NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Adolescent, Institutionalized: an adolescent who is receiving long-term in-patient services or who resides in an institutional setting
Adonis: a plant genus of the family ranunculaceae. members contain cardenolide oligoglycosides such as adoniside, adonisidum and alepposide
Adoption: voluntary acceptance of a child of other parents to be as one's own child, usually with legal confirmation
Adoptive Transfer: form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. when transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive)
Adosterol: a sterol usually substituted with radioactive iodine. it is an adrenal cortex scanning agent with demonstrated high adrenal concentration and superior adrenal imaging
Adoxaceae: a plant family of the order dipsacales, subclass asteridae, class magnoliopsida. members of this family are sometimes classified in caprifoliaceae
Adoxaceae: čeleď rostlin z řádu dipsacales, podtřídy asteridae, třídy nižší dvouděložné rostliny (magnoliopsida). členové této čeledi jsou někdy klasifikováni v čeledi zimolezovité (caprifoliaceae)
Adrenal Cortex: the outer layer of the adrenal gland. it is derived from mesoderm and comprised of three zones (outer zona glomerulosa, middle zona fasciculata, and inner zona reticularis) with each producing various steroids preferentially, such as aldosterone; hydrocortisone; dehydroepiandrosterone; and androstenedione. adrenal cortex function is regulated by pituitary adrenocorticotropin
Adrenal Cortex Function Tests: examinations that evaluate and monitor hormone production in the adrenal cortex
Adrenal Cortex Hormones: hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, including both steroid and peptide hormones. the major hormones produced are hydrocortisone and aldosterone
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms: tumors or cancers of the adrenal cortex
Adrenal Gland Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the adrenal glands
Adrenal Glands: a pair of glands located at the cranial pole of each of the two kidneys. each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct endocrine tissues with separate embryonic origins, the adrenal cortex producing steroids and the adrenal medulla producing neurotransmitters
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital: a group of inherited disorders of the adrenal glands, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (hydrocortisone) and/or aldosterone leading to accumulation of precursors for androgens. depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. defects in steroid 21-hydroxylase; steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase; steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases); testosterone 5-alpha-reductase; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders
Adrenal Hypoplasia, Congenital, with Precocious Puberty: mutation in nr0b1
Adrenal Insufficiency: conditions in which the production of adrenal corticosteroids falls below the requirement of the body. adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the adrenal glands, the pituitary gland, or the hypothalamus
Adrenal Medulla: the inner portion of the adrenal gland. derived from ectoderm, adrenal medulla consists mainly of chromaffin cells that produces and stores a number of neurotransmitters, mainly adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine. the activity of the adrenal medulla is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal Rest Tumor: neoplasm derived from displaced cells (rest cells) of the primordial adrenal glands, generally in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. adrenal rest tumors have been identified in testes; liver; and other tissues. they are dependent on adrenocorticotropin for growth and adrenal steroid secretion
Adrenal incidentaloma: adrenal tumor that is found incidentally upon examination where patient has no other, or unrelated symptoms. polymorphisms in the nr3c1 gene (omim: 138040) have been identified
Adrenalectomy: excision of one or both adrenal glands. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Adrenarche: a stage of development at which the adrenal glands undergo maturation leading to the capability of producing increasing amounts of adrenal androgens, dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione. adrenarche usually begins at about 7 or 8 years of age before the signs of puberty and continues throughout puberty
Adrenergic Agents: drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters
Adrenergic Agonists: drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors
Adrenergic Antagonists: drugs that bind to but do not activate adrenergic receptors. adrenergic antagonists block the actions of the endogenous adrenergic transmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenergic Fibers: nerve fibers liberating catecholamines at a synapse after an impulse
Adrenergic Neurons: neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is epinephrine
Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors: drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. the tricyclic antidepressants (antidepressive agents, tricyclic) and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin
Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists: compounds that bind to and activate adrenergic alpha-1 receptors
Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists: drugs that bind to and block the activation of adrenergic alpha-1 receptors
Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists: compounds that bind to and activate adrenergic alpha-2 receptors
Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists: drugs that bind to and block the activation of adrenergic alpha-2 receptors
Adrenergic alpha-Agonists: drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors
Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists: drugs that bind to but do not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists. adrenergic alpha-antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma
Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists: compounds that bind to and activate adrenergic beta-1 receptors
Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists: drugs that bind to and block the activation of adrenergic beta-1 receptors
Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists: compounds bind to and activate adrenergic beta-2 receptors
Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists: drugs that bind to and block the activation of adrenergic beta-2 receptors
Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists: compounds that bind to and activate adrenergic beta-3 receptors
Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Antagonists: drugs that bind to and block the activation of adrenergic beta-3 receptors
Adrenergic beta-Agonists: drugs that selectively bind to and activate beta-adrenergic receptors
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists: drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety
Adrenocortical Adenoma: a benign neoplasm of the adrenal cortex. it is characterized by a well-defined nodular lesion, usually less than 2.5 cm. most adrenocortical adenomas are nonfunctional. the functional ones are yellow and contain lipids. depending on the cell type or cortical zone involved, they may produce aldosterone; hydrocortisone; dehydroepiandrosterone; and/or androstenedione
Adrenocortical Carcinoma: a malignant neoplasm of the adrenal cortex. adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (anaplasia) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. they are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce adrenal cortex hormones that may result in hypercortisolism (cushing syndrome); hyperaldosteronism; and/or virilism
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction: excess production of adrenal cortex hormones such as aldosterone; hydrocortisone; dehydroepiandrosterone; and/or androstenedione. hyperadrenal syndromes include cushing syndrome; hyperaldosteronism; and virilism
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex and its production of corticosteroids. acth is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the n-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. upon further tissue-specific processing, acth can yield alpha-msh and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (clip)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency: a congenital autosomal recessive form of adrenal insufficiency that is characterized by very low plasma acth and cortisol levels with no significant response to corticotropin-releasing hormone. affected neonatal patients may present with obstructive jaundice, severe hypoglycemia, and seizures. mutations in the tbx19 gene have been identified. omim: 201400
Adrenodoxin: an iron-sulfur protein which serves as an electron carrier in enzymatic steroid hydroxylation reactions in adrenal cortex mitochondria. the electron transport system which catalyzes this reaction consists of adrenodoxin reductase, nadp, adrenodoxin, and cytochrome p-450
Adrenogenital Syndrome: abnormal sex differentiation or congenital disorders of sex development caused by abnormal levels of steroid hormones expressed by the gonads or the adrenal glands, such as in congenital adrenal hyperplasia and adrenal cortex neoplasms. due to abnormal steroid biosynthesis, clinical features include virilism in females; feminization in males; or precocious sexual development in children
Adrenoleukodystrophy: an x-linked recessive disorder characterized by the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids in the lysosomes of adrenal cortex and the white matter of central nervous system. this disease occurs almost exclusively in the males. clinical features include the childhood onset of ataxia; neurobehavioral manifestations; hyperpigmentation; adrenal insufficiency; seizures; muscle spasticity; and dementia. the slowly progressive adult form is called adrenomyeloneuropathy. the defective gene abcd1 is located at xq28, and encodes the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (atp-binding cassette transporters)
Adrenomedullin: a 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. it was originally isolated from pheochromocytoma and adrenal medulla but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary acth secretion
Adsorption: the adhesion of gases, liquids, or dissolved solids onto a surface. it includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses onto surfaces as well. absorption into the substance may follow but not necessarily
Adult: a person having attained full growth or maturity. adults are of 19 through 44 years of age. for a person between 19 and 24 years of age, young adult is available
Adult Day Care Centers: non-residential facilities that are designed to provide care and companionship for seniors who need assistance or supervision during the day
Adult Stem Cells: tissue-specific stem cells (also known as somatic stem cells) that appear during fetal development and remain in the body throughout life. the key functions of adult stem cells are to maintain and repair the specific tissues where they reside (e.g. skin or blood)
Adult Survivors of Child Abuse: persons who were child victims of violence and abuse including physical, sexual, or emotional maltreatment
Adult-onset citrullinemia type 2: an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the sudden onset of various neuropsychologic symptoms, convulsions, and coma due to hyperammonemia. in some cases, rapid progression can lead to brain edema and death if liver transplantation is not possible. some patients may present with nonalcoholic liver steatosis; liver cirrhosis; or hepatocellular carcinoma. patients also tend to have an aversion to carbohydrates, and favor proteins in their diet. mutations in the slc25a13 gene have been identified. omim: 603471
