NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Night Eating Syndrome: little or no appetite for breakfast due to eating more food after dinner than during the meal and eating more than half of daily food intake after dinner hour
Night Terrors: a disorder characterized by incomplete arousals from sleep associated with behavior suggesting extreme fright. this condition primarily affects children and young adults and the individual generally has no recall of the event. episodes tend to occur during stage iii or iv. somnambulism is frequently associated with this condition. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p391)
Night Vision: function of the human eye that is used in dim illumination (scotopic intensities) or at nighttime. scotopic vision is performed by retinal rod photoreceptors with high sensitivity to light and peak absorption wavelength at 507 nm near the blue end of the spectrum
Night blindness, congenital stationary: a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of nonprogressive retinal disorders that are characterized by impaired night vision, decreased visual acuity; nystagmus; myopia, and strabismus. csnb can be classified into 2 groups based on electroretinography findings. germline mutations in several genes have been identified. omim: 310500
Nightclubs: establishments that are open at night and which provide food and drinks, and entertainment such as music, dancing, singing, and comedy acts
Nigérie: země v západní africe. na západě sousedí s beninem, na východě s čadem a kamerunem, na severu s nigerem. území na jihu ohraničuje pobřeží guinejského zálivu. hlavní město je abuja. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome: a chromosome instability syndrome resulting from a defective response to dna double-strand breaks. in addition to characteristic facies and microcephaly, patients have a range of findings including radiosensitivity, immunodeficiency, increased cancer risk, and growth retardation. causative mutations occur in the nbs1 gene, located on human chromosome 8q21. nbs1 codes for nibrin, the key regulator protein of the r/m/n (rad50/mre11/nbs1) protein complex which senses and mediates cellular response to dna damage caused by ionizing radiation
Nikaragua: nikaragua je stát ve střední americe. leží mezi karibikem a pacifikem. na severu sousedí s hondurasem a na jihu s kostarikou. hlavní město managua
Nikethamide: a central nervous system stimulant. it was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)
NimB protein, Bacteroides fragilis: involved in 5-nitroimidazole resistance in bacteroides; base sequence given in first source
NimC protein, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron: involved in 5-nitroimidazole resistance; isolated from bacteroides; amino acid ; genbank x76948
Nimaviridae: a family of dna invertebrate viruses with one genus: whispovirus
Nimaviridae: čeleď dna virů infikujících bezobratlé. obsahuje jeden rod: whispovirus
Nimodipine: a calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. it has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure
Nimorazole: an antitrichomonal agent which is effective either topically or orally and whose urinary metabolites are also trichomonicidal
Nimustine: antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. the resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. the drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms
Ninhydrin: 2,2-dihydroxy-1h-indene-1,3-(2h)-dione. reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. it is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties
Niobium: a metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol nb
Nipah Virus: a species of henipavirus, closely related to hendra virus, which emerged in peninsular malaysia in 1998. it causes a severe febrile viral encephalitis in humans and also encephalitis and respiratory tract infections in pigs. fruit bats (pteropus) are the natural host
Nipple Aspirate Fluid: fluid collected from nipple by gentle aspiration. the fluid contains cells and extracellular fluid from the breast ductal epithelium
Nippostrongylus: a genus of intestinal nematode parasites belonging to the superfamily heligmosomatoidea, which commonly occurs in rats but has been experimentally transmitted to other rodents and rabbits. infection is usually through the skin
Nippostrongylus: rod střevních parazitických hlístic čeledi heligmosomatoidea, které běžně žijí v tělech krys, ale byly experimentálně přeneseny i do jiných hlodavců a králíků. k nákaze dojde většinou přenosem přes kůži
Nisin: a 34-amino acid polypeptide antibiotic produced by streptococcus lactis. it has been used as a food preservative in canned fruits and vegetables, and cheese
Nisoldipine: a dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. it is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina
Nissl Bodies: subcellular structures found in nerve cell bodies and dendrites. they consist of granular endoplasmic reticulum (endoplasmic reticulum, rough) and ribosomes
Nisslova tělíska: chromofilní substance přítomná v tělech a dendritech nervových buněk (avšak chybějící v axonech), často vykazuje granulární uspořádání, proto se někdy označuje jako nisslova tělíska (též tigroid). její hlavní součástí je hrubé endoplasmatické retikulum, jehož nápadná přítomnost v dendritech se dává do souvislosti s významem postsynaptické proteosyntézy pro dlouhodobou potenciaci (resp. paměť). (upraveno podle: velký lékařský slovník online, 2019 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Nitella: a genus of green plants in the family characeae, phylum streptophyta. they are found in shallow to deep waters of soft water or acid lakes and bogs
Nitella: rod parožnatek. žijí v různých hloubkách jezer s měkkou nebo kyselou vodou a v bažinách
