NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Oligomycins: a closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of streptomyces. they are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various atpases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. used as tools in cytochemistry. some specific oligomycins are rutamycin, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin x)
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis: hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of oligonucleotide probes, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a base sequence, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, gene expression, or for gene mapping
Oligonucleotide Probes: synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., dna segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. the probe hybridizes with a specific mrna, if present. conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, southern blot assays, and dna:rna hybrid-specific antibody tests. conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32p and 125i and the chemical label biotin
Oligonucleotides: polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. in molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (oligonucleotide probes). (dorland, 28th ed)
Oligonucleotides, Antisense: short fragments of dna or rna that are used to alter the function of target rnas or dnas to which they hybridize
Oligoribonucleotides: a group of ribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties
Oligoribonucleotides, Antisense: short fragments of rna that are used to alter the function of target rnas or dnas to which they hybridize
Oligosaccharides: carbohydrates consisting of between two (disaccharides) and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. they are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form
Oligosaccharides, Branched-Chain: oligosaccharides containing various types of glycosidic linkages that yield branching or antennae. the number of antennae (such as bi-, tri-, tetra-, or penta-antennary) in the oligosaccharides on the proteoglycans; glycoproteins; or lipopolysaccharides contribute to their biological activities, such as receptor binding and metabolism
Oligospermia: a condition of suboptimal concentration of spermatozoa in the ejaculated semen to ensure successful fertilization of an ovum. in humans, oligospermia is defined as a sperm count below 20 million per milliliter semen
Oliguria: decreased urine output that is below the normal range. oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age
Olivary Degeneration: degeneration of the olivary nucleus typically involving inferior olivary complex. it is associated with various syndromes and neurodegenerative disorders including hypertrophic olivary degeneration secondary to a guillain-mollaret triangle lesion
Olivary Nucleus: a brainstem nuclear complex. in the hindbrain, also referred to as the olivary body. the olivary nuclear complex is a part of the medulla oblongata and the pontine tegmentum. it is involved with motor control and is a major source of sensory input to the cerebellum
Oliver-McFarlane syndrome: very long eyelashes and eyebrows, mental retardation, and pigmentary degeneration of the retina; trichomegaly with mental retardation, dwarfism and pigmentary degeneration of retina
Olivomycins: a mixture of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics obtained from actinomyces (or streptomyces) olivoreticuli. they are used as fluorescent dyes that bind to dna and prevent both rna and protein synthesis and are also used as antineoplastic agents
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophies: a group of inherited and sporadic disorders which share progressive ataxia in combination with atrophy of the cerebellum; pons; and inferior olivary nuclei. additional clinical features may include muscle rigidity; nystagmus, pathologic; retinal degeneration; muscle spasticity; dementia; urinary incontinence; and ophthalmoplegia. the familial form has an earlier onset (second decade) and may feature spinal cord atrophy. the sporadic form tends to present in the fifth or sixth decade, and is considered a clinical subtype of multiple system atrophy. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1085)
Olmesartan Medoxomil: an angiotensin ii type 1 receptor blocker that is used to manage hypertension
Olopatadine Hydrochloride: an antihistamine with mast-cell stabilizing properties used as eye drops in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis
Omalizumab: an anti-ige, recombinant, humanized monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to the c epsilon3 domain of immunoglobulin e, the site of high-affinity ige receptor binding. it inhibits the binding of ige to mast cells and basophils to reduce the severity of the allergic response and is used in the management of persistent allergic asthma
Oman: a sultanate on the southeast coast of the arabian peninsula. its capital is masqat. before the 16th century it was ruled by independent emirs but was captured and controlled by the portuguese 1508-1648. in 1741 it was recovered by a descendent of yemen's imam. after its decline in the 19th century, it became virtually a political and economic dependency within the british government of india, retaining close ties with great britain by treaty from 1939 to 1970 when it achieved autonomy. the name was recorded by pliny in the 1st century a.d. as omana, said to be derived from the founder of the state, oman ben ibrahim al-khalil. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p890; oman embassy, washington; room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p391)
