NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
National Library of Medicine (U.S.): an agency of the national institutes of health concerned with overall planning, promoting, and administering programs pertaining to advancement of medical and related sciences. major activities of this institute include the collection, dissemination, and exchange of information important to the progress of medicine and health, research in medical informatics and support for medical library development
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health: longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of adolescents in grades 7-12 in the united states during the 1994-95 school year. the add health cohort has been followed into young adulthood. (from http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth accessed 08/2012)
National Practitioner Data Bank: a databank established by the health care quality improvement act of 1986 authorizing the department of health and human services to collect and release information on the professional competence and conduct of physicians, dentists, nurses, and other health care practitioners. the data include adverse actions on physicians' malpractice, licensure, hospital privileges, concealing of pertinent information, and the like
National Program of Cancer Registries: a unit of the united states centers for disease control and prevention that supports the collection of high-quality data on cancer occurrence (including the type, extent, and location of the cancer), the type of initial treatment, and outcomes
National Socialism: the doctrines and policies of the nazis or the national social german workers party, which ruled germany under adolf hitler from 1933-1945. these doctrines and policies included racist nationalism, expansionism, and state control of the economy. (from columbia encyclopedia, 6th ed. and american heritage college dictionary, 3d ed.)
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander: a person having origins in any of the original peoples of hawaii, guam, samoa, or other pacific islands (https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1997/10/30/97-28653/revisions-to-the-standards-for-the-classification-of-federal-data-on-race-and-ethnicity). in the united states it is used for classification of federal government data on race and ethnicity. race and ethnicity terms are self-identified social construct and may include terms outdated and offensive in mesh to assist users who are interested in retrieving comprehensive search results for studies such as in longitudinal studies
Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis: polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under conditions in which the components, such as proteins, being separated can remain in their naturally folded state
Natriuretic Agents: endogenous or exogenous chemicals that regulate the water-electrolyte balance in the body. they consist of peptides and non-peptide compounds
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: a peptide that is secreted by the brain and the heart atria, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular myocardium. it can cause natriuresis; diuresis; vasodilation; and inhibits secretion of renin and aldosterone. it improves heart function. it contains 32 amino acids
Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: a peptide of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of vascular endothelium. it is also found in the brain, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. it shares structural homology with atrial natriuretic factor. it has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified
Natriuretic Peptides: peptides that regulate the water-electrolyte balance in the body, also known as natriuretic peptide hormones. several have been sequenced (atrial natriuretic factor; brain natriuretic peptide; c-type natriuretic peptide)
Natronobacterium: a genus of rod-shaped, extremely halophilic halobacteriaceae which grows in alkaline conditions. they are strictly aerobic and some strains are motile. natronobacterium is found in soda lakes, alkaline salterns, and soda soils
Natronobacterium: rod tyčinkovitých, extrémně halofilních archeí čeledi halobacteriaceae. rostou v zásaditém prostředí, jsou striktně aerobní a některé kmeny jsou pohyblivé. vyskytují se v sodných jezerech, alkalických solivarech a sodných půdách
Natronococcus: a genus of coccoid, extremely halophilic halobacteriaceae which grows in alkaline conditions. they are nonmotile and strictly aerobic and are found in soda lakes, alkaline salterns, and soda soils
Natronococcus: rod kokoidních, extrémně halofilních archeí čeledi halobacteriaceae. rostou v zásaditém prostředí, jsou nepohyblivá a striktně aerobní. vyskytují se v sodných jezerech, alkalických solivarech a sodných půdách
Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1: a 46-kd stimulatory receptor found on resting and activated natural killer cells. it has specificity for viral hemagglutinins that are expressed on infected cells
Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 2: a 44-kd stimulatory receptor found on activated natural killer cells. it has specificity for viral hemagglutinins that are expressed on infected cells
Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 3: a 30 kda stimulatory receptor found on resting and activated natural killer cells
Natural Disasters: disasters linked to natural hazards including widespread fires, floods, storms, earthquakes and drought.these events may result in significant damage and loss of lives
Natural Family Planning Methods: a class of natural contraceptive methods in which sexual abstinence is practiced a few days before and after the estimated day of ovulation, during the fertile phase. methods for determining the fertile period or ovulation detection are based on various physiological indicators, such as circulating hormones, changes in cervical mucus (cervix mucus), and the basal body temperature
Natural Gas: a combustible, gaseous mixture of low-molecular weight paraffin hydrocarbons, generated below the surface of the earth. it contains mostly methane and ethane with small amounts of propane; butanes; and higher hydrocarbons, and sometimes nitrogen; carbon dioxide; hydrogen sulfide; and helium. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Natural History: a former branch of knowledge embracing the study, description, and classification of natural objects (as animals, plants, and minerals) and thus including the modern sciences of zoology, botany, and mineralogy insofar as they existed at that time. in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries it was much used for the generalized pursuit of certain areas of science. (webster, 3d ed; from dr. james h. cassedy, nlm history of medicine division)
Natural Killer T-Cells: a specialized subset of t-lymphocytes that exhibit features of innate immunity similar to that of natural killer cells. they are reactive to glycolipids presented in the context of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i-like molecule, cd1d antigen
Natural Language Processing: computer processing of a language with rules that reflect and describe current usage rather than prescribed usage
Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery: surgical procedures performed through a natural opening in the body such as the mouth, nose, urethra, or anus, and along the natural body cavities with which they are continuous
Natural Resources: materials or substances such as land, timber, fresh water, fossil fuels, or mineral deposits that occur in a natural state and have economic value or usefulness to humans
Nature: the system of all phenomena in space and time; the totality of physical reality. it is both a scientific and philosophic concept appearing in all historic eras. (webster 2d; dr. james h. cassedy, nlm history of medicine division)
Naturopathy: a drugless system of therapy, making use of physical forces such as air, light, water, heat, massage. treatments are often diet- and nutrition-oriented with attention given to the patient's personal history and lifestyle. (from cassileth, alternative medicine handbook, 1998, p329)
Nausea: an unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses
Nautilus: jediný žijící rod hlavonožců čeledi nautilidae, order nautilida. jeho zástupci mají spirálovitě zatočené schránky, které jsou rozdělené přepážkami na komůrky
Nautilus: the sole genus in the family nautilidae, order nautilida, comprised of cephalopods with spiral external shells that are separated into chambers
Navahové: indiánský kmen pocházející z athabaské (na-dené) jazykové rodiny a žijící v jihozápadní části usa. většina indiánů tohoto kmene žije ve vlastní rezervaci nazvané navajo nation. jsou druhou nejpočetnější etnickou skupinou (po kmenu čerokí) mezi původními obyvateli spojených států. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Navajo People: southern athabaskan-speaking native american people generally associated with the southwestern states. navajo nation is the largest native american territory in the united states
Naxos disease: a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder that combines palmoplantar keratoderma and other ectodermal features with cardiac disorders suggesting arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (omim: 107970). it was first reported in families on the greek island of naxos. mutations in the jup gene have been identified. omim: 601214
Neanderthals: common name for an extinct species of the homo genus. fossils have been found in europe and asia. genetic evidence suggests that limited interbreeding with modern humans (homo sapiens) took place
Near Drowning: non-fatal immersion or submersion in water. the subject is resuscitable
Nebivolol: a cardioselective adrenergic beta-1 receptor antagonist (beta-blocker) that functions as a vasodilator through the endothelial l-arginine/ nitric oxide system. it is used to manage hypertension and chronic heart failure in elderly patients
Nebramycin: a complex of antibiotic substances produced by streptomyces tenebrarius
Nebraska: nebraska hraničí na severu s jižní dakotou, na východě s iowou, na jihovýchodě s missouri, na jihu s kansasem, na jihozápadě s coloradem a na západě s wyomingem. hlavní město je lincoln
Nebraska: state bounded on the north by south dakota, on the east by iowa and missouri, on the south by kansas and colorado, and on the west by colorado and wyoming
Nebulizers and Vaporizers: devices that cause a liquid or solid to be converted into an aerosol (spray) or a vapor. it is used in drug administration by inhalation, humidification of ambient air, and in certain analytical instruments
Necator: a genus of intestinal parasite worms which includes one of the most important hookworms of man, necator americanus. the only other known species, n. suillus, has been recovered from pigs
Necator: rod střevních parazitických hlístic, kam patří významný parazit člověka, necator americanus. dalším druhem je n. suillus, který parazituje v těle prasat
Necator americanus: a common parasite of humans in the moist tropics and subtropics. these organisms attach to villi in the small intestine and suck blood causing diarrhea, anorexia, and anemia
Necator americanus: druh parazitických hlístic člověka, který se běžně vyskytuje ve vlhkých tropech a subtropech. přichycuje se ke klkům tenkého střeva, odkud saje krev. způsobuje průjmy, anorexii a anemii
Necatoriasis: infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus necator. the resulting anemia from this condition is less severe than that from ancylostomiasis
Neck Dissection: dissection in the neck to remove all disease tissues including cervical lymph nodes and to leave an adequate margin of normal tissue. this type of surgery is usually used in tumors or cervical metastases in the head and neck. the prototype of neck dissection is the radical neck dissection described by crile in 1906
Neck Injuries: general or unspecified injuries to the neck. it includes injuries to the skin, muscles, and other soft tissues of the neck
Neck Muscles: the neck muscles consist of the platysma, splenius cervicis, sternocleidomastoid(eus), longus colli, the anterior, medius, and posterior scalenes, digastric(us), stylohyoid(eus), mylohyoid(eus), geniohyoid(eus), sternohyoid(eus), omohyoid(eus), sternothyroid(eus), and thyrohyoid(eus)
Neck Pain: discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. this term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck
Necrobiosis Lipoidica: a degenerative disease of the dermal connective tissue characterized by the development of erythematous papules or nodules in the pretibial area. the papules form plaques covered with telangiectatic vessels. more than half of the affected patients have diabetes
Necrobiotic Disorders: a group of disorders characterized by swelling, basophilia, and distortion of collagen bundles in the dermis
Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma: a cutaneous necrobiotic disorder characterized by firm, yellow plaques or nodules, often in a periorbital distribution. it is often accompanied by an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate; leukopenia; and monoclonal gammopathy (igg-kappa type) and systemic involvement
Necrolytic Migratory Erythema: recurrent cutaneous manifestation of glucagonoma characterized by necrolytic polycyclic migratory lesions with scaling borders. it is associated with elevated secretion of glucagon by the tumor. other conditions with elevated serum glucagon levels such as hepatic cirrhosis may also result in similar skin lesions, which are referred to as pseudoglucagonoma syndrome
Necroptosis: a form of regulated cell death initiated by perturbations of extracellular or intracellular homeostasis that trigger a specific cell death pathway involving the activation of ripk3 and mlkl (mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase). morphological changes include cytoplasmic and organellar swelling, rupture of the plasma membrane, and chromatin condensation
Necrosis: the death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply
Nectins: a family of calcium-independent cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily. they are expressed by most cell types and mediate both homotypic and heterotypic cell-cell adhesion. nectins function in a variety of morphogenetic and developmental processes that include organogenesis of the eye, ear, tooth, and cerebral cortex; they also play roles in viral infection and cell proliferation
Nectria: a genus of ascomycetous fungi in the family nectriaceae, order hypocreales. they are found as saprophytes on decaying wood or parasites of trees. anamorphs include fusarium and cylindrocarpon
Nectria: rod vřeckovýtrusných hub čeledi nectriaceae, řádu hypocreales. rostou saprofyticky na hnijícím dřevě nebo parazitují na stromech. anamorfní stadia patří do rodů fusarium a cylindrocarpon
Necturus: a genus of the proteidae family with five recognized species, which inhabit the atlantic and gulf drainages
Necturus: rod mloků čeledi proteidae zahrnující pět druhů žijících ve vodách východní kanady a usa
Necturus maculosus: a neotenic aquatic species of mudpuppy (necturus) occurring from manitoba to louisiana and texas
Necturus maculosus: vodní neotenický druh žábronoše (necturus), který se vyskytuje od manitoby po louisianu a texas
Nedd4 Ubiquitin Protein Ligases: e3 ubiquitin ligases that consist of four ww domains. they accept ubiquitin from e2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme as a thioester via their c-terminal hect domains and transfer it specifically to the 63rd lysine residue (lys-63) of target proteins. nedd4 targets include many proteins and receptors with important functions for cell growth and homeostasis such as vegfr-2; fgfr1 tyrosine kinase; and erbb-4 receptor. they play a critical role in the internalization of these receptors, their degradation by lysosomes, and also function as part of the escrt complex in virus release
Nedocromil: a pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with asthma, including eosinophils; neutrophils; macrophages; mast cells; monocytes; and platelets
Needle Sharing: usage of a single needle among two or more people for injecting drugs. needle sharing is a high-risk behavior for contracting infectious disease
Needle-Exchange Programs: organized services for exchange of sterile needles and syringes used for injections as a potential means of reducing the transmission of infectious diseases
Needlestick Injuries: penetrating stab wounds caused by needles. they are of special concern to health care workers since such injuries put them at risk for developing infectious disease
Needs Assessment: systematic identification of a population's needs or the assessment of individuals to determine the proper level of services needed
Nefopam: non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to orphenadrine. its mechanism of action is unclear. it is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26)
Negative Results: subject matter related to research studies in which the data do not demonstrate any clear evidence of effect, especially if an effect was expected
Negative Staining: the technique of washing tissue specimens with a concentrated solution of a heavy metal salt and letting it dry. the specimen will be covered with a very thin layer of the metal salt, being excluded in areas where an adsorbed macromolecule is present. the macromolecules allow electrons from the beam of an electron microscope to pass much more readily than the heavy metal; thus, a reversed or negative image of the molecule is created
Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy: the application of a vacuum across the surface of a wound through a foam dressing cut to fit the wound. this removes wound exudates, reduces build-up of inflammatory mediators, and increases the flow of nutrients to the wound thus promoting healing
Negative-Sense RNA Viruses: rna viruses that have their genetic material encoded in the form of single-stranded, negative-sense rna. unlike retroviruses they do not employ dna intermediates in their life-cycle
Negativism: state of mind or behavior characterized by extreme skepticism and persistent opposition or resistance to outside suggestions or advice. (apa, thesaurus of psychological index terms, 1994)
Neglecta: a genus of gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria in the order clostridiales and phylum firmicutes. this genus is known for the type species neglecta timonensis which was discovered in the stool of a patient with diabetes mellitus, type 2
Neglecta: rod grampozitivních, anaerobních bakterií kmene firmicutes, řádu clostridiales. tento rod je známý typovým druhem neglecta timonensis, který byl objeven ve stolici pacienta s diabetes mellitus 2. typu
Neglected Diseases: diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. neglected diseases include many tropical infectious diseases, e.g., helminthiasis; leprosy; lymphatic filariasis; onchocerciasis; schistosomiasis; and trachoma
Negotiating: the process of bargaining in order to arrive at an agreement or compromise on a matter of importance to the parties involved. it also applies to the hearing and determination of a case by a third party chosen by the parties in controversy, as well as the interposing of a third party to reconcile the parties in controversy
Neighborhood Characteristics: characteristics that may describe the demographic, social, built environment, or economic characteristics of a geographic area in which people live and can affect health and well-being of neighborhood residents. neighborhood environments include the physical environment (unsafe air/water), built environment (sidewalks/greenspace) and the social environment (safety, sense of community)
Neisseria: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, coccoid bacteria whose organisms are part of the normal flora of the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and genitourinary tract. some species are primary pathogens for humans
Neisseria: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, kokoidních bakterií, které jsou součástí normální flóry orofaryngu, nazofaryngu a urogenitálního traktu. některé druhy jsou primárními patogeny člověka
Neisseria cinerea: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria found in the human nasopharynx
Neisseria cinerea: druh gramnegativní, aerobní bakterie žijící v lidském nosohltanu
Neisseria elongata: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria consisting of short chains of rods. it has been isolated from the pharynx of healthy individuals and patients with endocarditis. there are several recognized subspecies
Neisseria elongata: druh gramnegativní, aerobní, tyčinkovité bakterie tvořící krátké řetízky. byla izolovaná z hltanu zdravých osob a pacientů s endokarditidou. zahrnuje několik poddruhů
Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria primarily found in purulent venereal discharges. it is the causative agent of gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae: druh gramnegativní, aerobní bakterie, která se primárně vyskytuje v hnisavých výtocích z urogenitálního traktu. je původcem kapavky
Neisseria lactamica: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria commonly found in the nasopharynx of infants and children, but rarely pathogenic. it is the only species to produce acid from lactose
Neisseria lactamica: druh gramnegativní, aerobní bakterie, která se běžně vyskytuje v nosohltanu novorozenců a dětí. málokdy bývá patogenní. je jediným druhem, který metabolizuje laktózu na kyselinu mléčnou
Neisseria meningitidis: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria. it is a commensal and pathogen only of humans, and can be carried asymptomatically in the nasopharynx. when found in cerebrospinal fluid it is the causative agent of cerebrospinal meningitis (meningitis, meningococcal). it is also found in venereal discharges and blood. there are at least 13 serogroups based on antigenic differences in the capsular polysaccharides; the ones causing most meningitis infections being a, b, c, y, and w-135. each serogroup can be further classified by serotype, serosubtype, and immunotype
Neisseria meningitidis: druh gramnegativní, aerobní bakterie. vyskytuje se jako komenzál a patogen pouze u člověka, může být přenášena asymptomaticky na sliznici nosohltanu. v mozkomíšním moku se stává původcem meningokokové meningitidy. také se může nalézat ve výtocích z pohlavního ústrojí a v krvi. podle rozdílů v antigenních vlastnostech polysacharidů kapsuly se rozlišuje nejméně 13 séroskupin, většinu infekcí způsobují bakterie séroskupiny a, b, c, y a w135. každou séroskupinu lze dále rozlišit na sérotyp, sérosubtyp a imunotyp
Neisseria meningitidis séroskupiny A: skupina bakterií druhu neisseria meningitidis zodpovědná za většinu meningokokových epidemií v západní evropě a ve spojených státech v první polovině 20. století. v současnosti je tato skupina hlavním původcem invazivních meningokokových onemocnění v asii a africe, zejména lokalizovaných epidemií v subsaharské africe
Neisseria meningitidis séroskupiny B: skupina bakterií druhu neisseria meningitidis zodpovědná za většinu meningokokových onemocnění u dětí. většinou není původcem epidemií
Neisseria meningitidis séroskupiny C: skupina bakterií druhu neisseria meningitidis zodpovědná za většinu sporadických případů u adolescentů a téměř za všechny epidemické výskyty v této věkové skupině. méně častý je výskyt této séroskupiny u dětí
Neisseria meningitidis séroskupiny W-135: skupina bakterií druhu neisseria meningitidis, která se vyskytuje především v africe
Neisseria meningitidis séroskupiny Y: skupina bakterií druhu neisseria meningitidis, která je původcem většiny meningokokových onemocnění dospělých a starších lidí ve spojených státech amerických
Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup A: strains of neisseria meningitidis responsible for most outbreaks of meningococcal disease in western europe and the united states in the first half of the 20th century. they continue to be a major cause of disease in asia and africa, and especially localized epidemics in sub-sahara africa
Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup B: strains of neisseria meningitidis which are the most common ones causing infections or disease in infants. serogroup b strains are isolated most frequently in sporadic cases, and are less common in outbreaks and epidemics
Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup C: strains of neisseria meningitidis responsible for most sporadic cases in teenagers and almost all outbreaks of disease in this age group. these strains are less common in infants
Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup W-135: strains of neisseria meningitidis found mostly in africa
Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup Y: strains of neisseria meningitidis which, in the united states, causes disease in mostly adults and the elderly. serogroup y strains are associated with pneumonia
Neisseria mucosa: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria, found in the human nasopharynx and in the normal flora of the respiratory tissues in dolphins. it is occasionally pathogenic for humans and pathogenic for mice. (bergey's manual of systemic bacteriology, 1st edition, p295)
Neisseria mucosa: druh gramnegativní, aerobní bakterie, která se běžně vyskytuje v nosohltanu člověka a je součástí normální flóry dýchacího traktu delfínů. je patogenní pro myši, příležitostně pro člověka
Neisseria sicca: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria found in the human nasopharynx; saliva; and sputum
Neisseria sicca: druh gramnegativní, aerobní bakterie, která se vyskytuje v nosohltanu, ve slinách a ve sputu člověka
Neisseriaceae: a family of gram-negative, parasitic bacteria including several important pathogens of man
Neisseriaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, parazitických bakterií, mezi nimiž je několik významných patogenů člověka
Nelfinavir: a potent hiv protease inhibitor. it is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of hiv in both adults and children
Nelson Syndrome: a syndrome characterized by hyperpigmentation, enlarging pituitary mass, visual defects secondary to compression of the optic chiasm, and elevated serum acth. it is caused by the expansion of an underlying acth-secreting pituitary adenoma that grows in the absence of feedback inhibition by adrenal corticosteroids, usually after adrenalectomy
Nelsonův syndrom: postadrenalektomický syndrom; tumor předního laloku hypofýzy produkující acth, vznikající u pacientů po odstranění nadledvin. příčinou je stimulace hypofýzy nadprodukcí hypotalamického crh při oslabení zpětnovazebné inhibice periferními hormony nadledvin (kortisolem). časnými příznaky mohou být výpadky v zorném poli a hyperpigmentace, vzhledem k vysoké frekvenci výskytu se však u pacientů po adrenalektomii pro cushingův syndrom po tumoru musí aktivně pátrat. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Nelumbo: a plant genus of the family nelumbonaceae. the common name lotus is also used for other plants such as the water-lily, which they resemble, and the unrelated genus lotus (lotus). nelumbo produce the edible lotus nuts
Nelumbo: rod rostlin čeledi nelumbonaceae. v dřívějších systémech (např. cronquistově) byly lotosy řazeny do příbuzenstva habituelně podobných leknínů. plodem jsou jedlé, nepukavé oříšky vnořené do květního lůžka. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Nelumbonaceae: a plant family of the order nymphaeales, subclass magnoliidae, class magnoliopsida. they are aquatic plants
Nelumbonaceae: čeleď vodních rostlin řádu proteales, třídy rosopsida
Nematocera: a suborder of insects which belong to the order diptera. they include mosca, mosquito, gnats, black flies, true flies and long-horned flies
Nematocera: podřád dvoukřídlého hmyzu (řádu diptera). tykadla jsou více méně dlouhá, často délkou značně přesahující tělo. tělo protáhlé, nohy jsou často velmi dlouhé, křehké a vždy štíhlé, také křídla jsou dlouhá. (upraveno podle biolib.cz 2019 https://www.biolib.cz/)
Nematocyst: a double-walled capsule found in jellyfish and other cnidaria whose functions include prey capture, defense, locomotion, and attachment. nematocysts contain toxic cnidarian venoms which are injected into the victim via a barbed tubule
Nematoda: a phylum of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. many species are parasites
Nematodirus: a genus of roundworms in the family molinieidae, whose species are important gastrointestinal parasites of ruminants, especially cattle; sheep; and goats
Nematodirus: rod parazitických hlístic čeledi molineidae, které jsou významnými gastrointestinálními parazity přežvýkavců, zejména skotu, ovcí a koz
Nematospiroides: a genus of nematodes found mainly in mice. its organisms are used in biomedical research
Nematospiroides: rod parazitických hlístic, které žijí zejména v tělech myší. používají se v biomedicínském výzkumu
Nematospiroides dubius: a species of intestinal nematode parasites which occur most commonly in mice. infection is by ingesting larvae. this particular species is used extensively in immunological research
Nematospiroides dubius: druh střevních parazitických hlístic, které žijí zejména v tělech myší. k infikování dojde pozřením larev. tento druh se často používá v imunologickém výzkumu
Neoadjuvant Therapy: preliminary cancer therapy (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone/endocrine therapy, immunotherapy, hyperthermia, induced etc.) that is given before the main therapy
Neobond II: cobalt-chromium alloy modified with iron, molybdenum, copper,silicon & tin
Neocallimastigales: an order of fungi in the phylum neocallimastigomycota comprising anaerobic chytrids that inhabit the rumen; and cecum of herbivorous animals. genera (all in the lone family neocallimastigaceae) include neocallimastix, orpinomyces, piromyces, anaeromyces, cyllamyces, and caecomyces
Neocallimastigales: řád hub kmene neocallimastigomycota zahrnující anaerobní chytridie, které žijí v bachoru a céku býložravců. zahrnuje jedinou čeleď neocallimastigaceae s rody neocallimastix, orpinomyces, piromyces, anaeromyces, cyllamyces a caecomyces
Neocallimastigomycota: a phylum of anaerobic fungi found in the stomachs of ruminants. these fungi lack mitochondria and reproduce through zoospores
Neocallimastigomycota: kmen anaerobních hub, které žijí v bachoru přežvýkavců. nemají mitochondrie a rozmnožují se pomocí zoospor
Neocallimastix: a genus of fungi in the family neocallimasticaceae, order neocallimastigales. they contain polyflagellate zoospores and grow on a range of simple and complex carbohydrates in the rumen of sheep and cattle
Neocallimastix: rod hub čeledi neocallimasticaceae, řádu neocallimastigales. mají vícebičíkaté zoospory a rostou na různých jednduchých i složitých uhlovodících v bachoru ovcí a skotu
Neocate: a nutritionally complete powdered infant formula composed of amino acids, carbohydrates (maltodextrin), fat (hybrid safflower oil, soy oil, & refined coconut oil), vitamins, and minerals; hypoallergenic and well tolerated by those allergic to cow milk
Neocortex: the largest portion of the cerebral cortex in which the neurons are arranged in six layers in the mammalian brain: molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal and multiform layers
Neodymium: an element of the rare earth family of metals. it has the atomic symbol nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications
Neointima: the new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a prosthesis, or as a result of vessel injury especially following angioplasty or stent placement
Neomycin: aminoglycoside antibiotic complex produced by streptomyces fradiae. it is composed of neomycins a, b, and c, and acts by inhibiting translation during protein synthesis
Neon: a noble gas with the atomic symbol ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. it is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: fetal and neonatal addiction and withdrawal as a result of the mother's dependence on drugs during pregnancy. withdrawal or abstinence symptoms develop shortly after birth. symptoms exhibited are loud, high-pitched crying, sweating, yawning and gastrointestinal disturbances
Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy: perinatal nerve injury involving the brachial plexus involving a weak or paralyzed upper extremity
Neonatal Nursing: the nursing specialty that deals with the care of newborn infants during the first four weeks after birth
Neonatal Screening: the identification of selected parameters in newborn infants by various tests, examinations, or other procedures. screening may be performed by clinical or laboratory measures. a screening test is designed to sort out healthy neonates (infant, newborn) from those not well, but the screening test is not intended as a diagnostic device, rather instead as epidemiologic
Neonatal Sepsis: blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age
Neonatal hemochromatosis: a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by liver failure in the neonatal period and heavy iron staining in the liver. there are also iron deposits in extrahepatic tissues, including the heart and pancreas. omim: 231100
Neonatal herpes: herpes simplex virus infections that are usually transmitted during childbirth and are characterized by localized vesicular eruptions on the skin, eyes, or mouth between the first and third weeks of life. they may progress to systemic disease within 7 to 10 days if untreated
Neonatal ovarian cyst: ovarian cysts that occur antenatally in a female fetus. they typically present in the third trimester and may be associated with polyhydramnios
Neonatal-onset citrullinemia type 2: an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by poor growth, intrahepatic cholestasis, and citrullinemia. most patients show spontaneous improvement by 1 year of age; others may have a progressive course with continued failure to thrive and dyslipidemia caused by citrin deficiency, and some may develop chronic or fatal liver disease. mutations in the slc25a13 gene have been identified. omim: 605814
Neonicotinoids: a class of insecticides that are structurally similar to nicotine and have physiologically similar effects as agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, but are less toxic to vertebrates. they are widely used in agriculture
Neoplasm Grading: methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the level of cell differentiation in neoplasms as increasing anaplasia correlates with the aggressiveness of the neoplasm
Neoplasm Invasiveness: ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue
Neoplasm Metastasis: the transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site
Neoplasm Micrometastasis: newly arising secondary tumors so small they are difficult to detect by physical examination or routine imaging techniques
Neoplasm Proteins: proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of neoplasms. some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (antigens, neoplasm), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (biomarkers, tumor) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. abnormal expression of oncogene proteins is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of tumor suppressor proteins is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm
Neoplasm Recurrence, Local: the local recurrence of a neoplasm following treatment. it arises from microscopic cells of the original neoplasm that have escaped therapeutic intervention and later become clinically visible at the original site
Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous: disappearance of a neoplasm or neoplastic state without the intervention of therapy
Neoplasm Seeding: the local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation
Neoplasm Staging: methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient
Neoplasm Transplantation: experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes
Neoplasm, Lymphatic Tissue: a benign or malignant neoplasm arising from the lymphatic vessels (from nci)
Neoplasm, Residual: remnant of a tumor or cancer after primary, potentially curative therapy
Neoplasms: new abnormal growth of tissue. malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms
Neoplasms by Histologic Type: a collective term for the various histological types of neoplasms. it is more likely to be used by searchers than by indexers and catalogers
Neoplasms by Site: a collective term for precoordinated organ/neoplasm headings locating neoplasms by organ, as brain neoplasms; duodenal neoplasms; liver neoplasms; etc
Neoplasms, Adipose Tissue: neoplasms composed of fatty tissue or connective tissue made up of fat cells in a meshwork of areolar tissue. the concept does not refer to neoplasms located in adipose tissue
Neoplasms, Adnexal and Skin Appendage: neoplasms composed of sebaceous or sweat gland tissue or tissue of other skin appendages. the concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the sebaceous or sweat glands or in the other skin appendages
Neoplasms, Basal Cell: neoplasms composed of cells from the deepest layer of the epidermis. the concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the stratum basale
Neoplasms, Bone Tissue: neoplasms composed of bony tissue, whether normal or of a soft tissue which has become ossified. the concept does not refer to neoplasms located in bones
Neoplasms, Complex and Mixed: neoplasms composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue
Neoplasms, Connective Tissue: neoplasms composed of connective tissue, including elastic, mucous, reticular, osseous, and cartilaginous tissue. the concept does not refer to neoplasms located in connective tissue
Neoplasms, Connective and Soft Tissue: neoplasms developing from some structure of the connective and subcutaneous tissue. the concept does not refer to neoplasms located in connective or soft tissue
Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous: neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum
Neoplasms, Ductal, Lobular, and Medullary: neoplasms, usually carcinoma, located within the center of an organ or within small lobes, and in the case of the breast, intraductally. the emphasis of the name is on the location of the neoplastic tissue rather than on its histological type. most cancers of this type are located in the breast
Neoplasms, Experimental: experimentally induced new abnormal growth of tissues in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms
Neoplasms, Fibroepithelial: neoplasms composed of fibrous and epithelial tissue. the concept does not refer to neoplasms located in fibrous tissue or epithelium
Neoplasms, Fibrous Tissue: neoplasms composed of fibrous tissue, the ordinary connective tissue of the body, made up largely of yellow or white fibers. the concept does not refer to neoplasms located in fibrous tissue
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal: neoplasms composed of primordial germ cells of embryonic gonads or of elements of the germ layers of the embryo, mammalian. the concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or fetus
Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial: neoplasms composed of glandular tissue, an aggregation of epithelial cells that elaborate secretions, and of any type of epithelium itself. the concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the various glands or in epithelial tissue
Neoplasms, Gonadal Tissue: neoplasms composed of tissues of the ovary or the testis, not neoplasms located in the ovaries or testes. gonadal tissues include germ cells, cells from the sex cord, and gonadal stromal cells
Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent: certain tumors that 1, arise in organs that are normally dependent on specific hormones and 2, are stimulated or caused to regress by manipulation of the endocrine environment
Neoplasms, Mesothelial: neoplasms composed of tissue of the mesothelium, the layer of flat cells, derived from the mesoderm, which lines the body cavity of the embryo. in the adult it forms the simple squamous epithelium which covers all true serous membranes (peritoneum, pericardium, pleura). the concept does not refer to neoplasms located in these organs. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Neoplasms, Multiple Primary: two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. the neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites
Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue: neoplasms composed of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, or smooth. the concept does not refer to neoplasms located in muscles
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue: neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. this concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves
Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial: neoplasms composed of neuroepithelial cells, which have the capacity to differentiate into neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. the majority of craniospinal tumors are of neuroepithelial origin. (from dev biol 1998 aug 1;200(1):1-5)
Neoplasms, Plasma Cell: neoplasms associated with a proliferation of a single clone of plasma cells and characterized by the secretion of paraproteins
Neoplasms, Post-Traumatic: tumors, cancer or other neoplasms caused by or resulting from trauma or other non-radiation injuries
Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced: tumors, cancer or other neoplasms produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation
Neoplasms, Second Primary: abnormal growths of tissue that follow a previous neoplasm but are not metastases of the latter. the second neoplasm may have the same or different histological type and can occur in the same or different organs as the previous neoplasm but in all cases arises from an independent oncogenic event. the development of the second neoplasm may or may not be related to the treatment for the previous neoplasm since genetic risk or predisposing factors may actually be the cause
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell: neoplasms of the squamous epithelial cells. the concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements
Neoplasms, Vascular Tissue: neoplasms composed of vascular tissue. this concept does not refer to neoplasms located in blood vessels
Neoplastic Cells, Circulating: exfoliate neoplastic cells circulating in the blood and associated with metastasizing tumors
Neoplastic Processes: the pathological mechanisms and forms taken by tissue during degeneration into a neoplasm and its subsequent activity
Neoplastic Stem Cells: highly proliferative, self-renewing, and colony-forming stem cells which give rise to neoplasms
Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary: the condition of a pattern of malignancies within a family, but not every individual's necessarily having the same neoplasm. characteristically the tumor tends to occur at an earlier than average age, individuals may have more than one primary tumor, the tumors may be multicentric, usually more than 25 percent of the individuals in direct lineal descent from the proband are affected, and the cancer predisposition in these families behaves as an autosomal dominant trait with about 60 percent penetrance
Neoprene: an oil-resistant synthetic rubber made by the polymerization of chloroprene
Neoptera: modern insects belonging to the subclass pterygota, many have the ability to fold their wings with exceptions being butterflies, moths, and a few others within the group
Neopterin: a pteridine derivative present in body fluids; elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections. (from stedman, 26th ed) neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterins
Neorickettsia: genus of gram-negative, intracytoplasmic bacteria that are found primarily in vacuoles of monocytes in the blood and macrophages of lymphoid or other tissues of dogs; horses, and humans. (from int. j. syst. evol. microbiol. (2001) 51:2145-2165)
Neorickettsia: rod gramnegativních, intracytoplazmatických bakterií, které se primárně vyskytují v krvi (ve vakuolách monocytů) a v lymfoidních a jiných tkáních (makrofágy) psů, koní a lidí
Neorickettsia risticii: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus neorickettsia, family anaplasmataceae
Neorickettsia risticii: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu neorickettsia, čeledi anaplasmataceae
Neorickettsia sennetsu: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus neorickettsia, family anaplasmataceae, causing sennetsu fever and found in the asia, eastern and southeast asia
Neorickettsia sennetsu: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu neorickettsia z čeledi anaplasmataceae, která způsobuje horečku sennetsu. vyskytuje se ve východní a jihovýchodní asii
Neosartorya: a genus of ascomycetous fungi in the family trichocomaceae, order eurotiales. some species can cause opportunistic infections in humans, similar to its anamorph aspergillus
Neosartorya: rod vřeckovýtrusných plísní čeledi trichocomaceae, řádu eurotiales. některé druhy mohou vyvolat oportunní infekce u člověka, podobně jako jeho anamorfní stadium aspergillus
Neospora: a genus of protozoan parasites of the subclass coccidia. its species are parasitic in dogs, cattle, goats, and sheep, among others. n. caninum, a species that mainly infects dogs, is intracellular in neural and other cells of the body, multiplies by endodyogeny, has no parasitophorous vacuole, and has numerous rhoptries. it is known to cause lesions in many tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord as well as abortion in the expectant mother
Neospora: rod parazitických prvoků podtřídy coccidia. jeho druhy mezi jinými parazitují na psech, dobytku, kozách a ovcích. n. caninum je druh, který infikuje hlavně psy. nachází se uvnitř nervových a dalších buněk, rozmnožuje se endodyogenií, v těle tohoto prvoka je mnoho rhoptrií, ale žádné parazitoforní vakuoly. způsobuje léze mnoha tkání (zejména mozku a míchy) a také poškození plodu v těhotenství
Neostigmine: a cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. neostigmine, unlike physostigmine, does not cross the blood-brain barrier
Neostriatum: the phylogenetically newer part of the corpus striatum consisting of the caudate nucleus and putamen. it is often called simply the striatum
Neotyphodium: anamorfní forma houby rodu epichloë. mnoho druhů rodu neotyphodium produkuje námelové alkaloidy
Neotyphodium: the anamorphic form of the fungus epichloe. many neotyphodium species produce ergot alkaloids
Neovascularization, Pathologic: a pathologic process consisting of the proliferation of blood vessels in abnormal tissues or in abnormal positions
Neovascularization, Physiologic: the development of new blood vessels during the restoration of blood circulation during the healing process
Nepeta: a genus of the lamiaceae family. it is known for its mild calming effect and for the way cats are attracted to the aroma
Nephelometry and Turbidimetry: chemical analysis based on the phenomenon whereby light, passing through a medium with dispersed particles of a different refractive index from that of the medium, is attenuated in intensity by scattering. in turbidimetry, the intensity of light transmitted through the medium, the unscattered light, is measured. in nephelometry, the intensity of the scattered light is measured, usually, but not necessarily, at right angles to the incident light beam
Nephritis, Hereditary: a group of inherited conditions characterized initially by hematuria and slowly progressing to renal insufficiency. the most common form is the alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with hearing loss) which is caused by mutations in genes for type iv collagen and defective glomerular basement membrane