NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Flagella: a whiplike motility appendage present on the surface cells. prokaryote flagella are composed of a protein called flagellin. bacteria can have a single flagellum, a tuft at one pole, or multiple flagella covering the entire surface. in eukaryotes, flagella are threadlike protoplasmic extensions used to propel flagellates and sperm. flagella have the same basic structure as cilia but are longer in proportion to the cell bearing them and present in much smaller numbers. (from king & stansfield, a dictionary of genetics, 4th ed)
Flagellin: a protein with a molecular weight of 40,000 isolated from bacterial flagella. at appropriate ph and salt concentration, three flagellin monomers can spontaneously reaggregate to form structures which appear identical to intact flagella
Flail Chest: a complication of multiple rib fractures; rib and sternum fractures, or thoracic surgery. a portion of the thoracic wall becomes isolated from the rib cage and exhibits paradoxical respiration
Flame Ionization: pyrolysis of organic compounds at the temperature of a hydrogen-air flame to produce ionic intermediates which can be collected and the resulting ion current measured by gas chromatography
Flame Retardants: materials applied to fabrics, bedding, furniture, plastics, etc. to retard their burning; many may leach out and cause allergies or other harm
Flaminal: a wound care system that generates free radicals to destroy bacterial cell walls, breaks down necrotic material, and absorbs wound exudate for ongoing wound debridement
Flammulina: a genus of mushrooms in the family tricholomataceae, whose species are characterized by a slimy cap (fruiting bodies, fungal)
Flammulina: rod stopkovýtrusých hub čeledi tricholomataceae charakterizovaný slizkým kloboukem (plodnicí)
Flap Endonucleases: endonucleases that remove 5' dna sequences from a dna structure called a dna flap. the dna flap structure occurs in double-stranded dna containing a single-stranded break where the 5' portion of the downstream strand is too long and overlaps the 3' end of the upstream strand. flap endonucleases cleave the downstream strand of the overlap flap structure precisely after the first base-paired nucleotide, creating a ligatable nick
Flatfishes: common name for the order pleuronectiformes. a very distinctive group in that during development they become asymmetrical, i.e., one eye migrates to lie adjacent to the other. they swim on the eyeless side. flounder, sole, and turbot, along with several others, are included in this order
Flatulence: production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus
Flaveria: a plant genus of the family asteraceae that is used for experiments in molecular genetic studies in plant physiology and development
Flaveria: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae, který je modelem pro výzkum fyziologie a vývoje rostlin na úrovni molekulární genetiky
Flavin Mononucleotide: a coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including nadh dehydrogenase. it is the principal form in which riboflavin is found in cells and tissues
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: a condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. the coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., d-amino acid oxidase and l-amino acid oxidase. (lehninger, principles of biochemistry, 1982, p972)
Flavins: derivatives of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3h,10h)-dione) skeleton. flavin derivatives serve an electron transfer function as enzyme cofactors in flavoproteins
Flaviviridae: a family of rna viruses, many of which cause disease in humans and domestic animals. there are three genera flavivirus; pestivirus; and hepacivirus, as well as several unassigned species
Flaviviridae: čeleď rna-virů, které jsou patogenní pro člověka a domácí zvířata. patří sem rody flavivirus, pegivirus, pestivirus a hepacivirus a několik neklasifikovaných druhů
Flavivirus: a genus of flaviviridae containing several subgroups and many species. most are arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks. the type species is yellow fever virus
Flavivirus: rod virů čeledi flaviviridae obsahující několik podskupin a mnoho druhů. většinou jsou to arboviry přenášené komáry nebo klíšťaty. typovým druhem je virus žluté zimnice
Flavivirus Infections: infections with viruses of the genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae
Flavobacteriaceae: a family of bacteria in the order sphingobacteriales, class sphingobacteria. they are gram-negative rods, mostly saprophytic in terrestrial and aquatic habitats
Flavobacteriaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých, převážně saprofytických bakterií řádu sphingobacteriales, třídy sphingobacteria. vyskytují se v terestrických a akvatických habitatech
Flavobacterium: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in soil and water. its organisms are also found in raw meats, milk and other food, hospital environments, and human clinical specimens. some species are pathogenic in humans
Flavobacterium: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které se často vyskytují v půdě a ve vodě. tyto organismy se také nacházejí v syrovém mase, mléce a dalších potravinách, dále v nemocničním prostředí a v klinickém materiálu humánního původu
Flavodoxin: a low-molecular-weight (16,000) iron-free flavoprotein containing one molecule of flavin mononucleotide (fmn) and isolated from bacteria grown on an iron-deficient medium. it can replace ferredoxin in all the electron-transfer functions in which the latter is known to serve in bacterial cells
