NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Femoracetabular Impingement: a pathological mechanical process that can lead to hip failure. it is caused by abnormalities of the acetabulum and/or femur combined with rigorous hip motion, leading to repetitive collisions that damage the soft tissue structures
Femoral Artery: the main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery
Femoral Fractures, Distal: fractures of the distal femur from the articular surface in the knee to the condylar region of the femur. a subset with a coronal-plane fracture of the distal femur condyle(s) is hoffa fracture
Femoral Neck Fractures: fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. it excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are hip fractures
Femoral Nerve: a nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually l2 to l4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints
Femoral Neuropathy: disease involving the femoral nerve. the femoral nerve may be injured by ischemia (e.g., in association with diabetic neuropathies), nerve compression, trauma, collagen diseases, and other disease processes. clinical features include muscle weakness or paralysis of hip flexion and knee extension, atrophy of the quadriceps muscle, reduced or absent patellar reflex, and impaired sensation over the anterior and medial thigh
Femoral Vein: the vein accompanying the femoral artery in the same sheath; it is a continuation of the popliteal vein and becomes the external iliac vein
Femur: the longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee
Femur Head: the hemispheric articular surface at the upper extremity of the thigh bone. (stedman, 26th ed)
Femur Head Necrosis: aseptic or avascular necrosis of the femoral head. the major types are idiopathic (primary), as a complication of fractures or dislocations, and legg-calve-perthes disease
Femur Neck: the constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters
Fenamates: derivatives of orthoaminobenzoic acid that have a phenyl group bound to the orthoamino nitrogen. members modulate ion channels and are used as anti-inflammatory agents
Fenbendazole: antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine
Fenclonine: a selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin
Fendiline: coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents
Fenestration, Labyrinth: the surgical creation of a new opening in the labyrinth of the ear for the restoration of hearing in cases of otosclerosis. (dorland, 27th ed)
Fenfluramine: a centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release
Fenitrothion: an organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide
Fenofibrate: an antilipemic agent which reduces both cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood
Fenoldopam: a dopamine d1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. it lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation
Fenoprofen: a propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent
Fenoterol: a synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic
Fenretinide: a synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. it is also effective as an antineoplastic agent
Fentanyl: a potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. it is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)
Fenthion: potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide
Feprazone: a pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. it has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)
Feracryl: according to unlisted drugs, feracryl is an acrylic acid polymer containing 0.5-2.5% iron
Fermentation: anaerobic degradation of glucose or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of atp. end products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. common fermentation products include ethanol and lactic acid
Fermented Beverages: beverages that are prepared by using microorganisms to convert their components into various fermentation end products
Fermented Foods: foods that are prepared by using microorganisms to convert their components into various fermentation end products. some pickled foods are considered fermented foods as their pickling results from the microbial production of lactic acid
Fermit: contains dimethacrylates, polyester, pyrolytic silacious dioxides, and macromolecular polymers
Fermium: a man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol fm, and atomic number 100. its known isotopes range from 244-254 and 256-258. its valence can be +2 or +3. like einsteinium, it was discovered in 1952 in the debris from a thermonuclear explosion
Ferns: seedless nonflowering plants of the class filicinae. they reproduce by spores that appear as dots on the underside of feathery fronds. in earlier classifications the pteridophyta included the club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and various fossil groups. in more recent classifications, pteridophytes and spermatophytes (seed-bearing plants) are classified in the subkingdom tracheophyta (also known as tracheophyta)
Ferredoxin-NADP Reductase: an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation and reduction of ferredoxin or adrenodoxin in the presence of nadp. ec 1.18.1.2 was formerly listed as ec 1.6.7.1 and ec 1.6.99.4
Ferredoxin-Nitrite Reductase: an iron-containing protein that uses siroheme and 4fe-4s iron-sulfur centers as prosthetic groups. it catalyzes the six-electron oxidation of ammonia to nitrite
Ferredoxins: iron-containing proteins that transfer electrons, usually at a low potential, to flavoproteins; the iron is not present as in heme. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 5th ed)
