NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Chemotherapy, Cancer, Regional Perfusion: neoplasm drug therapy involving an extracorporeal circuit with temporary exclusion of the tumor-bearing area from the general circulation during which high concentrations of the drug are perfused to the isolated part
Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia: fever accompanied by a significant reduction in neutrophil count associated with chemotherapy
Chemotherapy-Related Cognitive Impairment: the diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function associated with the chemical treatment of cancer
Chemsex: the use of drugs to enhance or sustain sexual activity primarily but not exclusively by men who have sex with men
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: a bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. it acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. it is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones
Chenopodiaceae: bývalá čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu hvozdíkotvaré (caryophyllales). v současném taxonomickém systému byla vřazena do čeledi laskavcovité (amaranthaceae). do této čeledi jsou řazeny například tyto rostliny: špenát, lebeda, cukrová řepa, merlík čilský, chruplavník, podivka, bělostník, bříšť, bytel, trnoplodník, velbloudník, slanorožec, solnička a slanobýl. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Chenopodiaceae: the goosefoot plant family of the order caryophyllales, subclass caryophyllidae, class magnoliopsida. it includes beets and chard (beta vulgaris), as well as spinach, and salt tolerant plants
Chenopodium: rod převážně jednoletých bylin z čeledi laskavcovitých (amaranthaceae). rod v minulosti patřil do čeledi merlíkovitých (chenopodiaceae), která je nyní včleněna do čeledi laskavcovitých jako monofyletická podčeleď merlíkové (chenopodoideae). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Chenopodium album: a plant species in the chenopodium genus known for edible greens
Chenopodium album: merlík bílý patří mezi jedlé rostliny a jeho mladých listů lze používat na saláty, semena možno zkrmovat nebo semlít na mouku. jeho reálné využití je však zanedbatelné, je naopak považován za plevelnou rostlinu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Chenopodium ambrosioides: a plant species of the genus chenopodium known for toxicity to intestinal worms and other simple organisms
Chenopodium quinoa: a species of the chenopodium genus which is the source of edible seed called quinoa. it contains makisterone a and other steroids, some having ecdysteroid activity on insects
Chenopodium quinoa: rostlina z čeledi laskavcovitých, která je v latinské americe využívána převážně jako obilovina. obsahuje makisteron a a další steroidy, některé mají ekdysteroidní účinek na hmyz. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Chernobyl Nuclear Accident: april 25th -26th, 1986 nuclear power accident that occurred at chernobyl in the former ussr (ukraine) located 80 miles north of kiev
Cherubism: a fibro-osseous hereditary disease of the jaws. the swollen jaws and raised eyes give a cherubic appearance; multiple radiolucencies are evident upon radiographic examination
Chest Tubes: plastic tubes used for drainage of air or fluid from the pleural space. their surgical insertion is called tube thoracostomy
Chest Wall Oscillation: a respiratory support system used to remove mucus and clear airway by oscillating pressure on the chest
Chetogerd: contains hyaluronic acid, altea, malva, apple active tm, aloe vera, l-triptophan, calcium gluconate, sodium bicarbonate, musa paradisiaca
Chewing Gum: a preparation of chicle, sometimes mixed with other plastic substances, sweetened and flavored. it is masticated usually for pleasure as a candy substitute but it sometimes acts as a vehicle for the administration of medication
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration: an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing. the cycle begins with slow, shallow breaths that gradually increase in depth and rate and is then followed by a period of apnea. the period of apnea can last 5 to 30 seconds, then the cycle repeats every 45 seconds to 3 minutes
Cheyneovo-Stokesovo dýchání: patologický typ dýchání, při němž pozvolna klesá hloubka dýchání až k jeho dočasnému vymizení, po němž se opět pozvolna prohlubuje až k maximu. poté se tento cyklus opakuje. vzniká při nedostatečném zásobení mozku kyslíkem, např. při těžkém oběhovém selhání. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Chi-Square Distribution: a distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. the chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. the oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another
Chiari Malformation Type I with Syringomyelia: an autosomal dominant type of chiari malformation characterized by the protrusion of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum, defined radiologically as tonsillar descent of 5 mm or more. cm1 is associated with syringomyelia in up to 80% of cases. may be asymptomatic or can cause headaches, ocular disturbances, otoneurologic disturbances, lower cranial nerve signs, cerebellar ataxia, or muscle spasticity. onset of symptoms is usually in the third decade of life. omim: 118420
Chiari-Frommel Syndrome: a postpartum condition consists of persistent lactation (galactorrhea) and amenorrhea in patients not breast feeding
Chiariho-Frommelův syndrom: poporodní galaktorea s amenoreou a atrofií dělohy a ovarií, jeden z typů syndromu galaktorea-amenorea. je zvýšená produkce prolaktinu a snížená produkce gonadotropinů (fsh). příčinou je porucha hypothalamu, ev. adenom hypofýzy. laktace může přetrvávat měsíce i roky po porodu, často jsou poruchy nálady (deprese) s bolestmi hlavy a zad. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Chick Embryo: the developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (zygote). the developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the blastodisc, a small whitish spot on the surface of the egg yolk. after 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching
Chicken anemia virus: the type species of gyrovirus, a small, non-enveloped dna virus originally isolated from contaminated vaccines in japan. it causes chicken infectious anemia and may possibly play a key role in hemorrhagic anemia syndrome, anemia dermatitis, and blue wing disease
Chickenpox: a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (herpesvirus 3, human). it usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Chickenpox Vaccine: a live, attenuated varicella virus vaccine used for immunization against chickenpox. it is recommended for children between the ages of 12 months and 13 years
Chickens: common name for the species gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family phasianidae, order galliformes. it is descended from the red jungle fowl of southeast asia
Chief Cells, Gastric: epithelial cells that line the basal half of the gastric glands. chief cells synthesize and export an inactive enzyme pepsinogen which is converted into the highly proteolytic enzyme pepsin in the acid environment of the stomach
Chief Executive Officers, Hospital: individuals who have the formal authority to manage a hospital, including its programs and services, in accordance with the goals and objectives established by a governing body (governing board)
Chikungunya Fever: an acute infection caused by a mosquito-borne alphavirus chikungunya virus characterized by rash; fever; joint pains; conjunctivitis; meningoencephalitis; lymphopenia; and thrombocytopenia
Chilaiditi Syndrome: interposition of a portion of the colon (e.g., sigmoid colon) between the liver and the diaphragm. it is associated with abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation, anorexia and volvulus. chilaiditi anomaly refers to asymptomatic interposition
Chilaiditiho syndrom: soubor klinických příznaků provázejících interpozici úseku tlustého střeva mezi játra a bránici, bývá bolest břicha, může být dušnost, zvracení, zácpa. chilaiditiho anomálie označuje asymptomatickou interpozici. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Chilblain lupus 1: a hereditary, autosomal dominant form of systemic lupus erythematosus (omim: 152700) that is characterized by the appearance of painful bluish-red papular or nodular lesions of the skin in acral locations (including the dorsal aspects of fingers and toes, heels, nose, cheeks, ears, and, in some cases, knees) and is precipitated by cold and wet exposure. mutations in the trex1 gene have been identified. omim: 610448
Chilblains: recurrent localized itching, swelling and painful erythema on the fingers, toes or ears, produced by exposure to cold
Child: a person 6 to 12 years of age. an individual 2 to 5 years old is child, preschool
Child Abuse: abuse of children in a family, institutional, or other setting. (apa, thesaurus of psychological index terms, 1994)
Child Behavior: any observable response or action of a child from 24 months through 12 years of age. for neonates or children younger than 24 months, infant behavior is available
Child Behavior Disorders: disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. this concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns
Child Development: the continuous sequential physiological and psychological maturing of an individual from birth up to but not including adolescence
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive: severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. these distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements
Child Guidance: the psychiatric, sociological and psychological study and treatment of the developing child with emphasis on preventive or prophylactic measures focused on the familial, educational and socio-environmental milieu of the child
Child Guidance Clinics: facilities which administer the delivery of mental health counseling services to children
Child Labor: employment of minors in work that deprives children of their childhood, potential, dignity, and is harmful to their physical and mental development. (international labor organization, un)
Child Mortality: number of deaths of children between one year of age to 12 years of age in a given population
Child Nutrition Disorders: disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition, occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years
Child Nutrition Sciences: the study of nutrition processes as well as the components of food, their actions, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease of children, infants or adolescents
Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena: nutritional physiology of children aged 2-12 years
Child Poverty: a situation of children (ages 0-17 inclusive) living in households with income below the u.s. department of health and human services federal poverty threshold, often leading to a lack of food, sanitation, shelter, health care and education needed to survive and thrive
Child Protective Services: local governmental offices which investigate reports of abuse and neglect of children, and act to assure a safe environment for minors
Child Psychiatry: the medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in children
