NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Intra-Articular Fractures: fractures of the articular surface of a bone
Intraabdominal Infections: infection within the peritoneal cavity. a frequent cause is an anastomotic leak following surgery
Intracameral Injection: a medical procedure in which medication is delivered directly into the anterior chamber of the eye
Intracellular Calcium-Sensing Proteins: intracellular signaling peptides and proteins that bind to calcium. they undergo allosteric changes when bound to calcium that affects their interaction with other signal-transducing molecules. they differ from calcium-sensing receptors which sense extracellular calcium levels
Intracellular Membranes: thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or organelles in eukaryotic cells. they include a variety of membranes associated with the cell nucleus; the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; the endoplasmic reticulum; lysosomes; plastids; and vacuoles
Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins: proteins and peptides that are involved in signal transduction within the cell. included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of transcription factors and cellular processes in response to signals from cell surface receptors. intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors
Intracranial Aneurysm: abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in circle of willis at the base of the brain. vessel rupture results in subarachnoid hemorrhage or intracranial hemorrhages. giant aneurysms (>2.5 cm in diameter) may compress adjacent structures, including the oculomotor nerve. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p841)
Intracranial Arterial Diseases: pathological conditions involving arteries in the skull, such as arteries supplying the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the brain stem, and associated structures. they include atherosclerotic, congenital, traumatic, infectious, inflammatory, and other pathological processes
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis: vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of arteries inside the skull. there are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the arterial intima; (2) monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. clinical signs include headache; confusion; transient blindness (amaurosis fugax); speech impairment; and hemiparesis
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations: congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the capillaries. the locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including headaches; seizures; stroke; intracranial hemorrhages; mass effect; and vascular steal effect
Intracranial Embolism: blocking of a blood vessel in the skull by an embolus which can be a blood clot (thrombus) or other undissolved material in the blood stream. most emboli are of cardiac origin and are associated with heart diseases. other non-cardiac sources of emboli are usually associated with vascular diseases
Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis: embolism or thrombosis involving blood vessels which supply intracranial structures. emboli may originate from extracranial or intracranial sources. thrombosis may occur in arterial or venous structures
Intracranial Hemorrhage, Hypertensive: bleeding within the skull that is caused by systemic hypertension, usually in association with intracranial arteriosclerosis. hypertensive hemorrhages are most frequent in the basal ganglia; cerebellum; pons; and thalamus; but may also involve the cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, and other brain structures
Intracranial Hemorrhage, Traumatic: bleeding within the skull induced by penetrating and nonpenetrating traumatic injuries, including hemorrhages into the tissues of cerebrum; brain stem; and cerebellum; as well as into the epidural, subdural and subarachnoid spaces of the meninges
Intracranial Hemorrhages: bleeding within the skull, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of meninges. the escape of blood often leads to the formation of hematoma in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces
Intracranial Hypertension: increased pressure within the cranial vault. this may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders
Intracranial Hypotension: reduction of cerebrospinal fluid pressure characterized clinically by orthostatic headache and occasionally by an abducens nerve palsy; hearing loss; nausea; neck stiffness, and other symptoms. this condition may be spontaneous or secondary to cerebrospinal fluid leak; spinal puncture; neurosurgical procedures; dehydration; uremia; trauma (see also craniocerebral trauma); and other processes. chronic hypotension may be associated with subdural hematomas (see hematoma, subdural) or hygromas. (from semin neurol 1996 mar;16(1):5-10; adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp637-8)
Intracranial Pressure: pressure within the cranial cavity. it is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, csf dynamics, and skull rigidity
Intracranial Thrombosis: formation or presence of a blood clot (thrombus) in a blood vessel within the skull. intracranial thrombosis can lead to thrombotic occlusions and brain infarction. the majority of the thrombotic occlusions are associated with atherosclerosis
Intraepithelial Lymphocytes: t lymphocytes with limited diversity of receptors (e.g., alpha e integrins) in the epidermis of the skin and the mucosal linings. they recognize common microbes via t-cell receptors and pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules and function as effector cells for innate immunity. activation of intraepithelial lymphocytes is a marker for various gastrointestinal diseases (e.g., celiac disease; hairy cell leukemia; and enteropathy-associated t-cell lymphoma)
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy: a reversible form of cholestasis that typically occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy and frequently recurs in subsequent pregnancies. patients present with pruritis; jaundice increased serum bile salts, and abnormal liver enzyme levels. symptoms resolve soon after delivery; some patients with may also be susceptible to oral contraceptive-induced cholestasis. fetal complications may occur, including placental insufficiency; premature labor; fetal distress, and intrauterine death . a heterozygous mutation in the atp8b1 gene has been identified. omim: 147480
Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei: cell groups within the internal medullary lamina of the thalamus. they include a rostral division comprising the paracentral, central lateral, central dorsal, and central medial nuclei, and a caudal division composed of the centromedian and parafascicular nuclei
Intramolecular Lyases: enzymes of the isomerase class that catalyze reactions in which a group can be regarded as eliminated from one part of a molecule, leaving a double bond, while remaining covalently attached to the molecule. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 5.5
Intramolecular Oxidoreductases: enzymes of the isomerase class that catalyze the oxidation of one part of a molecule with a corresponding reduction of another part of the same molecule. they include enzymes converting aldoses to ketoses (aldose-ketose isomerases), enzymes shifting a carbon-carbon double bond (carbon-carbon double bond isomerases), and enzymes transposing s-s bonds (sulfur-sulfur bond isomerases). (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 5.3
Intramolecular Transferases: enzymes of the isomerase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl-, phospho-, amino- or other groups from one position within a molecule to another. ec 5.4
Intranuclear Inclusion Bodies: circumscribed masses of foreign or metabolically inactive materials, within the cell nucleus. some are viral inclusion bodies
Intraocular Lymphoma: a form of malignant cancer which occurs within the eyeball
Intraoperative Awareness: occurence of a patient becoming conscious during a procedure performed under general anesthesia and subsequently having recall of these events. (from anesthesiology 2006, 104(4): 847-64.)
Intraoperative Care: patient care procedures performed during the operation that are ancillary to the actual surgery. it includes monitoring, fluid therapy, medication, transfusion, anesthesia, radiography, and laboratory tests
Intraoperative Complications: complications that affect patients during surgery. they may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure
Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring: the systematic checking of the condition and function of a patient's central nervous system during the course of a surgical operation
Intrauterine Device Expulsion: spontaneous loss of intrauterine devices from the uterus
Intrauterine Device Migration: the shifting in position or location of an intrauterine device from its original placement
Intrauterine Devices: contraceptive devices placed high in the uterine fundus
Intrauterine Devices, Copper: intrauterine contraceptive devices that depend on the release of metallic copper
Intrauterine Devices, Medicated: intrauterine devices that release contraceptive agents
Intravitreal Injections: the administration of substances into the vitreous body of the eye with a hypodermic syringe
Intrinsic Factor: a glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the gastric glands that is required for the absorption of vitamin b 12 (cyanocobalamin). deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to vitamin b 12 deficiency and anemia, pernicious
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins: functional proteins that do not have unique, stable, folded, three-dimensional native structures or that possess non-ordered regions under physiological conditions. they are characterized by extraordinary structural flexibility and plasticity, which enable them to adopt different conformations in response to different stimuli or different interactions
Introductory Journal Article: prefatory summary to a special issue or section of a journal devoted to a specific topic. this introductory text can be of varying length and substance
Introns: sequences of dna in the genes that are located between the exons. they are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by rna splicing to leave mature rna. some introns code for separate genes
Introversion, Psychological: a state in which attention is largely directed inward upon one's self
Intubation: introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. it is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body
Intubation, Gastrointestinal: the insertion of a tube into the stomach, intestines, or other portion of the gastrointestinal tract to allow for the passage of food products, etc
Intubation, Intratracheal: a procedure involving placement of a tube into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to provide a patient with oxygen and anesthesia
Intuition: knowing or understanding without conscious use of reasoning. (thesaurus of eric descriptors, 1994)
Intussusception: a form of intestinal obstruction caused by the prolapse of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. there are four types: colic, involving segments of the large intestine; enteric, involving only the small intestine; ileocecal, in which the ileocecal valve prolapses into the cecum, drawing the ileum along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the colon
Inuité: inuktitutštinou hovořící skupina, zpravidla spojená se severní polární oblastí (kanady)
Inula: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain inulin, alantol, helenin, alantic acid, and acrid resin
Inula: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. zástupci obsahují inulin, alantol, helenin, kyselinu alantovou a pryskyřičné látky
Inulin: a starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. it has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis: lung infections with the invasive forms of aspergillus, usually after surgery, transplantation, prolonged neutropenia or treatment with high-doses of corticosteroids. invasive pulmonary aspergillosis can progress to chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis or hematogenous spread to other organs
Inventions: a novel composition, device, or process, independently conceived de novo or derived from a pre-existing model
Inventories, Hospital: materials and equipment in stock; includes drugs in pharmacies, blood in blood banks, etc
Inventors: persons or entities that introduce a novel composition, device, or process, as well as improvements thereof
Invertebrate Hormones: hormones produced by invertebrates, usually insects, mollusks, annelids, and helminths
Inverted Repeat Sequences: copies of nucleic acid sequence that are arranged in opposing orientation. they may lie adjacent to each other (tandem) or be separated by some sequence that is not part of the repeat (hyphenated). they may be true palindromic repeats, i.e. read the same backwards as forward, or complementary which reads as the base complement in the opposite orientation. complementary inverted repeats have the potential to form hairpin loop or stem-loop structures which results in cruciform structures (such as cruciform dna) when the complementary inverted repeats occur in double stranded regions
Investigational New Drug Application: an application that must be submitted to a regulatory agency (the fda in the united states) before a drug can be studied in humans. this application includes results of previous experiments; how, where, and by whom the new studies will be conducted; the chemical structure of the compound; how it is thought to work in the body; any toxic effects found in animal studies; and how the compound is manufactured. (from the new medicines in development series produced by the pharmaceutical manufacturers association and published irregularly.)
Investigative Techniques: investigative techniques used in pre-clinical and clinical research, epidemiology, chemistry, immunology, genetics, etc. they do not include techniques specifically applied to diagnosis; therapeutics; anesthesia and analgesia; surgical procedures, operative; and dentistry
Involuntary Commitment: non-voluntary institutionalization or isolation following refusal or failure to take medication, to complete treatment, or to adhere to infection control precautions, or behavior that may or does endanger self or others
Involuntary Fertility Control: behavior that interferes with a woman's autonomous reproductive decision-making
Involuntary Treatment: procedures, surgery, or other treatment without consent of person or persons receiving treatment
Iodamide: an ionic monomeric contrast medium. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)
Iodide Peroxidase: a hemeprotein that catalyzes the oxidation of the iodide radical to iodine with the subsequent iodination of many organic compounds, particularly proteins. ec 1.11.1.8
Iodine: a nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol i, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. it is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. in solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically
Iodine Compounds: inorganic compounds that contain iodine as an integral part of the molecule
Iodine Isotopes: stable iodine atoms that have the same atomic number as the element iodine, but differ in atomic weight. i-127 is the only naturally occurring stable iodine isotope
Iodine Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. i atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except i 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes
Iodipamide: a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography
Iodized Oil: a preparation of oil that contains covalently bound iodine. it is commonly used as a radiocontrast agent and as a suspension medium for chemotherapeutic agents
Iodoacetamide: an alkylating sulfhydryl reagent. its actions are similar to those of iodoacetate
Iodoacetates: iodinated derivatives of acetic acid. iodoacetates are commonly used as alkylating sulfhydryl reagents and enzyme inhibitors in biochemical research
Iodoacetic Acid: a derivative of acetic acid that contains one iodine atom attached to its methyl group
Iodobenzoates: benzoic acid esters or salts substituted with one or more iodine atoms
Iodocyanopindolol: a highly selective and specific beta antagonist that is used to characterize beta-adrenoceptors
Iodohippuric Acid: an iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. if labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function
Iodophors: complexes of iodine and non-ionic surface-active agents acting as carrier and solubilizing agent for the iodine in water. iodophors usually enhance bactericidal activity of iodine, reduce vapor pressure and odor, minimize staining, and allow wide dilution with water. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Iodoplex: iodine incorporated into a water-soluble hydrophobic copolymer of vinyl pyrrolidone & acrylic monomer
Iodopyracet: an ionic monomeric contrast medium that was formerly used for a variety of diagnostic procedures. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)
Iodopyridones: iodinated pyridine derivatives that are often used as contrast media
Iodoquinol: one of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. it is also used topically in other infections and may cause cns and eye damage. it is known by very many similar trade names world-wide
Iodothyronine Deiodinase Type II: an enzyme responsible for t4 (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine) to t3 (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine) conversion. may contribute to increasing t3 thyroid hormone production in patients with graves disease
Iofetamine: an amphetamine analog that is rapidly taken up by the lungs and from there redistributed primarily to the brain and liver. it is used in brain radionuclide scanning with i-123
Ioglycamic Acid: a radiopaque medium. it is a mixture of its meglumine and sodium salts and is used to visualize the biliary tract
Iohexol: an effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality
Ion Channel Gating: the opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. the stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability
Ion Channels: gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. the stimulus for ion channel gating can be due to a variety of stimuli such as ligands, a transmembrane potential difference, mechanical deformation or through intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
Ion Exchange: reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often one of the ion exchange resins, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. this technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry
Ion Exchange Resins: high molecular weight, insoluble polymers which contain functional groups that are capable of undergoing exchange reactions (ion exchange) with either cations or anions
