NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
APOBEC Deaminases: a family of conserved cytidine deaminases that catalyze the deamination of cytidine to uridine. they are characterized by n and c-terminal zinc-dependent catalytic domains and have important functions in rna editing; epigentic processes; and the innate immune response against viruses
APOBEC-1 Deaminase: an apobec deaminase catalytic subunit of the apolipoprotein b (apob) messenger rna (mrna) editing enzyme complex that is involved in post-transcriptional editing of a caa codon for glycine to a uaa stop codon in the apob mrna. it also functions in cga (arginine) to uga stop codon editing of neurofibromin 1 mrna and epigenetic processes
APOBEC-3G Deaminase: an apobec deaminase that functions as an inhibitor of retroviridae replication and inhibits the mobility of retrotransposons via deaminase-dependent and independent mechanisms. it is selective for single-stranded dna and does not deaminate double-stranded dna or single or double-stranded rna. it exhibits potent antiviral activity against vif protein deficient hiv-1 through the creation of hypermutations in the viral dna. it also has anti-viral activity against simian immunodeficiency viruses and hepatitis b virus
APUD Cells: cells with the capacity to take up and decarboxylate the amine precursors dihydroxyphenylalanine or 5-hydroxytryptophan. this is a property of endocrine cells of neural and non-neural origin. apudoma is a general term collectively applied to tumors associated with apud cells
ARA-COP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above four cpds; used in the treatment of myelomatosis
AREA protein, Penicillium roqueforti: isolated from penicillum roqueforti; amino acid ; genbank aj001530
ARNTL Transcription Factors: basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh) domain-containing proteins that play important roles in circadian rhythm regulation. they combine with clock proteins to form heterodimeric transcription factors that are specific for e-box elements and stimulate the transcription of several e-box genes that are involved in cyclical regulation
ART technika: způsob léčby zubního kazu, který používá metodu ruční exkavace a jako materiál rychle tuhnoucí skloionomerní cement. protože je neinvazivní a nepotřebuje nákladné vybavení a anestezii, je podporován jako přístup na místech, kde zubní péče není snadno dostupné
AS resin: rn given refers to 2-propenenitrile,polymer with ethenylbenzene (9ci); mf unknown
AS03 adjuvant: tocopherol based oil in water emulsion used as immunologic adjuvant
ASHAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of diffuse large cell lymphoma
ASPA II: acts by interaction of al(3+) & ca(2+) ions with polyanions in polyacrylic acid & tartaric acid copolymer
ASPA IV: acts by interaction of al(3+) & ca(2+) ions with polyanions in polyacrylic acid & itaconic acid copolymer
ASTM F-75 implant alloy: a cobalt-base alloy for orthopedic implants
AT Rich Sequence: a nucleic acid sequence that contains an above average number of adenine and thymine bases
AT protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds that is used to treat metastatic breast cancer
AT-Hook Motifs: dna-binding motifs, first described in one of the hmga proteins: hmg-i(y) protein. they consist of positively charged sequences of nine amino acids centered on the invariant tripeptide glycine-arginine-proline. they act to fasten the protein to an at rich sequence in the dna
AT-hook motivy: dna vazebné motivy, poprvé popsané u proteinu hmga1a, jednoho z proteinů hmga. tyto motivy jsou tvořeny pozitivně nabitými sekvencemi devíti aminokyselin ve středu neměnného tripeptidu glycin-arginin-prolin. přichycují protein k at bohaté sekvenci v dna
ATA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in the therapy of relapsed and resistant acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia
ATM protein: skupina serin-threoninových kináz, které aktivují kritické signální kaskády u dvouřetězcových zlomů, apoptózy a genotoxického stresu, jako je ionizující ultrafialové záření a, a působí tak jako senzor poškození dna. tyto proteiny hrají roli v široké škále signálních mechanismů při řízení buněčného cyklu
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1: a superfamily of integral atp-binding cassette membrane proteins whose expression pattern is consistent with a role in lipid (cholesterol) efflux. it is implicated in tangier disease, characterized by accumulation of cholesteryl ester in various tissues
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily A: a large, highly conserved, subfamily of atp binding cassette transporters structurally characterized by a membrane-spanning domain composed of six alpha-helices, a large extracellular loop, nucleotide-binding domain, and a conserved cytoplasmic 80 amino acid sequence. in humans, it includes abca1(atp binding cassette transporter 1) through abca10, as well as abca12 and abca13
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily A, Member 4: an atp binding cassette sub-family a transporter that translocates 11-cis and all-trans isomers of n-retinylidene-phosphatidylethanolamine (retinoids) from the extracellular surface to the cytoplasmic membrane surface of retinal rod cells and retinal cone cells. mutations in the abca4 gene are associated with stargardt disease 1, a hereditary juvenile form of macular degeneration
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B: a subfamily of transmembrane proteins from the superfamily of atp-binding cassette transporters that are closely related in sequence to atp binding cassette transporter, subfamily b, member 1. when overexpressed, they function as atp-dependent efflux pumps able to extrude lipophilic drugs (especially antineoplastic agents) from cells, causing multidrug resistance (drug resistance, multiple). although atp binding cassette transporter, subfamily b share functional similarities to multidrug resistance-associated proteins they are two distinct subclasses of atp-binding cassette transporters, and have little sequence homology