Child Reactive Disorders: reactions to an event or set of events which are considered to be of pathological degree, that have not developed into a neurosis, psychosis, or personality disorder with fixed patterns
Child Rearing: the training or bringing-up of children by parents or parent-substitutes. it is used also for child rearing practices in different societies, at different economic levels, in different ethnic groups, etc. it differs from parenting in that in child rearing the emphasis is on the act of training or bringing up the child and the interaction between the parent and child, while parenting emphasizes the responsibility and qualities of exemplary behavior of the parent
Child Welfare: organized efforts by communities or organizations to improve the health and well-being of the child
Child of Impaired Parents: child with one or more parents afflicted by a physical or mental disorder
Child, Abandoned: a child or adolescent who is deserted by parents or parent substitutes without regard for its future care
Child, Exceptional: a child whose needs, abilities, or other characteristics vary so much from the average in mental, physical, or social areas that a greater than usual level of services is needed to facilitate the child's maximum potential development
Child, Foster: individual who is unable to live safely with his or her family, usually due to abuse or neglect in the family home
Child, Gifted: a child or adolescent who, when compared to others of the same age or experience, exhibits capability of high performance in intellectual, creative, or artistic areas, possesses an unusual capacity for leadership or excels in specific academic fields. (from pl 100-297, sec. 4103, definitions)
Child, Institutionalized: a child who is receiving long-term in-patient services or who resides in an institutional setting
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder: disturbances in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that are inappropriate for the individual's age and language skills. (dsm-v)
Children with Disabilities: children with mental or physical disabilities that interfere with usual activities of daily living and that may require accommodation or intervention
Children's Health Insurance Program: federal program, enacted in 1997, for the funding of children's health insurance coverage at the state level for low-income families, affording them effective protection against erosions in employer sponsored coverage
Chile: přímořský stát ležící v jihozápadní části jižní ameriky při pobřeží tichého oceánu. na severu sousedí s peru a bolívií, takřka celé své východní hranice sdílí s argentinou. hlavní město je santiago de chile
Chilopoda: class of arthropoda in the subphylum myriapoda which comprises centipedes and millipedes. chilopoda or centipedes are characterized by long multi-segmented bodies with each segment with a pair of legs. most centipedes are predatory and venomous. while centipede bites typically only cause pain, irritation and allergic reactions they sometimes cause acute hypertension and myocardial ischemia
Chilopoda: třída členovců podkmene stonožkovců (myriapoda). stonožky jsou charakterizované protáhlým, článkovaným, shora zploštělým tělem. každý tělní článek nese jeden pár nohou. stonožky jsou většinou dravé a jedovaté. jejich kousnutí je zpravidla bolestivé, vyvolává podráždění a alergickou reakci. někdy ale může způsobit akutní hypertenzi a ischemii myokardu
Chimerin 1: a gtpase activating protein that is specific for rac gtp-binding proteins. it is expressed primarily in the brain and may be involved in signal transduction. the alternatively spliced form of chimerin 1 (alpha-2 chimerin) contains an additional src homology domain and is expressed in both the brain and testes
Chimerin Proteins: a family of gtpase-activating proteins that are specific for rac gtp-binding proteins
Chimerism: the occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from different individuals. this contrasts with mosaicism in which the different cell populations are derived from a single individual
Chin: the anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). this line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. on each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve
Chinchilla: a genus of the family chinchillidae which consists of three species: c. brevicaudata, c. lanigera, and c. villidera. they are used extensively in biomedical research
Chirasil-Dex: monokis-6-o-octamethylene-permethyl-cyclodextrin linked to a non-polar dimethylpolysiloxane; a chiral stationary phase in capillary electrochromatography
Chironomidae: a family of nonbiting midges, in the order diptera. salivary glands of the genus chironomus are used in studies of cellular genetics and biochemistry
Chironomidae: jedna z čeledí hmyzího řádu dvoukřídlí (diptera). zástupci této čeledi jsou podobní komárům, ale dospělci se živí na rostlinách a krev nesají. slinné žlázy pakomárů rodu chironomus jsou předmětem výzkumu v oblasti buněčné genetiky a biochemie. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Chiropractic: an occupational discipline founded by d.d. palmer in the 1890's based on the relationship of the spine to health and disease
Chiroptera: order of mammals whose members are adapted for flight. it includes bats, flying foxes, and fruit bats
Chiroptera: řád savců, jehož členové jsou přizpůsobeni pro létání. zahrnuje netopýry a kaloně
Chitayat Moore Del Bigio syndrome: familial dandy-walker malformation associated with macrocephaly, facial anomalies, developmental delay, and brain stem dysgenesis
