NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
CRADD Signaling Adaptor Protein: a death domain receptor signaling adaptor protein that plays a role in signaling the activation of initiator caspases such as caspase 2. it contains a death domain that is specific for rip serine-theonine kinases and a caspase-binding domain that binds to and activates caspases such as caspase 2
CREB-Binding Protein: a member of the p300-cbp transcription factor family that was initially identified as a binding partner for camp response element-binding protein. mutations in creb-binding protein are associated with rubinstein-taybi syndrome
CREST Syndrome: a mild form of limited scleroderma, a multi-system disorder. its features include symptoms of calcinosis; raynaud disease; esophageal motility disorders; sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis. when the defect in esophageal function is not prominent, it is known as crst syndrome
CREST syndrom: limitovaná forma sklerodermie, jejíž název je akronymem shrnujícím charakteristické příznaky - c calcinosis cutis - podkožní kalcifikace, r raynaudův fenomén, e porucha motility ezofagu, s sklerodaktylie, t teleangiektazie. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
CRF Receptor, Type 1: corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 is a g protein coupled receptor that binds corticotropin-releasing hormone, a peptide that plays a key role in activating signal transduction pathways involved in the stress response
CRISPR-Associated Protein 9: an rna-guided endodeoxyribonuclease that associates with crispr sequences in streptococcus pyogenes and other bacteria where it participates in an adaptive immune function to cleave foreign dna complimentary to small guide rna (sgrnas). structurally, cas9 consists of an alpha-helix module and a nuclease module connected by a single helix. the nuclease module contains two enzymatic domains: ruvc, which cleaves non-target dna strand, and an hnh nuclease domain, which cleaves the target strand. specificity for the dna target depends on the presence of a protospacer adjacent motif (pam) sequence, a 2-6 nucleotide dna sequence immediately following the sequence targeted by cas9
CRISPR-Associated Proteins: protein components of the crispr-cas systems for anti-viral defense in archaea and bacteria. these are proteins that carry out a variety of functions during the creation and expansion of the crispr arrays, the capture of new crispr spacers, biogenesis of small interfering rna (crispr or crrnas), and the targeting and silencing of invading viruses and plasmids. they include dna helicases; rna-binding proteins; endonucleases; and rna and dna polymerases
CRISPR-Cas Systems: adaptive antiviral defense mechanisms, in archaea and bacteria, based on dna repeat arrays called clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crispr elements) that function in conjunction with crispr-associated proteins (cas proteins). several types have been distinguished, including type i, type ii, and type iii, based on signature motifs of crispr-associated proteins
CRISPR-Cas systémy: adaptivní antivirové obranné mechanismy u archeí a bakterií. jsou založené na nahuštěných pravidelně prokládaných krátkých palindromatických opakováních (crispr sekvence), které fungují ve spojení s cas proteiny. podle motivů cas proteinů bylo popsáno několik typů (typ i až iii)
CROP protocol: chemotherapy regime using above cpds; do not confuse with crop which contains cyclophosphamide, rubidazone, vincristine & prednisone
CSBA copolymer: cement liquid (csba) consists of carboxylated styrene-butadiene-alkyl acrylate copolymer; cement powder consists of alkaline silicate & calcium disilicate; used as a lining cement
CSK Tyrosine-Protein Kinase: protein tyrosine kinases that phosphorylate tyrosine residues located in the c-terminal tails of src-family kinases
CT angiografie: angiografie pomocí výpočetní tomografie (ct angiografie - cta) je neinvazívní metoda zobrazení vaskulárního systému, která využívá spirální (helikální) akvizice dat a intravenózního podání kontrastní látky
CTCb regimen: chemotherapy regimen consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of breast cancer or germ cell cancer
CTEC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer
CTLA-4 Antigen: an inhibitory t cell receptor that is closely related to cd28 antigen. it has specificity for cd80 antigen and cd86 antigen and acts as a negative regulator of peripheral t cell function. ctla-4 antigen is believed to play role in inducing peripheral tolerance
CTR III protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of adult acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia
CTVP protocol: a pirarubicin-combination chemotherapy regimen consisting of the above compounds; used for the treatment of hodgkin's lymphoma
CVACE protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of small cell carcinoma of lung & neuroblastoma
CVAD protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia
CVB protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of cisplatin, vindesine & bleomycin
CVD protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of patients with advanced, malignant pheochromocytoma
CVP protocol 2: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
CVPP I protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of hodgkin's disease
CVPP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of hodgkin's disease
CVPP regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of lymphogranulomatosis
CVPPABO protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of hodgkin's disease
CWAP regimen: a weekly low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide, alternate-day oral prednisone regimen for treatment of advanced myeloma; c-weekly, a modification of cwap, uses alternate-day oral prednisone for only the first six weeks
CX-Plus: the reinforced glass ionomer cement possessed the most potent and long-lasting antibacterial activity
CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1: receptor for chemokine cx3cl1 expressed by lymphocytes, neurons, and glial cells. its interaction with cx3cl1 mediates cell adhesion and cell migration. it also functions as a co-receptor with the cd4 antigen for hiv-1 in vitro
CYM protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of primary cerebral non-hodgkin's lymphoma
CYOMAD protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of vincristine, methotrexate, citrovorum factor, doxorubicin & dacarbazine for induction alternating with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin & dacarbazine
CYP24A1: forma cytochromu p-450, která je specifická pro cholekalciferol (vitamín d3). hydroxyluje molekulu na uhlíku v poloze 24
CYP71A10 protein, soybean: a cytochrome p-450 monooxygenase from glycine max (soybean)
CYS2-HIS2 Zinc Fingers: a zinc finger motif of approximately 30 amino acids with the general sequence x2-cys-x2,4-cys-x12-his-x3,4,5-his that forms a simple beta sheet-beta sheet-alpha helix fold stabilized by zinc ions. it recognizes and binds to a variety of eukaryotic dna sequences and is very common among sequence-specific dna binding proteins and transcription factors
CYT-6091: a 27-nm average-diameter polyethylene glycol-tnf-coated gold nanoparticle, which recently passed through phase 1 trials
CYVEDIC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in the treatment of metastatic clear cell sarcoma
Ca(2+) Mg(2+)-ATPase: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of atp and is activated by millimolar concentrations of either ca(2+) or mg(2+). unlike ca(2+)-transporting atpase it does not require the second divalent cation for its activity, and is not sensitive to orthovanadate. (prog biophys mol biol 1988;52(1):1). a subgroup of ec 3.6.1.3
Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-ATPasa: enzym, který katalyzuje hydrolýzu atp a je aktivován milimolárními koncentracemi ca(2+) nebo mg(2+). na rozdíl od atpázy přenášející vápník nevyžaduje ke své aktivitě druhý dvojmocný kation a není citlivý na ortovanadát. podskupina ec 3.6.1.3
Ca-poly(bis(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene): a gel used to entrap hybridoma cells
Ca2+-ATPasy: proteiny přenášející kationty, které využívají energii hydrolýzy atp k transportu vápníku. liší se od vápníkových kanálů, které umožňují průchod vápníku membránou bez vynaložení energie
CaO-SiO2-P2O5-CaF2 glass: a bioactive inorganic filler-resin composite cement
Cabergoline: an ergoline derivative and dopamine d2-agonist that inhibits prolactin secretion. it is used in the management of hyperprolactinemia, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. cabergoline is also used in the management of parkinson disease
Cabo Verde: a country in western africa composed of a group of islands in the north atlantic ocean, west of senegal. the capital is praia
Cacao: a tree of the family malvaceae, order malvales, whose seeds are processed to yield cocoa and chocolate
Cachexia: general ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease
Caco-2 Cells: human colonic adenocarcinoma cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells, such as enterocytes. these cells are valuable in vitro tools for studies related to intestinal cell function and differentiation
Caco-2 buňky: caco-2 buňky jsou immortalizované ("znesmrtelněné", např. virovou tranfekcí) buňky. jde o heterogenní řadu buněk lidského epiteliálního kolorektálního adenokarcinomu. caco-2 buněčná řada je široce využívána k analýzám in vitro, např. k určení absorpce látek střevní sliznicí, je ale i vhodným materiálem pro výzkum zánětlivých procesů střevní sliznice. (in: sokol h., et al.: faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of crohn disease patiens. pnas october 28, 2008. vol. 105, no. 43, pp. 16731-16736.)