Omasum: the third stomach of ruminants, situated on the right side of the abdomen at a higher level than the fourth stomach and between this latter and the second stomach, with both of which it communicates. from its inner surface project large numbers of leaves or folia, each of which possesses roughened surfaces. in the center of each folium is a band of muscle fibers which produces a rasping movement of the leaf when it contracts. one leaf rubs against those on either side of it, and large particles of food material are ground down between the rough surfaces, preparatory to further digestion in the succeeding parts of the alimentary canal. (black's veterinary dictionary, 17th ed)
Omega Dental Ceramic: used in suprastructures of implant-supported prostheses
Omentum: a double-layered fold of peritoneum that attaches the stomach to other organs in the abdominal cavity
Omeprazole: a 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of stomach ulcers and zollinger-ellison syndrome. the drug inhibits an h(+)-k(+)-exchanging atpase which is found in gastric parietal cells
Omán: arabský stát v jihovýchodní části arabského poloostrova, jeho pobřeží je ohraničeno arabským mořem a ománským a perským zálivem. na severu sousedí se spojenými arabskými emiráty, na jihozápadě s jemenem a na západě se saúdskou arábií. součástí ománu jsou též exklávy madha a musandam. omán je absolutní monarchie a sultanát. hlavní město je maskat. maskat a omán byl státní útvar, který existoval na území dnešního sultanátu omán a zčásti na území dnešních spojených arabských emirátů, přibližně od roku 1856 do roku 1970. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Onagraceae: the evening primrose plant family of the order myrtales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida. flower parts are mostly in fours and the ovary is inferior
Onagraceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu myrtales (myrtotvaré), třídy rosopsida. řada druhů pupalkovitých má nápadné a někdy i zajímavě tvarované květy a jsou pěstovány jako okrasné rostliny. pupalkový olej, získávaný ze semen pupalky dvouleté a příbuzných druhů, je široce používán jako potravní doplněk. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Onchocerca: a genus of parasitic nematodes whose organisms live and breed in skin and subcutaneous tissues. onchocercal microfilariae may also be found in the urine, blood, or sputum
Onchocerca: rod parazitických hlístic, které patří do nadčeledi filarioidea. tento rod se vyskytuje především v tropických a subtropických oblastech světa, včetně části evropy a usa. jejich zástupci žijí v kůži a podkožních tkáních. onchocerkální mikrofilárie lze nalézt v moči, krvi nebo sputu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Onchocerca volvulus: a species of parasitic nematodes widely distributed throughout central africa and also found in northern south america, southern mexico, and guatemala. its intermediate host and vector is the blackfly or buffalo gnat
Onchocerca volvulus: druh parazitických hlístic, které se vyskytují ve střední africe a také na severu jižní ameriky, v jižním mexiku a guatemale. mezihostitelem a vektorem jsou mušky čeledi simuliidae (muchničkovití)
Onchocerciasis: infection with nematodes of the genus onchocerca. characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, pruritus, and ocular lesions
Onchocerciasis, Ocular: filarial infection of the eyes transmitted from person to person by bites of onchocerca volvulus-infected black flies. the microfilariae of onchocerca are thus deposited beneath the skin. they migrate through various tissues including the eye. those persons infected have impaired vision and up to 20% are blind. the incidence of eye lesions has been reported to be as high as 30% in central america and parts of africa
Onco-anesthesia: methods used by specialized onco-anesthesiologists in the perioperative care of patients undergoing cancer-related diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. the aim is to minimize preoperative complications, expedite recovery, and facilitate early return to intended oncological treatment
Oncocytoma, renal: benign oxyphilic adenomas which occur in the kidney. they consist mostly of abnormal epithelial cells that are larger than renal carcinoma cells. omim: 553000
Oncogene Addiction: the dependence of tumor cells on a single oncogenic pathway or protein for their continued proliferation and survival
Oncogene Fusion: the genetic recombination of the parts of two or more genes, including an oncogene as at least one of the fusion partners. such gene fusions are often detected in neoplastic cells and are transcribed into oncogene fusion proteins
Oncogene Protein gp140(v-fms): transforming glycoprotein coded by the fms oncogene from the susan mcdonough strain of feline sarcoma virus (sm-fesv). the oncogene protein v-fms lacks sequences, which, in the highly homologous proto-oncogene protein c-fms (csf-1 receptor), normally serve to regulate its tyrosine kinase activity. the missing sequences in v-fms mimic the effect of ligand and lead to constitutive cell growth. the protein gp120(v-fms) is post-translationally modified to generate gp140(v-fms)
Oncogene Protein p21(ras): transforming protein encoded by ras oncogenes. point mutations in the cellular ras gene (c-ras) can also result in a mutant p21 protein that can transform mammalian cells. oncogene protein p21(ras) has been directly implicated in human neoplasms, perhaps accounting for as much as 15-20% of all human tumors. this enzyme was formerly listed as ec 3.6.1.47
Oncogene Protein p55(v-myc): transforming protein coded by myc oncogenes. the v-myc protein has been found in several replication-defective avian retrovirus isolates which induce a broad spectrum of malignancies
Oncogene Protein p65(gag-jun): transforming protein coded by jun oncogenes (genes, jun). this is a gag-onc fusion protein of about 65 kda derived from avian sarcoma virus. v-jun lacks a negative regulatory domain that regulates transcription in c-jun
Oncogene Protein pp60(v-src): a tyrosine-specific protein kinase encoded by the v-src oncogene of rous sarcoma virus. the transforming activity of pp60(v-src) depends on both the lack of a critical carboxy-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation site at position 527, and the attachment of pp60(v-src) to the plasma membrane which is accomplished by myristylation of its n-terminal glycine
Oncogene Protein tpr-met: the genetic translation product from a gene fusion between a sequence from the tpr protein gene on the human chromosome 1 and the gene for proto-oncogene proteins c-met
Oncogene Protein v-akt: a viral oncoprotein originally isolated from a murine t cell lymphoma infected with the acutely transforming retrovirus akt8. v-akt protein is the viral homologue of proto-oncogene proteins c-akt
Oncogene Protein v-cbl: an oncoprotein from the cas ns-1 murine retrovirus that induces pre- b-cell lymphoma and myeloid leukemias. v-cbl protein is a tyrosine-phosphorylated, truncated form of its cellular homologue, proto-oncogene protein c-cbl
Oncogene Protein v-crk: a signal transducing adaptor protein that is encoded by the crk oncogene from type c avian retroviruses. it contains src homology domains and is closely related to its cellular homolog, proto-oncogene protein c-crk
Oncogene Protein v-maf: an oncogene protein that was originally isolated from a spontaneous musculo-aponeurotic fibrosarcoma in chicken and shown to be the transforming gene of the avian retrovirus as42. it is a basic leucine zipper transcription factor and the founding member of the maf transcription factors
Oncogene Proteins: proteins coded by oncogenes. they include proteins resulting from the fusion of an oncogene and another gene (oncogene proteins, fusion)
Oncogene Proteins v-abl: transforming proteins encoded by the abl oncogenes. oncogenic transformation of c-abl to v-abl occurs by insertional activation that results in deletions of specific n-terminal amino acids
Oncogene Proteins v-erbA: transforming proteins encoded by erba oncogenes from the avian erythroblastosis virus. they are truncated versions of c-erba, the thyroid hormone receptor (receptors, thyroid hormone) that have retained both the dna-binding and hormone-binding domains. mutations in the hormone-binding domains abolish the transcriptional activation function. v-erba acts as a dominant repressor of c-erba, inducing transformation by disinhibiting proliferation
Oncogene Proteins v-erbB: transforming proteins encoded by erbb oncogenes from the avian erythroblastosis virus. the protein is a truncated form of the egf receptor (receptor, epidermal growth factor) whose kinase domain is constitutively activated by deletion of the ligand-binding domain
Oncogene Proteins v-fos: transforming proteins coded by fos oncogenes. these proteins have been found in the finkel-biskis-jinkins (fbj-msv) and finkel-biskis-reilly (fbr-msv) murine sarcoma viruses which induce osteogenic sarcomas in mice. the fbj-msv v-fos gene encodes a p55-kda protein and the fbr-msv v-fos gene encodes a p75-kda fusion protein
Oncogene Proteins v-mos: transforming proteins coded by mos oncogenes. the v-mos proteins were originally isolated from the moloney murine sarcoma virus (mo-msv)
Oncogene Proteins v-myb: transforming proteins coded by myb oncogenes. transformation of cells by v-myb in conjunction with v-ets is seen in the avian e26 leukemia virus
Oncogene Proteins v-raf: a family of transforming proteins isolated from retroviruses such as mouse sarcoma viruses. they are viral-derived members of the raf-kinase family of serine-theonine kinases
Oncogene Proteins v-rel: transforming proteins coded by rel oncogenes. the v-rel protein competes with rel-related proteins and probably transforms cells by acting as a dominant negative version of c-rel. this results in the induction of a broad range of leukemias and lymphomas
Oncogene Proteins v-sis: transforming proteins coded by sis oncogenes. transformation of cells by v-sis is related to its interaction with the pdgf receptor and also its ability to alter other transcription factors
Oncogene Proteins, Fusion: the genetic translation products of the fusion between an oncogene and another gene. the latter may be of viral or cellular origin
Oncogene Proteins, Viral: products of viral oncogenes, most commonly retroviral oncogenes. they usually have transforming and often protein kinase activities
Oncogenes: genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to neoplastic cell transformation. they include, for example, genes for activators or stimulators of cell proliferation such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. a prefix of v- before oncogene symbols indicates oncogenes captured and transmitted by retroviruses; the prefix c- before the gene symbol of an oncogene indicates it is the cellular homolog (proto-oncogenes) of a v-oncogene
Oncogenic osteomalacia: a disorder that occurs with certain types of tumors, such as connective tissue tumors or osteoblastoma, that secrete fibroblast growth factor 23. this causes reduced renal phosphate reabsorption and poor bone mineralization, resulting in bone fractures, bone pain, and muscle weakness
Oncologists: physicians specializing in medical oncology or its sub-specialties of radiation oncology or surgical oncology
Oncology Nursing: a nursing specialty concerned with the care provided to cancer patients. it includes aspects of family functioning through education of both patient and family
Oncology Service, Hospital: the hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of diagnostic and therapeutic services for the cancer patient
Oncolytic Virotherapy: use of attenuated viruses as antineoplastic agents to selectively kill cancer cells