Ferrets: semidomesticated variety of european polecat much used for hunting rodents and/or rabbits and as a laboratory animal. it is in the subfamily mustelinae, family mustelidae
Ferric Oxide, Saccharated: a glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical
Ferrichrome: a cyclic peptide consisting of three residues of delta-n-hydroxy-delta-n-acetylornithine. it acts as an iron transport agent in ustilago sphaerogena
Ferricyanides: inorganic salts of the hypothetical acid, h3fe(cn)6
Ferritins: iron-containing proteins that are widely distributed in animals, plants, and microorganisms. their major function is to store iron in a nontoxic bioavailable form. each ferritin molecule consists of ferric iron in a hollow protein shell (apoferritins) made of 24 subunits of various sequences depending on the species and tissue types
Ferrochelatase: a mitochondrial enzyme found in a wide variety of cells and tissues. it is the final enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of heme. ferrochelatase catalyzes ferrous insertion into protoporphyrin ix to form protoheme or heme. deficiency in this enzyme results in erythropoietic protoporphyria
Ferrocyanides: inorganic salts of the hypothetical acid ferrocyanic acid (h4fe(cn)6)
Ferroportin: an iron exporter protein that transports iron from inside of a cell to the outside
Ferroptosis: a form of regulated cell death initiated by oxidative perturbations of the intracellular microenvironment that is under constitutive control by glutathione peroxidase 4 and can be inhibited by iron chelators and lipophilic antioxidants
Ferrosoferric Oxide: iron (ii,iii) oxide (fe3o4). it is a black ore of iron that forms opaque crystals and exerts strong magnetism
Ferrozine: a ferroin compound that forms a stable magenta-colored solution with the ferrous ion. the complex has an absorption peak at 562 nm and is used as a reagent and indicator for iron
Fertile Period: the period in the menstrual cycle that is optimal for fertilization of the ovum and yielding pregnancy. the duration of fertile period depends on the life span of male gametes within the female reproductive tract and the time of ovulation. it usually begins a few days before ovulation and ends on the day of ovulation
Fertile eunuch syndrome: eunuchoidism with spermatogenesis, normal fsh and low or normal interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (icsh)
Fertilins: sperm surface proteins involved in sperm-egg fusion. they consist of two subunits, fertilin alpha (adam1a) and beta (adam2), both of which belong to the metalloprotease-disintegrin protein family. the beta subunit does not have catalytic activity
Fertility: the capacity to conceive or to induce conception. it may refer to either the male or female
Fertility Preservation: a method of providing future reproductive opportunities. typically cryopreservation of reproductive organs or tissues (e.g., sperm, egg, embryos and ovarian or testicular tissues) are carried out before known risk of loss of fertility (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation or military deployment) begins for future use
Fertilization: the fusion of a spermatozoon (spermatozoa) with an ovum thus resulting in the formation of a zygote
Fertilization in Vitro: an assisted reproductive technique that includes the direct handling and manipulation of oocytes and sperm to achieve fertilization in vitro
Fertilizers: substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity
Ferula: a plant genus of the family apiaceae. it contains pungent oils and resins. it is used to flavor curries, as a carminative, and as cat and dog repellent. the occasionally used common name of 'giant fennel' should not be confused with true fennel (foeniculum)
Ferula: rod rostlin z čeledi apiaceae (miříkovité). obsahuje dráždivé silice a pryskyřice. je užíván jako koření do kari, proti nadýmání a k odpuzování psů a koček
Festschrift: work consisting of a collection of essays or other writings contributed by students, teachers, colleagues, and associates to honor a person or institution, usually on the occasion of an anniversary celebration or other event of importance
Festuca: a plant genus of the family poaceae. the common name of fescue is also used with some other grasses
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: an umbrella term used to describe a pattern of disabilities and abnormalities that result from fetal exposure to ethanol during pregnancy. it encompasses a phenotypic range that can vary greatly between individuals, but reliably includes one or more of the following: characteristic facial dysmorphism, fetal growth retardation, central nervous system abnormalities, cognitive and/or behavioral dysfunction, birth defects. the level of maternal alcohol consumption does not necessarily correlate directly with disease severity
Fetal Blood: blood of the fetus. exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the placenta. the cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels (umbilical cord) at the time of delivery
Fetal Death: death of the developing young in utero. birth of a dead fetus is stillbirth
Fetal Diseases: pathophysiological conditions of the fetus in the uterus. some fetal diseases may be treated with fetal therapies
Fetal Distress: a nonreassuring fetal status (nrfs) indicating that the fetus is compromised (american college of obstetricians and gynecologists 1988). it can be identified by sub-optimal values in fetal heart rate; oxygenation of fetal blood; and other parameters