Cacodylic Acid: an arsenical that has been used as a dermatologic agent and as an herbicide
Cactaceae: the cactus plant family of the order caryophyllales, subclass caryophyllidae, class magnoliopsida. cacti are succulent perennial plants well adapted to dry regions
Cactaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu caryophyllales, podtřídy caryophyllidae, třídy magnoliopsida. jsou to vytrvalé rostliny se sukulentními stonky specifické stavby. většina druhů nemá zelené listy, ty se přeměnily v trny. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cadaverine: a foul-smelling diamine formed by bacterial decarboxylation of lysine. it is also an intermediate secondary metabolite in lysine-derived alkaloid biosynthetic pathways (e.g., quinolizidines and lycopodium)
Cadherin Related Proteins: membrane proteins that contain at least two typical consecutive cadherin motifs but typically more than cadherin or protocadherin proteins. their overall domain organization also differs from those of cadherins and protocadherins, and contains different and unique cytoplasmic domains
Cadherins: calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. they are important in the formation of adherens junctions between cells. cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (e- for epithelial, n- for neural, and p- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or n-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body
Cadmium: an element with atomic symbol cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. it is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning
Cadmium Chloride: a cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. it is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 5th ed)
Cadmium Compounds: inorganic compounds that contain cadmium as an integral part of the molecule
Cadmium Poisoning: poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. it may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis
Cadmium Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of cadmium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. cd atoms with atomic weights 103-105, 107, 109, 115, and 117-119 are radioactive cadmium isotopes
Caenorhabditis: a genus of small free-living nematodes. two species, caenorhabditis elegans and c. briggsae are much used in studies of genetics, development, aging, muscle chemistry, and neuroanatomy
Caenorhabditis: rod malých, volně žijících hlístic. dva druhy tohoto rodu, caenorhabditis elegans (háďátko obecné) a c. briggsae, se často používají pro výzkumné účely (např. v oblasti genetiky, vývojové biologie, pro výzkum stárnutí, biochemie svalu a neuroanatomie)
Caenorhabditis elegans: a species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies
Caenorhabditis elegans: volně žijící nepatogenní půdní červ z kmene hlístic. háďátko žije v půdě po celém světě a je významným modelovým organismem molekulární a vývojové biologie. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins: proteins from the nematode species caenorhabditis elegans. the proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism morphogenesis
Caesalpinia: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. the common name of bird-of-paradise is also used for other plants such as heliconia (heliconiaceae) and strelitzia (strelitziaceae) and some birds. the common name of cat's-claw is more often used with uncaria. the common name of pernambuco also refers to a state in brazil. furanoditerpenoid lactones and caesalpin are produced by members of this genus
Caesalpinia: rod rostlin z čeledi bobovité (fabaceae). rod sapan byl v minulosti řazen do obsáhlé čeledi sapanovité (caesalpiniaceae). sapany jsou keře, stromy i liány se střídavými složenými listy a často nápadnými květenstvími. některé druhy mají velmi tvrdé dřevo podobné ebenu, z jiných je získáváno barvivo či pryskyřice nebo jsou používány v medicíně. sapan ježatý (caesalpinia echinata) z brazílie poskytuje tzv. fernambukové dřevo, obsahující červené barvivo brazilin. z c. bonduc byl izolován bonducin, amorfní bílý glykosid hořké chuti. je používán jako náhražka chininu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cafe-au-Lait Spots: light brown pigmented macules associated with neurofibromatosis and albright's syndrome (see fibrous dysplasia, polyostotic)
Caffeic Acids: a class of phenolic acids related to chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, etc., which are found in plant tissues. it is involved in plant growth regulation
Caffeine: a methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. it also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling
Cajalova tělíska: cajalovo tělísko je útvar uvnitř buněčného jádra dosahující velikosti 0,1-2 mikrometru. obvykle se v jednom jádře vyskytuje 0-10 tělísek tohoto typu. v oblasti cajalových tělísek se obvykle koncentrují zejména různé bílkoviny jadérka, transkripční faktory rna polymerázy ii, ale i částice snrnp a snornp sloužící k sestřihu rna. důležitým markerem cajlových tělísek je dále protein coilin. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cajanus: rod rostlin z čeledi fabaceae (bobovité), pěstuje se v sušších oblastech tropů celého světa. v indii je to 2. nejdůležitější luštěnina
Cakut: a range of renal and urinary tract malformations that vary from complete renal agenesis , to renal hypodysplasia, multicystic dysplastic kidney, duplex renal collecting system, ureteropelvic junction obstruction (upjo), megaureter, posterior urethral valves (puv), and vesicoureteral reflux (vur). up to 10% of cases are familial (autosomal dominant), although these are frequently asymptomatic or less severe; thus, penetrance is incomplete. cakut occurs in 1 in 500 live births, and is lethal 1 in 2,000 births, it can also occur with other congenital anomalies, such as papillorenal syndrome (omim: 120330). omim: 610805
Calabro syndrome: craniosynostosis, limb abnormalities, brevicollis, micrognathia, pulmonary stenosis, and genital defects
