NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Thlaspi: a plant genus of the family brassicaceae that is grown in rock gardens. t. arvense is grown for its large, round ornamental seed pods. the common name of pennycress usually refers to this genus but may also refer to the genus microthlaspi
Thlaspi: rod s více než 50 druhy rostlin z čeledi brukvovitých, které se vyskytují v eurasii, africe i severní a jižní americe. rostou nejčastěji na slunných, vysýchavých a na živiny bohatých půdách. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Thogotovirus: a genus of the family orthomyxoviridae comprising tick-borne viruses occasionally infecting humans. dhori and thogoto viruses were formerly thought to be members of bunyaviridae. thogoto virus is the type species
Thogotovirus: rod virů čeledi orthomyxoviridae. zahrnují viry přenášené klíšťaty, které příležitostně infikují člověka. viry dhori a thogoto byly dříve řazeny do čeledi bunyaviridae. typovým druhem je virus thogoto
Thomas Jewett Raines syndrome: fetal akinesia with characteristic facial appearance, severe microphthalmia, microtia, and truncus arteriosus
Thoracentesis: aspiration of fluid or air from the thoracic cavity. it is coupled sometimes with the administration of drugs into the pleural cavity
Thoracic Arteries: arteries originating from the subclavian or axillary arteries and distributing to the anterior thoracic wall, mediastinal structures, diaphragm, pectoral muscles, mammary gland and the axillary aspect of the chest wall
Thoracic Cavity: the region of the thorax that includes the pleural cavity and mediastinum
Thoracic Duct: the largest lymphatic vessel that passes through the chest and drains into the subclavian vein
Thoracic Nerves: the twelve spinal nerves on each side of the thorax. they include eleven intercostal nerves and one subcostal nerve. both sensory and motor, they supply the muscles and skin of the thoracic and abdominal walls
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: a neurovascular syndrome associated with compression of the brachial plexus; subclavian artery; and subclavian vein at the superior thoracic outlet. this may result from a variety of anomalies such as a cervical rib, anomalous fascial bands, and abnormalities of the origin or insertion of the anterior or medial scalene muscles. clinical features may include pain in the shoulder and neck region which radiates into the arm, paresis or paralysis of brachial plexus innervated muscles, paresthesia, loss of sensation, reduction of arterial pulses in the affected extremity, ischemia, and edema. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp214-5)
Thoracic Surgery: a surgical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the heart, lungs, and esophagus. two major types of thoracic surgery are classified as pulmonary and cardiovascular
Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted: endoscopic surgery of the pleural cavity performed with visualization via video transmission
Thoracic Surgical Procedures: surgery performed on the thoracic organs, most commonly the lungs and the heart
Thoracic Vertebrae: a group of twelve vertebrae connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region
Thoracic Wall: the outer margins of the thorax containing skin, deep fascia; thoracic vertebrae; ribs; sternum; and muscles
Thoracica: a superorder of marine crustacea, free swimming in the larval state, but permanently fixed as adults. there are some 800 described species, grouped in several genera, and comprising of two major orders of barnacles: stalked (pedunculata) and sessile (sessilia)
Thoracica: nadřád mořských korýšů. larvy se pohybují volně, dospělci žijí přisedle. patří sem asi 800 popsaných druhů patřících do několika rodů. dva hlavní řády jsou pedunculata a sessilia
Thoraco limb dysplasia Rivera type: bell-shaped thorax owing to short ribs, short-limbed dwarfism, pelvic hypoplasia, dislocatable radial heads, elongated distal fibulas, and improvement with age
Thoracoplasty: surgical removal of ribs, allowing the chest wall to move inward and collapse a diseased lung. (dorland, 28th ed)
Thoracostomy: surgical procedure involving the creation of an opening (stoma) into the chest cavity for drainage; used in the treatment of pleural effusion; pneumothorax; hemothorax; and empyema
Thorax: the upper part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen. it contains the chief organs of the circulatory and respiratory systems. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Thorium: a radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. it has an atomic symbol th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. it is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography
Thorium Compounds: inorganic compounds that contain thorium as an integral part of the molecule
Thorium Dioxide: thorium oxide (tho2). a radiographic contrast agent that was used in the early 1930s through about 1954. high rates of mortality have been linked to its use and it has been shown to cause liver cancer
Three Finger Toxins: a super-family of non-enzymatic proteins found in elapidae venoms. they possess a unique tertiary structure resembling a hand with three fingers and have diverse biological activities due to sequence and structural variations; some are alpha-neurotoxins that bind nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Three M Syndrome 2: also known as 3m2; associated with mutation in obsl1
Threonine: an essential amino acid occurring naturally in the l-form, which is the active form. it is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins
Threonine Dehydratase: a pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the deamination of threonine to 2-ketobutyrate and ammonia. the role of this enzyme can be biosynthetic or biodegradative. in the former role it supplies 2-ketobutyrate required for isoleucine biosynthesis, while in the latter it is only involved in the breakdown of threonine to supply energy. this enzyme was formerly listed as ec 4.2.1.16