Fetal Heart: the heart of the fetus of any viviparous animal. it refers to the heart in the postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (heart/embryology) only on the basis of time
Fetal Hemoglobin: the major component of hemoglobin in the fetus. this hemoglobin has two alpha and two gamma polypeptide subunits in comparison to normal adult hemoglobin, which has two alpha and two beta polypeptide subunits. fetal hemoglobin concentrations can be elevated (usually above 0.5%) in children and adults affected by leukemia and several types of anemia
Fetal Macrosomia: a condition of fetal overgrowth defined as birth weight greater than 4,000 grams, regardless of gestational age. it is commonly seen in gestational diabetes; prolonged pregnancy; and pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture: spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the fetus any time before the onset of obstetric labor. preterm prom is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of gestation
Fetal Monitoring: physiologic or biochemical monitoring of the fetus. it is usually done during labor, obstetric and may be performed in conjunction with the monitoring of uterine activity. it may also be performed prenatally as when the mother is undergoing surgery
Fetal Mortality: number of fetal deaths with stated or presumed gestation of 20 weeks or more in a given population. late fetal mortality is death after of 28 weeks or more
Fetal Movement: physical activity of the fetus in utero. gross or fine fetal body movement can be monitored by the mother, palpation, or ultrasonography
Fetal Nutrition Disorders: disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition, in the fetus in utero
Fetal Organ Maturity: functional competence of specific organs or body systems of the fetus in utero
Fetal Research: experimentation on, or using the organs or tissues from, a human or other mammalian conceptus in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. in humans, this corresponds to the period from the third month after fertilization until birth
Fetal Resorption: the disintegration and assimilation of the dead fetus in the uterus at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of gestation. it does not include embryo resorption (see embryo loss)
Fetal Stem Cells: cells derived from a fetus that retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells
Fetal Therapies: prenatal interventions to correct fetal anomalies or treat fetal diseases in utero. fetal therapies include several major areas, such as open surgery; fetoscopy; pharmacological therapy; intrauterine transfusion; stem cell transplantation; and genetic therapy
Fetal Tissue Transplantation: transference of fetal tissue between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species
Fetal Viability: the potential of the fetus to survive outside the uterus after birth, natural or induced. fetal viability depends largely on the fetal organ maturity, and environmental conditions
Fetal Weight: the weight of the fetus in utero. it is usually estimated by various formulas based on measurements made during prenatal ultrasonography
Fetal akinesia syndrome, X-linked: polyhydramnios, hypokinesia, brain malformations, telecanthus, and narrow palpebral fissures
Fetishism, Psychiatric: a condition in which inanimate objects are utilized as a preferred or exclusive method of stimulating erotic arousal
Fetofetal Transfusion: passage of blood from one fetus to another via an arteriovenous communication or other shunt, in a monozygotic twin pregnancy. it results in anemia in one twin and polycythemia in the other. (lee et al., wintrobe's clinical hematology, 9th ed, p737-8)
Fetomaternal Transfusion: transplacental passage of fetal blood into the circulation of the maternal organism. (dorland, 27th ed)
Fetoscopes: endoscopes for viewing the embryo, fetus and amniotic cavity
Fetoscopy: endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the fetus and amniotic cavity through abdominal or uterine entry
Fetuin-B: a fetuin subtype that is closely-related to alpha-2-hs-glycoprotein. although fetuin-b binds calcium, it is a minor component of serum and therefore it may not play a primary role in preventing serum calcium phosphate precipitation
Fetuins: a family of calcium-binding alpha-globulins that are synthesized in the liver and play an essential role in maintaining the solubility of calcium in the blood. in addition the fetuins contain aminoterminal cystatin domains and are classified as type 3 cystatins
Fetus: the unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. in humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after conception until birth, as distinguished from the earlier embryo, mammalian
Fetus-in-Fetu: rare abnormality where a fetal part of an identical twin that stopped developing during gestation is found within a normally developing fetus. it is considered a twin pregnancy complication
Fiber Optic Technology: the technology of transmitting light over long distances through strands of glass or other transparent material
Fibric Acids: compounds that either share the structure of fibric acid in their molecular arrangement or are considered variants of the fibric acid structure
Fibril-Associated Collagens: a family of non-fibrillar collagens that interact with fibrillar collagens. they contain short triple helical domains interrupted by short non-helical domains and do not form into collagen fibrils
Fibrillar Collagens: a family of structurally related collagens that form the characteristic collagen fibril bundles seen in connective tissue