Oncolytic Viruses: tumor-selective, replication competent viruses that have antineoplastic effects. this is achieved by producing cytotoxicity-enhancing proteins and/or eliciting an antitumor immune response. they are genetically engineered so that they can replicate in cancer cells but not in normal cells, and are used in oncolytic virotherapy
Oncorhynchus: a genus of the family salmonidae (salmons and trouts). they are named for their hooked (onco) nose (rhynchus). they are usually anadromous and occasionally inhabit freshwater. they can be found in north pacific coastal areas from japan to california and adjacent parts of the arctic ocean. salmon and trout are popular game and food fish. various species figure heavily in genetic, metabolism, and hormone research
Oncorhynchus: rod ryb čeledi salmonidae (lososovití). zahrnuje zpravidla anadromní druhy, které příležitostně žijí ve sladkých vodách. mohou se vyskytovat v pobřežních oblastech severního tichého oceánu od japonska po kalifornii a v přilehlých částech severního ledového oceánu. lososi a pstruzi jsou oblíbenými sportovními rybami a zdrojem potravy. různé druhy těchto ryb se používají v genetickém, metabolickém a endokrinologickém výzkumu
Oncorhynchus keta: an anadromous species of salmon found in the streams of the pacific coast from sacramento north, and also common in japan. it is used frequently in genetic and other medical research
Oncorhynchus keta: anadromní druh lososa, který se vyskytuje v tocích u pobřeží tichého oceánu severně od sacramenta a běžně také v japonsku. často se používá pro genetický a lékařský výzkum
Oncorhynchus kisutch: an anadromous species of salmon ranging from the arctic and pacific oceans to monterey bay, california and inhabiting ocean and coastal streams. it is familiarly known as the coho or silver salmon. it is relatively small but its light-colored flesh is of good flavor
Oncorhynchus kisutch: anadromní druh lososa, který se vyskytuje v severním ledovém oceánu a v tichém oceánu až k monterey bay v kalifornii. žije v oceánu a v pobřežních tocích. ceněný pro maso
Oncorhynchus mykiss: a large stout-bodied, sometimes anadromous, trout found in still and flowing waters of the pacific coast from southern california to alaska. it has a greenish back, a whitish belly, and pink, red, or lavender stripes on the sides, with usually a sprinkling of black dots. it is highly regarded as a sport and food fish. its former name was salmo gairdneri. the sea-run rainbow trouts are often called steelheads. redband trouts refer to interior populations of rainbows
Oncorhynchus mykiss: sladkovodní ryba z čeledi lososovitých, která žije v řekách asie a severní ameriky, které odtékají do tichého oceánu. její anadromní forma, pstruh americký, se vrací do sladkých vod ke tření po dvou či třech letech strávených na moři. pstruh duhový se pro potravu či rybaření rozšířil do nejméně pětačtyřiceti zemí světa a na všechny kontinenty kromě antarktidy. pstruh duhový a americký jsou ceněnými rybami k jídlu i rybaření. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Oncostatin M: a cytokine with both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions that depend upon the cellular microenvironment. oncostatin m is a 28 kda monomeric glycoprotein that is similar in structure to leukemia inhibitory factor. its name derives from the the observation that it inhibited the growth of tumor cells and augmented the growth of normal fibroblasts
Oncostatin M Receptor beta Subunit: an oncostatin m-specific receptor subunit that combines with cytokine receptor gp130 to form the oncostatin m type ii receptor
Ondansetron: a competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. it is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties
One Health: an integrative effort of multiple disciplines working collaboratively and locally, nationally, and globally in all aspects of health care for humans, animals, and the environment
One Health: integrační úsilí mnoha oborů spolupracujících lokálně, celostátně a globálně ve všech aspektech zdravotní péče o lidi, zvířata a životní prostředí
One-Carbon Group Transferases: a subclass of transferases that transfer chemical groups containing a single carbon. these include the methyltransferases, the hydroxymethyl and formyl transferases, the carboxyl and carbamoyl transferases, and the amidinotransferases. ec 2.1
Onecut Transcription Factors: a family of transcription factors that contain a single cut domain and a divergent homeodomain. they regulate gene networks by controlling the expression of other transcription factors and they play an important role in cell differentiation and metabolism
Onions: herbaceous biennial plants and their edible bulbs, belonging to the allium genus
Onium Compounds: ions with the suffix -onium, indicating cations with coordination number 4 of the type rxa+ which are analogous to quaternary ammonium compounds (h4n+). ions include phosphonium r4p+, oxonium r3o+, sulfonium r3s+, chloronium r2cl+
Online Social Networking: connectivity facilitated by computer-based communications among persons with family, work, or other common interests
Ononis: a genus of the pea family (fabaceae), native from europe to central asia and used in traditional medicine
Onopordum: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain eudesmane and elemane sesquiterpenes
Onopordum: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují eudesmanové a elemanové seskviterpeny
Ontario: a province of canada lying between the provinces of manitoba and quebec. its capital is toronto. it takes its name from lake ontario which is said to represent the iroquois oniatariio, beautiful lake. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p892 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p391)