Threonine-tRNA Ligase: an enzyme that activates threonine with its specific transfer rna. ec 6.1.1.3
Threshold Limit Values: standards for limiting worker exposure to airborne contaminants. they are the maximum concentration in air at which it is believed that a particular substance will not produce adverse health effects with repeated daily exposure. it can be a time-weighted average (tlv-twa), a short-term value (tlv-stel), or an instantaneous value (tlv-ceiling). they are expressed either as parts per million (ppm) or milligram per cubic meter (mg/m3)
Thrombasthenia: a congenital bleeding disorder with prolonged bleeding time, absence of aggregation of platelets in response to most agents, especially adp, and impaired or absent clot retraction. platelet membranes are deficient in or have a defect in the glycoprotein iib-iiia complex (platelet glycoprotein gpiib-iiia complex)
Thrombectomy: surgical removal of an obstructing clot or foreign material from a blood vessel at the point of its formation. removal of a clot arising from a distant site is called embolectomy
Thrombelastography: use of a thrombelastograph, which provides a continuous graphic record of the physical shape of a clot during fibrin formation and subsequent lysis
Thrombin: an enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Thrombin Time: clotting time of plasma mixed with a thrombin solution. it is a measure of the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which is prolonged by afibrinogenemia, abnormal fibrinogen, or the presence of inhibitory substances, e.g., fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products, or heparin. batroxobin, a thrombin-like enzyme unaffected by the presence of heparin, may be used in place of thrombin
Thromboangiitis Obliterans: a non-atherosclerotic, inflammatory thrombotic disease that commonly involves small and medium-sized arteries or veins in the extremities. it is characterized by occlusive thrombosis and fibrosis in the vascular wall leading to digital and limb ischemia and ulcerations. thromboangiitis obliterans is highly associated with tobacco smoking
Thrombocythemia, Essential: a clinical syndrome characterized by repeated spontaneous hemorrhages and a remarkable increase in the number of circulating platelets
Thrombocytopenia 1: hereditary, x-linked thrombocytopenia caused by mutations in the wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (was) gene. omim: 313900
Thrombocytopenia Robin sequence: congenital thrombocytopenia, robin sequence, agenesis of the corpus callosum, distinctive facies and developmental delay
Thrombocytopenia chromosome breakage: familial thrombocytopenia associated with platelet autoantibodies and chromosome breakage
Thrombocytopenia, Neonatal Alloimmune: a condition in newborns caused by immunity of the mother to platelet alloantigens on the fetal platelets. the platelets, coated with maternal antibodies, are destroyed and removed by the fetal mononuclear phagocyte system. affected infants may have intracranial hemorrhages
Thrombocytosis: increased numbers of platelets in the peripheral blood. (dorland, 27th ed)
Thromboembolism: obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (thrombus) in the blood stream
Thromboinflammation: thrombosis with associated inflammation due to crosstalk between hemostasis and innate immune responses modulated by platelets. it is associated with many diseases such as covid-19; sickle cell anemia; and thrombophlebitis
Thrombolytic Therapy: use of infusions of fibrinolytic agents to destroy or dissolve thrombi in blood vessels or bypass grafts
Thrombomodulin: a cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein c and its regulation of blood coagulation
Thrombophilia: a disorder of hemostasis in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of thrombosis
Thrombophilia due to Activated Protein C Resistance: a hereditary autosomal dominant susceptibility for thrombosis that is caused by mutations in the f5 gene, resulting in factor v resistant to cleavage and inactivation by activated protein c. omim: 188055
Thrombophilia, hereditary: thrombophilia due to congenital factors. germline mutations in the f5 gene have been identified for protein c/factor v leiden (omim: 188055), in the hrg gene for histidine-rich glycoprotein deficiency (omim: 613116); proc gene for protein c deficiency (omim: 176860); and the pros1 gene for protein s deficiency (omim: 612336)
Thrombophlebitis: inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (thrombus)
Thromboplastin: constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. it serves as a cofactor with factor viia to activate factor x in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation
Thrombopoiesis: the process of generating thrombocytes (blood platelets) from the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow via the megakaryocytes. the humoral factor with thrombopoiesis-stimulating activity is designated thrombopoietin
Thrombopoietin: a humoral factor that stimulates the production of thrombocytes (blood platelets). thrombopoietin stimulates the proliferation of bone marrow megakaryocytes and their release of blood platelets. the process is called thrombopoiesis
Thrombospondin 1: an extracellular matrix glycoprotein from platelets and a variety of normal and transformed cells of both mesenchymal and epithelial origin. thrombospondin-1 is believed to play a role in cell migration and proliferation, during embryogenesis and wound repair. also, it has been studied for its use as a potential regulator of tumor growth and metastasis