Calamus: a plant genus of the family arecaceae that should not be confused with acorus calamus
Calamus: rod popínavých lián z čeledi arecaceae (arekovité), jejich stonek má sílu od 1 do 7 centimetrů, šlahouny dosahují délky až přes 200 metrů. dřevo mají velmi lehké a ohebné, po napaření a impregnování v oleji se z něj pletou koše nebo nábytek, je známo pod názvem ratan. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Calbindin 1: a calcium-binding protein that mediates calcium homeostasis in kidneys, brain, and other tissues. it is found in well-defined populations of neurons and is involved in calcium signaling and neuronal plasticity. it is regulated in some tissues by vitamin d
Calbindin 2: a calbindin protein that is differentially expressed in distinct populations of neurons throughout the vertebrate and invertebrate nervous system, and modulates intrinsic neuronal excitability and influences long-term potentiation. it is also found in lung, testis, ovary, kidney, and breast, and is expressed in many tumor types found in these tissues. it is often used as an immunohistochemical marker for mesothelioma
Calbindins: calcium-binding proteins that are found in distal kidney tubules, intestines, brain, and other tissues where they bind, buffer and transport cytoplasmic calcium. calbindins possess a variable number of ef-hand motifs which contain calcium-binding sites. some isoforms are regulated by vitamin d
Calcaneus: the largest of the tarsal bones which is situated at the lower and back part of the foot, forming the heel
Calceolariaceae: a family in the order lamiales with several species that are used in traditional medicine
Calceolariaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu lamiales (hluchavkotvaré). některé druhy se používají v tradičním lékařství
Calcifediol: the major circulating metabolite of vitamin d3. it is produced in the liver and is the best indicator of the body's vitamin d stores. it is effective in the treatment of rickets and osteomalacia, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. calcifediol also has mineralizing properties
Calcification, Physiologic: process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts
Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor: a rare slow growing, locally invasive odontogenic tumor. it most often grows intraosseously in the mandible and less frequently in the maxilla, and gingiva. it is characterized by the presence of a fibrous stroma, epithelial cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, and amyloid material which is often calcified
Calcifying Nanoparticles: protein-mineral complexes that comprise substrates needed for the normal calcium-carbonate-phosphate homeostasis. nanobacteria was the prior name for the particles which were originally thought to be microorganisms
Calcimimetic Agents: small organic molecules that act as allosteric activators of the calcium sensing receptor (casr) in the parathyroid glands and other tissues. they lower the threshold for casr activation by extracellular calcium ions and diminish parathyroid hormone (pth) release from parathyroid cells
Calcimycin: an ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from streptomyces chartreusensis. it binds and transports calcium and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting atpase of rat liver mitochondria. the substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems
Calcineurin: a calcium and calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase that is composed of the calcineurin a catalytic subunit and the calcineurin b regulatory subunit. calcineurin has been shown to dephosphorylate a number of phosphoproteins including histones; myosin light chain; and the regulatory subunits of camp-dependent protein kinases. it is involved in the regulation of signal transduction and is the target of an important class of immunophilin-immunosuppressive drug complexes
Calcineurin Inhibitors: compounds that inhibit or block the phosphatase activity of calcineurin
Calcinosis Cutis: pathological deposition of calcium in the skin and subcutaneous tissue. excessive calcification of the skin may be associated with underlying diseases that cause tissue damage (e.g., ehlers-danlos syndrome; pseudoxanthoma elasticum; rothmund-thomson syndrome; and werner syndrome) or that cause abnormal calcium and phosphate metabolism (e.g., calciphylaxis; chronic kidney failure; hyperparathyroidism; and sarcoidosis)
Calciphylaxis: condition of induced systemic hypersensitivity in which tissues respond to appropriate challenging agents with a sudden local calcification
Calcitonin: a peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. in humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide: a 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. it occurs as a result of alternative processing of mrna from the calcitonin gene. the neuropeptide is widely distributed in the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. the peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. in particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Antagonists: pharmacologic agents that block nociceptive pain signaling from calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors. they may be useful for the treatment of pain associated with migraine disorders and osteoarthritis
Calcitonin Receptor-Like Protein: a receptor protein that is associated with receptor activity-modifying proteins. when bound to receptor activity-modifying protein 1 it forms the calcitonin gene-related receptor. when bound to receptor activity-modifying protein 2 or receptor activity-modifying protein 3 it forms the adrenomedullin receptor
Calcitriol: the physiologically active form of vitamin d. it is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol). its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption
Calcium: a basic element found in nearly all tissues. it is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. it is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor iv) and in many enzymatic processes