Ontario: nejlidnatější a druhá největší z deseti kanadských provincií. hlavním městem provincie je toronto, ale na jejím území se nachází také hlavní město kanady - ottawa. dlouhá hranice ontaria se spojenými státy je tvořena takřka bezvýhradně jezery a řekami. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Onycholysis: separation of nail plate from the underlying nail bed. it can be a sign of skin disease, infection (such as onychomycosis) or tissue injury
Onychomycosis: a fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by dermatophytes; yeasts; or nondermatophyte molds
Onygenales: an order of fungi in the phylum ascomycota containing many medically important species. there are four families and mitosporic (anamorphic) forms are prominent
Onygenales: řád vřeckovýtrusných hub s mnoha medicínsky významnými druhy. patří sem čtyři čeledi s význačnými mitosporními (anamorfními) formami
Onyx 18: consists of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer, dmso, and tantalum powder in suspension; an embolic agent
Onyx HD 500: contains 20% ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer & 80% dmso
Onyx copolymer: ethyl vinyl alcohol copolymer with dmso as a solvent
Oocysts: zygote-containing cysts of sporozoan protozoa. further development in an oocyst produces small individual infective organisms called sporozoites. then, depending on the genus, the entire oocyst is called a sporocyst or the oocyst contains multiple sporocysts encapsulating the sporozoites
Oocyte Donation: transfer of preovulatory oocytes from donor to a suitable host. oocytes are collected, fertilized in vitro, and transferred to a host that can be human or animal
Oocyte Retrieval: procedures to obtain viable oocytes from the host. oocytes most often are collected by needle aspiration from ovarian follicles before ovulation
Oocytes: female germ cells derived from oogonia and termed oocytes when they enter meiosis. the primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until ovulation at puberty to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (ovum)
Oogenesis: the process of germ cell development in the female from the primordial germ cells through oogonia to the mature haploid ova (ovum)
Oogonia: euploid female germ cells of an early stage of oogenesis, derived from primordial germ cells during ovarian differentiation. oogonia undergo meiosis and give rise to haploid oocytes
Oogonial Stem Cells: primordial germ cells found in embryonic oogonia and postnatal ovaries
Oomycetes: eukaryotes in the group stramenopiles, formerly considered fungi, whose exact taxonomic level is unsettled. many consider oomycetes (oomycota) a phylum in the kingdom stramenopila, or alternatively, as pseudofungi in the phylum heterokonta of the kingdom chromista. they are morphologically similar to fungi but have no close phylogenetic relationship to them. oomycetes are found in both fresh and salt water as well as in terrestrial environments. (alexopoulos et al., introductory mycology, 4th ed, pp683-4). they produce flagellated, actively motile spores (zoospores) that are pathogenic to many crop plants and fishes
Oophoritis: inflammation of the ovary, generally caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix
Opadry II 85: a coating agent consisting of polyvinyl alcohol and peg 3350
Opaque Dual-Cured Cement: a light and chemical-cured composite resin dental cement
Open Abdomen Techniques: abdominal wound closure techniques in which the opening from a laparoscopic abdominal incision is left open, but covered, to reduce or prevent intra-abdominal hypertension
Open Access Publishing: agreement in which author(s) and copyright holder(s) grant(s) to all users a free, irrevocable, worldwide, perpetual right of access to, and a license to copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship, as well as the right to make small numbers of printed copies for their personal use. a complete version of the work and all supplemental materials, including a copy of the permission as stated above, in a suitable standard electronic format is deposited immediately upon initial publication in at least one online repository that is supported by an academic institution, scholarly society, government agency, or other well-established organization that seeks to enable open access, unrestricted distribution, interoperability, and long-term archiving. (from bethesda statement on open access publishing)
Open Bite: a condition in which certain opposing teeth fail to establish occlusal contact when the jaws are closed
Open Field Test: a maze test in which an animal is placed in an open chamber designed to assess anxiety and exploratory behavior by movement patterns. in novel object recognition test various objects are added to open field to assess exploration and memory
Open Fracture Reduction: restoration of normal alignment of a fractured bone via an operative surgical procedure
Open Reading Frames: a sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as codons specifying amino acids and begin with an initiator codon and end with a stop codon (codon, terminator)
Open Waste Burning: incineration of materials such as garbage or hazardous wastes as in an open-air fire such as in a fire pit, barrel, or outdoor fireplace where air pollutants are not captured or contained
Operating Room Information Systems: information systems, usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling administrative activities associated with the provision and utilization of operating room services and facilities
Operations Research: a group of techniques developed to apply scientific methods and tools to solve the problems of decision making in complex organizations and systems. operations research searches for optimal solutions in situations of conflicting goals and makes use of mathematical models from which solutions for actual problems may be derived. (from psychiatric dictionary, 6th ed)