Thrombospondins: a family of related, adhesive glycoproteins which are synthesized, secreted, and incorporated into the extracellular matrix of a variety of cells, including alpha granules of platelets following thrombin activation and endothelial cells. they interact with a number of blood coagulation factors and anticoagulant factors. five distinct forms have been identified, thrombospondin 1, -2, -3, -4, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (comp). they are involved in cell adhesion, platelet aggregation, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, tumor metastasis, vascular smooth muscle growth, and tissue repair
Thrombotic Microangiopathies: diseases that result in thrombosis in microvasculature. the two most prominent diseases are purpura, thrombotic thrombocytopenic; and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. multiple etiological factors include vascular endothelial cell damage due to shiga toxin; factor h deficiency; and aberrant von willebrand factor formation
Thrombotic Stroke: a type of ischemic stroke resulting from obstruction due to a blood clot formed within in a cerebral artery often associated with atherosclerosis. a stroke due to a blood clot in a cerebral vein is a venous infarction (see venous infarction, brain)
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, acquired: a blood disorder characterized by low platelets (thrombocytopenia), small areas of bleeding under the skin (purpura), low red blood cell count, and hemolytic anemia, causing blood clots to form in small blood vessels throughout the body
Thromboxane A2: an unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane b2. the compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. it is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. it is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (rcs)
Thromboxane B2: a stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. it is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of adp and serotonin)
Thromboxane-A Synthase: an enzyme found predominantly in platelet microsomes. it catalyzes the conversion of pgg(2) and pgh(2) (prostaglandin endoperoxides) to thromboxane a2. ec 5.3.99.5
Thromboxanes: physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. they are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase
Thuja polysaccharide g fraction: from thuja occidentalis; has in vitro stimulatory effect on the production of hematopoietic cytokines in bone marrow
Thulium: an element of the rare earth family of metals. it has the atomic symbol tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93
Thumb: the first digit on the radial side of the hand which in humans lies opposite the other four
Thumb deformity, alopecia, pigmentation anomaly: sparse hair, short stature, hypoplastic thumbs, single upper central incisor and abnormal skin pigmentation
Thy-1 Antigens: a group of differentiation surface antigens, among the first to be discovered on thymocytes and t-lymphocytes. originally identified in the mouse, they are also found in other species including humans, and are expressed on brain neurons and other cells
Thylakoid Membrane Proteins: proteins found within the thylakoid membranes of photosynthetic organisms such as plants and phytoplankton. many of the proteins in this class are involved in the process of photosynthesis and the generation of adenosine triphosphate
Thylakoids: membranous cisternae of the chloroplast containing photosynthetic pigments, reaction centers, and the electron-transport chain. each thylakoid consists of a flattened sac of membrane enclosing a narrow intra-thylakoid space (lackie and dow, dictionary of cell biology, 2nd ed). individual thylakoids are interconnected and tend to stack to form aggregates called grana. they are found in cyanobacteria and all plants
Thymalfasin: a thymus hormone polypeptide found in thymosin fraction 5 (a crude thymus gland extract) but now produced by synthesis. it is used alone or with interferon as an immunomodulator for the treatment of chronic hepatitis b and hepatitis c. thymalfasin is also used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression, and to enhance the efficacy of influenza and hepatitis b vaccines in immunocompromised patients
Thymectomy: surgical removal of the thymus gland. (dorland, 28th ed)
Thymelaeaceae: a plant family of the order myrtales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida. they are mainly trees and shrubs. many members contain mucilage and coumarins
Thymelaeaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu slézotvaré (malvales). vrabečnicovité jsou nejčastěji dřeviny se 4-četnými nebo 5-četnými květy. některé druhy jsou velmi jedovaté. řada zástupců obsahuje slizové látky a kumariny. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Thymic Factor, Circulating: a thymus-dependent nonapeptide found in normal blood. stimulates the formation of e rosettes and is believed to be involved in t-cell differentiation
Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin: a pleiotropic cytokine involved in inflammation and immunoregulation. thymic stromal lymphopoietin can activate mast cells; dendritic cells; and t-lymphocytes, and is produced by various cell types, including epithelial and dendritic cells
Thymic epithelial tumor: epithelial tumors of the thymus. familial cases are rare and may be associate with a chromosomal translocation involving the rad51l1 and bmp2 genes. omim: 274230
Thymic-Renal-Anal-Lung dysplasia: syndrome of unilobed or absent thymus, renal and ureter agenesis/dysgenesis, and intrauterine growth retardation (iugr)
Thymidine: a nucleoside in which thymine is linked to deoxyribose
Thymidine Kinase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of atp and thymidine to adp and thymidine 5'-phosphate. deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dgtp as a donor. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 2.7.1.21
Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-thymidylic acid. a thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety
Thymidine Phosphorylase: an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of 2-deoxy-d-ribose from thymidine to orthophosphate, thereby liberating thymidine
Thymidylate Synthase: an enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the reaction 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate and dump to dihydrofolate and dtmp in the synthesis of thymidine triphosphate. (from dorland, 27th ed) ec 2.1.1.45
Thymine DNA Glycosylase: an enzyme that removes thymine and uracil bases mispaired with guanine through hydrolysis of their n-glycosidic bond. these mispaired nucleotides generally occur through the hydrolytic deamination of 5-methylcytosine to thymine
Thymine Nucleotides: phosphate esters of thymidine in n-glycosidic linkage with ribose or deoxyribose, as occurs in nucleic acids. (from dorland, 28th ed, p1154)
Thymocytes: hematopoietic progenitor cells that have migrated to the thymus where they differentiate into t-lymphocytes. thymocytes are classified into maturational stages based on the expression of cell surface antigens
Thymol: a phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent
Thymolphthalein: used as a ph indicator and as a reagent for blood after decolorizing the alkaline solution by boiling with zinc dust
Thymoma: a neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. it consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Thymoma, Familial: rare, low-grade epithelial thymoma that occurs in young children and may be associated with somatic mutations in the gtf2i gene. omim: 274230
Thymopentin: synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. it is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, aids, and other primary immunodeficiencies
Thymopoietins: two closely related polypeptides (molecular weight 7,000) isolated from the thymus gland. these hormones induce the differentiation of prothymocytes to thymocytes within the thymus. they also cause a delayed impairment of neuromuscular transmission in vivo and are therefore believed to be the agent responsible for myasthenia gravis
Thymosin: thymosin. a family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of t-cell characteristics and function. they have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging
Thymus (rostlina): rod rostlin z čeledi lamiaceae - hluchavkovité, užívá se jako koření do jídla
Thymus Extracts: extracts of the thymus gland that contain specific factors, peptides, and proteins with specific biological activities
Thymus Gland: a single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the mediastinum, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the thyroid gland and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. it is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. by puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat
Thymus Hormones: humoral factors secreted by the thymus gland. they participate in the development of the lymphoid system and the maturation of the cellular immune response
Thymus Hyperplasia: enlargement of the thymus. a condition described in the late 1940's and 1950's as pathological thymic hypertrophy was status thymolymphaticus and was treated with radiotherapy. unnecessary removal of the thymus was also practiced. it later became apparent that the thymus undergoes normal physiological hypertrophy, reaching a maximum at puberty and involuting thereafter. the concept of status thymolymphaticus has been abandoned. thymus hyperplasia is present in two thirds of all patients with myasthenia gravis. (from segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992; cecil textbook of medicine, 19th ed, p1486)
Thymus Plant: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae best known for the thyme spice added to foods
Thyroglossal Cyst: a cyst in the neck caused by persistence of portions of, or by lack of closure of, the primitive thyroglossal duct. (dorland, 27th ed)
Thyroid (USP): a dehydrated extract of thyroid glands from domesticated animals. after the removal of fat and connective tissue, the extract is dried or lyophilized to yield a yellowish to buff-colored amorphous powder containing 0.17-0.23% of iodine
Thyroid Cancer, Papillary: an adenocarcinoma that originates from follicular cells of the thyroid gland and accounts for the majority of thyroid cancer cases. cells exhibit enlarged, oval, or elongated morphologies with clear, round, nuclei. fusions of ret, ntrk1, tpm3, and pcm1 genes are associated with this cancer
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic: an aggressive thyroid gland malignancy which generally occurs in iodine-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as goiter. it is associated with cell dedifferentiation of thyroid carcinoma (e.g., follicular thyroid carcinoma; papillary thyroid cancer). typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with dysphagia; neck pain; bone pain; dyspnea; and neurologic deficits
Thyroid Cartilage: the largest cartilage of the larynx consisting of two laminae fusing anteriorly at an acute angle in the midline of the neck. the point of fusion forms a subcutaneous projection known as the adam's apple
Thyroid Crisis: a dangerous life-threatening hypermetabolic condition characterized by high fever and dysfunction of the cardiovascular, the nervous, and the gastrointestinal systems
Thyroid Dysgenesis: defective development of the thyroid gland. this concept includes thyroid agenesis (aplasia), hypoplasia, or an ectopic gland. clinical signs usually are those of congenital hypothyroidism
Thyroid Dyshormonogenesis 2A: mutation in iodide peroxidase
Thyroid Dyshormonogenesis 3: prom mutation in thyroglobulin
Thyroid Epithelial Cells: epithelial cells of the thyroid gland that produce and secrete thyroxine and triiodothyronine
