NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Air Conditioning: the maintenance of certain aspects of the environment within a defined space to facilitate the function of that space; aspects controlled include air temperature and motion, radiant heat level, moisture, and concentration of pollutants such as dust, microorganisms, and gases. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Air Ionization: the dissociation of molecules in the air into positive and negative ions under the influence of an electric field
Air Microbiology: the presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the air. this term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms
Air Pollutants: any substance in the air which could, if present in high enough concentration, harm humans, animals, vegetation or materials. substances include gases; particulate matter; and volatile organic chemicals
Air Pollutants, Occupational: toxic air-borne matter related to work performed they are usually produced by the specific nature of the occupation
Air Pollutants, Radioactive: pollutants present in air which exhibit radioactivity
Air Pollution: the presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in the air (air pollutants) that interfere with human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects. the substances may include gases; particulate matter; or volatile organic chemicals
Air Pressure: the force per unit area that the air exerts on any surface in contact with it. primarily used for articles pertaining to air pressure within a closed environment
Air Sacs: thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in birds, fishes, insects, and mammals
Aircraft: a weight-carrying structure for navigation of the air that is supported either by its own buoyancy or by the dynamic action of the air against its surfaces. (webster, 1973)
Airports: terminal facilities used for aircraft takeoff and landing and including facilities for handling passengers. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed.)
Airway Management: evaluation, planning, and use of a range of procedures and airway devices for the maintenance or restoration of a patient's ventilation
Airway Obstruction: any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs
Airway Remodeling: the structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues
Airway Resistance: physiologically, the opposition to flow of air caused by the forces of friction. as a part of pulmonary function testing, it is the ratio of driving pressure to the rate of air flow
Aizoaceae: a plant family of the order caryophyllales, subclass caryophyllidae, class magnoliopsida
Aizoaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu caryophyllales, podtřídy caryophyllidae, třídy magnoliopsida
Ajmaline: an alkaloid found in the root of rauwolfia serpentina, among other plant sources. it is a class 1-a antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials
Ajuga: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae that contains cyasterone, ajugasterone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, 8-acetylharpagide (an iridoid glycoside)
Akaba Hayasaka syndrome: frontal bossing, cloudy corneae, low nasal ridge, and micrognathia, hypoplastic thorax, and rhizomelic micromelia
Akathisia, Drug-Induced: a condition associated with the use of certain medications and characterized by an internal sense of motor restlessness often described as an inability to resist the urge to move
Akinetic Mutism: a syndrome characterized by a silent and inert state without voluntary motor activity despite preserved sensorimotor pathways and vigilance. bilateral frontal lobe dysfunction involving the anterior cingulate gyrus and related brain injuries are associated with this condition. this may result in impaired abilities to communicate and initiate motor activities. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p348; fortschr neurol psychiatr 1995 feb;63(2):59-67)
Akkermansia: a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria in the phylum verrucomicrobia and the family akkermansiaceae. this genus includes the species akkermansia muciniphila which is known for residing in the human intestinal tract and having effects on human metabolism
Akkermansia: rod gramnegativních, anaerobních bakterií kmene verrucomicrobia, čeledi akkermansiaceae. patří sem bakterie akkermansia muciniphila, která se vyskytuje v lidském střevním traktu a má vliv na metabolismus člověka
Akrilex AH: solid support for immobilized enzymes; bead polymer of polyacrylamide matrix with acid hydrazide functional groups
Akrilex C: solid support for immobilized enzymes; bead polymer of polyacrylamide matrix with carboxyl functional groups
Al Gazali Aziz Salem syndrome: short stature, mental retardation, facial dysmorphism, short webbed neck, skin changes and congenital heart disease
Al Gazali Sabrinathan Nair syndrome: osteogenesis imperfecta, optic atrophy, retinopathy and severe developmental delay
Al-Gazali Syndrome: multiple skeletal abnormalities with anterior segment anomalies of the eye and early lethality
Alabama: alabama patří mezi jižní státy usa. jižní hranici má se státem florida, jihozápadní cíp je pobřeží mexického zálivu (85 km). západní hranici tvoří stát mississippi, severní tennessee a východní georgie. hlavní město je montgomery. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Alagille Syndrome: a multisystem disorder that is characterized by aplasia of intrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts, intrahepatic), and malformations in the cardiovascular system, the eyes, the vertebral column, and the facies. major clinical features include jaundice, and congenital heart disease with peripheral pulmonary stenosis. alagille syndrome may result from heterogeneous gene mutations, including mutations in jag1 on chromosome 20 (type 1) and notch2 on chromosome 1 (type 2)
Alagillův syndrom: arteriohepatická dysplazie, mnohočetné abnormality spojené s novorozeneckou cholestázou pokračující přes dětství až do dospělosti v důsledku hypoplazie žlučových cest. zjevně nápadná dysmorfie obličeje. autozomálně dominantní dědičnost, často chromozomové aberace. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Alamethicin: a cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of trichoderma viride. (from singleton & sainsbury, dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology, 2d ed)
Alangiaceae: a plant family of the order cornales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida, consisting of slow-growing evergreen trees common in tropical forests of south india and burma. members contain tetrahydroisoquinoline-monoterpene and iridoid glycosides
Alangiaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu cornales, podtřídy rosidae, třídy magnoliopsida. zahrnuje pomalu rostoucí, stále zelené stromy tropických pralesů jižní indie a myanmaru. zástupci obsahují tetrahydroisochinolinové alkaloidy a iridoidní glykosidy
Alanine: a non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. it is produced from pyruvate by transamination. it is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system
Alanine Dehydrogenase: an nad-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible deamination of l-alanine to pyruvate and ammonia. the enzyme is needed for growth when alanine is the sole carbon or nitrogen source. it may also play a role in cell wall synthesis because l-alanine is an important constituent of the peptidoglycan layer
Alanine Racemase: a pyridoxal-phosphate protein that reversibly catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine to d-alanine. ec 5.1.1.1
Alanine Transaminase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 2.6.1.2
Alanine-tRNA Ligase: an enzyme that activates alanine with its specific transfer rna. ec 6.1.1.7
Alarmins: a structurally diverse group of endogenous molecules that are multifunctional, having physiological functions inside the cell, but when released from dying cells or from cells under stress or certain immune cells, they function to activate innate immunity. uncontrolled and excessive release of alarmins may contribute to inflammation; carcinogenesis, and neoplasm metastasis. alarmins are also critical for heart and nerve tissue homeostasis
Alaska: state of the united states of america bounded on the east by canada and on the north, west, and south by the pacific ocean and the bering sea
Albendazole: a benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintic structurally related to mebendazole that is effective against many diseases. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p38)
Albers-Schönbergova nemoc: familiární osteopetróza provázená leukoerytroblastickou anemií a hepatosplenomegalií v důsledku extramedulární krvetvorby. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Alberta: a province of western canada, lying between the provinces of british columbia and saskatchewan. its capital is edmonton. it was named in honor of princess louise caroline alberta, the fourth daughter of queen victoria. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p26 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p12)
Alberta: alberta je jednou z deseti kanadských provincií, kterou byla prohlášena 1. září 1905. nachází se v západní kanadě. na západě sousedí s provincií britská kolumbie, na východě s provincií saskatchewan, na severu se severozápadními teritorii a na jihu s americkým státem montanou. hlavním městem alberty je edmonton, který se nachází severně od calgary, které je považováno za centrum provincie. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Albinism: general term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair
Albinism, Ocular: albinism affecting the eye in which pigment of the hair and skin is normal or only slightly diluted. the classic type is x-linked (nettleship-falls), but an autosomal recessive form also exists. ocular abnormalities may include reduced pigmentation of the iris, nystagmus, photophobia, strabismus, and decreased visual acuity
Albinism, Oculocutaneous: heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders comprising at least four recognized types, all having in common varying degrees of hypopigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes. the two most common are the tyrosinase-positive and tyrosinase-negative types
Albinism, Oculocutaneous, Type I, Temperature-Sensitive: mutation in tyrosinase
Albizia: rod rostlin z čeledi fabaceae (bobovité), který obsahuju julibrosidy (triterpenoidní saponiny)
Albizzia: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that contains julibroside (triterpenoid saponins)
Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel: an injectable formulation of albumin-bound paclitaxel nanoparticles
Albumins: water-soluble proteins found in egg whites, blood, lymph, and other tissues and fluids. they coagulate upon heating
Albuterol: a short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat asthma. albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of r(-) and s(+) stereoisomers. the stereospecific preparation of r(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol
Albuterol, Ipratropium Drug Combination: a combined pharmaceutical preparation of ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate that is used to treat the symptoms of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Albánie: středomořský stát v jihovýchodní evropě na balkánském poloostrově. hlavní město je tirana
Alcaligenaceae: a family of gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore forming rods or cocci of the order burkholderiales, which include . a well-known genera which includes achromobacter; alcaligenes; and bordetella
Alcaligenaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, aerobních nesporulujících tyčinek nebo koků z řádu burkholderiales, do které patří i známé rody achromobacter, alcaligenes a bordetella
Alcaligenes: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, motile bacteria that occur in water and soil. some are common inhabitants of the intestinal tract of vertebrates. these bacteria occasionally cause opportunistic infections in humans
Alcaligenes: rod gramnegativních aerobních pohyblivých nesporulujících bakterií tvaru malých tyček či koků. vyskytují se v půdě, ve vodě, ve stolici. jsou podmíněnými patogeny, způsobují obv. nozokomiální infekce, např. močových cest. druhy jsou a. faecalis, a. xylosooxidans (srov. achromobacter xylosooxidans), a. denitrificans, a. piechaudii. z antibiotik se podávají např. cotrimoxazol, imipenem, acylureidopeniciliny aj. (obv. je nutné zjištění citlivosti). (uprav. podle velký lékařský slovník online, 2020 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Alcaligenes faecalis: the type species of gram negative bacteria in the genus alcaligenes, found in soil. it is non-pathogenic, non-pigmented, and used for the production of amino acids
Alcaligenes faecalis: typový druh gramnegativních bakterií rodu alcaligenes, který se nachází v půdě. je nepatogenní, nepigmentovaný a používá se k produkci aminokyselin
Alcanivoraceae: a family of halophilic bacteria in the order oceanospirillales. its principal carbon and energy sources are linear-chain alkanes and their derivatives
Alcanivoraceae: čeleď halofilních bakterií řádu oceanospirillales. hlavními zdroji uhlíku a energie jsou alkany s lineárním řetězcem a jejich deriváty
Alchemilla: a plant genus of the family rosaceae. members contain esculetin and quercetin
Alchemilla: rod rostlin čeledi rosaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují eskuletin a kvercetin
Alchemy: form of chemistry concerned with discovering methods for transmuting base metals into gold and with finding an elixir for eternal youth
Alcian Blue: a copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo
Alcid V: deglycyrrhized juice extract of succus liquiritiae deglycyrrhizinatus used in peptic ulcer therapy; bulgarian drug
Alcohol Amnestic Disorder: a mental disorder associated with chronic ethanol abuse (alcoholism) and nutritional deficiencies characterized by short term memory loss, confabulations, and disturbances of attention. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1139)
Alcohol Dehydrogenase: a zinc-containing enzyme which oxidizes primary and secondary alcohols or hemiacetals in the presence of nad. in alcoholic fermentation, it catalyzes the final step of reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol in the presence of nadh and hydrogen
Alcohol Deterrents: substances interfering with the metabolism of ethyl alcohol, causing unpleasant side effects thought to discourage the drinking of alcoholic beverages. alcohol deterrents are used in the treatment of alcoholism
Alcohol Oxidoreductases: a subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on primary and secondary alcohols as well as hemiacetals. they are further classified according to the acceptor which can be nad+ or nadp+ (subclass 1.1.1), cytochrome (1.1.2), oxygen (1.1.3), quinone (1.1.5), or another acceptor (1.1.99)
Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium: an acute organic mental disorder induced by cessation or reduction in chronic alcohol consumption. clinical characteristics include confusion; delusions; vivid hallucinations; tremor; agitation; insomnia; and signs of autonomic hyperactivity (e.g., elevated blood pressure and heart rate, dilated pupils, and diaphoresis). this condition may occasionally be fatal. it was formerly called delirium tremens. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1175)
Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures: a condition where seizures occur in association with ethanol abuse (alcoholism) without other identifiable causes. seizures usually occur within the first 6-48 hours after the cessation of alcohol intake, but may occur during periods of alcohol intoxication. single generalized tonic-clonic motor seizures are the most common subtype, however, status epilepticus may occur. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1174)
Alcohol induced encephalopathy: cognitive decline, memory loss, and psychomotor impairment caused by chronic alcohol abuse. alcohol may damage affected areas of the brain directly or through thiamine deficiency
Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System: acute and chronic neurologic disorders associated with the various neurologic effects of ethanol. primary sites of injury include the brain and peripheral nerves
Alcoholic Intoxication: an acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ethanol or alcoholic beverages
Alcoholic Korsakoff Syndrome: a neurological disorder characterized by inattentiveness and the inability to form short term memories. it is caused by thiamine deficiency due to chronic alcoholism
Alcoholic Neuropathy: a condition where damage to the peripheral nervous system (including the peripheral elements of the autonomic nervous system) is associated with chronic ingestion of alcoholic beverages. the disorder may be caused by a direct effect of alcohol, an associated nutritional deficiency, or a combination of factors. clinical manifestations include variable degrees of weakness; atrophy; paresthesias; pain; loss of reflexes; sensory loss; diaphoresis; and postural hypotension. (from arch neurol 1995;52(1):45-51; adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1146)
Alcoholics Anonymous: an organization of self-proclaimed alcoholics who meet frequently to reinforce their practice of abstinence
Alcoholism: a primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. the disease is often progressive and fatal. it is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (morse & flavin for the joint commission of the national council on alcoholism and drug dependence and the american society of addiction medicine to study the definition and criteria for the diagnosis of alcoholism: in jama 1992;268:1012-4)
Alcohols: alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. they are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, r-ch2oh; secondary alcohols, r2-choh; tertiary alcohols, r3-coh. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Alcuronium: a non-depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant similar to tubocurarine. it is used as an anesthesia adjuvant
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: an enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of nad+ and water to an acid and nadh. this enzyme was formerly classified as ec 1.1.1.70
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family: a subfamily of the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of enzymes involved in the synthesis of acetate from ethanol
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial: an aldehyde dehydrogenase expressed in the mitochondrial matrix that is essential for the metabolism of ethanol
Aldehyde Oxidase: an aldehyde oxidoreductase expressed predominantly in the liver; lungs; and kidney. it catalyzes the oxidation of a variety of organic aldehydes and n-heterocyclic compounds to carboxylic acids, and also oxidizes quinoline and pyridine derivatives. the enzyme utilizes molybdenum cofactor and fad as cofactors
Aldehyde Oxidoreductases: oxidoreductases that are specific for aldehydes
Aldehyde Reductase: an enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the oxidation of an aldose to an alditol. it possesses broad specificity for many aldoses. ec 1.1.1.21
Aldehyde-Ketone Transferases: enzymes that catalyze the transfer of aldehyde or ketone residues. ec 2.2
Aldehyde-Lyases: enzymes that catalyze a reverse aldol condensation. a molecule containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group is cleaved at a c-c bond to produce two smaller molecules (aldehydes or ketones). ec 4.1.2
Aldicarb: carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide
Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C2: aldo-keto reductase that functions with 5-alpha and 5-beta-steroid reductases to convert steroid hormones into the 3-alpha or 5-alpha and 3-alpha or 5-beta-tetrahydrosteroid, including 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone to androstane-3,17-diol. it also binds to bile acids. mutations in the akr1c2 gene are associated with type 8 disorder of sex development, 46,xy (srxy8)
Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C3: aldo-keto reductase that functions as a bi-directional 17 beta, 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. it catalyzes the reduction of prostaglandin d2 and prostaglandin h2, as well as the oxidation of 9alpha,11beta-pgf2 to prostaglandin d2. it can also interconvert estrogens, androgens; and progestins between their active forms and inactive metabolites
Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 member B10: aldo-keto reductase that functions as an all-trans-retinaldehyde reductase. it also reduces aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes
Aldo-Keto Reductases: a family of nadph-dependent oxidoreductases that reduce carbonyl substrates including sugar-aldehydes, ketosteroids; keto-prostaglandins, and quinones. they are monomers of approximately 37 kda and are characterized by a parallel beta-8 (beta sheet)-alpha 8 (alpha helices)-barrel structure that contains the nadp binding site. this conformation favors aromatic and apolar substrates
Aldose-Ketose Isomerases: enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of aldose and ketose compounds
Aldosterone: a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium
Aldrin: a highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. the manufacture and use has been discontinued in the u.s. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Alefacept: a recombinant human fusion protein of lfa-3 antigen and immunoglobulin igg1 that binds to cd2 antigens on memory t-lymphocytes, preventing their activation and proliferation. it is used in the management of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis
Alemtuzumab: an anti-cd52 antigen monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of certain types of cd52-positive lymphomas (e.g., chronic lymphocytic leukemia; cutaneous t-cell lymphoma; and t-cell lymphoma). its mode of actions include antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity
Alendronate: a nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. this drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis
Alert Fatigue, Health Personnel: mental fatigue experienced by health care providers who encounter numerous alerts and reminders from the use of clinical decision support systems. as the numbers of alerts and reminders designed to provide meaningful assistance to the patient care process increases, many health personnel may ignore them
Alethinophidia: an infraorder of snakes in the order serpentes that includes all snakes except blind snakes and thread snakes
Alethinophidia: podřád hadů zahrnující všechny hady kromě primitivních hadů podřádu scolecophidia
Aleurites: a plant genus of the family euphorbiaceae that is the source of tung oil and a phorbol diester (phorbol esters)
Aleurites: rod rostlin z čeledi pryšcovitých (euphorbiaceae), je zdrojem tungového oleje a forbolového diesteru
Aleutian Mink Disease: a slow progressive disease of mink caused by the aleutian mink disease virus. it is characterized by poor reproduction, weight loss, autoimmunity, hypergammaglobulinemia, increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, and death from renal failure. the disease occurs in all color types, but mink which are homozygous recessive for the aleutian gene for light coat color are particularly susceptible
Aleutian Mink Disease Virus: a species of parvovirus that causes a disease in mink, mainly those homozygous for the recessive aleutian gene which determines a desirable coat color