Flavonols: a group of 3-hydroxy-4-keto-flavonoids
Flavoxate: a drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. it may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist
Flax: a plant genus of the family linaceae that is cultivated for its fiber (manufactured into linen cloth). it contains a trypsin inhibitor and the seed is the source of linseed oil
Flecainide: a potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial arrhythmias and tachycardias
Fleroxacin: a broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. the drug strongly inhibits the dna-supercoiling activity of dna gyrase
Flexibacter: a genus of gram-negative, chemoorganotrophic bacteria in the family cytophagaceae. in some species there is a cyclic change in cell morphology
Flexibacter: rod gramnegativních, chemoorganotrofních bakterií čeledi cytophagaceae. u některých druhů dochází cyklicky ke změně buněčné morfologie
Flexiviridae: a family of rna plant viruses that infect a wide range of herbaceous and woody plant species. there are at least eight genera including potexvirus and carlavirus, both of which are highly immunogenic
Flexiviridae: čeleď rostlinných rna-virů, které infikují široké spektrum bylin a dřevin. rozlišuje se nejméně osm rodů (včetně vysoce imunogenních rodů potexvirus a carlavirus)
Flexor Dental Liner: consists of polydimethylsiloxane-perfluoroalkanol-dimethacrylate
Flexural Strength: the maximum mechanical stress that a heterogeneous material, subject to a bending load or flexure, can withstand before fracturing
Flicker Fusion: the point or frequency at which all flicker of an intermittent light stimulus disappears
Flight, Animal: the use of wings or wing-like appendages to remain aloft and move through the air
Flighted Spongy Moth Complex: asian moths known to cause extensive damage in trees and shrubs by defoliation. flighted spongy moth complex females are active fliers unlike spongy moths of european origin, enabling their rapid spread
FlnA protein, mouse: refseq: np_034357.2. nm_010227.2
FloSeal Matrix: a gelatin-based hemostatic sealant for cardiac surgery; floseal is tradename
Floating-harbor syndrome: a rare hereditary autosomal dominant disorder characterized by proportionate short stature, delayed bone age, delayed speech development, and typical facial features. the face is triangular with deep-set eyes, long eyelashes, bulbous nose, wide columella, short philtrum, and thin lips, mutations in the srcap gene have been identified. omim: 136140
Flocculation Tests: precipitin tests which occur over a narrow range of antigen-antibody ratio, due chiefly to peculiarities of the antibody (precipitin). (from stedman, 26th ed)
Floods: sudden onset water phenomena with different speed of occurrence. these include flash floods, seasonal river floods, and coastal floods, associated with cyclonic storms; tidalwaves; and storm surges
Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia: a type of fibro-osseous dysplasia that occurs primarily in middle aged women of african american or asian descent. it is characterized by lesions in the upper or lower jaw where bone is replaced by connective tissue and abnormal bone. the lesions may occur symmetrically and can expand, resulting in pain and disfigurement
Florida: florida, která leží převážně na stejnojmenném poloostrově a která je zároveň nejjižnějším státem kontinentálních usa, hraničí na severu s georgií a alabamou. západní ohraničení státu tvoří mexický záliv, z východu je ohraničena atlantským oceánem. hlavní město je tallahassee. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Florida: state bounded on east by the atlantic ocean, on the south by the gulf of mexico, on the west by alabama and on the north by alabama and georgia
Florigen: molecule produced in plant leaves that acts like a hormone by inducing flowering in the shoot apical meristem of buds and growing tips
Flounder: common name for two families of flatfishes belonging to the order pleuronectiformes: left-eye flounders (bothidae) and right-eye flounders (pleuronectidae). the latter is more commonly used in research
Flour: a powdery meal obtained from ground up starchy foodstuff, such as seeds of wheat; rice and other edible grain; legumes; and nuts; or ground up plant tubers
Flow Cytometry: technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., dna, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake
Flow Injection Analysis: the analysis of a chemical substance by inserting a sample into a carrier stream of reagent using a sample injection valve that propels the sample downstream where mixing occurs in a coiled tube, then passes into a flow-through detector and a recorder or other data handling device
Flowmeters: devices used to measure the flow of fluids (see rheology) or the air to measure respiration
Floxuridine: an antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. it has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract
Fluconazole: triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in aids
Flucytosine: a fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent
Flufenamic Acid: an anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. it is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16)
Fluid Shifts: translocation of body fluids from one compartment to another, such as from the vascular to the interstitial compartments. fluid shifts are associated with profound changes in vascular permeability and water-electrolyte imbalance. the shift can also be from the lower body to the upper body as in conditions of weightlessness
Fluid Therapy: therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to water-electrolyte balance. fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by hypodermoclysis
Fluids and Secretions: liquid substances produced by living organisms to fulfill specific functions or excreted as waste
Flumazenil: a potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses
Flunarizine: flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine h1 blocking activity. it is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy
Flunitrazepam: a benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of diazepam that can cause anterograde amnesia. some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. the united states government has banned the importation of this drug
Fluocinolone Acetonide: a glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. it is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. it has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732)
Fluocinonide: a topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of eczema
Fluocortolone: a glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity used topically for various skin disorders
Fluor Protector: polyurethane lacquer containing 3-methoxy-4-hydroxycyclohexyl ethyldifluorohydroxysilane; n1 same as nm in chemline; topical fluoride caries inhibitor
Fluorescamine: a nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. the reaction products are highly fluorescent
Fluorescein: a phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor
Fluorescein Angiography: visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. the images may be photographed or televised. it is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. it is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques
Fluoresceins: a family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3h),9'-(9h)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. these are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays
Fluorescence: the property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. the radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. x-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis
Fluorescence Polarization: measurement of the polarization of fluorescent light from solutions or microscopic specimens. it is used to provide information concerning molecular size, shape, and conformation, molecular anisotropy, electronic energy transfer, molecular interaction, including dye and coenzyme binding, and the antigen-antibody reaction
Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay: fluoroimmunoassay where detection of the hapten-antibody reaction is based on measurement of the increased polarization of fluorescence-labeled hapten when it is combined with antibody. the assay is very useful for the measurement of small haptenic antigens such as drugs at low concentrations
Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching: a method used to study the lateral movement of membrane proteins and lipids. a small area of a cell membrane is bleached by laser light and the amount of time necessary for unbleached fluorescent marker-tagged proteins to diffuse back into the bleached site is a measurement of the cell membrane's fluidity. the diffusion coefficient of a protein or lipid in the membrane can be calculated from the data. (from segen, current med talk, 1995)
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer: a type of fluorescence spectroscopy using two fluorescent dyes with overlapping emission and absorption spectra, which is used to indicate proximity of labeled molecules. this technique is useful for studying interactions of molecules and protein folding
Fluorescent Antibody Technique: test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (fluorescent antibody technique, direct) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (fluorescent antibody technique, indirect). the tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy
Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct: a form of fluorescent antibody technique utilizing a fluorochrome conjugated to an antibody, which is added directly to a tissue or cell suspension for the detection of a specific antigen. (bennington, saunders dictionary & encyclopedia of laboratory medicine and technology, 1984)
Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect: a form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. the technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (from bennington, saunders dictionary & encyclopedia of laboratory medicine and technology, 1984)
Fluorescent Chemosensor Compounds: molecular probes that respond to specific chemical interactions by altering the degree or frequency of their fluorescence. they are used to provide direct visualization of chemical changes within cells
Fluorescent Dyes: chemicals that emit light after excitation by light. the wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags
Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption Test: serologic assay that detects antibodies to treponema pallidum, the etiologic agent of syphilis. after diluting the patient's serum to remove non-specific antibodies, the serum is mixed on a glass slide with nichol's strain of treponema pallidum. an antigen-antibody reaction occurs if the test is positive and the bound antibodies are detected with fluoresceinated antihuman gamma-globulin antibody
Fluoridation: practice of adding fluoride to water, and other food or beverages, for the purpose of preventing dental caries
Fluoride Poisoning: poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of fluoride compounds
Fluoride Treatment: the topical application of fluorides, usually in pastes, gels, varnishes, toothpastes or mouthwashes, to reduce the incidence of dental caries. fluoride treatment may occur in the dental office or at home. (https://jada.ada.org/article/s0002-8177(14)62166-8/fulltext)
Fluorides: inorganic salts of hydrofluoric acid, hf, in which the fluorine atom is in the -1 oxidation state. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed) sodium and stannous salts are commonly used in dentifrices
Fluorides, Topical: fluorides, usually in pastes or gels, used for topical application to reduce the incidence of dental caries
Fluorine: a nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. it is used in dentistry as fluoride (fluorides) to prevent dental caries
Fluorine Compounds: inorganic compounds that contain fluorine as an integral part of the molecule
Fluorine Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of fluorine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. f atoms with atomic weights 17, 18, and 20-22 are radioactive fluorine isotopes
Fluorine-19 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: magnetic resonance imaging diagnostic technique which uses fluorine-19 perfluorocarbon probes and contrast agents for high resolution image detection and quantitation
FluoroBond: fluoride-releasing, visible light-activated bonding system for orthodontic bracket placement
Fluoroacetates: derivatives of acetic acid with one or more fluorines attached. they are almost odorless, difficult to detect chemically, and very stable. the acid itself, as well as the derivatives that are broken down in the body to the acid, are highly toxic substances, behaving as convulsant poisons with a delayed action. (from miall's dictionary of chemistry, 5th ed)
Fluorocarbons: liquid perfluorinated carbon compounds which may or may not contain a hetero atom such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, but do not contain another halogen or hydrogen atom. this concept includes fluorocarbon emulsions, and fluorocarbon blood substitutes. perfluorinated and related polyfluorinated chemicals are referred to as pfas and are defined as chemicals with at least two adjacent carbon atoms, where one carbon is fully fluorinated and the other is at least partially fluorinated
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: the compound is given by intravenous injection to do positron-emission tomography for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. it is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)
Fluorodeoxyuridylate: 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate. an inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase. formed from 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine
Fluoroimmunoassay: the use of fluorescence spectrometry to obtain quantitative results for the fluorescent antibody technique. one advantage over the other methods (e.g., radioimmunoassay) is its extreme sensitivity, with a detection limit on the order of tenths of microgram/liter
Fluorometholone: a glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. it has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732)
Fluorometry: an analytical method for detecting and measuring fluorescence in compounds or targets such as cells, proteins, or nucleotides, or targets previously labeled with fluorescence agents
Fluorophotometry: measurement of light given off by fluorescein in order to assess the integrity of various ocular barriers. the method is used to investigate the blood-aqueous barrier, blood-retinal barrier, aqueous flow measurements, corneal endothelial permeability, and tear flow dynamics
Fluoroquinolones: a group of 4-quinolones with at least one fluorine atom typically at the c-6 and a piperazinyl or other nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group at the c-7 position of the quinoline ring
Fluoroshield: a modified urethane bis-gma formulation; a fluoride-releasing pit and fissure sealant
Fluorosis, Dental: a chronic endemic form of enamel hypomineralization caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (jablonski's dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p286)
Fluorouracil: a pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. it interferes with dna synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid
Fluoxetine: the first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. it is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants
Fluoxymesterone: an anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male hypogonadism, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women
Flupenthixol: a thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike chlorpromazine, is claimed to have cns-activating properties. it is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595)
Fluphenazine: a phenothiazine used in the treatment of psychoses. its properties and uses are generally similar to those of chlorpromazine
Flurandrenolone: a corticosteroid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. it is usually employed as a cream or an ointment, and is also used as a polyethylene tape with an adhesive. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p733)
Flurazepam: a benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic
Flurbiprofen: an anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. it has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase
Fluress: a fluorescent-anesthetic solution containing sodium fluorescein, benoxinate, povidone, chlorbutanol, edta & boric acid for buffering
Flurogestone Acetate: a synthetic fluorinated steroid that is used as a progestational hormone
Flurothyl: a convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. it was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy
Flushing: a transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress
Fluspirilene: a long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia
Flutamide: an antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species
Fluticasone: a steroid with glucocorticoid receptor activity that is used to manage the symptoms of asthma; allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis
Fluticasone-Salmeterol Drug Combination: a drug combination of fluticasone and salmeterol that is used as an inhaler formulation to manage the symptoms of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Fluvastatin: an indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits hmg coa reductase and is used to treat hypercholesterolemia. in contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit cyp3a4
Fluvoxamine: a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression and a variety of anxiety disorders
Flynn Aird syndrome: cataracts, retinitis pigmentosa, sensorineural hearing loss, ataxia, peripheral neuritis, epilepsy, dementia, skin atrophy, chronic ulceration, dental carries, and joint stiffness
Foam Cells: lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes or from smooth muscle cells
Focal Adhesion Kinase 1: a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase with protein phosphatase 1 regulatory activity that is localized to focal adhesions and is a central component of integrin-mediated signal transduction pathways. focal adhesion kinase 1 interacts with paxillin and undergoes phosphorylation in response to adhesion of cell surface integrins to the extracellular matrix. phosphorylated p125fak protein binds to a variety of sh2 domain and sh3 domain containing proteins and helps regulate cell adhesion and cell migration
Focal Adhesion Kinase 2: a non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase that is expressed primarily in the brain; osteoblasts; and lymphoid cells. in the central nervous system focal adhesion kinase 2 modulates ion channel function and mitogen-activated protein kinases activity
Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases: a family of non-receptor, proline-rich protein-tyrosine kinases
Focal Adhesions: an anchoring junction of the cell to a non-cellular substrate. it is composed of a specialized area of the plasma membrane where bundles of the actin cytoskeleton terminate and attach to the transmembrane linkers, integrins, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to extracellular matrix proteins
Focal Cortical Dysplasia: abnormal, non-neoplastic cell proliferation of the cerebral cortex confined to an area in any lobe. focal cortical dysplasia in the temporal lobe is associated with temporal lobe epilepsy
Focal Dermal Hypoplasia: a genetic skin disease characterized by hypoplasia of the dermis, herniations of fat, and hand anomalies. it is found exclusively in females and transmitted as an x-linked dominant trait
Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia: hyperplasia of the mucous membrane of the lips, tongue, and less commonly, the buccal mucosa, floor of the mouth, and palate, presenting soft, painless, round to oval sessile papules about 1 to 4 mm in diameter. the condition usually occurs in children and young adults and has familial predilection, lasting for several months, sometimes years, before running its course. a viral etiology is suspected, the isolated organism being usually the human papillomavirus. (jablonski, illustrated dictionary of dentistry; belshe, textbook of human virology, 2d ed, p954)
Focal Facial Dermal Dysplasias: a heterogenous group of genetic disorders characterized by scar-like atrophic lesions on the temple region of the head including preauricular area. location of skin defects is likely related to defects in fusion of embryonic facial prominences during development of the face. focal facial dermal dysplasia (ffdd) is generally divided into four subtypes according to the location of the lesions and inheritance pattern: ffdd1 (brauer syndrome); ffdd2 (brauer-setleis syndrome); ffdd3 (setleis syndrome); and ffdd4. mutations in twist2 protein and/or cyp26c1 (see cyp26 family) are associated with ffdd3, and 4
Focal Infection, Dental: secondary or systemic infections due to dissemination throughout the body of microorganisms whose primary focus of infection lies in the periodontal tissues
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia: solitary or multiple benign hepatic vascular tumors, usually occurring in women of 20-50 years of age. the nodule, poorly encapsulated, consists of a central stellate fibrous scar and normal liver elements such as hepatocytes, small bile ducts, and kupffer cells among the intervening fibrous septa. the pale colored central scar represents large blood vessels with hyperplastic fibromuscular layer and narrowing lumen
Focal cortical dysplasia of Taylor: a cerebral developmental malformation that results in intractable epilepsy usually requiring surgery. fcdt is classified histologically into 2 subtypes: a type without balloon cells (type iia); and a type with balloon cells (type iib). germline mutations in the tsc1 gene have been identified. omim: 607341
