NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Herpesvirus 4, Human: the type species of lymphocryptovirus, subfamily gammaherpesvirinae, infecting b-cells in humans. it is thought to be the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis and is strongly associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (leukoplakia, hairy;), burkitt lymphoma; and other malignancies
Herpesvirus 5, Bovine: a species of varicellovirus that causes a fatal meningoencephalitis in calves
Herpesvirus 6, Human: members of the roseolovirus genus of the betaherpesvirales subfamily isolated from patients with aids and other lymphoproliferative disorders. it infects and replicates in fresh and established lines of hematopoietic cells and cells of neural origin. it also appears to alter the activity of nk cells. hhv-6; (hblv) antibodies are elevated in patients with aids; sjogren's syndrome; sarcoidosis; chronic fatigue syndrome, and certain malignancies. hhv-6a is the most common cause of exanthema subitum and has been implicated in encephalitis. when hhv-6 integrates into the host genome it is referred to as cihvh-6. when such virus integration occurs into the germline it is referred to as icihhv-6
Herpesvirus 7, Human: a species in the genus roseolovirus, of the family herpesviridae. it was isolated from activated, cd4-positive t-lymphocytes taken from the blood of a healthy human
Herpesvirus 8, Human: a species in the genus rhadinovirus, subfamily gammaherpesvirinae, isolated from patients with aids-related and classical kaposi sarcoma
Herpesvirus Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection by any virus from the family herpesviridae
Herrmann syndrome: hereditary photomyoclonus associated with diabetes mellitus, deafness, nephropathy, and cerebral dysfunction
Hersh Podruch Weisskopk syndrome: microcephaly, central nervous system dysfunction, minor craniofacial and limb anomalies, and variable growth deficiency
Heterochromatin: the portion of chromosome material that remains condensed and is transcriptionally inactive during interphase
Heterochromia iridis: asymmetry of iris pigmentation. it may occur in cases of horner syndrome; waardenburg syndrome; or piebaldism. omim: 142500
Heterocyclic Compounds: cyclic compounds that include atoms other than carbon in their ring structure
Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring: organic compounds that contain a ring structure made up of carbon and one or more additional elements such as nitrogen and oxygen
Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring: a class of heterocyclic compounds that include a two-ring fused structure. both aromatic and non-aromatic ring structures are included in this category
Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring: a class of heterocyclic compounds that include a three-ring fused structure. both aromatic or non-aromatic ring structures are included in this category
Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings: a class of heterocyclic compounds that include four or more fused rings. both aromatic or non-aromatic ring structures are included in this category
Heterocyclic Compounds, Bridged-Ring: a class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms
Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring: multiple ring heterocyclic compounds containing two or more rings that share two atoms and one bond in common
Heterocyclic Oxides: oxides of a ring compound having atoms other than carbon in its ring
Heteroduplex Analysis: a method of detecting gene mutation by mixing pcr-amplified mutant and wild-type dna followed by denaturation and reannealing. the resultant products are resolved by gel electrophoresis, with single base substitutions detectable under optimal electrophoretic conditions and gel formulations. large base pair mismatches may also be analyzed by using electron microscopy to visualize heteroduplex regions
Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A1: a heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein that contains an rna-binding motif and has poly(adp)ribose-binding capability. it functions in the packaging of pre-mrna into hnrnp particles for export to the cytoplasm and may play a role in rna splicing site selection
Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein D0: member of a subfamily of ubiquitously expressed heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnrnps), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein d0 (hnrnp d0) specifically binds rna molecules that contain au rich elements found within the 3'-utr of many proto-oncogenes and cytokines mrnas. it functions as a transcription factor, binds to double- and single-stranded dna sequences in a specific manner
Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein D: a heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoprotein that has specificity for au-rich elements found in the 3'-region of mrna and may play a role in rna stability. several isoforms of hnrnp d protein have been found to occur due to alternative mrna splicing (rna splicing)
Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-B: a class of closely related heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoproteins of approximately 34-40 kda in size. although they are generally found in the nucleoplasm, they also shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. members of this class have been found to have a role in mrna transport, telomere biogenesis and rna splicing
Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group C: a group of closely related heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoproteins of approximately 41-43 kda in size found in the cell nucleus. members of this class have been implicated in a variety of processes including splicing, polyadenylation, and nuclear retention of rna
Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group F-H: a group of closely-related heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoproteins that are involved in pre-mrna splicing
Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group M: a group of closely-related 72-74-kda heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoproteins that are involved in rna splicing events
Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K: a heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoprotein found in the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm. heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoprotein k has been implicated in the regulation of gene expression at nearly all levels: genetic transcription; mrna processing (rna processing, post-transcriptional), mrna transport, mrna stability, and translation (translation, genetic). the hnrnp protein has a strong affinity for polypyrimidine-rich rna and for single-stranded polypyrimidine-rich dna. multiple hnrnp k protein isoforms exist due to alternative splicing and display different nucleic-acid-binding properties
Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein L: a heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoprotein found associated with most nascent transcripts, most notably those of the landmark giant loops of amphibian lampbrush chromosomes
Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein U: a heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoprotein found associated with the nuclear matrix
Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins: a family of ribonucleoproteins that were originally found as proteins bound to nascent rna transcripts in the form of ribonucleoprotein particles. although considered ribonucleoproteins they are primarily classified by their protein component. they are involved in a variety of processes such as packaging of rna and rna transport within the nucleus. a subset of heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoproteins are involved in additional functions such as nucleocytoplasmic transport (active transport, cell nucleus) of rna and mrna stability in the cytoplasm
Heterokontophyta: infraříše eukaryotické superskupiny sar resp. podříše harosa. jedná se o značně heterogenní skupinu, někteří zástupci jsou mnohobuněční, jiní jednobuněční. mnoho stramenopil obsahuje plastidy získané sekundární endosymbiotickou událostí u jejich společného předka. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Heterophyidae: a family of intestinal flukes of the class trematoda which occurs in animals and man. some of the genera are heterophyes, metagonimus, cryptocotyle, stellantchasmus, and euryhelmis
Heterophyidae: čeleď střevních motolic třídy trematoda parazitujících u zvířat a člověka. patří sem např. rody heterophyes, metagonimus, cryptocotyle, stellantchasmus a euryhelmis
Heteroplasmy: the occurrence of more than one organellar genome in the organelle population of a cell, tissue, or individual organism. it is due to the accumulation of different mutations that occur within the population of individual organelles of a cell
Heteroptera: a suborder of hemiptera, called true bugs, characterized by the possession of two pairs of wings. it includes the medically important families cimicidae and reduviidae. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Heteroptera: podřád polokřídlých charakterizovaný dvěma páry křídel. patří sem zdravotnicky významné čeledi cimicidae a reduviidae
Heterotaxy Syndrome: abnormal thoracoabdominal viscera arrangement (visceral heterotaxy) or malformation that involves additional congenital heart defects (e.g., heart isomerism; dextrocardia) and/or abnormal spleen (e.g., asplenia and polysplenia). irregularities with the central nervous system, the skeleton and urinary tract are often associated with the syndrome
Heterotaxy, Visceroatrial, Autosomal Recessive: aka vah autosomal recessive
Heterotaxy, visceral, X-linked: a clinically and genetically heterogeneous developmental condition where visceral organs (heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and stomach) are oriented randomly with respect to each other and the left-right axis. congenital heart defects and arrythmias are common in affected individuals. the x-linked form is caused by mutations in the zic3 gene (omim: 306955). the autosomal 5 form is dominant and is caused by mutations in the nodal gene. omim: 270100
Heterotopia, Periventricular, Associated With Chromosome 5q Deletion: associated with mutations in pvnh5
Heterotopia, Periventricular, Autosomal Recessive: mutation in arfgef2
Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins: gtp-binding proteins that contain three non-identical subunits. they are found associated with members of the seven transmembrane domain superfamily of g-protein-coupled receptors. upon activation the gtp-binding protein alpha subunit of the complex dissociates leaving a dimer of a gtp-binding protein beta subunit bound to a gtp-binding protein gamma subunit
Heterotrophic Processes: the processes by which organisms utilize organic substances as their nutrient sources. contrasts with autotrophic processes which make use of simple inorganic substances as the nutrient supply source. heterotrophs can be either chemoheterotrophs (or chemoorganotrophs) which also require organic substances such as glucose for their primary metabolic energy requirements, or photoheterotrophs (or photoorganotrophs) which derive their primary energy requirements from light. depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (autotrophy; heterotrophy; chemotrophy; or phototrophy) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements
Heterozygote: an individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character
Heuchera: a plant genus of the family saxifragaceae with dark green round or heart-shaped leaves and tiny flowers
Heuchera: rod rostlin čeledi saxifragaceae s tmavě zelenými kulatými nebo srdčitými listy a drobnými květy
Heuristics: experience-based techniques for problem-solving, learning, and discovery that find a solution which is not guaranteed to be optimal, but sufficient for a given set of goals
Hevea: a plant genus of the family euphorbiaceae, order euphorbiales, subclass rosidae. commercial natural rubber is mainly obtained from hevea brasiliensis but also from some other plants
HexMF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of mitomycin c, 5-fluorouracil, & hexamethylmelamine; used in treatment of regional & disseminated pancreatic cancer
Hexachlorocyclohexane: any of several polyhalogenated organic compounds consisting of a six-carbon ring with one chlorine and one hydrogen attached to each carbon
Hexachlorophene: a chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against gram-negative organisms. it is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)
Hexadimethrine Bromide: a synthetic polymer which agglutinates red blood cells. it is used as a heparin antagonist
Hexamethonium: a nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. it is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. it has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool
Hexamethonium Compounds: compounds containing the hexamethylenebis(trimethylammonium) cation. members of this group frequently act as antihypertensive agents and selective ganglionic blocking agents
Hexanes: six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. include isomers and derivatives. various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning
Hexanols: isomeric forms and derivatives of hexanol (c6h11oh)
Hexestrol: a synthetic estrogen that has been used as a hormonal antineoplastic agent
Hexetidine: a bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. it is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)
Hexobarbital: a barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative
Hexobendine: a potent vasoactive agent that dilates cerebral and coronary arteries, but slightly constricts femoral arteries, without any effects on heart rate, blood pressure or cardiac output
Hexokinase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of atp and a d-hexose to adp and a d-hexose 6-phosphate. d-glucose, d-mannose, d-fructose, sorbitol, and d-glucosamine can act as acceptors; itp and datp can act as donors. the liver isoenzyme has sometimes been called glucokinase. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 2.7.1.1
Hexoprenaline: stimulant of adrenergic beta 2 receptors. it is used as a bronchodilator, antiasthmatic agent, and tocolytic agent
Hexosamines: amino sugars created by adding an amine group to a hexose sugar
Hexosaminidase A: a mammalian beta-hexosaminidase isoform that is a heteromeric protein comprized of both hexosaminidase alpha and hexosaminidase beta subunits. deficiency of hexosaminidase a due to mutations in the gene encoding the hexosaminidase alpha subunit is a case of tay-sachs disease. deficiency of hexosaminidase a and hexosaminidase b due to mutations in the gene encoding the hexosaminidase beta subunit is a case of sandhoff disease
Hexosaminidase B: a mammalian beta-hexosaminidase isoform that is comprized of hexosaminidase beta subunits. deficiency of hexosaminidase b due to mutations in the gene encoding the hexosaminidase beta subunit is a case of sandhoff disease
Hexosaminidases: enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of n-acylhexosamine residues in n-acylhexosamides. hexosaminidases also act on glucosides; galactosides; and several oligosaccharides
Hexoses: monosaccharides whose molecules contain six carbon atoms, such as glucose and fructose. they generally have the chemical formula c6h12o6
Hexosyltransferases: enzymes that catalyze the transfer of hexose groups. ec 2.4.1.-
Hexuronic Acids: term used to designate tetrahydroxy aldehydic acids obtained by oxidation of hexose sugars, i.e. glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, etc. historically, the name hexuronic acid was originally given to ascorbic acid
Hexylresorcinol: a substituted dihydroxybenzene used topically as an antiseptic for the treatment of minor skin infections
Heymann Nephritis Antigenic Complex: a complex of antigenic proteins obtained from the brush border of kidney tubules. it contains two principal components low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2 and ldl-receptor related protein-associated protein. the name of this complex is derived from researcher, dr. walter heymann, who developed an experimental model of membranous glomerulonephritis (glomerulonephritis) by injecting this antigenic complex into rats to induce an autoimmune response
Heřmanského-Pudlákův syndrom: trombocytopatie s krvácivými poruchami a okulokutánní albinismus s autozomálně recesivní dědičností. zvláštní varianta tyrosin-pozitivního generalizovaného albinismu v asociaci s absencí denzních tělísek trombocytů a akumulací ceroidů v tkáních; v makrofázích jsou patrné pigmentace. onemocnění se projevuje částečným nebo úplným albinismem, hemoragickou diatézou (s prodlouženou krvácivostí bez poruchy srážlivosti a bez trombocytopenie). střádání ceroidů v tkáních je nejvýraznější v plicích (fibróza plic s výraznou restrikcí) a v ledvinách (renální selhání kolem 4. dekády života). třetí nejčastější varianta generalizovaného albinismu. prognóza je dána rozvojem plicní hypertenze a komplikacemi diatézy po zařazení do chronického dialyzačního programu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
HiC-COM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of stage iii & iv burkitt's lymphoma & b-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Hibernation: the dormant state in which some warm-blooded animal species pass the winter. it is characterized by narcosis and by sharp reduction in body temperature and metabolic activity and by a depression of vital signs
Hibiscus: a plant genus of the family malvaceae. members contain citric acid; malates; anthocyanins; flavonoids; glycosides; dietary fiber; and lignans. hibiscus sabdariffa is common constituent of herbal teas. hibiscus cannabinus is a source of hemp fiber for textiles
Hibiscus: rod rostlin čeledi malvaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují kyselinu citronovou, maláty, anthokyaniny, flavonoidy, glykosidy, vlákninu a lignany. hibiscus sabdariffa je součástí bylinných čajů. hibiscus cannabinus je zdrojem vlákna pro výrobu textilií
Hiccup: a spasm of the diaphragm that causes a sudden inhalation followed by rapid closure of the glottis which produces a sound
Hidden Markov Models: finite learnable stochastic models often used in machine learning consisting of two processes: a markov chain and an event observed and analyzed in a state unknown or hidden to the observer. hidden markov models are often used in bioinformatics, time series analysis and speech and handwriting recognition
Hidradenitis: the inflammation of a sweat gland (usually of the apocrine type). the condition can be idiopathic or occur as a result of or in association with another underlying condition. neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis is a relatively rare variant that has been reported in patients undergoing chemotherapy, usually for non-hodgkin lymphomas or leukemic conditions
Hidradenitis Suppurativa: a chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. it is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. as the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident
Hidrocystoma: a cystic form of sweat gland adenoma (adenoma, sweat gland). it is produced by the cystic proliferation of apocrine secretory glands. it is not uncommon, occurring in adult life in no particular age group, with males and females equally affected. the commonest site is around the eye, particularly lateral to the outer canthus. it is cured by surgical removal. (stedman, 25th ed; rook et al., textbook of dermatology, 4th ed, p2410)
High Fructose Corn Syrup: syrup made from corn used widely in foods and beverages as a cheaper alternative sweetener to sucrose (common table sugar). it is generated by enzymatic processing of natural corn syrup to produce a liquid most widely composed of 42 or 55% fructose, glucose, and various polysaccharides
High Mobility Group Proteins: a family of low-molecular weight, non-histone proteins found in chromatin
High Pressure Neurological Syndrome: a syndrome related to increased atmospheric pressure and characterized by tremors, nausea, dizziness, decreased motor and mental performance, and seizures. this condition may occur in those who dive deeply (c. 1000 ft) usually while breathing a mixture of oxygen and helium. the condition is associated with a neuroexcitatory effect of helium
High Reliability Organizations: organizations operating complex, high-hazard domains for extended periods without serious accidents or catastrophic failures. the concept of high reliability extends beyond standardization. high reliability organizations cultivate resilience by relentlessly prioritizing safety over other performance pressures. (from https://psnet.ahrq.gov/primer/high-reliability accessed 3/25/2020)
High Vocal Center: nucleus in the neostriatum of bird brains that sends signals for song production and receives auditory input. in some adult songbirds, research has shown that the size of this nucleus changes seasonally and that it exhibits neurogenesis
High-Density Lipoproteins, Pre-beta: a highly dense subclass of the high-density lipoproteins, with particle sizes below 7 nm. they are also known as nascent hdl, composed of a few apolipoprotein a-i molecules which are complexed with phospholipids. the lipid-poor pre-beta-hdl particles serve as progenitors of hdl3 and then hdl2 after absorption of free cholesterol from cell membranes, cholesterol esterification, and acquisition of apolipoproteins a-ii, cs, and e. pre-beta-hdl initiate the reverse cholesterol transport process from cells to liver
High-Energy Shock Waves: high-amplitude compression waves, across which density, pressure, and particle velocity change drastically. the mechanical force from these shock waves can be used for mechanically disrupting tissues and deposits
High-Frequency Jet Ventilation: respiratory support system used primarily with rates of about 100 to 200/min with volumes of from about one to three times predicted anatomic dead space. used to treat respiratory failure and maintain ventilation under severe circumstances
High-Frequency Ventilation: ventilatory support system using frequencies from 60-900 cycles/min or more. three types of systems have been distinguished on the basis of rates, volumes, and the system used. they are high frequency positive-pressure ventilation (hfppv); high-frequency jet ventilation; (hfjv); and high-frequency oscillation (hfo)
High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation: the use of focused, high-frequency sound waves to destroy tissue. it is sometimes used in conjunction with but is distinct from interventional ultrasonography
High-Intensity Interval Training: a cardiovascular exercise strategy with alternating short periods of intense anaerobic exercise with less-intense recovery periods
High-Temperature Requirement A Serine Peptidase 1: a secreted serine protease that contains a kazal domain-like region and a c-terminal pdz domain. it has a broad range of targets that include extracellular matrix proteins; proteoglycans; and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. mutations in the htra1 gene are associated with age-related macular degeneration 7 and cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (carasil)
High-Temperature Requirement A Serine Peptidase 2: a serine peptidase that contains a c-terminal pdz domain. it localizes to the mitochondrial membrane and intermembrane space, translocating to the cytoplasm following apoptosis stimuli, such as uv irradiation; it promotes cell death by binding to and inhibiting inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, resulting in an increase in activity of caspases. mutations in the htra2 gene are associated with type 13 parkinson disease
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing: techniques of nucleotide sequence analysis that increase the range, complexity, sensitivity, and accuracy of results by greatly increasing the scale of operations and thus the number of nucleotides, and the number of copies of each nucleotide sequenced. the sequencing may be done by analysis of the synthesis or ligation products, hybridization to preexisting sequences, etc
High-Throughput Screening Assays: rapid methods of measuring the effects of an agent in a biological or chemical assay. the assay usually involves some form of automation or a way to conduct multiple assays at the same time using sample arrays
Higher Nervous Activity: a term used in eastern european research literature on brain and behavior physiology for cortical functions. it refers to the highest level of integrative function of the brain, centered in the cerebral cortex, regulating language, thought, and behavior via sensory, motor, and cognitive processes
Himalayas: mountain system in southern asia that forms a barrier between the plateau of tibet to the north and the plains of the indian subcontinent to the south. it constitutes the greatest mountain system on earth and includes more than 110 peaks rising to elevations above 24,000 feet, including mount everest. the system extends some 1,550 miles to west and covers about 230,000 sq miles. between the eastern and western extremities are several provinces of india and the kingdoms of nepal and bhutan. the glaciers and snows are the source of 19 major rivers, including the indus, ganges (ganga), and brahmaputra. (www.britannica.com/place/himalayas, accessed 12/30/2022)
Himálaj: horský systém v jižní asii, který tvoří bariéru mezi tibetskou náhorní plošinou na severu a rovinami indického subkontinentu na jihu. tvoří největší horský systém na zemi a zahrnuje více než 110 vrcholů, které se tyčí do výšky nad 8 000 kilometrů, včetně mount everestu. soustava se táhne asi 1 550 km na západ a zabírá přibližně 230 000 km². mezi východním a západním koncem se nachází několik provincií indie a království nepál a bhútán. z ledovců a sněhů pramení 19 velkých řek, včetně indu, gangy a brahmaputry
Hindlimb: either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. it usually consists of a femur; tibia; and fibula; tarsals; metatarsals; and toes. (from storer et al., general zoology, 6th ed, p73)
Hindlimb Suspension: technique for limiting use, activity, or movement by immobilizing or restraining animal by suspending from hindlimbs or tails. this immobilization is used to simulate some effects of reduced gravity and study weightlessness physiology
Hinduism: a complex body of social, cultural, and religious beliefs and practices evolved in and largely confined to the indian subcontinent and marked by a caste system, an outlook tending to view all forms and theories as aspects of one eternal being and truth, and the practice of the way of works, the way of knowledge, or the way of devotion as a means of release from the round of rebirths. (from webster, 3d ed)
Hinge Exons: immunoglobulin heavy chain gene exons coding for the hinge region of the heavy chains between the first constant region (on the fab fragments) and the second constant region (on the fc fragments)
Hip: the projecting part on each side of the body, formed by the side of the pelvis and the top portion of the femur
Hip Contracture: permanent fixation of the hip in primary positions, with limited passive or active motion at the hip joint. locomotion is difficult and pain is sometimes present when the hip is in motion. it may be caused by trauma, infection, or poliomyelitis. (from current medical information & technology, 5th ed)
Hip Dislocation, Congenital: congenital dislocation of the hip generally includes subluxation of the femoral head, acetabular dysplasia, and complete dislocation of the femoral head from the true acetabulum. this condition occurs in approximately 1 in 1000 live births and is more common in females than in males
Hip Dysplasia, Canine: a hereditary disease of the hip joints in dogs. signs of the disease may be evident any time after 4 weeks of age
Hip Fractures: fractures of the femur head; the femur neck; (femoral neck fractures); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (femoral fractures)
Hip Joint: the joint that is formed by the articulation of the head of femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis
Hippo Signaling Pathway: a signaling pathway that plays a key role in regulating tissue and organ growth. the name derives from the protein kinase hippo (hpo) found in drosophila; where mutations of the hpo gene result in tissue overgrowth and the hippopotamus phenotype
Hippocalcin: a neuronal calcium-sensor protein that was initially found in the neurons of the hippocampus. it interacts with neuronal apoptosis-inhibitory protein
Hippocampal Sclerosis: neuronal loss in the hippocampal regions of ca1 and ca4 and less severely ca2 and ca3. additional loss of hippocampal stratum radiatum, hippocampal atrophy and astrogliosis are common. hippocampal sclerosis is associated with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy
Hippocampus: a curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (see also temporal lobe). the hippocampus proper, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation
Hippocastanaceae: a plant family of the order sapindales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida
Hippocastanaceae: podčeleď dřevin z řádu sapindales (mýdelníkotvaré), třídy rosopsida (vyšší dvouděložné rostliny)
Hippocrateaceae: a plant family of the order celastrales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida. the hippocratea genus contains friedelanes, triterpenoid quinone, and hippocrateine i
Hippocrateaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu celastrales (jesencotvaré), třídy rosopsida. rod hippocratea obsahuje friedelany, triterpenoidní chinon a hippocratein i
Hippocratic Oath: an oath, attributed to hippocrates, that serves as an ethical guide for the medical profession
Hippomane: a plant genus of the family euphorbiaceae. the trees contain hippomanin a and the latex is a skin irritant
Hippomane: rod rostlin čeledi euphorbiaceae. stromy obsahují hippomanin a a jejich latex dráždí kůži
Hippophae: a plant genus of the family elaeagnaceae. linoleic (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acids (18:3n-3) comprised about 70% of seed oil fatty acids. this is unrelated to 'artificial sea buckthorn oil'. this genus does not belong to the buckthorn family (rhamnaceae)
Hippophae: rod rostlin čeledi elaeagnaceae. z plodů rakytníku řešetlákového se za studena lisuje rakytníkový olej, který obsahuje vitamíny a, b1, b2, b6, c, d, e, f, k, p, dále beta karoten, kyselinu listovou, organické kyseliny, třísloviny a minerální soli, důležité esenciální mastné kyseliny omega-3, 6, 9. je také zdrojem vzácné omega-7 mastné kyseliny. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Hirschsprung Disease: congenital megacolon resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the large intestine. the aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. in most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the rectum and sigmoid colon
Hirschsprung disease 1: a hereditary form of hirschsprung disease associated with mutations in the ret gene. omim: 142623
Hirschsprung disease polydactyly heart disease: hirschsprung disease with ulnar polydactyly, polysyndactyly of big toes, and ventricular septal defect
Hirschsprungova nemoc: vrozené onemocnění, při němž nedochází k dostatečnému uvolnění (ochabnutí) střeva na přechodu esovité kličky do konečníku s následným hromaděním střevního obsahu v tlustém střevě. příčinou je chybění nervových buněk ve stěně příslušného úseku střeva. léčba je chirurgická. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Hirsutism: a condition observed in women and children when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. it is the result of elevated androgens from the ovaries, the adrenal glands, or exogenous sources. the concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth
Hirudin Therapy: use of hirudins as an anticoagulant in the treatment of cardiological and hematological disorders
Hirudins: single-chain polypeptides of about 65 amino acids (7 kda) from leeches that have a neutral hydrophobic n terminus, an acidic hydrophilic c terminus, and a compact, hydrophobic core region. recombinant hirudins lack tyr-63 sulfation and are referred to as 'desulfato-hirudins'. they form a stable non-covalent complex with alpha-thrombin, thereby abolishing its ability to cleave fibrinogen
Hirudo medicinalis: a species of european freshwater leeches used for bloodletting in ancient times and also for leeching in modern times
His6-tagged elastin-like peptide: possible clinical use as biocompatible material ; has been sequenced
Hispanic or Latino: a person of cuban, mexican, puerto rican, south or central american, or other spanish culture or origin, regardless of race (https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1997/10/30/97-28653/revisions-to-the-standards-for-the-classification-of-federal-data-on-race-and-ethnicity). in the united states it is used for classification of federal government data on race and ethnicity. race and ethnicity terms are self-identified social construct and may include terms outdated and offensive in mesh to assist users who are interested in retrieving comprehensive search results for studies such as in longitudinal studies
Hispánci a Latinoameričané: osoba kubánské, mexické, portorické, jihoamerické, středoamerické nebo jiné španělské kultury nebo původu, bez ohledu na rasu. ve spojených státech se používá pro klasifikaci údajů federální vlády o rase a etnickém původu. rasové a etnické termíny jsou sociálním konstruktem, který lze identifikovat a mohou zahrnovat termíny zastaralé a urážlivé. v mesh jsou uvedeny, aby pomohly uživatelům, kteří mají zájem získat komplexní výsledky vyhledávání pro studie, jako jsou např. dlouhodobé studie
Histamine: an amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. it is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter
Histamine Agents: drugs used for their actions on histaminergic systems. included are drugs that act at histamine receptors, affect the life cycle of histamine, or affect the state of histaminergic cells
Histamine Agonists: drugs that bind to and activate histamine receptors. although they have been suggested for a variety of clinical applications histamine agonists have so far been more widely used in research than therapeutically
Histamine Antagonists: drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists. classical antihistaminics block the histamine h1 receptors only
Histamine H1 Antagonists: drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine h1 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine. included here are the classical antihistaminics that antagonize or prevent the action of histamine mainly in immediate hypersensitivity. they act in the bronchi, capillaries, and some other smooth muscles, and are used to prevent or allay motion sickness, seasonal rhinitis, and allergic dermatitis and to induce somnolence. the effects of blocking central nervous system h1 receptors are not as well understood
Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating: a class of non-sedating drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors (drug inverse agonism), thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists. these antihistamines represent a heterogenous group of compounds with differing chemical structures, adverse effects, distribution, and metabolism. compared to the early (first generation) antihistamines, these non-sedating antihistamines have greater receptor specificity, lower penetration of blood-brain barrier, and are less likely to cause drowsiness or psychomotor impairment
Histamine H2 Antagonists: drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine h2 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine. their clinically most important action is the inhibition of acid secretion in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers. smooth muscle may also be affected. some drugs in this class have strong effects in the central nervous system, but these actions are not well understood
Histamine H3 Antagonists: drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine h3 receptors. they have been used to correct sleep wake disorders and memory disorders
Histamine N-Methyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from s-adenosylmethionine to histamine, forming n-methylhistamine, the major metabolite of histamine in man. ec 2.1.1.8
Histamine Release: the secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. this can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of ige, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's fc receptors. once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects
Histatins: a group of small, histidine-rich, cationic peptides in human saliva which are antibacterial and antifungal
Histidine Ammonia-Lyase: an enzyme that catalyzes the first step of histidine catabolism, forming urocanic acid and ammonia from histidine. deficiency of this enzyme is associated with elevated levels of serum histidine and is called histidinemia (amino acid metabolism, inborn errors)
Histidine Decarboxylase: an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of histidine to histamine and carbon dioxide. it requires pyridoxal phosphate in animal tissues, but not in microorganisms. ec 4.1.1.22
Histidine Kinase: a member of the transferase superfamily of proteins. in the activated state, protein-histidine kinase autophosphorylates at a histidine residue, subsequently transferring high-energy phosphoryl groups to an aspartate residue of the response-regulator domain, which results in a conformational shift in the effector domain. histidine kinases mediate signal transduction in a wide range of processes involving cellular adaptation to environmental stress
Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein: a multifunctional protein primarily found in the plasma with his/pro-rich (hrr) region which contains approximately 12 tandem internal repeats of the 5-residue g[h/p][h/p]ph consensus sequence. histidine-rich glycoprotein has a diverse range of ligands that are involved in many biological processes, including coagulation; immune response; angiogenesis, and wound healing
Histidine-tRNA Ligase: an enzyme that activates histidine with its specific transfer rna. ec 6.1.1.21
Histidinemia: a hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by increased levels of histidine in the blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. it is generally benign, but some individuals may be at increased risk for intellectual disability. it is caused by mutations in the histidine ammonia-lyase (hal) gene. omim: 235800
Histidinol: the penultimate step in the pathway of histidine biosynthesis. oxidation of the alcohol group on the side chain gives the acid group forming histidine. histidinol has also been used as an inhibitor of protein synthesis
Histidinol-Phosphatase: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of histidinol-phosphate to histidinol. one of the regulatory enzymes in histidine biosynthesis. ec 3.1.3.15
Histidinuria renal tubular defect: a hereditary condition characterized by the abnormal excretion of histidine in urine due to impaired renal tubular absorption. affected individuals may also experience myoclonic epilepsy; intellectual disability, nerve deafness, and ear, finger, and toe abnormalities. omim: 235830
Histiocytes: macrophages found in the tissues, as opposed to those found in the blood (monocytes) or serous cavities (serous membrane)
Histiocytic Disorders, Malignant: distinctive neoplastic disorders of histiocytes. included are malignant neoplasms of macrophages and dendritic cells
Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis: development of lesions in the lymph node characterized by infiltration of the cortex or paracortex by large collections of proliferating histiocytes and complete or, more often, incomplete necrosis of lymphoid tissue
Histiocytic Sarcoma: malignant neoplasms composed of macrophages or dendritic cells. most histiocytic sarcomas present as localized tumor masses without a leukemic phase. though the biological behavior of these neoplasms resemble lymphomas, their cell lineage is histiocytic not lymphoid
Histiocytoma: a neoplasm containing histiocytes. important forms include benign fibrous histiocytoma; and malignant fibrous histiocytoma
Histiocytoma, Angiomatoid Fibrous: a variant of malignant fibrous histiocytoma that typically occurs in children and adolescents and is characterized by nodular subcutaneous growth and may recur after surgical excision. characteristic histologic features include lobulated sheets of histiocyte - like cells associated with areas of hemorrhage and cystic pseudovascular spaces, as well as a striking cuffing of inflammatory cells, mimicking a lymph node metastasis. may be associated with somatic fusions of the fus, atf1, ewsr1, and creb1 genes. omim: 612160
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous: a benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of histiocytes and with various fibroblastic components. fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. when they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (from devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 5th ed, p1747)
Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous: the most commonly diagnosed soft tissue sarcoma. it is a neoplasm with a fibrohistiocytic appearance found chiefly in later adult life, with peak incidence in the 7th decade
Histiocytosis: general term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: histiocytosis, langerhans cell; histiocytosis, non-langerhans-cell; and histiocytic disorders, malignant
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell: a group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by langerhans cells which can be detected by their characteristic birbeck granules (x bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface cd1 antigens. langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder
Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell: group of disorders which feature accumulations of active histiocytes and lymphocytes, but where the histiocytes are not langerhans cells. the group includes hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis; sinus histiocytosis; xanthogranuloma; reticulohistiocytoma; juvenile xanthogranuloma; xanthoma disseminatum; as well as the lipid storage diseases (sea-blue histiocyte syndrome; and niemann-pick diseases)
Histiocytosis, Sinus: benign, non-langerhans-cell, histiocytic proliferative disorder that primarily affects the lymph nodes. it is often referred to as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy
Histocompatibility: the degree of antigenic similarity between the tissues of different individuals, which determines the acceptance or rejection of allografts
Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D: a component of the murine major histocompatibility complex class i family. it contains one ig-like c1-type domain and functions in processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigens to the immune system
Histocompatibility Antigens: a group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. the former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. they determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. the latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection
Histocompatibility Antigens Class I: membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a beta 2-microglobulin beta subunit. in humans, highly polymorphic genes on chromosome 6 encode the alpha subunits of class i antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. class i antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. these antigens are recognized during graft rejection and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells
Histocompatibility Antigens Class II: large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. the class ii antigens in humans are called hla-d antigens and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. in mice, two genes named ia and ie on chromosome 17 code for the h-2 antigens. the antigens are found on b-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. the term ia antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the ia genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class ii histocompatibility antigen
Histocompatibility Testing: identification of the major histocompatibility antigens of transplant donors and potential recipients, usually by serological tests. donor and recipient pairs should be of identical abo blood group, and in addition should be matched as closely as possible for histocompatibility antigens in order to minimize the likelihood of allograft rejection. (king, dictionary of genetics, 4th ed)
Histocompatibility, Maternal-Fetal: the degree of antigenic similarity between tissues of the mother and those of the fetus. maternal-fetal histocompatibility can determine the acceptance and health of the fetus
Histocytochemistry: study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods
Histocytological Preparation Techniques: methods of preparing cells or tissues for examination and study of their origin, structure, function, or pathology. the methods include preservation, fixation, sectioning, staining, replica, or other technique to allow for viewing using a microscope
Histological Techniques: methods of preparing tissue for examination and study of the origin, structure, function, or pathology
Histology, Comparative: the study of the similarities and differences in the structures of homologous tissues across various species
Histone Acetyltransferases: enzymes that catalyze acyl group transfer from acetyl-coa to histones forming coa and acetyl-histones
Histone Chaperones: proteins involved in the assembly and disassembly of histones into nucleosomes
Histone Code: the specific patterns of changes made to histones, that are involved in assembly, maintenance, and alteration of chromatin structural states (such as euchromatin and heterochromatin). the changes are made by various histone modification processes that include acetylation; methylation; phosphorylation; and ubiquitination
Histone Deacetylase 1: a histone deacetylase subtype that is found along with histone deacetylase 2; retinoblastoma-binding protein 4; and retinoblastoma-binding protein 7 as core components of histone deacetylase complexes
Histone Deacetylase 2: a histone deacetylase subtype that is found along with histone deacetylase 1; retinoblastoma-binding protein 4; and retinoblastoma-binding protein 7 as core components of histone deacetylase complexes
Histone Deacetylase 6: a class ii histone deacetylase that removes acetyl groups from n-terminal lysines of histone h2a; histone h2b; histone h3; and histone h4. it plays a critical role in epigenetic repression and regulation of genetic transcription, as well as cell motility through deacetylation of tubulin. it also targets misfolded proteins for clearance by autophagy when molecular chaperone-mediated folding is overwhelmed
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: compounds that inhibit histone deacetylases. this class of drugs may influence gene expression by increasing the level of acetylated histones in specific chromatin domains