Calcium Aluminosilicate: aluminosilicate salts of calcium, the most common of which are caal2si2o8 and ca2al2sio7; a naturally occurring form in clay may be used to treat diarrhea
Calcium Carbonate: carbonic acid calcium salt (caco3). an odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. it is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement
Calcium Channel Agonists: agents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues. this causes vasoconstriction in vascular smooth muscle and/or cardiac muscle cells as well as stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic islets. therefore, tissue-selective calcium agonists have the potential to combat cardiac failure and endocrinological disorders. they have been used primarily in experimental studies in cell and tissue culture
Calcium Channel Blockers: a class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes
Calcium Channels: voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. they are categorized as l-, t-, n-, p-, q-, and r-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. the l- and t-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the n-, p-, q-, & r-types are located in neuronal tissue
Calcium Channels, L-Type: long-lasting voltage-gated calcium channels found in both excitable and non-excitable tissue. they are responsible for normal myocardial and vascular smooth muscle contractility. five subunits (alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, gamma, and delta) make up the l-type channel. the alpha-1 subunit is the binding site for calcium-based antagonists. dihydropyridine-based calcium antagonists are used as markers for these binding sites
Calcium Channels, N-Type: calcium channels that are concentrated in neural tissue. omega toxins inhibit the actions of these channels by altering their voltage dependence
Calcium Channels, P-Type: calcium channels located within the purkinje cells of the cerebellum. they are involved in stimulation-secretion coupling of neurons
Calcium Channels, R-Type: calcium channels located in the neurons of the brain. they are inhibited by the marine snail toxin, omega conotoxin mviic
Calcium Channels, T-Type: a heterogenous group of transient or low voltage activated type calcium channels. they are found in cardiac myocyte membranes, the sinoatrial node, purkinje cells of the heart and the central nervous system
Calcium Chloride: a salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning
Calcium Citrate: a colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Calcium Dobesilate: a drug used to reduce hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy
Calcium Fluoride: calcium fluoride. occurring in nature as the mineral fluorite or fluorspar. it is the primary source of fluorine and its compounds. pure calcium fluoride is used as a catalyst in dehydration and dehydrogenation and is used to fluoridate drinking water. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Calcium Gluconate: the calcium salt of gluconic acid. the compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium replenisher in hypocalcemic states
Calcium Hydroxide: a white powder prepared from lime that has many medical and industrial uses. it is in many dental formulations, especially for root canal filling
Calcium Ionophores: chemical agents that increase the permeability of cell membranes to calcium ions
Calcium Isotopes: stable calcium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element calcium, but differ in atomic weight. ca-42-44, 46, and 48 are stable calcium isotopes
Calcium Metabolism Disorders: disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization
Calcium Oxalate: the calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi
Calcium Phosphates: calcium salts of phosphoric acid. these compounds are frequently used as calcium supplements
Calcium Pyrophosphate: an inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably hypophosphatasia and pseudogout (chondrocalcinosis)
Calcium Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of calcium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. ca atoms with atomic weights 39, 41, 45, 47, 49, and 50 are radioactive calcium isotopes
Calcium Release Activated Calcium Channels: specialized calcium channels that localize to the endoplamsic reticulum and plasma membrane. they contain the pore subunit orai1 protein which is activated by stromal interaction molecules upon intracellular calcium depletion
Calcium Signaling: signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. the calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins
Calcium Sulfate: a calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. it exists in various forms and states of hydration. plaster of paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum
Calcium-Binding Proteins: proteins to which calcium ions are bound. they can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins, or activator proteins. they typically contain ef hand motifs
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase: a regulatory calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that specifically phosphorylates calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 1; calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 2; calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 4; and protein kinase b. it is a monomeric enzyme that is encoded by at least two different genes
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 1: a monomeric calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that is expressed in a broad variety of mammalian cell types. its expression is regulated by the action of calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase. several isoforms of this enzyme subtype are encoded by distinct genes