Thyroid Gland: a highly vascularized endocrine gland consisting of two lobes joined by a thin band of tissue with one lobe on each side of the trachea. it secretes thyroid hormones from the follicular cells and calcitonin from the parafollicular cells thereby regulating metabolism and calcium level in blood, respectively
Thyroid Hormone Metabolism, Abnormal: can be caused by mutation of the secisbp2 gene
Thyroid Hormone Receptors alpha: high affinity receptors for thyroid hormones, especially triiodothyronine. these receptors are usually found in the nucleus where they regulate dna transcription. they are encoded by the thra gene (also known as nr1a1, thra1, erba or erba1 gene) as several isoforms produced by alternative splicing
Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta: high affinity receptors for thyroid hormones, especially triiodothyronine. these receptors are usually found in the nucleus where they regulate dna transcription. they are encoded by the thrb gene (also known as nr1a2, thrb1, or erba2 gene) as several isoforms produced by alternative splicing. mutations in the thrb gene cause thyroid hormone resistance syndrome
Thyroid Hormone Resistance Syndrome: an inherited autosomal recessive trait, characterized by peripheral resistance to thyroid hormones and the resulting elevation in serum levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. this syndrome is caused by mutations of gene thrb encoding the thyroid hormone receptors beta in target cells. hypothyroidism in these patients is partly overcome by the increased thyroid hormone levels
Thyroid Hormone Resistance, Generalized, Autosomal Recessive: promote to hm
Thyroid Hormone-Binding Proteins: membrane-bound proteins found in the endoplasmic reticulum of cultured cells and neoplasms. they were identified originally based on their capacity to bind thyroid hormone
Thyroid Hormones: natural hormones secreted by the thyroid gland, such as thyroxine, and their synthetic analogs
Thyroid Nodule: a small circumscribed mass in the thyroid gland that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. it lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. the growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (goiter, nodular)
Thyroid Nuclear Factor 1: a homeobox protein and transcription factor that localizes to the cell nucleus where it activates expression of thyroid specific genes such as thyroglobulin and the thyrotropin receptor. it is critical for maintaining thyroid tissue in a differentiated state and also plays a role in lung development. mutations in the nkx2-1 gene are associated with chorea, benign hereditary
Thyroid cancer, Hurthle cell: an adenoma or carcinoma that originates from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. cells exhibit large oncocytic morphology and abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm. germline mutations in the ndufa13 gene and somatic mutations in the ras gene have been identified. omim: 607464
Thyroid cancer, follicular: a differentiated adenocarcinoma originating from thyroid follicular cells. it accounts for about 15% of thyroid cancers
Thyroid cancer, medullary: a neuroendocrine carcinoma that originates in the c-cells of the thyroid gland; about 10-20% of cases are familial. it occurs sporadically or is associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes. germline and somatic mutations in ret and ntrk1 genes have been identified. omim: 155240
Thyroidectomy: surgical removal of the thyroid gland. (dorland, 28th ed)
Thyroiditis: inflammatory diseases of the thyroid gland. thyroiditis can be classified into acute (thyroiditis, suppurative), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (hashimoto disease), transient (postpartum thyroiditis), and other autoimmune thyroiditis subtypes
Thyroiditis, Autoimmune: inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland due to autoimmune responses leading to lymphocytic infiltration of the gland. it is characterized by the presence of circulating thyroid antigen-specific t-cells and thyroid autoantibodies. the clinical signs can range from hypothyroidism to thyrotoxicosis depending on the type of autoimmune thyroiditis
Thyroiditis, Subacute: spontaneously remitting inflammatory condition of the thyroid gland, characterized by fever; muscle weakness; sore throat; severe thyroid pain; and an enlarged damaged gland containing giant cells. the disease frequently follows a viral infection
Thyroiditis, Suppurative: acute inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland due to infections by bacteria; fungi; or other microorganisms. symptoms include tender swelling, fever, and often with leukocytosis
Thyronines: a group of metabolites derived from thyroxine and triiodothyronine via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms
Thyrotoxicosis: a hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess thyroid hormones which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. the endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid hyperplasia; thyroid neoplasms; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. thyrotoxicosis is characterized by nervousness; tachycardia; fatigue; weight loss; heat intolerance; and excessive sweating
Thyrotropin: a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (pituitary gland, anterior). thyrotropin stimulates thyroid gland by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine). thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (tsh; luteinizing hormone and fsh), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity
Thyrotropin Alfa: a highly purified recombinant glycoprotein form of human thyroid-stimulating hormone, produced by recombinant dna technology comprising two non-covalently linked subunits, an alpha subunit of 92 amino acid residues containing two n-linked glycosylation sites, and a beta subunit of 118 residues containing one n-linked glycosylation site. the amino acid sequence of thyrotropin alfa is identical to that of human pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyrotropin, beta Subunit: the beta subunit of thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotropin. it is a 112-amino acid glycopolypeptide of about 16 kd. full biological activity of tsh requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone: a tripeptide that stimulates the release of thyrotropin and prolactin. it is synthesized by the neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. after being released into the pituitary portal circulation, trh (was called trf) stimulates the release of tsh and prl from the anterior pituitary gland
Thyroxine: the major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (monoiodotyrosine) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (diiodotyrosine) in the thyroglobulin. thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form triiodothyronine which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism
Thyroxine-Binding Globulin: a thyroid hormone transport protein found in serum. it binds about 75% of circulating thyroxine and 70% of circulating triiodothyronine
Thyroxine-Binding Proteins: blood proteins that bind to thyroid hormones such as thyroxine and transport them throughout the circulatory system
Thysanoptera: an order of very small, fringed-wing insects including many agricultural pests
Thysanoptera: řád hmyzu s proměnou nedokonalou. jsou jen jeden až tři milimetry dlouzí. mají třásnitá křídla a bodavě sací ústní ústrojí. sají na rostlinách a poškozují květy - způsobují jejich neplodnost. je to nejmenší létající hmyz, ale některé druhy křídla ani nemají. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Ti-plazmidy: plazmidy kódující proteiny, které vyvolávají nádory rostlin. nejvýznamnějším je ti-plazmid bakterie agrobacterium tumefaciens
Ti20Zr20Nb20Ta20Mo20 alloy: for use in orthopedic implants
Tiagabine: a nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a gaba uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. it is used in the treatment of epilepsy, for refractory partial seizures
Tiapamil Hydrochloride: a phenylethylamine derivative that acts as a calcium antagonist showing hemodynamic effects in patients with acute myocardial infarction
Tiapride Hydrochloride: a benzamide derivative that is used as a dopamine antagonist
Tibia: the second longest bone of the skeleton. it is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the fibula laterally, the talus distally, and the femur proximally
Tibial Arteries: the anterior and posterior arteries created at the bifurcation of the popliteal artery. the anterior tibial artery begins at the lower border of the popliteus muscle and lies along the tibia at the distal part of the leg to surface superficially anterior to the ankle joint. its branches are distributed throughout the leg, ankle, and foot. the posterior tibial artery begins at the lower border of the popliteus muscle, lies behind the tibia in the lower part of its course, and is found situated between the medial malleolus and the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity. its branches are distributed throughout the leg and foot
Tibial Meniscus Injuries: injuries to the tibial meniscus of the leg
Tibial Nerve: the medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. the tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (l4 to s2). they supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot
Tibial Neuropathy: disease of the tibial nerve (also referred to as the posterior tibial nerve). the most commonly associated condition is the tarsal tunnel syndrome. however, leg injuries; ischemia; and inflammatory conditions (e.g., collagen diseases) may also affect the nerve. clinical features include paralysis of plantar flexion, ankle inversion and toe flexion as well as loss of sensation over the sole of the foot. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1995, ch51, p32)
Tibial Plateau Fractures: fractures in the proximal portion of the tibia which acts as articular surface in the knee. they are often associated with knee ligament injuries (e.g., acl tears)
Tibiofemoral Joint: the articulation between the articular surfaces of the tibia and the femur
Tic Disorders: disorders characterized by recurrent tics that may interfere with speech and other activities. tics are sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations which may be exacerbated by stress and are generally attenuated during absorbing activities. tic disorders are distinguished from conditions which feature other types of abnormal movements that may accompany another another condition. (from dsm-iv, 1994)
Ticagrelor: an adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible p2y12 purinoreceptor antagonist that inhibits adp-mediated platelet aggregation. it is used for the prevention of thromboembolism by patients with acute coronary syndrome or a history of myocardial infarction
Ticarcillin: an antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to carbenicillin in action
Tichomořské ostrovy: ostrovy tichého oceánu se dělí na mikronésii, melanésii a polynésii (včetně nového zélandu). společný název oceánie zahrnuje výše zmíněné ostrovy a přidává austrálii, nový zéland a malajské souostroví (indonésie)
Tichý oceán: největší oceán na zemi. rozprostírá se od arktidy na severu po antarktidu na jihu a ze stran je ohraničen asií a austrálií na západě a severní a jižní amerikou na východě. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Tick Bites: the effects, both local and systemic, caused by the bites of ticks
Tick Control: chemical, biological, or medical measures designed to prevent the spread of ticks or the concomitant infestations which result in tick-borne diseases. it includes the veterinary as well as the public health aspects of tick and mite control