Fibrillin-1: a fibrillin (fbn1) that functions as a structural support protein for microfibrils. it also regulates the maturation of osteoblasts by controlling the availability and concentration of tgf-beta and bone morphogenetic proteins. mutations in the fbn1 gene are associated with marfan syndrome
Fibrillin-2: a fibrillin (fbn2) that functions to regulate the assembly of elastic fibers. mutations in the fbn2 gene are associated with congenital contractural arachnodactyly
Fibrillins: a family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins that is structurally similar to latent tgf-beta binding proteins, but contain additional tgf-beta binding domains, in addition to unique domains at their n and c-terminals. fibrillins assemble into 10-12 nm microfibrils that function in a variety of cell interactions with the extracellular matrix and developmental processes such as elastic tissue maintenance and assembly, and the targeting of growth factors to the extracellular matrix
Fibrin: a protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot
Fibrin Clot Lysis Time: a measurement of the time needed for fibrinolysis to occur
Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products: soluble protein fragments formed by the proteolytic action of plasmin on fibrin or fibrinogen. fdp and their complexes profoundly impair the hemostatic process and are a major cause of hemorrhage in intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis
Fibrin Foam: a dry artificial sterile sponge of fibrin prepared by clotting with thrombin a foam or solution of fibrinogen. it is used in conjunction with thrombin as a hemostatic in surgery at sites where bleeding cannot be controlled by more common methods. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p648)
Fibrin Modulating Agents: agents that affect the function of fibrin in blood coagulation. they used as coagulants for hemorrhage or anticoagulants for thrombosis
Fibrin Tissue Adhesive: an autologous or commercial tissue adhesive containing fibrinogen and thrombin. the commercial product is a two component system from human plasma that contains more than fibrinogen and thrombin. the first component contains highly concentrated fibrinogen, factor viii, fibronectin, and traces of other plasma proteins. the second component contains thrombin, calcium chloride, and antifibrinolytic agents such as aprotinin. mixing of the two components promotes blood clotting and the formation and cross-linking of fibrin. the tissue adhesive is used for tissue sealing, hemostasis, and wound healing
Fibrinogen: plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides a and b, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products
Fibrinogens, Abnormal: fibrinogens which have a functional defect as the result of one or more amino acid substitutions in the amino acid sequence of normal fibrinogen. abnormalities of the fibrinogen molecule may impair any of the major steps involved in the conversion of fibrinogen into stabilized fibrin, such as cleavage of the fibrinopeptides by thrombin, polymerization and cross-linking of fibrin. the resulting dysfibrinogenemias can be clinically silent or can be associated with bleeding, thrombosis or defective wound healing
Fibrinolysin: a product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. it is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (b) and heavy (a), with a molecular weight of 75,000. it is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins
Fibrinolytic Agents: fibrinolysin or agents that convert plasminogen to fibrinolysin
Fibrinopeptide A: two small peptide chains removed from the n-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. in vivo, fibrinopeptide a is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin
Fibrinopeptide B: two small peptide chains removed from the n-terminal segment of the beta chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin. each peptide chain contains 20 amino acid residues. the removal of fibrinopeptides b is not required for coagulation
Fibroadenoma: an adenoma containing fibrous tissue. it should be differentiated from adenofibroma which is a tumor composed of connective tissue (fibroma) containing glandular (adeno-) structures. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Fibrobacter: a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria in the family fibrobacteraceae, isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract
Fibrobacter: rod gramnegativních, anaerobních bakterií čeledi fibrobacteraceae, izolovaných z lidského gastrointestinálního traktu
Fibrobacteres: a phylum of gram-negative bacteria closely related to the bacteroidetes. species have been found in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals, especially termites, though indications are that species are more broadly distributed in other environments
Fibrobacteres: kmen gramnegativních bakterií příbuzný kmenu bacteroidetes. druh byl nalezen v gastrointestinálním traktu zvířat, zvl. termitů, i když známky tohoto druhu jsou rozšířené i v dalších prostředích. r
Fibroblast Growth Factor 1: a 17-kda single-chain polypeptide growth factor that plays a significant role in the process of wound healing and is a potent inducer of physiologic angiogenesis. it binds to heparin, which potentiates its biological activity and protects it from proteolysis. the growth factor is an extremely potent inducer of dna synthesis in a variety of cell types from mesoderm and neuroectoderm lineages, and also has chemotactic and mitogenic activities. it was originally named acidic fibroblast growth factor based upon its chemical properties and to distinguish it from basic fibroblast growth factor (fibroblast growth factor 2)