Ion Mobility Spectrometry: techniques for separation and identification of ionized molecules based on their drift through a gas phase after being accelerated by an electric field. their mobilities will be effected by their shape, size, and charge
Ion Pumps: a general class of integral membrane proteins that transport ions across a membrane against an electrochemical gradient
Ion Transport: the movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. transport can be active, passive or facilitated. ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions
Ion-Selective Electrodes: electrodes which can be used to measure the concentration of particular ions in cells, tissues, or solutions
Ionic Liquids: salts that melt below 100 c. their low volatilization can be an advantage over volatile organic solvents
Ionomycin: a divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes
Ionophores: chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across membranes. many are antibiotics, and many act as uncoupling agents by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes
Ions: an atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions
Iontophoresis: therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. in medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. it has nothing to do with ion exchange; air ionization nor phonophoresis, none of which requires current
Iopamidol: a non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures
Iophendylate: an inert iodine-containing agent which is opaque to x-rays. it is used mainly for brain and spinal cord visualization
Iothalamate Meglumine: a radiopaque medium used for urography, angiography, venography, and myelography. it is highly viscous and binds to plasma proteins
Iothalamic Acid: a contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. it is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (iothalamate meglumine) salts
Iowa: state bounded on the north by minnesota, on the east by wisconsin and illinois, on the south by missouri, and on the west by nebraska and south dakota
Iowa: stát nacházející se v centrální části spojených států amerických. iowa hraničí na severu s minnesotou, na severovýchodě s wisconsinem, na východě s illinois, na jihu s missouri, na západě s nebraskou a na severozápadě s jižní dakotou. hlavní město je des moines. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Ioxaglic Acid: a low-osmolar, ionic contrast medium used in various radiographic procedures
Ipecac: a syrup made from the dried rhizomes of two different species, cephaelis ipecacuanha and c. acuminata. they contain emetine, cephaeline, psychotrine and other isoquinolines. ipecac syrup is used widely as an emetic acting both locally on the gastric mucosa and centrally on the chemoreceptor trigger zone
Ipilimumab: an anti-ctla-4 antigen monoclonal antibody initially indicated for the treatment of certain types of metastatic melanoma. its mode of actions may include blocking of ctla-4 mediated inhibition of cytotoxic t lymphocytes, allowing for more efficient destruction of target tumor cells
Ipodate: ionic monomeric contrast media. usually the sodium or calcium salts are used for examination of the gall bladder and biliary tract. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p704)
Ipomoea: a plant genus in the family convolvulaceae best known for morning glories (a common name also used with convolvulus) and sweet potato
Ipomoea: rod rostlin čeledi convolvulaceae. kořenové hlízy povijnice batátové jsou známé jako batáty či sladké brambory. jejich oranžová odrůda se v severní americe nazývá jam. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Ipomoea batatas: a plant species of the genus ipomoea, family convolvulaceae. some cultivars are sweet and edible whereas bitter varieties are a source of saponins. this sweet potato is sometimes referred to as a yam (dioscorea)
Ipomoea batatas: druh tropické rostliny patřící do čeledi svlačcovitých, jejíž kořenové hlízy jsou známé jako batáty či sladké brambory. jejich oranžová odrůda se v severní americe nazývá jam. některé odrůdy jsou zdrojem saponinů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Ipomoea nil: a plant species of the genus ipomoea, family convolvulaceae. an abundance of spontaneous mutants makes it useful in study of plant dna and genetics
Ipomoea nil: druh bylin rodu ipomoea, čeledi convolvulaceae. díky velkému výskytu spontánních mutantů je vhodným předmětem genetického výzkumu
Ipratropium: a muscarinic antagonist structurally related to atropine but often considered safer and more effective for inhalation use. it is used for various bronchial disorders, in rhinitis, and as an antiarrhythmic
Iprindole: a tricyclic antidepressant that has actions and uses similar to those of amitriptyline, but has only weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p257)
Iproniazid: an irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase types a and b that is used as an antidepressive agent. it has also been used as an antitubercular agent, but its use is limited by its toxicity
Ipronidazole: an antihistomonal agent with low toxicity. it also promotes growth and feed utilization in poultry
Iran: a country bordering the gulf of oman, the persian gulf, and the caspian sea, between iraq and pakistan. the capital is tehran