Alexander Disease: rare leukoencephalopathy with infantile-onset accumulation of rosenthal fibers in the subpial, periventricular, and subependymal zones of the brain. rosenthal fibers are glial fibrillary acidic protein aggregates found in astrocytes. juvenile- and adult-onset types show progressive atrophy of the lower brainstem instead. de novo mutations in the gfap gene are associated with the disease with propensity for paternal inheritance
Alexanderova nemoc: vzácné onemocnění charakteru leukodystrofie (degenerace bílé hmoty mozkové) s progresivní megalocefalií. vzniká v časném dětství, vede k demenci, epileptickým křečím a neurologickému postižení. prognóza je špatná. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Alexanders leukodystrophy: megalencephaly in infancy accompanied by progressive spasticity and dementia
Alexandrium tamarense: produces shellfish toxins yessotoxin associated paralytic shellfish poisoning
Alexia, Pure: loss of the power to comprehend written materials despite preservation of the ability to write (i.e., alexia without agraphia). this condition is generally attributed to lesions that disconnect the visual cortex of the non-dominant hemisphere from language centers in the dominant hemisphere. this may occur when a dominant visual cortex injury is combined with underlying white matter lesions that involve crossing fibers from the occipital lobe of the opposite hemisphere. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p483)
Alfalfa mosaic virus: the type species of the genus alfamovirus that is non-persistently transmitted by aphids
Alfamovirus: a genus of the family bromoviridae with a wide host range. transmission is by aphids and the type species is alfalfa mosaic virus
Alfamovirus: rod virů čeledi bromoviridae, s širokým hostitelským spektrem. přenos probíhá pomocí mšic. typovým druhem je virus mozaiky vojtěšky
Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture: a 3:1 mixture of alfaxalone with alfadolone acetate that previously had been used as a general anesthetic. it is no longer actively marketed. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1445)
Alfentanil: a short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of fentanyl. it produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients
Algeria: a country in northern africa bordering the mediterranean sea, between morocco and tunisia. its capital is algiers
Algestone: a synthetic progestational dihydroxy derivative of progesterone. its acetonide possesses anti-inflammatory properties
Algestone Acetophenide: a progesterone that has been used in estrus synchronization and has been evaluated as an injectable contraceptive in combination with estradiol enanthate. it is also applied topically as an anti-inflammatory and in the treatment of acne
Alginates: salts and esters of alginic acid that are used as hydrogels; dental impression materials, and as absorbent materials for surgical dressings (bandages, hydrocolloid). they are also used to manufacture microspheres and nanoparticles for diagnostic reagent kits and drug delivery systems
Alginic Acid: a polysaccharide and linear copolymer, consisting mainly of beta-1,4-linked d-mannuronic acid and alpha-1,4-linked l-glucuronic acid, that occurs in marine algae such as laminaria, and in biofilms produced by pseudomonas aeruginosa
Algorithms: a procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task
Alice in Wonderland Syndrome: neurological condition characterized by disturbances in visual perception, most often of body schema, time perception and hallucinations. it is associated with migraine, infections (e.g., infectious mononucleosis), fever, epilepsy, and other neurological and psychiatric disorders
Alicyclobacillus: a genus of gram-positive endospore-forming rods, in the family alicyclobacillaceae, containing a unique lipid in their membranes
Alicyclobacillus: rod grampozitivních, endospory tvořících tyčinek čeledi alicyclobacillaceae, jejichž membrány obsahují unikátní typ lipidu
Alien Limb Phenomenon: an apraxia characterized by the affected limb having involuntary, autonomous, and seemingly purposeful behaviors that are perceived as being controlled by an external force. often the affected limb interferes with the actions of the normal limb. symptoms develop from lesions in the corpus callosum or medial frontal cortex caused by stroke, infarction, and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., creutzfeldt-jakob syndrome, corticobasal degeneration)
Aliivibrio: a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria in the family vibrionaceae. they are found in the marine environment often associated with animals
Aliivibrio: rod gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých bakterií z řádu vibrionaceae. nacházejí se v mořském prostředí, často přidružené ke zvířatům
Aliivibrio fischeri: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus aliivibrio, which exhibits luminescence. a. fischeri is found in a symbiotic relationship with the squid euprymna scolopes
Aliivibrio fischeri: druh gramnegativní, luminiscenční bakterie rodu aliivibrio. a. fischeri žije v symbióze s hlavonožcem sepiolou kropenatou (euprymna scolopes)
Aliivibrio salmonicida: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus aliivibrio. aliivibrio salmonicida is the causative agent of cold water vibriosis, a hemorrhagic septicemia of atlantic salmon
Aliivibrio salmonicida: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu aliivibrio. aliivibrio salmonicida je původcem vibriózy (cold water vibriosis) a hemoragické septikemie lososa atlantského
Alisma: a plant genus of the family alismataceae. the flowers have 3 green sepals, 3 yellow and white petals, 6 stamens, and several pistils. members contain triterpenes and sesquiterpenes. alisma is a component of tokishakuyakusan. some species in this genus are called water plantain which is also a common name for other alismataceae plants