Operative Blood Salvage: recovery of blood lost from surgical procedures for reuse by the same patient in autologous blood transfusions. it is collected during (intraoperatively) or after completion of (postoperatively) the surgical procedures
Operator Regions, Genetic: the regulatory elements of an operon to which activators or repressors bind thereby effecting the transcription of genes in the operon
Operon: in bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic messenger rna is under the control of an operator region
Ophiophagus hannah: the longest of all venomous snakes and largest elapid. it is not a member of the naja genus, although its hood resembles the hood of naja species. its bite can deliver large quantities of neurotoxic and cardiotoxic venom, consisting primarily of alpha-neurotoxins. king cobras are indigenous to forests of india and southeast asia
Ophiopogon: a plant genus of the family asparagaceae. members contain steroidal glycosides and provide an ingredient of shengmaisan (drugs, chinese herbal)
Ophiopogon: rod rostlin čeledi asparagaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují steroidní glykosidy a jsou součástí bylinné směsi shengmaisan (léky rostlinné čínské)
Ophiostoma: a genus of fungi in the family ophiostomataceae, order ophiostomatales. several species are the source of dutch elm disease, which is spread by the elm bark beetle
Ophiostoma: rod hub čeledi ophiostomataceae, řádu ophiostomatales. několik druhů způsobuje grafiózu jilmů přenášenou kůrovci
Ophiostomatales: an order of fungi in the phylum ascomycota that are important plant pathogens
Ophiostomatales: řád vřeckovýtrusných hub, které jsou významnými fytopatogeny
Ophthalmia Neonatorum: acute conjunctival inflammation in the newborn, usually caused by maternal gonococcal infection. the causative agent is neisseria gonorrhoeae. the baby's eyes are contaminated during passage through the birth canal
Ophthalmia, Sympathetic: granulomatous uveitis which follows in one eye after a penetrating injury to the other eye; the secondarily affected eye is called the sympathizing eye, and the injured eye is called the exciting or activating eye
Ophthalmic Artery: artery originating from the internal carotid artery and distributing to the eye, orbit and adjacent facial structures
Ophthalmic Assistants: persons academically trained to care for patients with eye diseases or structural defects of the eye, under the supervision of an ophthalmologist
Ophthalmic Nerve: a sensory branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. the ophthalmic nerve carries general afferents from the superficial division of the face including the eyeball, conjunctiva, upper eyelid, upper nose, nasal mucosa, and scalp
Ophthalmic Solutions: sterile solutions that are intended for instillation into the eye. it does not include solutions for cleaning eyeglasses or contact lens solutions
Ophthalmodynamometry: measurement of the blood pressure of the retinal vessels. it is used also for the determination of the near point of convergence (convergence, ocular). (from cline, et al., dictionary of visual science, 4th ed)
Ophthalmologists: qualified medical professionals specializing in medical and surgical treatment of defects and diseases of the eye
Ophthalmology: a surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases
Ophthalmoplegia: paralysis of one or more of the ocular muscles due to disorders of the eye muscles, neuromuscular junction, supporting soft tissue, tendons, or innervation to the muscles
Ophthalmoplegia, Chronic Progressive External: a mitochondrial myopathy characterized by slowly progressive paralysis of the levator palpebrae, orbicularis oculi, and extraocular muscles. ragged-red fibers and atrophy are found on muscle biopsy. familial and sporadic forms may occur. disease onset is usually in the first or second decade of life, and the illness slowly progresses until usually all ocular motility is lost. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1422)
Ophthalmoplegia, painful: opthalmoplegia (weakness and paralysis of eye muscles) accompanied by pain behind the eye and in the orbital region that occurs in cases of tolosa-hunt syndrome
Ophthalmoplegic Migraine: childhood-onset of recurrent headaches with an oculomotor cranial nerve palsy. typically, abducens nerve; oculomotor nerve; and trochlear nerve are involved with diplopia and blepharoptosis
Ophthalmoscopes: devices for examining the interior of the eye, permitting the clear visualization of the structures of the eye at any depth. (umdns, 1999)
Ophthalmoscopy: examination of the interior of the eye with an ophthalmoscope
Opiate Alkaloids: alkaloids found in opium from papaver and their derivatives that induce analgesic and narcotic effects by action upon opioid receptors
Opiate Overdose: accidental or deliberate use of an opioid in excess of normal dosage. it includes overdose for prescription and illicit opioids
Opiate Substitution Treatment: medication-assisted treatment of opioid dependence using a substitute opiate such as methadone or buprenorphine
Opioid Epidemic: widespread use of opioids by disproportionately large numbers of individuals within a population, community, or region occurring within a relatively narrow window of time
Opioid Peptides: the endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. the three major classes currently recognized are the enkephalins, the dynorphins, and the endorphins. each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and pro-opiomelanocortin, respectively. there are also at least three classes of opioid receptors, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way
Opioid-Induced Constipation: constipation associated with the use of opioids
Opioid-Related Disorders: disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of opioids
Opipramol: a tricyclic antidepressant with actions similar to amitriptyline
Opisthorchidae: a family of lanceolate liver flukes of the class trematoda which occurs in animals and man. there are several genera including amphimerus, cyclorchis, delphinicola, metorchis, parametorchis, phocitrema, clonorchis, and opisthorchis
Opisthorchidae: čeleď jaterních motolic třídy trematoda parazitujících u zvířat i člověka. mají lístkovitý tvar těla. patří sem např. rody amphimerus, cyclorchis, delphinicola, metorchis, parametorchis, phocitrema, clonorchis a opisthorchis
Opisthorchis: a genus of trematode liver flukes of the family opisthorchidae. it consists of the following species: o. felineus, o. noverca (amphimerus noverca), and o. viverrini. the intermediate hosts are snails, fish, and amphibians
Opisthorchis: rod jaterních motolic čeledi opisthorchidae. patří sem např. druhy o. felineus, o. noverca (amphimerus noverca) a o. viverrini. mezihostiteli jsou plži, ryby a obojživelníci
Opitz Reynolds Fitzgerald syndrome: bilateral hemifacial microsomia with hearing loss, telecanthus, tetramelic postaxial hexadactyly, congenital hypotonia and lymphedema with joint hypermobility, and pigmentary dysplasia
Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome: mental retardation, large head, imperforate anus, congenital hypotonia, and partial agenesis of corpus callosum
Opium: the air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, papaver somniferum, or its variant, p. album. it contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few - morphine; codeine; and papaverine - have clinical significance. opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic
Oplopanax: a plant genus in the family araliaceae, order apiales, subclass rosidae. it is the source of cirensenosides (triterpenoid saponins)
Oplopanax: rod rostlin čeledi araliaceae, řádu apiales (miříkotvaré), podtřídy rosidae. zástupci obsahují triterpenoidní saponiny
Opossums: new world marsupials of the family didelphidae. opossums are omnivorous, largely nocturnal and arboreal mammals, grow to about three feet in length, including the scaly prehensile tail, and have an abdominal pouch in which the young are carried at birth
Opportunistic Infections: an infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression
Oppositional Defiant Disorder: a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that develops in childhood and is characterized as recurrent disobedient, overall negative or agitated mood, a quarrelsome attitude or being vengeful toward authority figures. unlike in conduct disorder defiant behaviors in oppositional defiant disorders typically do not involve aggression, destruction, theft, or deceit. oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder sometimes co-occur
Opsins: photosensitive proteins in the membranes of photoreceptor cells such as the rods and the cones. opsins have varied light absorption properties and are members of the g-protein-coupled receptors family. their ligands are vitamin a-based chromophores
Opsiture: suture material adhesive; forms a transparent film of polyurethane; opsite spray is an acrylic copolymer based on acetone and ethyl acetate
Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome: a neurological condition that is characterized by uncontrolled rapid irregular movements of the eye (opsoclonus) and the muscle (myoclonus) causing unsteady, trembling gait. it is also known as dancing eyes-dancing feet syndrome and is often associated with neoplasms, viral infections, or autoimmune disorders involving the nervous system
Opsonin Proteins: proteins that bind to particles and cells to increase susceptibility to phagocytosis, especially antibodies bound to epitopes that attach to fc receptors. complement c3b may also participate
Opsonization: the process of recognizing and targeting particles by binding with opsonins (e.g., igm, c1 and igg) for phagocytosis or for antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity
OptiBond FL: composed of etchant: 37% phosphoric acid, silica thickener (25540); primer: hema (hydroxyethylmethacrylate), gpdm (glycerol phosphate dimethacrylate), pamm (phthalic acid monoethyl methacrylate), ethanol, water, photoinitiator (25881) & adhesive: tegma (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate), udma (urethane dimethacrylate), gpdm, hema, bis-gma (bisphenol-glycidyl methacrylate) , filler, photoinitiator (25881)
OptiBond SOLO: composed of bisphenol glycidyl dimethacrylate (bis-gma), 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (hema), gpdm, sio2, barium glass fluoride and ethanol
Optibond: composed of a conventional etchant gel of 37% h3po4, a primer made up of hema, gpdm, and paam, and a filled dual cure adhesive resin made up of bis-gma, gdma, and hema
Optibond Dual Cure: a dual-cured dentine adhesive; composed of bisphenol glycidyl dimethacrylate (bis-gma), 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (hema), and a chemical and light cure catalyst
Optic Atrophies, Hereditary: hereditary conditions that feature progressive visual loss in association with optic atrophy. relatively common forms include autosomal dominant optic atrophy (optic atrophy, autosomal dominant) and leber hereditary optic atrophy (optic atrophy, hereditary, leber)
Optic Atrophy: atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. this condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the retina and converge to form the optic disk; optic nerve; optic chiasm; and optic tracts. glaucoma; ischemia; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see optic atrophies, hereditary) are relatively common causes of this condition
Optic Atrophy, Autosomal Dominant: dominant optic atrophy is a hereditary optic neuropathy causing decreased visual acuity, color vision deficits, a centrocecal scotoma, and optic nerve pallor (hum. genet. 1998; 102: 79-86). mutations leading to this condition have been mapped to the opa1 gene at chromosome 3q28-q29. opa1 codes for a dynamin-related gtpase that localizes to mitochondria
Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber: a maternally linked genetic disorder that presents in mid-life as acute or subacute central vision loss leading to central scotoma and blindness. the disease has been associated with missense mutations in the mtdna, in genes for complex i, iii, and iv polypeptides, that can act autonomously or in association with each other to cause the disease. (from online mendelian inheritance in man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/, mim#535000 (april 17, 2001))
Optic Chiasm: the x-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. at the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. as a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes
Optic Disk: the portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. it is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve
Optic Disk Drusen: optic disk bodies composed primarily of acid mucopolysaccharides that may produce pseudopapilledema (elevation of the optic disk without associated intracranial hypertension) and visual field deficits. drusen may also occur in the retina (see retinal drusen). (miller et al., clinical neuro-ophthalmology, 4th ed, p355)
Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian: in invertebrate zoology, a lateral lobe of the forebrain in certain arthropods. in vertebrate zoology, either of the corpora bigemina of non-mammalian vertebrates. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed, p1329)
Optic Nerve: the 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. the nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. the largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system
Optic Nerve Diseases: conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect
Optic Nerve Glioma: glial cell derived tumors arising from the optic nerve, usually presenting in childhood
Optic Nerve Hypoplasia: a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by underdeveloped optic nerves, resulting in increased incidences of vision impairment, congenital nystagmus and strabismus. it may be syndromic, and is often associated with cns malformations
Optic Nerve Injuries: injuries to the optic nerve induced by a trauma to the face or head. these may occur with closed or penetrating injuries. relatively minor compression of the superior aspect of orbit may also result in trauma to the optic nerve. clinical manifestations may include visual loss, papilledema, and an afferent pupillary defect
Optic Nerve Neoplasms: benign and malignant neoplasms that arise from the optic nerve or its sheath. optic nerve glioma is the most common histologic type. optic nerve neoplasms tend to cause unilateral visual loss and an afferent pupillary defect and may spread via neural pathways to the brain
Optic Neuritis: inflammation of the optic nerve. commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, infections, and granulomatous diseases. clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (marcus-gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis)
Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic: ischemic injury to the optic nerve which usually affects the optic disk (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). the injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from temporal arteritis; atherosclerosis; collagen diseases; embolism; diabetes mellitus; and other conditions. the disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. the optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (glaser, neuro-ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)
Optic Tract: nerve fiber originating from the optic chiasm that connects predominantly to the lateral geniculate bodies. it is the continuation of the visual pathway that conveys the visual information originally from the retina to the optic chiasm via the optic nerves
Optical Devices: products or parts of products used to detect, manipulate, or analyze light, such as lenses, refractors, mirrors, filters, prisms, and optical fibers
Optical Fibers: thin strands of transparent material, usually glass, that are used for transmitting light waves over long distances
Optical Imaging: the use of light interaction (scattering, absorption, and fluorescence) with biological tissue to obtain morphologically based information. it includes measuring inherent tissue optical properties such as scattering, absorption, and autofluorescence; or optical properties of exogenous targeted fluorescent molecular probes such as those used in optical molecular imaging, or nontargeted optical contrast agents
Optical Phenomena: light, its processes and properties, and the characteristics of materials interacting with it
Optical Restriction Mapping: a technique to generate restriction maps from single large dna molecules by spreading the dna onto a glass surface, digesting with dna restriction enzymes, staining with fluorescent dyes, and visualizing the dna cleavage sites by fluorescence microscopy
Optical Rotatory Dispersion: the method of measuring the dispersion of an optically active molecule to determine the relative magnitude of right- or left-handed components and sometimes structural features of the molecule
Optical Storage Devices: a computer disk read by a laser beam, containing data prerecorded by a vendor. the buyer cannot enter or modify data in any way but the advantages lie in the speed of accessibility, relative immunity to damage, and relatively low cost of purchase