Nitracrine: acridine antineoplastic agent used in mammary and ovarian tumors. it inhibits rna synthesis
Nitrate Reductase: an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. it is a cytochrome protein that contains iron and molybdenum
Nitrate Reductase (NAD(P)H): an iron-sulfur and molybdenum containing flavoprotein that catalyzes the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. this enzyme can use either nad or nadp as cofactors. it is a key enzyme that is involved in the first step of nitrate assimilation in plants; fungi; and bacteria. this enzyme was formerly classified as ec 1.6.6.2
Nitrate Reductase (NADH): an nad-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. it is a flavoprotein that contains iron and molybdenum and is involved in the first step of nitrate assimilation in plants; fungi; and bacteria. it was formerly classified as ec 1.6.6.1
Nitrate Reductase (NADPH): an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate in the presence of nadp+. it is a flavoprotein that contains iron and molybdenum. this enzyme was formerly classified as ec 1.6.6.3 and should not be confused with the enzyme nitrate reductase (nad(p)h)
Nitrate Reductases: oxidoreductases that are specific for the reduction of nitrates
Nitrate Transporters: plant proteins that participate in the active uptake of nitrate from soil and its transport throughout the plant
Nitrates: inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. these compounds contain the no3- radical
Nitrazepam: a benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic
Nitrendipine: a calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. it is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive
Nitric Acid: nitric acid (hno3). a colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Nitric Oxide: a free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from arginine by nitric oxide synthase. nitric oxide is one of the endothelium-dependent relaxing factors released by the vascular endothelium and mediates vasodilation. it also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic gmp
Nitric Oxide Donors: a diverse group of agents, with unique chemical structures and biochemical requirements, which generate nitric oxide. these compounds have been used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and the management of acute myocardial infarction, acute and chronic congestive heart failure, and surgical control of blood pressure. (adv pharmacol 1995;34:361-81)
Nitric Oxide Synthase: an nadph-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-arginine and oxygen to produce citrulline and nitric oxide
Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I: a calcium-dependent, constitutively-expressed form of nitric oxide synthase found primarily in nerve tissue
Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II: a calcium-independent subtype of nitric oxide synthase that may play a role in immune function. it is an inducible enzyme whose expression is transcriptionally regulated by a variety of cytokines
Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III: a calcium-dependent, constitutively-expressed form of nitric oxide synthase found primarily in endothelial cells
Nitrification: a process facilitated by specialized bacteria involving the oxidations of ammonium to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate
Nitriles: organic compounds containing the -cn radical. the concept is distinguished from cyanides, which denotes inorganic salts of hydrogen cyanide
Nitrilotriacetic Acid: a derivative of acetic acid, n(ch2cooh)3. it is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with zn2+. (from miall's dictionary of chemistry, 5th ed.)
Nitrite Reductase (NAD(P)H): an enzyme found primarily in bacteria and fungi that catalyzes the oxidation of ammonium hydroxide to nitrite. it is an iron-sulfur heme; flavoprotein containing siroheme and can utilize both nad and nadp as cofactors. this enzyme was formerly classified as ec 1.6.6.4
Nitrite Reductases: a group of enzymes that oxidize diverse nitrogenous substances to yield nitrite. (enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 1
Nitrites: salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group no2-. the inorganic nitrites of the type mno2 (where m=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. the organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Nitro Compounds: compounds having the nitro group, -no2, attached to carbon. when attached to nitrogen they are nitramines and attached to oxygen they are nitrates
Nitroanisole O-Demethylase: oxidative enzyme which transforms p-nitroanisole into p-nitrophenol
Nitroarginine: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (neurochem res 1995:200(4):451-6)
Nitrobacter: a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that oxidizes nitrites to nitrates. its organisms occur in aerobic environments where organic matter is being mineralized, including soil, fresh water, and sea water
Nitrobacter: rod gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které oxidují dusitany na dusičnany. vyskytují se v aerobním prostředí, kde dochází k mineralizaci organické hmoty (půda, sladká a slaná voda)
Nitrobenzoates: benzoic acid or benzoic acid esters substituted with one or more nitro groups
Nitroblue Tetrazolium: colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease
Nitrofurantoin: a urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression
Nitrofurazone: a topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. it is used for superficial wounds and injuries and skin infections. nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of trypanosomiasis
Nitrogen: an element with the atomic symbol n, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. it is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells
Nitrogen Cycle: the circulation of nitrogen in nature, consisting of a cycle of biochemical reactions in which atmospheric nitrogen is compounded, dissolved in rain, and deposited in the soil, where it is assimilated and metabolized by animals, plants, bacteria, and fungi, eventually returning to the atmosphere by bacterial decomposition of organic matter
Nitrogen Dioxide: nitrogen oxide (no2). a highly poisonous gas. exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (from merck, 11th ed) it is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb uv light that does not reach the earth's surface
Nitrogen Fixation: the process in certain bacteria; fungi; and cyanobacteria converting free atmospheric nitrogen to biologically usable forms of nitrogen, such as ammonia; nitrates; and amino compounds
Nitrogen Isotopes: stable nitrogen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element nitrogen but differ in atomic weight. n-15 is a stable nitrogen isotope
Nitrogen Mustard Compounds: a group of alkylating agents derived from mustard gas, with the sulfur replaced by nitrogen. they were formerly used as toxicants and vesicants, but now function as antineoplastic agents. these compounds are also powerful mutagens, teratogens, immunosuppressants, and carcinogens
Nitrogen Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of nitrogen that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. n atoms with atomic weights 12, 13, 16, 17, and 18 are radioactive nitrogen isotopes
Nitrogenase: an enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). ec 1.18.6.1
Nitrogenous Group Transferases: enzymes that catalyze the transfer of nitrogenous groups, primarily amino groups, from a donor, generally an amino acid, to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxoacid. ec 2.6
Nitroglycerin: a volatile vasodilator which relieves angina pectoris by stimulating guanylate cyclase and lowering cytosolic calcium. it is also sometimes used for tocolysis and explosives
Nitrohydroxyiodophenylacetate: also called 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetate. a haptenic determinant that can be radiolabeled and used as salts and derivatives for investigations of immunogenic specificity studies
Nitromifene: a non-steroidal estrogen antagonist (as the 1:1 citrate) most commonly used as a research tool in animal studies
Nitroparaffins: alkanes having one or more nitro (no2) groups attached to carbon atoms
Nitrophenylgalactosides: includes ortho-, meta-, and para-nitrophenylgalactosides
Nitroprusside: a powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. it is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins
Nitroquinolines: quinolines substituted in any position by one or more nitro groups
Nitroreductases: enzymes which reduce nitro groups (nitro compounds) and other nitrogenous compounds
Nitrosamines: a class of compounds that contain a -nh2 and a -no radical. many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties
Nitrosation: conversion into nitroso compounds. an example is the reaction of nitrites with amino compounds to form carcinogenic n-nitrosamines
Nitrosative Stress: a metabolic excess of reactive nitrogen species, including nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, that leads to damaging effects of oxidation and nitration
Nitroso Compounds: organic compounds containing the nitroso (-n=o) group attached to an organic moiety
Nitrosoguanidines: nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. they are used as mutagens in molecular biology research
Nitrosomethylurethane: an alkylating carcinogen that produces gastrointestinal and probably lung and nervous system tumors
Nitrosomonadaceae: a family of gram-negative nitrifying bacteria, in the order nitrosomonadales, class betaproteobacteria
Nitrosomonadaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, nitrifikačních bakterií řádu nitrosomonadales, třídy betaproteobacteria
Nitrosomonas: a genus of gram-negative, ellipsoidal or rod-shaped bacteria whose major source of energy and reducing power is from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite. its species occur in soils, oceans, lakes, rivers, and sewage disposal systems
Nitrosomonas: rod gramnegativních, ellipsoidních nebo tyčinkovitých bakterií. energii a redukční sílu získávají především z oxidace amoniaku na dusitan. jeho druhy se vyskytují v půdě, oceánech, jezerech, řekách a v odpadních vodách
Nitrosomonas europaea: the type species of the genus nitrosomonas, a gram-negative chemolithotroph that oxidizes ammonia to nitrite. it is found in soil, sewage, freshwater, and on building walls, and especially in polluted areas where air contains high levels of nitrogen compounds
Nitrosomonas europaea: typový druh rodu nitrosomonas, gramnegativní chemolitotrofní bakterie, která oxiduje amoniak na dusitany. vyskytuje se v půdě, v odpadních i sladkých vodách, na stěnách domů, zejména ve znečištěných oblastech, kde je ve vzduchu vysoká koncentrace dusíkatých sloučenin
Nitrosourea Compounds: a class of compounds in which the core molecule is r-no, where r is urea
Nitrous Acid: nitrous acid (hno2). a weak acid that exists only in solution. it can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Nitrous Oxide: nitrogen oxide (n2o). a colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. high concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. it is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream
Nitroxinil: proposed anthelmintic for fasciola and liver fluke infestations
Nivolumab: a genetically engineered, fully humanized immunoglobulin g4 monoclonal antibody that binds to the pd-1 receptor, activating an immune response to tumor cells. it is used as monotherapy or in combination with ipilimumab for the treatment of advanced malignant melanoma. it is also used in the treatment of advanced or recurring non-small cell lung cancer; renal cell carcinoma; and hodgkin's lymphoma