Iraq War, 2003-2011: an armed intervention involving multi-national forces in the country of iraq
Irbesartan: a spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin ii type 1 receptor antagonist. it is used in the management of hypertension, and in the treatment of kidney disease
Ireland: a country in western europe, occupying five-sixths of the island of ireland in the north atlantic ocean, west of great britain. the capital is dublin
Iridaceae: a plant family of the asparagales order. comprised of perennial herbs with bulbs, corms, or rhizomes and grass-like leaves with bisexual flowers that have 2 whorls of petaloid tepals which are usually showy
Iridaceae: čeleď jednoděložných rostlin z řádu asparagales (chřestotvaré). jedná se o byliny, jen výjimečně keře. jsou to vytrvalé pozemní rostliny, zpravidla s oddenky, jen vzácně s cibulemi, jsou jednodomé s oboupohlavnými květy. okvětí je vyvinuto, zpravidla 6 okvětních lístků ve 2 přeslenech. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Iridescence: the changing of the color of an object due to variations in the angle of illumination or observation
Iridium: a metallic element with the atomic symbol ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22
Iridium Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of iridium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. ir atoms with atomic weights 182-190, 192, and 194-198 are radioactive iridium isotopes
Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome: a grouping of three closely linked conditions: iris nevus (or cogan-reese) syndrome, chandler syndrome, and essential (progressive) iris atrophy. the most common features of this syndrome are the movement of endothelial cells off the cornea onto the iris leading to corneal swelling, distortion of the iris, and variable degrees of distortion of the pupil. the abnormal cell movement plugs fluid outflow channels of the eye causing glaucoma
Iridocyclitis: acute or chronic inflammation of the iris and ciliary body characterized by exudates into the anterior chamber, discoloration of the iris, and constricted, sluggish pupil. symptoms include radiating pain, photophobia, lacrimation, and interference with vision
Iridoid Glucosides: a subclass of iridoid compounds that include a glucoside moiety, usually found at the c-1 position
Iridoid Glycosides: a subclass of iridoid compounds that include a glycoside moiety, usually found at the c-1 position
Iridoids: a type of monoterpenes, derived from geraniol. they have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. they are different from the similarly named iridals (triterpenes)
Iridoviridae: a family of large icosahedral dna viruses infecting insects and poikilothermic vertebrates. genera include iridovirus; ranavirus; chloriridovirus; megalocytivirus; and lymphocystivirus
Iridovirus: a genus of iridoviridae comprising small iridescent insect viruses. the infected larvae and purified virus pellets exhibit a blue to purple iridescence
Iridovirus: rod virů čeledi iridoviridae zahrnující malé, duhově zbarvené hmyzí viry. infikované larvy a vyčištěná virová granula mají duhově modré až purpurové zbarvení
Irinotecan: a semisynthetic camptothecin derivative that inhibits dna topoisomerase i to prevent nucleic acid synthesis during s phase. it is used as an antineoplastic agent for the treatment of colorectal neoplasms and pancreatic neoplasms
Iris: the most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. it consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium
Iris (rostlina): rod rostlin čeledi iridaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují irip (protein inaktivující ribozomy typu 1) a iridaly (triterpeny)
Iris Coloboma with Ptosis, Hypertelorism, and Mental Retardation: mutation in actb gene; also listed as baraitser winter syndrome 1
Iris Neoplasms: tumors of the iris characterized by increased pigmentation of melanocytes. iris nevi are composed of proliferated melanocytes and are associated with neurofibromatosis and malignant melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body. malignant melanoma of the iris often originates from preexisting nevi
Iris Plant: a plant genus of the family iridaceae that contains irip, a type-1 ribosome-inactivating protein, and iridals (triterpenes)
Iris dysplasia hypertelorism deafness: axenfeld rieger anomaly with partially absent eye muscles, hydrocephaly, skeletal abnormalities, and a distinctive facial
Iris flocculi: benign iris lesions at the pupillary border of the iris where pigment epithelium of eye develops wool-like tuft
Iritis: inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris
Iron: a metallic element with atomic symbol fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. it is an essential constituent of hemoglobins; cytochromes; and iron-binding proteins. it plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of oxygen
Iron Chelating Agents: organic chemicals that form two or more coordination links with an iron ion. once coordination has occurred, the complex formed is called a chelate. the iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin is an example of a metal chelate found in biological systems