Focus Groups: a method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions
Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma: rapid bedside ultrasound examination performed by medical personnel (surgeons, emergency physicians, paramedics and others), as a screening test for blood around the heart (pericardial effusion) or abdominal organs (hemoperitoneum) after trauma
Foeniculum: rod rostlin čeledi apiaceae. semena druhu f. vulgare se používají jako koření a droga. nadzemní část sklízená před květem v prvním roce je lahůdková zelenina
Foix Chavany Marie syndrome: a rare cortico-subcortical suprabulbar or pseudobulbar palsy of the lower cranial nerves. it is characterized by severe dysarthria and dysphagia due to paralysis of voluntary movements of the face, tongue, pharynx, and jaw; however, involuntary movements of the affected muscles are preserved
Folate Receptor 1: a subtype of gpi-anchored folate receptors that is expressed in tissues of epithelial origin. this protein is also identified as an ovarian-tumor-specific antigen
Folate Receptor 2: a subtype of gpi-anchored folate receptors that is expressed in placenta and hematopoietic cells
Folate Receptors, GPI-Anchored: cell surface receptors that bind to and transport folic acid, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and a variety of folic acid derivatives. the receptors are essential for normal neural tube development and transport folic acid via receptor-mediated endocytosis
Folfox protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil, & folinic acid (folfox) for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Folic Acid: a member of the vitamin b family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. it is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (poaceae). folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia
Folic Acid Antagonists: inhibitors of the enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase (tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase), which converts dihydrofolate (fh2) to tetrahydrofolate (fh4). they are frequently used in cancer chemotherapy. (from ama, drug evaluations annual, 1994, p2033)
Folic Acid Deficiency: a nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of folic acid in the diet. many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. this deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. it is indistinguishable from vitamin b 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in b 12 deficiency do not occur. (merck manual, 16th ed)
Folic Acid Transporters: proteins involved in the transport of folic acid and folate derivatives across the cellular membrane
Folklore: the common orally transmitted traditions, folktales, festivals, songs, superstitions, and stories of all peoples
Follicle Stimulating Hormone: a major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (pituitary gland, anterior). follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates gametogenesis and the supporting cells such as the ovarian granulosa cells, the testicular sertoli cells, and leydig cells. fsh consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (tsh, lh, and fsh), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity
Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Human: a major gonadotropin secreted by the human adenohypophysis (pituitary gland, anterior). follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates gametogenesis and the supporting cells such as the ovarian granulosa cells, the testicular sertoli cells, and the leydig cells. fsh consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. the alpha subunit is common in the three human pituitary glycoprotein hormones (tsh, lh, and fsh), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity
Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit: the beta subunit of follicle stimulating hormone. it is a 15-kda glycopolypeptide. full biological activity of fsh requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. mutation of the fshb gene causes delayed puberty, or infertility
Follicular Atresia: the degeneration and resorption of an ovarian follicle before it reaches maturity and ruptures
Follicular Cyst: cyst due to the occlusion of the duct of a follicle or small gland
Follicular Fluid: the fluid surrounding the ovum and granulosa cells in the graafian follicle (ovarian follicle). the follicular fluid contains sex steroids, glycoprotein hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and enzymes
Follicular Phase: the period of the menstrual cycle representing follicular growth, increase in ovarian estrogen (estrogens) production, and epithelial proliferation of the endometrium. follicular phase begins with the onset of menstruation and ends with ovulation
Follistatin: a broadly distributed protein that binds directly to activins. it functions as an activin antagonist, inhibits follicle stimulating hormone secretion, regulates cell differentiation, and plays an important role in embryogenesis. follistatin is a single glycosylated polypeptide chain of approximately 37-kda and is not a member of the inhibin family (inhibins). follistatin also binds and neutralizes many members of the transforming growth factor beta family
Follistatin-Related Proteins: broadly distributed glycoproteins that are homologous to the activin-binding protein, follistatin. these follistatin-related proteins are encoded by a number of genes
Follow-Up Studies: studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease
Fomepizole: a pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ethylene glycol or methanol
Fomites: inanimate objects that carry pathogenic microorganisms and thus can serve as the source of infection. microorganisms typically survive on fomites for minutes or hours. common fomites include clothing, tissue paper, hairbrushes, and cooking and eating utensils
Fondaparinux: synthetic pentasaccharide that mediates the interaction of heparin with antithrombins and inhibits factor xa; it is used for prevention of venous thromboembolism after surgery
Fonofos: an organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide
Fonsecaea: a genus of fungi in the family herpotrichiellaceae, order chaetothyriales, and phylum ascomycota. fonsecaea fungi are ascomycetes sometimes associated with chromoblastomycosis
Fonsecaea: rod hub čeledi herpotrichiellaceae, řádu chaetothyriales a kmene ascomycota. mohou být spojené s chromoblastomykózou
Fontan Procedure: a procedure in which total right atrial or total caval blood flow is channeled directly into the pulmonary artery or into a small right ventricle that serves only as a conduit. the principal congenital malformations for which this operation is useful are tricuspid atresia and single ventricle with pulmonary stenosis
Fontanova operace: postup známý jako fontanova operace je 3. fází norwoodovy operace (tcpc - totální cavo-pulmonální spojení = funkčně společná komora) - dolní dutá žíla (ivc), která přivádí neokysličenou krev z dolní poloviny těla do pravé síně, je připojena přímo na plicnici. při této proceduře je celkový tok pravé pravé síně nebo celkový kavální směrován přímo do plicní tepny nebo do malé pravé komory, která slouží pouze jako průchod. hlavní vrozené vady, pro které je tato operace užitečná, jsou trikuspidální atrézie, mitrální atrézie nebo těžká hypoplázie pravé komory a jedna komora s plicní stenózou
Food Addiction: a cluster of chemical dependencies to specific foods or food in general in which there develops a physical craving for these foods
Food Additives: substances used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed including antioxidants; food preservatives; food coloring agents; flavoring agents; anti-infective agents; excipients and other similarly used substances. many of the same substances are used as pharmaceutic aids
Food Chain: the sequence of transfers of matter and energy from organism to organism in the form of food. food chains intertwine locally into a food web because most organisms consume more than one type of animal or plant. plants, which convert solar energy to food by photosynthesis, are the primary food source. in a predator chain, a plant-eating animal is eaten by a larger animal. in a parasite chain, a smaller organism consumes part of a larger host and may itself be parasitized by smaller organisms. in a saprophytic chain, microorganisms live on dead organic matter
Food Contamination: the presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage
Food Contamination, Radioactive: exposure of food to radioactive substances, distinguishable from food irradiation, a food preservation technique
Food Fussiness: patterns associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals
Food Handling: any aspect of the operations in the preparation, processing, transport, storage, packaging, wrapping, exposure for sale, service, or delivery of food
Food Hypersensitivity: gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food
Food Industry: the industry concerned with processing, preparing, preserving, distributing, and serving of foods and beverages
Food Insecurity: limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in safe and socially acceptable ways
Food Inspection: examination of foods to assure wholesome and clean products free from unsafe microbes or chemical contamination, natural or added deleterious substances, and decomposition during production, processing, packaging, etc
Food Intolerance: digestive system disorder where a particular food irritates the digestive tract or cannot be properly digested (i.e., due to a lack of a digestive enzyme). it differs from food hypersensitivity which is an immune system disorder, usually due to specific proteins in food. http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/problem-foods-is-it-an-allergy-or-intolerance
Food Labeling: use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a food or its container or wrapper. the concept includes ingredients, nutritional value, directions, warnings, and other relevant information
Food Loss and Waste: reductions in edible food post-harvesting anywhere along the food supply chain, e.g., due to spoilage, improper storage, excessive food preparation, resulting in refuse disposal of potentially useful food mass
Food Microbiology: the presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. this term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept
Food Packaging: containers, packaging, and packaging materials for processed and raw foods and beverages. it includes packaging intended to be used for storage and also used for preparation of foods such as microwave food containers versus cooking and eating utensils. packaging materials may be intended for food contact or designated non-contact, for example, shipping containers. food labeling is also available
Food Parasitology: the presence of parasites in food and food products. for the presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food, food microbiology is available
Food Preservatives: substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods
Food Quality: ratings of the characteristics of food including flavor, appearance, nutritional content, and the amount of microbial and chemical contamination
Food Safety: activities involved in ensuring the safety of food including avoidance of bacterial and other contamination
Food Security: access generally by all in a community to enough nutritious food for an active, healthy life. (from http://www.fns.usda.gov/fsec/ accessed 4/22/2011)
Food Service, Hospital: hospital department that manages and supervises the dietary program in accordance with the patients' requirements
Food Services: functions, equipment, and facilities concerned with the preparation and distribution of ready-to-eat food
Food, Formulated: food and dietary formulations including elemental (chemically defined formula) diets, synthetic and semisynthetic diets, space diets, weight-reduction formulas, tube-feeding diets, complete liquid diets, and supplemental liquid and solid diets
Food, Fortified: any food that has been supplemented with essential nutrients either in quantities that are greater than those normally present, or which are not found in the food typically. fortified food also includes food enriched by adding various nutrients to compensate for those removed by refinement or processing. (modified from segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Food, Genetically Modified: food derived from genetically modified organisms (organisms, genetically modified)
Food, Organic: food that is grown or manufactured in accordance with nationally regulated production standards that include restrictions on the use of pesticides, non-organic fertilizers, genetic engineering, growth hormones, irradiation, antibiotics, and non-organic ingredients
Food, Processed: any raw agricultural commodity that has been subject to washing, cleaning, milling, cutting, chopping, heating, pasteurizing, blanching, cooking, canning, freezing, drying, dehydrating, mixing, packaging or other procedures that alter the food from its natural state. (from a guide to federal terms and acronyms. lanham, md: government institutes.1991)
Food-Drug Interactions: the pharmacological result, either desirable or undesirable, of drugs interacting with components of the diet. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Foodborne Diseases: acute illnesses, usually affecting the gastrointestinal tract, brought on by consuming contaminated food or beverages. most of these diseases are infectious, caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, or parasites that can be foodborne. sometimes the diseases are caused by harmful toxins from the microbes or other chemicals present in the food. especially in the latter case, the condition is often called food poisoning
Foot: the distal extremity of the leg in vertebrates, consisting of the tarsus (ankle); metatarsus; phalanges; and the soft tissues surrounding these bones
Foot Bones: the tarsal bones; metatarsal bones; and phalanges of toes. the tarsal bones consists of seven bones: calcaneus; talus; cuboid; navicular; internal; middle; and external cuneiform bones. the five metatarsal bones are numbered one through five, running medial to lateral. there are 14 phalanges in each foot, the great toe has two while the other toes have three each
Foot Deformities: alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the foot
Foot Deformities, Acquired: distortion or disfigurement of the foot, or a part of the foot, acquired through disease or injury after birth
Foot Deformities, Congenital: alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the foot occurring at or before birth
Foot Joints: the articulations extending from the ankle distally to the toes. these include the ankle joint; tarsal joints; metatarsophalangeal joint; and toe joint
Foot Orthoses: devices used to support or align the foot structure, or to prevent or correct foot deformities
Foot Rot: a disease of the horny parts and of the adjacent soft structures of the feet of cattle, swine, and sheep. it is usually caused by corynebacterium pyogenes or bacteroides nodosus (see dichelobacter nodosus). it is also known as interdigital necrobacillosis. (from black's veterinary dictionary, 18th ed)
Foot Ulcer: lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. the lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy
Foot-and-Mouth Disease: a highly infectious disease caused by foot and mouth disease virus that affects mammals of the artiodactyla order (cattle; sheep; goats; and pigs) and is characterized by high fever followed by the appearance of blisters inside the mouth and on the feet
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: the type species of aphthovirus, causing foot-and-mouth disease in cloven-hoofed animals. several different serotypes exist
Football: a competitive team sport played on a rectangular field.this is the american version of the game. it does not include non-north american football (= soccer)
Foramen Magnum: the large hole at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes
Foramen Ovale: an opening in the wall between the right and the left upper chambers (heart atria) of a fetal heart. oval foramen normally closes soon after birth; when it fails to close the condition is called patent oval foramen
Foramen Ovale, Patent: a condition in which the foramen ovale in the atrial septum fails to close shortly after birth. this results in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. an isolated patent ovale foramen without other structural heart defects is usually of no hemodynamic significance