NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Meningitis, Cryptococcal: meningeal inflammation produced by cryptococcus neoformans, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and other immunocompromised states. the organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. the organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). clinically, the course is subacute and may feature headache; nausea; photophobia; focal neurologic deficits; seizures; cranial neuropathies; and hydrocephalus. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)
Meningitis, Escherichia coli: a form of gram-negative meningitis that tends to occur in neonates, in association with anatomical abnormalities (which feature communication between the meninges and cutaneous structures) or as opportunistic infections in association with immunologic deficiency syndromes. in premature neonates the clinical presentation may be limited to anorexia; vomiting; lethargy; or respiratory distress. full-term infants may have as additional features fever; seizures; and bulging of the anterior fontanelle. (from menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, pp398-400)
Meningitis, Fungal: meningitis caused by fungal agents which may occur as opportunistic infections or arise in immunocompetent hosts
Meningitis, Haemophilus: infections of the nervous system caused by bacteria of the genus haemophilus, and marked by prominent inflammation of the meninges. haemophilus influenzae type b is the most common causative organism. the condition primarily affects children under 6 years of age but may occur in adults
Meningitis, Listeria: inflammation of the meninges caused by listeria monocytogenes infection, usually occurring in individuals under the age of 3 years or over the age of 50 years. it may occur at any age in individuals with immunologic deficiency syndromes. clinical manifestations include fever, altered mentation, headache, meningeal signs, focal neurologic signs, and seizures. (from medicine 1998 sep;77(5):313-36)
Meningitis, Meningococcal: a fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium neisseria meningitidis, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. clinical manifestations include fever, nuchal rigidity, seizures, severe headache, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, hydrocephalus, and coma. the organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. organisms from neisseria meningitidis serogroups a, b, c, y, and w-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; curr opin pediatr 1998 feb;10(1):13-8)
Meningitis, Pneumococcal: an acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. this illness may be associated with otitis media; mastoiditis; sinusitis; respiratory tract infections; sickle cell disease (anemia, sickle cell); skull fractures; and other disorders. clinical manifestations include fever; headache; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by seizures; focal neurologic deficits (notably deafness); and coma. (from miller et al., merritt's textbook of neurology, 9th ed, p111)
Meningitis, Viral: viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. togaviridae infections; flaviviridae infections; rubella; bunyaviridae infections; orbivirus infections; picornaviridae infections; orthomyxoviridae infections; rhabdoviridae infections; arenaviridae infections; herpesviridae infections; adenoviridae infections; jc virus infections; and retroviridae infections may cause this form of meningitis. clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, photophobia, and signs of meningeal irritation. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1996, ch26, pp1-3)
Meningocele: a congenital or acquired protrusion of the meninges, unaccompanied by neural tissue, through a bony defect in the skull or vertebral column
Meningococcal Infections: infections with bacteria of the species neisseria meningitidis
Meningococcal Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with neisseria meningitidis
Meningoencephalitis: an inflammatory process involving the brain (encephalitis) and meninges (meningitis), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions
Meningomyelocele: congenital, or rarely acquired, herniation of meningeal and spinal cord tissue through a bony defect in the vertebral column. the majority of these defects occur in the lumbosacral region. clinical features include paraplegia, loss of sensation in the lower body, and incontinence. this condition may be associated with the arnold-chiari malformation and hydrocephalus. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1992, ch55, pp35-6)
Menisci, Tibial: the interarticular fibrocartilages of the superior surface of the tibia
Meniscus: crescent-shaped cartilaginous tissue interposed between two articulating bones
Menispermaceae: a plant family of the order ranunculales, subclass magnoliidae, class magnoliopsida. members are mostly vines and shrubs and they contain isoquinoline alkaloids, some of which have been used as arrow poisons
Menispermaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu ranunculales (pryskyřníkotvaré), třídy rosopsida. jsou to keře a liány s jednoduchými listy a nenápadnými květy. většina druhů lunoplodovitých obsahuje účinné alkaloidy a mnohdy jsou silně jedovaté. nacházejí využití v západní i domorodé medicíně, na výrobu jedu kurare apod. některé druhy mají také jedlé plody. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Menispermum: a plant genus of the family menispermaceae. members contain dauricine and other alkaloids
Menispermum: rod rostlin čeledi menispermaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují dauricin a další alkaloidy
Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome: an inherited disorder of copper metabolism transmitted as an x-linked trait and characterized by the infantile onset of hypothermia, feeding difficulties, hypotonia, seizures, bony deformities, pili torti (twisted hair), and severely impaired intellectual development. defective copper transport across plasma and endoplasmic reticulum membranes results in copper being unavailable for the synthesis of several copper containing enzymes, including protein-lysine 6-oxidase; ceruloplasmin; and superoxide dismutase. pathologic changes include defects in arterial elastin, neuronal loss, and gliosis. (from menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, p125)
Menkesova choroba: recesivně dědičná nemoc vázaná na x chromozom (xq13.3); narušen je metabolismus mědi. projevuje se neurodegenerativními změnami, křečovými záchvaty, mentálními poruchami apod. nápadné jsou vlnité vlasy, ale jsou změny i v dalších tkáních. mutován je gen pro transportní atpázu podobnou enzymu, jehož mutace způsobuje wilsonovu nemoc. prognóza je vesměs nepříznivá. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Menogaril: a semisynthetic anthracycline with the amino sugar on the d ring. it displays broad-spectrum antineoplastic activity against a variety of tumors
Menopause: the last menstrual period. permanent cessation of menses (menstruation) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of amenorrhea in a woman over 45 years of age. in the united states, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age
Menopause, Premature: the premature cessation of menses (menstruation) when the last menstrual period occurs in a woman under the age of 40. it is due to the depletion of ovarian follicles. premature menopause can be caused by diseases; ovariectomy; radiation; chemicals; and chromosomal abnormalities
Menotropins: extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. menotropins are used to treat infertility. the fsh:lh ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations
Menstrual Cycle: the period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (menstruation) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. the menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the hypothalamus; the pituitary gland; the ovaries; and the genital tract. the menstrual cycle is divided by ovulation into two phases. based on the endocrine status of the ovary, there is a follicular phase and a luteal phase. based on the response in the endometrium, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase
Menstruation: the periodic shedding of the endometrium and associated menstrual bleeding in the menstrual cycle of humans and primates. menstruation is due to the decline in circulating progesterone, and occurs at the late luteal phase when luteolysis of the corpus luteum takes place
Menstruation Disturbances: variations of menstruation which may be indicative of disease
Menstruation-Inducing Agents: chemical compounds that induce menstruation either through direct action on the reproductive organs or through indirect action by relieving another condition of which amenorrhea is a secondary result. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Mental Competency: the ability to understand the nature and effect of the act in which the individual is engaged. (from black's law dictionary, 6th ed)
Mental Disorders: psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function
Mental Fatigue: a condition of low alertness or cognitive impairment, usually associated with prolonged mental activities or stress
Mental Foramen: an opening on the anterolateral aspect of the mandible through which the mental nerve bundle and vessels exit
Mental Health Associations: voluntary organizations which support educational programs and research in psychiatry with the objective of the promotion of mental health. an early association in the united states was founded as the national committee for mental hygiene in 1909, became the mental health association in 1976 and later the national mental health association in 1980. state and local mental health associations in this country are chartered by the national organization and affiliated with it
Mental Health Recovery: recovery from mental disorders and/or substance abuse. the process of change in which individuals improve their mental health and wellness, live a self-directed life, and work to achieve their full potential
Mental Retardation, Autosomal Recessive 1: mutation in prss12
Mental Retardation, Autosomal Recessive 13: trappc9 mutations
Mental Retardation, Skeletal Dysplasia, and Abducens Palsy: an x-linked congenital disorder characterized by intellectual disability, abducens palsy, and skeletal abnormalities that affect the spine such as ridging of the metopic suture, fused cervical vertebrae, thoracic hemivertebrae, scoliosis, and sacral hypoplasia. omim: 309620
Mental Retardation, X-Linked 94: aka mrx94; mutations in gria3
Mental Retardation, X-Linked 95: aka mrx95; mutations in magt1
Mental Retardation, X-Linked, Syndromic 10: associated with hemizygous or heterozygous mutations in the hsd17b10 gene; omim: 300438
Mental Retardation, X-Linked, Syndromic 14: mutation in upf3b
Mental Retardation, X-Linked, Syndromic, Christianson Type: mutation in slc9a6
Mental Retardation, X-Linked, Syndromic, Jarid1c-Related: mutation in kdm5c, aka jarid1c
Mental Retardation, X-Linked, Syndromic, Turner Type: mutation in huwe1
Mental Retardation, X-Linked, Syndromic, Ube2a-Related: mutation in ube2a
Mental Retardation, X-Linked, Syp-Related: mutation in syp
Mental Retardation, X-Linked, with Epilepsy: mutation in atp6ap2
Mental Status Schedule: standardized clinical interview used to assess current psychopathology by scaling patient responses to the questions