Alisma: rod rostlin čeledi alismataceae. okvětí je rozlišeno na kalich a korunu. kališní lístky jsou 3 v jednom přeslenu, korunní jsou také 3 v 1 přeslenu, u korunních lístků převažuje bílá nebo růžová barva. tyčinek je 6-9. gyneceum je apokarpní, složené z 15-20 plodolistů. zástupci obsahují triterpeny a seskviterpeny. alisma orientalis je součástí bylinné směsi toki-shakuyaku-san. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Alismataceae: a plant family of the subclass alismatidae, class liliopsida (monocotyledons) of aquatic plants. the flower parts are in threes with 3 green sepals and 3 white or yellow petals
Alismataceae: čeleď vodních nebo bahenních jednoděložných rostlin z řádu alismatales (žabníkotvaré), podtřídy alismatidae, třídy liliopsida. okvětí je rozlišeno na kalich a korunu, zpravidla se jedná o 3 kališní lístky v 1 kruhu a 3 korunní lístky v 1 kruhu, korunní lístky mají zpravidla bílou, růžovou nebo červenou barvu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Alismatales: a plant of the class magnoliopsida. it is a primitive group of mostly aquatic plants
Alismatales: řád rostlin z oddělení magnoliopsida (rostliny krytosemenné). je to původní skupina převážně vodních rostlin
Alitretinoin: a retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand eczema unresponsive to topical corticosteroids. it is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with aids-related kaposi sarcoma
Aljaška: stát na západním pobřeží spojených států amerických. aljaška, která leží převážně na stejnojmenném poloostrově a která tvoří exklávu spojených států, je nejsevernějším a nejzápadnějším státem usa. na východě hraničí s kanadským teritoriem yukon a na jihovýchodě s kanadskou provincií britská kolumbie, která ji odděluje od kontinentálních spojených států. severní a severozápadní ohraničení státu tvoří severní ledový oceán, zbytek poloostrova a území státu je ohraničen tichým oceánem. aljaška je největším státem usa. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
AlkB Enzymes: a family of alpha- ketoglutaric acid and fe(ii)-dependent dioxygenases that are homologous to alkb, an enzyme that repairs alkylated nucleic acids in e. coli. the mammalian homologs have diverse substrate specificities and functions that include dna repair, generating unique wobble modifications in uridine trna, demethylation of nucleotides in dna and rna, and demethylation of lysine residues on certain proteins, including actin and histones (histone code)
AlkB Homolog 1, Histone H2a Dioxygenase: a dioxygenase and alkylation repair homolog that functions by oxidative demethylation in rna and dna repair of substrates which contain 3-methylcytosine. it also functions as one of the histone demethylases involved in embryonic development and maintaining the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells
AlkB Homolog 2, Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase: a dioxygenase and alkylation repair homolog that repairs alkylated dna and rna containing 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine by oxidative demethylation. it can also repair alkylated dna containing 1-ethenoadenine in vitro. it has highest affinity for double-stranded dna
AlkB Homolog 3, Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase: a dioxygenase and alkylation repair homolog that repairs alkylated dna containing 1-methyladenine (1mea) and 3-methylcytosine (3mec) by oxidative demethylation. it has a strong preference for single-stranded dna and may also act on rna
AlkB Homolog 4, Lysine Demethylase: a dioxygenase and alkylation repair homolog that mediates demethylation of actin monomethylated at 'lys-84' (k84me1). demethylation of actin lysine 84 (k84me1) is required for maintaining actin and myosin dynamics to support normal cleavage furrow ingression during cytokinesis and cell migration. it may also be involved in transcription regulation
AlkB Homolog 5, RNA Demethylase: a dioxygenase and alkylation repair homolog that demethylates rna by oxidative demethylation. it specifically demethylates n(6)-methyladenosine (m6a) rna, the most common internal modification of messenger rna in higher eukaryotes. it can also demethylate n(6)-methyladenosine in single-stranded dna
AlkB Homolog 8, tRNA Methyltransferase: a dioxygenase and alkylation repair homolog that catalyzes the methylation of 5-carboxymethyl uridine to 5-methylcarboxymethyl uridine at the wobble position of the anticodon loop in transfer rna (trna) via its methyltransferase domain. it has a preference for trna (arginine) and trna (glutamate), and does not bind trna (lysine)
AlkB homolog 8, tRNA methyltransferasa: dioxygenáza a alkylační opravný homolog, který prostřednictvím své methyltransferázové domény katalyzuje methylaci 5-karboxymethyluridinu na 5-methylkarboxymethyluridin v poloze wobble na antikodonové smyčce transferové rna (trna). preferuje trna pro arginin a glutamát, ale neváže trna pro lysin
Alkadienes: acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having two carbon-carbon double bonds
Alkalies: usually a hydroxide of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium or cesium, but also the carbonates of these metals, ammonia, and the amines. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Alkaline Ceramidase: a ceramidase subtype that is active at alkaline ph. it is found at high levels within the small intestine
Alkaline Phosphatase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. ec 3.1.3.1
Alkaloids: organic nitrogenous bases. many alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and some have been synthesized. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Alkalosis, Respiratory: a state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (dorland, 27th ed)
Alkanes: the generic name for the group of aliphatic hydrocarbons cn-h2n+2. they are denoted by the suffix -ane. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Alkanesulfonates: organic esters or salts of sulfonic acid derivatives containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical
Alkanesulfonic Acids: sulfonic acid derivatives that are substituted with an aliphatic hydrocarbon group
Alkaptonuria: an inborn error of amino acid metabolism resulting from a defect in the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of phenylalanine and tyrosine. it is characterized by accumulation of homogentisic acid in the urine, ochronosis in various tissues, and arthritis
Alkaptonuric ochronosis: a buildup of dark pigment (ochronosis) in connective tissues such as cartilage,skin, or eyes due to alkaptonuria (omim: 203500 ). it usually occurs after age 30 and individuals may also develop arthritis in the spine and large joints in early adulthood. other features can include heart problems, kidney stones, and prostate stones
Alkenes: unsaturated hydrocarbons of the type cn-h2n, indicated by the suffix -ene. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed, p408)
Alkyl and Aryl Transferases: a somewhat heterogeneous class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of alkyl or related groups (excluding methyl groups). ec 2.5
Alkylating Agents: highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. they have also been used as components in poison gases
Alkylation: the covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. it can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group
Alkylmercury Compounds: organic mercury compounds in which the mercury is attached to an alkyl group
Alkynes: hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond in the linear portion, of the general formula cn-h2n-2
All-Bond system: a universal bond resin capable of bonding composite to dentin, enamel, metal alloy, amalgam, porcelain, and composite; one technique uses a succinic anhydride modified hydroxyethyl methacrylate--the other uses 10% phosphoric acid to condition the dentin; the primer consists of ntg-gma and biphenyl dimethacrylate (bpdm)
Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome: a rare, congenital x-linked dominant disorder characterized by intellectual disability; communication disorders; muscle spasticity; contractures, hypotonia and loss of mobility. various other anatomical and neurological abnormalities may also be present, as well as abnormal serum thyroid hormone levels. mutations in the slc16a2 gene have been identified. omim: 300523
Allanson Pantzar McLeod syndrome: a severe autosomal recessive disorder affecting development of the kidney tubules. it is characterized by persistent fetal anuria and perinatal death, probably due to pulmonary hypoplasia from early-onset oligohydramnios (potter phenotype). absence or paucity of differentiated proximal tubules is the histopathologic hallmark of the disorder and may be associated with skull ossification defects. mutations in the ren, agt, agtr 1, and ace genes have been identified. omim: 267430
Allantoin: a urea hydantoin that is found in urine and plants and is used in dermatological preparations
Allantois: an extra-embryonic membranous sac derived from the yolk sac of reptiles; birds; and mammals. it lies between two other extra-embryonic membranes, the amnion and the chorion. the allantois serves to store urinary wastes and mediate exchange of gas and nutrients for the developing embryo
Alleles: variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product
Allelic Imbalance: a situation where one member (allele) of a gene pair is lost (loss of heterozygosity) or amplified
Allelopathy: the process by which organisms release chemical compounds known as allelochemicals which influence the physiology, growth, survival, colonization, and reproductive activities of other species usually located nearby
Allerbiocid: a fungicidal and acaricidal formulation consisting of 70% isopropyl alcohol, 3% benzyl benzoate, 1% tannic acid, and 0.5% tween
Allergens: antigen-type substances that produce immediate hypersensitivity (hypersensitivity, immediate)
Allergic Fungal Sinusitis: fungal infection in the paranasal sinuses characterized by common allergy respiratory symptoms, recurrent nasal polyps and/or asthma with buildup of allergic mucin
Allergoids: extracts of allergens, or purified allergens that have been chemically modified to reduce their ability to induce ige-mediated hypersensitivity (allergenicity) while increasing their ability to induce immune tolerance
Allergy and Immunology: a medical specialty concerned with the hypersensitivity of the individual to foreign substances and protection from the resultant infection or disorder
Allesthesia: a neurological disorder in which a sensory stimulus, usually tactile but more rarely other sensory modalities, is misperceived in a location distant from the original stimulus
Allethrins: synthetic analogs of the naturally occurring insecticides cinerin, jasmolin, and pyrethrin. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Allied Health Occupations: occupations of medical personnel who are not physicians, and are qualified by special training and, frequently, by licensure to work in supporting roles in the health care field. these occupations include, but are not limited to, medical technology, physical therapy, physician assistant, etc
Allied Health Personnel: health care workers specially trained and licensed to assist and support the work of health professionals. often used synonymously with paramedical personnel, the term generally refers to all health care workers who perform tasks which must otherwise be performed by a physician or other health professional
Alligators and Crocodiles: large, long-tailed reptiles, including caimans, of the order loricata
Allium: a genus of the plant family amaryllidaceae. many produce pungent, often bacteriostatic and physiologically active compounds and are used as vegetables; condiments; and medicament, the latter in traditional medicine
Allium: rod rostlin z čeledi amaryllidaceae. mnoho z nich produkuje štiplavé, často bakteriostatické a fyziologicky aktivní sloučeniny a používá se jako zelenina, pochutina a léčivo v tradiční medicíně