Iron Deficiencies: deficient amounts of iron in the body as a result of blood loss, diets deficient in iron, or an iron uptake or storage disorder
Iron Isotopes: stable iron atoms that have the same atomic number as the element iron, but differ in atomic weight. fe-54, 57, and 58 are stable iron isotopes
Iron Metabolism Disorders: disorders in the processing of iron in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization. (from mosby's medical, nursing, & allied health dictionary, 4th ed)
Iron Overload: an excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. this may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (from churchill's illustrated medical dictionary, 1989)
Iron Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of iron that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. fe atoms with atomic weights 52, 53, 55, and 59-61 are radioactive iron isotopes
Iron Regulatory Protein 1: a multifunctional iron-sulfur protein that is both an iron regulatory protein and cytoplasmic form of aconitate hydratase. it binds to iron regulatory elements found on mrnas involved in iron metabolism and regulates their translation. its rna binding ability and its aconitate hydrolase activity are dependent upon availability of iron
Iron Regulatory Protein 2: a multifunctional iron-sulfur protein that is both an iron regulatory protein and cytoplasmic form of aconitate hydratase. it binds to iron regulatory elements found on mrnas involved in iron metabolism and regulates their translation. its rate of degradation is increased in the presence of iron
Iron, Dietary: iron or iron compounds in food and beverages or dietary supplements. iron is important in oxygen transport and the synthesis of the iron-porphyrin proteins such as hemoglobin; myoglobin; and cytochromes. insufficient amounts of dietary iron can lead to iron deficiencies
Iron-Dextran Complex: a complex of ferric oxyhydroxide with dextrans of 5000 to 7000 daltons in a viscous solution containing 50 mg/ml of iron. it is supplied as a parenteral preparation and is used as a hematinic. (goodman and gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 8th ed, p1292)
Iron-Refractory Iron Deficiency Anemia: a hereditary autosomal recessive iron deficiency characterized by hypochromic microcytic anemia that is unresponsive to oral iron and only partially responsive to parenteral iron. laboratory results show inappropriately normal or increased plasma hepcidin. mutations in the tmprss6 gene have been identified. omim: 206200
Iron-Regulatory Proteins: proteins that regulate cellular and organismal iron homeostasis. they play an important biological role by maintaining iron levels that are adequate for metabolic need, but below the toxicity threshold
Iron-Sulfur Proteins: a group of proteins possessing only the iron-sulfur complex as the prosthetic group. these proteins participate in all major pathways of electron transport: photosynthesis, respiration, hydroxylation and bacterial hydrogen and nitrogen fixation
Irreversible Electroporation Therapy: the use of a dose of electricity that causes the pores that are formed in cell membranes during electroporation to remain open long enough to trigger cell death. it is sometimes used in conjunction with electrochemotherapy
Irritable Bowel Syndrome: a disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. this condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent abdominal pain, bloating, mucus in feces, and an erratic disturbance of defecation
Irritable Mood: abnormal or excessive excitability with easily triggered anger, annoyance, or impatience
Irritants: drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants
Irsko: země v západní evropě, která zaujímá pět šestin ostrova irsko v severním atlantiku, západně od velké británie. hlavním městem je dublin
Irukandji jellyfish: a group of tiny box jellyfish mostly found in australia which produce venom responsible for causing irukandji syndrome
Irák: stát na blízkém východě v oblasti jihozápadní asie. na jihu sousedí s kuvajtem a saúdskou arábií, na západě s jordánskem, na severozápadě se sýrií, na severu s tureckem a na východě s íránem (provincie kurdistán), na jihovýchodě je pak perský záliv. hlavní město je bagdád. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Isaacs Syndrome: a rare neuromuscular disorder with onset usually in late childhood or early adulthood, characterized by intermittent or continuous widespread involuntary muscle contractions; fasciculation; hyporeflexia; muscle cramp; muscle weakness; hyperhidrosis; tachycardia; and myokymia. involvement of pharyngeal or laryngeal muscles may interfere with speech and breathing. the continuous motor activity persists during sleep and general anesthesia (distinguishing this condition from stiff-person syndrome). familial and acquired (primarily autoimmune) forms have been reported. (from ann ny acad sci 1998 may 13;841:482-496; adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1491)