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1: a 170-kda transmembrane glycoprotein from the superfamily of atp-binding cassette transporters. it serves as an atp-dependent efflux pump for a variety of chemicals, including many antineoplastic agents. overexpression of this glycoprotein is associated with multidrug resistance (see drug resistance, multiple)
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 11: atp-binding cassette, subfamily b, protein (p-glycoproteins) that functions in the atp-dependent secretion of bile salts into the bile canaliculi of hepatocytes. mutations in the abcb11 gene are associated with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis 2 (see cholestasis, intrahepatic)
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2: an atp-binding cassette, sub-family b protein (atp binding cassette transporter, subfamily b) that functions in the transport of antigens from the cytoplasm to the endoplasmic reticulum for association with histocompatibility antigens class i peptides. it also acts as a molecular scaffold for the final stage of mhc class i protein folding
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 3: atp-binding cassette, subfamily b, protein that functions in the transport of antigens from the cytoplasm to the endoplasmic reticulum for association with histocompatibility antigens class i peptides. it functions as a heterodimer with atp binding cassette transporter, subfamily b, member 2
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily D: a sub-family of atp-binding cassette transporters that localize to the membranes of peroxisomes; endoplasmic reticulum; and lysosomes. members contain a transmembrane domain in their n-terminal half and generally function as homodimers in the transport of lipids; bile acids; and vitamin b12. mutations in some abcd transporter genes are associated with peroxisomal disorders
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily D, Member 1: atp-binding cassette transporter that functions in the import of long chain (13-21 carbons) and very long chain fatty acids (> 22 carbons), or their acyl-coa-derivatives, into peroxisomes. mutations in the abcd1 gene are associated with the x-linked form of adrenoleukodystrophy
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G: a subfamily of atp binding cassette transporters that function primarily in the transport of lipids and sterols across the cell membrane. they also export urea and various drugs resulting in multidrug resistance. they are smaller than most other atp binding cassette proteins, consisting of six transmembrane alpha helices and a distinct n-terminal cytoplasmic atp-binding domain, and function as homo- or heterodimers with other abcg transporters
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1: atp binding cassette transporter that functions primarily as a lipid and cholesterol exporter in macrophages. it may also function in intracellular lipid transport and homoeostasis
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2: atp-binding cassette transporter, sub-family g protein that functions as a high capacity urea exporter, transporter of sterols, and in the absorption and efflux of many drugs. its efflux activity for antineoplastic agents contributes to drug resistance. it functions as a homodimer and is expressed by cells in a variety of organs, as well as by neoplastic stem cells
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5: atp binding cassette transporter, subfamily g protein that functions as a heterodimer with atp binding cassette transporter, subfamily g, member 8 in the selective transport of dietary cholesterol and phytosterols into and export out of enterocytes. it also functions in selective sterol excretion by the liver into bile
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 8: atp-binding cassette transporter, sub-family g protein that functions as a heterodimer with atp binding cassette transporter, subfamily g, member 5 in the selective transport of dietary cholesterol and phytosterols into and export out of enterocytes. it also functions in selective sterol excretion by the liver into bile
ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase: an enzyme that, in the presence of atp and coenzyme a, catalyzes the cleavage of citrate to yield acetyl coa, oxaloacetate, adp, and orthophosphate. this reaction represents an important step in fatty acid biosynthesis. this enzyme was formerly listed as ec 4.1.3.8
ATP Phosphoribosyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the pathway for histidine biosynthesis in salmonella typhimurium. atp reacts reversibly with 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate to yield n-1-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-atp and pyrophosphate. ec 2.4.2.17
ATP Synthetase Complexes: multisubunit enzyme complexes that synthesize adenosine triphosphate from energy sources such as ions traveling through channels
ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4: an atp-binding cassette, sub-family b protein that functions in translocating phosphatidylcholines from the inner to the outer leaflet of the canalicular membrane of the hepatocytes
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters: a family of membrane transport proteins that require atp hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. the protein family derives its name from the atp-binding domain found on the protein
ATP-Dependent Endopeptidases: endoproteases that contain proteolytic core domains and atpase-containing regulatory domains
ATP-Dependent Proteases: proteases that contain proteolytic core domains and atpase-containing regulatory domains. they are usually comprised of large multi-subunit assemblies. the domains can occur within a single peptide chain or on distinct subunits
ATP-citrát-(pro-S)-lyasa: enzym, který v přítomnosti atp a koenzymu a katalyzuje štěpení citrátu za vzniku acetyl-coa, oxaloacetátu, adp a orthofosfátu. tato reakce představuje důležitý krok v biosyntéze mastných kyselin. tento enzym byl dříve uváděn jako ec 4.1.3.8
ATP-fosforibosyltransferasa: enzym, který katalyzuje první krok biosyntézy histidinu u bakterie salmonella typhimurium. atp reverzibilně reaguje s 5-fosforibozyl-1-pyrofosfátem za vzniku n-1-(5'-fosforibozyl)-atp a pyrofosfátu. ec 2.4.2.17
ATP-synthetasa (komplexy): vícepodjednotkové enzymové komplexy, které syntetizují adenosintrifosfát ze zdrojů energie, jakými jsou například ionty procházející kanály
ATPase Inhibitory Protein: ca(2+) mg(2+)-atpase inhibitor found in membranes of mammalian erythrocytes
ATPases Associated with Diverse Cellular Activities: a large highly conserved family of atpases with diverse functions in cells that are characterized by the presence of a p-loop and a ring shape. they couple the energy generated by atp hydrolysis to remodeling or mechanical translocation of their target molecules
ATPasy přenášející arsenitany: efluxní pumpy, které využívají energii hydrolýzy atp k přečerpávání arsenitanu přes membránu. vyskytují se především v prokaryotických organismech, kde hrají roli v ochraně proti nadměrným intracelulárním hladinám arsenitanových iontů
ATPasy přenášející vápník přes plazmatickou membránu: atpázy přenášející vápník, které se nacházejí na plazmatické membráně a katalyzují aktivní transport vápníku z cytoplazmy do extracelulárního prostoru. hrají roli při udržování gradientu vápníku přes plazmatickou membránu
ATPasy transportující měď: atpázy typu p, které přenášejí ionty mědi přes membrány prokaryotických a eukaryotických buněk. ve svých transmembránových šroubovicích mají konzervovaný aminokyselinový motiv cystein-histidin-serin (cpx), který funguje při translokaci kationtů a katalytické aktivaci, a n-koncový motiv cxxc vázající měď, který reguluje aktivitu enzymu. prostřednictvím regulace příjmu, odtoku a ukládání měďnatých iontů hrají zásadní roli v intracelulární homeostáze mědi a dále v biosyntéze měďnatých proteinů
ATPasy typu P: vysoce konzervovaná rodina atpáz, které usnadňují transport lipidů a kationtů přes plazmatickou membránu. strukturně se jedná o podlouhlé alfa-helixy, které tvoří pět funkčně odlišných domén: tři cytoplazmatické domény a, n a p, které obsahují katalytická místa, a dvě transmembránové domény. doména n fosforyluje doménu p na invariantním aspartátovém zbytku, který je zase defosforylován doménou a. cykly fosforylace a defosforylace vedou ke konformačním změnám proteinu mezi dvěma stavy (e1 a e2), které umožňují substrátu přístup na druhou stranu membrány
ATPázy spojené s různými buněčnými aktivitami: velká, vysoce konzervovaná rodina atpáz s různými funkcemi v buňkách. vyznačují se přítomností p-smyčky a kruhovým tvarem. spojují energii generovanou hydrolýzou atp s remodelací nebo mechanickou translokací jejich cílových molekul
ATR-X syndrome: a hereditary x-linked syndrome that occurs almost exclusively in males and affects multiple organ systems. in addition to intellectual disability and mild alpha-thalassemia, affected individuals may have distinct facies, ear, nose, and mouth abnormalities, microcephaly; anemia; gastroesophageal reflux; constipation and urogenital abnormalities. mutations and duplications in the atrx gene have been identified. omim: 301040
AU Rich Elements: rna sequences composed of adenine nucleotides and uracil nucleotides, that are located in the 3'untranslated regions of messenger rna molecules that are rapidly degraded. they are also known as ares
AVBP protocol: chemotherapy protocol containing the above cpds; used in treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma patients
AVCF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of adriamycin, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil
AVI protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in the therapy of small cell lung carcinoma & high-risk sarcoma
AVM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of adriamycin, vinblastine & mitomycin c used as second-line chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer
AVPP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of multiple myeloma
AVV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of bone metastasis of breast neoplasms
AZ31B alloy: an alloy consisting of 2.89 al, 0.92 zn, 0.05 mn, 0.01 si, 0.002 cu, 0.001 ni, 0.004 fe, and balance mg
Aarskog Syndrome: an x-linked recessive disorder with wide phenotypic variability characterized by short stature, hypertelorism, shawl scrotum, and brachydactyly. other features, such as joint hyperextensibility, short nose, widow's peak, and inguinal hernia, may also occur. most patients do not have intellectual disability, but some may have neurobehavioral features. carrier females may present with subtle features. mutations in the fgd1 gene have been identified. omim: 305400. aarskog-like syndrome is a similar autosomal recessive disorder. omim: 227330
Abatacept: a fusion protein immunoconjugate of the extracellular domain of ctla4 and the fc domain of human igg1. it functions as a t-cell co-stimulation blocker that inhibits tnf-alpha and prevents the activation of t-lymphocytes. it is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Abbreviated Injury Scale: classification system for assessing impact injury severity developed and published by the american association for automotive medicine. it is the system of choice for coding single injuries and is the foundation for methods assessing multiple injuries or for assessing cumulative effects of more than one injury. these include maximum ais (mais), injury severity score (iss), and probability of death score (pods)
Abbreviations: works consisting of lists of shortened forms of written words or phrases used for brevity. acronyms are included here
Abciximab: a fab fragment of the chimeric monoclonal antibody 7e3 that binds to the glycoprotein iib-iiia receptor of human platelets, and blocks platelet glycoprotein gpiib-iiia complex, potently inhibiting platelet aggregation. it is used in treatment of refractory unstable angina, and for prevention of ischemic complications in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary procedures such as angioplasty; atherectomy; or stenting
Abdomen, Acute: a clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases
Abdominal Abscess: an abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Abdominal Cavity: the region in the abdomen extending from the thoracic diaphragm to the plane of the superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet). the abdominal cavity contains the peritoneum and abdominal viscera, as well as the extraperitoneal space which includes the retroperitoneal space
Abdominal Core: the torso region located deep within the abdominal area involved in attaching the torso to the spine and the pelvic floor. muscles in the abdominal core are important in postural balance, spine stability and protection against back injuries
Abdominal Fat: fatty tissue in the region of the abdomen. it includes the abdominal subcutaneous fat and the intra-abdominal fat
Abdominal Injuries: general or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity
Abdominal Muscles: muscles forming the abdominal wall including rectus abdominis; abdominal oblique muscles, transversus abdominis, pyramidalis muscles and quadratus abdominis
Abdominal Oblique Muscles: muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall consisting of the external oblique and the internal oblique muscles. the external abdominal oblique muscle fibers extend from lower thoracic ribs to the linea alba and the iliac crest. the internal abdominal oblique extend superomedially beneath the external oblique muscles
Abdominal Pain: sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region
Abdominal Wall: the outer margins of the abdomen, extending from the osteocartilaginous thoracic cage to the pelvis. though its major part is muscular, the abdominal wall consists of at least seven layers: the skin, subcutaneous fat, deep fascia; abdominal muscles, transversalis fascia, extraperitoneal fat, and the parietal peritoneum
Abdominal Wound Closure Techniques: methods to repair breaks in abdominal tissues caused by trauma or to close surgical incisions during abdominal surgery
Abdominal cystic lymphangioma: a rare congenital benign proliferation of lymph vessels in the abdomen that produce fluid-filled cysts (cystic lymphangioma) due to blockage of the lymphatic system
Abdominoplasty: surgical removal of excess abdominal skin and fat and tightening of the abdominal wall. abdominoplasty may include lipectomy of intra-abdominal fat, tightening of the abdominal muscles, and re-creation of the umbilicus
Abducens Nerve: the 6th cranial nerve which originates in the abducens nucleus of the pons and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the eye. damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control
Abducens Nerve Diseases: diseases of the sixth cranial (abducens) nerve or its nucleus in the pons. the nerve may be injured along its course in the pons, intracranially as it travels along the base of the brain, in the cavernous sinus, or at the level of superior orbital fissure or orbit. dysfunction of the nerve causes lateral rectus muscle weakness, resulting in horizontal diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is abducted and esotropia. common conditions associated with nerve injury include intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; ischemia; and infratentorial neoplasms
Abducens Nerve Injury: traumatic injury to the abducens, or sixth, cranial nerve. injury to this nerve results in lateral rectus muscle weakness or paralysis. the nerve may be damaged by closed or penetrating craniocerebral trauma or by facial trauma involving the orbit
Abducens Nucleus: a region in the pontine tegmentum that is the nucleus of the abducens nerve
Abelmoschus: a plant genus of the family malvaceae, order malvales, subclass dilleniidae, of which okra is best known example
Abelmoschus: rod rostlin z čeledi malvaceae, z řádu malvales, podtřídy dilleniidae, nejznámější z nich mají plody okra
Abelson murine leukemia virus: a replication-defective strain of murine leukemia virus (leukemia virus, murine) capable of transforming lymphoid cells and producing a rapidly progressing lymphoid leukemia after superinfection with friend murine leukemia virus; moloney murine leukemia virus; or rauscher virus
Aberrant Crypt Foci: clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. they are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma
Aberrant Motor Behavior in Dementia: aberrant motor behaviors leading to inappropriate or purposeless activities in people with dementia. aberrant motor behaviors in people with dementia include aggression, agitation, refusal to care and wandering
Aberrant subclavian artery: a rare vascular abnormality present from birth. it is usually asymptomatic but some cases may cause dysphagia, presenting as feeding difficulty or recurrent respiratory tract infections
Aberrometry: the use of an aberrometer to measure eye tissue imperfections or abnormalities based on the way light passes through the eye which affects the ability of the eye to focus properly
Abetalipoproteinemia: an autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism. it is caused by mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that catalyzes the transport of lipids (triglycerides; cholesterol esters; phospholipids) and is required in the secretion of beta-lipoproteins (low density lipoproteins or ldl). features include defective intestinal lipid absorption, very low serum cholesterol level, and near absent ldl
Abies: a plant genus in the family pinaceae, order pinales, class pinopsida, division coniferophyta. balm of gilead is a common example
Abietanes: a subclass of cyclical diterpenes that contain the abietane ring structure
Abiotrophia: a genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the family aerococcaceae
Abiotrophia: rod grampozitivních, fakultativně anaerobních bakterií z čeledi aerococcaceae
Abiraterone Acetate: an androstene derivative that inhibits steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase and is used as an antineoplastic agent in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer
Ablation Techniques: removal of tissue by vaporization, abrasion, or destruction. methods used include heating tissue by hot liquids or microwave thermal heating, freezing (cryoablation), chemical ablation, and photoablation with lasers
Ablepharon macrostomia syndrome: congenital ablepharon, absent eyelashes and eyebrows, wide mouth (macrostomia), and auricular, nasal, genital, and other systemic anomalies
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale: a rating scale that measures involuntary movements known as tardive dyskinesia
Abnormal Karyotype: a variation from the normal set of chromosomes characteristic of a species
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced: congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. the concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment
Abnormalities, Multiple: congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure
Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced: congenital changes in the morphology of organs produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation
Abnormalities, Severe Teratoid: marked developmental anomalies of a fetus or infant
Abomasum: the fourth stomach of ruminating animals. it is also called the true stomach. it is an elongated pear-shaped sac lying on the floor of the abdomen, on the right-hand side, and roughly between the seventh and twelfth ribs. it leads to the beginning of the small intestine. (from black's veterinary dictionary, 17th ed)
Aboridžinci a ostrovní národy v Torresově úžině: dvě skupiny domorodých obyvatel austrálie. patří sem aboridžinci a ostrovní národy v torresově úžině. jsou to dva odlišné národy se specifickou historií, jazyky, kulturními praktikami a duchovním přesvědčením
Aborted Fetus: a mammalian fetus expelled by induced abortion or spontaneous abortion
Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal: non-steroidal chemical compounds with abortifacient activity
Abortifacient Agents, Steroidal: steroidal compounds with abortifacient activity
Abortion, Incomplete: premature loss of pregnancy in which not all the products of conception have been expelled
Abortion, Induced: intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus by any of a number of techniques. (popline, 1978)
Abortion, Legal: termination of pregnancy under conditions allowed under local laws. (popline thesaurus, 1991)
Abortion, Missed: the retention in the uterus of a dead fetus two months or more after its death
Abortion, Septic: any type of abortion, induced or spontaneous, that is associated with infection of the uterus and its appendages. it is characterized by fever, uterine tenderness, and foul discharge
Abortion, Spontaneous: expulsion of the product of fertilization before completing the term of gestation and without deliberate interference
Abortion, Therapeutic: abortion induced to save the life or health of a pregnant woman. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Abortion, Threatened: uterine bleeding from a gestation of less than 20 weeks without any cervical dilatation. it is characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower back discomfort, or midline pelvic cramping and a risk factor for miscarriage
Abreaction: a process in psychotherapy in which the patient is desensitized to emotionally painful, often forgotten (repressed) memories by recalling and reacting to them in the safety of the treatment setting
Abrikosov's tumor: rare, usually benign, slow-growing tumors that may occur in the oral cavity, tongue, or genitourinary tract
Abrin: a toxic lectin from the seeds of jequirity, abrus precatorius l. very active poison. five different proteins have so far been isolated: abrus agglutinin, the component responsible for: hemagglutinating activity, & abrins a-d, the toxic principals each consisting of two peptide chains are held together by disulfide bonds
Abruptio Placentae: premature separation of the normally implanted placenta from the uterus. signs of varying degree of severity include uterine bleeding, uterine muscle hypertonia, and fetal distress or fetal death
Abrus: a plant genus of the family fabaceae whose members contain the highly toxic compound abrin
Abrus: rostlinný rod z čeledi bobovité (fabaceae), jehož semena obsahují vysoce toxickou sloučeninu abrin
Abscess: accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection
Abscisic Acid: abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits
Absence of Tibia: a rare autosomal recessive anomaly characterized by deficiency of the tibia with relatively intact fibula. it may present as an isolated anomaly or be associated with a variety of skeletal and extraskeletal malformations. tibial hemimelia may also constitute a part of a more complicated malformation complex or syndrome, such as the gollop-wolfgang complex (omim: 228250) and triphalangeal thumb-polysyndactyly syndrome (omim: 174500). omim: 275220
Absent corpus callosum cataract immunodeficiency: immunodeficiency with cleft lip/palate, cataract, hypopigmentation, and absent corpus callosum
Absent radii and thrombocytopenia: a hereditary disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia and absence of the radius. however, in contrast to similar disorders like fanconi anemia, the thumb is preserved. individuals have low numbers of megakaryocytes and frequently present with bleeding episodes in the first year of life that diminish in frequency and severity with age. the severity of skeletal anomalies varies from absence of radii to virtual absence of upper limbs, with or without lower limb defects. this disorder is caused by a combination of null mutation of the rbm8a gene through deletion on one copy of chromosome 1q21.1 and 1 of 2 low-frequency noncoding single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in rbm8a on the other. omim: 274000
Absidia: a genus of zygomycetous fungi, family mucoraceae, order mucorales, which sometimes causes infection in humans
Absidia: rod patřící do třídy zygomycet (spájivých hub), čeledi mucoraceae - plísňovité, řádu mucorales - plísňotvaré, který může způsobit infekci u lidí
Absinthe: an extract of absinthium and other bitter herbs, containing 60% alcohol. prolonged ingestion causes nervousness, convulsions, trismus, amblyopia, optic neuritis, and mental deterioration. (dorland, 27th ed)
Absorbable Implants: implants constructed of materials designed to be absorbed by the body without producing an immune response. they are usually composed of plastics and are frequently used in orthopedics and orthodontics
Absorbent Pads: pads made of various materials used for personal hygiene usually for absorbing urine or feces. they can be worn as underpants or pants liners by various age groups, from newborns to the elderly. absorbent pads can be made of fluff wood pulp and hydrogel absorbent covered with viscose rayon, polyester, polypropylene, or polyethylene coverstock
Absorptiometry, Photon: a noninvasive method for assessing body composition. it is based on the differential absorption of x-rays (or gamma rays) by different tissues such as bone, fat and other soft tissues. the source of (x-ray or gamma-ray) photon beam is generated either from radioisotopes such as gadolinium 153, iodine 125, or americanium 241 which emit gamma rays in the appropriate range; or from an x-ray tube which produces x-rays in the desired range. it is primarily used for quantitating bone mineral content, especially for the diagnosis of osteoporosis, and also in measuring bone mineralization
Absorption: the physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy
Absorption, Physicochemical: the physical process of passing into, or being taken up or taken in by a substance
Absorption, Physiological: uptake of substances by the body, tissues, or cells. the uptake may occur by various forms of biological transport or by simple diffusion
Abstracting and Indexing: works about activities performed to identify concepts and aspects of published information and research reports
Abstracts: works consisting of lists of publications on a subject and that provide full annotated bibliographical information together with substantive summaries or condensations of the facts, ideas, or opinions presented in each publication listed. (from lc subject cataloging manual)
Abuse-Deterrent Formulations: drug formulations or delivery systems intended to discourage the abuse of controlled substances. these may include physical barriers to prevent chewing or crushing the drug; chemical barriers that prevent extraction of psychoactive ingredients; agonist-antagonist combinations to reduce euphoria associated with abuse; aversion, where controlled substances are combined with others that will produce an unpleasant effect if the patient manipulates the dosage form or exceeds the recommended dose; delivery systems that are resistant to abuse such as implants; or combinations of these methods
AcFuCy protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used for treatment of carcinomas & adenocarcinomas in dogs
Acacia: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. the gums and tanning agents obtained from acacia are called gum arabic. the common name catechu is more often used for areca catechu (areca)
Academic Dissertations as Topic: works about substantial papers written by candidates for an academic degree under the individual direction of a professor or papers written by undergraduates desirous of achieving honors or distinction
Academic Failure: student's unsuccessful attempt at academic achievement or a marked inadequacy in the areas of scholarship or study. this is not underachievement which is performance, usually in school work, poorer than that predicted from aptitude and/or intelligence testing
Academic Medical Centers: medical complexes consisting of medical school, hospitals, clinics, libraries, administrative facilities, etc
Academic Success: level of engagement in educationally purposeful activities, satisfaction, acquisition of desired knowledge, skills, and competencies, persistence and attainment of educational outcomes
Academies and Institutes: organizations representing specialized fields which are accepted as authoritative; may be non-governmental, university or an independent research organization, e.g., national academy of sciences, brookings institution, etc
Acalculous Cholecystitis: inflammation of the gallbladder wall in the absence of gallstones
Acalvaria: congenital malformations characterized by the absence of calvarial bones in the presence of a normal skull base and facial bones with generally complete cranial contents
Acalypha: nettle-like plants in the subfamily acalyphoideae. acalypha is the largest genus in the euphorbiaceae family
Acalypha: rostlina podobná kopřivě z podčeledi acalyphoideae. acalypha je největší rod z čeledi pryšcovitých (euphorbiaceae)
Acamprosate: structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with alcoholism
Acanthaceae: a plant family of the order lamiales. it is characterized by simple leaves in opposite pairs, cystoliths (enlarged cells containing crystals of calcium carbonate), and bilaterally symmetrical and bisexual flowers that are usually crowded together. the common name for ruellia of wild petunia is easily confused with petunia
Acanthaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu lamiales - hluchavkotvaré. je charakteristická jednoduchými vstřícnými listy, cystolity (zvětšené buňky v pokožce obsahují krystaly uhličitanu vápenatého), květenství jsou často hustá, s nápadnými a někdy i barevnými listeny podpírajícími květy. v květeně čr není čeleď zastoupena
Acanthamoeba: a genus of free-living soil amoebae that produces no flagellate stage. its organisms are pathogens for several infections in humans and have been found in the eye, bone, brain, and respiratory tract
Acanthamoeba: volně žijící jednobuněčný organismus (améba) vytvářející cysty. žije ve vodě a v půdě, zahrnuje několik druhů. způsobuje infekce cns (encefalitidu, srov. gae, akantamébóza) a amébovou keratitidu. u infekcí cns jsou postiženi obv. oslabení jedinci. diagnostika může být přímá (mikroskopie, kultivace) i nepřímá (sérologická). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Acanthamoeba Keratitis: infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness
Acanthamoeba castellanii: a species of free-living soil amoebae in the family acanthamoebidae. it can cause encephalitis and keratitis in humans
Acanthamoeba castellanii: druh volně žijící půdní améby z čeledi acanthamoebidae. může způsobit encefalitidu a keratitidu u lidí
Acanthocephala: a phylum of parasitic worms, closely related to tapeworms and containing two genera: moniliformis, which sometimes infects man, and macracanthorhynchus, which infects swine
Acanthocephala: kmen parazitických červů, příbuzný s tasemnicemi. obsahuje dva rody: moniliformis, který někdy infikuje člověka, a macracanthorhynchus, který infikuje prasata
Acanthocheilonema: a common genus of tropical filarial worms parasitic in humans and monkeys
Acanthocheilonema: rod běžných tropických hlístic parazitujících na opicích a člověku
Acanthocheilonemiasis: a tropical infectious disease found mainly in africa that is caused by the filarial parasite acanthocheilonema. symptoms include skin rashes, abdominal, chest, muscle, and joint pains, neurologic disorders, skin lumps, and elevated levels of white blood cells. the parasite is transmitted through the bite of small flies
Acanthocytes: erythrocytes with protoplasmic projections giving the cell a thorny appearance
Acantholysis: separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. it is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and darier disease
Acanthopanax gracilistylus, extract: markedly suppressed the proliferative responses of human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with mitogens concanavalin a (con a) and staphylococcus aureus
Acanthopodina: a suborder of ameboid protozoa. characteristics include subpseudopodia that are more or less finely tipped, occasionally filiform, commonly furcate hyaline, and produced from a broad hyaline lobe. cysts are usually formed and nuclear division is mesomitotic or metamitotic
Acanthopodina: podřád améboidních prvoků. k charakteristickým znakům patří subpseudopodia. zpravidla tvoří cysty a jaderné dělení je mezomitotické nebo metamitotické
Acanthosis Nigricans: a circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. it occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder
Acanthosis nigricans muscle cramps acral enlargement: familial insulin resistance with acanthosis nigricans, acral hypertrophy, and muscle cramps
Acarbose: an inhibitor of alpha-glucosidases that retards the digestion and absorption of dietary carbohydrates in the small intestine
Acari: a large, subclass of arachnids comprising the mites and ticks, including parasites of plants, animals, and humans, as well as several important disease vectors
Acari: velká podtřída (infratřída) pavoukovců zahrnující roztoče a klíšťata, včetně parazitů rostlin, zvířat a lidí, a také i několik vektorů závažných onemocnění. na území česka se vyskytují čtyři podřády: čmelíkovci (mesostigmata), klíšťatovci (metastigmata), sametkovci (prostigmata), zákožkovci (astigmata). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Acaricides: a pesticide or chemical agent that kills mites and ticks. this is a large class that includes carbamates, formamides, organochlorines, organophosphates, etc, that act as antibiotics or growth regulators
Acaridae: family of mites, in the superfamily acaroidea, order astigmata. they are frequently found in cereal-based foodstuffs including grain and flour
Acaridae: čeleď roztočů, v nadčeledi acaroidea, řádu astigmata (zákožkovci). často se vyskytují v potravinách vyrobených z obilovin i z obilí a mouky
Acatalasia: a rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present
Acca: rod rostlin čeledi myrtaceae. nejvýznamnějším zástupcem je aka jedlá, poskytující ovoce známé jako fejchoa. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm: a type of automatic, not reentrant, ectopic ventricular rhythm with episodes lasting from a few seconds to a minute which usually occurs in patients with acute myocardial infarction or with digitalis toxicity. the ventricular rate is faster than normal but slower than tachycardia, with an upper limit of 100 -120 beats per minute. suppressive therapy is rarely necessary
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: contextually focused form of cognitive behavioral psychotherapy that uses mindfulness and behavioral activation to increase patients' psychological flexibility in areas such as ability to engage in values-based, positive behaviors while experiencing difficult thoughts, emotions, or sensations
Access to Healthy Foods: convenient availability to affordable foods that support healthy eating patterns. access may be limited due to having a limited income or living far away from sources of healthful and affordable food
Access to Primary Care: the degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive primary care
Accessory Atrioventricular Bundle: extra impulse-conducting tissue in the heart that creates abnormal impulse-conducting connections between heart atria and heart ventricles
Accessory Nerve: the 11th cranial nerve which originates from neurons in the medulla and in the cervical spinal cord. it has a cranial root, which joins the vagus nerve (10th cranial) and sends motor fibers to the muscles of the larynx, and a spinal root, which sends motor fibers to the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles
Accessory Nerve Diseases: diseases of the eleventh cranial (spinal accessory) nerve. this nerve originates from motor neurons in the lower medulla (accessory portion of nerve) and upper spinal cord (spinal portion of nerve). the two components of the nerve join and exit the skull via the jugular foramen, innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, which become weak or paralyzed if the nerve is injured. the nerve is commonly involved in motor neuron disease, and may be injured by trauma to the posterior triangle of the neck
Accessory Nerve Injuries: traumatic injuries to the accessory nerve. damage to the nerve may produce weakness in head rotation and shoulder elevation
Accessory navicular bone: a prominence on the medial side of the foot caused by an accesory navicular bone. this abnormality occurs in about 5% of the population and inheritance is autosomal dominant. omim: 161600
Accessory pancreas: a condition where populations of pancreatic cells exist separately from the pancreas in the intestines, or occasionally, in the wall of the stomach, ileum, gallbladder or spleen
Accident Prevention: efforts and designs to reduce the incidence of unexpected undesirable events in various environments and situations
Accident Proneness: tendency toward involvement in accidents. implies certain personality characteristics which predispose to accidents
Accidental Injuries: injuries resulting from events or circumstances that are unforeseen, unplanned, unanticipated, and without premeditation
Accidents, Occupational: unforeseen occurrences, especially injuries in the course of work-related activities
Accidents, Traffic: accidents on streets, roads, and highways involving drivers, passengers, pedestrians, or vehicles. traffic accidents refer to automobiles (passenger cars, buses, and trucks), bicycling, and motorcycles but not off-road motor vehicles; railroads nor snowmobiles
Accipitridae: početná skupina dravců čeledi accipitridae (jestřábovití) zahrnující například rody aquila, haliaeetus, harpia a circaetus. mají mohutné drápy
Accommodation, Ocular: the dioptric adjustment of the eye (to attain maximal sharpness of retinal imagery for an object of regard) referring to the ability, to the mechanism, or to the process. ocular accommodation is the effecting of refractive changes by changes in the shape of the crystalline lens. loosely, it refers to ocular adjustments for vision, ocular at various distances. (cline et al., dictionary of visual science, 4th ed)
Account Book: book in which personal or commercial accounts of financial transactions are recorded. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Accountable Care Organizations: organizations of health care providers that agree to be accountable for the quality, cost, and overall care of medicare beneficiaries who are enrolled in the traditional fee-for-service program who are assigned to it. assigned means those beneficiaries for whom the professionals in the organization provide the bulk of primary care services. (www.cms.gov/officeoflegislation/downloads/accountable careorganization.pdf accessed 03/16/2011)
Accounts Payable and Receivable: short-term debt obligations and assets occurring in the regular course of operational transactions
Accreditation: certification as complying with a standard set by non-governmental organizations, applied for by institutions, programs, and facilities on a voluntary basis
Acculturation: process of cultural change in which one group or members of a group assimilate various cultural patterns from another
Acebutolol: a cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. the drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action
Acecainide: a major metabolite of procainamide. its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure
Acedapsone: acetylated sulfone that is slowly metabolized to give long-term, low blood levels of dapsone. it has antimicrobial and antimalarial action, but is mainly used as a depot leprostatic agent
Acenaphthenes: tricyclic ethylene-bridged naphthalene derivatives. they are found in petroleum residues and coal tar and used as dye intermediates, in the manufacture of plastics, and in insecticides and fungicides
Acenocoumarol: a coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. its actions and uses are similar to those of warfarin. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233)
Acepromazine: a phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of psychoses
Acer: a plant genus of the family sapindaceae, best known for trees with palmately lobed leaves
Acer: rod stromů z čeledi sapindaceae - mýdelníkovité. jsou to opadavé popřípadě stálezelené stromy. listy mají vstřícné, jednoduché a většinou různě hluboko laločnaté. květy jsou uspořádány do hroznů, lat nebo chocholíků. plody jsou dvojnažky se dvěma různě velkými a různě postavenými křídly. každá nažka obsahuje oříšek s 1 - 2 semeny. (upraveno podle: biolib, 2019 https://www.biolib.cz)
Aceraceae: a plant family of the order sapindales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida. leaves are opposite and usually toothed or lobed. the fruit, a samara (a winged nutlet), splits into two (rarely three) winged, one-seeded parts. this family is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere
Acetabularia: rod zelených řas z třídy dasycladophyceae nacházejících se ve středozemním a ostatních teplých mořích
Acetabulum: the part of the pelvis that comprises the pelvic socket where the head of femur joins to form hip joint (acetabulofemoral joint)
Acetaldehyde: a colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. it is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. it has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis
Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase Inhibitors: compounds that bind to and inhibit the enzymatic activity of acetaldehyde dehydrogenases
Acetals: diethers with the structure -c(or'')(or'''), where r'' and r''' are not hydrogen. mixed acetals have r'' and r''' groups which differ