NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Optical Tweezers: a technique that uses lasers to trap, image, and manipulate small objects (biomolecules, supramolecular assembles, dendrimers) in three dimensional space. (from glossary of biotechnology and nanobiotechnology terms, 4th ed.)
Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimetry: the use of a radiation monitoring device composed of material which emits light after being illuminated. the amount of light emitted is proportional to the amount of ionizing radiation to which the material has been previously exposed
Opticians: technicians who follow prescriptions for visual correction, order lenses, and dispense eyeglasses and contact lenses
Optics and Photonics: a specialized field of physics and engineering involved in studying the behavior and properties of light and the technology of analyzing, generating, transmitting, and manipulating electromagnetic radiation in the visible, infrared, and ultraviolet range
Optimal Pressed Ceramic: a commercially-available pressed ceramic for metal-free dental restorations; a mixture of leucite crystals growing out of a silicate glass
Optogenetics: the combination of genetic and optical methods in controlling specific events with temporal precision in targeted cells of a functioning intact biological system
Optometrists: qualified professionals trained in primary eye and vision care, including measurement of visual abilities, diagnosing disorders of the visual system and provision of treatment such as prescriptions for correction of visual defects with lenses or glasses and vision therapy
Optometry: the professional practice of primary eye and vision care that includes the measurement of visual refractive power and the correction of visual defects with lenses or glasses
Opuntia: a plant genus of the family cactaceae. species with cylindrical joints are called cholla; flat jointed ones are prickly-pear
Opuntia: rod rostlin čeledi cactaceae. charakteristické je pro ně vytváření těla složeného z mnoha na sebe navazujících článků, nejčastěji plochých nebo válcovitých, na nichž bývají větší trny. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
OraGraft: a freeze-dried bone allograft derived from cortical or cancellous bone
Oral Allergy Syndrome: allergic reaction to certain foods, including fresh fruits, vegetables and nuts which share cross reactions to allergens from trees, grass or pollens. oral allergy syndrome is limited to itchy lips, mouth, and throat without severe anaphylaxis and is often associated with chronic eosinophilic esophagitis
Oral Balance: containing polyglycerylmethacrylate, lactoperoxidase, and glucose oxidase as active components
Oral Fistula: an abnormal passage within the mouth communicating between two or more anatomical structures
Oral Frenectomy: surgical procedures to release or remove abnormally short or tightly attached frenum (e.g., lingual frenum or labial frenum) associated with a pathological condition (e.g., tongue tie and lip tie)
Oral Health: the optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease
Oral Hemorrhage: bleeding from the blood vessels of the mouth, which may occur as a result of injuries to the mouth, accidents in oral surgery, or diseases of the gums
Oral Hygiene: the practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. it includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health
Oral Hygiene Index: a combination of the debris index and the dental calculus index to determine the status of oral hygiene
Oral Medicine: a branch of dentistry dealing with diseases of the oral and paraoral structures and the oral management of systemic diseases. (hall, what is oral medicine, anyway? clinical update: national naval dental center, march 1991, p7-8)
Oral Mucosal Absorption: uptake of substances into the body via the mucosal surfaces (mucous membrane) of the oral cavity
Oral Sprays: pharmacologic agents in the form of a mist or spray delivered into the body through the mouth
Oral Stage: the earliest of the stages of infantile psychosexual development, lasting from birth to 12 months or longer
Oral Submucous Fibrosis: irreversible fibrosis of the submucosal tissue of the mouth
Oral Surgical Procedures: surgical procedures used to treat disease, injuries, and defects of the oral and maxillofacial region
Oral Surgical Procedures, Preprosthetic: surgery necessary for a denture to rest on a firm base, free from marked osseous protuberances or undercuts, and devoid of interfering muscle attachments, excess mucoperiosteum, hyperplasias, and fibrous or papillary growths
Oral Ulcer: a loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. it is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (stomatitis, aphthous); noma; necrotizing gingivitis (gingivitis, necrotizing ulcerative); toothbrushing; and various irritants. (from jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p842)
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons: dentists who specialize in the surgical treatment of injuries, diseases, and abnormalities of the oral and maxillofacial regions
Orbit Evisceration: the surgical removal of the contents of the orbit. this includes the eyeball, blood vessels, muscles, fat, nerve supply, and periosteum. it should be differentiated from eye evisceration which removes the inner contents of the eye, leaving the sclera intact
Orbital Cellulitis: inflammation of the loose connective tissues around the orbit, bony structure around the eyeball. it is characterized by pain; edema of the conjunctiva; swelling of the eyelids; exophthalmos; limited eye movement; and loss of vision
Orbital Fractures: fractures of the bones in the orbit, which include parts of the frontal, ethmoidal, lacrimal, and sphenoid bones and the maxilla and zygoma
Orbital Implants: rounded objects made of coral, teflon, or alloplastic polymer and covered with sclera, and which are implanted in the orbit following enucleation. an artificial eye (eye, artificial) is usually attached to the anterior of the orbital implant for cosmetic purposes
Orbital Myositis: inflammation of the extraocular muscle of the eye. it is characterized by swelling which can lead to ischemia, fibrosis, or orbital pseudotumor
Orbital Neoplasms: neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball
Orbital Pseudotumor: a nonspecific tumor-like inflammatory lesion in the orbit of the eye. it is usually composed of mature lymphocytes; plasma cells; macrophages; leukocytes with varying degrees of fibrosis. orbital pseudotumors are often associated with inflammation of the extraocular muscles (orbital myositis) or inflammation of the lacrimal glands (dacryoadenitis)
Orbivirus: a genus of reoviridae infecting a wide range of arthropods and vertebrates including humans. it comprises at least 21 serological subgroups. transmission is by vectors such as midges, mosquitoes, sandflies, and ticks
Orbivirus: rod virů z čeledi reoviridae. neobalené rna viry s dvojitou kapsidou. mají afinitu ke krevním buňkám vč. erytrocytů. přenos se děje pomocí vektorů komárů, klíšťat. u lidí mohou vyvolat neuroinfekce, např. koloradskou klíšťovou horečku. k rodu orbivirus se řadí i viry podskupiny kemerovo. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Orchidaceae: a plant family of the order asparagales. all members of the orchid family have the same bilaterally symmetrical flower structure, with three sepals, but the flowers vary greatly in color and shape
Orchidaceae: čeleď jednoděložných rostlin z řádu asparagales (chřestotvaré). vstavačovité jsou vytrvalé, jednodomé byliny s oboupohlavnými květy, často mají hlízy nebo oddenky. tyto rostliny jsou zvláště ceněny pro své krásné květy všech odstínů i barev. z tropických plodin sem patří ale i hospodářsky významná vanilka. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Orchiopexy: a surgical procedure in which an undescended testicle is sutured inside the scrotum in male infants or children to correct cryptorchidism. orchiopexy is also performed to treat testicular torsion in adults and adolescents
Orchitis: inflammation of a testis. it has many features of epididymitis, such as swollen scrotum; pain; pyuria; and fever. it is usually related to infections in the urinary tract, which likely spread to the epididymis and then the testis through either the vas deferens or the lymphatics of the spermatic cord
Oregon: state bounded on the north by washington, on the east by idaho, on the south by california and nevada, and on the west by the pacific ocean
Oregon: stát na západním pobřeží spojených států amerických. oregon hraničí na severu s washingtonem, na východě s idahem a na jihu s nevadou a kalifornií. západní ohraničení státu tvoří tichý oceán. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Orexin Receptor Antagonists: substances that bind to and inhibit the action of orexin receptors. drugs in this class have been used as sleep aids, pharmaceutical
Orexin Receptors: g-protein-coupled neuropeptide receptors that have specificity for orexins and play a role in appetite control, and sleep-wake cycles. two principle receptor types exist, each having a specificity for orexin a and orexin b peptide subtypes
Orexins: neuropeptide hormones that play a role in regulating a variety of behavioral and physiological processes in response to motivational stimuli
Orf virus: the type species of parapoxvirus which causes a skin infection in natural hosts, usually young sheep. humans may contract local skin lesions by contact. the virus apparently persists in soil
Organ Culture Techniques: a technique for maintenance or growth of animal organs in vitro. it refers to three-dimensional cultures of undisaggregated tissue retaining some or all of the histological features of the tissue in vivo. (freshney, culture of animal cells, 3d ed, p1)
Organ Dysfunction Scores: ratings that express in numerical values the degree of impairment or abnormality in the function of specific organs
Organ Preservation: the process by which organs are kept viable outside of the organism from which they were removed (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism)
Organ Preservation Solutions: solutions used to store organs and minimize tissue damage, particularly while awaiting implantation
Organ Sparing Treatments: techniques, procedures, and therapies carried out on diseased organs in such a way to avoid complete removal of the organ and preserve the remaining organ function
Organ Specificity: characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen
Organ Trafficking: criminal activity that occurs in three broad categories. firstly, cases where traffickers force or deceive the victims into giving up an organ. secondly, there are cases where victims formally or informally agree to sell an organ and are cheated because they are not paid for the organ or are paid less than the promised price. thirdly, vulnerable persons are treated for an ailment, which may or may not exist and thereupon organs are removed without the victim's knowledge
Organ Transplantation: transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species
Organ of Corti: the spiral epithelium containing sensory auditory hair cells and supporting cells in the cochlea. organ of corti, situated on the basilar membrane and overlaid by a gelatinous tectorial membrane, converts sound-induced mechanical waves to neural impulses to the brain
Organelles: specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysosomes; plastids; and vacuoles
Organic Agriculture: systems of agriculture which adhere to nationally regulated standards that restrict the use of pesticides, non-organic fertilizers, genetic engineering, growth hormones, irradiation, antibiotics, and non-organic animal feed
