NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Pycnodysostosis: rare autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by delayed closing of cranial sutures, short stature, acro-osteolysis of distal phalanges, dental and maxillofacial abnormalities and an increase in bone density that results in frequent bone fractures. it is associated with bone resorption defect due to mutations in the lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin k
Pycnoporus: a genus of basidiomyceteous fungi in the family polyporaceae. the species all contain bright orange, bracket-like fruiting bodies
Pycnoporus: rod stopkovýtrusých hub čeledi polyporaceae. všechny druhy mají jasně oranžové, konzolovité plodnice
Pyelectasis: dilation of fetal kidney pelvis. it is a common prenatal ultrasonography finding with no significant long-term sequelae
Pyelitis: inflammation of the kidney pelvis and kidney calices where urine is collected before discharge, but does not involve the renal parenchyma (the nephrons) where urine is processed
Pyeloform: hydrophilous macromolecular binding material used to perform pyelolithotomy
Pyelonephritis: inflammation of the kidney involving the renal parenchyma (the nephrons); kidney pelvis; and kidney calices. it is characterized by abdominal pain; fever; nausea; vomiting; and occasionally diarrhea
Pyelonephritis, Xanthogranulomatous: a chronic inflammatory condition of the kidney resulting in diffuse renal destruction, a grossly enlarged and nonfunctioning kidney associated with nephrolithiasis and kidney stones
Pyknoachondrogenesis: association of skeletal defects resembling achondrogenesis with generalized bone sclerosis
Pyle disease: a hereditary disorder associated with mutations in the sfrp4 gene and characterized by long bones with wide and expanded trabecular metaphyses (wide portions of long bones between the epiphyses and the diaphyses), thin cortical bone, and bone fragility. fractures through the abnormal metaphyses are common, as is genu valgum. omim: 265900
Pyloric Antrum: the region between the sharp indentation at the lower third of the stomach (incisura angularis) and the junction of the pylorus with the duodenum. pyloric antral glands contain mucus-secreting cells and gastrin-secreting endocrine cells (g cells)
Pyloric Atresia: a hereditary autosomal recessive obstruction of the pylorus. affected fetuses have dilated stomachs and mothers may exhibit polyhydramnios. omim: 265950
Pyloric Stenosis: narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. a common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (pyloric stenosis, hypertrophic) seen in infants
Pyloric Stenosis, Hypertrophic: narrowing of the pyloric canal due to hypertrophy of the surrounding circular muscle. it is usually seen in infants or young children
Pyloric Stenosis, Infantile Hypertrophic, 3: aka ihps3
Pyloric Stenosis, Infantile Hypertrophic, 4: aka ihps4
Pyloric Stenosis, Infantile Hypertrophic, 5: aka ihps5
Pyloromyotomy: surgical incision of the pylorus used to treat pyloric stenoses (e.g. infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis)
Pylorus: the region of the stomach at the junction with the duodenum. it is marked by the thickening of circular muscle layers forming the pyloric sphincter to control the opening and closure of the lumen
Pyocins: bacteriocins elaborated by mutant strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa. they are protein or protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes lethal to other strains of the same or related species
Pyocyanine: antibiotic pigment produced by pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pyoderma Gangrenosum: an idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. it is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. the majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. its etiology is unknown
Pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne: a hereditary autosomal dominant disorder characterized by pyogenic (infectious) arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and severe cystic acne. onset is in childhood; pyoderma gangrenosum; and severe cystic acne occur in adolescence and beyond. other less common features may include adult-onset diabetes mellitus, type i; proteinuria, abscess formation at the site of parenteral injections, and cytopenias attributable to sulfonamide medications. mutations in the pstpip1 gene have been identified. omim: 604416
Pyometra: an accumulation of pus in the uterine cavity (uterus). pyometra generally indicates the presence of infections
Pyomyositis: an intramuscular suppuration of the large skeletal muscle groups. it is associated with infection such as staphylococcus aureus and pyoderma. it was known as a tropical disease but is increasing among the immunocompromised (immunocompromised host). symptoms include muscle pain, fever, and leucocytosis. it has been diagnosed by mri scans
Pyonephrosis: distention of kidney with the presence of pus and suppurative destruction of the renal parenchyma. it is often associated with renal obstruction and can lead to total or nearly total loss of renal function
Pyracantha: a plant genus of the family rosaceae widely cultivated as a prickly hedge with bright red berries. members contain pyracrenic acid (a lupane triterpenoid)
Pyracantha: rod rostlin čeledi rosaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují kyselinu pyrakrenovou (lupanový triterpenoid). pěstuje se jako okrasný keř
Pyramidal Cells: projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. the axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region
Pyramidal Tracts: fibers that arise from cells within the cerebral cortex, pass through the medullary pyramid, and descend in the spinal cord. many authorities say the pyramidal tracts include both the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts
Pyran Copolymer: copolymer of divinyl ether and maleic anhydride that acts as an immunostimulant with antineoplastic and anti-infective properties. it is used in combination with other antineoplastic agents
Pyranocoumarins: a type of coumarins with added pyran ring(s)
Pyrantel: a depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. it is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (from smith and reynard, textbook of pharmacology, 1992, p920)
Pyrantel Pamoate: broad spectrum antinematodal anthelmintic used also in veterinary medicine
Pyrazinamide: a pyrazine that is used therapeutically as an antitubercular agent
Pyrazines: a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula c4h4n2
Pyrazoles: azoles of two nitrogens at the 1,2 positions, next to each other, in contrast with imidazoles in which they are at the 1,3 positions
Pyrazolones: compounds with a five-membered heterocyclic ring with two nitrogens and a keto oxygen. some are inhibitors of tnf-alpha production
Pyrethrins: the active insecticidal constituent of chrysanthemum cinerariifolium flowers. pyrethrin i is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin ii is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester
Pyricularia grisea: a fungal pathogen of rice worldwide. it causes rice blast which prevents maturation of the rice grains
Pyricularia grisea: významný patogen rýže. struktury houby mohou napadat cévní systém rostlin a blokovat tak transport vody a živin, dochází ke vzniku lézí
Pyridazines: six-membered rings with two adjacent nitrogen atoms also called 1,2-diazine
Pyridines: compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing nitrogen. the saturated version is piperidines
Pyridinium Compounds: derivatives of pyridine containing a cation c5h5nh or radical c5h6n
Pyridinolcarbamate: a drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)
Pyridostigmine Bromide: a cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than neostigmine. it is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants
Pyridoxal: the 4-carboxyaldehyde form of vitamin b 6 which is converted to pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid
Pyridoxal Kinase: an enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyridoxal in the presence of atp with the formation of pyridoxal 5-phosphate and adp. pyridoxine, pyridoxamine and various derivatives can also act as acceptors. ec 2.7.1.35
Pyridoxal Phosphate: this is the active form of vitamin b 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. during transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (pyridoxamine)
Pyridoxamine: the 4-aminomethyl form of vitamin b 6. during transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate
Pyridoxaminephosphate Oxidase: an enzyme catalyzing the deamination of pyridoxaminephosphate to pyridoxal phosphate. it is a flavoprotein that also oxidizes pyridoxine-5-phosphate and pyridoxine. ec 1.4.3.5
Pyridoxic Acid: the catabolic product of most of vitamin b 6; (pyridoxine; pyridoxal; and pyridoxamine) which is excreted in the urine
Pyridoxine: the 4-methanol form of vitamin b 6 which is converted to pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. although pyridoxine and vitamin b 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (ee snell; ann ny acad sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990)
Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy: a hereditary combination of various seizure types that occur in neonates and are unresponsive to standard anticonvulsant agents. they can be treated only by the immediate administration of pyridoxine hydrochloride. this treatment must continue or the seizures will re-appear. some patients show developmental delay. prevalence is 1 in 400,000 to 700,000 births. germline mutations in the aldh7a1 gene have been identified. omim: 266100
Pyriform Sinus: a recess on each side in the wall of the hypopharynx
Pyrilamine: a histamine h1 antagonist. it has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. it is a common ingredient of cold remedies
Pyrimethamine: one of the folic acid antagonists that is used as an antimalarial or with a sulfonamide to treat toxoplasmosis
Pyrimidine Dimers: dimers found in dna chains damaged by ultraviolet rays. they consist of two adjacent pyrimidine nucleotides, usually thymine nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. these dimers block dna replication
Pyrimidine Nucleosides: pyrimidines with a ribose attached that can be phosphorylated to pyrimidine nucleotides
Pyrimidine Nucleotides: pyrimidines with a ribose and phosphate attached that can polymerize to form dna and rna
Pyrimidine Phosphorylases: pentosyltransferases that catalyze the reaction between a pyrimidine nucleoside and orthophosphate to form a free pyrimidine and ribose-5-phosphate
Pyrimidines: a family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. they include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine; thymine; and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates
Pyrimidinones: heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula c4h4n2o
Pyrin: a tripartite motif protein that consists of an n-terminal pyrin domain, a central coiled-coil region and b-box type zinc finger, and c-terminal regions that mediate homotrimerization and interactions with other proteins (the b30.2/spry domain). it is expressed primarily by mature granulocytes and associates with the cytoskeleton in the perinuclear area as well as autophagosomes, where it co-ordinates the assembly of autophagy-related proteins and degradation of inflammasome components. it functions in innate immunity and inflammation; mutations in the pyrin protein (mefv) gene are associated with familial mediterranean fever
Pyrin Domain: a protein interaction domain of the death domain superfamily. it is characterized by a 6-helix bundle similar to those that occur in death domain receptors. pyrin domains are present in a variety of proteins, especially those that function in inflammasomes; autophagy; and apoptosis. they form homodimers or heterodimers with death domain proteins to facilitate the assembly of signaling complexes
Pyrithiamine: a thiamine antagonist due to its inhibition of thiamine pyrophosphorylation. it is used to produce thiamine deficiency
Pyrithioxin: a neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. it has no vitamin b6 activity
Pyrobaculum: a genus of rod-shaped, almost rectangular archaea, in the family thermoproteaceae. organisms are facultatively aerobic or strictly anaerobic, grow on various organic substrates, and are found in continental solfataras
Pyrobaculum: rod archeí čeledi thermoproteaceae. mají tyčkovitý, téměř kvádrovitý tvar. jsou fakultativně aerobní nebo striktně anaerobní, rostou na různých organických substrátech a vyskytují se v pevninských solfatarech
Pyrococcus: a genus of strictly anaerobic ultrathermophilic archaea, in the family thermococcaceae, occurring in heated seawaters. they exhibit heterotrophic growth at an optimum temperature of 100 degrees c
Pyrococcus: rod striktně anaerobních, ultratermofilních, heterotrofních archeí čeledi thermococcaceae. vyskytují se v horkých mořských ekosystémech, optimální teplota růstu je 100 °c
Pyrococcus abyssi: a species of gram-negative hyperthermophilic archaea found in deep ocean hydrothermal vents. it is an obligate anaerobe and obligate chemoorganotroph
Pyrococcus abyssi: druh gramnegativních, hypertermofilních archeí. vyskytují se v hlubokomořských hydrotermálních sopouších. jsou obligátně anaerobní a obligátně chemoorganotrofní
Pyrococcus furiosus: a species of strictly anaerobic, hyperthermophilic archaea which lives in geothermally-heated marine sediments. it exhibits heterotropic growth by fermentation or sulfur respiration
Pyrococcus furiosus: druh striktně anaerobních, hypertermofilních archeí, které žijí v geotermálních mořských sedimentech. jsou heterotrofní, energii získávají fermentací nebo sirnou respirací
Pyrococcus horikoshii: anaerobic hyperthermophilic species of archaea, isolated from hydrothermal fluid samples. it is obligately heterotrophic with coccoid cells that require tryptophan for growth
Pyrococcus horikoshii: druh anaerobních, hypertermofilních archeí izolovaný z hydrotermálních vzorků. jejich buňky mají kokoidní tvar. tyto organismy jsou obligátně heterotrofní, k růstu potřebují tryptofan
Pyrodictiaceae: a family of archaea, in the order desulfurococcales consisting of anaerobic coccoid to disc-shaped cells. they grow either chemolithoautotrophically or by fermentation. three genera are recognized: pyrodictium, hyperthermus, and pyrolobus
Pyrodictiaceae: čeleď archeí řádu desulforococcales zahrnující anaerobní mikroorganismy kokoidního až diskoidního tvaru. rostou chemolitoautotrofně nebo získávají energii fermentací. patří sem rody pyrodictium, hyperthermus a pyrolobus
Pyrogallol: a trihydroxybenzene or dihydroxy phenol that can be prepared by heating gallic acid
Pyrogens: substances capable of increasing body temperature and cause fever and may be used for fever therapy. they may be of microbial origin, often polysaccharides, and may contaminate distilled water
Pyroglobulins: atypical gamma immunoglobulins characterized by their irreversible heat denaturation at 56-degrees c. pyroprecipitation is inhibited at ph below 3 and above 9. the presence of pyroglobulins in the serum is the cause of pyroglobulinemia. they are frequently present in multiple myeloma and the pyroglobulin precipitate binds complement, reacts with rheumatoid factor, produces passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, generalized passive anaphylaxis and passive arthus-type phenomena
Pyroglutamate Hydrolase: hydrolyzes pyroglutamic acid in the presence of atp to glutamate plus adp and inorganic phosphate. deficiency leads to pyroglutamic acidurea
Pyroglutamyl-Peptidase I: an enzyme that catalyzes the release of a n-terminal pyroglutamyl group from a polypeptide provided the next residue is not proline. it is inhibited by thiol-blocking reagents and occurs in mammalian tissues, microorganisms, and plants. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 3.4.19.3
Pyroglyphidae: family of house dust mites, in the superfamily analgoidea, order astigmata. they include the genera dermatophagoides and euroglyphus
Pyroglyphidae: čeleď roztočů z nadčeledi analgoidea, z řádu astigmata, kteří žijí v domácím prachu. patří sem např. rody dermatophagoides a euroglyphus
Pyrola: a plant genus of the family pyrolaceae. the common name of wintergreen is more often used for gaultheria
Pyrolaceae: a plant family of the order ericales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida
Pyrolaceae: dřívější čeleď řádu ericales, třídy rosopsida. dnes jako podčeleď začleněna do čeledi ericaceae (vřesovcovité). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Pyrolysis: high temperature decomposition without addition of extra air or oxygen. it yields syngas, bio-oil and bio-char
Pyronine: xanthene dye used as a bacterial and biological stain. synonyms: pyronin; pyronine g; pyronine y. use also for pyronine b. which is diethyl-rather than dimethylamino-
Pyrophosphatases: a group of enzymes within the class ec 3.6.1.- that catalyze the hydrolysis of diphosphate bonds, chiefly in nucleoside di- and triphosphates. they may liberate either a mono- or diphosphate. ec 3.6.1.-
Pyroptosis: type of programmed cell death associated with infection by intracellular pathogens. it is characterized by inflammasome formation; activation of caspase 1; and cytokines mediated inflammation
Pyrost: totally deproteinized pure mineral bone used as structurally stable bone replacement material
Pyrrolidines: compounds also known as tetrahydropyridines with general molecular formula (ch2)4nh
Pyrrolidinones: a group of compounds that are derivatives of oxo-pyrrolidines. a member of this group is 2-oxo pyrrolidine, which is an intermediate in the manufacture of polyvinylpyrrolidone. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: a cyclized derivative of l-glutamic acid. elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of glutamine or glutathione metabolism
Pyrroline Carboxylate Reductases: a group of enzymes that catalyze the reduction of 1-pyrroline carboxylate to proline in the presence of nad(p)h. includes both the 2-oxidoreductase (ec 1.5.1.1) and the 5-oxidoreductase (ec 1.5.1.2). the former also reduces 1-piperidine-2-carboxylate to pipecolate and the latter also reduces 1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate to hydroxyproline
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: a group of alkaloids, characterized by a nitrogen-containing necine, occurring mainly in plants of the boraginaceae; compositae; and leguminosae plant families. they can be activated in the liver by hydrolysis of the ester and desaturation of the necine base to reactive electrophilic pyrrolic cytotoxins
Pyrrolnitrin: 3-chloro-4-(3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)pyrrole. antifungal antibiotic isolated from pseudomonas pyrrocinia. it is effective mainly against trichophyton, microsporium, epidermophyton, and penicillium
Pyrroloiminoquinones: derivatives of quinolines with fused pyrroles and a keto group or indolequinones with fused piperidines
Pyrularia: a plant genus of the family santalaceae. members contain thionin toxin, which shouldn't be confused with thionine
Pyrularia: rod rostlin čeledi santalaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují toxin thionin
Pyruvaldehyde: an organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. it has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals
Pyruvate Carboxylase: a biotin-dependent enzyme belonging to the ligase family that catalyzes the addition of carbon dioxide to pyruvate. it is occurs in both plants and animals. deficiency of this enzyme causes severe psychomotor retardation and acidosis, lactic in infants. ec 6.4.1.1
Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency Disease: an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by absent or decreased pyruvate carboxylase activity, the enzyme that regulates gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and neurotransmitter synthesis. clinical manifestations include lactic acidosis, seizures, respiratory distress, marked psychomotor delay, periodic hypoglycemia, and hypotonia. the clinical course may be similar to leigh disease. (from am j hum genet 1998 jun;62(6):1312-9)
Pyruvate Decarboxylase: catalyzes the decarboxylation of an alpha keto acid to an aldehyde and carbon dioxide. thiamine pyrophosphate is an essential cofactor. in lower organisms, which ferment glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide, the enzyme irreversibly decarboxylates pyruvate to acetaldehyde. ec 4.1.1.1
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide): the e1 component of the multienzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. it is composed of 2 alpha subunits (pyruvate dehydrogenase e1 alpha subunit) and 2 beta subunits (pyruvate dehydrogenase e1 beta subunit)
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)-Phosphatase: (pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide))-phosphate phosphohydrolase. a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic removal of a phosphate on a specific seryl hydroxyl group of pyruvate dehydrogenase, reactivating the enzyme complex. ec 3.1.3.43
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase: a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme located in the mitochondria which converts pyruvate to acetyl coa in the citric acid cycle, phosphorylates serine residues on pyruvate dehydrogenase using atp, and plays a key role in the regulation of glucose and fatty acid metabolism
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex: a multienzyme complex responsible for the formation of acetyl coenzyme a from pyruvate. the enzyme components are pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide); dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase; and lipoamide dehydrogenase. pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is subject to three types of control: inhibited by acetyl-coa and nadh; influenced by the energy state of the cell; and inhibited when a specific serine residue in the pyruvate decarboxylase is phosphorylated by atp. pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)-phosphatase catalyzes reactivation of the complex. (from concise encyclopedia biochemistry and molecular biology, 3rd ed)
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency Disease: an inherited metabolic disorder caused by deficient enzyme activity in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, resulting in deficiency of acetyl coa and reduced synthesis of acetylcholine. two clinical forms are recognized: neonatal and juvenile. the neonatal form is a relatively common cause of lactic acidosis in the first weeks of life and may also feature an erythematous rash. the juvenile form presents with lactic acidosis, alopecia, intermittent ataxia; seizures; and an erythematous rash. (from j inherit metab dis 1996;19(4):452-62) autosomal recessive and x-linked forms are caused by mutations in the genes for the three different enzyme components of this multisubunit pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. one of the mutations at xp22.2-p22.1 in the gene for the e1 alpha component of the complex leads to leigh disease
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E2 Deficiency: mutation in dlat
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E3-Binding Protein Deficiency: mutation in pdhx
Pyruvate Kinase: atp:pyruvate 2-o-phosphotransferase. a phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of atp. it has four isozymes (l, r, m1, and m2). deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. ec 2.7.1.40
Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency of Red Cells: an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the pklr gene (pyruvate kinase). it is the most common cause of hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia and is also the most frequent enzyme abnormality of glycolysis. omim: 266200
Pyruvate Metabolism, Inborn Errors: hereditary disorders of pyruvate metabolism. they are difficult to diagnose and describe because pyruvate is a key intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. some inherited metabolic disorders may alter pyruvate metabolism indirectly. disorders in pyruvate metabolism appear to lead to deficiencies in neurotransmitter synthesis and, consequently, to nervous system disorders
Pyruvate Synthase: a ferredoxin-containing enzyme that catalyzes the coenzyme a-dependent oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-coenzyme a and carbon dioxide
Pyruvate, Orthophosphate Dikinase: an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of atp, pyruvate, and orthophosphate to form amp plus phosphoenolpyruvate plus pyrophosphate. ec 2.7.9.1
Pyruvic Acid: an intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. in thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (from stedman, 26th ed)
Pythiosis: a granulomatous disease caused by the aquatic organism pythium insidiosum and occurring primarily in horses, cattle, dogs, cats, fishes, and rarely in humans. it is classified into three forms: ocular, cutaneous, and arterial
Pythium: a genus of destructive root-parasitic oomycetes in the family pythiaceae, order peronosporales, commonly found in cultivated soils all over the world. differentiation of zoospores takes place in a vesicle
Pythium: rod zhoubných parazitických oomycet čeledi pythiaceae, řádu pythiales. obvykle žijí v hospodářské půdě a napadají kořeny zemědělských plodin. k tvorbě zoospor dochází ve váčku vyhřezlém ze sporangia
Pyuria: the presence of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the urine. it is often associated with bacterial infections of the urinary tract. pyuria without bacteriuria can be caused by tuberculosis, stones, or cancer
Pákistán: federativní republika ležící v jižní asii. hlavní město je islámábád. na jihovýchodě hraničí s indií, na severovýchodě s čínou, na severozápadě s afghánistánem, na jihozápadě s íránem
Q 2-1090: dimethyl silicone dielectric liquid (dow corning) used in power transformers
Q Fever: an acute infectious disease caused by coxiella burnetii. it is characterized by a sudden onset of fever; headache; malaise; and weakness. in humans, it is commonly contracted by inhalation of infected dusts derived from infected domestic animals (animals, domestic)
Q beta Replicase: an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of the rna of coliphage q beta. ec 2.7.7.-
Q-SNARE Proteins: snare proteins in which the central amino acid residue of the snare motif is a glutamine. they are classified separately from the r-snare proteins where the central amino acid residue of the snare motif is an arginine. subfamilies, the qa-snares; qb-snares; and qc-snares are grouped by the position of their snare motif-containing-domains in the snare complex and by their sequence similarities
Q-Sort: a personality assessment technique in which the subject or observer indicates the degree to which a standardized set of descriptive statements actually describes the subject. the term reflects sorting procedures occasionally used with this technique
Q-beta-replikasa: enzym, který katalyzuje replikaci rna kolifágu q beta. ec 2.7.7.-
Q-horečka: horečka q, akutní infekční onemocnění způsobené coxiella burnetii, které se na člověka přenáší z dobytka. může se vyskytnout i u nás. má různé formy (plicní, chřipkovou, gastrointestinální, meningoencefalitickou), léčí se antibiotiky. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2014 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Q-třídění: q-třídění připomíná dotazníkové šetření. pracuje se sadou výroků, které reprezentují možné odpovědi na nějakou základní otázku. respondenti vyjadřují míru souhlasu s danými výroky. respondenti musí výroky vzájemně porovnávat a musí jim přidělovat stupně významu od nejvyššího po nejnižší, přičemž každá úroveň významu smí být obsazena zcela určitým počtem výroků. výroků může být libovolný počet, třídění musí být tomuto počtu uzpůsobeno tak, aby na jeho krajích vždy figurovalo menší množství výroků než uprostřed (třídění kopíruje gaussovu křivku). tento postup donutí respondenty skutečně uvažovat o prioritách
QMix root canal irrigant: contains a bisguanide and a polyaminocarboxylic acid calcium-chelating agent
Qa-SNARE Proteins: a subfamily of q-snare proteins which occupy the same position as syntaxin 1a in the snare complex and which also are most similar to syntaxin 1a in their amino acid sequence. this subfamily is also known as the syntaxins, although a few so called syntaxins are qc-snares
Qatar: a country in the middle east, a peninsula bordering the persian gulf and saudi arabia. the capital is doha
Qazi Markouizos syndrome: hypotonia, psychomotor retardation, seizures, delayed and dysharmonic skeletal maturation, and congenital fibre type disproportion
Qb-SNARE Proteins: a subfamily of q-snare proteins which occupy the same position in the snare complex as the n-terminal snare domain of snap-25 and which also are most similar to the n-terminal region of snap-25 in their amino acid sequence
Qc-SNARE Proteins: a subfamily of q-snare proteins which occupy the same position in the snare complex as the c-terminal snare domain of snap-25 and which also are most similar to the c-terminal region of snap-25 in their amino acid sequence
Qi: the vital life force in the body, supposedly able to be regulated by acupuncture. it corresponds roughly to the greek pneuma, the latin spiritus, and the ancient indian prana. the concept of life-breath or vital energy was formulated as an indication of the awareness of man, originally directed externally toward nature or society but later turned inward to the self or life within. (from comparison between concepts of life-breath in east and west, 15th international symposium on the comparative history of medicine - east and west, august 26-september 3, 1990, shizuoka, japan, pp. ix-x)
Qigong: an ancient chinese system of postures, exercises, breathing techniques, and meditations designed to improve and enhance the body's qi
Quadriceps Muscle: the quadriceps femoris. a collective name of the four-headed skeletal muscle of the thigh, comprised of the rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis
Quadricuspid Aortic Valve: congenital malformation where the aortic valve has four instead of three cusps. it is often associated with aortic regurgitation and aortic valve stenosis
Quadriplegia: severe or complete loss of motor function in all four limbs which may result from brain diseases; spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; neuromuscular diseases; or rarely muscular diseases. the locked-in syndrome is characterized by quadriplegia in combination with cranial muscle paralysis. consciousness is spared and the only retained voluntary motor activity may be limited eye movements. this condition is usually caused by a lesion in the upper brain stem which injures the descending cortico-spinal and cortico-bulbar tracts
Quadruplets: four individuals derived from four fetuses that were fertilized at or about the same time, developed in the uterus simultaneously, and born to the same mother
Quail: common name for two distinct groups of birds in the order galliformes: the new world or american quails of the family odontophoridae and the old world quails in the genus coturnix, family phasianidae
Qualitative Research: any type of research that employs nonnumeric information to explore individual or group characteristics, producing findings not arrived at by statistical procedures or other quantitative means. (qualitative inquiry: a dictionary of terms thousand oaks, ca: sage publications, 1997)
Quality Assurance, Health Care: activities and programs intended to assure or improve the quality of care in either a defined medical setting or a program. the concept includes the assessment or evaluation of the quality of care; identification of problems or shortcomings in the delivery of care; designing activities to overcome these deficiencies; and follow-up monitoring to ensure effectiveness of corrective steps
Quality Control: a system for verifying and maintaining a desired level of quality in a product or process by careful planning, use of proper equipment, continued inspection, and corrective action as required. (random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Quality Indicators, Health Care: norms, criteria, standards, and other direct qualitative and quantitative measures used in determining the quality of health care
Quality of Health Care: the levels of excellence which characterize the health service or health care provided based on accepted standards of quality
Quality of Life: a generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral, social environment as well as health and disease
Quality-Adjusted Life Years: a measurement index derived from a modification of standard life-table procedures and designed to take account of the quality as well as the duration of survival. this index can be used in assessing the outcome of health care procedures or services. (bioethics thesaurus, 1994)
Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence: a fluorescence technique used in dentistry for the analysis of mineral changes in dental enamel to detect early dental caries, or for the evaluation other normal or pathological processes or lesions of the dental enamel
Quantitative Phase Imaging: contrast imaging generated from the measurements of phase shift changes of light waves as they pass through transparent objects of varying thickness and refractivity
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship: a quantitative prediction of the biological, ecotoxicological or pharmaceutical activity of a molecule. it is based upon structure and activity information gathered from a series of similar compounds
Quantitative Trait, Heritable: a characteristic showing quantitative inheritance such as skin pigmentation in humans. (from a dictionary of genetics, 4th ed)
Quantum Dots: nanometer sized fragments of semiconductor crystalline material which emit photons. the wavelength is based on the quantum confinement size of the dot. they can be embedded in microbeads for high throughput analytical chemistry techniques
Quantum Mechanics: the field of physics that explains how extremely small objects simultaneously have the characteristics of both particles (tiny pieces of matter) and waves (a disturbance or variation that transfers energy)
Quantum Theory: the theory that the radiation and absorption of energy take place in definite quantities called quanta (e) which vary in size and are defined by the equation e=hv in which h is planck's constant and v is the frequency of the radiation
Quarantine: limited freedom of movement of individuals to reduce the risk of spread of communicable disease by those who have been exposed to infectious or communicable disease in order to prevent its spread; a period of detention of vessels, vehicles, or travelers coming from infected or suspected places; and detention or isolation on account of suspected contagion. it includes government regulations on travel restrictions, border security measures to mitigate spread of a contagion and the detention of animals at frontiers or ports of entrance for the prevention of infectious disease. (from black's veterinary dictionary, 17th ed)
Quartz: quartz (sio2). a glassy or crystalline form of silicon dioxide. many colored varieties are semiprecious stones. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Quartz Crystal Microbalance Techniques: the use of a quartz crystal microbalance for measuring weights and forces in the micro- to nanogram range. it is used to study the chemical and mechanical properties of thin layers, such as polymer coatings and lipid membranes; and interactions between molecues
Quasispecies: variations among a population of a given species due to errors in replication of the genome that result in a distribution of non-identical members
Quassia: a plant genus of the family simaroubaceae. members contain quassinoids. quassia simarouba has been reclassified as simarouba
Quassia: rod rostlin čeledi simaroubaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují quassinoidy. quassia simarouba byla přeřazena do rodu simarouba
Quassins: a group of degraded triterpenes which have lost ten carbons (8 from the side chain, c17, and one from c4) so have c20 skeletons which could be misinterpreted as diterpenes. they especially occur in plants of the simaroubaceae family
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: derivatives of ammonium compounds, nh4+ y-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. these are distinguished from imines which are rn=cr2
Quaternary Prevention: actions taken to protect individuals (i.e. persons/patients) from unnecessary medical interventions that are likely to cause more harm than good
Quebec: a province of eastern canada. its capital is quebec. the region belonged to france from 1627 to 1763 when it was lost to the british. the name is from the algonquian quilibek meaning the place where waters narrow, referring to the gradually narrowing channel of the st. lawrence or to the narrows of the river at cape diamond. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p993 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p440)
Queensland: a state in northeastern australia. its capital is brisbane. its coast was first visited by captain cook in 1770 and its first settlement (penal) was located on moreton bay in 1824. the name cooksland was first proposed but honor to queen victoria prevailed. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p996 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p441)
Queensland: queensland je spolkový stát na severovýchodě světadílu a státu austrálie. 45 % obyvatel queenslandu žije v hlavním městě brisbane. v letech 1859 až 1901 se stal britskou korunní kolonií, předtím byl částí nového jižního walesu. v roce 1901 se stal členským státem austrálie. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Quercetin: a flavonol widely distributed in plants. it is an antioxidant, like many other phenolic heterocyclic compounds. glycosylated forms include rutin and quercetrin
Quercus: a plant genus of the family fagaceae that is a source of tannins. do not confuse with holly (ilex)
Quetiapine Fumarate: a dibenzothiazepine and antipsychotic agent that targets the serotonin 5-ht2 receptor; histamine h1 receptor, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the dopamine d1 receptor and dopamine d2 receptor. it is used in the treatment of schizophrenia; bipolar disorder and depressive disorder
Quick Diagnosis Units: alternatives to conventional hospitalization for the diagnosis of suspected serious diseases allowing coordinated diagnostic procedures
QuickCast: a thermoplastic casting material; consists of a fiberglass and rubber fabric and a supportive polymer
Quillaja: rod rostlin čeledi quillajaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují saponiny
Quillaja Saponins: natural detergents made up of a heterogeneous mixture of molecules having a triterpenoid core structure. they vary in aglycone (sapogenin) and sugar moieties, including glucose
Quinacrine: an acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. it has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. it is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase a2
Quinacrine Mustard: nitrogen mustard analog of quinacrine used primarily as a stain in the studies of chromosomes and chromatin. fluoresces by reaction with nucleic acids in chromosomes
Quinapril: a tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor that is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure
Quinazolines: a group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring
Quinazolinones: chemicals with two conjoined aromatic rings incorporating two nitrogen atoms and one of the carbons oxidized with a keto oxygen
Quinestrol: the 3-cyclopentyl ether of ethinyl estradiol. after gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in adipose tissue, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. it has been used in estrogen replacement therapy. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1992, p1011)
Quinic Acid: an acid which is found in cinchona bark and elsewhere in plants. (from stedman, 26th ed)
Quinidine: an optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the chinchona tree and similar plant species. this alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. it prolongs cellular action potentials, and decreases automaticity. quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission
Quinine: an alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. it is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. it was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. the mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood
Quinolinic Acid: a metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. elevated csf levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have aids
Quinolinic Acids: dicarboxylic acids with a pyridine backbone. quinolinic acids are downstream products of the kynurenine pathway which metabolize amino acid tryptophan
Quinolizidine Alkaloids: alkaloids containing quinolizidine ring structure. they are found in the genistoid legumes of fabaceae (formerly leguminosae) including genera lupinus and sophora
Quinolizidines: saturated quinolizines that are two fused six-membered rings with a nitrogen atom at the ring fusion. they are biosynthesized in plants by cyclization of a lysine coupled to cadaverine. many of them are naturally occurring alkaloids
Quinolones: a group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or nalidixic acid
Quinone Reductases: nad(p)h:(quinone acceptor) oxidoreductases. a family that includes three enzymes which are distinguished by their sensitivity to various inhibitors. ec 1.6.99.2 (nad(p)h dehydrogenase (quinone);) is a flavoprotein which reduces various quinones in the presence of nadh or nadph and is inhibited by dicoumarol. ec 1.6.99.5 (nadh dehydrogenase (quinone)) requires nadh, is inhibited by amp and 2,4-dinitrophenol but not by dicoumarol or folic acid derivatives. ec 1.6.99.6 (nadph dehydrogenase (quinone)) requires nadph and is inhibited by dicoumarol and folic acid derivatives but not by 2,4-dinitrophenol
Quinones: hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. they can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups
Quintuplets: five individuals derived from five fetuses that were fertilized at or about the same time, developed in the uterus simultaneously, and born to the same mother
Quinuclidines: a class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group
Quinuclidinyl Benzilate: a high-affinity muscarinic antagonist commonly used as a tool in animal and tissue studies
Quipazine: a pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. it has been proposed as an oxytocic
Quisqualic Acid: an agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. the compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of quisqualis chinensis
Quorum Sensing: a phenomenon where microorganisms communicate and coordinate their behavior by the accumulation of signaling molecules. a reaction occurs when a substance accumulates to a sufficient concentration. this is most commonly seen in bacteria
R Factors: a class of plasmids that transfer antibiotic resistance from one bacterium to another by conjugation
R-14 regimen: combination of above cpds; used in treatment of breast neoplasms
R-FCM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of rituximab, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and mitoxanthrone for treatment of mantle cell lymphoma
R-Loop Structures: an rna-dna hybrid structure formed when newly transcribed rna remains bound to its dna template. stability of r-loops may play a role in genetic instability
R-SI-LINE metal-bite registration material: highly viscous and strongly polymerized dental impression material
R-SNARE Proteins: snare proteins where the central amino acid residue of the snare motif is an arginine. they are classified separately from the q-snare proteins where the central amino acid residue of the snare motif is a glutamine. this subfamily contains the vesicle associated membrane proteins (vamps) based on similarity to the prototype for the r-snares, vamp2 (synaptobrevin 2)
R-Spondins: types of thrombospondins that regulate the wnt signaling pathway
R-plasmidy: nositel rezistence k antibiotikům, přenáší se i přes několik mezihostitelů. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2019 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
R-smyčka: r-smyčka je struktura, kdy se molekula rna (ribonukleová kyselina zodpovědná za přenos informace z úrovně nukleových kyselin do proteinů) vmezeří do dvouvláknové dna. zatímco rna s jedním z vláknem dna vytvoří stabilní hybrid, druhé vlákno dna je ponecháno samostatné a je tak náchylnější ke zlomům a mutacím. (zdroj: https://www.idnes.cz/technet/veda/ rozhovor s janou dobrovolnou 2015)
R-spondiny: typy trombospondinů, které regulují signální dráhu wnt
RAC2 GTP-Binding Protein: a small rac gtp-binding protein that forms one of the components of the nadph oxidase enzyme system
RAD28 protein, S cerevisiae: homologous to human cockayne syndrome a gene product; amino acid
RANK Ligand: a transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that specifically binds receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa b and osteoprotegerin. it plays an important role in regulating osteoclast differentiation and activation
RAP1 protein, Candida albicans: other sources say it is a peptide elongation factor; genbank z12822
RAP1 protein, S cerevisiae: activates or represses transcription, depending upon context of binding site, binds to telomeric sequences and may have role in transcriptional silencing near telomere ends
RATE protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 3 cpds & epipodophyllotoxin
RAW 264.7 Cells: a transformed macrophage cell line isolated from ascites of mice infected with abelson murine leukemia virus
RAW 264.7 buňky: transformovaná buněčná linie makrofágů izolovaných z ascitu myší, které byly infikované virem abelsonovy myší leukemie
RDX7675: a polystyrene sulfonate-based resin for the treatment of hyperkalemia
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: a disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during rem sleep (sleep, rem). the affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. this condition primarily affects adult males. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p393)