Fibroblast Growth Factor 10: a fibroblast growth factor that is a mitogen for keratinocytes. it activates fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b and is involved in lung and limb development
Fibroblast Growth Factor 2: a single-chain polypeptide growth factor that plays a significant role in the process of wound healing and is a potent inducer of physiologic angiogenesis. several different forms of the human protein exist ranging from 18-24 kda in size due to the use of alternative start sites within the fgf-2 gene. it has a 55 percent amino acid residue identity to fibroblast growth factor 1 and has potent heparin-binding activity. the growth factor is an extremely potent inducer of dna synthesis in a variety of cell types from mesoderm and neuroectoderm lineages. it was originally named basic fibroblast growth factor based upon its chemical properties and to distinguish it from acidic fibroblast growth factor (fibroblast growth factor 1)
Fibroblast Growth Factor 3: a fibroblast growth factor that is expressed primarily during development
Fibroblast Growth Factor 4: a heparin binding fibroblast growth factor that may play a role in limb buds development
Fibroblast Growth Factor 5: a fibroblast growth factor that may play a role in regulation of hair follicle phenotype. spontaneous mutation of the gene for this protein results in a strain of mice with abnormally long hair, referred to as angora mice
Fibroblast Growth Factor 6: a fibroblast growth factor that was initially identified based on its sequence similarity to fibroblast growth factor 4. it is found in myoblasts and plays an important role in muscle development
Fibroblast Growth Factor 7: a fibroblast growth factor that is a specific mitogen for epithelial cells. it binds a complex of heparan sulfate and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b
Fibroblast Growth Factor 8: a fibroblast growth factor that preferentially activates fibroblast growth factor receptor 4. it was initially identified as an androgen-induced growth factor and plays a role in regulating growth of human breast neoplasms and prostatic neoplasms
Fibroblast Growth Factor 9: a fibroblast growth factor that was originally identified as a mitogen for glial cells. it is expressed primarily in neurons
Fibroblast Growth Factor-23: a specific fibrobroblast growth factor that is primarily synthesized by osteocytes and osteoblasts. it is involved in regulating phosphate homeostasis and renal phosphate excretion
Fibroblast Growth Factors: a family of small polypeptide growth factors that share several common features including a strong affinity for heparin, and a central barrel-shaped core region of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between family members. although originally studied as proteins that stimulate the growth of fibroblasts this distinction is no longer a requirement for membership in the fibroblast growth factor family
Fibroblasts: connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules
Fibrocartilage: a type of cartilage whose matrix contains large bundles of collagen type i. fibrocartilage is typically found in the intervertebral disk; pubic symphysis; tibial menisci; and articular disks in synovial joints. (from ross et. al., histology, 3rd ed., p132,136)
Fibrocartilaginous embolism: embolism of a spinal artery or vein caused by the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk. it can result in spinal chord ischemia
Fibrocystic Breast Disease: a common and benign breast disease characterized by varying degree of fibrocystic changes in the breast tissue. there are three major patterns of morphological changes, including fibrosis, formation of cysts, and proliferation of glandular tissue (adenosis). the fibrocystic breast has a dense irregular, lumpy, bumpy consistency
Fibroins: fibrous proteins secreted by insects and spiders. generally, the term refers to silkworm fibroin secreted by the silk gland cells of silkworms, bombyx mori. spider fibroins are called spidroins or dragline silk fibroins
Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma: a distinctive type of liver cell carcinoma that arises in non-cirrhotic livers and occurs predominantly in young patients. the tumor cells are polygonal and deeply eosinophilic, and are embedded in a fibrous stroma
Fibroma Virus, Rabbit: a species of leporipoxvirus causing subcutaneous localized swellings in rabbits, usually on the feet
Fibroma, Desmoplastic: an extremely rare bone tumor characterized by abundant collagen formation and a fibrous stroma, without evidence of mitosis or pleomorphism. it appears on x-rays as an osteolytic lesion with well-defined margins and must be differentiated from primary fibrosarcoma of bone. (devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 3d ed, p1441)
Fibroma, Ossifying: a benign central bone tumor, usually of the jaws (especially the mandible), composed of fibrous connective tissue within which bone is formed
Fibromatosis, Abdominal: a relatively large mass of unusually firm scarlike connective tissue resulting from active participation of fibroblasts, occurring most frequently in the abdominal muscles of women who have borne children. the fibroblasts infiltrate surrounding muscle and fascia. (stedman, 25th ed)
Fibromatosis, Gingival: generalized or localized diffuse fibrous overgrowth of the gingival tissue, usually transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait, but some cases are idiopathic and others produced by drugs. the enlarged gingiva is pink, firm, and has a leather-like consistency with a minutely pebbled surface and in severe cases the teeth are almost completely covered and the enlargement projects into the oral vestibule. (dorland, 28th ed)