Tick Infestations: infestations with soft-bodied (argasidae) or hard-bodied (ixodidae) ticks
Tick Paralysis: paralysis caused by a neurotropic toxin secreted by the salivary glands of ticks
Tick Toxicoses: toxicoses caused by toxic substances secreted by the salivary glands of ticks; include tick paralysis (neurotropic toxin), sweating sickness (dermotropic toxin), and rhipicephalus appendiculatus toxicosis (leukotropic toxin)
Tick-Borne Diseases: bacterial, viral, or parasitic diseases transmitted to humans and animals by the bite of infected ticks. the families ixodidae and argasidae contain many bloodsucking species that are important pests of man and domestic birds and mammals and probably exceed all other arthropods in the number and variety of disease agents they transmit. many of the tick-borne diseases are zoonotic
Ticks: blood-sucking acarid parasites of the order ixodida comprising two families: the softbacked ticks (argasidae) and hardbacked ticks (ixodidae). ticks are larger than their relatives, the mites. they penetrate the skin of their host by means of highly specialized, hooked mouth parts and feed on its blood. ticks attack all groups of terrestrial vertebrates. in humans they are responsible for many tick-borne diseases, including the transmission of rocky mountain spotted fever; tularemia; babesiosis; african swine fever; and relapsing fever. (from barnes, invertebrate zoology, 5th ed, pp543-44)
Ticlopidine: an effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of stents in coronary arteries
Ticrynafen: a novel diuretic with uricosuric action. it has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent
Tics: habitual, repeated, rapid contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods. they often involve the face, vocal cords, neck, and less often the extremities. examples include repetitive throat clearing, vocalizations, sniffing, pursing the lips, and excessive blinking. tics tend to be aggravated by emotional stress. when frequent they may interfere with speech and interpersonal relations. conditions which feature frequent and prominent tics as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as tic disorders. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp109-10)
Tidal Volume: the volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. common abbreviations are tv or v with subscript t
Tidal Waves: water waves caused by the gravitational interactions between the earth; moon; and sun
Tietze's Syndrome: idiopathic painful nonsuppurative swellings of one or more costal cartilages, especially of the second rib. the anterior chest pain may mimic that of coronary artery disease. (dorland, 27th ed.)
Tietzeův syndrom: bolestivé zduření jedné nebo více žeberních chrupavek (kostochondrálního spojení). onemocnění obv. po čase samo ustupuje, léčí se analgetiky, někdy se místně podávají kortikoidy. příčina je nejasná, původně popsáno jako mikrofraktury z přetížení nebo z únavy tkáně. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Tigecycline: a tetracycline derivative that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor. it is used as an antibacterial agent for the systemic treatment of complicated skin and intra-abdominal infections. it is also used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia
Tigers: the species panthera tigris, a large feline inhabiting asia. several subspecies exist including the siberian tiger and sumatran tiger
Tight Junctions: cell-cell junctions that seal adjacent epithelial cells together, preventing the passage of most dissolved molecules from one side of the epithelial sheet to the other. (alberts et al., molecular biology of the cell, 2nd ed, p22)
Tight skin contracture syndrome, lethal: a rare, hereditary, autosomal recessive, lethal genodermatosis with characteristic manifestations that are easily recognizable at birth: thin, tightly adherent translucent skin with erosions at flexure sites, superficial vessels, typical facial dysmorphism, and generalized ankylosis. prenatal signs can include intrauterine growth retardation, reduced fetal movements, polyhydramnios, and premature rupture of the membranes. most infants die within the first week of life. mutations in the zmpste24 and lmna genes have been identified. omim: 275210
Tilapia: a freshwater fish used as an experimental organism and for food. this genus of the family cichlidae (cichlids) inhabits central and south america (one species extends north into texas), west indies, africa, madagascar, syria, and coastal india
Tilapia: rod sladkovodních ryb čeledi cichlidae (vrubozubcovití) žijící ve střední a jižní americe, v západoindickém souostroví, africe, na madagaskaru, v syrii a pobřežní indii. používá se pro vědecké účely a chová se pro maso
Tilia: a plant genus of the family tiliaceae. some species in this genus are called limetree which is nearly the same as the common name for lime (citrus aurantiifolia). some people are allergic to the pollen
Tilia: rod opadavých stromů podčeledi tilioideae, čeledi malvaceae. u citlivých jedinců může pyl vyvolat alergickou reakci
Tiliaceae: a plant family of the order malvales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida
Tiliaceae: podle cronquistovy klasifikace čeleď rostlin řádu malvales, podle apg systému podčeleď čeledi malvaceae, řádu malvales
Tilidine: an opioid analgesic used similarly to morphine in the control of moderate to severe pain. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1097)
Tillandsia: a plant genus of the family bromeliaceae. members contain 3-methoxy-5-hydroxyflavonols
Tillandsia: rod rostlin čeledi bromeliaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují 3-methoxy-5-hydroxyflavonoly
Tilorone: an antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. it is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions
Tilt-Table Test: a standard and widely accepted diagnostic test used to identify patients who have a vasodepressive and/or cardioinhibitory response as a cause of syncope. (from braunwald, heart disease, 7th ed)
Timbre Perception: an ability to perceive and distinguish sound sources based on tonal quality or sound color (e.g., overtone)
Time: the dimension of the physical universe which, at a given place, orders the sequence of events. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Time Out, Healthcare: a period of time away from normal workflow taken to ensure key procedural details have been reviewed for better patient safety and help prevent medical errors
Time Pressure: sense of time urgency to complete a task. this sense of time urgency creates psychological pressure affecting performance (https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ml2112/ml21127a272.pdf)
Time and Motion Studies: the observation and analysis of movements in a task with an emphasis on the amount of time required to perform the task
Time-Lapse Imaging: recording serial images of a process at regular intervals spaced out over a longer period of time than the time in which the recordings will be played back
Time-to-Pregnancy: time interval, or number of non-contraceptive menstrual cycles that it takes for a couple to conceive
Time-to-Treatment: the interval of time between onset of symptoms, or suspicion of disease and initiation of therapy; being a combination of wait times for consultative, diagnostic, and treatment services
Timolol: a beta-adrenergic antagonist that is similar in action to propranolol; the levo-isomer is more active. timolol has been proposed as an anti-hypertensive, anti-arrhythmic, anti-angina, and anti-glaucoma agent. it is also used in the treatment of migraine disorders and tremor
Timor-Leste: a country in southeastern asia, at the eastern end of the indonesian archipelago. it includes the eastern half of the island of timor, the oecussi (ambeno) region on the northwest portion of the island of timor, and the islands of pulau atauro and pulau jaco. on may 20, 2002, timor-leste was internationally recognized as an independent state, following its declared independence from portugal on november 20, 1975 and a period of armed conflict with indonesia
Timothy syndrome: a rare congenital disorder that results from de novo autosomal dominant mutations in the cacna1c gene. it affects multiple organs and is characterized by long qt syndrome leading to lethal cardiac arrhythmias. other findings include syndactyly, distinctive facies, structural heart defects, immune deficiency, intermittent hypoglycemia, cognitive deficits, and autism. omim: 601005
Tin: a trace element that is required in bone formation. it has the atomic symbol sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71
Tin Fluorides: inorganic fluorides of tin. they include both stannic fluoride (tin tetrafluoride) and stannous fluoride (tin difluoride). the latter is used in the prevention of dental caries
Tin Polyphosphates: poly or pyrophosphates of tin. in conjunction with radioactive technetium these compounds are used as bone-scanning agents and in scintigraphy to diagnose myocardial and cerebral infarction
Tin Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of tin that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. sn atoms with atomic weights 108-111, 113, 120-121, 123 and 125-128 are tin radioisotopes
Tinea: fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. the main causative fungi include microsporum; trichophyton; and epidermophyton
Tinea Capitis: ringworm of the scalp and associated hair mainly caused by species of microsporum; trichophyton; and epidermophyton, which may occasionally involve the eyebrows and eyelashes
Tinea Cruris: fungal infection of the groin. the main causative fungus is trichophyton
Tinea Favosa: a disease of the scalp that may affect the glabrous skin and the nails and is recognized by the concave sulfur-yellow crusts that form around loose, wiry hairs. atrophy ensues, leaving a smooth, glossy, thin, paper-white patch. this type of disease is rare in the united states and more frequently seen in the middle east, africa, southeastern europe, and other countries bordering the mediterranean sea. (arnold, odom, and james, andrew's diseases of the skin, 8th ed, p319)
Tinea Pedis: dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by trichophyton rubrum, t. mentagrophytes, or epidermophyton floccosum
Tinea Versicolor: a common chronic, noninflammatory and usually symptomless disorder, characterized by the occurrence of multiple macular patches of all sizes and shapes, and varying in pigmentation from fawn-colored to brown. it is seen most frequently in hot, humid, tropical regions and is mostly caused by malassezia furfur (formerly pityrosporum orbiculare)
Tinidazole: a nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against trichomonas vaginalis; entamoeba histolytica; and giardia lamblia infections. it also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis and anaerobic bacterial infections
Tinnitus: a nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. the term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions
Tinospora: a plant genus of the family menispermaceae. members have been used in ayurvedic medicine. hypoglycemic effect has been reported
Tinospora: rod rostlin čeledi menispermaceae, jehož zástupci se používají v ájurvédském lékařství. droga má protizánětlivý, protimalarický, antibakteriální a hypoglykemický účinek
Tinzaparin: a low-molecular-weight heparin with anticoagulant properties that is used in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism, and to prevent clotting during extracorporeal circulation
Tiotropium Bromide: a scopolamine derivative and cholinergic antagonist that functions as a bronchodilator agent. it is used in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease