NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Marinomonas: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria in the family oceanospirillaceae. members of this genus have the ability to synthesize melanin pigments
Marinomonas: rod gramnegativních, aerobních bakterií čeledi oceanospirillaceae. zástupci tohoto rodu mají schopnost syntetizovat pigmenty melaninového typu
Marital Status: a demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness (single person), etc
Marital Therapy: a form of psychotherapy involving both spouses and directed to improving the marital relationship
Markov Chains: a stochastic process such that the conditional probability distribution for a state at any future instant, given the present state, is unaffected by any additional knowledge of the past history of the system
Markova nemoc: přenosné virové onemocnění ptáků, způsobené ptačím herpesvirem 2 (herpesvirus drůbeže, virus markovy nemoci) a mardivirem. projevuje se lymfoidními infiltracemi nebo vznikem lymfomatózních nádorů v periferních nervech a pohlavních žlázách, ale může také zasahovat vnitřní orgány, kůži, svaly a oko
Markovovy řetězce: markovův řetězec popisuje obvykle diskrétní náhodný (stochastický či pravděpodobnostní) proces, pro který platí, že pravděpodobnosti přechodu do následujícího stavu závisejí pouze na současném stavu, ne na předchozích stavech. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Marles Greenberg Persaud syndrome: unilateral upper eyelid coloboma, aberrant anterior hairline pattern, and anal anomalies
Marmota: a genus of sciuridae consisting of 14 species. they are shortlegged, burrowing rodents which hibernate in winter
Marmota: rod hlodavců z čeledi veverkovití (sciuridae) zahrnující 15 druhů. patří mezi větší hlodavce, kteří žijí v norách a v zimě hibernují
Maroko: země ležící v severní africe, hraničí s atlantským oceánem a středozemním mořem, jižní hranici má se západní saharou, východní hranici s alžírskem. hlavním městem je rabat
Marrubium: a plant genus of the lamiaceae family that contains marrubiin (a labdane diterpene). it is known as a traditional medicinal for sore throat
Marrubium vulgare extract: has anti-proliferative effect on human colorectal cancer cells
Mars: mars je čtvrtá planeta sluneční soustavy, druhá nejmenší planeta soustavy po merkuru. má dva měsíce nepravidelného tvaru nazvané phobos a deimos. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Mars: the fourth planet in order from the sun. its two natural satellites are deimos and phobos. it is one of the four inner or terrestrial planets of the solar system
Marsdenia: a plant genus of the family asclepiadaceae. members contain pregnane glycosides (marsdekoiside & marstomentosides, maryal) and hainaneosides (saponins)
Marsdenia: rod rostlin čeledi apocynaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují pregnanové glykosidy (marsdekoisid a marstomentosidy) a hainaneosidy (saponiny)
Marsileaceae: a plant family of the order hydropteridales, class filicopsida, division pteridophyta. they are aquatic ferns with quatrifoliate leaves resembling four leaf clover, creeping rhizome, and bean shaped sporocarps
Marsileaceae: čeleď kapradin řádu hydropteridales, třídy filicopsida, oddělení pteridophyta. jsou to drobné vlhkomilné až vodní byliny. listy jsou tvořeny řapíkem zakončeným 2 až 4 lístky, případně pouze řapíkem. samčí a samičí spory jsou u těchto kapradin silně odlišné a prokel neopouští vyklíčenou sporu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Marsupialia: an infraclass of mammals, also called metatheria, where the young are born at an early stage of development and continue to develop in a pouch (marsupium). in contrast to eutheria (placentals), marsupials have an incomplete placenta
Martial Arts: activities in which participants learn self-defense mainly through the use of hand-to-hand combat. judo involves throwing an opponent to the ground while karate (which includes kung fu and tae kwon do) involves kicking and punching an opponent
Martin-Probst Deafness-Mental Retardation Syndrome: mutation in rab40al
Martinik: zámořský region a zámořský departement francie (oficiálně od 19. května 1946), ležící na stejnojmenném ostrově v karibském moři. je součástí souostroví malých antil a nachází se mezi ostrovy dominika a svatá lucie. 8. května 1902 zničil výbuch sopky mont pelée celé hlavní město saint pierre. hlavním městem ostrova se pak stal přístav fort-de-france. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Martinique: an island in the lesser antilles, one of the windward islands. its capital is fort-de-france. it was discovered by columbus in 1502 and from its settlement in 1635 by the french it passed into and out of dutch and british hands. it was made a french overseas department in 1946. one account of the name tells of native women on the shore calling madinina as columbus approached the island. the meaning was never discovered but was entered on early charts as martinique, influenced by the name of st. martin. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p734 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p339)
Maryland: a state bounded on the north by pennsylvania, on the east by delaware and the atlantic ocean, on the south by virginia and west virginia, and on the west by west virginia
Maryland: maryland hraničí na východě s delawarem, na severu s pensylvánií, na západě a jihozápadě se západní virginií a na jihu s virginií a washinghtonem, d.c. jihovýchodní ohraničení státu tvoří atlantský oceán. roku 1790 poskytl maryland u řeky potomac část svého území pro stavbu nového hlavního města usa, washingtonu, d.c. hlavním městem státu je annapolis, největším městem je baltimore. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Masked Hypertension: phenomenon where increased blood pressure readings taken in non-clinical settings (e.g., home blood pressure monitoring) do not replicate in clinical settings
Masked Mycotoxins: fungal toxins masked by other macromolecules thereby reducing detection levels of such mycotoxins
Masks: devices that cover the nose and mouth to maintain aseptic conditions often for the prevention of the spread of infections (e.g. covid19) or to administer inhaled anesthetics or other gases
Masochism: pleasure derived from being physically or psychologically abused, whether inflicted by oneself or by others. masochism includes sexual masochism
Mason-Pfizer monkey virus: a species of betaretrovirus isolated from mammary carcinoma in rhesus monkeys. it appears to have evolved from a recombination between a murine b oncovirus and a primate c oncovirus related to the baboon endogenous virus. several serologically distinct strains exist. mpmv induces simian aids
Mason-Type Diabetes: a hereditary autosomal dominant form of diabetes characterized by genetic metabolic, and clinical heterogeneity. onset is usually before age 25 and it is caused by defects in insulin secretion. omim: 606391
Masonův-Pfizerův opičí virus: druh viru rodu betaretrovirus, který byl izolován z karcinomu mléčné žlázy opic rhesus. pravděpodobně vznikl rekombinací mezi myším onkovirem typu b a onkovirem primátů typu c (příbuzným endogennímu viru paviánů). existuje několik sérologicky odlišných kmenů. mpmv vyvolává aids u opic
Masoprocol: a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. the compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. it also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils
Mass Behavior: collective behavior of an aggregate of individuals giving the appearance of unity of attitude, feeling, and motivation
Mass Casualty Incidents: events that overwhelm the resources of local hospitals and health care providers. they are likely to impose a sustained demand for health services rather than the short, intense peak customary with smaller scale disasters
Mass Chest X-Ray: x-ray screening of large groups of persons for diseases of the lung and heart by means of radiography of the chest
Mass Drug Administration: administration of a medication to at-risk individuals in a population without individual diagnosis. it is often used in order to treat, control, and/or prevent spread of often endemic disease outbreaks such as neglected diseases in high disease burden areas
Mass Gatherings: organized or spontaneous events where the number of people attending is sufficient to strain the planning and response resources of the community hosting the event. (who, 2008). these events include the gathering of people as the result of natural disasters or conflict
Mass Media: instruments or technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people with a common message: press, radio, television, etc
Mass Shooting Events: a mass killing by firearm that consists of 3 or more killings in a single incident (h.r.2076 - 112th u.s. congress (2011-2012): investigative assistance for violent crimes act of 2012)
Mass Spectrometry: an analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers
Massachusetts: state bounded on the north by new hampshire and vermont, on the east by the atlantic ocean, on the south by connecticut and rhode island, and on the west by new york
Massachusetts: stát na východním pobřeží spojených států amerických. massachusetts hraničí na severu s new hampshire a vermontem, na západě s new yorkem a na jihu s connecticutem a rhode islandem. východní a jihovýchodní ohraničení státu tvoří atlantský oceán. hlavní město je boston. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Massage: the systematic and methodical manipulations of body tissues best performed with the hands for the purpose of affecting the nervous and muscular systems and the general circulation
Massive Hepatic Necrosis: extensive and rapid death of parenchymal cells in the liver, often due to exposure to toxic materials or drug-induced injury. it is characterized by a soft, flabby, yellow-brown wrinkled, and shrunken liver. it was called acute yellow atrophy
Mast Cell Activation Disorders: a spectrum of primary, secondary, and idiopathic disorders involving mast cells and characterized by an aberrant release of mast cell mediators which result in multiple and variable inflammatory and allergic symptoms. these disorders are associated with various mutations in tyrosine kinase kit (proto-oncogene proteins c-kit) and other genes, underlying conditions, and responses to allergic or non-allergic triggers of mast cell stimulation and degranulation such as local anesthetics, lactam antibiotics, muscle relaxants, specific foods, environmental toxins, physical conditions such as vibration, cold, pressure, and stress
Mast Cell Activation Syndrome: a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of mast cell disorders in which there is aberrant release of mast cell mediators with little to no accompanying proliferation of mast cells
Mast Cell Stabilizers: compounds that prevent the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells
Mast Cells: granulated cells that are found in almost all tissues, most abundantly in the skin and the gastrointestinal tract. like the basophils, mast cells contain large amounts of histamine and heparin. unlike basophils, mast cells normally remain in the tissues and do not circulate in the blood. mast cells, derived from the bone marrow stem cells, are regulated by the stem cell factor
Mast-Cell Sarcoma: a unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological mast cells without systemic involvement. it causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow
Mastadenovirus: a genus of adenoviridae that infects mammals including humans and causes a wide range of diseases. the type species is human adenovirus c (see adenoviruses, human)
Mastadenovirus: rod virů čeledi adenoviridae, které infikují savce včetně lidí a způsobují širokou škálu onemocnění. typovým druhem je lidský adenovirus c
Mastectomy, Extended Radical: radical mastectomy with removal of the ipsilateral half of the sternum and a portion of ribs two through five with the underlying pleura and the internal mammary lymph nodes
Mastectomy, Modified Radical: total mastectomy with axillary node dissection, but with preservation of the pectoral muscles
Mastectomy, Radical: removal of the breast, pectoral muscles, axillary lymph nodes, and associated skin and subcutaneous tissue
Mastectomy, Segmental: removal of only enough breast tissue to ensure that the margins of the resected surgical specimen are free of tumor
Mastectomy, Simple: removal of only the breast tissue and nipple and a small portion of the overlying skin
Mastectomy, Subcutaneous: excision of breast tissue with preservation of overlying skin, nipple, and areola so that breast form may be reconstructed
Mastic Resin: dried tree sap from the mastic tree that is used in traditional medicine and chewed as gum
Masticatory Muscles: muscles arising in the zygomatic arch that close the jaw. their nerve supply is masseteric from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Masticatory Muscles, Hypertrophy of: a hereditary condition characterized by bilateral masseter muscle hypertrophy with onset in adolescence. inheritance is autosomal dominant. omim: 154850
Mastocytoma: a solid tumor consisting of a dense infiltration of mast cells. it is generally benign
Mastocytoma, Skin: a variant of cutaneous mastocytosis which occurs as a single lesion usually in infants. it is found mostly in the wrist and trunk and there is no atypical cytomorphology
Mastocytosis: a rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of mast cells, associated with kit-d816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. the abnormal increase of mast cells may occur in only the skin (mastocytosis, cutaneous), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (mastocytosis, systemic), or in solid tumors (mastocytoma)
Mastocytosis, Cutaneous: skin lesions due to abnormal infiltration of mast cells. cutaneous mastocytosis is confined to the skin without the involvement of other tissues or organs, and is mostly found in children. the three major variants are: urticaria pigmentosa; diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis; and solitary mastocytoma of skin
Mastocytosis, Systemic: a group of disorders caused by the abnormal proliferation of mast cells in a variety of extracutaneous tissues including bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract. systemic mastocytosis is commonly seen in adults. these diseases are categorized on the basis of clinical features, pathologic findings, and prognosis
Mastodons: an extinct genus of large mammals in the family mammutidae, that fed by browsing on tall plants. eurasian species died out three million years ago, but some specimens of the american mastodon survived the last ice age
Mastodynia: pain in the breast generally classified as cyclical (associated with menstrual periods), or noncyclical, i.e. originating from the breast or nearby muscles or joints, ranging from minor discomfort to severely incapacitating
Mastoid: the posterior part of the temporal bone. it is a projection of the petrous bone
Mastoidectomy: surgical removal of the diseased cells from the mastoid process. it often involves simultaneous resection and/or repair of the middle ear and ear drum in middle ear cholesteatomas and mastoiditis
Mastoiditis: inflammation of the honeycomb-like mastoid bone in the skull just behind the ear. it is usually a complication of otitis media
Matched-Pair Analysis: a type of analysis in which subjects in a study group and a comparison group are made comparable with respect to extraneous factors by individually pairing study subjects with the comparison group subjects (e.g., age-matched controls)
Materia Medica: materials or substances used in the composition of traditional medical remedies. the use of this term in mesh was formerly restricted to historical articles or those concerned with traditional medicine, but it can also refer to homeopathic remedies. nosodes are specific types of homeopathic remedies prepared from causal agents or disease products
Material Safety Data Sheets: information or data used to ensure the safe handling and disposal of substances in the workplace. such information includes physical properties (i.e. melting, boiling, flashing points), as well as data on toxicity, health effects, reactivity, storage, disposal, first-aid, protective equipment, and spill-handling procedures
Materials Management, Hospital: the management of all procurement, distribution, and storage of equipment and supplies, as well as logistics management including laundry, processing of reusables, etc
Materials Science: an interdisciplinary study of the microstructure and composition of various materials such as metals, semiconductors, ceramics, and polymers, in relation to their macromolecular physical and chemical properties. materials science enables the custom creation of new materials with specific properties and uses
Materials Testing: the testing of materials and devices, especially those used for prostheses and implants; sutures; tissue adhesives; etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility
Maternal Exposure: exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. it includes pre-conception maternal exposure
Maternal Inheritance: transmission of genetic characters, qualities, and traits, solely from maternal extra-nuclear elements such as mitochondrial dna or maternal messenger rna
Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena: nutrition of a mother which affects the health of the fetus and infant as well as herself
Maternal Serum Screening Tests: analysis of the level of specific biomarkers in a pregnant woman's sera to identify those at risk for pregnancy complications or birth defects
Maternal Welfare: organized efforts by communities or organizations to improve the health and well-being of the mother
Maternal-Child Health Centers: facilities which administer the delivery of health care services to mothers and children
Maternal-Child Health Services: programs organized for the purpose of providing medical and social services for mothers and children
Maternal-Child Nursing: the nursing specialty that deals with the care of women throughout their pregnancy and childbirth and the care of their newborn children
Maternal-Fetal Exchange: exchange of substances between the maternal blood and the fetal blood at the placenta via placental circulation. the placental barrier excludes microbial or viral transmission
Maternal-Fetal Relations: the bond or lack thereof between a pregnant person and their fetus
Mathematics: the deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Mating Factor: a protein also known as pheromone mating factor that occurs on the surfaces of organisms such as yeast and fungi
Mating Preference, Animal: the selection or choice of sexual partner in animals. often this reproductive preference is based on traits in the potential mate, such as coloration, size, or behavioral boldness. if the chosen ones are genetically different from the rejected ones, then natural selection is occurring
Matricaria: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. m. chamomilla appears similar to anthemis but this flower disk is conical and hollow and lacks chaffy bract scales and the odor is weaker. the common name of 'manzanilla' is confused with other meanings of the word. 'matricaria chamomilla sensu' is classified by some as tripleurospermum perforata. other plants with similar common names include chamaemelum; tripleurospermum and anthemis
Matricaria: rod rostlin z čeledi hvězdnicovité, kde je řazen do podčeledi hvězdnicové (asteroideae). rod zahrnuje 5 druhů a je rozšířen v eurasii, severní americe a africe. největší význam má heřmánek pravý, který se již od pradávna sbírá a používá jako léčivka. obsahuje éterické oleje, flavonoidy, glykosidy, cholin, kumarin a téměř 10 procent slizu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Matrilin Proteins: proteoglycans-associated proteins that are major components of extracellular matrix of various tissues including cartilage; and intervertebral disc structures. they bind collagen fibers and contain protein domains that enable oligomer formation and interaction with other extracellular matrix proteins such as cartilage oligomeric matrix protein
Matrines: tetracyclic bis-quinolizidine alkaloids found in the family leguminosae, mainly in the genus sophora
Matrix Attachment Regions: regions of the chromatin or dna that bind to the nuclear matrix. they are found in intergenic dna, especially flanking the 5' ends of genes or clusters of genes. many of the regions that have been isolated contain a bipartite sequence motif called the mar/sar recognition signature sequence that binds to matrix attachment region binding proteins
Matrix Bands: devices which provide an artificial temporary wall, or matrix, used in filling a prepared cavity
Matrix Gla Protein: a 79-residue, vitamin k-dependent protein containing a single disulfide bond & 4.8 gamma-carboxyglutamate (gla) residues
Matrix Metalloproteinase 1: a member of the metalloproteinase family of enzymes that is principally responsible for cleaving fibrillar collagen. it can degrade interstitial collagens, types i, ii and iii
Matrix Metalloproteinase 10: a secreted matrix metalloproteinase that may play a role in matrix degradation during wound healing. it is expressed at high levels by keratinocytes, suggesting its role in keratinocyte migration
Matrix Metalloproteinase 11: a secreted matrix metalloproteinase that is believed to play a role in extracellular matrix remodeling and cell fate determination during normal and pathological processes. matrix metalloproteinase 11 was originally isolated in primary breast neoplasms and may be involved in the process of tumorigenesis
Matrix Metalloproteinase 12: a secreted matrix metalloproteinase which is highly expressed by macrophages where it may play a role in inflammation and wound healing
Matrix Metalloproteinase 13: a secreted matrix metalloproteinase that plays a physiological role in the degradation of extracellular matrix found in skeletal tissues. it is synthesized as an inactive precursor that is activated by the proteolytic cleavage of its n-terminal propeptide
Matrix Metalloproteinase 14: a transmembrane domain-containing matrix metalloproteinase. it is synthesized as an inactive zymogen that is activated by the action of proprotein convertases such as furin. matrix metalloproteinase 14 plays a direct role in the cleavage of proteins in the pericellular environment. in addition, it can function indirectly by enzymatically activating the proprotein form of matrix metalloproteinase 15
Matrix Metalloproteinase 15: a transmembrane domain-containing matrix metalloproteinase that plays a role in the cleavage of proteins in the pericellular environment. it is synthesized as an inactive zymogen that is activated by the action of endopeptidases such as matrix metalloproteinase 14
Matrix Metalloproteinase 16: a transmembrane domain-containing matrix metalloproteinase. it is synthesized as an inactive zymogen that is activated by the proteolytic action of proprotein convertases. matrix metalloproteinase 16 plays a direct role in the cleavage of proteins in the pericellular environment. in addition, it can function indirectly by enzymatically activating the proprotein form of other matrix metalloproteinases such as the zymogen of matrix metalloproteinase 2
Matrix Metalloproteinase 17: a membrane-type metalloproteinase that is associated with the cell membrane via a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol linkage. it is synthesized as an inactive zymogen that is activated by the action of proprotein convertases such as furin
Matrix Metalloproteinase 2: a secreted endopeptidase homologous with interstitial collagenase, but which possesses an additional fibronectin-like domain
Matrix Metalloproteinase 20: a secreted matrix metalloproteinase that is the predominant proteolytic activity in the enamel matrix. the enzyme has a high specificity for dental enamel matrix protein amelogenin
Matrix Metalloproteinase 3: an extracellular endopeptidase of vertebrate tissues similar to matrix metalloproteinase 1. it digests proteoglycan; fibronectin; collagen types iii, iv, v, and ix, and activates procollagenase. (enzyme nomenclature, 1992)
Matrix Metalloproteinase 7: the smallest member of the matrix metalloproteinases. it plays a role in tumor progression
Matrix Metalloproteinase 8: a member of the matrix metalloproteinases that cleaves triple-helical collagen types i, ii, and iii
Matrix Metalloproteinase 9: an endopeptidase that is structurally similar to matrix metalloproteinase 2. it degrades gelatin types i and v; collagen type iv; and collagen type v
Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors: compounds that inhibit the enzyme activity or activation of matrix metalloproteinases
Matrix Metalloproteinases: a family of zinc-dependent metalloendopeptidases that is involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix components
Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated: matrix metalloproteinases that are associated with the cell membrane, either through transmembrane domains or glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors. membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases may act within the pericellular environment to influence the process of cell migration
Matrix Metalloproteinases, Secreted: a subclass of matrix metalloproteinases that are secreted into the pericellular space
Matrix-M: an immunologic adjuvant nanoparticle composed of quillaja saponaria saponins, cholesterol, and phospholipids
Maturation-Promoting Factor: protein kinase that drives both the mitotic and meiotic cycles in all eukaryotic organisms. in meiosis it induces immature oocytes to undergo meiotic maturation. in mitosis it has a role in the g2/m phase transition. once activated by cyclins; mpf directly phosphorylates some of the proteins involved in nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle assembly, and the degradation of cyclins. the catalytic subunit of mpf is protein p34cdc2
Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young, Type 2: a hereditary autosomal dominant form of type 2 diabetes mellitus that typically occurs before 25 years of age and is caused by primary insulin secretion defects. mody2 is caused by mutations in the gck gene. omim: 125851
Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young, Type 3: a form of familial noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (diabetes mellitus, type 2) that is characterized by an early age of onset (childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood under 25 years) and autosomal dominant inheritance. mutations in the hnf1a gene have been identified. omim: 600496
Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young, Type 4: mutation in pdx1 gene
Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young, Type 7: mutations in klf11
Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young, Type 8, with Exocrine Dysfunction: heterozygous mutation in the cel gene on chromosome 9q34
Mauricius: ostrovní stát v indickém oceánu asi 2 000 km jihovýchodně od afrického kontinentu, na východ od madagaskaru. je tvořen hlavním ostrovem (také nazývaný mauricius) a ostrovy rodrigues a st. brandon a agalegskými ostrovy. ostrovy mauricius a rodrigues jsou spolu s blízkým réunionem (francouzský zámořský departement) součástí maskarénských ostrovů. hlavní a největší město port louis se nachází na mauriciu, kde se soustředí většina populace. nezávislost mauricia na velké británii byla vyhlášena 12. března 1968. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Mauritania: a republic in western africa, southwest of algeria and west of mali. its capital is nouakchott
Mauritius: one of the indian ocean islands, east of madagascar. its capital is port louis. it was discovered by the portuguese in 1505, occupied by the dutch 1598-1710, held by the french 1715-1810 when the british captured it, formally ceded to the british in 1814, and became independent in 1968. it was named by the dutch in honor of maurice of nassau, prince of orange (1567-1625). (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p742 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p341)
Mauritánie: islámská prezidentská republika, která se nachází na západním pobřeží afriky jižně od alžírska a západně od mali. hlavní město je nuakšott
Maus Elberfeld virus: a strain of encephalomyocarditis virus, a species of cardiovirus, usually causing an inapparent intestinal infection in mice. a small number of mice may show signs of flaccid paralysis
Maxcem: a self-adhesive dual-curing resin cement consisting of gpdm, various methacrylate monomers, and other ingredients
Maxilla: one of a pair of irregularly shaped bones that form the upper jaw. a maxillary bone provides tooth sockets for the superior teeth, forms part of the orbit, and contains the maxillary sinus
Maxillary Artery: a branch of the external carotid artery which distributes to the deep structures of the face (internal maxillary) and to the side of the face and nose (external maxillary)
Maxillary Neoplasms: cancer or tumors of the maxilla or upper jaw
Maxillary Nerve: the intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. the maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura
Maxillary Osteotomy: surgery of the upper jaw bone usually performed to correct upper and lower jaw misalignment
Maxillary Sinus: the air space located in the body of the maxillary bone near each cheek. each maxillary sinus communicates with the middle passage (meatus) of the nasal cavity on the same side
Maxillary Sinus Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the maxillary sinus. they represent the majority of paranasal neoplasms
Maxillary Sinusitis: inflammation of the nasal mucosa in the maxillary sinus. in many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria haemophilus influenzae; streptococcus pneumoniae; or staphylococcus aureus
Maxillofacial Abnormalities: congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the maxilla and face or facial bones
Maxillofacial Development: the process of growth and differentiation of the jaws and face
Maxillofacial Injuries: general or unspecified injuries involving the face and jaw (either upper, lower, or both)
Maxillofacial Prosthesis: a prosthetic appliance for the replacement of areas of the maxilla, mandible, and face, missing as a result of deformity, disease, injury, or surgery. when the prosthesis replaces portions of the mandible only, it is referred to as mandibular prosthesis
Maxillofacial Prosthesis Implantation: surgical insertion of an appliance for the replacement of areas of the maxilla, mandible, and face. when only portions of the mandible are replaced, it is referred to as mandibular prosthesis implantation
Maxillonasal dysplasia, Binder type: maxillofacial abnormalities characterized by a short nose with a flat bridge, a short columella, an acute nasolabial angle, perialar flatness, a convex upper lip, and a tendency to an angle class iii malocclusion. critical features of the syndrome appear to be midfacial hypoplasia, lack of anterior nasal spine, and malocclusion. may be hereditary (autosomal recessive) or multifactorial. omim: 155050
Maximal Expiratory Flow Rate: the airflow rate measured during the first liter expired after the first 200 ml have been exhausted during a forced vital capacity determination. common abbreviations are mefr, fef 200-1200, and fef 0.2-1.2
Maximal Expiratory Flow-Volume Curves: curves depicting maximal expiratory flow rate, in liters/second, versus lung inflation, in liters or percentage of lung capacity, during a forced vital capacity determination. common abbreviation is mefv
Maximal Midexpiratory Flow Rate: measurement of rate of airflow over the middle half of a forced vital capacity determination (from the 25 percent level to the 75 percent level). common abbreviations are mmfr and fef 25%-75%
Maximal Respiratory Pressures: a respiratory function test that includes the maximal inspiratory pressure and maximal expiratory pressure. it is determined by spirometry that measures the patient's residual volume and total lung capacity and assesses the strength of respiratory muscles
Maximal Voluntary Ventilation: measure of the maximum amount of air that can be breathed in and blown out over a sustained interval such as 15 or 20 seconds. common abbreviations are mvv and mbc
Maximum Allowable Concentration: the maximum exposure to a biologically active physical or chemical agent that is allowed during an 8-hour period (a workday) in a population of workers, or during a 24-hour period in the general population, which does not appear to cause appreciable harm, whether immediate or delayed for any period, in the target population. (from lewis dictionary of toxicology, 1st ed)
Maximum Tolerated Dose: the highest dose of a biologically active agent given during a chronic study that will not reduce longevity from effects other than carcinogenicity. (from lewis dictionary of toxicology, 1st ed)
Maxy G34: pegylated recombinant human g-csf for treating neutropenia
May-Thurner Syndrome: a compression of iliac vein that results in a decreased flow in the vein and in the left lower extremity due to a vascular malformation. it may result in left leg edema, pain, iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis and postthrombotic syndrome. compression of the left common iliac vein by the right common iliac artery against the underlying fifth lumbar vertebra is the typical underlying malformation
May-Thurnerův syndrom: komprese společné kyčelní žíly (vena iliaca communis), která vede k omezení odtoku krve z dolní končetiny (častěji levé). může vzniknout bolest, edém dolní končetiny, iliofemorální hluboká žilní trombóza a posttrombotický syndrom. typickou příčinou je komprese levé společné kyčelní žíly pravou společnou kyčelní tepnou proti tělu pátého bederního obratle
Maytansine: an ansa macrolide isolated from the maytenus genus of east african shrubs
Maze Learning: learning the correct route through a maze to obtain reinforcement. it is used for human or animal populations. (thesaurus of psychological index terms, 6th ed)
Maze Procedure: a surgical treatment in which heart tissue is scarred (cut-and-sew method), excised or otherwise destroyed in an open chest approach to direct electrical signals through a more controlled path via the atrioventricular node. it is often used to restore normal rhythms in atrial fibrillation
Mazindol: tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than amphetamine, but with some similar side effects. it inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter
Maďarsko: evropský stát, leží severně od rumunska, jižně od slovenska a východně od rakouska. hlavní město je budapešť
McDonough syndrome: mental retardation, peculiar facies, kyphoscoliosis, diastasis recti, cryptorchidism, and congenital heart defect
McKusick Kaufman syndrome: a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by genitourinary malformations, especially hydrocolpos, polydactyly, and, more rarely, heart or gastrointestinal malformations. mutations in the mkks gene have been identified. omim: 236700
McPherson Clemens syndrome: cleft lip, cleft palate, characteristic facies, intestinal malrotation, and lethal congenital heart disease
MdaB protein, E coli: a modulator of drug activity from escherichia coli; mw 22 kda; confers drug resistance to the bisnaphthalimide drug dmp 840; amino acid sequence given in first source; genbank u18656
Mdt-A protein, E coli: an efflux protein conferring multiple antibiotic resistance in lactococcus lactis and escherichia coli; genbank x92946 (l. lactis)
Meacham Winn Culler syndrome: double vagina, cardiac, pulmonary, and other genital malformations with 46,xy karyotype. omim: 608978
Meaningful Use: using certified electronic health records technology to improve quality, safety, efficiency, and reduce healthcare disparities; engage patients and families in their health care; improve care coordination; improve population and public health; while maintaining privacy and security
Measles: a highly contagious infectious disease caused by morbillivirus, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the mononuclear phagocyte system
Measles Vaccine: a live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had measles or been immunized with live measles vaccine and have no serum antibodies against measles. children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Measles virus: the type species of morbillivirus and the cause of the highly infectious human disease measles, which affects mostly children
Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine: a combined vaccine used to prevent measles; mumps; and rubella
Meat: the edible portions of any animal used for food including cattle, swine, goats/sheep, poultry, fish, shellfish, and game
Meat Products: articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple)
Meat Substitutes: bacterial, fungal, algal or plant-based alternatives to meat from animals
Mebendazole: a benzimidazole that acts by interfering with carbohydrate metabolism and inhibiting polymerization of microtubules
Mecamylamine: a nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool
Mechanical Thrombolysis: procedures to cause the disintegration of thrombi by physical interventions
Mechanics: the branch of physics which deals with the motions of material bodies, including kinematics, dynamics, and statics. when the laws of mechanics are applied to living structures, as to the locomotor system, it is referred to as biomechanical phenomena. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1: an evolutionarily conserved multiprotein complex that functions as a cellular energy sensor and regulator of protein synthesis for cell growth and proliferation. it consists of tor serine-threonine kinases; regulatory-associated protein of mtor (raptor); mlst8 protein; and akt1 substrate 1 protein. the activity of the complex is regulated by sirolimus; insulin; growth factors; phosphatidic acids; some amino acids or amino acid derivatives, and oxidative stress
Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2: a multiprotein complex consisting of mtor kinase; mlst8 protein; rapamycin-insensitive companion of mtor protein (rictor protein); and prr5 (proline-rich protein 5). like mtorc1, it also regulates cell growth and proliferation in response to growth factors but may not be as sensitive to nutrient availability and is insensitive to sirolimus. in contrast to mtorc1, it can regulate the actin cytoskeleton through rho gtpases to promote the formation of stress fibers. the mtorc2 complex also plays a critical role in akt1 protein kinase phosphorylation and activation
Mechanoreceptors: cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. mechanoreceptor cells include the inner ear hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with non-neural accessory structures
Mechanotransduction, Cellular: the process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into a chemical response. it can occur in both cells specialized for sensing mechanical cues such as mechanoreceptors, and in parenchymal cells whose primary function is not mechanosensory
Mechlorethamine: a biologic alkylating agent that exerts its cytotoxic effects by forming dna adducts and dna interstrand crosslinks, thereby inhibiting rapidly proliferating cells. the hydrochloride is an antineoplastic agent used to treat hodgkin disease and lymphoma
Meckel Diverticulum: a congenital abnormality characterized by the outpouching or sac formation in the ileum. it is a remnant of the embryonic yolk sac in which the vitelline duct failed to close
Meckel syndrome type 1: a severe hereditary disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance. there is considerable variability (genetic pleiotropy) in the range of anomalies observed in affected individuals caused by dysfunction of primary cilia during early embryogenesis. these include a combination of renal cysts, encephalocele, hepatic duct dysplasia and cysts, and polydactyly. mutations in the mks1 gene have been identified. omim: 249000
Meckelův divertikl: vrozený divertikl vyskytující se u některých osob na tenkém střevě jako zbytek embryonální tkáně. může být zdrojem zánětu, krvácení nebo střevní neprůchodnosti. je přítomen cca u 1% populace. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Meclizine: a histamine h1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness
Meclofenamic Acid: a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. it also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis
Meclofenoxate: an ester of dimethylaminoethanol and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
Meconium: the thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. it consists of secretions of the intestinal glands; bile pigments; fatty acids; amniotic fluid; and intrauterine debris. it constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: a condition caused by inhalation of meconium into the lung of fetus or newborn, usually due to vigorous respiratory movements during difficult parturition or respiratory system abnormalities. meconium aspirate may block small airways leading to difficulties in pulmonary gas exchange and aspiration pneumonia
Meconium Ileus: intestinal obstruction caused by congealed meconium in the distal ileum and cecum. it presents shortly after birth as a failure to pass meconium and frequently occurs in infants with cystic fibrosis
Medazepam: a benzodiazepine derivative used in the treatment of anxiety. it has sedative, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant properties. one of its metabolites is diazepam and one of its excretion products is oxazepam
Mede-Prep: preparation used to clean bowel prior to double contrast barium enema; consists of low residue diet, mannitol, & water
Medecins Sans Frontieres: an international humanitarian medical non-governmental organization of french origin that provides emergency aid and medical care around the globe
Medetomidine: an agonist of receptors, adrenergic alpha-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. it is the racemate of dexmedetomidine
Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee: the ligament that travels from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial margin and medial surface of the tibia. the medial meniscus is attached to its deep surface
Medial Forebrain Bundle: a complex group of fibers arising from the basal olfactory regions, the periamygdaloid region, and the septal nuclei, and passing to the lateral hypothalamus. some fibers continue into the tegmentum
Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome: skeletal muscle pain and tenderness along the posteromedial tibia resulting from exercise such as running and other physical activity
Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome: compression of the celiac artery by the median arcuate ligament, a fibrous band of the diaphragm, causing abdominal pain after eating and weight loss. omim: 116870
Median Eminence: raised area at the infundibular region of the hypothalamus at the floor of the brain, ventral to the third ventricle and adjacent to the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus. it contains the terminals of hypothalamic neurons and the capillary network of hypophyseal portal system, thus serving as a neuroendocrine link between the brain and the pituitary gland
Median Nerve: a major nerve of the upper extremity. in humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually c6 to t1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand
Median Neuropathy: disease involving the median nerve, from its origin at the brachial plexus to its termination in the hand. clinical features include weakness of wrist and finger flexion, forearm pronation, thenar abduction, and loss of sensation over the lateral palm, first three fingers, and radial half of the ring finger. common sites of injury include the elbow, where the nerve passes through the two heads of the pronator teres muscle (pronator syndrome) and in the carpal tunnel (carpal tunnel syndrome)
Mediastinal Cyst: cysts of one of the parts of the mediastinum: the superior part, containing the trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct and thymus organs; the inferior middle part, containing the pericardium; the inferior anterior part containing some lymph nodes; and the inferior posterior part, containing the thoracic duct and esophagus
Mediastinal Emphysema: presence of air in the mediastinal tissues due to leakage of air from the tracheobronchial tree, usually as a result of trauma
Mediastinal Fibrosis: split idiopathic mediastinal fibrosis; sclerosing mediastinitis
Mediastinitis: inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs
Mediastinoscopy: endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the anterior superior mediastinum of the thorax
Mediastinum: a membrane in the midline of the thorax of mammals. it separates the lungs between the sternum in front and the vertebral column behind. it also surrounds the heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus, and lymph nodes
Mediation Analysis: a type of statistical analysis used to understand, clarify, and explain the relationship and pathway between a presumed cause (an independent variable) and effect (dependent variable) with respect to causal links (mediating variables) and/or to analyze the effect of an intervention (mediating factor/variable) on an outcome
Mediator Complex: a large protein complex which acts as a signaling adaptor protein that allows communication between the various regulatory and functional components of genetic transcription including dna polymerase ii; general transcription factors; and transcription factors that are bound to upstream enhancer elements. the mediator complex was originally studied in yeast where at least 21 subunits were identified. many of the yeast subunits are homologs to proteins in higher organisms that are found associated with specific nuclear receptors such as thyroid hormone receptors and vitamin d receptors
Mediator Complex Subunit 1: a mediator complex subunit that is believed to play a key role in the coactivation of nuclear receptor-activated transcription by the mediator complex. it interacts with a variety of nuclear receptors including retinoic acid receptors; thyroid hormone receptors; vitamin d receptors; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors; estrogen receptors; and glucocorticoid receptors
Medicago: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. it is distinct from sweet clover (melilotus), from bush clover (lespedeza), and from red clover (trifolium)
Medicago sativa: druh rostlin čeledi fabaceae, významná pícnina
Medicago truncatula: a plant species of the family fabaceae used to study genetics because it is diploid, self fertile, has a small genome, and short generation time
Medicago truncatula: druh tolice z čeledi fabaceae používané v genetických studiích. výhodou je diploidní genom, samosprašnost, malý genom a krátký generační čas
Medicaid: federal program, created by public law 89-97, title xix, a 1965 amendment to the social security act, administered by the states, that provides health care benefits to indigent and medically indigent persons
Medicaid: veřejně financovaný zdravotnický program v usa pro sociálně slabé osoby, schválen 1965. v současnosti má každý stát možnost určit si, kdo má nárok na účast v programu
Medical Audit: a detailed review and evaluation of selected clinical records by qualified professional personnel for evaluating quality of medical care