Mental Status and Dementia Tests: tests designed to assess various aspects of neurocognitive function or dementia
Mental retardation Mietens Weber type: corneal opacity, nystagmus, flexion contracture of the elbows, growth failure, and mental retardation
Mental retardation X-linked syndromic 7: mental retardation, obesity, hypogonadism, and tapering fingers
Mentalization: the mental process by which an individual implicitly and explicitly interprets the actions of self and others as meaningful on the basis of intentional mental states such as personal desires, needs, feelings, beliefs, and reasons
Mentalization-Based Therapy: mentalization-based therapy (mbt) is a type of long-term psychotherapy that is based on the use of mentalization
Mentha: mentha is a genus of the mint family (lamiaceae). it is known for species having characteristic flavor and aroma
Mentha piperita: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae that is the source of peppermint oil
Mentha pulegium: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae that contains pulegone. do not confuse with 'american false pennyroyal' (hedeoma)
Mentoring: the art and practice of training, guiding, counseling, and providing support to a less experienced, trained, or knowledgeable person
Mentors: senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations
Mepartricin: polyene macrolide antibiotic with unknown composition. it is obtained from streptomyces aureofaciens. it is used as an antifungal agent, an antiprotozoal agent, and in the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy
Meperidine: a narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration
Mephentermine: a sympathomimetic agent with specificity for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. it is used to maintain blood pressure in hypotensive states such as following spinal anesthesia
Mephenytoin: an anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (epilepsy, tonic-clonic). it may cause blood dyscrasias
Mephitidae: skunkovití (mephitidae) jsou jednou z čeledí savců z řádu šelem (carnivora). praví skunkové (3 rody) se vyskytují pouze na americkém kontinentu a obývají různorodá prostředí. jsou to všežravci s výrazně černobíle zbarvenou srstí. pod ocasem mají pachové žlázy sloužící k obraně. člení se do 4 existujících a mnoha vyhynulých rodů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Mephitidae: the family of omnivorous new world skunks, showing typical warning coloration of patterned black and white and able to eject a malodorous secretion when the animal is startled or in danger
Mephobarbital: a barbiturate that is metabolized to phenobarbital. it has been used for similar purposes, especially in epilepsy, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over phenobarbital
Mepivacaine: a local anesthetic that is chemically related to bupivacaine but pharmacologically related to lidocaine. it is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (from ama drug evaluations, 1994, p168)
Meprobamate: a carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). it is used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, and also for the short-term management of insomnia but has largely been superseded by the benzodiazepines. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)
Meptazinol: a narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. it is used for the control of moderate to severe pain
Mercaptoethanol: a water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. it is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation
Mercaptoethylamines: ethylamines, including cysteamine, that contain a sulfhydryl group in their structure
Mercaptopurine: an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. it interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia
Mercenaria: a genus of hard-shelled clams in the family veneridae, class bivalvia, commonly called quahogs. they are found just below the surface in the subtidal or lower intertidal coastal waters
Mercenaria: rod mlžů čeledi veneridae, třídy bivalvia. vyskytují se v příbřežních vodách pod úrovní odlivu
Mercox: unsaturated polyester resin; used in resin injection-corrosion casts which are employed in electron microscopy
Mercuric Chloride: mercury chloride (hgcl2). a highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees c. it is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant
Mercury: a silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. it has the atomic symbol hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. it can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing
Mercury Isotopes: stable mercury atoms that have the same atomic number as the element mercury but differ in atomic weight. hg-196, 198-201, and 204 are stable mercury isotopes
Mercury Poisoning: poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of mercury or mercury compounds
Mercury Poisoning, Nervous System: neurologic disorders associated with exposure to inorganic and organic forms of mercury. acute intoxication may be associated with gastrointestinal disturbances, mental status changes, and paraparesis. chronic exposure to inorganic mercury usually occurs in industrial workers, and manifests as mental confusion, prominent behavioral changes (including psychosis), dyskinesias, and neuritis. alkyl mercury poisoning may occur through ingestion of contaminated seafood or grain, and its characteristic features include polyneuropathy; ataxia; vision loss; nystagmus, pathologic; and deafness. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1997, ch20, pp10-15)
