NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Arthritis, Juvenile: arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. the terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (jra) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (jia) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent
Arthritis, Psoriatic: a type of inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. it is characterized by the presence of hla-b27-associated spondylarthropathy, and the absence of rheumatoid factor
Arthritis, Reactive: an aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the gastrointestinal tract or urogenital system. the initiating trigger pathogens are usually shigella; salmonella; yersinia; campylobacter; or chlamydia trachomatis. reactive arthritis is strongly associated with hla-b27 antigen
Arthritis, Rheumatoid: a chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated
Arthritis, Sacroiliac: arthritis affecting the sacroiliac joint. some patients may also have kidney disease and swelling of hands and feet. may be hereditary (autosomal dominant). omim: 108100
Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine: a species of lentivirus, subgenus ovine-caprine lentiviruses (lentiviruses, ovine-caprine), closely related to visna-maedi virus and causing acute encephalomyelitis; chronic arthritis; pneumonia; mastitis; and glomerulonephritis in goats. it is transmitted mainly in the colostrum and milk
Arthrobacter: a genus of asporogenous bacteria isolated from soil that displays a distinctive rod-coccus growth cycle
Arthrobacter: rod asporogenních bakterií izolovaných z půdy. jsou to grampozitivní, nepohyblivé a nesporulující, chemoorganotrofní a obligátně aerobní bakterie. mají bakterie neobvyklý životní cyklus - pozoruhodná je přeměna tyčinkovitých buněk na buňky kokovité. tyto koky se objevují během stacionární fáze růstu, nazývají se artrospory
Arthrocentesis: puncture and aspiration of fluid (e.g., synovial fluid) from a joint cavity. it is used sometimes to irrigate or administer drugs into a joint cavity
Arthrodermataceae: a family of ascomycetous fungi, order onygenales, characterized by smooth ascospores. genera in the family include arthroderma, keratinomyces, and ctenomyces. several well-known anamorphic forms are parasitic upon the skin
Arthrodermataceae: čeleď vřeckovýtrusných hub řádu onygenales charakterizovaná hladkými askosporami. patří sem rody arthroderma, keratinomyces a ctenomyces. několik všeobecně známých anamorfních forem parazituje na kůži
Arthrodesis: the surgical fixation of a joint by a procedure designed to accomplish fusion of the joint surfaces by promoting the proliferation of bone cells. (dorland, 28th ed)
Arthrography: roentgenography of a joint, usually after injection of either positive or negative contrast medium
Arthrogryposis renal dysfunction cholestasis syndrome: a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by failure to thrive, arthrogryposis, microcephaly; micrognathia, cholestasis, renal insufficiency and liver diseases. structural cardiac defects may also be present but are uncommon. death usually occurs in infancy. mutations in the vps33b gene have been identified. omim: 208085
Arthrometry, Articular: measurements of joint flexibility (range of motion, articular), usually by employing an angle-measuring device (arthrometer). arthrometry is used to measure ligamentous laxity and stability. it is often used to evaluate the outcome of anterior cruciate ligament replacement surgery
Arthropathy, Neurogenic: chronic progressive degeneration of the stress-bearing portion of a joint, with bizarre hypertrophic changes at the periphery. it is probably a complication of a variety of neurologic disorders, particularly tabes dorsalis, involving loss of sensation, which leads to relaxation of supporting structures and chronic instability of the joint. (dorland, 27th ed)
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Finger: partial or total replacement of one or more fingers, or a finger joint
Arthroplasty, Subchondral: surgical techniques used to correct or augment healing of chondral defects in the joints (cartilage, articular). these include abrasion, drilling, and microfracture of the subchondral bone to enhance chondral resurfacing via autografts, allografts, or cell transplantation
Arthropod Antennae: paired sense organs connected to the anterior segments of arthropods that help them navigate through the environment
Arthropod Proteins: proteins synthesized by organisms belonging to the phylum arthropoda. included in this heading are proteins from the subdivisions arachnida; crustacea; and horseshoe crabs. note that a separate heading for insect proteins is listed under this heading
Arthropod Vectors: arthropods, other than insects and arachnids, which transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host
Arthropod Venoms: venoms from animals of the phylum arthropoda. those most investigated are from scorpions and spiders of the class arachnidae and from ant, bee, and wasp families of the insecta order hymenoptera. the venoms contain protein toxins, enzymes, and other bioactive substances and may be lethal to man
Arthropods: members of the phylum arthropoda, composed of organisms having a hard, jointed exoskeleton and paired jointed legs. it includes the class insects and the subclass arachnida, many species of which are important medically as parasites or as vectors of organisms capable of causing disease in man
Arthus Reaction: a dermal inflammatory reaction produced under conditions of antibody excess, when a second injection of antigen produces intravascular antigen-antibody complexes which bind complement, causing cell clumping, endothelial damage, and vascular necrosis
Arthusova reakce: alergická lokální zánětlivá reakce vznikající v tkáních senzibilizovaného organismu při setkání antigenu s protilátkou, vedoucí k lokálnímu poškození, imunitní reakce typ iii. jde o lokální imunokomplexovou vaskulitidu, která vzniká při vpravení dostatečného množství antigenu do tkáně (např. do kůže) s následnou intravazální tvorbou imunokomplexů mezi antigenem a cirkulujícími protilátkami (igg a igm), aktivací komplementu a chemotakticky indukovanou paravaskulární infiltrací granulocyty a dalšími fagocyty, které při fagocytóze imunokomplexů uvolňují lyzozomální enzymy a mediátory zánětu. v důsledku poškození cévní stěny vzniká edém, dochází k hemoragii, trombóze cévy, ulceracím a nekróze. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Articulation Disorders: disorders of the quality of speech characterized by the substitution, omission, distortion, and addition of phonemes
Artifacts: any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis
Artificial Gene Fusion: the in vitro fusion of genes by recombinant dna techniques to analyze protein behavior or gene expression regulation, or to merge protein functions for specific medical or industrial uses
Artificial Intelligence: theory and development of computer systems which perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. such tasks may include speech recognition, learning; visual perception; mathematical computing; reasoning, problem solving, decision-making, and translation of language
Artificial Lens Implant Migration: the shifting and or tilting of implanted artificial lens resulting in impaired vision
Artificial Life: research involving the synthesis of life and life-like phenomena and the application of such techniques toward the enhancement of our theoretical understanding of life and life-like phenomena, studied through the use of computer programs
Artificial Organs: devices intended to replace non-functioning organs. they may be temporary or permanent. since they are intended always to function as the natural organs they are replacing, they should be differentiated from prostheses and implants and specific types of prostheses which, though also replacements for body parts, are frequently cosmetic (eye, artificial) as well as functional (artificial limbs)
Artificial Virus-Like Particles: artificially prepared viral sub-particles devoid of viral genetic material. they are often formed by self-assembly of exogenously expressed viral proteins and are often used for a vaccine development, cell expression and bioprocessing platforms
Artificially Sweetened Beverages: beverages sweetened with sweetening agents that are synthetic or artificial as opposed to naturally-occurring. examples of sweetening agents include aspartame, sucralose, and saccharin
Artiodactyla: an order of mammals which consists of the even-toed ungulates and includes both ruminants and swine
Artiodactyla: sudokopytníci (cetartiodactyla, dříve artiodactyla) jsou velmi úspěšným řádem savců, které spojuje do jedné vývojové linie úprava končetin. vychází z funkčního uplatnění dvou prstů - třetího a čtvrtého, mezi nimiž prochází osa končetin. tyto prsty mají na konci rohovitá kopyta a nesou celou hmotnost těla. skupina zahrnuje 10 čeledí a asi 300 druhů (i s kytovci). většina sudokopytníků je býložravá, jen někteří jsou všežraví. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Artocarpus: a plant genus of the family moraceae. puag-haad extract, from a. lakoocha, contains stilbenes and related 4-substituted resorcinols
Artocarpus: rod rostlin čeledi moraceae. extrakt z plodů a. lakoocha obsahuje stilbeny a příbuzné 4-substituované resorcinoly
Aruba: island in the caribbean sea, north of venezuela. in 1986 it became a separate, autonomous member of the kingdom of the netherlands
Aruba: ostrov v karibském moři, který tvoří jednu z konstitučních zemí nizozemského království (od roku 1986). ostrov má rozlohu 180 km² a rozkládá se západně od curaçaa a 30 kilometrů od severního pobřeží venezuely. hlavní město oranjestad. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Arum: a plant genus of the family araceae. the name derived from ar (fire in arabic) due to the irritating sap. flower is a spathe
Arvicolinae: a subfamily of muridae found nearly world-wide and consisting of about 20 genera. voles, lemmings, and muskrats are members
Arvicolinae: podčeleď čeledi myšovití (muridae) se dá nalézt téměř na celém světě a čítá okolo 20 rodů, např. hraboši, lumíci a ondatry
Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases: a large group of cytochrome p-450 (heme-thiolate) monooxygenases that complex with nad(p)h-flavin oxidoreductase in numerous mixed-function oxidations of aromatic compounds. they catalyze hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of substrates and are important in the metabolism of steroids, drugs, and toxins such as phenobarbital, carcinogens, and insecticides
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator: aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator is a basic helix-loop-helix motif containing protein that forms a complex with dioxin receptor. the complex binds xenobiotic regulatory elements and activates transcription of a variety of genes including udp glucuronosyltransferase. ahr nuclear translocator is also a subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor 1
Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase: an acetyltransferase with specificity towards the amine group of aromatic alkylamines (arylalkylamines) such as serotonin. this enzyme is also referred to as serotonin acetylase despite the fact that serotonin acetylation can also occur through the action of broad specificity acetyltransferases such as arylamine n-acetyltransferase
Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from acetyl-coa to arylamines. it can also catalyze acetyl transfer between arylamines without coenzyme a and has a wide specificity for aromatic amines, including serotonin. however, arylamine n-acetyltransferase should not be confused with the enzyme arylalkylamine n-acetyltransferase which is also referred to as serotonin acetyltransferase
Aryldialkylphosphatase: an enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of an aryl-dialkyl phosphate to form dialkyl phosphate and an aryl alcohol. it can hydrolyze a broad spectrum of organophosphate substrates and a number of aromatic carboxylic acid esters. it may also mediate an enzymatic protection of low density lipoproteins against oxidative modification and the consequent series of events leading to atheroma formation. the enzyme was previously regarded to be identical with arylesterase (ec 3.1.1.2)
Arylformamidase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of n-formyl-l-kynurenine and water to formate and l-kynurenine. it also acts on other aromatic formylamines. (enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 3.5.1.9
Arylsulfatases: enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phenol sulfate to yield a phenol and sulfate. arylsulfatase a, b, and c have been separated. a deficiency of arylsulfatases is one of the causes of metachromatic leukodystrophy (leukodystrophy, metachromatic). ec 3.1.6.1
Arylsulfonates: organic sulfonic acid esters or salts which contain an aromatic hydrocarbon radical
Arylsulfonic Acids: organic sulfonic acid derivatives which contain an aromatic hydrocarbon radical
Arylsulfotransferase: a sulfotransferase that catalyzes the sulfation of a phenol in the presence of 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate as sulfate donor to yield an aryl sulfate and adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate. a number of aromatic compounds can act as acceptors; however, organic hydroxylamines are not substrates. sulfate conjugation by this enzyme is a major pathway for the biotransformation of phenolic and catechol drugs as well as neurotransmitters. ec 2.8.2.1
Arytenoid Cartilage: one of a pair of small pyramidal cartilages that articulate with the lamina of the cricoid cartilage. the corresponding vocal ligament and several muscles are attached to it
Asahi IM-TR 350: polyvinyl alcohol to which tryptophan is fixed as a ligand; used for the sorption of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody in myasthenia gravis patients with a minimum loss of albumin
Asarum: a plant genus of the family aristolochiaceae which was used medicinally by north american indians. the common name of 'snakeroot' is also used for many other plants, including sanicula; or aristolochia; or polygala
Asarum: rod rostlin čeledi aristolochiaceae. drogu používali ve svém lékařství původní obyvatelé severní ameriky
Asbestos: asbestos. fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. it is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms
Asbestos, Amosite: asbestos, grunerite. a monoclinic amphibole form of asbestos having long fibers and a high iron content. it is used in insulation. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Asbestos, Amphibole: a class of asbestos that includes silicates of magnesium, iron, calcium, and sodium. the fibers are generally brittle and cannot be spun, but are more resistant to chemicals and heat than asbestos, serpentine. (from hawley's condensed chemical dictionary, 11th ed)
Asbestos, Crocidolite: a lavender, acid-resistant asbestos
Asbestos, Serpentine: a type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. it exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. the latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (from merck index, 11th ed, p.893)
Asbestosis: a form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. the disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium
Ascariasis: infection by nematodes of the genus ascaris. ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer
Ascaridia: a genus of nematode worms in the superfamily heterakoidea. a. galli and a. lineata are important intestinal parasites of domestic fowl
Ascaridia: rod hlístic z nadčeledi heterakoidea. a. galli a a. lineata jsou významní střevní paraziti domácí drůbeže
Ascaridiasis: infection with nematodes of the genus ascaridia. this condition usually occurs in fowl, often manifesting diarrhea
Ascaridida: an order of nematodes of the subclass secernentea. its organisms possess two or three pairs of dorsolateral caudal papillae
Ascaridida: řád hlístic. patří do něj množství významných parazitů v trávicím traktu obratlovců, jako je ascaris (např. škrkavka dětská), toxocara (např. škrkavka psí), toxascaris, parascaris a mnohé další. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Ascaridoidea: a superfamily of polymyarian nematode worms. an important characteristic of this group is the presence of three prominent lips around the mouth of the organism
Ascaridoidea: nadčeleď hlístic. důležitá charakteristika této skupiny je přítomnost tří pysků lemujících ústní dutinu organismu
Ascaris: a genus of nematodes of the superfamily ascaridoidea whose species usually inhabit the intestine
Ascaris: rod háďátek nadčeledi ascaridoidea, jehož druhy obvykle obývají střevo
Ascaris lumbricoides: a species of parasitic nematode that is the largest found in the human intestine. its distribution is worldwide, but it is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation. human infection with a. lumbricoides is acquired by swallowing fully embryonated eggs from contaminated soil
Ascaris lumbricoides: celosvětově rozšířený parazit člověka a lidoopů. jedná se o hlístici s přímým vývojovým cyklem, jejíž dospělci měří 15-20 cm a lokalizují se v tenkém střevě hostitele. je jedním z nejběžnějších parazitů člověka vůbec, celosvětově je infikováno kolem 1,4 miliardy lidí. infekce vznikne po pozření infekčních vajíček člověkem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Ascaris suum: a species of parasitic nematode usually found in domestic pigs and a few other animals. human infection can also occur, presumably as result of handling pig manure, and can lead to intestinal obstruction
Ascaris suum: druh parazitických hlístic, které se vyskytují u prasat a několika dalších živočichů. také lidé se mohou nakazit, patrně při manipulaci s prasečí kejdou. infekce může způsobit obstrukci střev
Ascitic Fluid: the serous fluid of ascites, the accumulation of fluids in the peritoneal cavity
Asclepias: a plant genus of the family asclepiadaceae. this is the true milkweed; apocynum & euphorbia hirta are rarely called milkweed. asclepias asthmatica has been changed to tylophora
Asclepias: rod rostlin čeledi apocynaceae (toješťovité). rod asclepias je v rámci čeledi apocynaceae řazen do podčeledi asclepiadoideae, tribu asclepiadeae a subtribu asclepiadinae. v současné taxonomii je rod pojímán úzce a zahrnuje pouze americké druhy. mnohé, zejména africké druhy byly přeřazeny do jiných rodů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Ascomycota: a phylum of fungi which have cross-walls or septa in the mycelium. the perfect state is characterized by the formation of a saclike cell (ascus) containing ascospores. most pathogenic fungi with a known perfect state belong to this phylum
Ascomycota: vřeckovýtrusné houby čili askomycety jsou druhově nejpočetnějším oddělením hub obsahujícím cca 60 000 druhů. s výjimkou kvasinek mají téměř všichni zástupci dobře vyvinuté článkované podhoubí. v přehrádkách mezi jednotlivými buňkami podhoubí jsou otvory umožňující přechod cytoplazmy i buněčných jader. charakteristickým znakem vřeckovýtrusných hub je tvorba pohlavních orgánů a specializovaných jednobuněčných sporangií, nejčastěji kyjovitého tvaru - vřecek. vřecko obvykle obsahuje osm výtrusů zvaných askospory. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Ascophyllum: a brown algae closely related to fucus. it is found attached to rocks and boulders in the middle shore, primarily in the north atlantic basin
Ascophyllum: rod chaluh příbuzných rodu fucus. roste především v pobřežních vodách severní části atlantiku
Ascorbate Oxidase: an enzyme that converts ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid. ec 1.10.3.3
Ascorbate Peroxidases: peroxidases that utilize ascorbic acid as an electron donor to reduce hydrogen peroxide to water. the reaction results in the production of monodehydroascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: a six carbon compound related to glucose. it is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. its biologically active form, vitamin c, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. vitamin c is considered an antioxidant
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency: a condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin c), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. as the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into scurvy in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. it develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (cecil textbook of medicine, 19th ed, p1177)
Ascoviridae: a family of insect viruses causing disease in lepidopterous larvae, most commonly from species of the owlet moth family noctuidae
Ascoviridae: čeleď hmyzích virů způsobujících onemocnění larev motýlů (lepidoptera), nejčastěji u můr čeledi noctuidae
Asfarviridae: a family of double-stranded dna viruses containing one genus asfivirus. it is the source of african swine fever
Asfarviridae: čeleď virů s dvouřetězcovou dna obsahující jeden rod - asfivirus. způsobuje africký mor prasat
Asia: the largest of the continents. it was known to the romans more specifically as what we know today as asia minor. the name comes from at least two possible sources: from the assyrian asu (to rise) or from the sanskrit usa (dawn), both with reference to its being the land of the rising sun, i.e., eastern as opposed to europe, to the west. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p82 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p34)
Asia, Central: the geographical area of asia comprising kazakhstan; kyrgyzstan; tajikistan; turkmenistan; and uzbekistan. the desert region of kara kum (qara qum) is largely in turkmenistan and the desert region of kyzyl kum (kizil kum or qizil qum), is in uzbekistan and kazakhstan. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p233, 590, 636)
Asia, Eastern: a geographic area of east and southeast asia encompassing china; hong kong; japan; korea; macao; mongolia; and taiwan
Asia, Southeastern: the geographical area of asia comprising borneo; brunei; cambodia; indonesia; laos; malaysia; the mekong valley; myanmar (formerly burma), the philippines; singapore; thailand; and vietnam
Asia, Southern: the geographical designation for the countries of afghanistan; bangladesh; bhutan; india; maldives; nepal; pakistan; and sri lanka
Asia, Western: the geographical designation for the countries of the middle east and the countries bangladesh; bhutan; india; nepal; pakistan; and sri lanka. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed, 1993 & webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988)
Asialoglycoprotein Receptor: a c-type lectin that is a cell surface receptor for asialoglycoproteins. it is found primarily in the liver where it mediates the endocytosis of serum glycoproteins
Asialoglycoproteins: endogenous glycoproteins from which sialic acid has been removed by the action of sialidases. they bind tightly to the asialoglycoprotein receptor which is located on hepatocyte plasma membranes. after internalization by adsorptive endocytosis they are delivered to lysosomes for degradation. therefore receptor-mediated clearance of asialoglycoproteins is an important aspect of the turnover of plasma glycoproteins. they are elevated in serum of patients with hepatic cirrhosis or hepatitis
Asian: a person having origins in any of the original peoples of the far east, southeast asia, or the indian subcontinent including, for example, cambodia, china, india, japan, korea, malaysia, pakistan, the philippine islands, thailand, and vietnam (https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1997/10/30/97-28653/revisions-to-the-standards-for-the-classification-of-federal-data-on-race-and-ethnicity). in the united states it is used for classification of federal government data on race and ethnicity. race and ethnicity terms are self-identified social construct and may include terms outdated and offensive in mesh to assist users who are interested in retrieving comprehensive search results for studies such as in longitudinal studies
Asian American Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander: members of asian american, native hawaiian, and pacific islander community
Asian People: persons having origins in any of the asian racial groups of the far east, southeast asia, or the indian subcontinent including, for example, cambodia, china, india, japan, korea, malaysia, pakistan, the philippine islands, thailand, and vietnam. note that omb category asian is available for united states population groups. race and ethnicity terms, as used in the federal government, are self-identified social construct and may include terms outdated and offensive in mesh to assist users who are interested in retrieving comprehensive search results for studies such as in longitudinal studies
Asie: největší, s více než 5 miliardami obyvatel nejlidnatější a zhruba od přelomu tisíciletí rovněž nejhustěji osídlený světadíl, který tvoří součást kontinentu zvaného eurasie. rozkládá se především na východní a severní polokouli. pokrývá 8,6 % povrchu země (29,9 % souše) a její obyvatelstvo představuje 60 % světové populace. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Asijci: osoby pocházející z jakýchkoli původních obyvatel dálného východu, jihovýchodní asie nebo indického subkontinentu (např. kambodža, čína, indie, japonsko, korea, malajsie, pákistán, filipíny, thajsko, vietnam)
Asimina: a plant genus of the family annonaceae. it has edible fruit and seeds which contain asitrocin, asitrilobins, and other tetrahydrofuran acetogenins
Asimina: rod rostlin čeledi annonaceae. zástupci mají jedlé plody a jejich semena obsahují asitrocin, asitrilobiny a další tetrahydrofuranové acetogeniny
Asociace amerických nemocnic: odborná společnost v usa, jejímiž členy jsou nemocnice
Aspalathus: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. it is the source of an herbal tea that is commonly consumed in south africa. members contain aspalathin and other polyphenols (phenols)
Aspalathus: rod rostlin z čeledi fabaceae (bobovité). je zdrojem bylinného čaje, který se běžně konzumuje v jižní africe. zástupci rodu obsahují aspalathin a jiné polyfenoly
Asparagaceae: a family of flowering subshrubs and shrubs in the class magnoliopsida
Asparagaceae: čeleď kvetoucích polokeřů a keřů ve třídě magnolipsida (nižší dvouděložné rostliny)
Asparagales: an order of monocotyledons plants in the superorder lilianae of the class magnoliopsida (angiosperms)
Asparaginase: a hydrolase enzyme that converts l-asparagine and water to l-aspartate and nh3. ec 3.5.1.1
Asparagine: a non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. it is biosynthesized from aspartic acid and ammonia by asparagine synthetase. (from concise encyclopedia biochemistry and molecular biology, 3rd ed)
Asparagus (rostlina): rod rostlin z čeledi asparagaceae - chřestovité, obsahuje ekdysteroidy a je složkou bylinné směsi siotone. výhonky se jedí jako zelenina a kořeny se používají v tradičním lékařství
Asparagus Plant: a plant genus in the family asparagaceae that contains ecdysteroids and is an ingredient of siotone. the shoots are used as a vegetable and the roots are used in folk medicine
Aspartame: flavoring agent sweeter than sugar, metabolized as phenylalanine and aspartic acid
Aspartate Aminotransferase, Cytoplasmic: an aspartate aminotransferase found in the cytoplasm
Aspartate Aminotransferase, Mitochondrial: an aspartate aminotransferase found in mitochondria
Aspartate Aminotransferases: enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. ec 2.6.1.1
Aspartate Ammonia-Lyase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of aspartic acid to ammonia and fumaric acid in plants and some microorganisms. ec 4.3.1.1
Aspartate Carbamoyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of carbamoyl phosphate and l-aspartate to yield orthophosphate and n-carbamoyl-l-aspartate. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 2.1.3.2
Aspartate Kinase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of beta-aspartyl phosphate from aspartic acid and atp. threonine serves as an allosteric regulator of this enzyme to control the biosynthetic pathway from aspartic acid to threonine. ec 2.7.2.4
Aspartate-Ammonia Ligase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of asparagine from ammonia and aspartic acid, in the presence of atp. ec 6.3.1.1
Aspartate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-aspartate 4-semialdehyde, orthophosphate, and nadp+ to yield l-4-aspartyl phosphate and nadph. ec 1.2.1.11
Aspartate-tRNA Ligase: an enzyme that activates aspartic acid with its specific transfer rna. ec 6.1.1.12
Aspartic Acid: one of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the l-form. it is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. it may be a neurotransmitter
Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases: a sub-subclass of endopeptidases that depend on an aspartic acid residue for their activity
Aspartic Acid Proteases: a subclass of peptide hydrolases that depend on an aspartic acid residue for their activity
Aspartokinase Homoserine Dehydrogenase: a bifunctional protein consisting of aspartokinase, and homoserine dehydrogenase activities. it is found primarily in bacteria and in plants
Aspartylglucosaminuria: a recessively inherited, progressive lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of glycosylasparaginase activity. the lack of this enzyme activity results in the accumulation of n-acetylglucosaminylasparagine (the linkage unit of asparagine-linked glycoproteins) in lysosomes
Aspartylglucosylaminase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of n(4)-(beta-n-acetyl-d-glucosaminyl)-l-asparagine and water to n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminylamine and l-aspartate. it acts only on asparagine-oligosaccharides containing one amino acid, i.e. the asparagine has free alpha-amino and alpha-carboxyl groups. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992)
Asperger Syndrome: a disorder beginning in childhood whose essential features are persistent impairment in reciprocal social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. these symptoms may limit or impair everyday functioning. (from dsm-5)
Aspergerův syndrom: porucha autistického spektra, která vzniká v dětství a přetrvává do dospělosti. jedinec se může adaptovat do běžného života, ovšem základní porucha přetrvává. vyznačuje se především potížemi v komunikaci a sociálním chování, které jsou v rozporu s celkově dobrým intelektem (u některých jedinců může být i velmi nadprůměrný) a řečovými schopnostmi (pasivní slovní zásoba bývá bohatá, vývoj řeči není opožděn)
Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary: hypersensitivity reaction (allergic reaction) to fungus aspergillus in an individual with long-standing bronchial asthma. it is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, eosinophilia, elevated serum immunoglobulin e, and skin reactivity to aspergillus antigen
Aspergillus: a genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family trichocomaceae
Aspergillus: rod mitosporických hub zahrnující asi sto druhů a jedenáct různých teleomorf v čeledi trichocomaceae
Aspergillus flavus: a species of imperfect fungi which grows on peanuts and other plants and produces the carcinogenic substance aflatoxin. it is also used in the production of the antibiotic flavicin
Aspergillus flavus: mitosporická houba patřící do rodu aspergillus (kropidlák). je to plíseň běžně rozšířená v životním prostředí a způsobuje problémy při skladování obilí. a. flavus se vyskytuje zvláště na kukuřici a arašídech a je jedním z několika druhů plísní známých produkcí aflatoxinu, který může způsobit akutní hepatitidu, imunosupresi a karcinom jaterních buněk. používá se při výrobě antibiotika flavicin. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Aspergillus fumigatus: a species of imperfect fungi from which the antibiotic fumigatin is obtained. its spores may cause respiratory infection in birds and mammals
Aspergillus fumigatus: druh mitosporické houby, ze kterého bylo izolováno antibiotikum fumigatin. jeho spory mohou způsobit dýchací infekce ptáků a savců
Aspergillus nidulans: a species of imperfect fungi from which the antibiotic nidulin is obtained. its teleomorph is emericella nidulans
Aspergillus nidulans: druh mitosporické houby, ze kterého bylo izolováno antibiotikum nidulin. jeho teleomorfou je emericella nidulans
Aspergillus niger: an imperfect fungus causing smut or black mold of several fruits and vegetables such as grapes, apricots, onions, and peanuts, and is a common contaminant of food
Aspergillus niger: houba patřící mezi nejrozšířenější druhy rodu aspergillus. způsobuje chorobu nazývanou "černá plíseň" na ovoci a zelenině, např. na hroznovém víně, cibuli nebo arašídech, a je častým kontaminantem potravin. tato plíseň je velmi rozšířená v půdě a často se objevuje i ve vnitřním prostředí. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Aspergillus ochraceus: an imperfect fungus that produces ochratoxins which contaminates edible grain and coffee beans
Aspergillus ochraceus: druh fytopatogenních nedokonalých hub rodu aspergillus, který produkuje ochratoxiny a napadá zejména obiloviny a kávová zrna
Aspergillus oryzae: an imperfect fungus present on most agricultural seeds and often responsible for the spoilage of seeds in bulk storage. it is also used in the production of fermented food or drink, especially in japan
Aspergillus oryzae: druh nedokonalých hub rodu aspergillus. napadá většinu semen a je častou příčinou jejich plesnivění v sýpkách. také se používá při výrobě fermentovaných potravin nebo nápojů, zejména v japonsku
Aspermia: a condition characterized by the complete absence of semen. this disorder should be differentiated from azoospermia, absence of sperm in the semen
Asphodelaceae: bývalá čeleď jednoděložných rostlin z řádu chřestotvaré (asparagales). od roku 2016 je čeleď xanthorrhoeaceae přejmenována na asphodelaceae - asfodelovité. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Asphyxia: a pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life
Asphyxia Neonatorum: respiratory failure in the newborn. (dorland, 27th ed)
Aspidosperma: a plant genus of the family apocynaceae. it contains ellipticine
Aspidosperma: rod rostlin čeledi apocynaceae (toješťovité), jehož zástupci obsahují elipticin
Aspirations, Psychological: strong desires to accomplish something. this usually pertains to greater values or high ideals
Aspirin: prototypové analgetikum používané při léčbě mírné až střední bolesti. má protizánětlivé a antipyretické vlastnosti a působí jako inhibitor cyklooxygenázy, což vede k inhibici biosyntézy prostaglandinů. aspirin také inhibuje agregaci destiček a používá se v prevenci arteriální a žilní trombózy
Aspirin: the prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. it has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5)
Aspirin, Dipyridamole Drug Combination: a drug combination of aspirin and dipyridamole that functions as a platelet aggregation inhibitor, used to prevent thrombosis and stroke in transient ischemic attack patients
Assessment of Medication Adherence: various measurements of proper patient compliance in medication adherence. adherence measurement includes self-reporting forms and monitoring systems and devices used for assessing medication adherence
Assisted Circulation: pumping that aids the natural activity of the heart. (dorland, 27th ed)
Assisted Living Facilities: a housing and health care alternative combining independence with personal care. it provides a combination of housing, personalized supportive services and health care designed to meet the needs, both scheduled and unscheduled, of those who need help with activities of daily living. (www.alfa.org)
Association: a functional relationship between psychological phenomena of such nature that the presence of one tends to evoke the other; also, the process by which such a relationship is established
Association Learning: the principle that items experienced together enter into a connection, so that one tends to reinstate the other
Astacoidea: a superfamily of various freshwater crustacea, in the infraorder astacidea, comprising the crayfish. common genera include astacus and procambarus. crayfish resemble lobsters, but are usually much smaller
Astatine: astatine. a radioactive halogen with the atomic symbol at, and atomic number 85. its isotopes range in mass number from 200 to 219 and all have an extremely short half-life. astatine may be of use in the treatment of hyperthyroidism because it emits alpha particles
Astemizole: antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects
Aster Plant: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. this plant should not be confused with microtubule asters (microtubules) nor with aster yellows phytoplasma (mycoplasma-like organisms)
Asteraceae: a large plant family of the order asterales, subclass asteridae, class magnoliopsida. the family is also known as compositae. flower petals are joined near the base and stamens alternate with the corolla lobes. the common name of daisy refers to several genera of this family including aster; chrysanthemum; rudbeckia; tanacetum
Asteraceae: velká čeleď rostlin řádu asterales, podtřídy asteridae, třídy magnoliopsida. jsou vůbec nejpočetnější čeledí krytosemenných rostlin. to, co všechny hvězdnicovité spojuje, jsou jejich květy uspořádané v květenství nazývaném úbor. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Asterias: a genus of starfish in the family asteriidae. one species, asterias rubens, is the most common in the north-east atlantic region
Asterias: rod hvězdic čeledi asteriidae. druh asterias rubens je nejčastějším druhem hvězdic v severovýchodní oblasti atlantského oceánu
Asterina: a genus of starfish in the family asterinidae. they externally hold developing embryos (embryo, non-mammalian) among the spines below the oral surface
Asterina: rod hvězdic čeledi asterinidae. vypuštěná vajíčka ovinují rameny a drží je tak během jejich vývoje na spodní straně těla
Asthenia: clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy
Asthenopia: term generally used to describe complaints related to refractive error, ocular muscle imbalance, including pain or aching around the eyes, burning and itchiness of the eyelids, ocular fatigue, and headaches
Asthenozoospermia: a condition in which the percentage of motile sperm is abnormally low
Asthma: a form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (respiratory hypersensitivity), airway inflammation, and intermittent airway obstruction. it is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, wheezing, and dyspnea (dyspnea, paroxysmal)
Asthma, Aspirin-Induced: asthmatic adverse reaction (e.g., bronchoconstriction) to conventional nsaids including aspirin use
Asthma, Exercise-Induced: asthma attacks following a period of exercise. usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. the magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it)
Asthma, Occupational: asthma attacks caused, triggered, or exacerbated by occupational exposure
Asthma-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overlap Syndrome: syndrome with clinical features of both asthma and copd
Astigmatism: unequal or irregular curvature of the cornea (corneal astigmatism) and/or the eye lens (lenticular astigmatism) resulting in refractive error
Astracantha gummifera: astracantha gummifera (kozinec klejodárný) je zdrojem pryskyřice tragantu
Astragalus: rod rostlin z čeledi bobovitých (fabaceae), podčeledi faboideae, řádu fabales (bobotvaré), podtřídy rosidae. mnoho druhů je spojeno s otravou pasoucích se zvířat. některé druhy se používají v lékařství
Astragalus Plant: a plant genus in the family fabaceae, subfamily papilionaceae, order fabales, subclass rosidae. many of the species are associated with poisoning of grazing animals. some of the species are used medicinally
Astragalus gummifer: astragalus gummifer labill. is the source of gum tragacanth
Astragalus propinquus: a plant species of the astragalus genus which is source of huang qi preparation used in traditional chinese medicine
Astragalus propinquus: rostlinný druh z rodu kozinec (astragalus), z kterého se dělá přípravek huang qi v tradiční čínské medicíně
Astringents: agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions
Astrocytes: a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. astrocytes (from star cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with end feet which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood-brain barrier. they regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and reactive astrocytes (along with microglia) respond to injury
Astrocytoma: neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades i through iv). in the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (from devita et al., cancer: principles and practice of oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed, p1082)
Astrology: system of thought regarding forecasting of earthly and human events through the observation and interpretation of the fixed stars and planetary bodies
Astron LC: long-term soft denture liner; composed pf poly ethyl methacrylate (pema) and ethoxylated bis phenol a methacrylate (ebdma)
Astronauts: members of spacecraft crew including those who travel in space, and those in training for space flight
Astronomical Phenomena: aggregates of matter in outer space, such as stars, planets, and comets; their properties; and the processes they undergo
Astronomy: the science concerned with celestial bodies and the observation and interpretation of the radiation received in the vicinity of the earth from the component parts of the universe (mcgraw hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 5th ed)
Astroviridae: a family of rna viruses with two genera: mamastrovirus and avastrovirus. they cause gastroenteritis in humans and also infect other vertebrates
Astroviridae: čeleď rna-virů se dvěma rody: mamastrovirus a avastrovirus. způsobují gastroenteritidu u lidí a infikují i další obratlovce
Astroviridae Infections: infections with astroviridae, causing gastroenteritis in human infants, calves, lambs, and piglets
At5g18810 protein, Arabidopsis: refseq nm_121886.4
Atadenovirus: a genus of adenoviridae that comprises viruses of several species of mammals and birds. the type species is ovine adenovirus d
Atadenovirus: rod adenoviridae obsahuje viry několika druhů savců a ptáků. jedním druhem je ovčí adenovirus d
Ataxia: impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. this condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions
Ataxia Telangiectasia: an autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive cerebellar ataxia; telangiectasis of conjunctiva and skin; dysarthria; b- and t-cell immunodeficiency, and radiosensitivity to ionizing radiation. affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. serum alpha-fetoproteins are usually elevated. (menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, p688) the gene for this disorder (atm) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23)
Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins: a group of protein serine-threonine kinases which activate critical signaling cascades in double strand breaks, apoptosis, and genotoxic stress such as ionizing ultraviolet a light, thereby acting as a dna damage sensor. these proteins play a role in a wide range of signaling mechanisms in cell cycle control
Ataxin-1: a chromatin-binding factor that represses notch signaling and associates with rna. expansion of the polyglutamine tract by expanded cag repeats in the atxn1 gene coding region is associated with spinocerebellar ataxia 1
Ataxin-10: an ataxin that is associated with the survival of cerebellar neurons. expansion of the attct pentanucleotide in the atxn10 coding region is associated with spinocerebellar ataxia 10
Ataxin-2: a poly(a) rna-binding protein that negatively regulates egfr endocytosis. an increased risk for developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 13 is observed in patients who have more than 23 cag repeats in the atxn2 gene coding sequence. larger cag expansions in the atxn2 gene occur in spinocerebellar ataxia 2 patients
Ataxin-3: a deubiquitinating enzyme of the ataxins family. it functions in protein homeostasis, genetic transcription; cytoskeleton regulation, and myogenesis. cag trinucleotide repeat expansion in the ataxin-3 gene coding region is associated with spinocerebellar ataxia-3 (machado-joseph disease)
Ataxin-7: a component of the staga transcription coactivator-hat complex that functions in cone rod homeobox protein (crx)-dependent gene activation. it also stabilizes microtubules. cag repeat expansion in the atxn-7 coding region is associated with the development of spinocerebellar ataxia 7
Ataxins: a family of predominantly nuclear proteins that regulate gene transcription and protein degradation. the expansion of cag trinucleotide repeats in genes that encode ataxins is associated with spinocerebellar ataxias (sca). in sca patients, the number of cag repeats correlates with the severity of disease and inversely correlates with the age of disease onset
Atazanavir Sulfate: an azapeptide and hiv-protease inhibitor that is used in the treatment of hiv infections and aids in combination with other anti-hiv agents