Isaacsův syndrom: vzácné nervosvalové onemocnění s nástupem obvykle v pozdním dětství nebo v rané dospělosti. vyznačuje se přerušovanou nebo kontinuální aktivací svalových vlákem a tím dochází k mimovolním svalovým kontrakcím, fascikulaci, hyporeflexii, svalovým křečím, svalové slabosti, hyperhidróze, tachykardii a myokymii. postižením svalů hltanu nebo hrtanu dochází k narušení řeči a dýchání. kontinuální pohybová aktivita přetrvává v průběhu spánku a celkové anestezie (což odlišuje tento stav od syndromu celkového ztuhnutí). jsou známy familiární i získané (převážně autoimunitní) formy
Isatin: an indole-dione that is obtained by oxidation of indigo blue. it is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and high levels have been found in urine of parkinsonism patients
Isatis: a plant genus of the family brassicaceae that is an ingredient of the preparation pc-spes that is used to treat prostatic hyperplasia
Isatis: rod rostlin čeledi brassicaceae. výtažek z rostlin byl součástí přípravku pc-spes, rostlinného léku na hyperplazii prostaty
Isavirus: a genus in the family orthomyxoviridae containing one species: infectious salmon anemia virus
Isavirus: rod virů čeledi orthomyxoviridae, který obsahuje jeden druh: virus infekční anemie lososů
Ischemia: a hypoperfusion of the blood through an organ or tissue caused by a pathologic constriction or obstruction of its blood vessels, or an absence of blood circulation
Ischemic Attack, Transient: brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)
Ischemic Contracture: a type of permanent damage to muscles and nerves that results from prolonged lack blood flow to those tissues. it is characterized by shortening and stiffening of the muscles
Ischemic Postconditioning: the application of repeated, brief periods of vascular occlusion at the onset of reperfusion to reduce reperfusion injury that follows a prolonged ischemic event. the techniques are similar to ischemic preconditioning but the time of application is after the ischemic event instead of before
Ischemic Preconditioning: a technique in which tissue is rendered resistant to the deleterious effects of prolonged ischemia and reperfusion by prior exposure to brief, repeated periods of vascular occlusion. (am j physiol 1995 may;268(5 pt 2):h2063-7, abstract)
Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial: exposure of myocardial tissue to brief, repeated periods of vascular occlusion in order to render the myocardium resistant to the deleterious effects of ischemia or reperfusion. the period of pre-exposure and the number of times the tissue is exposed to ischemia and reperfusion vary, the average being 3 to 5 minutes
Ischemic Stroke: stroke due to brain ischemia resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. when obstruction is due to a blood clot formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. when obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see cerebral embolism) it is referred to as embolic stroke. wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin
Ischium: one of three bones that make up the coxal bone of the pelvic girdle. in tetrapods, it is the part of the pelvis that projects backward on the ventral side, and in primates, it bears the weight of the sitting animal
Ischnocera: a suborder of chewing lice, in the order phthiraptera, that are parasites of birds and mammals
Ischnocera: podřád parazitického hmyzu v rámci řádu phthiraptera, z něhož představuje asi dvě třetiny všech popsaných druhů. spolu s podřádem amblycera (luptouši) tvoří dnes již neformální skupinu všenky (mallophaga). všichni zástupci ischnocera jsou parazitičtí. drtivá většina druhů (asi 90%) cizopasí na ptácích, existují však i výjimky napadající savce. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Isethionic Acid: a colorless, syrupy, strongly acidic liquid that can form detergents with oleic acid
Island: země severní evropy, ostrov mezi grónským mořem a severním atlantickým oceánem, severozápadně od spojeného království. hlavním městem je reykjavík
Islands of Calleja: aggregations of granule cells in the dorsal aspect of the olfactory tubercle and within the island of calleja magna that lies between the brain septum and the nucleus accumbens
Islet Amyloid Polypeptide: a pancreatic beta-cell hormone that is co-secreted with insulin. it displays an anorectic effect on nutrient metabolism by inhibiting gastric acid secretion, gastric emptying and postprandial glucagon secretion. islet amyloid polypeptide can fold into amyloid fibrils that have been found as a major constituent of pancreatic amyloid deposits
Islet cell tumor syndrome: hereditary pheochromocytoma that originates in islet cells. affected individuals have systemic symptoms that may include cerebral hemorrhage, episodic hypertension, sweating, tachycardia; hypertensive retinopathy; café-au-lait spots; and excess norepinephrine in urine. omim: 171420
Islets of Langerhans: irregular microscopic structures consisting of cords of endocrine cells that are scattered throughout the pancreas among the exocrine acini. each islet is surrounded by connective tissue fibers and penetrated by a network of capillaries. there are four major cell types. the most abundant beta cells (50-80%) secrete insulin. alpha cells (5-20%) secrete glucagon. pp cells (10-35%) secrete pancreatic polypeptide. delta cells (~5%) secrete somatostatin
Islets of Langerhans Transplantation: the transference of pancreatic islets within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species