Organic Anion Transport Protein 1: a polyspecific transporter for organic cations found primarily in the kidney. it mediates the coupled exchange of alpha-ketoglutarate with organic ions such as p-aminohippuric acid
Organic Anion Transporters: proteins involved in the transport of organic anions. they play an important role in the elimination of a variety of endogenous substances, xenobiotics and their metabolites from the body
Organic Anion Transporters, ATP-Dependent: a subclass of organic anion transporters whose transport of organic anions is linked directly to the hydrolysis of atp. the subclass includes those atp-binding cassette transporters that transport organic ions
Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent: a subclass of organic anion transporters whose transport of organic anions is driven either directly or indirectly by a gradient of sodium ions
Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent: a subclass of organic anion transporters that do not rely directly or indirectly upon sodium ion gradients for the transport of organic ions
Organic Cation Transport Proteins: a family of proteins involved in the transport of organic cations. they play an important role in the elimination of a variety of endogenous substances, xenobiotics, and their metabolites from the body
Organic Cation Transporter 1: an organic cation transporter found in kidney. it is localized to the basal lateral membrane and is likely to be involved in the renal secretion of organic cations
Organic Cation Transporter 2: organic cation transporter consisting of twelve transmembrane domains and expressed primarily in the kidney. it transports a wide range of metabolites, drugs, and neurotransmitters from the blood to the kidney tubules, including dopamine; serotonin; choline; and cisplatin
Organic Chemicals: a broad class of substances containing carbon and its derivatives. many of these chemicals will frequently contain hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. they exist in either carbon chain or carbon ring form
Organic Chemistry Phenomena: the conformation, properties, reaction processes, and the properties of the reactions of organic carbon compounds
Organically Modified Ceramics: organic-inorganic hybrid polymers developed primarily for dental restoration. they typically contain a defined mixture of organosilicon compounds; ceramics; and organic polymers
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development: an international organization whose mission is to stimulate world trade and economic progress by offering a forum where governments can collectively develop and refine social and economic policies
Organism Forms: specific states or life cycle stages of organisms. these include post-embryonic stages of insects, symbiotic relationships between organisms, and reproductive elements such as spores
Organism Hydration Status: quantitative measure of water or fluids contained in the body of a living organism
Organizational Affiliation: formal relationships established between otherwise independent organizations. these include affiliation agreements, interlocking boards, common controls, hospital medical school affiliations, etc
Organizational Culture: beliefs and values shared by all members of the organization. these shared values, which are subject to change, are reflected in the day to day management of the organization
Organizational Objectives: the purposes, missions, and goals of an individual organization or its units, established through administrative processes. it includes an organization's long-range plans and administrative philosophy
Organizational Policy: a course or method of action selected, usually by an organization, institution, university, society, etc., from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions and positions on matters of public interest or social concern. it does not include internal policy relating to organization and administration within the corporate body, for which organization and administration is available
Organizations, Nonprofit: organizations which are not operated for a profit and may be supported by endowments or private contributions
Organizers, Embryonic: cells in certain regions of an embryo that self-regulate embryonic development. these organizers have been found in dorsal and ventral poles of gastrula embryos, including spemann organizer in amphibians, and hensen node in chicken and mouse. these organizer cells communicate with each other via a network of secreted signaling proteins, such as bone morphogenetic proteins and their antagonists (chordin and noggin)
Organizing Pneumonia: any obstructive lung disease characterized by consolidated formation of granulation tissue polyps within alveolar ducts and alveoli. it is classified as either primary (cryptogenic organizing pneumonia) or secondary organizing pneumonia. secondary organizing pneumonia after transplantation is called bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome
Organofluorophosphonates: a subclass of organophosphates that have a fluorine atom substituted for one of the oxygen atoms
Organogenesis, Plant: transformative processes which occur in cells and tissues to produce differentiated plant organs
Organogold Compounds: organic compounds that contain gold as an integral part of the molecule. some are used as antirheumatic agents. the term chrysotherapy derives from an ancient greek term for gold
Organoids: an organization of cells into an organ-like structure. organoids can be generated in culture, e.g., self-organized three-dimensional tissue structures derived from stem cells (see microphysiological systems). they are also found in certain neoplasms
Organoiron Compounds: organic compounds that contain iron in carbon-to-iron chemical bond
Organometallic Compounds: a class of compounds of the type r-m, where a c atom is joined directly to any other element except h, c, n, o, f, cl, br, i, or at. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Organophosphate Poisoning: poisoning due to exposure to organophosphorus compounds, such as organophosphates; organothiophosphates; and organothiophosphonates
Organophosphates: carbon-containing phosphoric acid derivatives. included under this heading are compounds that have carbon atoms bound to one or more oxygen atoms of the p(=o)(o)3 structure. note that several specific classes of endogenous phosphorus-containing compounds such as nucleotides; phospholipids; and phosphoproteins are listed elsewhere
Organophosphonates: carbon-containing phosphonic acid compounds. included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either oxygen atom or the phosphorous atom of the (p=o)o2 structure
Organophosphorus Compounds: organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as pesticides and drugs
Organotechnetium Compounds: organic compounds that contain technetium as an integral part of the molecule. these compounds are often used as radionuclide imaging agents
Organotherapy: historically, the treatment of disease by the administration of animal organs or their extracts (after brown-sequard). at present synthetic preparations substitute for the extracts of a gland. (from stedman, 26th ed)
Organothiophosphates: carbon-containing thiophosphoric acid derivatives. included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either sulfur atom, or the oxygen atom of the spo3 core structure
Organothiophosphonates: carbon-containing thiophosphonic acid compounds. included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either sulfur atom, phosphorous atom, or the oxygen atom of the spo2 core structure
Organothiophosphorus Compounds: compounds containing carbon-phosphorus bonds in which the phosphorus component is also bonded to one or more sulfur atoms. many of these compounds function as cholinergic agents and as insecticides
Organotin Compounds: organic compounds which contain tin in the molecule. used widely in industry and agriculture
Organs at Risk: organs which might be damaged during exposure to a toxin or to some form of therapy. it most frequently refers to healthy organs located in the radiation field during radiation therapy
Organum Vasculosum: circumventricular cellular structure in the anterior hypothalamic region. it is located in the optic recess at the anteroventral end of the third ventricle and forms the ventral part of the midline anterior wall
Orientia: a genus of intracellular, gram-negative obligate bacteria belonging to the family rickettsiaceae and the phylum proteobacteria. this genus also includes orientia tsutsugamushi which is a known cause of scrub typhus transmitted to humans by various trombiculid mites
Orientia: rod obligátně intracelulárních, gramnegativních bakterií čeledi rickettsiaceae, kmene proteobacteria. druh orientia tsutsugamushi způsobuje onemocnění tsutsugamushi, které je na člověka přenášeno roztoči čeledi trombiculidae
Orientia tsutsugamushi: a gram-negative, rod-shaped to coccoid bacterium. it is the etiologic agent of scrub typhus in humans and is transmitted by mites from rodent reservoirs
Orientia tsutsugamushi: gramnegativní bakterie tyčinkovitého až kokoidního tvaru. je původcem rickettsiózy tsutsugamushi u lidí. rezervoárem jsou hlodavci, na člověka je přenášena roztoči
Origanum: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae that is the source of familiar seasonings, oregano and marjoram
Origin Recognition Complex: the origin recognition complex is a multi-subunit dna-binding protein that initiates dna replication in eukaryotes
Orlistat: a lactone derivative of leucine that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity
Ornidazole: a nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. it is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action
Ornipressin: a synthetic analog of vasopressin with ornithine substitution at residue 8 of the cyclic nonapeptide. it is used as a local vasoconstrictor and hemostatic
Ornithine: an amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine
Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase: a urea cycle enzyme that catalyzes the formation of orthophosphate and l-citrulline (citrulline) from carbamoyl phosphate and l-ornithine (ornithine). deficiency of this enzyme may be transmitted as an x-linked trait. ec 2.1.3.3
Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease: an inherited urea cycle disorder associated with deficiency of the enzyme ornithine carbamoyltransferase, transmitted as an x-linked trait and featuring elevations of amino acids and ammonia in the serum. clinical features, which are more prominent in males, include seizures, behavioral alterations, episodic vomiting, lethargy, and coma. (menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, pp49-50)
Ornithine Decarboxylase: a pyridoxal-phosphate protein, believed to be the rate-limiting compound in the biosynthesis of polyamines. it catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, which is then linked to a propylamine moiety of decarboxylated s-adenosylmethionine to form spermidine
Ornithine Decarboxylase Inhibitors: substances and drugs that inhibit or block the activity of ornithine decarboxylase
Ornithine-Oxo-Acid Transaminase: a pyridoxal phosphate enzyme that catalyzes the formation of glutamate gamma-semialdehyde and an l-amino acid from l-ornithine and a 2-keto-acid. ec 2.6.1.13
Ornithobacterium: a genus of gram-negative, chemoorganotrophic bacteria, in the family flavobacteriaceae. it is pathogenic in birds
Ornithobacterium: rod gramnegativních, chemoorganotrofních bakterií čeledi flavobacteriaceae. tyto organismy jsou patogeny ptáků
Ornithodoros: a genus of softbacked ticks, in the family argasidae, serving as the vector of borrelia, causing relapsing fever, and of the african swine fever virus
Ornithodoros: rod klíšťáků z čeledi argasidae (klíšťákovití). jsou přenašeči spirochety rodu borrelia způsobující návratnou horečku a dále mohou být vektorem viru afrického moru prasat
Ornithogalum: a plant genus of the family liliaceae that contains cholestane glycosides (cholestanes)
Ornithogalum: rod rostlin čeledi asparagaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují cholestanové glykosidy (cholestany)
Oroantral Fistula: a fistula between the maxillary sinus and the oral cavity
Orobanchaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu hluchavkotvaré (lamiales). jsou to nezelení parazité nebo zelení poloparazité přiživující se na kořenech jiných rostlin. čeleď je celosvětově rozšířena a je zastoupena několika rody i v české republice. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Orobanche: a plant genus of the family orobanchaceae. lacking chlorophyll, they are nonphotosynthetic parasitic plants. the common name is similar to broom or scotch broom (cytisus) or butcher's broom (ruscus) or desert broom (baccharis) or spanish broom (spartium) or brome (bromus)
Orobanche: rod cizopasných, nezelených rostlin z čeledi zárazovité (orobanchaceae) vyšších dvouděložných rostlin. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Orofacial Cleft 1: isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate (cl/p) is genetically heterogeneous and most cases (>75%) are isolated. brain abnormalities, including enlarged anterior regions of the cerebrum, and decreased volumes of the posterior cerebrum and cerebellum also occur, the left temporal lobe is also frequently affected. ofc1 exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance and has been mapped to chromosome 6. omim: 119530
Orofaciodigital Syndromes: two syndromes of oral, facial, and digital malformations. type i (papillon-leage and psaume syndrome, gorlin-psaume syndrome) is inherited as an x-linked dominant trait and is found only in females and xxy males. type ii (mohr syndrome) is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait
Orofaciodigital syndrome 6: polydactyly, cleft lip/palate or lingual lump, and psychomotor retardation
Orofaciodigital syndrome type1: a hereditary, x-linked dominant, orofaciodigital syndrome characterized by oral, facial, and digital malformations. affected individuals may also have polycystic kidney disease; cardiac, and liver abnormalities, as well as neurologic involvement and intellectual disability. it is caused by mutations in the ofd1 gene. omim: 311200
Orofaciodigital syndrome, Shashi type: x-linked mental retardation syndrome with characteristic facial dysmorphic features
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the oropharynx
Oropharynx: the middle portion of the pharynx that lies posterior to the mouth, inferior to the soft palate, and superior to the base of the tongue and epiglottis. it has a digestive function as food passes from the mouth into the oropharynx before entering esophagus
Orotate Phosphoribosyltransferase: the enzyme catalyzing the formation of orotidine-5'-phosphoric acid (orotidylic acid) from orotic acid and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate in the course of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. ec 2.4.2.10
Orotic Acid: an intermediate product in pyrimidine synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between dihydrofolate and tetrahydrofolate
Orotidine-5'-Phosphate Decarboxylase: orotidine-5'-phosphate carboxy-lyase. catalyzes the decarboxylation of orotidylic acid to yield uridylic acid in the final step of the pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis pathway. ec 4.1.1.23
Orphan Drug Production: production of drugs or biologicals which are unlikely to be manufactured by private industry unless special incentives are provided by others
Orphan Nuclear Receptors: a broad category of receptor-like proteins that may play a role in transcriptional-regulation in the cell nucleus. many of these proteins are similar in structure to known nuclear receptors but appear to lack a functional ligand-binding domain, while in other cases the specific ligands have yet to be identified
Orphanages: institutions for the housing and care of orphans, foundlings, and abandoned children. they have existed as such since the medieval period but the heading is applicable to such usage also in modern parlance
Orphenadrine: a muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm
Ortho-Coat: a fluoride-releasing light-cured resin containing uncured acrylate resins, silica, amorphous hydrofluoric acid; cariostatic agents
Orthoblast II: a nondemineralized cancellous bone admixed in a poloxamer reverse phase carrier
Orthobunyavirus: a genus of the family bunyaviridae containing over 150 viruses, most of which are transmitted by mosquitoes or flies. they are arranged in groups defined by serological criteria, each now named for the original reference species (previously called serogroups). many species have multiple serotypes or strains
Orthobunyavirus: rod virů čeledi bunyaviridae, který zahrnuje přes 150 druhů. většina z nich je přenášena komáry nebo mouchami. podle sérologických kritérií se zařazují do antigenních skupin, každá je v současné době pojmenována po původním referenčním druhu (dříve séroskupiny). mnoho druhů má četné sérotypy či kmeny
Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures: attachment of orthodontic devices and materials to the mouth area for support and to provide a counterforce to orthodontic forces
Orthodontic Appliance Design: the planning, calculation, and creation of an apparatus for the purpose of correcting the placement or straightening of teeth
Orthodontic Appliances: devices used for influencing tooth position. orthodontic appliances may be classified as fixed or removable, active or retaining, and intraoral or extraoral. (boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed, p19)