Advance Care Planning: discussions with patients and/or their representatives about the goals and desired direction of the patient's care, particularly end-of-life care, in the event that the patient is or becomes incompetent to make decisions
Advance Directive Adherence: compliance by health personnel or proxies with the stipulations of advance directives (or similar directives such as resuscitation orders) when patients are unable to direct their own care
Advance Directives: declarations by patients, made in advance of a situation in which they may be incompetent to decide about their own care, stating their treatment preferences or authorizing a third party to make decisions for them. (bioethics thesaurus)
Advanced Cardiac Life Support: the use of sophisticated methods and equipment to treat cardiopulmonary arrest. advanced cardiac life support (acls) includes the use of specialized equipment to maintain the airway, early defibrillation and pharmacological therapy
Advanced Maternal Age: pregnancy in women at least 35 years old at the time of delivery. this was formerly known as geriatric pregnancy
Advanced Oxidation Protein Products: a class of dityrosine-containing protein-derived molecules formed by oxidative stress. their accumulation in plasma is associated with certain pathological conditions
Advanced Practice Nursing: evidence-based nursing, midwifery and healthcare grounded in research and scholarship. practitioners include nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, nurse anesthetists, and nurse midwives
Adventitia: the outermost covering of organs, blood vessels, and other such structures in the body
Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems: systems developed for collecting reports from government agencies, manufacturers, hospitals, physicians, and other sources on adverse drug reactions
Adverse Outcome Pathways: models connecting initiating events at the cellular and molecular level to population-wide impacts. computational models may be at levels relating toxicology to adverse effects
Advertisement: work consisting of publicly distributed notices, usually as paid announcements in mass media such as newspapers, magazines, or on billboards. they include those in motion picture, television advertising, radio, or electronic media
Advertising: works about the act or practice of calling public attention to a product, service, need, etc., especially by paid announcements in newspapers, magazines, on radio, or on television. (random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Advisory Committees: groups set up to advise governmental bodies, societies, or other institutions on policy. (bioethics thesaurus)
Aedes: a genus of mosquitoes (culicidae) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. yellow fever and dengue are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus
Aedes: rod z čeledi culicidae (komárovití), často žijící v tropických a subtropických oblastech. některé druhy tohoto rodu přenášejí žlutou zimnici a horečku dengue a další nemoci
Aegilops: a genus of grasses known generally as goatgrasses, presumed to be wild ancestors of domestic wheat. they belong to the grass family, poaceae, and are distributed widely in eurasia and north america
Aegilops: rod trávy známý obecně jako kozí tráva, česky mnohoštět. má se za to, že je divokým předchůdcem domestikované pšenice. patří k čeledi trav lipnicovité, jejíž zástupci jsou široce rozšíření v eurasii a severní americe
Aegle: rod citrusovitých stromů z čeledi routovitých (rutaceae). roste a pěstuje se v jižní a jihovýchodní asii. pro svou odolnost je používán jako pionýrská dřevina. plody oslizáku jsou účinný protiprůjmový prostředek. v hinduismu je oslizák posvátný. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Aelitefil: a hybrid composite used for anterior esthetic restorations; contains a small silanated glass filler system, combined with sio2 (80% by weight), and incorporated into a bis-gma/udma matrix
Aeliteflo: aeliteflo is trade name; a low-viscous composite resin with a relatively small amount of small particle filtters; composed of barium glass, amorphous silica in a bis-gma resin
Aequorin: a photoprotein isolated from the bioluminescent jellyfish aequorea. it emits visible light by an intramolecular reaction when a trace amount of calcium ion is added. the light-emitting moiety in the bioluminescence reaction is believed to be 2-amino-3-benzyl-5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)pyrazine (af-350)
Aerococcaceae: a family of gram-positive lactic acid-producing bacteria in the order lactobacillales
Aerococcaceae: čeleď grampozitivních bakterií mléčného kvašení z řádu lactobacillales
Aerococcus: a genus of gram-positive cocci in the family aerococcaceae, occurring as airborne saprophytes
Aerococcus: rod grampozitivních koků čeledi aerococcaceae. jsou to saprofytické bakterie přenášené vzduchem
Aeromonadaceae: a family of gram-negative facultatively anaerobic bacteria, ubiquitous in fresh and brackish water, and associated with gastrointestinal diseases
Aeromonadaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních bakterií. tyto organismy se běžně vyskytují v sladkých a brakických vodách a mohou způsobovat gastrointestinální onemocnění
Aeromonadales: an order of gram-negative bacteria in the class gammaproteobacteria, phylum proteobacteria, which include important pathogens
Aeromonadales: řád gramnegativních bakterií třídy gammaproteobacteria, kmene proteobacteria. zahrnuje významné patogeny
Aeromonas: a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs singly, in pairs, or in short chains. its organisms are found in fresh water and sewage and are pathogenic to humans, frogs, and fish
Aeromonas: rod gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií. buňky se vyskytují jednotlivě, po dvou nebo v krátkých řetízcích. žijí ve sladkých a odpadních vodách. jsou patogeny lidí, žab a ryb
Aeromonas caviae: a species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that is found in domestic and wild animals including birds, and fish. in humans it causes gastroenteritis in young children and some adults
Aeromonas caviae: druh gramnegativní, fakultativně anaerobní bakterie, která se vyskytuje u domácích i divokých zvířat včetně ptáků a ryb. u malých dětí a některých dospělých může způsobit gastroenteritidu
Aeromonas hydrophila: a species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that may be pathogenic for frogs, fish, and mammals, including man. in humans, cellulitis and diarrhea can result from infection with this organism
Aeromonas hydrophila: druh gramnegativní, fakultativně anaerobní, tyčinkovité bakterie, která může být patogenní pro žáby, ryby a savce včetně člověka. u lidí může tato infekce způsobit celulitidu (zánět tkání) a průjem
Aeromonas salmonicida: a species of gram-negative bacteria, in the family aeromonadaceae. it is strictly parasitic and often pathogenic causing furunculosis in salmonids and ulcer disease in goldfish
Aeromonas salmonicida: druh gramnegativní bakterie čeledi aeromonadaceae, která je striktně parazitická a často patogenní. způsobuje furunkulózu lososovitých ryb a ulcerativní onemocnění karasů zlatých
Aeromonas veronii: a species of aeromonas that occurs mostly as single cells in soil and freshwater environments. it also inhabits the digestive tract of the leech hirudo medicinalis, where it aids in the digestion of blood and prevents colonization by other bacteria. it is pathogenic in fish and potentially in humans who consume infected fish or immunocompromised patients receiving leech therapy
Aeromonas veronii: druh bakterie rodu aeromonas. buňky se většinou vyskytují jednotlivě v půdě a ve sladkých vodách. také žije v trávicím traktu pijavky lékařské (hirudo medicinalis), kde pomáhá trávit krev a brání před kolonizací jinými bakteriemi. je patogenní pro ryby a potenciálně pro lidi, kteří konzumují infikované ryby a pro imunokompromitované pacienty, kteří podstupují hirudoterapii
Aeropyrum: a genus of anaerobic, chemolithotropic coccoid archaea, in the family desulfurococcaceae. they live in marine environments
Aeropyrum: rod anaerobních chemolitotrofních kokoidních archeí čeledi desulfurococcaceae, které žijí v mořském prostředí
Aerosol Propellants: compressed gases or vapors in a container which, upon release of pressure and expansion through a valve, carry another substance from the container. they are used for cosmetics, household cleaners, and so on. examples are butanes; carbon dioxide; fluorocarbons; nitrogen; and propane. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Aerosolized Particles and Droplets: a suspension of tiny particles or liquid droplets (< 5-10 microns) in the air. they sometimes cause adverse health effects when inhaled or absorbed
Aerosols: colloids with a gaseous dispersing phase and either liquid (fog) or solid (smoke) dispersed phase; used in fumigation or in inhalation therapy; may contain propellant agents
Aerospace Medicine: that branch of medicine dealing with the studies and effects of flight through the atmosphere or in space upon the human body and with the prevention or cure of physiological or psychological malfunctions arising from these effects. (from nasa thesaurus)
Aesculus: a plant genus of the family hippocastanaceae (or sapindaceae by some) that contains antimicrobial protein 1 and escin. a. hippocastanum is used in folk medicine for treating chronic venous insufficiency
Aesculus: rod stromů z čeledi sapindaceae - mýdelníkovité (též hippocastanaceae). obsahuje antimikrobiální protein 1 a escin. aesculum hippocastanum (jírovec maďal) se používá v lidovém lékařství pro léčbu chronické žilní insuficience
Afatinib: a quinazoline and butenamide derivative that acts as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptors (erbb receptors) and is used in the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer
Affect: the feeling-tone accompaniment of an idea or mental representation. it is the most direct psychic derivative of instinct and the psychic representative of the various bodily changes by means of which instincts manifest themselves
Affective Disorders, Psychotic: disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc
Affective Symptoms: mood or emotional responses dissonant with or inappropriate to the behavior and/or stimulus
Afferent Loop Syndrome: a complication of gastrojejunostomy (billroth ii procedure), a reconstructive gastroenterostomy. it is caused by acute (complete) or chronic (intermittent) obstruction of the afferent jejunal loop due to hernia, intussusception, kinking, volvulus, etc. it is characterized by pain and vomiting of bile-stained fluid
Afferent Pathways: nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center
Affinity Labels: analogs of those substrates or compounds which bind naturally at the active sites of proteins, enzymes, antibodies, steroids, or physiological receptors. these analogs form a stable covalent bond at the binding site, thereby acting as inhibitors of the proteins or steroids
Afghan Campaign 2001-: multinational coalition military operation initiated in october 2001 to counter terrorism and bring security to afghanistan in collaboration with afghan forces
Afghánistán: vnitrozemský stát ovládaný mezinárodně neuznanou vládou tálibánu. leží na pomezí střední a jižní asie. na severu hraničí s uzbekistánem a tádžikistánem, na severovýchodě s čínou, na východě s pákistánem (tzv. durandova linie), na západě s íránem a na severozápadě s turkmenistánem. hlavním městem je kábul. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Afipia: a genus of gram-negative, oxidase-positive, nonfermentative rods which are motile by means of a single flagellum. afipia felis and bartonella henselae are causative agents of cat-scratch disease. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Afipia: rod gramnegativních, oxidáza pozitivních, nefermentujících tyčinek, které se pohybují pomocí jednoho bičíku. afipia felis a bartonella henselae jsou původci nemoci z kočičího škrábnutí
Aflatoxin B1: a potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the aspergillus flavus group of fungi. it is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. it is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. the mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin b1 2,3-oxide for activation. microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin m1 and q1
Aflatoxin M1: a 4-hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin b1, one of the mycotoxins from aspergillus tainted food. it is associated with liver damage and cancer resulting from its p450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates dna. toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (cytochrome p-450) and others that detoxify it (glutathione s transferase) (pharmac ther 50.443 1991). primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (canc res 29.236 1969)
Aflatoxin Poisoning: poisoning by aflatoxins most often associated with nausea, abdominal pain, hepatotoxicity, immunosuppression, hepatocellular carcinoma and sometimes death
Aflatoxins: furano-furano-benzopyrans that are produced by aspergillus from sterigmatocystin. they are structurally related to coumarins and easily oxidized to an epoxide form to become alkylating agents. members of the group include aflatoxin b1; aflatoxin b2, aflatoxin g1, aflatoxin g2; aflatoxin m1; and aflatoxin m2
Africa South of the Sahara: all of africa except northern africa (africa, northern) including angola; benin; botswana; burkina faso; cabo verde; cameroon; central african republic; chad; congo; cote d'ivoire; democratic republic of the congo; djibouti; equatorial guinea; eritrea; eswatini; ethiopia; gabon; gambia; ghana; guinea; guinea-bissau; kenya; lesotho; liberia; malawi; mali; mauritania; mozambique; namibia; niger; nigeria; rwanda; sao tome and principe; senegal; sierra leone; somalia; south africa; south sudan; sudan; tanzania; togo; uganda; zambia; and zimbabwe
Africa, Central: the geographical area of africa comprising cameroon; central african republic; chad; congo; democratic republic of the congo; equatorial guinea; gabon; rwanda.and sao tome and principe
Africa, Eastern: the geographical area of africa comprising burundi, djibouti, eritrea, ethiopia, kenya, somalia, south sudan, sudan, tanzania, and uganda
Africa, Northern: the geographical area of africa comprising algeria; egypt; libya; morocco and tunisia. it includes also the vast deserts and oases of the sahara. it is often referred to as north africa or the maghreb
Africa, Southern: the geographical area of africa comprising angola; botswana; lesotho; malawi; mozambique; namibia; south africa; swaziland; zambia; and zimbabwe
Africa, Western: the geographical area of africa comprising benin; burkina faso; cabo verde, cote d'ivoire (formerly ivory coast); gambia; ghana; guinea; guinea-bissau; liberia; mali; mauritania; niger; nigeria; senegal; sierra leone; and togo
African Horse Sickness: an insect-borne reovirus infection of horses, mules and donkeys in africa and the middle east; characterized by pulmonary edema, cardiac involvement, and edema of the head and neck
African Horse Sickness Virus: a species of orbivirus that causes disease in horses, mules, and donkeys. via its principal vector culicoides, it can also infect dogs, elephants, camels, cattle, sheep, goats, and, in special circumstances, humans
African Swine Fever: a sometimes fatal asfivirus infection of pigs, characterized by fever, cough, diarrhea, hemorrhagic lymph nodes, and edema of the gallbladder. it is transmitted between domestic swine by direct contact, ingestion of infected meat, or fomites, or mechanically by biting flies or soft ticks (genus ornithodoros)
African Swine Fever Virus: the lone species of the genus asfivirus. it infects domestic and wild pigs, warthogs, and bushpigs. disease is endemic in domestic swine in many african countries and sardinia. soft ticks of the genus ornithodoros are also infected and act as vectors
African Union: a geopolitical organization of african nations with a mission to integrate vital interests, promote international relations, political stability, and economic development among member states
Africká unie: geopolitická organizace afrických národů s posláním integrovat zásadní zájmy, podporovat mezinárodní vztahy, politickou stabilitu a ekonomický rozvoj mezi členskými státy
Afrika: světadíl jižně od evropy, na východě je obklopená atlantickým oceánem a na západě indickým oceánem
Afrotheria: a placental mammal superorder that contains elephants; manatees; dugongs; sirenians; hyraxes; aardvarks; elephant shrews (macroscelidea); tenrecs; golden moles (chrysochloridae). largely classified based on dna sequence afrotherian mammals are diverse in morphology but share some common anatomical features (e.g., appearance of four-lobed allantois and long and mobile snout)
Afrotheria: starobylá skupina placentálních savců, která zahrnuje chobotnatce, kapustňákovité, dugongy, damany, sirény, hrabáče, bodlínovité, zlatokrtovité a dva řády drobných savců dříve řazených mezi hmyzožravce - bércouny a afrosoricidy. jejich klasifikace je založena převážně na příbuznosti dna, morfologicky se různí, ale sdílí některé anatomické rysy (např. 4 laločný alantois, dlouhý a mobilní chobot). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
After-Hours Care: medical care provided after the regular daily practice schedule of the physicians. usually it is designed to deliver 24-hour-a-day and 365 day-a-year patient care coverage for emergencies, triage, pediatric care, and hospice care
Aftercare: the care and treatment of a convalescent patient, especially that of a patient after surgery
Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy: dental casting that bonds strongly with sio2 film
Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase: a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is essential for the development, maturation, and signaling of b-lymphocytes. it contains an n-terminal zinc finger motif and localizes primarily to the plasma membrane and nucleus of b-lymphocytes. mutations in the gene that encode this kinase are associated with x-linked agammaglobulinemia
Agammaglobulinemia: an immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood
Agammaglobulinemia, Non-Bruton Type, Autosomal Dominant: this form caused by mutation in mu immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene
Agapornis: a genus comprised of nine species of small parrots from africa. they are noted for showing affection for their mates
Agapornis: papoušík (agapornis) je rod afrických papoušků, ve kterém je zahrnuto devět druhů. vědecký název agapornis vznikl spojením řeckých slov agape (láska) a ornis (pták). tento název má tedy vystihovat jeho silné socializační chování a zvyk žít ve stabilních párech. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Agar: a complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from gelidium cartilagineum, gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. it is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis
Agaricales: an extensive order of basidiomycetous fungi whose fruiting bodies are commonly called mushrooms
Agaricales: obsáhlý řád stopkovýtrusných hub, zahrnuje přes 4000 druhů, asi čtvrtinu z celkového počtu známých druhů rouškatých hub. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Agaricus: a basidiomycetous fungal genus of the family agaricaceae, order agaricales, which includes the field mushroom (a. campestris) and the commercial mushroom (a. bisporus)
Agaricus: rod stopkovýtrusných hub čeledi agaricaceae, řádu agaricales, kam patří pečárka polní (a. campestris) a pečárka dvouvýtrusá (a. bisporus)
Agastache: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae that contains tilianin, agastanol, and agastaquinone (a cytotoxic diterpenoid quinone)
Agastache: rod rostlin z čeledi hluchavkovitých (lamiaceae), obsahuje tilianin, agastanol a agastachinon (cytotoxický diterpenoidní chinon)
Agatoxins: a class of polyamine and peptide toxins which are isolated from the venom of spiders such as agelenopsis aperta
Agave: a genus known for fibers obtained from their leaves: sisal from a. sisalana, henequen from a. fourcroyoides and a. cantala, or manila-maguey fiber from a. cantala. some species provide a sap that is fermented to an intoxicating drink, called pulque in mexico. some contain agavesides
Age Determination by Skeleton: establishment of the age of an individual by examination of their skeletal structure
Age Determination by Teeth: a means of identifying the age of an animal or human through tooth examination
Age Distribution: the frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. the distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. the population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine
Age Factors: age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. it may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. it is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from aging, a physiological process, and time factors which refers only to the passage of time
Age Groups: persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over)
Age of Onset: the age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual
Aged: a person 65 years of age or older. for a person older than 79 years, aged, 80 and over is available
Ageism: biased behaviors or attitudes, differential treatment, unequal access to social participation or opportunities based on age
Agelas: a genus of large, brightly colored sponges in the family agelasidae, possessing a skeleton of spongin fibers with a core of large spicules (megascleres)
Agelas: rod velkých, zářivě zbarvených hub čeledi agelasidae, které mají kostru ze sponginových vláken s jádrem z velkých jehlic (megasklery)
Agenesis of Cerebellar Vermis: a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders. brain imaging of patients shows a distinct "molar tooth sign." in infants, symptoms include hypotonia, breathing, and eye movement abnormalities, and characteristic facial features. germline mutations in more than 10 different genes account for half all cases, including, tmem216, tmem237, ahi1, nphp1, cep290, inpp5e, and cspp1 genes. omim: 213300
Agenesis of Corpus Callosum: birth defect that results in a partial or complete absence of the corpus callosum. it may be isolated or a part of a syndrome (e.g., aicardi's syndrome; acrocallosal syndrome; andermann syndrome; and holoprosencephaly). clinical manifestations include neuromotor skill impairment and intellectual disability of variable severity
Agent Orange: a herbicide that contains equal parts of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-t), as well as traces of the contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Agent Orange: agent orange je označení používané armádou usa pro směs dvou herbicidů 2,4-dichlorfenoxyoctové kyseliny (2,4-d) a 2,4,5-trichlorfenoxyoctové kyseliny (2,4,5-t). vedlejším produktem při výrobě jedné ze složek agent orange byl vysoce jedovatý dioxin, což je obecný název pro 2,3,7,8-tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin (tcdd). (cit. https://cs.wikipedia.org)
Ageratina: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. the common name of snakeroot is also used for polygala; sanicula; aristolochia and others
Ageratum: a plant genus of the family asteraceae that contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids. yellow vein disease of ageratum is caused by a viral dna complex of a begomovirus (geminiviridae)
Ageratum: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují pyrrolizidinové alkaloidy
Ageusia: complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of taste, frequently accompanied by olfaction disorders
Agglutination: the clumping together of suspended material resulting from the action of agglutinins
Agglutination Tests: tests that are dependent on the clumping of cells, microorganisms, or particles when mixed with specific antiserum. (from stedman, 26th ed)
Agglutinins: a substance that makes particles (such as bacteria or cells) stick together to form a clump or a mass
Aggrecans: large hyaluronan-containing proteoglycans found in articular cartilage (cartilage, articular). they form into aggregates that provide tissues with the capacity to resist high compressive and tensile forces
Aggregatibacter: a genus of pasteurellaceae. members are nonmotile, gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rods or coccobacilli. its members are x factor (hemin) independent and variably dependent on v factor (nad)
Aggregatibacter: rod gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních, nepohyblivých, kokoidních až tyčinkovitých bakterií čeledi pasteurellaceae. tyto organismy nepotřebují k růstu faktor x (hemin) a vykazují proměnlivou závislost na faktoru v (nad)
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: a species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic spherical or rod-shaped bacteria indigenous to dental surfaces. it is associated with periodontitis; bacterial endocarditis; and actinomycosis
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: druh gramnegativní, fakultativně anaerobní, kulovité nebo tyčinkovité bakterie, která se vyskytuje na povrchu zubů. může způsobovat parodontitidu, bakteriální endokarditidu a aktinomykózu
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus: a species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic spherical or rod-shaped bacteria indigenous to oral cavity and pharynx. it is associated with bacterial endocarditis; and meningitis
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus: druh gramnegativní, fakultativně anaerobní, kulovité nebo tyčinkovité bakterie, která je součástí mikrobiální flóry dutiny ústní a hltanu. souvisí s bakteriální endokarditidou a meningitidou
Aggregatibacter segnis: a species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic pleomorphic rod-shaped often filamentous bacteria in the genus of aggregatibacter found in the oral cavity. it is associated with dental plaque; and bacterial endocarditis
Aggregatibacter segnis: druh gramnegativní, fakultativně anaerobní, pleomorfní, tyčinkovité, často vláknité bakterie rodu aggregatibacter, která je součástí mikrobiální flóry dutiny ústní. souvisí se vznikem zubního plaku a endokarditidy
Aggression: behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism
Aggressive Driving: combination of moving traffic offenses so as to endanger other persons or property. (https://nhtsa.gov/driving-safety/aggressive-driving)
Aggressive Periodontitis: inflammation and loss of periodontium that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as dental plaque and dental calculus. this highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people
Aging: the gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time
Aging in Place: to continue to live in one's home safely, independently, and comfortably in a familiar environment
Aging, Premature: changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate
Agkistrodon: a genus of venomous snakes of the subfamily crotalinae. twelve species of this genus are found in north and central america and asia. agkistrodon contortrix is the copperhead, a. piscivorus, the cottonmouth. the former is named for its russet or orange-brown color, the latter for the white interior of its mouth. (goin, goin, and zug, introduction to herpetology, 3d ed, p336; moore, poisonous snakes of the world, 1980, p75)
Agkistrodon: rod jedovatých hadů podčeledi crotalinae (chřestýši). 12 druhů tohoto rodu se vyskytuje v severní a střední americe a v asii
Aglaia: a plant genus of the family meliaceae. members contain lariciresinol, pregnanes, insecticidal rocaglamide derivatives and other compounds
Aglaia: rod rostlin čeledi meliaceae (zederachovité), jehož zástupci obsahují lariciresinol, pregnany, insekticidní rokaglamidové deriváty a další sloučeniny
Agmatine: decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle
Agnosia: loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities
Agoraphobia: obsessive, persistent, intense fear of places or situations from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing
Agouti Signaling Protein: a secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids (depending on species) that regulates the synthesis of eumelanin (brown/black) pigments in melanocytes. agouti protein antagonizes the signaling of melanocortin receptors and has wide distribution including adipose tissue; gonads; and heart. its overexpression in agouti mice results in uniform yellow coat color, obesity, and metabolic defects similar to type ii diabetes in humans
Agouti-Related Protein: a secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids that is related to agouti signaling protein and is also an antagonist of melanocortin receptor activity. it is expressed primarily in the hypothalamus and the adrenal gland. as a paracrine signaling molecule, agrp is known to regulate food intake and body weight. elevated agrp has been associated with obesity
Agranulocytosis: a decrease in the number of granulocytes; (basophils; eosinophils; and neutrophils)
Agraphia: loss or impairment of the ability to write (letters, syllables, words, or phrases) due to an injury to a specific cerebral area or occasionally due to emotional factors. this condition rarely occurs in isolation, and often accompanies aphasia. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p485; apa, thesaurus of psychological index terms, 1994)
Agricultural Inoculants: beneficial microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) encapsulated in carrier material and applied to the environment for remediation and enhancement of agricultural productivity
Agricultural Workers' Diseases: diseases in persons engaged in cultivating and tilling soil, growing plants, harvesting crops, raising livestock, or otherwise engaged in husbandry and farming. the diseases are not restricted to farmers in the sense of those who perform conventional farm chores: the heading applies also to those engaged in the individual activities named above, as in those only gathering harvest or in those only dusting crops
Agrimonia: a plant genus of the family rosaceae that has been used in folk treatment of diabetes. members contain agrimoniin (tannins)
Agrimonia: rod rostlin čeledi rosaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují agrimoniin (taniny) a mají použití ve fytoterapii
Agrin: a protein component of the synaptic basal lamina. it has been shown to induce clustering of acetylcholine receptors on the surface of muscle fibers and other synaptic molecules in both synapse regeneration and development
Agrobacterium: a genus of gram negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in soil, plants, and marine mud
Agrobacterium: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, nacházejících se v půdě, rostlinách a mořském bahně
Agrobacterium tumefaciens: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and the stems, leafs, and roots of plants. some biotypes are pathogenic and cause the formation of plant tumors in a wide variety of higher plants. the species is a major research tool in biotechnology
Agrobacterium tumefaciens: druh gramnegativní, aerobní bakterie, která se vyskytuje v půdě a v kořenech, stoncích a listech rostlin. některé biotypy jsou patogenní a vytváří nádory u širokého spektra vyšších rostlin. a. tumefaciens je významný výzkumný nástroj biotechnologií
Agrochemicals: chemicals used in agriculture. these include pesticides, fumigants, fertilizers, plant hormones, steroids, antibiotics, mycotoxins, etc
Agrocybe: a genus of saprobic mushrooms in the family bolbitiaceae that grow in grass, dung, garden mulch, or in woods
Agrocybe: rod saprobiotických stopkovýtrusných hub čeledi bolbitiaceae, rostoucí v trávě, na hnoji, kompostu nebo v lese
Agroecology: the design, development and management of sustainable agroecosystems based on the application of ecological principles while considering existing social, cultural, and economic factors of farming communities. (from https://lod.nal.usda.gov/nalt/5505)
Agropyron: a plant genus of the family poaceae. the common name of wheatgrass is also used for other plants in the family
Agrostemma: a plant genus of the family caryophyllaceae that contains allantoin and a ribosome-inactivating protein
Aicardi Syndrome: a rare genetic disorder characterized by partial or complete absence of the corpus callosum, resulting in infantile spasms, mental retardation, and lesions of the retina or optic nerve
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome: an inherited encephalopathy, the most severe form of which is characterized by cerebral atrophy, leukodystrophy, intracranial calcifications, and chronic cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis. although ags presents similarly to in utero viral infection, patients are negative for prenatal infections . microcephaly and neurologic dysfunction occurs later in infancy. other abnormalities include thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, elevated hepatic transaminases, and intermittent fever. mutations in the trex1, rnaseh2a, rnaseh2b, and rnaseh2c genes have been identified. omim: 225750
Aicardiho syndrom: soubor příznaků dědičného onemocnění, pravděpodobně s vazbou na x chromozom. vyskytuje se výhradně u děvčat, chlapci umírají v průběhu fetálního vývoje. do souboru patří ageneze corpus callosum, poruchy vývoje obratlů (hemivertebra), abnormality retiny, ale i jiných orgánů. v popředí je epilepsie, manifestující se po 1. měsíci života, nereagující na antikonvulziva, a těžká psychomotorická retardace. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Aid to Families with Dependent Children: financial assistance provided by the government to indigent families with dependent children who meet certain requirements as defined by the social security act, title iv, in the u.s
Ailanthus: a plant genus of the family simaroubaceae. members contain ailantinols and other quassinoids
Ailanthus: rod rostlin čeledi simaroubaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují ailantinoly a další quassinoidy
Ailuridae: a family in the suborder caniformia, order carnivora, comprised of one genus ailurus, the lesser pandas
Ailuridae: čeleď šelem podřádu caniformia (psotvární). jediným zástupcem je panda červená (ailurus fulgens), nazývaná též panda malá
Air: the mixture of gases present in the earth's atmosphere consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases
Air Abrasion, Dental: a technique using a pneumatic, high-pressure stream of aluminum oxide to remove dental enamel; dentin; and restorative materials from teeth. in contrast to using dental high-speed equipment, this method usually requires no dental anesthesia (anesthesia, dental) and reduces risks of tooth chipping and microfracturing. it is used primarily for routine dental cavity preparation
Air Bags: automotive safety devices consisting of a bag designed to inflate upon collision and prevent passengers from pitching forward. (american heritage dictionary, 1982)