Nizatidine: a histamine h2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. the drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers
Nizozemsko: konstituční monarchie ležící v severozápadní evropě na pobřeží severního moře. na východě hraničí s německem a na jihu s belgií. od roku 2010 je nizozemské království tvořeno 4 zeměmi - evropským nizozemskem, arubou, svatým martinem a curaçaem. ostrovy bonaire, saba a svatý eustach mají status "zvláštní správní obvod" spadající přímo pod nizozemsko a bývají označovány jako "karibské nizozemsko". (upraveno podle wikipedie 2021 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Nizozemské Antily: dřívější nizozemské zámořské území v malých antilách. zahrnovalo ostrovy aruba, bonaire, curacao, saba, svatý eustach a jižní část svatého martina. nizozemské antily formálně zanikly 10. 10. 2010
No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level: the highest dosage administered that does not produce toxic effects
No-Reflow Phenomenon: markedly reduced or absent reperfusion in an infarct zone following the removal of an obstruction or constriction of an artery
No-Show Patients: patients who do not turn up for scheduled healthcare appointments. do not confuse with patient dropouts
No. 2 Fiberwire: a nonabsorbable polyblend braided suture material
Nobel Prize: any of six international prizes awarded annually for outstanding work in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, economics and the promotion of peace
Nobelium: a man-made radioactive element of the actinide metal series. it has the atomic symbol no, and atomic number 102
Nobelova cena: nobelova cena je ocenění každoročně udělované za zásadní vědecký výzkum, technické objevy či za přínos lidské společnosti. uděluje se v následujících oborech: fyzika, chemie, fyziologie nebo lékařství, literatura, mír; dále se také uděluje nobelova pamětní cena za ekonomii (od r. 1968). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2024 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Noble Gases: elements that constitute group 18 (formerly the zero group) of the periodic table. they are gases that generally do not react chemically
Nocardia: a genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria whose species are widely distributed and are abundant in soil. some strains are pathogenic opportunists for humans and animals
Nocardia: rod grampozitivních, aerobních bakterií, které jsou široce rozšířeny a jsou hojně zastoupeny v půdě. některé druhy jsou oportunními patogeny zvířat a člověka
Nocardia asteroides: a species of bacterium of the family nocardiaceae, producing pulmonary infections in man
Nocardia asteroides: druh bakterie čeledi nocardiaceae, která způsobuje plicní infekce u lidí
Nocardiaceae: a family of gram-positive, aerobic actinomycetes found in soil and animal tissue. some species are the cause of infection in man and animals
Nocardiaceae: rodina grampozitivních, aerobních aktinomycet nalezených v půdě a zvířecích tkáních. některé druhy jsou příčinou infekce u člověka a zvířat
Nocardioides: a genus of aerobic gram-positive high g+c dna content bacteria in the family nocardioidaceae and the phylum actinobacteria. members can utilize a wide range of carbon and nitrogen sources including ethene and vinyl chloride
Nocardioides: rod aerobních, grampozitivních bakterií s vysokým obsahem gc bazí, z čeledi nocardiodiaceae, kmene actinobacteria. jeho zástupci mohou utilizovat/aerobně degradovat široké spektrum zdrojů uhlíku a dusíku včetně ethenu (ethylenu) a vinylchloridu
Nocardiopsis: a genus of gram-positive bacteria in the phylum actinobacteria and family nocardiopsaceae. this genus occurs in saline and alkaline soils, and is known for producing antimicrobial compounds such as thiopeptides
Nocardiopsis: rod grampozitivních bakterií kmene actinobacteria, čeledi nocardiopsaceae. vyskytují se ve slaných a alkalických půdách a jsou známé produkcí antimikrobiálních sloučenin, jako jsou thiopeptidy
Nocebo Effect: an adverse effect occurring with a medical treatment that is not attributable to the actions of the treatment
Nociceptin: a pronociceptive peptide that acts as a specific endogenous agonist to the nociceptin receptor
Nociceptin Receptor: a member of the opioid subfamily of the g protein-coupled receptors. it is the receptor for the endogenous neuropeptide nociceptin. it functions in modulating nociception and the perception of pain
Nociception: sensing of noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli by nociceptors. it is the sensory component of visceral and tissue pain (nociceptive pain)
Nociceptive Pain: dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated nociceptors due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. it can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and visceral pain
Nociceptors: peripheral afferent neurons which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. their cell bodies reside in the dorsal root ganglia. their peripheral terminals (nerve endings) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the central nervous system
Nociplastic Pain: pain originating from the disrupted function of pain-related sensory pathways in both the periphery and central nervous system (cns), leading to heightened sensitivity
Nocodazole: nocodazole is an antineoplastic agent which exerts its effect by depolymerizing microtubules
Nocturia: frequent urination at night that interrupts sleep. it is often associated with outflow obstruction, diabetes mellitus, or bladder inflammation (cystitis)
Nocturnal Enuresis: involuntary discharge of urine during sleep at night after expected age of completed development of urinary control
Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome: excessive periodic leg movements during sleep that cause micro-arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. this condition induces a state of relative sleep deprivation which manifests as excessive daytime hypersomnolence. the movements are characterized by repetitive contractions of the tibialis anterior muscle, extension of the toe, and intermittent flexion of the hip, knee and ankle. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p387)
Nocturnal Paroxysmal Dystonia: a parasomnia characterized by paroxysmal episodes of choreoathetotic, ballistic, dystonic movements, and semipurposeful activity. the episodes occur during non-rapid eye movement sleep and typically recur several times per night. (neurology 1992 jul;42(7 suppl 6):61-67; adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p391)
Nod Signaling Adaptor Proteins: cytosolic signaling adaptor proteins that were initially discovered by their role in the innate immunity (immunity, innate) response of organisms that lack an adaptive immune system. this class of proteins contains three domains, a c-terminal ligand recognition domain, an n-terminal effector-binding domain, and a centrally located nuclear-binding oligomerization domain. many members of this class contain a c-terminal leucine rich domain which binds to peptidoglycan on the surface of bacteria and plays a role in pathogen resistance
Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein: a nod-signaling adaptor protein that contains a c-terminal leucine-rich domain which recognizes bacterial peptidoglycan. it signals via an n-terminal caspase recruitment domain that interacts with other card signaling adaptor proteins such as rip serine-theonine kinases. it plays a role in the host defense response by signaling the activation of caspases and the map kinase signaling system
Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein: a nod signaling adaptor protein that contains two c-terminal leucine-rich domains which recognize bacterial peptidoglycan. it signals via an n-terminal capase recruitment domain that interacts with other card signaling adaptor proteins such as rip serine-theonine kinases. the protein plays a role in the host defense response by signaling the activation of caspases and the map kinase signaling system. mutations of the gene encoding the nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 protein have been associated with increased susceptibility to crohn disease
Nodal Protein: the founding member of the nodal signaling ligand family of proteins. nodal protein was originally discovered in the region of the mouse embryo primitive streak referred to as hensen's node. it is expressed asymmetrically on the left side in chordates and plays a critical role in the genesis of left-right asymmetry during vertebrate development
Nodal Signaling Ligands: members of the transforming growth factor superfamily that play a role in pattern formation and differentiation during the pregastrulation and gastrulation stages of chordate development. several nodal signaling ligands are specifically involved in the genesis of left-right asymmetry during development. the protein group is named after a critical region of the vertebrate embryo primitive streak referred to as hensen's node
Nodaviridae: a family of rna viruses infecting insecta and fish. there are two genera: alphanodavirus and betanodavirus
Nodaviridae: čeleď rna-virů infikujících hmyz a ryby. patří sem dva rody: alphanodavirus a betanodavirus
Nodding Syndrome: unexplained neurologic condition characterized by episodes of atonic seizures, convulsions or staring spells with further cognitive decline
Nodose Ganglion: the inferior (caudal) ganglion of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. the unipolar nodose ganglion cells are sensory cells with central projections to the medulla and peripheral processes traveling in various branches of the vagus nerve
Nodularia: a form-genus of filamentous cyanobacteria in the order nostocales. its members can be planktonic or benthic and the trichomes are composed of disc-shaped vegetative cells
Nodularia: formální rod vláknitých sinic řádu nostocales. patří sem planktonní nebo bentické sinice. jejich trichomy jsou tvořeny diskoidními vegetativními buňkami
Nogalamycin: an anthrocycline from a streptomyces nogalater variant. it is a cytolytic antineoplastic that inhibits dna-dependent rna synthesis by binding to dna
Nogo Proteins: myelin proteins that are expressed as three isoforms: nogo-a, nogo-b, and nogo-c. these share a c-terminal reticulon homology domain (rhd), consisting of two hydrophobic membrane domains flanking a 66 amino acid (nogo-66) hydrophilic region. a long transmembrane region allows conformations that either span the entire membrane or fold into a hairpin conformation. nogo inhibits neurite outgrowth and modulates wiring and the restriction of synaptic plasticity in the adult central nervous system. it also regulates neurite fasciculation, branching, and extension in the developing nervous system
Nogo Receptor 1: a high affinity receptor for myelin-associated inhibitors (mais) that include nogo-a protein; oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein; and myelin-associated glycoprotein. it is expressed primarily by neurons in the brain and olfactory bulbs. during embryonic development, it is expressed in the peripheral nervous system. it localizes to growth cones and may inhibit neurite outgrowth following spinal injury
Nogo Receptor 2: a nogo receptor that binds to myelin-associated glycoprotein. it localizes to the growth cones of neurons in the thalamus; cortex: amygdala; olfactory bulbs; and hypothalamus
Nogo Receptors: gpi-linked proteins consisting of eight elongated leucine-rich repeats at their n-temini that are connected to the gpi by a stalk region rich in prolines, serines and threonines. they bind to nogo protein; however, some nogo receptors also bind myelin associated glycoprotein and other cell surface glycoproteins. interactions between nogo receptors and their ligands modulate nerve growth and neuronal plasticity
Noma: a severe gangrenous process occurring predominantly in debilitated and malnourished children, especially in underdeveloped countries. it typically begins as a small vesicle or ulcer on the gingiva that rapidly becomes necrotic and spreads to produce extensive destruction of the buccal and labial mucosa and tissues of the face, which may result in severe disfigurement and even death. various bacteria have been implicated in the etiology. (dorland, 27th ed)
Nomifensine: an isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. the maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. it was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. in some cases, renal failure also developed. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266)
Nomograms: graphical representation of a statistical model containing scales for calculating the prognostic weight of a value for each individual variable. nomograms are instruments that can be used to predict outcomes using specific clinical parameters. they use algorithms that incorporate several variables to calculate the predicted probability that a patient will achieve a particular clinical endpoint
Non functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor: a benign or malignant tumor of the pancreas that does not secrete excessive levels of hormones and does not become symptomatic until its size affects other structures
Non-Erosive Reflux Disease: a type of gastroesophageal reflux disease with acid reflux-related symptoms, but that does not affect the integrity of the esophageal mucosa
Non-Fibrillar Collagens: a family of structurally-related short-chain collagens that do not form large fibril bundles
Non-Filarial Lymphedema: a form of elephantiasis caused by soil particles which penetrate the skin of the foot. it is limited to tropical regions with soils of high volcanic content
Non-Fungible Tokens: digital certificates, in the form of data recorded on a blockchain, that signify ownership of associated digital items, such as images, music, or videos, not contained in the certificate data itself
Non-Medical Prescribing: prescribing by a healthcare professional other than a doctor or dentist
Non-Medical Public and Private Facilities: spaces and needed equipment provided for a specific, non-medical function or service used by the public or specific group of persons
Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Neoplasms: a urothelial carcinoma found in the tissue that lines the inner surface of the bladder. the bladder muscle is not involved
Non-Neuronal Cholinergic System: the system of acetylcholine-synthesizing enzymes, transporters, receptors and degrading enzymes that characterize non-neuronal cholinergic cells such as airway and skin epithelial cells
Non-Nutritive Sweeteners: chemical additives, such as aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose, that give a sweet taste to foods without contributing significant calories or promoting tooth decay. they are generally much sweeter than sucrose
Non-Point Source Pollution: water pollution from a variety of diffuse sources carried over or through the ground and into water sources such as lakes; rivers; wetlands; coastal waters; and groundwater. such diffuse sources include roadways and parking lots (gasoline; heavy metals; and motor oil), lawns or agricultural land (excess fertilizers, livestock excrement, and pesticides), landfill seepage, and construction sites (chemicals and trash used in construction processes)
Non-Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis: chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the axial joints which cannot be detectable on x-rays. it is characterized by pain, stiffness of joints and inflammation. non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis can have symptoms onset before the age of 45 and progress to more severe ankylosing spondylitis over time
Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic: works about a study where participants are assigned to a treatment, procedure, or intervention by methods that are not random. non-randomized clinical trials are sometimes referred to as quasi-experimental clinical trials or non-equivalent control group designs
Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction: a myocardial infarction that does not produce elevations in the st segments of the electrocardiogram. st segment elevation of the ecg is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also st elevation myocardial infarction)
Nonachlazine: coronary vasodilator with a novel mechanism of action; proposed as antianginal agent
Noncommunicable Diseases: diseases which are typically non-infectious in origin and do not transmit from an affected individual to others. the four main types of noncommunicable diseases are cardiovascular diseases (e.g., heart attacks and stroke), cancer, chronic respiratory diseases (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes mellitus
Noncompaction of Left Ventricular Myocardium with Congenital Heart Defects: congenital heart defects characterized by multiple prominent trabeculations and intertrabecular recesses in hypertrophied and hypokinetic segments of the left ventricle . it is thought to be caused by an intrauterine arrest of myocardial development without compaction of the loose myocardial meshwork. can occur in isolation or in association with congenital heart disease; germline mutations in the dtna gene have been identified for lvnc1 (omim: 604169)
Nondisjunction, Genetic: the failure of homologous chromosomes or chromatids to segregate during mitosis or meiosis with the result that one daughter cell has both of a pair of parental chromosomes or chromatids and the other has none
Nonheme Iron Proteins: proteins, usually acting in oxidation-reduction reactions, containing iron but no porphyrin groups. (lehninger, principles of biochemistry, 1993, pg-10)
Nonidet P-40: non-ionic detergent; rn given refers to parent cpd
Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with deafness: a mitochondrial disorder characterized by onset of sensorineural hearing loss and diabetes in adulthood. some patients may have additional features observed in mitochondrial disorders, including retinitis pigmentosa; ptosis; cardiomyopathy; muscular diseases; kidney diseases, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. mutations in the mitochondrial genes mttl1, mtte, and mttk have been identified. omim: 520000
Noninvasive Prenatal Testing: the analysis of cell-free fetal dna or the dna from fetal cells that are biopsied from a pregnant woman's blood, to screen for genetically-determined traits and genetic abnormalities
Noninvasive Ventilation: techniques for administering artificial respiration without the need for intratracheal intubation
Nonlinear Dynamics: the study of systems which respond disproportionately (nonlinearly) to initial conditions or perturbing stimuli. nonlinear systems may exhibit chaos which is classically characterized as sensitive dependence on initial conditions. chaotic systems, while distinguished from more ordered periodic systems, are not random. when their behavior over time is appropriately displayed (in phase space), constraints are evident which are described by strange attractors. phase space representations of chaotic systems, or strange attractors, usually reveal fractal (fractals) self-similarity across time scales. natural, including biological, systems often display nonlinear dynamics and chaos
Nonlinear Optical Microscopy: microscopic imaging techniques that utilize nonlinear responses of light-matter interactions which occur with high-intensity illumination, such as from lasers, and specialized light signal detection instrumentation to produce images without the need for dyes or fluorescent labels
Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIA: a nonmuscle isoform of myosin type ii found predominantly in platelets, lymphocytes, neutrophils and brush border enterocytes
Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIB: a nonmuscle isoform of myosin type ii found predominantly in neuronal tissue
Nonodontogenic Cysts: cysts formed from epithelial inclusions in the lines of fusion of the embryonic processes which form the jaws. they include nasopalatine or incisive canal cyst, incisive papilla cyst, globulomaxillary cyst, median palatal cyst, median alveolar cyst, median mandibular cyst, and nasoalveolar cyst
Nonoxynol: nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. they are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams
Nonpuerperal galactorrhea: lactation that occurs in the absence of pregnancy or childbirth (omim: 230300). it may be accompanied by amenorrhea (omim: 104600)
Nonseminomatous germ cell tumor: testicular neoplasms that originate in germ cells, including embryonal carcinoma; teratoma, choriocarcinoma; and yolk sac tumor. polymorphisms in the bcl10 gene, and somatic mutations in braf and kras genes have been identified. omim: 273300
Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay: an mrna metabolic process that distinguishes a normal stop codon from a premature stop codon (nonsense codon) and facilitates rapid degradation of aberrant mrnas containing premature stop codons
Nonsteroidal Anti-Androgens: nonsteroidal agents which block the action or downregulate the synthesis of androgens
Nonsuppressible Insulin-Like Activity: a blood protein (nsila) which mimics the biological activity of insulin in serum, but is not suppressed by insulin antibodies. during acid-ethanol extraction of cohn fraction iii, 10% of the activity is found in the supernatant (nsila-s) and the remaining activity in the precipitate (nsila-p). the latter is a large molecular compound, much less stable than the soluble fraction. nsila-s is a more potent growth factor than insulin and exhibits sulfation activity
Nonsyndromic Deafness: hearing loss that is not associated with other signs and symptoms. most cases are due to damage to structures of the inner ear. more than half of congenital cases are due to genetic factors; mutations in multiple genes have been identified, including pou3f4 (omim: 304400), mtrnr1 (omim: 561000), and mt-ts1 (omim: 590080)
Nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss: partial or total loss of hearing that is not associated with other signs and symptoms. some hereditary cases may be caused by mutations in mitochondrial genes. omim: 500008
Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation: human experimentation that is not intended to benefit the subjects on whom it is performed. phase i drug studies (clinical trials, phase i as topic) and research involving healthy volunteers are examples of nontherapeutic human experimentation
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: so-called atypical species of the genus mycobacterium that do not cause tuberculosis. they are also called tuberculoid bacilli, i.e.: m. abscessus, m. buruli, m. chelonae, m. duvalii, m. flavescens, m. fortuitum, m. gilvum, m. gordonae, m. intracellulare (see mycobacterium avium complex;), m. kansasii, m. marinum, m. obuense, m. scrofulaceum, m. szulgai, m. terrae, m. ulcerans, m. xenopi
Nonverbal Communication: transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language
Noonan Syndrome: a genetically heterogeneous, multifaceted disorder characterized by short stature, webbed neck, ptosis, skeletal malformations, hypertelorism, hormonal imbalance, cryptorchidism, multiple cardiac abnormalities (most commonly including pulmonary valve stenosis), and some degree of intellectual disability. the phenotype bears similarities to that of turner syndrome that occurs only in females and has its basis in a 45, x karyotype abnormality. noonan syndrome occurs in both males and females with a normal karyotype (46,xx and 46,xy). mutations in a several genes (ptpn11, kras, sos1, nf1 and raf1) have been associated the ns phenotype. mutations in ptpn11 are the most common. leopard syndrome, a disorder that has clinical features overlapping those of noonan syndrome, is also due to mutations in ptpn11. in addition, there is overlap with the syndrome called neurofibromatosis-noonan syndrome due to mutations in nf1
Noonanové syndrom: syndrom podobný turnerovu syndromu s možným postižením obou pohlaví. ve srovnání s turnerovým syndromem bývá častěji postiženo srdce (pulmonální stenóza) a duševní vývoj. další příznaky jsou obdobné (např. pterygium colli, menší vzrůst, nízká vlasová hranice). příčina není známa, karyotyp není postižen, někdy je familiární výskyt s autozomálně dominantní dědičností. u mužského pohlaví může být kryptorchismus s variabilním postižením gonád a spermiogeneze. karyotyp mužů je xy. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Nootropic Agents: drugs used to specifically facilitate learning or memory, particularly to prevent the cognitive deficits associated with dementias. these drugs act by a variety of mechanisms
Norandrostanes: androstanes in which ring contractions have occurred or which are lacking carbon-18. compounds with any degree of unsaturation are included. androstanes which are lacking carbon-19 are estranes
Norbornanes: compounds that include or are derivatives of norbornane(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane)
Nordazepam: an intermediate in the metabolism of diazepam to oxazepam. it may have actions similar to those of diazepam
Nordefrin: a norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent
Nordic Walking: form of brisk walking, utilizing walking poles, which actively engages the trunk and upper limbs during walking, maintaining the natural gait, while the hands are performing an open-close cycle in an alternating manner
Norepinephrine: precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers, and of the diffuse projection system in the brain that arises from the locus ceruleus. it is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic
Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins: sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters located primarily on the plasma membrane of noradrenergic neurons. they remove norepinephrine from the extracellular space by high affinity reuptake into presynaptic terminals. the norepinephrine transporter regulates signal amplitude and duration at noradrenergic synapses and is the target of adrenergic uptake inhibitors
Norethandrolone: a synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity
Norethindrone: a synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. it has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. the hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for contraception
Norethindrone Acetate: acetate ester of norethindrone that is used as a long-term contraceptive (contraceptive agents)
Norethynodrel: a synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of progesterone. it has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and endometriosis. as a contraceptive (contraceptive agents), it has usually been administered in combination with mestranol
Norfenfluramine: a fenfluramine analog that inhibits serotonin uptake and may provoke release of serotonin. it is used as an appetite depressant and an experimental tool in animal studies
Norfloxacin: a synthetic fluoroquinolone (fluoroquinolones) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. norfloxacin inhibits bacterial dna gyrase
Norgestrel: a synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of progesterone. this racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (levonorgestrel). norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis
Norisoprenoids: thirteen-carbon butene cyclohexene degradation products formed by the cleavage of carotenoids. they contribute to the flavor of some fruit. ionone should not be confused with the similarly named ionol
Norleucine: an unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. it is structurally similar to methionine, however it does not contain sulfur
Normal Distribution: continuous frequency distribution of infinite range. its properties are as follows: 1, continuous, symmetrical distribution with both tails extending to infinity; 2, arithmetic mean, mode, and median identical; and 3, shape completely determined by the mean and standard deviation
Normanské ostrovy: skupina čtyř britských ostrovů a několika ostrůvků v lamanšském průlivu nedaleko francouzského pobřeží poloostrova cotentin. největšími městy normanských ostrovů jsou s 28 000 obyvateli saint helier, správní středisko jersey, a saint peter port, správní středisko ostrova guernsey. tyto oblasti netvoří část spojeného království, ale jsou, podobně jako ostrov man, dependencí britské koruny; jejich hlavou je britská královna alžběta ii. pochází odsud plemena guernseyského a jerseyského skotu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Normetanephrine: a methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. it is a marker for tumors
Norovirus: a genus in the family caliciviridae, associated with epidemic gastroenteritis in humans. the type species, norwalk virus, contains multiple strains