Mercury Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of mercury that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. hg atoms with atomic weights 185-195, 197, 203, 205, and 206 are radioactive mercury isotopes
Mercury, Planet: the first planet in order from the sun. it has no known natural satellites. it is one of the four inner or terrestrial planets of the solar system
Meridians: classical loci in acupuncture. they are main and collateral channels, regarded as a network of passages, through which vital energy (qi) circulates and along which acupoints (acupuncture points) are distributed. the meridians are a series of 14 lines upon which more than 400 acupoints are located on the body. (the pinyin chinese-english dictionary, p. 359; dr. wu lancheng, academy of traditional chinese medicine, beijing)
Meristem: a group of plant cells that are capable of dividing infinitely and whose main function is the production of new growth at the growing tip of a root or stem. (from concise dictionary of biology, 1990)
Merkel Cells: modified epidermal cells located in the stratum basale. they are found mostly in areas where sensory perception is acute, such as the fingertips. merkel cells are closely associated with an expanded terminal bulb of an afferent myelinated nerve fiber. do not confuse with merkel's corpuscle which is a combination of a neuron and an epidermal cell
Merkel cell polyomavirus: a species of polyomavirus suspected to be the cause of most cases of merkel cell carcinoma, a rare but highly lethal form of skin cancer
Merkelovy buňky: buňky vyskytující se v hlubších částech pokožky. nejvíce se jich u člověka nachází v pokožce prstů, v ústech a v okolí vlasových kořínků. vzhledem připomínají keratinocyty (typické pokožkové buňky), ale v cytoplazmě mají malá granula (zrna) neznámého složení, možná obsahující neurotransmitery. merkelovy buňky vysílají do okolí výrazné výběžky a k pokožkovým buňkám se připojují pomocí speciálních buněčných spojení, tzv. dezmozomů. funkce merkelových buněk není zcela vyjasněna. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2018 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Merkelův nádor: trabekulární karcinom kůže; velmi vzácný značně maligní nádor neuroendokrinního charakteru vycházející z merkelových buněk. nádor z argyrofilních buněk podobných lymfocytům solidního nebo difuzního uspořádání. klinicky se projeví jako červenohnědý nebolestivý uzel různé konzistence s různou lokalizací. metastazuje lymfogenně, kromě excize a exstirpace uzlin se zkouší chemoterapie a ozařování, prognóza není příliš dobrá. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2014 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Merkelův polyomavirus: druh viru rodu polyomavirus, který je pravděpodobně hlavní příčinou onemocnění karcinomem z merkelových buněk (vzácná, vysoce letální forma rakoviny kůže)
Merkur: merkur je slunci nejbližší a současně i nejmenší planetou sluneční soustavy. merkur nemá žádný měsíc. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Merlob Grunebaum Reisner syndrome: familial opposable triphalangeal thumbs associated with duplication of the big toes
Mermithoidea: a superfamily of nematodes of the order enoplida. characteristics include a reduced alimentary tract and the presence of a trophosome. its organisms can be present in the human intestine through ingestion of unwashed or contaminated raw vegetables
Mermithoidea: nadčeleď hlístic řádu enoplida. k charakteristickým znakům patří redukovaný trávicí trakt a přítomnost trofozomu. tyto hlístice se mohou dostat do lidského střeva při konzumaci neumyté či kontaminované syrové zeleniny
Meropenem: a thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase i than imipenem, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as cilastatin. it is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients
Merozoite Surface Protein 1: a surface protein found on plasmodium species which induces a t-cell response. the antigen is polymorphic, sharing amino acid sequence homology among plasmodium falciparum; plasmodium chabaudi; plasmodium vivax; and plasmodium yoelii
Merozoites: uninuclear cells or a stage in the life cycle of sporozoan protozoa. merozoites, released from ruptured multinucleate schizonts, enter the blood stream and infect the erythrocytes
Merrifield resin: used as support for solid phase synthesis of thiol-terminated peptides
Mersalyl: a toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. it inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions
Mesalamine: an anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the salicylates, which is active in inflammatory bowel disease. it is considered to be the active moiety of sulphasalazine. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)
Mesangial Cells: smooth muscle-like cells adhering to the wall of the small blood vessels of the kidney at the glomerulus and along the vascular pole of the glomerulus in the juxtaglomerular apparatus. they are myofibroblasts with contractile and phagocytic properties. these cells and their mesangial extracellular matrix constitute the glomerular mesangium
Mescaline: hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of lophophora (formerly anhalonium) williamsii, a mexican cactus used in indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. it has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the native american church
Mesembryanthemum: a plant genus of the family aizoaceae. it is a native of africa and widely planted for erosion control to stabilize soil along roadsides and beaches
Mesembryanthemum: rod rostlin čeledi aizoaceae. původní v africe, pěstovaný podél silnic a pláží pro zpevnění půdy