Chitin: a linear polysaccharide of beta-1->4 linked units of acetylglucosamine. it is the second most abundant biopolymer on earth, found especially in insects and fungi. when deacetylated it is called chitosan
Chitin Synthase: an enzyme that converts udp glucosamine into chitin and udp. ec 2.4.1.16
Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1: a lectin that binds chitin, but lacks chitinase activity. it may be involved in tissue remodeling and cellular responses to the environment, including the response of type 2 helper t-cells to inflammation and sensitization to allergens. mutations in the chi3l1 gene are associated with asthma
Chitinases: glycoside hydrolases that break down glycosidic bonds in chitin. they are important for insect and worm morphogenesis and plant defense against pathogens. human chitinases may play a role in the etiology of allergies and asthma
Chitosan: deacetylated chitin, a linear polysaccharide of deacetylated beta-1,4-d-glucosamine. it is used in hydrogel and to treat wounds
Chitty Hall Webb syndrome: bowed tibiae, radial anomalies, osteopenia, multiple fractures and developmental delay
ChlVPP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; chivpp contains prednisone
ChlVPP-EVA regimen: for treatment of hodgkin,s disease; chemotherapy regimen which consists of above cpds and doxorubicin
Chlamydia: a genus of the family chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. the type species is chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydia: rod bakterií čeledi chlamydiaceae, jehož druhy způsobují řadu různých onemocnění obratlovců včetně člověka, myší a prasat. jsou gramnegativní a produkují glykogen. typickým představitelem je chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydia muridarum: druh bakterie rodu chlamydia, která způsobuje pneumonitidu myší a křečků. dříve klasifikovaná jako chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydia muridarum: species of chlamydia causing pneumonitis in mice and hamsters. these isolates formerly belonged to chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydia trachomatis: type species of chlamydia causing a variety of ocular and urogenital diseases
Chlamydia trachomatis: typový druh rodu chlamydia způsobující řadu očních a urogenitálních onemocnění
Chlamydiaceae: a family of gram-negative, coccoid microorganisms, in the order chlamydiales, pathogenic for vertebrates. genera include chlamydia and chlamydophila
Chlamydiaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, kokoidních mikroorganismů řádu chlamydiales, které jsou patogenní pro obratlovce. patří sem rody chlamydia a chlamydophila
Chlamydial Pneumonia: pneumonia caused by infections with the genus chlamydia; and chlamydophila, usually with chlamydophila pneumoniae
Chlamydiales: an order of obligately intracellular, gram-negative bacteria that have the chlamydia-like developmental cycle of replication. this is a two-stage cycle that includes a metabolically inactive infectious form, and a vegetative form that replicates by binary fission. members of chlamydiales are disseminated by aerosol or by contact. there are at least six recognized families: chlamydiaceae, criblamydiaceae, parachlamydiaceae, rhabdochlamydia, simkaniaceae, and waddliaceae
Chlamydiales: řád obligátně intracelulárních gramnegativních baktérií, které mají chlamydiový vývojový cyklus. je to cyklus dvou stadií, který zahrnuje metabolicky inaktivní infekční formu a vegetativní formu, která se replikuje binárním dělením. příslušníci chlamydiales se rozšiřují aerosolem nebo kontaktem. rozlišuje se nejméně šest čeledí: chlamydiaceae, criblamydiaceae, parachlamydiaceae, rhabdochlamydia, simkaniaceae a waddliaceae
Chlamydomonas: a genus green algae in the order volvocida. it consists of solitary biflagellated organisms common in fresh water and damp soil
Chlamydomonas: rod zelených řas z řádu chlamydomonadales. řasy rodu chlamydomonas jsou jednobuněčné nebo nanejvýš tvoří jednoduché neforemné kolonie. buňky v bičíkaté fázi životního cyklu mají dva bičíky. žijí ve vodě, v půdě a dokonce i ve sněhu. jsou to významné modelové organizmy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: a species of green algae. delicate, hairlike appendages arise from the flagellar surface in these organisms
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: druh jednobuněčných zelených řas. modelový organismus
Chlamydophila: a genus of the family chlamydiaceae comprising gram-negative non chlamydia trachomatis-like species infecting vertebrates. chlamydophila do not produce detectable quantities of glycogen. the type species is chlamydophila psittaci
Chlamydophila: rod gramnegativních bakterií čeledi chlamydiaceae. mají odlišné vlastnosti než má chlamydia trachomatis. infikují obratlovce a netvoří detekovatelné množství glykogenu. typovým druhem je chlamydophila psittaci
Chlamydophila pneumoniae: a species of chlamydophila that causes acute respiratory infection, especially atypical pneumonia, in humans, horses, and koalas
Chlamydophila pneumoniae: druh bakterie rodu chlamydophila, která způsobuje akutní respirační infekce (zejména atypické pneumonie) u lidí, koní a koal
Chlamydophila psittaci: a genus of chlamydophila infecting primarily birds. it contains eight known serovars, some of which infect more than one type of host, including humans
Chlamydophila psittaci: druh bakterie rodu chlamydophila, která způsobuje hlavně infekce u ptáků. patří sem osm známých sérovarů, z nichž některé jsou patogenní pro více hostitelů (včetně člověka)
