NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Cucumis sativus: popínavá jednoletá bylina čeledi cucurbitaceae. rostlina s drsně štětinatě chlupatou lodyhou, listy jsou 5-7úhelníkovité až mělce dlanitě-laločnaté se špičatými rohy a laloky. plody jsou oblíbenou zeleninou. využívají se v čerstvém stavu (tzv. okurky salátovky) nebo se nakládají do různých nálevů (tzv. okurky nakládačky). šťáva z plodů se také v minulosti užívala v lidovém léčitelství. v současné době se pěstuje v mnoha odrůdách. (upraveno podle botany.cz 2020 https://botany.cz/)
Cucumovirus: a genus of plant viruses of the family bromoviridae, which infect cucurbits and solanaceous plants. transmission occurs via aphids in a non-persistent manner, and also via seeds. the type species cucumber mosaic virus, a cucumovirus, should not be confused with cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, a tobamovirus
Cucumovirus: rod rostlinných virů čeledi bromoviridae, které napadají okurky a další lilkovité. jsou přenášeny neperzistentně mšicemi a také semeny. virus mozaiky okurky (typový druh tohoto rodu) by se neměl zaměňovat s virem zelenoskvrnité mozaiky okurky z rodu tobamovirus
Cucurbita: a plant genus of the family cucurbitaceae, order violales, subclass dilleniidae, which includes pumpkin, gourd and squash
Cucurbita: rod rostlin z čeledi tykvovité (cucurbitaceae). druhy a variety tykví, jako např. dýně, cuketa nebo patizon, se pěstují pro své plody jako plodová zelenina. jedná se o jednoletou popínavou rostlinu původem z latinské ameriky. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cucurbitaceae: the gourd plant family of the order violales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida. it is sometimes placed in its own order, cucurbitales. 'melon' generally refers to cucumis; citrullus; or momordica
Cucurbitaceae: čeleď rostlin většinou s plody tvaru tykví či dýní. někdy má umístění v samostatném řádu cucurbitales - tykvotvaré. název 'meloun' obecně může odkazovat i na rody okurka (cucumis), citrullus (lubenice) nebo momordika (momordica)
Cucurbitacins: triterpenes that derive from lanosterol by a shift of the c19 methyl to the c9 position. they are found in seeds and roots of cucurbitaceae and other plants and are noted for intense bitterness
Cues: signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond
Culdoscopes: endoscopic instruments used for viewing the rectovaginal pouch and pelvic viscera
Culdoscopy: endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the female pelvic viscera by means of an endoscope introduced into the pelvic cavity through the posterior vaginal fornix
Culex: a genus of mosquitoes (culicidae) commonly found in tropical regions. species of this genus are vectors for st. louis encephalitis as well as many other diseases of man and domestic and wild animals
Culex: rod komárů (culicidae), kteří se běžně vyskytují v tropech. druhy tohoto rodu přenášejí saintlouiskou encefalitidu a řadu dalších onemocnění člověka a domácích i divokých zvířat
Culicidae: a family of the order diptera that comprises the mosquitoes. the larval stages are aquatic, and the adults can be recognized by the characteristic wings, animal venation, the scales along the wing veins, and the long proboscis. many species are of particular medical importance
Culicidae: čeleď řádu diptera (dvoukřídlí), která zahrnuje moskyty. larvální stadia jsou vodní, dospělci mohou být rozpoznáni podle charakteristického žilkování na křídlech, šupinek podél žiek na křídlech, a podle dlouhého sosáku. mnoho druhů má zvláštní význam pro lékařství. r
Culicomorpha: infrařád dvoukřídlého hmyzu řádu nematocera. zahrnuje např. komáry, muchničky a pakomáry
Culicomorpha: insects of the order diptera, suborder nematocera. they include mosquitoes, gnats, black flies, and true flies
Cullen corylifolium extract: widely used in asia to heal skin diseases as well as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and bone fracture; containins: neobavaisoflavone, corylifolinin, coryfolin, psoralidin, corylin and bavachinin. 2; inhibits human carboxylesterase 1
Cullin Proteins: a family of structurally related proteins that were originally discovered for their role in cell-cycle regulation in caenorhabditis elegans. they play important roles in regulation of the cell cycle and as components of ubiquitin-protein ligases
Cultural Competency: cultural and linguistic competence is a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations. competence implies the capacity to function effectively as an individual and an organization within the context of the cultural beliefs, behaviors, and needs presented by consumers and their communities
Cultural Deprivation: the absence of certain expected and acceptable cultural phenomena in the environment which results in the failure of the individual to communicate and respond in the most appropriate manner within the context of society. language acquisition and language use are commonly used in assessing this concept
Cultural Diversity: coexistence of numerous distinct ethnic, racial, religious, or cultural groups within one social unit, organization, or population. (from american heritage dictionary, 2d college ed., 1982, p955)
Cultural Evolution: the continuous developmental process of a culture from simple to complex forms and from homogeneous to heterogeneous qualities. it is the change of cultures over time. research in cultural evolution tries to understand the causal relationships that shape and change human culture in both the long and the short term
Culturally Appropriate Technology: a science or technology that promotes self-sufficiency and is suitable to the cultural, environmental, economic and social conditions of the geographic area in which it is applied
Culturally Competent Care: health care services that are respectful of and responsive to the health beliefs, practices and cultural and linguistic needs of diverse patients. the provider and the patient each bring their individual learned patterns of language and culture to the health care experience which must be transcended to achieve equal access and quality health care