Mesencephalon: the middle of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain. without further subdivision, midbrain develops into a short, constricted portion connecting the pons and the diencephalon. midbrain contains two major parts, the dorsal tectum mesencephali and the ventral tegmentum mesencephali, housing components of auditory, visual, and other sensorimoter systems
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation: transfer of mesenchymal stem cells between individuals within the same species (transplantation, homologous) or transfer within the same individual (transplantation, autologous)
Mesenchymal Stem Cells: mesenchymal stem cells, also referred to as multipotent stromal cells or mesenchymal stromal cells are multipotent, non-hematopoietic adult stem cells that are present in multiple tissues, including bone marrow; adipose tissue; and wharton jelly. mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into mesodermal lineages, such as adipocytic, osteocytic and chondrocytic
Mesenchymoma: a mixed mesenchymal tumor composed of two or more mesodermal cellular elements not commonly associated, not counting fibrous tissue as one of the elements. mesenchymomas are widely distributed in the body and about 75% are malignant. (dorland, 27th ed; holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed, p1866)
Mesenteric Arteries: arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines
Mesenteric Artery, Inferior: the artery supplying nearly all the left half of the transverse colon, the whole of the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the greater part of the rectum. it is smaller than the superior mesenteric artery (mesenteric artery, superior) and arises from the aorta above its bifurcation into the common iliac arteries
Mesenteric Artery, Superior: a large vessel supplying the whole length of the small intestine except the superior part of the duodenum. it also supplies the cecum and the ascending part of the colon and about half the transverse part of the colon. it arises from the anterior surface of the aorta below the celiac artery at the level of the first lumbar vertebra
Mesenteric Cyst: a rare intra-abdominal tumor in the mesentery. mesenteric cysts are usually benign and can be very large fluid-filled (2000 ml) lesions
Mesenteric Ischemia: ischemic tissue injury produced by insufficient perfusion of intestinal tissue by the mesenteric circulation (i.e., celiac artery; superior mesenteric artery; infererior mesenteric artery; and mesenteric veins). it can progress from ischemia; edema; and gangrene of the bowel wall to peritonitis and cardiovascular collapse
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion: obstruction of the flow in the splanchnic circulation by atherosclerosis; embolism; thrombosis; stenosis; trauma; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as periarteritis nodosa and thromboangiitis obliterans. (from juergens et al., peripheral vascular diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)
Mesenteric Veins: veins which return blood from the intestines; the inferior mesenteric vein empties into the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein to form the portal vein
Mesentery: a layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves
Mesial Movement of Teeth: migration of the teeth toward the midline or forward in the dental arch. (from boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed)
Mesna: a sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from antineoplastic agents, such as ifosfamide or cyclophosphamide
Mesocestoides: a genus of tapeworm, containing several species, found as adults in birds and mammals. the larvae or cysticercoid stage develop in invertebrates. human infection has been reported and is probably acquired from eating inadequately cooked meat of animals infected with the second larval stage known as the tetrahythridium
Mesocestoides: rod tasemnic z čeledi mesocestoididae. dospělé tasemnice mesocestoides parazitují ve střevech ptáků a psovitých, kočkovitých, vzácně i jiných savců, včetně člověka. vývojový cyklus jde přes dva mezihostitele. prvním jsou bezobratlí - např. roztoči. druhým mezihostitelem mohou být plazi, obojživelníci, ptáci či savci. v evropě je nejvýznamnějším druhým mezihostitelem drobný hlodavec. ojedinělé případy infekce u lidí byly způsobeny konzumací tepelně neupraveného masa. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Mesocolon: the fold of peritoneum by which the colon is attached to the posterior abdominal wall
Mesocricetus: a genus in the order rodentia and family cricetidae. one species, mesocricetus auratus or golden hamster is widely used in biomedical research
Mesoderm: the middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube
Mesolimbic System: one of the main brain dopaminergic circuits, which connects the midbrain with the limbic system, going from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens, connecting with other structures such as the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex
Mesomelia-synostoses syndrome: dominant mesomelic shortness of stature with acral synostoses, umbilical anomalies, and soft palate agenesis
Mesomycetozoea: a class of parasitic and saprophytic microorganisms whose origins can be traced near the animal-fungal divergence. members of the class are typically pathogens of fishes, but there are exceptions. there are two recognized orders: icthyophonida and dermocystida
Mesomycetozoea: třída jednobuněčných parazitů příbuzných živočichům, zpravidla jsou řazeni do polyfyletické skupiny choanozoa. jsou to většinou paraziti vodních obratlovců a bezobratlých. jako jiní parazité mají složité vývojové cykly, ty ale nejsou příliš známé, volně žijící vývojová stádia jsou buď bičíkovitá nebo měňavkovitá. zahrnuje dva řády: icthyophonida a dermocystida
Mesomycetozoea Infections: infections by mesomycetozoea, general or unspecified
Mesonephroma: a rare tumor of the female genital tract, most often the ovary, formerly considered to be derived from mesonephric rests. two varieties are recognized: (1) clear cell carcinoma, so called because of its histologic resemblance to renal cell carcinoma, and now considered to be of muellerian duct derivation and (2) an embryonal tumor (called also endodermal sinus tumor and yolk sac tumor), occurring chiefly in children. the latter variety may also arise in the testis. (dorland, 27th ed)
Mesonephros: one of a pair of excretory organs (mesonephroi) which grows caudally to the first pair (pronephroi) during development. mesonephroi are the permanent kidneys in adult amphibians and fish. in higher vertebrates, proneprhoi and most of mesonephroi degenerate with the appearance of metanephroi. the remaining ducts become wolffian ducts
Mesons: short-lived elementary particles found in cosmic radiation or produced from nuclear disintegration. their mass is between that of protons and electrons and they can be negative, positive, or neutral. pi-mesons (pions) are heavier than mu-mesons (muons) and are proposed for cancer radiotherapy because their capture and disintegration by matter produces powerful, but short-lived, secondary radiation
Mesophyll Cells: large and highly vacuolated cells possessing many chloroplasts occuring in the interior cross-section of leaves, juxtaposed between the epidermal layers
Mesopic Vision: the function of the eye that is used in the intermediate level of illumination (mesopic intensities) where both the retinal rod photoreceptors and the retinal cone photoreceptors are active in processing light input simultaneously
Mesoporphyrins: porphyrins with four methyl, two ethyl, and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings
Mesopotamia: ancient land between the tigris and euphrates rivers, corresponding to modern-day iraq and partly ne syria, se turkey and smaller parts of sw iran. it is considered to be the cradle of civilization in the west. bronze age mesopotamia included sumer and the akkadian, babylonian and assyrian empires (from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mesopotamia )
Mesorhizobium: a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria in the family phyllobacteriaceae. they are able to invade root-hairs of a wide range of plants, inciting the production of plant root nodules
Mesorhizobium: rod gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých bakterií čeledi phyllobacteriaceae. mohou proniknout do vlasových kořínků řady rostlin a vyvolat tvorbu kořenových hlízek
Mesoridazine: a phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to chlorpromazine
Mesothelin: an antigen present on the surface of certain types of normal cells and overexpressed in several human tumors, including ovarian cancer
Mesothelioma: a tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). it appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (dorland, 27th ed)
Mesothelioma, Cystic: a peritoneal mesothelioma affecting mainly young females and producing cysts of variable size and number lined by a single layer of benign mesothelial cells. the disease follows a benign course and is compatible with a normal life expectancy, requiring occasionally partial excision or decompression for relief of pain or other symptoms. malignant potential is exceptional. (from holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed, p1345)
Mesothelioma, Malignant: a type of mesothelioma with a tendency to metastasize. most tumors originate from either the pleura or peritoneum, tumors may also originate in the pericardium or testicular tissue. it is associated with asbestos exposure. somatic mutations identified in wt1, bcl10, cdkn2a, nf2, and bap1 genes are associated with the malignancy. omim: 156240
Mesotherapy: the application of medicine, vitamins, extracts, or other bioactive substances for a localized effect via multiple subcutaneous injections or perfusion of substances into the various layers of the skin below the epidermis
Mesterolone: 17 beta-hydroxy-1 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-androstan-3-one. a synthetic steroid with anabolic and androgenic activities
Mestranol: the 3-methyl ether of ethinyl estradiol. it must be demethylated to be biologically active. it is used as the estrogen component of many combination oral contraceptives
Meta-Analysis: works consisting of studies using a quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc. it is often an overview of clinical trials. it is usually called a meta-analysis by the author or sponsoring body and should be differentiated from reviews of literature
Meta-Analysis as Topic: a quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine
Meta-Research: a discipline designed to study research itself and its practices. to promote robust science, meta-research uses an interdisciplinary approach to examine research practices with the same scientific rigor given to other areas of scientific inquiry. the objective of this approach is to understand and improve how research is performed, communicated, verified, evaluated, and de-incentivized
Metabolic Clearance Rate: volume of biological fluid completely cleared of drug metabolites as measured in unit time. elimination occurs as a result of metabolic processes in the kidney, liver, saliva, sweat, intestine, heart, brain, or other site
Metabolic Detoxication, Phase I: functionalization of exogenous substances to prepare them for conjugation in phase ii detoxification. phase i enzymes include cytochrome p450 enzymes and some oxidoreductases. excess induction of phase i over phase ii detoxification leads to higher levels of free radicals that can induce cancer and other cell damage. induction or antagonism of phase i detoxication is the basis of a number of drug interactions
Metabolic Detoxication, Phase II: the conjugation of exogenous substances with various hydrophilic substituents to form water soluble products that are excretable in urine. phase ii modifications include glutathione conjugation; acylation; and amination. phase ii enzymes include glutathione transferase and glucuronosyltransferase. in a sense these reactions detoxify phase i reaction products
Metabolic Diseases: generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. it can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (metabolism, inborn errors) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (stedman, 26th ed)
Metabolic Engineering: methods and techniques used to genetically modify cells' biosynthetic product output and develop conditions for growing the cells as bioreactors
Metabolic Equivalent: a measurement of oxygen uptake in a sitting, resting person (resting oxygen consumption), varying with age, sex, race, and other factors. in normal adult men, one met is approximately 3.5 ml o2/kg/min of body weight. oxygen uptake during activities or work can be measured in mets which can be use to determine health status and exercise prescription
Metabolic Flux Analysis: measurement of cells' substrate utilization and biosynthetic output for modeling of metabolic networks
Metabolic Networks and Pathways: complex sets of enzymatic reactions connected to each other via their product and substrate metabolites
Metabolic Reprogramming: various cellular responses cells undergo in order to sustain energy production under cellular metabolic stress. oncogenic metabolic reprogramming is one of the hallmarks of cancer progression and metastasis
Metabolic Side Effects of Drugs and Substances: specific effects of drugs and substances on metabolic pathways such as those occurring through the cytochrome p-450 enzyme system. these include effects that often result in drug interactions; food-drug interactions; and herb-drug interactions
Metabolic Syndrome: a cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. the major components of metabolic syndrome include abdominal obesity; atherogenic dyslipidemia; hypertension; hyperglycemia; insulin resistance; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (thrombosis) state
Metabolism: the chemical reactions in living organisms by which energy is provided for vital processes and activities and new material is assimilated
Metabolism, Inborn Errors: errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero
Metabolome: the dynamic collection of metabolites which represent a cell's or organism's net metabolic response to current conditions
Metabolomics: the systematic identification and quantitation of all the metabolic products of a cell, tissue, organ, or organism under varying conditions. the metabolome of a cell or organism is a dynamic collection of metabolites which represent its net response to current conditions
Metacarpal Bones: the five cylindrical bones of the metacarpus, articulating with the carpal bones proximally and the phalanges of fingers distally
Metacarpophalangeal Joint: the articulation between a metacarpal bone and a phalanx
Metacercariae: encysted cercaria which house the intermediate stages of trematode parasites in tissues of an intermediate host
Metagenome: a collective genome representative of the many organisms, primarily microorganisms, existing in a community
Metal Ceramic Alloys: the fusion of ceramics (porcelain) to an alloy of two or more metals for use in restorative and prosthodontic dentistry. examples of metal alloys employed include cobalt-chromium, gold-palladium, gold-platinum-palladium, and nickel-based alloys
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Errors: dysfunctions in the metabolism of metals resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero
Metal Nanoparticles: nanoparticles produced from metals whose uses include biosensors, optics, and catalysts. in biomedical applications the particles frequently involve the noble metals, especially gold and silver
Metal Workers: craftspersons who take ordinary types of flat metal and make them into specialized products for various duct and ventilation systems, as well as architectural and specialized metal fabrication
Metal-Organic Frameworks: supramolecular networks that consist of ordered arrangements of organic electron donor linkers (usually ditopic or polytopic organic carboxylates) and metal cations. they can have an extremely high surface area and adjustable pore size that allows for the insertion of other molecules capable of various functions such as catalysis, capture of carbon dioxide, and drug delivery
Metal-on-Metal Joint Prostheses: types of prosthetic joints in which both wear surfaces of the joint coupling are metallic
Metallocenes: organometallic compounds that generally consist of two cylcopentadiene anions joined in their centers by a metallic cation such as nickel; iron; or titanium
Metallochaperones: a family of soluble metal binding proteins that are involved in the intracellular transport of specific metal ions and their transfer to the appropriate metalloprotein precursor
Metalloendopeptidases: endopeptidases which use a metal such as zinc in the catalytic mechanism
Metalloexopeptidases: exopeptidases which use a metal such as zinc in the catalytic mechanism
Metalloids: a class of nonmetals such as arsenic that have some of the chemical properties of a metal
Metalloporphyrins: porphyrins which are combined with a metal ion. the metal is bound equally to all four nitrogen atoms of the pyrrole rings. they possess characteristic absorption spectra which can be utilized for identification or quantitative estimation of porphyrins and porphyrin-bound compounds
Metalloproteases: proteases which use a metal, normally zinc, in the catalytic mechanism. this group of enzymes is inactivated by metal chelators
Metalloproteins: proteins that have one or more tightly bound metal ions forming part of their structure. (dorland, 28th ed)
Metallothionein: a low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kd) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. it is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals
Metallothionein 3: a metallothionein that exhibits neuroinhibitory activity and is involved in the repair of neuronal damage
Metallurgy: the science, art, or technology dealing with processes involved in the separation of metals from their ores, the technique of making or compounding the alloys, the techniques of working or heat-treating metals, and the mining of metals. it includes industrial metallurgy as well as metallurgical techniques employed in the preparation and working of metals used in dentistry, with special reference to orthodontic and prosthodontic appliances. (from jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p494)
Metals: electropositive chemical elements characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. they can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Metals, Alkali: metals that constitute group 1(formerly group ia) of the periodic table. they are the most strongly electropositive of the metals. note that hydrogen is not considered an alkali metal even though it falls under the group 1 heading in the periodic table
Metals, Alkaline Earth: metals that constitute the group 2 (formerly group iia) of the periodic table
Metals, Heavy: metals with high specific gravity, typically larger than 5. they have complex spectra, form colored salts and double salts, have a low electrode potential, are mainly amphoteric, yield weak bases and weak acids, and are oxidizing or reducing agents (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Metals, Light: metals with low specific gravity, typically smaller than 5, characterized by a single valence (1, 2, or 3), a simple spectrum, strong electromotive force (positive), and colorless compounds. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Metals, Rare Earth: a group of elements that include scandium; yttrium; and the lanthanoid series elements. historically, the rare earth metals got their name from the fact that they were never found in their pure elemental form, but as an oxide. in addition, they were very difficult to purify. they are not truly rare and comprise about 25% of the metals in the earth's crust
Metamorphosis, Biological: profound physical changes during maturation of living organisms from the immature forms to the adult forms, such as from tadpoles to frogs; caterpillars to butterflies
Metanephrine: product of epinephrine o-methylation. it is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine
Metaphase: the phase of cell nucleus division following prometaphase, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle apparatus prior to separation
Metaphor: the application of a concept to that which it is not literally the same but which suggests a resemblance and comparison. medical metaphors were widespread in ancient literature; the description of a sick body was often used by ancient writers to define a critical condition of the state, in which one corrupt part can ruin the entire system. (from med secoli arte sci, 1990;2(3):abstract 331)
Metaphyseal acroscyphodysplasia: cupped metaphyses and cone-shaped epiphyses of knees with brachydactyly
Metaphysics: the branch of philosophy that treats of first principles, including ontology (the nature of existence or being) and cosmology (the origin and structure of the universe). (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Metaplasia: a condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type
Metapneumovirus: a genus of the subfamily pneumovirinae, containing two members: turkey rhinotracheitis virus and a human metapneumovirus. virions lack hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
Metapneumovirus: rod virů podčeledi pneumovirinae, který má dva zástupce: virus rinotracheitidy krůt a lidský metapneumovirus. viriony nemají hemaglutininovou ani neuraminidázovou aktivitu
Metaproterenol: a beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and bronchial spasm
Metaraminol: a sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. it has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of hypotension
Metarhizium: a mitosporic fungal genus in the family clavicipitaceae. it has teleomorphs in the family nectriaceae. metarhizium anisopliae is used in pesticides
Metarhizium: rod mitosporických hub čeledi clavicipitaceae. teleomorfní stadia patří do čeledi nectriaceae. metarhizium anisopliae je součástí biologických insekticidů
Metastrongyloidea: a superfamily of nematodes of the order strongylida. characteristics include a fluid-filled outer layer of cuticle and a reduced mouth and bursa
Metastrongyloidea: nadčeleď hlístic řádu strongylida. k charakteristickým znakům patří tekutinou vyplněná vnější vrstva kutikuly a redukovaná ústa a burza
Metatarsal Bones: the five long bones of the metatarsus, articulating with the tarsal bones proximally and the phalanges of toes distally
Metatarsal Valgus: a foot anomaly in which the forefoot is angled outward relative to the hindfoot
Metatarsalgia: pain in the region of the metatarsus. it can include pain in the metatarsal bones; metatarsophalangeal joint; and/or intermetatarsal joints (tarsal joints)