Allogeneic Cells: cells from genetically different individuals of the same species to be used for cell- and tissue-based therapy; adoptive cell transfer; or adoptive immunotherapy
Allografts: tissues, cells, or organs transplanted between genetically different individuals of the same species
Allolevivirus: a bacteriophage genus of the family leviviridae, whose viruses contain the longer version of the genome and have no separate cell lysis gene
Allolevivirus: rod bakteriofágů čeledi leviviridae. zástupci tohoto rodu obsahují delší verzi genomu a nemají samostatný gen pro buněčnou lyzi
Allomyces: a genus of aquatic fungi in the phylum blastocladiomycota. it is abundant in warmer climates and exhibits true alternation of generations
Allomyces: rod vodních hub kmene blastocladiomycota, který se hojně vykytuje v teplejších oblastech. vykazuje typickou rodozměnu
Allophanate Hydrolase: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of allophanic acid to two molecules of ammonia plus two molecules of active carbon dioxide. ec 3.5.1.54
Allopurinol: a xanthine oxidase inhibitor that decreases uric acid production. it also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms
Allostasis: biological adaptation, such as the rise of epinephrine in response to exercise, stress or perceived danger, followed by a fall of epinephrine during relaxation. allostasis is the achievement of stability by turning on and turning off the allostatic systems including the immune system; the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine systems
Allosteric Regulation: the modification of the reactivity of enzymes by the binding of effectors to sites (allosteric sites) on the enzymes other than the substrate binding sites
Allosteric Site: a site on an enzyme which upon binding of a modulator, causes the enzyme to undergo a conformational change that may alter its catalytic or binding properties
Alloxan: acidic compound formed by oxidation of uric acid. it is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate
Alloys: a mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions
Allyl Compounds: alkenes with the general formula h2c=ch-ch2-r
Allylamine: possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation
Allylbenzene Derivatives: compounds that include a single 1-phenyl-2-propene moiety in their structure
Allylglycine: an inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase and an antagonist of gamma-aminobutyric acid. it is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals
Allylisopropylacetamide: an allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of cytochrome p450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein
Almanac: work consisting of a calendar of days, weeks, and months, together with information such as astronomical data, various statistics, etc. (from genre terms: a thesaurus for use in rare book and special collections cataloguing, 2d ed)
Almanacs as Topic: works on publications, usually annual, containing a calendar for the coming year, the times of such events and phenomena as anniversaries, sunrises, sunsets, phases of the moon, tides, meteorological, and other statistical information and related topics or useful and interesting facts relating to countries of the world, sports, entertainment, population groups, etc
Almitrine: a respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. the drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. it may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep
Almshouses: privately endowed or publicly funded institutions receiving and supporting the aged or infirm poor. they sometimes functioned as centers of health care before the establishment of formal hospitals
Alnus: a plant genus of the family betulaceae that is distinguished from birch (betula) by its usually stalked winter buds and by cones that remain on the branches after the small, winged nutlets are released
Alocasia: a plant genus of the family araceae. members contain beta-glucosidases and trypsin inhibitors
Alocasia: rod rostlin z čeledi araceae. rostliny obsahují beta-glukosidasy a inhibitory trypsinu
Aloe: a plant genus of the family asphodelaceae which is used medicinally. it contains anthraquinone glycosides such as aloin-emodin or aloe-emodin (emodin)
Aloe: rod rostlin z čeledi aloeaceae, z řádu liliales (nebo z asphodelaceae, asparagales v systému apg), užívaných jako léčivo. rostliny obsahují antrachinonové glykosidy jako aloin-emodin nebo aloe-emodin (emodin)
Aloi Tomasini Isaia syndrome: unilateral linear basal cell nevus associated with diffuse osteoma cutis, unilateral anodontia, and abnormal bone mineralization
Alopecia Areata: loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas
Alopecia contractures dwarfism mental retardation: syndrome of total alopecia, multiple skeletal anomalies, shortness of stature, and mental deficiency
Alopecia epilepsy oligophrenia syndrome of Moynahan: also know as moynahan syndrome; do not confuse with leopard syndrome (also known as moynahan syndrome)
Alopecia universalis: a genetically determined, immune-mediated disorder of the hair follicle and one of the most common human autoimmune diseases. severity ranges from patchy localized hair loss on the scalp to the complete absence of hair everywhere on the body. this phenotype has been mapped to chromosome 18 (omim: 104000) and a mutation in the hr gene has also been identified (omim: 203655)
Alopecia, Neurologic Defects, and Endocrinopathy Syndrome: mutation in rbm28 gene
Alouatta: a genus of the subfamily alouattinae, family atelidae, inhabiting the forests of central and south america. howlers travel in groups and define their territories by howling accompanied by vigorously shaking and breaking branches
Alouatta: rod opic z podčeledi alouattinae (vřešťani), čeledi atelidae (chápanovití), které žijí v lesích střední a jižní ameriky. vřešťani se přemisťují ve skupinách a svoje území vymezují hlasitým křikem doprovázeným lomcováním větvemi a jejich lámáním