Chloracne: acne-like skin eruptions caused by exposure to chlorine-containing compounds. exposure can be by inhalation, ingestion, or through the skin. chloracne is often seen in people who have occupational contact with chlorinated pesticides, wood preservatives, and sealants
Chloral Hydrate: a hypnotic and sedative used in the treatment of insomnia
Chloralose: a derivative of chloral hydrate that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments
Chlorambucil: a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hodgkin's disease, and others. although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the fourth annual report on carcinogens (ntp 85-002, 1985). (merck index, 11th ed)
Chloramines: inorganic derivatives of ammonia by substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms or organic compounds with the general formulas r2ncl and rncl2 (where r is an organic group)
Chloramphenicol: an antibiotic first isolated from cultures of streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. it has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. it acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)
Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. the enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. ec 2.3.1.28
Chloramphenicol Resistance: nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of chloramphenicol, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in the 50s ribosomal subunit where amino acids are added to nascent bacterial polypeptides
Chlorates: inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the clo3- ion
Chlordan: a highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. the epa has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Chlordecone: a highly chlorinated polycyclic hydrocarbon insecticide whose large number of chlorine atoms makes it resistant to degradation. it has been shown to be toxic to mammals and causes abnormal cellular changes in laboratory animals
Chlordiazepoxide: an anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. it has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal
Chlorella: nepohyblivé jednobuněčné zelené řasy potenciálně cenné jako zdroj vysoce kvalitních bílkovin a vitamínů b-komplexu
Chlorella: nonmotile unicellular green algae potentially valuable as a source of high-grade protein and b-complex vitamins
Chlorella vulgaris: a species of green microalgae in the family chlorellaceae. it is used as a model organism for photosynthesis, and as a food supplement (dietary supplements)
Chlorella vulgaris: druh sladkovodních jednobuněčných řas čeledi chlorellaceae. používá se jako modelový organismus pro studium fotosyntézy a jako potravní doplněk
Chlorfenvinphos: an organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and an acaricide
Chlorhexidine: a disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque
Chloride Channel Agonists: a class of drugs that stimulate chloride ion influx through cell membrane channels
Chloride Channels: cell membrane glycoproteins that form channels to selectively pass chloride ions. nonselective blockers include fenamates; ethacrynic acid; and tamoxifen
Chloride Peroxidase: an enzyme that catalyzes the chlorination of a range of organic molecules, forming stable carbon-chloride bonds. ec 1.11.1.10
Chloride-Bicarbonate Antiporters: electroneutral chloride bicarbonate exchangers that allow the exchange of bicarbonate ions exchange for chloride ions across the cellular membrane. the action of specific antiporters in this class serve important functions such as allowing the efficient exchange of bicarbonate across red blood cell membranes as they passage through capillaries and the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions by the kidney
Chlorides: inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the cl- ion
Chlorine: an element with atomic symbol cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family
Chlorine Compounds: inorganic compounds that contain chlorine as an integral part of the molecule
Chlorisondamine: a nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. it has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications
Chlormadinone Acetate: an orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (contraceptives, oral)
Chlormerodrin: a mercurial compound that has been used as a diuretic but is now superseded by more potent and less toxic drugs. the radiolabeled form has been used as a diagnostic and research tool
Chlormethiazole: a sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. the mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors
Chlormezanone: a non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. it has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm
Chloroacetates: acetic acid or acetic acid esters substituted with one or more chlorine atoms
Chlorobenzoates: benzoic acid or benzoic acid esters substituted with one or more chlorine atoms
Chlorobi: a phylum of anoxygenic, phototrophic bacteria including the family chlorobiaceae. they occur in aquatic sediments, sulfur springs, and hot springs and utilize reduced sulfur compounds instead of oxygen
Chlorobi: kmen obligátně anaerobních fotoautotrofních bakterií, k němuž se však zařazuje pouze jedna čeleď (chlorobiaceae) s několika rody. jsou to nejčastěji nepohyblivé druhy a mohou se vyskytovat jako koky, tyčinky i spirály. vyskytují se ve vodních sedimentech, sirných a horkých pramenech a místo kyslíku používají redukované sloučeniny síry. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Chlorobium: a genus of phototrophic, obligately anaerobic bacteria in the family chlorobiaceae. they are found in hydrogen sulfide-containing mud and water environments
Chlorobium: rod fototrofních, obligátně anaerobních bakterií čeledi chlorobiaceae. nacházejí se v bahnitém prostředí s obsahem sulfidů a ve vodním prostředí
Chlorobutanol: a colorless to white crystalline compound with a camphoraceous odor and taste. it is a widely used preservative in various pharmaceutical solutions, especially injectables. also, it is an active ingredient in certain oral sedatives and topical anesthetics
Chlorocebus aethiops: a species of cercopithecus containing three subspecies: c. tantalus, c. pygerythrus, and c. sabeus. they are found in the forests and savannah of africa. the african green monkey is the natural host of simian immunodeficiency virus and is used in aids research
Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal udp-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine
Chloroflexi: kmen fotosyntetizujících zelených nesirných bakterií, kromě dalších zahrnuje čeleď chloroflexaceae
Chloroflexi: phylum of green nonsulfur bacteria including the family chloroflexaceae, among others
Chloroflexus: a genus of green nonsulfur bacteria in the family chloroflexaceae. they are photosynthetic, thermophilic, filamentous gliding bacteria found in hot springs
Chloroflexus: rod zelených nesirných bakterií v čeledi chloroflexaceae. jsou to fotosyntetizující, termofilní, vláknité klouzavé bakterie vyskytující se v horkých pramenech. jsou to fakultativní aerobové
Chlorofluorocarbons: a series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. these have been used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids, solvents, and as fire extinguishing agents. they have been shown to cause stratospheric ozone depletion and have been banned for many uses
Chlorofluorocarbons, Ethane: a group of ethane-based halogenated hydrocarbons containing one or more fluorine and chlorine atoms
Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane: a group of methane-based halogenated hydrocarbons containing one or more fluorine and chlorine atoms
Chloroform: a commonly used laboratory solvent. it was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the u.s. due to its suspected carcinogenicity
Chlorogenic Acid: a naturally occurring phenolic acid which is a carcinogenic inhibitor. it has also been shown to prevent paraquat-induced oxidative stress in rats. (from j chromatogr a 1996;741(2):223-31; biosci biotechnol biochem 1996;60(5):765-68)
Chlorohydrins: any of the compounds derived from a group of glycols or polyhydroxy alcohols by chlorine substitution for part of the hydroxyl groups. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 5th ed)
Chloromercuribenzoates: chloride and mercury-containing derivatives of benzoic acid
Chloromercurinitrophenols: mercuriphenols substituted with one or more chlorine atoms and one or more nitro groups. some of these are sulfhydryl reagents which act as chromophoric probes in enzymes and other proteins
Chlorophyceae: a class of green algae in the subdivision chlorophytina distinguished by its ultrastructural morphology. some species have distinct arrangement of flagella
Chlorophyceae: třída zelených řas v pododdělení chlorophytina. vyznačuje se ultrastrukturální morfologií. některé druhy mají odlišné uspořádání flagel
Chlorophyll: porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms
Chlorophyll A: a form of chlorophyll that absorbs light in the violet to red spectrum (approximately 400-700 nm wavelength range) and reflects green light (500-570 nm wavelength), which imparts the characteristic green color to land plants. it is essential for oxygenic photosynthesis
Chlorophyll Binding Proteins: a large family of proteins that have been traditionally classified as the light-harvesting proteins of the photosynthetic reaction complex. chlorophyll binding proteins are also found in non-photosynthetic settings where they may play a photoprotective role in response to light stress
Chlorophyllides: products of the hydrolysis of chlorophylls in which the phytic acid side chain has been removed and the carboxylic acids saponified
Chlorophyta: a phylum of photosynthetic eukaryota bearing double membrane-bound plastids containing chlorophyll a and b. they comprise the classical green algae, and represent over 7000 species that live in a variety of primarily aquatic habitats. only about ten percent are marine species, most live in freshwater
Chlorophyta: oddělení fotosyntetizujících eukaryot (jaderní) nesoucí plastidy s dvojitou membránou obsahující chlorofyl a a b. zahrnuje klasické zelené řasy a představuje více než 7 000 druhů, které žijí v různých, zejména vodních lokalitách. asi jen deset procent jsou mořské druhy, většina žije ve sladké vodě
Chloroplast Proteins: proteins encoded by the chloroplast genome or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the choroplasts
Chloroplast Proton-Translocating ATPases: proton-translocating atpases which produce adenosine triphosphate in plants. they derive energy from light-driven reactions that develop high concentrations of protons within the membranous cisternae (thylakoids) of the chloroplasts
Chloroplast Thioredoxins: a subtype of thioredoxins found primarily in chloroplasts
Chloroplasts: plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, which is associated with the membrane of thylakoids. chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. they are also found in some forms of phytoplankton such as haptophyta; dinoflagellates; diatoms; and cryptophyta
Chloroprene: toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, cns, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene
Chloroquine: the prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. it has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses
Chloroquinolinols: 8-hydroxyquinolinols chlorinated on the number 5 and/or 7 carbon atom(s). they are antibacterial, antiprotozoal, and antidiarrheal, especially in amebiasis, and have also been used as antiseborrheics. the compounds are mostly used topically, but have been used also as animal feed additives. they may cause optic and other neuropathies and are most frequently administered in combination with other agents
Chlorothiazide: a thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812)
Chlorphenamidine: an acaricide used against many organophosphate and carbamate resistant pests. it acts as an uncoupling agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor
Chlorphenesin: a centrally acting muscle relaxant. its mode of action is unknown. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1203)
Chlorpheniramine: a histamine h1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. it has also been used in veterinary applications. one of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than promethazine
Chlorphentermine: a sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. it has properties similar to those of dextroamphetamine. it has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)
Chlorpromazine: the prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup
Chlorpropamide: a sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)
Chlorpropham: a carbamate that is used as an herbicide and as a plant growth regulator
Chlorprothixene: a thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics
Chlorpyrifos: an organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide
Chlorquinaldol: local anti-infective agent used for skin, gastrointestinal, and vaginal infections with fungi, protozoa, and certain bacteria. in animals, it causes central nervous system damage and is not administered parenterally. it is also used as antiseptic, fungistat, or deodorant
Chlortetracycline: a tetracycline with a 7-chloro substitution
Chlorthalidone: a benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a benzophenones form. it is considered a thiazide-like diuretic
Chlorzoxazone: a centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. it is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202)
Choanal Atresia: a congenital abnormality that is characterized by a blocked choanae, the opening between the nose and the nasopharynx. blockage can be unilateral or bilateral; bony or membranous
Choanoflagellata: an order of stalked, sessile, single-celled eukaryotes. they are considered the transitional link between the flagellated protozoa and the sponges, the most primitive metazoans
Choanoflagellata: drobní jednobuněční živočichové, kteří však mohou vytvářet i kolonie s různým stupněm specializace jednotlivých jedinců. základní límečková buňka je válcovitého tvaru s jedním tlačným bičíkem a věnečkem z mikrovilů (patrně slouží k filtraci). buňky mohou mít membranózní obal či loriku z křemitých tyčinek. trubénky mohou být jak sladkovodní, tak mořské, plovoucí i přisedlé. živí se jako filtrátoři (někdy se symbiotickými zelenými řasami). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Chocolate: food product prepared from fermenting, roasting, and grinding seeds of the cocoa plant
Choice Behavior: the act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation
Cholagogues and Choleretics: gastrointestinal agents that stimulate the flow of bile into the duodenum (cholagogues) or stimulate the production of bile by the liver (choleretic)
Cholangiocarcinoma: a malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the bile ducts
Cholangiography: an imaging test of the biliary tract in which a contrast dye (radiopaque media) is injected into the bile duct and x-ray pictures are taken
Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde: fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of vater's ampulla, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. endoscopic (vater) papillotomy (sphincterotomy, endoscopic) may be performed during this procedure
Cholangiopancreatography, Magnetic Resonance: non-invasive diagnostic technique for visualizing the pancreatic ducts and bile ducts without the use of injected contrast media or x-ray. mri scans provide excellent sensitivity for duct dilatation, biliary stricture, and intraductal abnormalities
Cholangitis: inflammation of the biliary ductal system (bile ducts); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both
Cholangitis, Sclerosing: chronic inflammatory disease of the biliary tract. it is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, cholestasis, and eventual biliary cirrhosis
Cholecalciferol: derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ultraviolet rays breaking of the c9-c10 bond. it differs from ergocalciferol in having a single bond between c22 and c23 and lacking a methyl group at c24
Cholecalciferol-PEG Conjugate: conjugate of cholecalciferol with peg2000 that can assemble into micelles for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents
Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic: excision of the gallbladder through an abdominal incision using a laparoscope
Cholecystitis: inflammation of the gallbladder; generally caused by impairment of bile flow, gallstones in the biliary tract, infections, or other diseases
Cholecystitis, Acute: acute inflammation of the gallbladder wall. it is characterized by the presence of abdominal pain; fever; and leukocytosis. gallstone obstruction of the cystic duct is present in approximately 90% of the cases
Cholecystography: radiography of the gallbladder after ingestion of a contrast medium
Cholecystokinin: a peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. it causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety
Cholecystolithiasis: presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder
Cholecystostomy: establishment of an opening into the gallbladder either for drainage or surgical communication with another part of the digestive tract, usually the duodenum or jejunum
Choledochal Cyst: a congenital anatomic malformation of a bile duct, including cystic dilatation of the extrahepatic bile duct or the large intrahepatic bile duct. classification is based on the site and type of dilatation. type i is most common
Choledocholithiasis: presence or formation of gallstones in the common bile duct
Choledochostomy: surgical formation of an opening (stoma) into the common bile duct for drainage or for direct communication with a site in the small intestine, primarily the duodenum or jejunum
Cholelithiasis: presence or formation of gallstones in the biliary tract, usually in the gallbladder (cholecystolithiasis) or the common bile duct (choledocholithiasis)
Cholenes: unsaturated derivatives of cholane with methyl groups at c-10 and c-13 and a branched five-carbon chain at c-17. they must have at least one double bond in the ring system
Cholera: an acute diarrheal disease endemic in india and southeast asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. this condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated
Cholera Morbus: an old term that is no longer used in the scientific literature. cholera morbus refers to acute gastroenteritis occurring in summer or autumn; characterized by severe cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting
Cholera Toxin: an enterotoxin from vibrio cholerae. it consists of two major protomers, the heavy (h) or a subunit and the b protomer which consists of 5 light (l) or b subunits. the catalytic a subunit is proteolytically cleaved into fragments a1 and a2. the a1 fragment is a mono(adp-ribose) transferase. the b protomer binds cholera toxin to intestinal epithelial cells and facilitates the uptake of the a1 fragment. the a1 catalyzed transfer of adp-ribose to the alpha subunits of heterotrimeric g proteins activates the production of cyclic amp. increased levels of cyclic amp are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells
Cholera Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with vibrio cholerae. the original cholera vaccine consisted of killed bacteria, but other kinds of vaccines now exist
Cholestadienes: cholene derivatives with methyl groups at c-10 and c-13 and a branched 8-carbon chain at c-17. they must have two double bonds in the ring system
Cholestadienols: cholestadiene derivatives containing a hydroxy group anywhere in the molecule
Cholestanes: derivatives of the saturated steroid cholestane with methyl groups at c-18 and c-19 and an iso-octyl side chain at c-17
Cholestanetriol 26-Monooxygenase: an naph-dependent cytochrome p450 enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of the side chain of sterol intermediates such as the 27-hydroxylation of 5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-triol
Cholestanol: a cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter
Cholestanols: cholestanes substituted in any position with one or more hydroxy groups. they are found in feces and bile. in contrast to bile acids and salts, they are not reabsorbed
Cholestasis: impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (intrahepatic cholestasis) or obstruction in large bile ducts (extrahepatic cholestasis)
Cholestasis, Extrahepatic: impairment of bile flow in the large bile ducts by mechanical obstruction or stricture due to benign or malignant processes
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic: impairment of bile flow due to injury to the hepatocytes; bile canaliculi; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts, intrahepatic)
Cholestasis, progressive familial intrahepatic 1: a heterogeneous group of hereditary liver disorders characterized by the early onset of cholestasis that progresses to hepatic fibrosis; liver cirrhosis, and end-stage liver disease before adulthood. germline mutations in the atp8b1 gene have been identified. omim: 211600
Cholestasis, progressive familial intrahepatic 2: a hereditary autosomal recessive form of intrahepatic cholestasis that is phenotypically similar to progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis i (omim: 211600). note that progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis 2 and benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis 2 (omim: 605479) are allelic disorders caused by mutations in the abcb11 gene. omim: 601847
Cholestasis, progressive familial intrahepatic 3: a hereditary autsomal recessive form of intrahepatic cholestasis characterized by childhood onset of cholestasis that progresses to hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and end-stage liver disease before adulthood. mutations in the abcb4 gene have been identified. omim: 602347
Cholesteatoma: a non-neoplastic mass of keratin-producing squamous epithelium, frequently occurring in the meninges; bones of the skull, and most commonly in the middle ear and mastoid region. cholesteatoma can be congenital or acquired. cholesteatoma is not a tumor nor is it associated with high cholesterol
Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear: a mass of keratin-producing squamous epithelium that resembles an inverted (suck-in) bag of skin in the middle ear. it arises from the eardrum (tympanic membrane) and grows into the middle ear causing erosion of ear ossicles and mastoid that contains the inner ear