Culture: a collective expression for all behavior patterns acquired and socially transmitted through symbols. culture includes customs, traditions, and language
Culture Media: any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. the variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin
Culture Media, Conditioned: culture media containing biologically active components obtained from previously cultured cells or tissues that have released into the media substances affecting certain cell functions (e.g., growth, lysis)
Culture Media, Serum-Free: culture media free of serum proteins but including the minimal essential substances required for cell growth. this type of medium avoids the presence of extraneous substances that may affect cell proliferation or unwanted activation of cells
Culture Techniques: methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. these include the cultures of cells; tissues; organs; or embryo in vitro. both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types
Cuminum: rod rostlin z čeledi apiaceae (miříkovité). semena se užívají jako koření
Cumulative Trauma Disorders: harmful and painful condition caused by overuse or overexertion of some part of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from work-related physical activities. it is characterized by inflammation, pain, or dysfunction of the involved joints, bones, ligaments, and nerves
Cumulus Cells: the granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the ovum in the graafian follicle. at ovulation they are extruded with ovum
Cuniculidae: a family of large (20 to 30 inches long) plant eating rodents found in central and south america. they are nearly tailless and have chunky bodies, dark brown fur with spotted lines along their sides and back, with stout legs and hind limbs that are longer than the forelimbs, and a large, square head with short ears
Cuniculidae: čeleď velkých býložravých hlodavců nalezených ve střední a jižní americe. jsou téměř bez ocasu, mají robustní těla, tmavě hnědou srst s tečkovanými liniemi podél boků a zad, se statnýma nohama a zadními končetinami, které jsou delší než přední končetiny, a velkou čtvercovitou hlavou s krátkými ušima
Cunninghamella: a genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family cunninghamellaceae, order mucorales. some species cause systemic infections in humans
Cunninghamella: rod zygomycet čeledi cunninghamellaceae, řádu mucorales. některé druhy způsobují systémové infekce člověka
Cunninghamia: a plant genus of the family taxodiaceae. members contain diterpenes
Cuphea: a plant genus of the family lythraceae. members contain lauric acid and cuphiin
Cuphea: rod rostlin čeledi lythraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují kyselinu laurovou a kufiin
Cupping Therapy: a traditional practice, most notably in traditional medicine, which involves placing cups on the skin to create suction believed to help increase blood flow and promote healing associated with chronic neck and low back pain in the short term (from national center for complementary and integrative health, https://nccih.nih.gov/news/cupping (accessed 11/5/2018))
Cupressaceae: a plant family of the order pinales, class pinopsida, division tracheophyta. they are mainly resinous, aromatic evergreen trees
Cupressus: a plant genus of the family cupressaceae. cypress ordinarily refers to this but also forms part of the name of plants in other genera
Cupriavidus: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria, in the family burkholderiaceae, that are mobile by means of peritrichous flagella. the genus was formerly called wautersia and species in this genus were formerly in the genus ralstonia
Cupriavidus: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií z čeledi burkholderiaceae, které se pohybují pomocí peritrichiálních bičíků. rod byl dříve nazýván wautersia a druhy v tomto rodu byly dříve v rodu ralstonia
Cupriavidus necator: a gram-negative, facultatively chemoautotrophic bacterium, formerly called wautersia eutropha, found in water and soil
Cupriavidus necator: gramnegativní bakterie, fakultativně chemoautotrofní, dříve s názvem wautersia eutropha, nachází se ve vodě a v půdě
Cuprizone: copper chelator that inhibits monoamine oxidase and causes liver and brain damage
Curacao: constituent country within the kingdom of the netherlands. full autonomy in internal affairs was granted in 2010. it is an island located in the caribbean sea - north of venezuela. (from cia world factbook)
Curacao: ostrov ležící v jižní části karibského moře přibližně 65 kilometrů od pobřeží venezuely, patří do jižní části závětrných ostrovů a je součástí malých antil. až do 10. října 2010 byl ostrov součástí nizozemských antil. v současnosti je curaçao jednou ze 4 zemí nizozemského království (další jsou nizozemsko, aruba a svatý martin). (cit. cs.wikipedia.org)
Curare: plant extracts from several species, including genera strychnos and chondodendron, which contain tetrahydroisoquinolines that produce paralysis of skeletal muscle. these extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration
Curatolo Cilio Pessagno syndrome: familial white matter hypoplasia, agenesis of the corpus callosum, mental retardation and growth deficiency
Curculigo: a plant genus of the family hypoxidaceae that contains curculin and cycloartane saponins
Curculigo: rod rostlin čeledi hypoxidaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují kurkulin and cykloartanové saponiny
Curcuma: a plant genus of the family zingiberaceae that contains curcumin and curcuminoids
Curcuma: rod rostlin čeledi zingiberaceae (zázvorovité), jehož zástupci obsahují kurkumin a kurkuminoidy
Curcumin: a yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of curcuma longa. it is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes
Curettage: a scraping, usually of the interior of a cavity or tract, for removal of new growth or other abnormal tissue, or to obtain material for tissue diagnosis. it is performed with a curet (curette), a spoon-shaped instrument designed for that purpose. (from stedman, 25th ed & dorland, 27th ed)
Curing Lights, Dental: light sources used to activate polymerization of light-cured dental cements and dental resins. degree of cure and bond strength depends on exposure time, wavelength, and intensity of the curing light
Curium: a radioactive actinide with atomic symbol cm, and atomic number 96. thirteen curium isotopes have been produced with mass numbers ranging from 238-250. its valence can be +3 or +4. it is intensely radioactive and decays by alpha-emission
Currarino triad: a congenital disorder that is characterized by partial sacral agenesis with intact first sacral vertebra, presacral mass and anorectal malformation. most patients do not present with all three anomalies, and sacral agenesis is the most prevalent. perianal sepsis and constipation frequently occur in affected individuals and severe urogenital abnormalities may also be present. a mutation in the mnx1 gene has been identified in some cases. omim: 176450
Current Procedural Terminology: descriptive terms and identifying codes for reporting medical services and procedures performed by physicians. it is produced by the american medical association and used in insurance claim reporting for medicare; medicaid; and private health insurance programs (from cpt 2002)
Curvularia: a genus of fungi in the family pleosporaceae, order pleosporales and phylum ascomycota. curvularia fungi are plant pathogens, mostly on grasses (poaceae) and were formerly a part of the bipolaris, cochliobolus and curvularia complex
Curvularia: rod hub čeledi pleosporaceae, řádu pleosporales a kmene ascomycota. tyto houby jsou patogeny rostlin, většinou trav (poaceae). dříve byly řazeny do komplexu bipolaris, cochliobolus a curvularia
Cuscuta: a plant genus of the family cuscutaceae. it is a threadlike climbing parasitic plant that is used in drugs, chinese herbal
Cuscuta: rod asi 100-170 druhů žlutých, oranžových či červených, jen vzácně zeleně zbarvených rostlin, jež jsou známé svým parazitických způsobem života. dříve se řadila do vlastní čeledi cuscutaceae (kokoticovitých), nyní podle nedávných genetických výzkumů (taxonomický systém apg iii) spolu s množstvím dalších rodů do čeledi svlačcovitých (convolvulaceae). kokotice čínská je využívána v tradiční čínské medicíně. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cushing Syndrome: a condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (hydrocortisone) or other glucocorticoids from endogenous or exogenous sources. it is characterized by upper body obesity; osteoporosis; hypertension; diabetes mellitus; hirsutism; amenorrhea; and excess body fluid. endogenous cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of adrenocorticotropin and those that are acth-independent
Cushingův syndrom: endokrinní porucha způsobená vysokou hladinou kortizolu v krvi. syndrom může být způsoben příjmem glukokortikoidů nebo nádory produkujícími kortizol či adrenokortikotropním hormonem (acth). příčinou onemocnění může být adenom hypofýzy, která produkuje velké množství acth, které následně způsobí nadprodukci kortizolu v nadledvinách. mezi projevy nemoci patří zvýšená chuť k jídlu, obezita, únava, změny nálad, deprese, zvýšení krevního tlaku (hypertenze) a diabetes mellitus, zvýšení krevního cukru (hyperglykémie), snížení hustoty kostní hmoty (osteoporóza), snížení sexuálního pudu či poruchy menstruace. (cit. wikipedie 2017 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cuspid: the third tooth to the left and to the right of the midline of either jaw, situated between the second incisor and the premolar teeth (bicuspid). (jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p817)
Custodial Care: board, room, and other personal assistance services generally provided on a long term basis. it excludes regular medical care
Cutaneous Elimination: the discharge of substances from the blood supply to the glands of the skin and excretion in the sweat and sebum
Cutaneous Fistula: an abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body
Cutis Gyrata Syndrome of Beare And Stevenson: mutation in fgfr2
Cutis Laxa: a group of connective tissue diseases in which skin hangs in loose pendulous folds. it is believed to be associated with decreased elastic tissue formation as well as an abnormality in elastin formation. cutis laxa is usually a genetic disease, but acquired cases have been reported. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Cutis Laxa With Severe Pulmonary, Gastrointestinal, And Urinary Abnormalities: ltbp4 mutations
Cutis Laxa, Autosomal Recessive, Type IIA: prom mutation in atp6v0a2 gene
Cutis Laxa, Autosomal Recessive, Type IIB: mutation in pycr1
Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita: a congenital disorder characterized by cutis marmorata (alternating areas of dilated and constricted blood vessels, which gives the skin a red and white marbled appearance), telangiectasis, and varicose veins. skin is most commonly affected on the legs, less commonly on the arms and trunk, and rarely do they involve the face and scalp. it is occasionally associated with skin ulceration or skin atrophy; skin symptoms usually improve with age. can occur alone or along with a variety of other birth defects, particularly those involving undergrowth or overgrowth of the same arm or leg. most cases are thought to be sporadic, familial cases appear to be autosomal recessive. omim: 219250
CyADIC regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of sarcoma
Cyamopsis: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that is the source of guar gum
Cyamopsis: nevelký rod rostlin z čeledi bobovité (fabaceae). zahrnuje 5 druhů jednoletých bylin, rozšířených v africe a jižní asii. z druhu cyamopsis tetragonoloba je získávána guarová guma a lusky slouží jako potravina. pěstuje se zejména v indii. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cyanamide: a cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. it often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. the citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism
Cyanides: inorganic salts of hydrogen cyanide containing the -cn radical. the concept also includes isocyanides. it is distinguished from nitriles, which denotes organic compounds containing the -cn radical
Cyanoacrylates: a group of compounds having the general formula ch2=c(cn)-coor; it polymerizes on contact with moisture; used as tissue adhesive; higher homologs have hemostatic and antibacterial properties
Cyanobacteria: a phylum of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular bacteria possessing chlorophyll a and carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis. cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both carbon dioxide (in the presence of light) and nitrogen. cell morphology can include nitrogen-fixing heterocysts and/or resting cells called akinetes. formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as algae
Cyanogen Bromide: cyanogen bromide (cnbr). a compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in dna duplexes
Cyanoketone: 2 alpha-cyano-17 beta-hydroxy-4,4',17 alpha-trimethylandrost-5-ene-3-one. an androstenolone-nitrile compound with steroidogenesis-blocking activity
Cyanophora: a genus of primitive plants in the family cyanophoraceae, class glaucophyta. they contain pigmented organelles (or plastids) called cyanelles, which have characteristics of both cyanobacteria and chloroplasts
Cyanophora: rod primitivních rostlin čeledi cyanophoraceae, třídy glaucophyta. mají cyanely, specifické organely (či plastidy) obsahující pigment. cyanely mají znaky charakteristické jak pro sinice, tak pro chloroplasty
Cyanosis: a bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule
Cyanothece: a form-genus of unicellular coccoid to rod-shaped cyanobacteria, in the order chroococcales. three different clusters of strains from diverse habitats are included
Cyanothece: rod jednobuněčných, kokoidních až tyčinkovitých sinic řádu chroococcales. patří sem tři různé klastry druhů z odlišných habitatů
Cyathus: a genus of saprophytic fungi in the family nidulariaceae. they look like small bird's nests complete with eggs. the eggs are small capsules known as peridioles, which contain the spores
Cyathus: rod saprofytických hub čeledi nidulariaceae. vypadají jako malá ptačí hnízda s vejci. tyto vejcovité útvary se nazývají peridioly a jsou to malé váčky obsahující výtrusy
Cyberbullying: bullying that takes place over digital devices like cell phones and computers. it includes sending, posting, or sharing negative, harmful, false, or mean content about someone else. it can include sharing personal or private information about someone else causing embarrassment or humiliation. (from https://www.stopbullying.gov)
Cybernetics: that branch of learning which brings together theories and studies on communication and control in living organisms and machines
Cycadopsida: a class of vascular seed plants also known as gymnosperms in the subdivision spermatophytina. they have large cones and pinnate leaves. examples are pines, spruces, cedars and sequoias
Cycas: a plant genus of the family cycadaceae, order cycadales, class cycadopsida, division cycadophyta of palm-like trees. it is a source of cycasin, the beta-d-glucoside of methylazoxymethanol
Cycas: rod rostlin čeledi cycadaceae, řádu cycadales, třídy cycadopsida, oddělení cycadophyta. podobají se palmám. produkují jedovatý cykasin (glukosid methylazoxymethanolu)
Cycasin: carcinogenic and neurotoxic glycoside occurring in a number of plant species, including cycas revoluta
Cyclamen: a plant genus of the family primulaceae that contains triterpenoid saponins
Cyclamen: rod rostlin čeledi primulaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují triterpenoidní saponiny
Cyclams: compounds made of fourteen-member tetraamine macrocycles which bind strongly to a wide range of metal ions
Cyclazocine: an analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties
Cyclea: a plant genus of the family menispermaceae. members contain bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids
Cyclea: rod rostlin čeledi menispermaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují bisbenzylisochinolinové alkaloidy
Cyclic ADP-Ribose: a pyridine nucleotide that mobilizes calcium. it is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (nad) by adp ribose cyclase
Cyclic AMP: an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. it is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and acth
Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein: a transcriptional regulator in prokaryotes which, when activated by binding cyclic amp, acts at several promoters. cyclic amp receptor protein was originally identified as a catabolite gene activator protein. it was subsequently shown to regulate several functions unrelated to catabolism, and to be both a negative and a positive regulator of transcription. cell surface cyclic amp receptors are not included (cyclic amp receptors), nor are the eukaryotic cytoplasmic cyclic amp receptor proteins, which are the regulatory subunits of cyclic amp-dependent protein kinases
Cyclic AMP Response Element Modulator: cyclic amp response element modulator is a basic leucine zipper transcription factor that is regulated by cyclic amp. it plays an important role in spermatid development in the mammalian testis
Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein: a protein that has been shown to function as a calcium-regulated transcription factor as well as a substrate for depolarization-activated calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinases. this protein functions to integrate both calcium and camp signals
Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein A: a basic leucine zipper transcription factor that is highly homologous to activating transcription factor 2. it binds the consensus site tgacgtca of the cyclic amp response element in partnership with either proto-oncogene proteins c-jun or activating transcription factor 2
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunits: specific enzyme subunits that form the active sites of the type i and type ii cyclic-amp protein kinases. each molecule of enzyme contains two catalytic subunits
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIIalpha Subunit: a type ii camp-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit that plays a role in confering cyclic amp activation of protein kinase activity. it has a higher affinity for camp than that of the cyclic-amp-dependent protein kinase riibeta subunit. binding of this subunit by a kinase anchor proteins may play a role in the cellular localization of type ii protein kinase a
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIIbeta Subunit: a type ii camp-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit that plays a role in confering cyclic amp activation of protein kinase activity. it has a lower affinity for camp than the cyclic-amp-dependent protein kinase riialpha subunit. binding of this subunit by a kinase anchor proteins may play a role in the cellular localization of type ii protein kinase a
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIalpha Subunit: a type i camp-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit that plays a role in confering cyclic amp activation of protein kinase activity. it has a lower affinity for camp than the cyclic-amp-dependent protein kinase ribeta subunit
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIbeta Subunit: a type i camp-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit that plays a role in confering cyclic amp activation of protein kinase activity. it is found abundantly expressed in the neuronal tissue and may be associated with hippocampal function
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I: a cyclic amp-dependent protein kinase subtype primarily found in the cytoplasm. they are tetrameric proteins that contain two catalytic subunits and two type i-specific regulatory subunits
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II: a cyclic amp-dependent protein kinase subtype primarily found in particulate subcellular fractions. they are tetrameric proteins that contain two catalytic subunits and two type ii-specific regulatory subunits
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases: a group of enzymes that are dependent on cyclic amp and catalyze the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues on proteins. included under this category are two cyclic-amp-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition
Cyclic CMP: a cyclic nucleotide formed from cytidine triphosphate by the action of cytidylate cyclase. it is a potential cyclic nucleotide intracellular mediator of signal transductions
Cyclic GMP: guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). a guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. it is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I: a cyclic gmp-dependent protein kinase subtype that is expressed in smooth muscle tissues and plays a role in regulation of smooth muscle contraction. two isoforms, pkgialpha and pkgibeta, of the type i protein kinase exist due to alternative splicing of its mrna
Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II: a cyclic gmp-dependent protein kinase subtype that is expressed predominantly in intestines, brain, and kidney. the protein is myristoylated on its n-terminus which may play a role its membrane localization
Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases: a group of cyclic gmp-dependent enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues of proteins
Cyclic IMP: inosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). an inosine nucleotide which acts as a mild inhibitor of the hydrolysis of cyclic amp and cyclic gmp and as an inhibitor of cat heart cyclic amp phosphodiesterase
Cyclic N-Oxides: heterocyclic compounds in which an oxygen is attached to a cyclic nitrogen
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 1: a calcium and calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily. the three members of this family are referred to as type 1a, type 1b, and type 1c and are each product of a distinct gene. in addition, multiple enzyme variants of each subtype can be produced due to multiple alternative mrna splicing. although the type 1 enzymes are classified as 3',5'-cyclic-amp phosphodiesterases (ec 3.1.4.17), some members of this class have additional specificity for cyclic gmp
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 2: a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is activated by the binding of cyclic gmp to an allosteric domain found on the enzyme. multiple enzyme variants of this subtype can be produced due to multiple alternative mrna splicing. the subfamily is expressed in a broad variety of tissues and may play a role in mediating cross-talk between cyclic gmp and cyclic cmp pathways. although the type 2 enzymes are classified as 3',5'-cyclic-amp phosphodiesterases (ec 3.1.4.17), members of this class have additional specificity for cyclic gmp
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3: a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is inhibited by the binding of cyclic gmp to an allosteric domain found on the enzyme and through phosphorylation by regulatory kinases such as protein kinase a and protein kinase b. the two members of this family are referred to as type 3a, and type 3b, and are each product of a distinct gene. in addition multiple enzyme variants of each subtype can be produced due to multiple alternative mrna splicing
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4: a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is found predominantly in inflammatory cells and may play a role in the regulation of cell-mediated immunity. the enzyme family includes over twenty different variants that occur due to multiple alternative splicing of the mrna of at least four different genes
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5: a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is highly specific for cyclic gmp. it is found predominantly in vascular tissue and plays an important role in regulating vascular smooth muscle contraction
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 6: a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is highly specific for cyclic gmp. it is found predominantly in the outer segment photoreceptor cells of the retina. it is comprised of two catalytic subunits, referred to as alpha and beta, that form a dimer. in addition two regulatory subunits, referred to as gamma and delta, modulate the activity and localization of the enzyme
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 7: a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is highly specific for cyclic amp. several isoforms of the enzyme type exist, each with its own tissue localization. the isoforms are encoded by at least two genes and are a product of multiple alternative splicing of their mrnas
Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels: a subgroup of cyclic nucleotide-regulated ion channels within the superfamily of pore-loop cation channels. they are expressed in olfactory nerve cilia and in photoreceptor cells and some plants
Cyclic Nucleotide-Regulated Protein Kinases: a group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues of proteins and is dependent on cyclic nucleotides
Cyclic neutropenia: a rare form of neutropenia characterized by regular 21-day cyclic fluctuations in the number of blood neutrophils; monocytes; eosinophils; lymphocytes; platelets, and reticulocytes. patients experience periodic symptoms of fever, malaise, mucosal ulcers, and, rarely, life-threatening infections. the disease occurs both as a hereditary autosomal dominant disorder and in an acquired form, with identical phenotypic presentations. mutations in the elane gene have been identified for the inherited form. omim: 162800
Cyclin A: a cyclin subtype that has specificity for cdc2 protein kinase and cyclin-dependent kinase 2. it plays a role in progression of the cell cycle through g1/s and g2/m phase transitions
Cyclin A1: a cyclin a subtype primarily found in male germ cells. it may play a role in the passage of spermatocytes into meiosis i
Cyclin A2: a widely-expressed cyclin a subtype that functions during the g1/s and g2/m transitions of the cell cycle
Cyclin B: a cyclin subtype that is transported into the cell nucleus at the end of the g2 phase. it stimulates the g2/m phase transition by activating cdc2 protein kinase
Cyclin B1: a cyclin b subtype that colocalizes with microtubules during interphase and is transported into the cell nucleus at the end of the g2 phase
Cyclin B2: a cyclin b subtype that colocalizes with golgi apparatus during interphase and is transported into the cell nucleus at the end of the g2 phase
Cyclin C: a cyclin subtype that binds to the cyclin-dependent kinase 3 and cyclin-dependent kinase 8. cyclin c plays a dual role as a transcriptional regulator and a g1 phase cell cycle regulator
Cyclin D: a cyclin subtype that is specific for cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and cyclin-dependent kinase 6. unlike most cyclins, cyclin d expression is not cyclical, but rather it is expressed in response to proliferative signals. cyclin d may therefore play a role in cellular responses to mitogenic signals
Cyclin D1: protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. overexpression of cyclin d1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms
Cyclin D2: a cyclin d subtype which is regulated by gata4 transcription factor. experiments using knockout mice suggest a role for cyclin d2 in granulosa cell proliferation and gonadal development
Cyclin D3: a broadly expressed type d cyclin. experiments using knockout mice suggest a role for cyclin d3 in lymphocyte development
Cyclin E: a 50-kda protein that complexes with cyclin-dependent kinase 2 in the late g1 phase of the cell cycle
Cyclin G: a cyclin subtype that is found associated with cyclin-dependent kinase 5; cyclin g associated kinase, and protein phosphatase 2
Cyclin G1: a cyclin g subtype that is constitutively expressed throughout the cell cycle. cyclin g1 is considered a major transcriptional target of tumor suppressor protein p53 and is highly induced in response to dna damage
Cyclin G2: an unusual cyclin subtype that is found highly expressed in terminally differentiated cells. unlike conventional cyclins increased expression of cyclin g2 is believed to cause a withdrawal of cells from the cell cycle
Cyclin H: a cyclin subtype that is found as a component of a heterotrimeric complex containing cyclin-dependent kinase 7 and cdk-activating kinase assembly factor. the complex plays a role in cellular proliferation by phosphorylating several cyclin dependent kinases at specific regulatory threonine sites
Cyclin I: a cyclin subtype that is found abundantly in post-mitotic tissues. in contrast to the classical cyclins, its level does not fluctuate during the cell cycle
Cyclin T: a cyclin subtype that is found associated with cyclin-dependent kinase 9. unlike traditional cyclins, which regulate the cell cycle, type t cyclins appear to regulate transcription and are components of positive transcriptional elongation factor b
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2: a key regulator of cell cycle progression. it partners with cyclin e to regulate entry into s phase and also interacts with cyclin a to phosphorylate retinoblastoma protein. its activity is inhibited by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 3: a cyclin-dependent kinase that forms a complex with cyclin c and is active during the g1 phase of the cell cycle. it plays a role in the transition from g1 to s phase and in transcriptional regulation
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4: cyclin-dependent kinase 4 is a key regulator of g1 phase of the cell cycle. it partners with cyclin d to phosphorylate retinoblastoma protein. cdk4 activity is inhibited by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5: a serine-threonine kinase that plays important roles in cell differentiation; cell migration; and cell death of nerve cells. it is closely related to other cyclin-dependent kinases but does not seem to participate in cell cycle regulation
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6: cyclin-dependent kinase 6 associates with cyclin d and phosphorylates retinoblastoma protein during g1 phase of the cell cycle. it helps regulate the transition to s phase and its kinase activity is inhibited by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p18
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8: a cyclin c dependent kinase that is an important component of the mediator complex. the enzyme is activated by its interaction with cyclin c and plays a role in transcriptional regulation by phosphorylating rna polymerase ii
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9: a multifunctional cdc2 kinase-related kinase that plays roles in transcriptional elongation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. it is found associated with cyclin t and is a component of positive transcriptional elongation factor b
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Proteins: a group of cell cycle proteins that negatively regulate the activity of cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase complexes. they inhibit cell cycle progression and help control cell proliferation following genotoxic stress as well as during cell differentiation
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15: an ink4 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor containing four ankyrin-like repeats. ink4b is often inactivated by deletions, mutations, or hypermethylation in hematologic neoplasms
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16: a product of the p16 tumor suppressor gene (genes, p16). it is also called ink4 or ink4a because it is the prototype member of the ink4 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. this protein is produced from the alpha mrna transcript of the p16 gene. the other gene product, produced from the alternatively spliced beta transcript, is tumor suppressor protein p14arf. both p16 gene products have tumor suppressor functions
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p18: an ink4 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor containing five ankyrin-like repeats. aberrant expression of this protein has been associated with deregulated epithelial cell growth, organ enlargement, and a variety of neoplasms
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p19: an ink4 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor containing five ankyrin repeats. aberrant expression of this protein has been associated with testicular cancer
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21: a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates tumor suppressor protein p53-dependent cell cycle arrest. p21 interacts with a range of cyclin-dependent kinases and associates with proliferating cell nuclear antigen and caspase 3
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27: a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that coordinates the activation of cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinases during the cell cycle. it interacts with active cyclin d complexed to cyclin-dependent kinase 4 in proliferating cells, while in arrested cells it binds and inhibits cyclin e complexed to cyclin-dependent kinase 2
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57: a potent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases in g1 phase and s phase. in humans, aberrant expression of p57 is associated with various neoplasms as well as with beckwith-wiedemann syndrome
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-Activating Kinase: a highly-conserved cyclin-dependent kinase that activates other cyclin dependent kinases and plays a key role in regulation of the cell cycle
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases: protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with cyclins to achieve full enzymatic activity. cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events
Cyclins: a large family of regulatory proteins that function as accessory subunits to a variety of cyclin-dependent kinases. they generally function as enzyme activators that drive the cell cycle through transitions between phases. a subset of cyclins may also function as transcriptional regulators
Cyclitols: cycloalkanes containing three or more hydroxyl groups on the ring atoms. some polyhydroxypiperidines (piperidines) are called iminocyclitols or aza-sugars
Cyclization: changing an open-chain hydrocarbon to a closed ring. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 5th ed)
Cyclizine: a histamine h1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935)
Cycloaddition Reaction: synthetic organic reactions that use reactions between unsaturated molecules to form cyclical products
Cyclobutanes: four carbon cycloparaffin cyclobutane (the structural formula (ch2)4) and its derivatives
Cyclodextrins: a homologous group of cyclic glucans consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. the enzyme is produced by certain species of bacillus. cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances
Cyclodialysis Clefts: finding of a separation of the ciliary body in the scleral spur region, creating aqueous outflow from the anterior chamber into suprachoroidal space between the choroid and the sclera. persistent cyclodialysis clefts may be associated with ocular hypotension and optic disc edema
Cyclofenil: a gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. it is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than clomiphene
Cycloheptanes: seven-carbon cycloparaffin cycloheptane (the structural formula (ch2)7) and its derivatives
Cyclohexane Monoterpenes: monoterpenes that include a cyclohexane ring in their structure
Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids: carboxylic acid derivatives of cyclohexane
Cyclohexanols: monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula r-c6h11o. they have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers
Cyclohexanones: cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position
Cyclohexenes: six-carbon alicyclic hydrocarbons which contain one or more double bonds in the ring. the cyclohexadienes are not aromatic, in contrast to benzoquinones which are sometimes called 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diones
Cycloheximide: antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of streptomyces griseus. it acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis
Cyclohexylamines: a family of alicyclic hydrocarbons containing an amine group with the general formula r-c6h10nh2
Cycloleucine: an amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. it has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities
Cyclonic Storms: non-frontal low-pressure systems over tropical or sub-tropical waters with organized convection and definite pattern of surface wind circulation
Cyclooctanes: a group of compounds with an 8-carbon ring. they may be saturated or unsaturated
Cyclooxygenase 1: a constitutively-expressed subtype of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase. it plays an important role in many cellular processes
Cyclooxygenase 2: an inducibly-expressed subtype of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase. it plays an important role in many cellular processes and inflammation. it is the target of cox2 inhibitors
Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors: a subclass of cyclooxygenase inhibitors with specificity for cyclooxygenase-2
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors: compounds or agents that combine with cyclooxygenase (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthases) and thereby prevent its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of eicosanoids, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes
Cycloparaffins: alicyclic hydrocarbons in which three or more of the carbon atoms in each molecule are united in a ring structure and each of the ring carbon atoms is joined to two hydrogen atoms or alkyl groups. the simplest members are cyclopropane (c3h6), cyclobutane (c4h8), cyclohexane (c6h12), and derivatives of these such as methylcyclohexane (c6h11ch3). (from sax, et al., hawley's condensed chemical dictionary, 11th ed)
Cyclopentane Monoterpenes: monoterpenes that include a cyclopentane ring in their structure
Cyclopentanes: a group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula r-c5h9
Cyclopenthiazide: thiazide diuretic also used as an antihypertensive agent
Cyclopentolate: a parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia
Cyclophanes: hydrocarbons consisting of aromatic unit(s) and cross-linked ansa chain(s), derived from two nonadjacent positions of the aromatic ring(s), e.g., p-cyclophane and m-cyclophane
Cyclophilin A: a 17-kda cytoplasmic peptidylprolyl isomerase involved in immunoregulation. it is a member of the cyclophilin family of proteins that binds to cyclosporine
Cyclophilin C: a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase and member of the cyclophilin family. it catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of imide-like peptide bonds that occur between proline and other amino acids to facilitate protein folding
Cyclophilins: a family of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases that bind to cyclosporins and regulate the immune system. ec 5.2.1.-
Cyclophosphamide: precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. it has been used in the treatment of lymphoma and leukemia. its side effect, alopecia, has been used for defleecing sheep. cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer
Cyclopia (rostlina): rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují cyklopamin, teratogen způsobující kyklopii (jedno oko uprostřed tváře), a xanthony
Cyclopia Plant: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. members contain cyclopamine, a teratogen producing cyclopia (one eye in the middle of the face) and xanthones
Cyclopropanes: three-carbon cycloparaffin cyclopropane (the structural formula (ch2)3) and its derivatives
Cyclospora: a genus of coccidian parasites in the family eimeriidae. cyclospora cayetanensis is pathogenic in humans, probably transmitted via the fecal-oral route, and causes nausea and diarrhea
Cyclospora: prvok patřící k střevním kokcidiím, vyvolává parazitární onemocnění střeva cyklosporiózu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Cyclosporiasis: infection with parasitic protozoa of the genus cyclospora. it is distributed globally and causes a diarrheal illness. transmission is waterborne
Cyclosporine: a cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. it is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on t-lymphocytes. it is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)
Cyclosporins: a group of closely related cyclic undecapeptides from the fungi trichoderma polysporum and cylindocarpon lucidum. they have some antineoplastic and antifungal action and significant immunosuppressive effects. cyclosporins have been proposed as adjuvants in tissue and organ transplantation to suppress graft rejection
Cyclosteroids: steroid derivatives in which one or more bridges is formed between carbon atoms at any locant in any of the rings
Cyclothymic Disorder: an affective disorder characterized by periods of depression and hypomania. these may be separated by periods of normal mood