythmic, intermittent propagation of a fluid through a blood vessel or piping system, in contrast to constant, smooth propagation, which produces laminar flow
Pulsatilla: a plant genus of the family ranunculaceae. members contain cernuosides and other oleanane and hederagenin saponins
Pulsatilla: rod rostlin čeledi ranunculaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují cernuosidy a další oleananové a hederageninové saponiny
Pulse: the rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts
Pulse Radiolysis: use of a pulse of x-rays or fast electrons to generate free radicals for spectroscopic examination
Pulse Wave Analysis: evaluation of the contour of the pulse waves which vary in different parts of the circulation and depend on physiological as well as pathophysiological conditions of the individual
Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment: the application, often via implanted electrodes, of short bursts of electrical energy in the radiofrequency range, interspersed with pauses in delivery of the current long enough to dissipate the generated heat and avoid heat-induced tissue necrosis
Pulvinar: large mass of nuclei forming the most caudal portion of the thalamus and overhanging the geniculate bodies and the dorsolateral surface of the midbrain. it is divided into four parts: the lateral, medial, inferior, and oral pulvinar nuclei
Pulvinus: a group of cells at the base of a leaf in certain plants that, by rapidly losing water, brings about changes in the position of the leaves. (concise dictionary of biology, 1990)
Puma: a genus in the family felidae comprising one species, puma concolor. it is a large, long-tailed, feline of uniform color. the names puma, cougar, and mountain lion are used interchangeably for this species. there are more than 20 subspecies
Puma: rod čeledi felidae (kočkovití) tvořený jedním druhem - pumou americkou (puma concolor). je to mohutná šelma s dlouhým ocasem a jednobarevnou srstí. má několik poddruhů
Punctal Plugs: small devices that are inserted into the tear ducts (nasolacrimal ducts). they are used to block the drainage of tears for the treatment of dry eye syndromes
Punctures: incision of tissues for injection of medication or for other diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. punctures of the skin, for example may be used for diagnostic drainage; of blood vessels for diagnostic imaging procedures
Punishment: the application of an unpleasant stimulus or penalty for the purpose of eliminating or correcting undesirable behavior
Pupa: an inactive stage between the larval and adult stages in the life cycle of insecta
Pupil Disorders: conditions which affect the structure or function of the pupil of the eye, including disorders of innervation to the pupillary constrictor or dilator muscles, and disorders of pupillary reflexes
Pure Autonomic Failure: a degenerative disease of the autonomic nervous system that is characterized by idiopathic orthostatic hypotension and a greatly reduced level of catecholamines. no other neurological deficits are present
Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Deficiency: mutation in purine nucleoside phosphorylase
Purine Nucleosides: purines with a ribose attached that can be phosphorylated to purine nucleotides
Purine Nucleotides: purines attached to a ribose and a phosphate that can polymerize to form dna and rna
Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase: an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between a purine nucleoside and orthophosphate to form a free purine plus ribose-5-phosphate. ec 2.4.2.1
Purine-Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors: dysfunctions in the metabolism of purines or pyrimidines resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero
Purinergic Agents: compounds that act on purinergic receptors or influence the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of purinergic transmitters
Purinergic Agonists: compounds that bind to and activate purinergic receptors
Purinergic Antagonists: drugs that bind to and block the activation of purinergic receptors
Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists: compounds that bind to and stimulate purinergic p1 receptors
Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists: compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of purinergic p1 receptors
Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists: compounds that bind to and stimulate purinergic p2 receptors
Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists: compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of purinergic p2 receptors
Purinergic P2X Receptor Agonists: compounds that bind to and stimulate purinergic p2x receptors. included under this heading are agonists for specific p2x receptor subtypes
Purinergic P2X Receptor Antagonists: compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of purinergic p2x receptors. included under this heading are antagonists for specific p2x receptor subtypes
Purinergic P2Y Receptor Agonists: compounds that bind to and stimulate purinergic p2y receptors. included under this heading are agonists for specific p2y receptor subtypes
Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists: compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of purinergic p2y receptors. included under this heading are antagonists for specific p2y receptor subtypes
Purines: a series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. they include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism
Purkinje Fibers: modified cardiac muscle fibers composing the terminal portion of the heart conduction system
Purkyňova vlákna: součást převodního systému srdečního, spec. buňky vedoucí vzruch v srdečních komorách. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2019 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Purkyňovy buňky: velké nervové buňky (neurony) v kůře mozečku, jejichž axony vedou k jádrům centrálního mozečku. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2019 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Puromycin: a cinnamamido adenosine found in streptomyces alboniger. it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to rna. it is an antineoplastic and antitrypanosomal agent and is used in research as an inhibitor of protein synthesis
Puromycin Aminonucleoside: puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring. it is an antibiotic with antineoplastic properties and can cause nephrosis
Purple Membrane: functionally and structurally differentiated, purple-pigmented regions of the cytoplasmic membrane of some strains of halobacterium halobium. the membrane develops under anaerobic conditions and is made almost entirely of the purple pigment bacteriorhodopsins. (from singleton & sainsbury dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology, 2d ed)
Purpura: purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. when the size of the discolorization is >2-3 cm it is generally called ecchymoses (ecchymosis)
Purpura Fulminans: a severe, rapidly fatal reaction occurring most commonly in children following an infectious illness. it is characterized by large, rapidly spreading skin hemorrhages, fever, or shock. purpura fulminans often accompanies or is triggered by disseminated intravascular coagulation
Purpura simplex: a form of purpura affecting the extremities. ecchymosis upon slight trauma and menorrhagia are also common. omim: 179000
Purpura, Hyperglobulinemic: purplish or brownish red discoloration of the skin associated with increase in circulating polyclonal globulins, usually gamma-globulins. this syndrome often occurs on the legs of women aged 20 to 40 years
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic: any form of purpura in which the platelet count is decreased. many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic: thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. it is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases immunoglobulin g autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. the disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic: an acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by platelet aggregation with thrombosis in terminal arterioles and capillaries. clinical features include thrombocytopenia; hemolytic anemia; azotemia; fever; and thrombotic microangiopathy. the classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as renal failure. mutations in the adamts13 protein gene have been identified in familial cases
Pursuit, Smooth: eye movements that are slow, continuous, and conjugate and occur when a fixed object is moved slowly
Putamen: the largest and most lateral of the basal ganglia lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus and the external capsule. it is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the lentiform nucleus along with the globus pallidus
Putaminal Hemorrhage: intracranial bleeding into the putamen, a basal ganglia nucleus. this is associated with hypertension and lipohyalinosis of small blood vessels in the putamen. clinical manifestations vary with the size of hemorrhage, but include hemiparesis; headache; and alterations of consciousness
Putrescine: a toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine
Puumala virus: a species of orthohantavirus causing nephropathia epidemica, a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. it is found in most of europe and especially in finland, along with its carrier rodent, the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus)