NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
DNA-polymerasa beta: enzym opravující dna, který katalyzuje syntézu dna při excizních opravách dna
DNA-polymerasa iota: vysoce chybující dna-polymeráza. člen rodiny y-dna-polymeráz, které jsou tolerantní k poškození dna a podílejí se na translézní syntéze dna. dna-polymeráza iota je ortologem kvasinkové rad30. její přesnost replikace je závislá na templátu a na svém aktivním místě upřednostňuje hogsteenovo párování
DNA-polymerasa theta: specializovaná dna-polymeráza, která je u člověka kódována genem polq. je zapojená do opravných drah dna, včetně nehomologní opravy dna a rekombinační opravy dna
DNA-primasa: jednořetězcová rna-polymeráza závislá na dna, která iniciuje syntézu dna syntézou oligoribonukleotidových primerů. ec 2.7.7.-
DNA-topoisomerasa IV: bakteriální dna-topoizomeráza ii, která katalyzuje přerušení obou vláken dna v závislosti na atp, průchod nepřerušených vláken přes zlomy a opětovné spojení přerušených vláken. topoizomeráza iv se váže na dna jako heterotetramer složený ze 2 podjednotek parc a ze 2 podjednotek pare. topoizomeráza iv je dekatenační enzym, který po replikaci dna odděluje propojené dceřiné chromozomy
DNA-topoisomerasy: enzymy, které katalyzují změny ve vinutí dna (terciární struktuře dna). při jejich působení dochází ke změně celkového čísla vinutí l (viz superhelix). nadšroubovici dna mohou uvolňovat do relaxovaného stavu, nebo naopak vytvářet uzly nebo katenany. t. hrají významnou roli při všech procesech, které se na dna odehrávají (replikace, transkripce, kondenzace chromozomů). jejich inhibice je využívána k inhibici buněčného růstu (některá cytostatika či antibiotika). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2014 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
DNA-topoisomerasy I: dna-topoizomerázy, které nezávisle na atp katalyzují přerušení jednoho ze dvou vláken dna, průchod nepřerušeného vlákna přes přerušení a opětovné spojení přerušeného vlákna. dna-topoizomerázy typu i snižují topologické napětí ve struktuře dna tím, že uvolňují superhelikální závity a zauzlené prstence ve šroubovici dna
DNA-topoisomerasy typu II: dna-topoizomerázy, které katalyzují přerušení obou vláken dna v závislosti na atp, průchod nepřerušených vláken přes zlomy a opětovné spojení přerušených vláken. tyto enzymy způsobují uvolnění nadšroubovicové dna a rozvinutí provlečeného cirkulárního duplexu dna
DOA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia
DOAPP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia
DOM 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine: a psychedelic phenyl isopropylamine derivative, commonly called dom, whose mood-altering effects and mechanism of action may be similar to those of lsd
DON protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of adult refractor acute leukemia
DOP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of cisplatin, vincristine, and pingyangmycin for treatment of laryngeal carcinoma
DOPA-dekarboxylasa: tento enzym je jednou z dekarboxyláz aromatických l-aminokyselin a je zodpovědný za přeměnu dopa na dopamin. má klinický význam při léčbě parkinsonovy choroby
DOPP-protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds and dopan; used in treatment of hodgkin's disease
DPPE-PEG2000: dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine with covalently bound poly(ethylene glycol) of mw 2000
DRG outliers: refundace nákladů zdravotní péče z předpokládaného platebního systému u těch pacientů, jejichž stav vyžaduje neobvykle dlouhou hospitalizaci nebo jejichž pobyt vyžaduje vysoké náklady
DT PACE regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of multiple myeloma
DTC screening a testování: laboratorní testy a diagnostické služby objednané a předané přímo klientovi, bez účasti lékaře
DTIC-LVFU2 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors
DVP (cisplatin): chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of lymphomas
DVP (daunomycin): chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in therapy of acute leukemia
DVP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used against pathological stage ii malignant melanoma
DVP regimen: used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children; do not confuse with dvp protocol (c085789)
DVP-M-CHOP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of acute leukemia
DVPP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of hodgkin's disease
DaaF protein, E coli: shares limited homology with the papi gene of the p fimbrial adhesin; involved in biogenesis of fimbriae; amino acid sequence given in first source
Dabigatran: a thrombin inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. it is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation
Daboia: a genus of snakes of the family viperidae. it is distributed in west pakistan, most of india, burma, ceylon, thailand, southeast china, taiwan, and a few islands of indonesia. it hisses loudly when disturbed and strikes with great force and speed. very prolific, it gives birth to 20-60 young. daboia is the leading cause of snakebite in india and burma. (moore: poisonous snakes of the world, 1980, p127)
Daboia: rod hadů čeledi viperidae. je rozšířen v západním pákistánu, na většině území indie, v barmě, na cejlonu, v thajsku, v jihovýchodní číně, na tchaj-wanu a na několika ostrovech indonésie. při vyrušení hlasitě syčí a útočí velkou silou a rychlostí. je velmi plodný, rodí 20-60 mláďat. daboia je hlavní příčinou hadího uštknutí v indii a barmě
Dacarbazine: an antineoplastic agent. it has significant activity against melanomas. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p564)
Daclizumab: an anti-tac (interleukin-2 receptor alpha subunit) humanized monoclonal antibody (immunoglobulin g1 disulfide with human-mouse monoclonal clone 1h4 light chain, dimer) that is used in the treatment of acute relapsing multiple sclerosis
Dacryocystitis: inflammation of the lacrimal sac. (dorland, 27th ed)
Dacryocystography: an image guided examination of the nasolacrimal apparatus including nasolacrimal duct
Dacryocystorhinostomy: surgical fistulization of the lacrimal sac for external drainage of an obstructed nasolacrimal duct
Dactinomycin: a compound composed of a two cyclic peptides attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from streptomyces parvullus. it binds to dna and inhibits rna synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. as a result of impaired mrna production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1993, p2015)
Dactylis: a plant genus of the family poaceae that contains allergen dac g i
Dactylis: rod rostlin čeledi poaceae (lipnicovité), jehož zástupci obsahují alergen dac g i
Dagestan: one of the former associated soviet socialist republics, situated on the caspian sea in southwest russia
Dagestán: nejjižnější republika ruské federace, leží na západním pobřeží kaspického moře v evropské části ruska. na jihu hraničí s ázerbájdžánem a na jihozápadě s gruzií. hlavním městem je machačkala
Dahlia: a plant genus of the family asteraceae that contains antifungal plant defensin
Dahlia: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. zástupci obsahují rostlinný defensin, peptid s antifungálním účinkem
Dairy Products: raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. these are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo
Dalbergia: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. members of this genus can cause contact dermatitis
Dalbergia: rod rostlin z čeledi fabaceae (bobovité). zástupci tohoto rodu mohou způsobit kontaktní dermatitidu
Dalteparin: a low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. the mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. it is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Dammaranes: tetracyclic triterpenes named after dammar resin, a natural resin first isolated from tropical trees of the dipterocarpaceae family
Danazol: a synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. it possesses some androgenic properties. danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders
Dander: microscopic particles comprising dead skin, dried salivary proteins, hair, sebum and microorganisms, shed by animals which causes allergic reactions in atopic persons
Dandy Walker variant: hypoplasia of the cerebellar hemispheres and partial agenesis of the cerebellar vermis with normal communication between the fourth ventricle and arac
Dandy-Walker Syndrome: a congenital abnormality of the central nervous system marked by failure of the midline structures of the cerebellum to develop, dilation of the fourth ventricle, and upward displacement of the transverse sinuses, tentorium, and torcula. clinical features include occipital bossing, progressive head enlargement, bulging of anterior fontanelle, papilledema, ataxia, gait disturbances, nystagmus, and intellectual compromise. (from menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, pp294-5)
Dandyův-Walkerův syndrom: vrozený syndrom s progredujícím hydrocefalem, rozšířením iv. komory mozkové při atrezii magendiova otvoru a luschkových otvorů. varianta porencefalie, dysrafická malformace mozečku, při které dochází vlivem chybné migrace buněk k vývoji cyst. ty pak expandují do iv. komory mozkové. 90 % dětí má zároveň i agenezi corpus callosum, popř. chybí vermis mozečku. u stejného počtu dětí se rozvíjí hydrocefalus. v klinickém obraze dominuje cerebelární ataxie a kognitivní poruchy. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Dangerous Behavior: actions which have a high risk of being harmful or injurious to oneself or others
Dansyl Compounds: compounds that contain a 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl group
Dantrolene: skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. it is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants
Daphne: a plant genus of the family thymelaeaceae. they are evergreen shrubs much cultivated in garden borders and rock gardens in mild climates. members contain mezerein, flavonoids, and coumarins such as daphnetin and daphnin
Daphne: rod rostlin čeledi thymelaeaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují mezerein, flavonoidy a kumariny, jako např. dafnetin a dafnin. lýkovce jsou opadavé nebo stálezelené keře a polokeře, výjimečně i nevelké stromy. rostou v mírném až subtropickém pásu. některé druhy jsou pěstovány jako okrasné keře či skalničky. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Daphnia: a diverse genus of minute freshwater crustacea, of the suborder cladocera. they are a major food source for both young and adult freshwater fish
Daphnia: rod malých sladkovodních korýšů z podřádu perlooček (cladocera). je součástí planktonu a hlavním zdrojem potravy pro sladkovodní ryby. délka těla se pohybuje od 1 do 5 mm. nápadným znakem je hrot na konci těla. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Daphnia magna: a relatively large freshwater water flea with characteristic transparent chitin carapace that extends into the head shields. it is found both in ephemeral rock pools, ponds and lakes. daphnia magna is a model system for various ecological, ecotoxicological and biomedical studies
Daphnia magna: poměrně velká tzv. sladkovodní blecha s charakteristickou průhlednou chitinovou skořápkou (karapax), která zasahuje do hlavového krunýře. je největším zástupcem hrotnatkovitých. vyskytuje se jak v efemerních skalních tůních, tak v rybnících a jezerech. tvoří součást planktonu. je modelovým systémem pro různé ekologické, ekotoxikologické a biomedicínské studie. používá se jako krmivo pro akvarijní ryby a pokusný organizmus pro testy toxicity na vodních organizmech - konzumentech i. řádu
Daphnia pulex: a freshwater water flea with distinctly stout middle pecten of the postabdominal claw and small symmetrical polygonal markings on the rostrum. d. pulex and several closely related species such as d. pulicaria belong to what is sometimes known as d. pulex complex and can hybridize. daphnia pulex is found ubiquitously and is often the most common species in ephemeral pools and is a model system for various ecological, ecotoxicological and biomedical studies
Daphnia pulex: sladkovodní korýš z řádu perlooček (cladocera), tzv. vodní blecha. trup je kryt dvouchlopňovým krunýřem (karapax). d. pulex a několik blízce příbuzných druhů, jako je d. pulicaria, patří do tzv. druhového komplexu d. pulex a mohou se křížit. daphnia pulex se vyskytuje všude, je často nejběžnějším druhem v efemerních tůních a je součástí planktonu stojatých vod. je modelovým systémem pro různé ekologické, ekotoxikologické a biomedicínské studie
Daphniphyllaceae: vascular plants of the order saxifragales, class magnoliopsida, of which the sole genus is daphniphyllum
Daphniphyllaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu saxifragales (lomikamenotvaré), s jediným rodem - daphniphyllum (mřina)
Daphniphyllum: broad-leaved evergreen shrub or small tree comprising several species. it is the only genus of the family daphniphyllaceae, class magnoliopsida
Daphniphyllum: rod dřevin čeledi daphniphyllaceae. jsou to stálezelené keře a stromy s jednoduchými listy nahloučenými na koncích větví a drobnými květy v hroznovitých květenstvích. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Dapsone: a sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against mycobacterium leprae. its mechanism of action is probably similar to that of the sulfonamides which involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. it is also used with pyrimethamine in the treatment of malaria. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p157-8)
Daptomycin: a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic that inhibits gram-positive bacteria
Darbepoetin alfa: a recombinant protein which stimulates erythropoiesis used to treat anemia
Darier Disease: an autosomal dominantly inherited skin disorder characterized by warty malodorous papules that coalesce into plaques. it is caused by mutations in the atp2a2 gene encoding serca2 protein, one of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-transporting atpases. the condition is similar, clinically and histologically, to benign familial pemphigus, another autosomal dominant skin disorder. both diseases have defective calcium pumps (calcium-transporting atpases) and unstable desmosomal adhesion junctions (desmosomes) between keratinocytes
Darierova nemoc: chronické, geneticky podmíněné kožní onemocnění (genodermatóza), začínající větš. v dětství. je charakterizováno splývavými papulami se stroupky vyskytujícími se obv. v seboroické lokalizaci, někdy s rozsáhlejšími vegetacemi. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Dark Adaptation: adjustment of the eyes under conditions of low light. the sensitivity of the eye to light is increased during dark adaptation
Darunavir: an hiv protease inhibitor that is used in the treatment of aids and hiv infections. due to the emergence of antiviral drug resistance when used alone, it is administered in combination with other anti-hiv agents
Dasatinib: a pyrimidine and thiazole derived antineoplastic agent and protein kinase inhibitor of bcr-abl kinase. it is used in the treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia who are resistant or intolerant to imatinib
Dashboard Systems: a platform that integrates multiple datasets, data structures, and sources into a single interface that is easily visualized and understood
Dasyproctidae: a family of central and south american plant-eating rodents comprising the agoutis (dasyprocta) and acouchis (myoprocta). they look similar to guinea pigs (cavia) but are larger and have longer legs. their fur is reddish or dark brown
Dasyproctidae: čeleď středo- a jihoamerických býložravých hlodavců, která obsahuje rody aguti (dasyprocta) a akuči (myoprocta). vypadají podobně jako morčata (cavia), ale jsou větší a mají delší nohy. jejich srst je červenohnědá nebo tmavě hnědá
Data Accuracy: a measure of scientific precision, exactness, or correctness of quantitative or qualitative values, relative to the actual or true measurements
Data Analysis: process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical techniques to describe and illustrate, condense and recap, and evaluate data (https://ori.hhs.gov/education)
Data Analytics: the collection, transformation, and organization of data in order to draw conclusions, make predictions, and drive informed decision making. the process deduces logical sets and patterns by filtering and applying required transformations and models of raw data
Data Collection: systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. the process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data
Data Compression: information application based on a variety of coding methods to minimize the amount of data to be stored, retrieved, or transmitted. data compression can be applied to various forms of data, such as images and signals. it is used to reduce costs and increase efficiency in the maintenance of large volumes of data
Data Curation: management activities required to maintain research data to ensure that they are fit for contemporary use and available for discovery and reuse
Data Interpretation, Statistical: application of statistical procedures to analyze specific observed or assumed facts from a particular study
Data Management: processes that include acquiring, validating, storing, protecting, and processing data to ensure accessibility, reliability, and timeliness for users
Data Mining: use of sophisticated analysis tools to sort through, organize, examine, and combine large sets of information
Data Science: an interdisciplinary field involving processes, theories, concepts, tools, and technologies, that enable the review, analysis, and extraction of valuable knowledge and information from structured and unstructured (raw) data
Data Visualization: facilitating understanding of the significance of data by placing it in a visual context. patterns, trends and correlations that might go undetected in text-based data may be exposed and recognized easier
Database: a structured file of information or a set of logically related data stored and retrieved using computer-based means
Databases as Topic: works on organized collections of records, standardized in format and content, that are stored in any of a variety of computer-readable modes
Databases, Bibliographic: extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. the concept should be differentiated from databases, factual which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them
Databases, Factual: extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. the collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. the concept should be differentiated from databases, bibliographic which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references
Databases, Nucleic Acid: databases containing information about nucleic acids such as base sequence; snps; nucleic acid conformation; and other properties. information about the dna fragments kept in a gene library or genomic library is often maintained in dna databases
Databases, Protein: databases containing information about proteins such as amino acid sequence; protein conformation; and other properties
Dataset: works consisting of organized collections of data, which have been stored permanently in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing
Datasets as Topic: subject matter related to the curation of data from research projects, stored permanently in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing
Datura: a plant genus of the family solanaceae. members contain tropanes. the common name of trumpet flower is also sometimes used for gelsemium
Datura: rod rostlin čeledi solanaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují tropany
Datura metel: a plant species and perennial herb of the genus datura, family solanaceae, containing poisonous tropane alkaloids
Datura metel: druh vytrvalých bylin rodu datura, čeledi solanaceae, které obsahují jedovaté tropanové alkaloidy
Datura stramonium: a plant species of the genus datura, family solanaceae, that contains tropanes and other solanaceous alkaloids
Datura stramonium: druh jedovaté byliny rodu datura, čeledi solanaceae. obsahuje tropany a další alkaloidy
Daucus carota: a plant species of the family apiaceae that is widely cultivated for the edible yellow-orange root. the plant has finely divided leaves and flat clusters of small white flowers
Daunorubicin: a very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemia and other neoplasms
Dbnl protein, mouse: a 55 kda actin-binding cytoskeleton adapter protein that is coupled to signal transduction from lymphocyte antigen receptors; a substrate for src & syk kinases; isolated from mouse; refseq nm_013810
Dbnl protein, rat: a 55 kda actin-binding cytoskeleton adapter protein that is coupled to signal transduction from lymphocyte antigen receptors; a substrate for src & syk kinases; refseq nm_031352
De Lange Syndrome: a syndrome characterized by growth retardation, severe mental retardation, short stature, a low-pitched growling cry, brachycephaly, low-set ears, webbed neck, carp mouth, depressed nasal bridge, bushy eyebrows meeting at the midline, hirsutism, and malformations of the hands. the condition may occur sporadically or be associated with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance or duplication of the long arm of chromosome 3. (menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, p231)
De Quervain Disease: stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons in the first dorsal wrist compartment. the presenting symptoms are usually pain and tenderness at the radial styloid. the cause is almost always related to overuse injury or is associated with rheumatoid arthritis
Deaf Culture: networking and deep connections within the deaf community. valuing the sign language of the region and supporting sign language use in educational settings, support of bilingual asl/english programs, and use of technology to overcome traditional communication barriers. (https://nationaldeafcenter.org/resource-items/deaf-community-introduction/)
Deafness oligodontia syndrome: autosomal recessive sensorineural hearing impairment, dizziness, and hypodontia
Deafness, Autosomal Dominant 39, with Dentinogenesis Imperfecta 1: mutation in dspp
Deafness, Autosomal Recessive 10: mutation in tmprss3
Deafness, Autosomal Recessive 23: mutationin pcdh15
Deafness, Autosomal Recessive 4: a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the onset of sensorineural hearing loss or mixed hearing loss typically in infancy. it is associated with temporal bone abnormalities, especially an enlarged vestibular aqueduct, but it can also include the more severe mondini dysplasia, a complex malformation in which the normal cochlear spiral of 2.5 turns is replaced by a hypoplastic coil of 1.5 turns. mutations have been identified in the slc26a4 gene, and more rarely the foxi1 gene for enlarged vestibular aqueduct. omim: 600791
Deafness, Autosomal Recessive 59: mutation in dfnb59
Deafness, Autosomal Recessive 63: mutation in lrtomt
Deafness, Autosomal Recessive 9: mutationin otoferlin
Deafness, Childhood-Onset Neurosensory, Autosomal Recessive 8: mutation in tmprss3
Deafness, autosomal dominant nonsyndromic sensorineural 17: late-onset progressive hereditary hearing impairment due to cochleosaccular degeneration
Dealkylation: the removing of alkyl groups from a compound. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 5th ed)
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: a synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, arginine vasopressin. its action is mediated by the vasopressin receptor v2. it has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. it also modulates levels of circulating factor viii and von willebrand factor
Deanol: an antidepressive agent that has also been used in the treatment of movement disorders. the mechanism of action is not well understood
Death: irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions
Death Certificates: official records of individual deaths including the cause of death certified by a physician, and any other required identifying information
Death Domain: a conserved protein interaction domain of the death domain superfamily that is structurally similar to the death effector domain and caspase recruitment domain. death domains bind each other to form oligomers and occur on death domain receptors, where they are required for apoptosis signaling and non-apoptotic functions
Death Domain Receptor Signaling Adaptor Proteins: intracellular signaling adaptor proteins that contain death effector domains and bind to the cytoplasmic death domain region found on death domain receptors. many of the proteins in this class take part in intracellular signaling involving tumor necrosis factor receptors
Death Domain Superfamily: a family of structurally-related protein interaction domains characterized by 6-helical closed bundle fold, with greek key topology and an internal pseudo two-fold symmetry. death-like domains occur in many proteins that are essential for apoptosis, including caspase recruitment domain containing proteins and death domain receptors
Death Effector Domain: a homotypic protein interaction module of the death domain superfamily that is composed of a bundle of six alpha-helices. the death effector domain shares sequence and structural similarities with the death domain and caspase recruitment domain. it occurs in many proteins with essential functions in apoptosis
Death, Sudden: the abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions
Death, Sudden, Cardiac: unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. it is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. the sudden onset of symptoms, such as chest pain and cardiac arrhythmias, particularly ventricular tachycardia, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine, 7th ed., 2005)
Death-Associated Protein Kinases: a family of calcium/calmodulin-dependent proetin-serine-threonine kinases. they are ubiquitously expressed in adult and embryonic mammalian tissues, and their functions are tightly related to the early stages of eukaryotic programmed cell death
Debaryomyces: a genus of ascomycetous yeast in the family debaryomycetaceae, order saccharomycetales and phylum ascomycota. debaryomyces fungi are budding yeasts commonly found in the environment and used in the food industry. debaryomyces hansenii (formerly candida famata) is a salt-tolerant marine species sometimes involved in invasive candidiasis and candidemia
Debaryomyces: rod vřeckovýtrusných kvasinek čeledi saccharomycetaceae, řádu saccharomycetales. jednobuněčné pučící kvasinky, všudypřítomné v okolním prostředí a využívané v potravinářském průmyslu. debaryomyces hansennii je osmotolerantní mořská kvasinka, někdy může způsobovat invazivní kandidózu a kandidemii
Debridement: the removal of foreign material and devitalized or contaminated tissue from or adjacent to a traumatic or infected lesion until surrounding healthy tissue is exposed. (dorland, 27th ed)
Debrisoquin: an adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to guanethidine. it is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome p-450 enzyme. persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. they are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism
Decalcification, Pathologic: the loss of calcium salts from bones and teeth. bacteria may be responsible for this occurrence in teeth. old age may be a factor contributing to calcium loss, as is the presence of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis
Decamethonium Compounds: compounds that contain the decamethylenebis(trimethyl)ammonium radical. these compounds frequently act as neuromuscular depolarizing agents
Decanoates: salts and esters of the 10-carbon monocarboxylic acid-decanoic acid
Decapitation: traumatic or experimentally induced separation of the head from the body in an animal or human
Decapoda: the largest order of crustacea, comprising over 10,000 species. they are characterized by three pairs of thoracic appendages modified as maxillipeds, and five pairs of thoracic legs. the order includes the familiar shrimps, crayfish (astacoidea), true crabs (brachyura), and lobsters (nephropidae and palinuridae), among others
Decapoda (Crustacea): desetinožci (decapoda) je řád vyšších korýšů, který zahrnuje mnohé z nejznámějších skupin rakovců či korýšů vůbec (raci, poustevníčci, krabi, krevety, langusty a další). je známo asi 14 000 druhů žijících zejména ve vodním prostředí (ale vzácněji i na souši). mají deset kráčivých končetin (5 párů). z nich alespoň jeden pár obvykle nese klepeta. mimo to mají tři páry čelistních nožek (maxiliped), (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Decapodiformes: a superorder of cephalopods comprised of squid, cuttlefish, and their relatives. their distinguishing feature is the modification of their fourth pair of arms into tentacles, resulting in 10 limbs
Decapodiformes: nadřád třídy cephalopoda - hlavonožci, skládá se z chobotnice, sépie a jejich příbuzných. jejich charakteristickým znakem je 10 chapadel - 8 delších a 2 kratší
Decarboxylation: the removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound
Decellularized Extracellular Matrix: a biomaterial with a network of macromolecules with varying composition and organization of tissue-specific proteins and polysaccharides. it is prepared from organs and tissues by decellularization (e.g., with a detergent) to mimic native microenvironment for tissue-specific functions
Decerebrate State: a condition characterized by abnormal posturing of the limbs that is associated with injury to the brainstem. this may occur as a clinical manifestation or induced experimentally in animals. the extensor reflexes are exaggerated leading to rigid extension of the limbs accompanied by hyperreflexia and opisthotonus. this condition is usually caused by lesions which occur in the region of the brainstem that lies between the red nuclei and the vestibular nuclei. in contrast, decorticate rigidity is characterized by flexion of the elbows and wrists with extension of the legs and feet. the causative lesion for this condition is located above the red nuclei and usually consists of diffuse cerebral damage. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p358)
Decidua: the hormone-responsive glandular layer of endometrium that sloughs off at each menstrual flow (decidua menstrualis) or at the termination of pregnancy. during pregnancy, the thickest part of the decidua forms the maternal portion of the placenta, thus named decidua placentalis. the thin portion of the decidua covering the rest of the embryo is the decidua capsularis
Deciduoma: an intrauterine mass containing decidual cells (decidua) or with structures resembling the placenta. deciduomas usually are induced experimentally
Decision Making: the process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea
Decision Making, Computer-Assisted: use of an interactive computer system designed to assist the physician or other health professional in choosing between certain relationships or variables for the purpose of making a diagnostic or therapeutic decision
Decision Support Systems, Clinical: computer-based information systems used to integrate clinical and patient information and provide support for decision-making in patient care
Decision Support Systems, Management: computer-based systems that enable management to interrogate the computer on an ad hoc basis for various kinds of information in the organization, which predict the effect of potential decisions
Decision Support Techniques: mathematical or statistical procedures used as aids in making a decision. they are frequently used in medical decision-making
Decision Theory: a theoretical technique utilizing a group of related constructs to describe or prescribe how individuals or groups of people choose a course of action when faced with several alternatives and a variable amount of knowledge about the determinants of the outcomes of those alternatives
Decision Trees: a graphic device used in decision analysis, series of decision options are represented as branches (hierarchical)
Decitabine: an azacitidine derivative and antineoplastic antimetabolite. it inhibits dna methyltransferase to re-activate silent genes, limiting metastasis and neoplasm drug resistance. decitabine is used in the treatment of myelodisplastic syndromes, and acute myeloid leukemia
Decompression: decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. it includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings
Decompression Sickness: a condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. these gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death
Decompression, Explosive: a sudden loss of pressure in a pressurized cabin, cockpit, or the like, so rapid as to be explosive. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 5th ed)
Decompression, Surgical: a surgical operation for the relief of pressure in a body compartment or on a body part. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Decompressive Craniectomy: excision of part of the skull. this procedure is used to treat elevated intracranial pressure that is unresponsive to conventional treatment
Decontamination: the removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or chemical warfare agents, from a person or object
Decorin: a small leucine-rich proteoglycan that interacts with fibrillar collagens and modifies the extracellular matrix structure of connective tissue. decorin has also been shown to play additional roles in the regulation of cellular responses to growth factors. the protein contains a single glycosaminoglycan chain and is similar in structure to biglycan
Deductibles and Coinsurance: cost-sharing mechanisms that provide for payment by the insured of some portion of covered expenses. deductibles are the amounts paid by the insured under a health insurance contract before benefits become payable; coinsurance is the provision under which the insured pays part of the medical bill, usually according to a fixed percentage, when benefits become payable
Deep Brain Stimulation: therapy for movement disorders, especially parkinson disease, that applies electricity via stereotactic implantation of electrodes in specific areas of the brain such as the thalamus. the electrodes are attached to a neurostimulator placed subcutaneously
Deep Eutectic Solvents: a fluid that is generally composed of two or three safe (cheap, non-toxic, renewable, and biodegradable) components that are capable of self-association, often through hydrogen bond interactions, to form a liquid close to the eutectic composition, i.e., the molar ratio of the components which has the lowest melting point (eutectic point)
Deep Learning: supervised or unsupervised machine learning methods that use multiple layers of data representations generated by nonlinear transformations, instead of individual task-specific algorithms, to build and train neural network models
Deep Sedation: drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients cannot be easily aroused but respond purposely following repeated painful stimulation. the ability to independently maintain ventilatory function may be impaired. (from: american society of anesthesiologists practice guidelines)
Deer: the family cervidae of 17 genera and 45 species occurring nearly throughout north america, south america, and eurasia, on most associated continental islands, and in northern africa. wild populations of deer have been established through introduction by people in cuba, new guinea, australia, new zealand, and other places where the family does not naturally occur. they are slim, long-legged and best characterized by the presence of antlers. their habitat is forests, swamps, brush country, deserts, and arctic tundra. they are usually good swimmers; some migrate seasonally. (walker's mammals of the world, 5th ed, p1362)
Defamation: public false statements that are illegal and damaging to the reputation of a person, group, business, organization, or institution
Default Mode Network: brain regions which are functionally-connected that are active during resting state and deactivated when engaged in task- or attention-oriented behavioral activities as seen in cognitive imaging studies often with fmri
Defecography: radiographic examination of the process of defecation after the instillation of a contrast media into the rectum
Defective Interfering Viruses: naturally occurring or synthetically made defective mutant viral genomes and particles which are incompetent in independent replication and interfere with normal virus replication. some synthetic defective interfering genomes may stimulate innate immune response and are candidates for potential vaccine and therapeutic approaches for virus infections
Defective Viruses: viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. others, called satellite viruses, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus
Defense Mechanisms: unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal
Defensins: family of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified in humans, animals, and plants. they are thought to play a role in host defenses against infections, inflammation, wound repair, and acquired immunity
Defensive Medicine: the alterations of modes of medical practice, induced by the threat of liability, for the principal purposes of forestalling lawsuits by patients as well as providing good legal defense in the event that such lawsuits are instituted
Deferasirox: a triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. it is used in the management of chronic iron overload due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent thalassemia
Deferiprone: a pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of iron overload in patients with thalassemia
Deferoxamine: natural product isolated from streptomyces pilosus. it forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form
Defibrillators: cardiac electrical stimulators that apply brief high-voltage electroshocks to the heart. these stimulators are used to restore normal rhythm and contractile function in hearts of patients who are experiencing ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia (tachycardia, ventricular) that is not accompanied by a palpable pulse. some defibrillators may also be used to correct certain noncritical dysrhythmias (called synchronized defibrillation or cardioversion), using relatively low-level discharges synchronized to the patient's ecg waveform. (umdns, 2003)
Defibrillators, Implantable: implantable devices which continuously monitor the electrical activity of the heart and automatically detect and terminate ventricular tachycardia (tachycardia, ventricular) and ventricular fibrillation. they consist of an impulse generator, batteries, and electrodes
Deficiency Diseases: a condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. the term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. it also includes an inadequacy of calories. (from dorland, 27th ed; stedman, 25th ed)
Deficiency of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: a hereditary autosomal recessive autoinflammatory disease caused by a deficiency in the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein due to mutations in the il1rn gene. it is characterized by fetal distress at delivery and multiple abnormalities affecting the liver; spleen; skin; bones and joints. omim: 612852
Definite composite resin: polysiloxane- & camphoroquinone-containing fine hybrid composite
Defoliants, Chemical: herbicides that remove leaves from trees and growing plants. they may be either organic or inorganic. several of the more persistent types have been used in military operations and many are toxic. (from hawley's condensed chemical dictionary, 11th ed)
Degenerin Sodium Channels: a family of mechanosensitive sodium channels found primarily in nematodes where they play a role in cellular mechanotransduction. degenerin sodium channels are structurally-related to epithelial sodium channels and are named after the fact that loss of their activity results in cellular degeneration
Degloving Injuries: avulsions of the superficial tissues of skin and subcutaneous tissue from the underlying fascia
Deglutition: the act of taking solids and liquids into the gastrointestinal tract through the mouth and throat
Deglutition Disorders: difficulty in swallowing which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the pharynx and upper esophageal sphincter; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the esophagus
Degrons: minimal elements within a protein that are sufficient for recognition and degradation by a proteolytic apparatus. inherent degrons are comprised of short linear amino acid sequences and secondary protein structural features that increase the affinity to e3 ligase; and are involved in regulating the specificity and timing of protein degradation. acquired degrons are mostly transient and conferred by post-translational modifications of specific amino acids within proteins. (from mol cell. 2016 sep 15;63(6):1055-65)
Dehalococcoides: a genus of organohalide-respiring bacteria in the class dehalococcoidia and phylum chloroflexi. it can dehalogenate toxic compounds such as tetrachloroethene into less harmful chemical forms
Dehalococcoides: rod organohalid-respirujících bakterií třídy dehalococcoidia, kmene chloroflexi. tyto organismy mají schopnost dehalogenovat toxické sloučeniny (např. tetrachlorethylen) na méně škodlivé látky
Dehumanization: the process by which a person or group of persons comes to be regarded or treated as lacking in human qualities
Dehydroascorbatase: catalyzes the hydrolysis of the gamma lactone, dehydroascorbate, to diketogulonate
Dehydroascorbic Acid: the reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. it is the lactone of 2,3-diketogulonic acid and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion
Dehydrocholesterols: cholesterol derivatives having an additional double bond in any position. the prevalent isomer 7-dehydrocholesterol is a precursor of cholesterol and of vitamin d3
Dehydrocholic Acid: a semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. it is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid
Dehydroepiandrosterone: a major c19 steroid produced by the adrenal cortex. it is also produced in small quantities in the testis and the ovary. dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) can be converted to testosterone; androstenedione; estradiol; and estrone. most of dhea is sulfated (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) before secretion
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: the circulating form of a major c19 steroid produced primarily by the adrenal cortex. dhea sulfate serves as a precursor for testosterone; androstenedione; estradiol; and estrone
Deinococcus: a genus of gram-positive aerobic cocci found in the soil, that is highly resistant to radiation, especially ionizing radiation (radiation, ionizing). deinococcus radiodurans is the type species
Deinococcus: rod grampozitivních, aerobních koků, které se vyskytují v půdě. jsou vysoce rezistentní k záření, zejména k ionizujícímu. typovým druhem je deinococcus radiodurans
Deinstitutionalization: the practice of caring for individuals in the community, rather than in an institutional environment with resultant effects on the individual, the individual's family, the community, and the health care system
Deja Vu: a subjective feeling that an experience which is occurring for the first time has been experienced before
Dekkera: a genus of ascomycetous yeast in the family saccharomycetaceae, order saccharomycetales. it has been implicated in wine spoilage. anamorphic forms are found in the genus brettanomyces
Dekkera: rod vřeckovýtrusných kvasinek čeledi saccharomycetaceae, řádu saccharomycetales. podílí se na kažení vína. jeho anamorfní formy patří do rodu brettanomyces
Delavirdine: a potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for hiv-1
Delaware: state bounded on the north by pennsylvania, on the west and south by maryland, and on the east by delaware bay and the atlantic ocean
Delaware: stát na východním pobřeží spojených států amerických. delaware hraničí na jihu a západě s marylandem, na severu s pensylvánií a na severovýchodě řeka delaware tvoří hranici s new jersey. jihovýchodní ohraničení státu tvoří atlantský oceán. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2021 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Delay Discounting: the tendency to devalue an outcome as a function of its temporal delay or probability of achievement. it can be evaluated in a psychological paradigm that involves the choice between receiving a smaller immediate reward or a larger delayed reward, and may be used to provide a measure of impulsive behavior
Delayed Diagnosis: non-optimal interval of time between onset of symptoms, identification, and initiation of treatment
Delayed Emergence from Anesthesia: abnormally slow pace of regaining consciousness after general anesthesia (anesthesia, general) usually given during surgical procedures. this condition is characterized by persistent somnolence
Delayed Graft Function: general dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. the term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following kidney transplantation
Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels: a group of slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channels. because of their delayed activation kinetics they play an important role in controlling action potential duration
Delayed-Action Preparations: dosage forms of a drug that act over a period of time by controlled-release processes or technology