Orthodontic Appliances, Fixed: orthodontic appliances attached to the teeth by adhesive material which cannot be removed from the mouth by the patient. these devices apply force to the teeth and supporting structures, thereby producing changes which control their growth and development
Orthodontic Appliances, Functional: loose, usually removable intra-oral devices which alter the muscle forces against the teeth and craniofacial skeleton. these are dynamic appliances which depend on altered neuromuscular action to effect bony growth and occlusal development. they are usually used in mixed dentition to treat pediatric malocclusions. (ada, 1992)
Orthodontic Appliances, Removable: dental devices such as retainers, orthodontic used to improve gaps in teeth and structure of the jaws. these devices can be removed and reinserted at will
Orthodontic Brackets: small metal or ceramic attachments used to fasten an arch wire. these attachments are soldered or welded to an orthodontic band or cemented directly onto the teeth. bowles brackets, edgewise brackets, multiphase brackets, ribbon arch brackets, twin-wire brackets, and universal brackets are all types of orthodontic brackets
Orthodontic Extrusion: orthodontic movement in the coronal direction achieved by outward tension on the periodontal ligament. it does not include the operative procedure that crown lengthening involves
Orthodontic Retainers: orthodontic appliances, fixed or removable, used to maintain teeth in corrected positions during the period of functional adaptation following corrective treatment. these appliances are also used to maintain the positions of the teeth and jaws gained by orthodontic procedures. (from zwemer, boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed, p263)
Orthodontic Space Closure: therapeutic closure of spaces caused by the extraction of teeth, the congenital absence of teeth, or the excessive space between teeth
Orthodontic Wires: wires of various dimensions and grades made of stainless steel or precious metal. they are used in orthodontic treatment
Orthodontics: a dental specialty concerned with the prevention and correction of dental and oral anomalies (malocclusion)
Orthodontics, Corrective: the phase of orthodontics concerned with the correction of malocclusion with proper appliances and prevention of its sequelae (jablonski's illus. dictionary of dentistry)
Orthodontics, Interceptive: recognition and elimination of potential irregularities and malpositions in the developing dentofacial complex
Orthodontics, Preventive: treatment methods intended to prevent the development of crooked teeth that involve the use of space maintainers for baby teeth lost early or removal of primary teeth that don't come out on their own. commonly used in pediatric dentistry
Orthodontists: dentists who specialize in the treatment of misaligned teeth and malocclusion
Orthognathic Surgery: a surgical specialty concerned with correcting conditions related to malposition of the jawbones and other related maxillofacial abnormalities (e.g., cleft palate; retrognathism)
Orthognathic Surgical Procedures: surgery performed to repair or correct the skeletal anomalies of the jaw and its associated dental and facial structures (e.g. cleft palate)
Orthohantavirus: a genus of the family bunyaviridae causing hantavirus infections, first identified during the korean war. infection is found primarily in rodents and humans. transmission does not appear to involve arthropods. hantaan virus is the type species
Orthohepadnavirus: a genus of hepadnaviridae causing hepatitis in humans, woodchucks (hepatitis b virus, woodchuck) and ground squirrels. hepatitis b virus is the type species
Orthohepadnavirus: rod virů čeledi hepadnaviridae způsobující hepatitidu u lidí, svišťů lesních a zemních veverek. typovým druhem je virus hepatitidy b
Orthokeratologic Procedures: an alternative to refractive surgical procedures. a therapeutic procedure for correcting refractive errors. it involves wearing contact lenses designed to force corrective changes to the curvature of the cornea that remain after the lenses are removed. the effect is temporary but is maintained by wearing the therapeutic lenses daily, usually during sleep
Orthomite SuperBond: bonding material that consisted of a mixture of a base resin (4-meta/mma-tbb resin adhesive) and thermoexpandable microcapsules for safe, easy debonding
Orthomolecular Therapy: the use of very large doses of vitamins or other naturally occurring substances normally present in the body, frequently for the treatment of mental disorders
Orthomyxoviridae: a family of rna viruses causing influenza and other respiratory diseases. orthomyxoviridae includes influenzavirus a; influenzavirus b; influenzavirus c; influenzavirus d; isavirus; and thogotovirus
Orthomyxoviridae: čeleď rna-virů, které způsobují chřipku a jiná onemocnění. do čeledi orthomyxoviridae patří rody: influenzavirus a, influenzavirus b, influenzavirus c, influenzavirus d, isavirus a thogotovirus
Orthomyxoviridae Infections: virus diseases caused by the orthomyxoviridae
Orthopedic Equipment: nonexpendable items used in the performance of orthopedic surgery and related therapy. they are differentiated from orthotic devices, apparatus used to prevent or correct deformities in patients
Orthopedic Fixation Devices: devices which are used in the treatment of orthopedic injuries and diseases
Orthopedic Nursing: the specialty or practice of nursing in the care of the orthopedic patient
Orthopedic Procedures: procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the musculoskeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures
Orthopedic Surgeons: physicians specializing in medical, surgical, and physical methods used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures
Orthopedics: a specialty which utilizes medical, surgical, and physical methods to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures
Orthopoxvirus: a genus of the family poxviridae, subfamily chordopoxvirinae, comprising many species infecting mammals. viruses of this genus cause generalized infections and a rash in some hosts. the type species is vaccinia virus
Orthopoxvirus: rod virů čeledi poxviridae, podčeledi chordopoxvirinae. patří sem řada druhů, které napadají savce. u některých hostitelů způsobují generalizované infekce a vyrážku. typovým druhem je virus vakcinie
Orthopsychiatry: the study and treatment of human behavior problems utilizing principles derived from the behavioral, medical, and social science with emphasis on promotion of mental health
Orthoptera: an order of insects comprising two suborders: caelifera and ensifera. they consist of grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets (gryllidae)
Orthoptera: řád hmyzu zahrnující dva podřády: caelifera (saranče) a ensifera (kobylky). patří sem kobylky, sarančata a cvrčci
Orthoptics: the study and treatment of defects in binocular vision resulting from defects in the optic musculature or of faulty visual habits. it involves a technique of eye exercises designed to correct the visual axes of eyes not properly coordinated for binocular vision
Orthoreovirus: a genus of the family reoviridae infecting vertebrates only. transmission is horizontal and infected species include humans, birds, cattle, monkeys, sheep, swine, baboons, and bats. mammalian orthoreovirus is the type species
Orthoreovirus: rod virů čeledi reoviridae, které infikují pouze obratlovce. přenos je horizontální a k infekci jsou vnímaví lidé, ptáci, skot, opice, ovce, prasata, paviáni a netopýři. typovým druhem je savčí orthoreovirus
Orthoreovirus, Avian: a species of orthoreovirus infecting birds, with outcomes ranging from inapparent to lethal depending on the virus strain and age of the host bird. this species does not infect mammals
Orthoreovirus, Mammalian: a species of orthoreovirus infecting mammals (other than baboons). there are four serotypes. in humans they are generally benign but may sometimes cause upper respiratory tract illness or enteritis in infants and children. mammalian orthoreovirus 3 is a very pathogenic virus in laboratory rodents
Orthorexia Nervosa: an eating disorder that is characterized by the pathological obsession with healthy eating
Orthosiphon: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae that contains pimarane-type diterpenes. several species of orthosiphon are also called java tea
Orthosiphon: rod rostlin z čeledi hluchavkovitých (lamiaceae), který obsahuje diterpeny pimaranového typu. některé druhy rodu orthosiphon se nazývají javánské čaje
Orthostatic Intolerance: symptoms of cerebral hypoperfusion or autonomic overaction which develop while the subject is standing, but are relieved on recumbency. types of this include neurocardiogenic syncope; postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome; and neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. (from noseworthy, jh., neurological therapeutics principles and practice, 2007, p2575-2576)
Orthotic Devices: apparatus used to support, align, or augment the functioning of parts of the body
Orycteropodidae: an order of placental mammals in the superorder afrotheria found in africa. it has single species orycteropus afer
Orycteropodidae: řád placentálních savců nadřádu afrotheria s rozšířením v africe. řád má jen jeden druh - hrabáče kapského (orycteropus afer)
Oryzias: jediný rod čeledi oryziinae, řádu beloniformes. na rozdíl od ostatních, živorodých ryb tohoto řádu kladou vajíčka (jikry). medaky se často používají při testování karcinogenů
Oryzias: the only genus in the family oryziinae, order beloniformes. oryzias are egg-layers; other fish of the same order are livebearers. oryzias are used extensively in testing carcinogens
Oscillatoria: a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria in the order oscillatoriales. it is commonly found in freshwater environments, especially hot springs
Oscillatoria: rod vláknitých sinic řádu oscillatoriales, které se běžně vyskytují ve sladkých vodách
Oseltamivir: an acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of sialic acid and inhibits neuraminidase
Oslam syndrome: osteosarcoma, limb anomalies (clinodactyly, absence of digital ray in foot, bilateral radioulnar synostosis) and macrocytosis without anemia; osteosarcoma, limb anomalies, and erythroid macrocytosis with megaloblastic marrow
Osler-rendu-weber syndrome 2: an autosomal dominant form of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia characterized by later onset of oral and nasal mucosal telangiectases and more frequent dermal lesions than hht1. mutations in the acvrl1 gene have been identified. omim: 600376
Osmanská říše: sultanát tvořený v různých časech částmi evropy, asie a afriky. jeho období bylo od 1301 do 1922
Osmeriformes: an order of fish including smelts, galaxiids, and salamanderfish
Osmeriformes: řád ryb zahrnující např. čeledi osmeridae (koruškovití), galaxiidae (galaxiovití) a lepidogalaxiidae (mlokovkovití)
Osmium: a very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol os
Osmium Compounds: inorganic compounds that contain osmium as an integral part of the molecule
Osmium Tetroxide: (t-4)-osmium oxide (oso4). a highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. it is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage
Osmolar Concentration: the concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent
Osmolite: commercially available preparation of caisenates, soy protein isolate, carbohydrates & lipids; used in parenteral nutrition
Osmoregulation: the response of cells in sensing a difference in osmotic pressure between the inside and outside of the cell. this response includes signaling from osmotic sensors to activate transcription factors, which in turn regulate the expression of osmocompensatory genes, all functioning to maintain cell volume and the water concentration inside the cells
Osmosis: tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane
Osmotic Fragility: red blood cell sensitivity to change in osmotic pressure. when exposed to a hypotonic concentration of sodium in a solution, red cells take in more water, swell until the capacity of the cell membrane is exceeded, and burst
Osmotic Pressure: the pressure required to prevent the passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane that separates a pure solvent from a solution of the solvent and solute or that separates different concentrations of a solution. it is proportional to the osmolality of the solution
Osseointegration: the growth action of bone tissue as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants)
Osseous Heteroplasia, Progressive: a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by dermal osteogenesis beginning in infancy, followed by increasing and extensive bone formation in deep muscle and fascia. mutations in the gnas1 gene have been identified. omim: 166350
Ossicular Prosthesis: an implant used to replace one or more of the ear ossicles. they are usually made of plastic, gelfoam, ceramic, or stainless steel
Ossicular Replacement: surgical insertion of an implant to replace one or more of the ear ossicles
Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament: a calcification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spinal column, usually at the level of the cervical spine. it is often associated with anterior ankylosing hyperostosis
Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine: a hereditary ossification of the longitudinal spinal ligament (cervical and thoracic spine) that is common in japanese and asian populations in persons over 50 years of age. patients may present with spinal cord compression; myelopathy, and hyperreflexia. omim: 602475
Osteitis Deformans: a disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. the resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry
Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica: a fibrous degeneration, cyst formation, and the presence of fibrous nodules in bone, usually due to hyperparathyroidism
Ostene: pluronic-based, bone hemostatic agent that does not impair osteogenesis
OsteoGraf-N: osteograf/n is tradename; a xenograft consisting of deproteinated anorganic bovine bone; appears to be effective graft material for the sinus elevation procedure
Osteoarthritis: a progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. the disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. in the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans
Osteoarthritis, Hip: noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. it is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. a dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion
Osteoarthritis, Knee: noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (crenshaw, campbell's operative orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)
Osteoarthritis, Spine: a degenerative joint disease involving the spine. it is characterized by progressive deterioration of the spinal articular cartilage (cartilage, articular), usually with hardening of the subchondral bone and outgrowth of bone spurs (osteophyte)
Osteoarthropathy of fingers familial: a rare disorder characterized by avascular necrosis of the proximal interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes, usually beginning in adolescence. omim: 165700
Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic: a condition chiefly characterized by thickening of the skin of the head and distal extremities, deep folds and furrows of the skin of the forehead, cheeks, and scalp, seborrhea; hyperhidrosis; periostosis of the long bones, digital clubbing, and spadelike enlargement of the hands and feet. it is more prevalent in the male, and is usually first evident during adolescence. inheritance is primarily autosomal recessive, but an autosomal dominant form exists
Osteoarthropathy, Secondary Hypertrophic: symmetrical osteitis of the four limbs, chiefly localized to the phalanges and the terminal epiphyses of the long bones of the forearm and leg, sometimes extending to the proximal ends of the limbs and the flat bones, and accompanied by dorsal kyphosis and joint involvement. it is often secondary to chronic conditions of the lungs and heart. (dorland, 27th ed)
Osteoblastoma: a benign, painful, tumor of bone characterized by the formation of osteoid tissue, primitive bone and calcified tissue. it occurs frequently in the spine of young persons. (from dorland, 27th ed; stedman, 25th ed)
Osteoblasts: bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone
Osteocalcin: vitamin k-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by osteoblasts and found primarily in bones. serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. the protein contains three residues of the amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (gla), which, in the presence of calcium, promotes binding to hydroxyapatite and subsequent accumulation in bone matrix
Osteochondritis Dissecans: a type of osteochondritis in which articular cartilage and associated bone becomes partially or totally detached to form joint loose bodies. affects mainly the knee, ankle, and elbow joints
Osteochondroma: a cartilage-capped benign tumor that often appears as a stalk on the surface of bone. it is probably a developmental malformation rather than a true neoplasm and is usually found in the metaphysis of the distal femur, proximal tibia, or proximal humerus. osteochondroma is the most common of benign bone tumors
Osteochondromatosis: a condition marked by the presence of multiple osteochondromas. (dorland, 27th ed)