Isoamylase: an enzyme that hydrolyzes 1,6-alpha-glucosidic branch linkages in glycogen, amylopectin, and their beta-limit dextrins. it is distinguished from pullulanase (ec 3.2.1.41) by its inability to attack pullulan and by the feeble action of alpha-limit dextrins. it is distinguished from amylopectin 6-glucanohydrolase (ec 3.2.1.69) by its action on glycogen. with ec 3.2.1.69, it produces the activity called debranching enzyme. ec 3.2.1.68
Isoantibodies: antibodies from an individual that react with isoantigens of another individual of the same species
Isoantigens: antigens that exist in alternative (allelic) forms in a single species. when an isoantigen is encountered by species members who lack it, an immune response is induced. typical isoantigens are the blood group antigens
Isoaspartic Acid: an aspartic acid residue in polypeptide chains that is linked at the beta-carboxyl group instead of at the normal, alpha-carboxyl group, polypeptide linkage. it is a result of the spontaneous decomposition of aspartic acid or asparagine residues
Isobutyrates: aliphatic acids that contain four carbons in a branched-chain configuration. included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-carboxypropane structure
Isocarboxazid: an mao inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. it also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (from ama, drug evaluations annual, 1994, p311)
Isochromosomes: metacentric chromosomes produced during meiosis or mitosis when the centromere splits transversely instead of longitudinally. the chromosomes produced by this abnormal division are one chromosome having the two long arms of the original chromosome, but no short arms, and the other chromosome consisting of the two short arms and no long arms. each of these isochromosomes constitutes a simultaneous duplication and deletion
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase: an enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate and nad+ to yield 2-ketoglutarate, carbon dioxide, and nadh. it occurs in cell mitochondria. the enzyme requires mg2+, mn2+; it is activated by adp, citrate, and ca2+, and inhibited by nadh, nadph, and atp. the reaction is the key rate-limiting step of the citric acid (tricarboxylic) cycle. (from dorland, 27th ed) (the nadp+ enzyme is ec 1.1.1.42.) ec 1.1.1.41
Isocitrate Lyase: a key enzyme in the glyoxylate cycle. it catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to succinate and glyoxylate. ec 4.1.3.1
Isocitrates: derivatives of isocitric acid, a structural isomer of citric acid, including its salts and esters
Isocoumarins: compounds that differ from coumarins in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule
Isodan: resin-based desensitizing agent containing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, potassium nitrate & sodium fluoride
Isodesmosine: 2-(4-amino-4-carboxybutyl)-1-(5-amino-5-carboxypentyl)-3,5-bis(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)pyridinium. a rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring
Isodon: rod rostlin z čeledi hluchavkovité (lamiaceae), užívá se v tradiční čínské medicíně
Isoelectric Focusing: electrophoresis in which a ph gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the ph is equal to their isoelectric point
Isoelectric Point: the ph in solutions of proteins and related compounds at which the dipolar ions are at a maximum
Isoenzymes: structurally related forms of an enzyme. each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics
Isoetharine: adrenergic beta-2 agonist used as bronchodilator for emphysema, bronchitis and asthma
Isoflavones: 3-phenylchromones. isomeric form of flavonoids in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position
Isoflurane: a stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects
Isoflurophate: a di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the nervous system
Isografts: tissues, cells or organs transplanted between genetically identical individuals, i.e. members of the same species with identical histocompatibility antigens, such as monozygotic twins, members of the same inbred strain, or members of a hybrid population produced by crossing certain inbred strains
Isoindoles: benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number two carbon, in contrast to indoles which have the nitrogen adjacent to the six-membered ring
Isolated Heart Preparation: method of isolation and maintenance of a working heart for various cardiac measurements. the model allows for the separation of cardiac and systemic variables in the denervated heart
Isolated Noncompaction of the Ventricular Myocardium: rare congenital cardiomyopathies characterized by the lack of left ventricular myocardium compaction. the noncompaction results in numerous prominent trabeculations and a loose myocardial meshwork (spongy myocardium) in the left ventricle. heterogeneous clinical features include diminished systolic function sometimes associated with left ventricular dilation, that presents either neonatally or progressively. often, the right ventricle is also affected. congestive heart failure; pulmonary embolism; and ventricular arrhythmia are commonly seen