Fibromatosis, Plantar: a fibromatosis of the plantar fascia characterized by thickening of the fibrous bands on the plantar aponeurosis in the sole of the foot and toes
Fibromodulin: a small leucine-rich proteoglycan that contains 4 keratan sulfate chains within the leucine repeat region. it interacts with collagen type i and collagen type ii fibrils and may function to control the rate of extracellular matrix assembly. it also sequesters transforming growth factor beta in the extracellular matrix
Fibromuscular Dysplasia: an idiopathic, segmental, nonatheromatous disease of the musculature of arterial walls, leading to stenosis of small and medium-sized arteries. there is true proliferation of smooth muscle cells and fibrous tissue. fibromuscular dysplasia lesions are smooth stenosis and occur most often in the renal and carotid arteries. they may also occur in other peripheral arteries of the extremity
Fibromyalgia: a common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. this condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, headaches, and occasionally depression. there is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (fatigue syndrome, chronic). fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. it is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)
Fibronectin Type III Domain: a highly conserved immunoglobulin-like protein domain of about 100 amino acids that forms a beta sandwich structure
Fibronectins: glycoproteins found on the surfaces of cells, particularly in fibrillar structures. the proteins are lost or reduced when these cells undergo viral or chemical transformation. they are highly susceptible to proteolysis and are substrates for activated blood coagulation factor viii. the forms present in plasma are called cold-insoluble globulins
Fibrosarcoma: a sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (stedman, 25th ed)
Fibrosis: any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury
Fibrosis Of Extraocular Muscles, Congenital, 2: mutation in arix
Fibrosis Of Extraocular Muscles, Congenital, 3A, with or without Extraocular Involvement: mutation in tubb3
Fibrosis of Extraocular Muscles, Congenital, 3B: prom mutation in kif21a
Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone: a disease of bone marked by thinning of the cortex by fibrous tissue containing bony spicules, producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity. only one bone may be involved (fibrous dysplasia, monostotic) or several (fibrous dysplasia, polyostotic)
Fibrous Dysplasia, Monostotic: fibrous dysplasia of bone involving only one bone
Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic: fibrous dysplasia of bone affecting several bones. when melanotic pigmentation (cafe-au-lait spots) and multiple endocrine hyperfunction are additionally associated it is referred to as albright syndrome
Fibula: the bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. in proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones
Ficain: a sulfhydryl proteinase with cysteine at the active site from ficus latex. preferential cleavage is at tyrosine and phenylalanine residues. ec 3.4.22.3
Ficolins: soluble oligomeric defense proteins with lectin-like activity. they initiate the lectin pathway of complement activation through attached serine proteases and a primitive opsonization
Ficoll: je to mnohočetně rozvětvený kopolymer sacharózy a epichlorhydrinu s přesně definovanou molekulární hmotností (obchodní název ficoll®). při izolaci buněk podle hustoty se k přípravě diskontinuálních (nespojitých) gradientů používá celá řada chemikálií, např. polysacharid s názvem ficoll. (upraveno podle wikiskripta 2020 http://www.wikiskripta.eu/)
Ficus: a plant genus of the family moraceae. it is the source of the familiar fig fruit and the latex from this tree contains ficain
Ficus: rod rostlin z čeledi moraceae. plody jsou známé fíky a latex z tohoto stromu obsahuje fikain
Ficusin: a naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in psoralea. after photoactivation with uv radiation, it binds dna via single and double-stranded cross-linking
Fidaxomicin: a narrow-spectrum macrolide antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of diarrhea associated with clostridium difficile infection
Fidži: stát v oceánii. fidži je osamocené souostroví 322 ostrovů vulkanického nebo korálového původu ležících v tropickém pásmu v tichém oceánu. leží asi 1000 km východně od nové kaledonie. jeho nejbližšími sousedy jsou souostroví vanuatu (asi 800 km na západ), samoa (asi 700 km na severovýchod) a tonga (asi 500 km na východ). od austrálie leží asi 2600 km na východ, od nového zélandu asi 1800 km na sever. dva největší ostrovy jsou viti levu a vanua levu. hlavní město suva na jihovýchodě viti levu je zároveň největším městem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Field Dependence-Independence: the ability to respond to segments of the perceptual experience rather than to the whole
Figural Aftereffect: a perceptual phenomenon used by gestalt psychologists to demonstrate that events in one part of the perceptual field may affect perception in another part
Fiji: a republic consisting of an island group in melanesia, in the southwest pacific ocean. its capital is suva. it was discovered by abel tasman in 1643 and was visited by captain cook in 1774. it was used by escaped convicts from australia as early as 1804. it was annexed by great britain in 1874 but achieved independence in 1970. the name fiji is of uncertain origin. in its present form it may represent that of viti, the main island in the group. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p396 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p186)
Filaggrin Proteins: s100 proteins that aggregate keratins. filaggrin precursor proteins are localized in keratohyalin granules and processed into individual functional filaggrin molecules during terminal epidermis differentiation. mutations in fillagrins are associated with ichthyosis vulgaris
Filamins: a family of crosslinking filament proteins encoded by distinct fln genes. filamins are involved in cell adhesion, spreading, and migration, acting as scaffolds for over 90 binding partners including channels, receptors, intracellular signaling molecules and transcription factors. due to the range of molecular interactions, mutations in fln genes result in anomalies with moderate to lethal consequences
Filariasis: infections with nematodes of the superfamily filarioidea. the presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. organisms of the genus elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face
Filaricides: pharmacological agents destructive to nematodes in the superfamily filarioidea
Filarioidea: a superfamily of nematodes of the order spirurida. members possess a filiform body and a mouth surrounded by papillae
Filarioidea: nadčeleď hlístic řádu spirurida. její zástupci mají filiformní tělo a papily kolem ústního otvoru
Filgrastim: a recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (g-csf) that is used in the treatment and prevention of neutropenia, preparation and collection of blood progenitor cells, and for use in peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
Filipendula: rod rostlin čeledi rosaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují taniny
Filipin: a complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from streptomyces filipinensis. filipin iii alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. filipins i, ii, and iv are less important
Filippi syndrome: short stature, microcephaly, characteristic face, syndactyly and mental retardation; unusual facial appearance, microcephaly, growth and mental retardation, and syndactyly
Filipíny: země v jihovýchodní asii, souostroví mezi filipínským a jihočínským mořem a východně od vietnamu. rozkládá se na 7641 ostrovech v západním tichém oceánu. dělí se na tři geografické celky: visayské ostrovy, luzon a mindanao. hlavním městem je manila. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Fillcanal: combination of eugenol, zinc oxide, staybelite resin, bismuth subcarbonate, barium sulfate, sodium borate
Film Dosimetry: use of a device (film badge) for measuring exposure of individuals to radiation. it is usually made of metal, plastic, or paper and loaded with one or more pieces of x-ray film
Filoviridae: a family of rna viruses, of the order mononegavirales, containing filamentous virions. although they resemble rhabdoviridae in possessing helical nucleocapsids, filoviridae differ in the length and degree of branching in their virions. there are two genera: ebolavirus and marburgvirus
Filoviridae: čeleď vláknitých rna-virů řádu mononegavirales. helikálním tvarem nukleokapsidy se podobají čeledi rhabdoviridae, ale liší se délkou a stupněm větvení virionů. patří sem dva rody: ebolavirus a marburgvirus
Filoviridae Infections: infections with viruses of the family filoviridae. the infections in humans consist of a variety of clinically similar viral hemorrhagic fevers but the natural reservoir host is unknown
Filtek A110 composite resin: a two hybrid composites (z100 and tetric cream)
Filtek P60 Composite Resin: contains bis-gma, udma with bis-ema
Filtek Supreme: a nanocomposite, claims to have superior wear, strength & polish retention
Filtek Ultimate Flowable: consists of bis-gma, tegdma, and other ingredients
Filtering Surgery: a surgical procedure used in treatment of glaucoma in which an opening is created through which aqueous fluid may pass from the anterior chamber into a sac created beneath the conjunctiva, thus lowering the pressure within the eye. (hoffman, pocket glossary of ophthalmologic terminology, 1989)
Filtration: a process of separating particulate matter from a fluid, such as air or a liquid, by passing the fluid carrier through a medium that will not pass the particulates. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Fimbriae Proteins: proteins that are structural components of bacterial fimbriae (fimbriae, bacterial) or sex pili (pili, sex)
Fimbriae, Bacterial: thin, hairlike appendages, 1 to 20 microns in length and often occurring in large numbers, present on the cells of gram-negative bacteria, particularly enterobacteriaceae and neisseria. unlike flagella, they do not possess motility, but being protein (pilin) in nature, they possess antigenic and hemagglutinating properties. they are of medical importance because some fimbriae mediate the attachment of bacteria to cells via adhesins (adhesins, bacterial). bacterial fimbriae refer to common pili, to be distinguished from the preferred use of pili, which is confined to sex pili (pili, sex)
Fin Whale: the species balaenoptera physalus, in the family balaenopteridae, characterized by a large, strongly curved, dorsal fin. it is the second largest of the whales, highly migratory, but rarely seen near the shore
Financial Stress: stress arising from personal financial concerns. (www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/financial-stress)
Financial Support: the provision of monetary resources including money or capital and credit; obtaining or furnishing money or capital for a purchase or enterprise and the funds so obtained. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed.)
Financing, Personal: payment by individuals or their family for health care services which are not covered by a third-party payer, either insurance or medical assistance
Finasteride: an orally active 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase inhibitor. it is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia
Finches: common name for small passeriformes in the family fringillidae. they have a short stout bill (beak) adapted for crushing seeds. some species of old world finches are called canaries
Finger Joint: the articulation between the head of one phalanx and the base of the one distal to it, in each finger
Finger Phalanges: bones that make up the skeleton of the fingers, consisting of two for the thumb, and three for each of the other fingers
Fingers: four or five slender jointed digits in humans and primates, attached to each hand
Fingersucking: sucking of the finger. this is one of the most common manipulations of the body found in young children
Fingolimod Hydrochloride: a sphingosine-derivative and immunosuppressive agent that blocks the migration and homing of lymphocytes to the central nervous system through its action on sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. it is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis
Finland: a country in northern europe, bordering the baltic sea, gulf of bothnia, and gulf of finland, between sweden and russia. the capital is helsinki
Finnish lethal neonatal metabolic syndrome: growth retardation, aminoaciduria, cholestasis, iron overload, lactic acidosis, and early death
Finsko: severský stát v severní evropě omývaný baltským mořem, botnickým zálivem a finským zálivem, hraničící s norskem na severu, švédskem na severozápadě a ruskem na východě. hlavním a největším městem jsou helsinky. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Fire Ants: two members of ant genus solenopsis in the family formicidae, order hymenoptera, accidentally introduced into the united states at mobile, alabama. fire ants are now found in many states from california to florida. fire ant bites typically cause a burning sensation, welts and blisters but can cause systemic or life-threatening reactions
Firearms: small-arms weapons, including handguns, pistols, revolvers, rifles, shotguns, etc
Firefighters: professional or volunteer members of a fire department who are trained to suppress fire and respond to related emergency
Fireflies: the family lampyidae, which are bioluminescent beetles. they contain firefly luciferin and luciferases. oxidation of firefly luciferin results in luminescence
Firefly Luciferin: a benzothaizole which is oxidized by luciferases, firefly to cause emission of light (luminescence)
Fires: combustion or burning in which substances combine chemically with oxygen typically giving out bright light, heat, and smoke
Firmicutes: a phylum of predominantly gram-positive bacteria that includes the orders bacillales and clostridiales. firmicutes and bacteroidetes are the two bacterial phyla that constitute the majority of the human gut microbiota
Firmicutes: kmen převážně grampozitivních bakterií, který zahrnuje řády bacillales a clostridiales. firmicutes a bacteroidetes jsou dva bakteriální kmeny, které tvoří většinu mikrobioty lidského střeva
First Aid: emergency care or treatment given to a person who suddenly becomes ill or injured before full medical services become available
First Fill: contains: mono and dimethacrylate resins, silica, titanium dioxide and catalysts
First Generation Cephalosporins: cephalosporin agents with excellent coverage against gram-positive cocci, such as staphylococcus and streptococcus. they have some activity against the gram-negative bacteria, but in general, gram-negative activity is decreased compared to 2nd, 3rd, and 4th generation cephalosporins
Fish Diseases: diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. this term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates)
Fish Oils: oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the liver. those from the liver are usually high in vitamin a. the oils are used as dietary supplements. they are also used in soaps and detergents and as protective coatings
Fish Venoms: venoms produced by fishes, including sharks and sting rays, usually delivered by spines. they contain various substances, including very labile toxins that affect the heart specifically and all muscles generally
Fisheries: places for cultivation and harvesting of fish, particularly in sea waters. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Fishes: a group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales
Fishes, Poisonous: fishes that produce fish venoms, as well as members of the tetraodontiformes order, which produce tetrodotoxin
Fissure in Ano: a painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. it appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal
Fistula: abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body
Fit Seal composite resin: consists of pmma and benzoyl peroxide peroxide (bop)
Fitness Centers: facilities having programs intended to promote and maintain a state of physical well-being for optimal performance and health
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome: peritonitis and hepatitis associated with pelvic inflammatory disease caused by chlamydia trachomatis or neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. the diaphragm may also be affected
Fitzsimmons Walson Mellor syndrome: spastic paraplegia, bilateral sensorineural deafness, intellectual retardation, and progressive nephropathy
Fixation, Ocular: positioning and accommodation of eyes that allows the image to be brought into place on the fovea centralis of each eye
Fixatives: agents employed in the preparation of histologic or pathologic specimens for the purpose of maintaining the existing form and structure of all of the constituent elements. great numbers of different agents are used; some are also decalcifying and hardening agents. they must quickly kill and coagulate living tissue
Flacourtia: a genus of flowering plants in the family salicaceae, order malphigiales. an example is the willow, also known as salix or saules (french)
Flacourtia: rod kvetoucích rostlin z čeledi salicaceae (vrbovité), řádu malpighiales (malpígiotvaré). příkladem je vrba, známá také jako salix