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2: a multifunctional calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that occurs as an oligomeric protein comprised of twelve subunits. it differs from other enzyme subtypes in that it lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 4: a monomeric calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that is primarily expressed in neuronal tissues; t-lymphocytes and testis. the activity of this enzyme is regulated by its phosphorylation by calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases: a calmodulin-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. this enzyme is also sometimes dependent on calcium. a wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including vimentin; synapsins; glycogen synthase; myosin light chains; and the microtubule-associated proteins. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992, p277)
Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents: hormones and molecules with calcium-regulating hormone-like actions that modulate osteolysis and other extra-skeletal activities to maintain calcium homeostasis
Calcium-Transporting ATPases: cation-transporting proteins that utilize the energy of atp hydrolysis for the transport of calcium. they differ from calcium channels which allow calcium to pass through a membrane without the use of energy
Calculi: an abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. also called stones
Caldicellulosiruptor: a genus of thermophilic, anaerobic, gram-positive, and non-spore forming bacteria in the order thermoanaerobacterales and phylum firmicutes. it is known for fermenting cellulose and hemicellulose from plants and for its role in producing biofuels
Caldicellulosiruptor: rod termofilních, anaerobních, grampozitivních, nesporulujících bakterií řádu thermoanaerobacterales a kmene firmicutes. tyto organismy jsou schopné rozkládat celulózu a hemicelulózu rostlin a mohou mít význam při výrobě biopaliv
Calendars as Topic: works about documents or charts that show days, weeks, and months of a year
Calendula: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain carotenoids, essential oils (oils, volatile), flavonoids, mucilage, saponins, and sterols. the plants are used both topically and internally. the common name of marigold is also used for tagetes
Calgranulin A: a 10.8-kda member of the s-100 family of calcium-binding proteins that can form homo- or heterocomplexes with calgranulin b and a variety of other proteins. the calgranulin a/b heterodimer is known as leukocyte l1 antigen complex. calgranulin a is found in many cell types including granulocytes; keratinocytes; and myelomonocytes, and has been shown to act as a chemotactic substance for neutrophils. because it is present in acute inflammation but absent in chronic inflammation, it is a useful biological marker for a number of pathological conditions
Calgranulin B: a 13.2-kda member of the s-100 family of calcium-binding proteins that can form homo- or heterocomplexes with calgranulin a and a variety of other proteins. the calgranulin a/b heterodimer is known as leukocyte l1 antigen complex. calgranulin b is expressed at high concentrations in granulocytes during early monocyte differentiation, and serum calgranulin b levels are elevated in many inflammatory disorders such as cystic fibrosis
Calibration: determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency or other output
Calicheamicins: enediyne aminoglycosides derived from the bacterium micromonospora echinospora that are used as antineoplastic antibiotics. they bind to dna in both healthy and tumor cells, resulting in strand scission and cell death
Caliciviridae: a family of rna viruses infecting a broad range of animals. most individual species are restricted to their natural hosts. they possess a characteristic six-pointed starlike shape whose surfaces have cup-shaped (chalice) indentions. transmission is by contaminated food, water, fomites, and occasionally aerosolization of secretions. genera include lagovirus; norwalk-like viruses; sapporo-like viruses; and vesivirus
Caliciviridae: čeleď rna-virů, které infikují široké spektrum zvířat. výskyt většiny druhů je omezený na jejich přirozené hostitele. kapsidy jsou kubicky symetrické s miskovitými (kalichovitými) prohlubněmi na povrchu. k přenosu dochází kontaminovanou potravou, vodou, fomity a někdy sekrety ve formě aerosolu. k rodům patří lagovirus, norovirus, sapovirus a vesivirus
Caliciviridae Infections: virus diseases caused by caliciviridae. they include hepatitis e; vesicular exanthema of swine; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans
Calicivirus, Feline: a species of the genus vesivirus infecting cats. transmission occurs via air and mechanical contact
California: state bounded on the east by nevada and arizona, on the south by mexico and the pacific ocean on the south and west, and on the north by oregon
Californium: a man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol cf, atomic number 98, and atomic weight 251. its valence can be +2 or +3. californium has medical use as a radiation source for radiotherapy
Calixarenes: phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of phenols and aldehydes. the name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. a bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings
Call Centers: centers and services for the purpose of handling large volumes of telephone calls. call centers typically utilize some form of computer automation for receiving, dispatching, screening, logging and forwarding telephone calls
Calla Plant: a plant genus of the family araceae. calla lily (callalily) also refers to the zantedeschia. there is no relationship with calla antigen
Callejovy ostrůvky: shluk granulárních buněk v přední a střední části striatum ventrale
Callicarpa: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae. members contain clerodane diterpenes and callicarpone
Callicebus: a genus of the subfamily callicebinae, family pitheciidae, generally comprising of five species: c. barbarabrownae; c. coimbrai; c. melanochir; c. nigrifrons; c. personatus. titi monkeys inhibit lower levels of the forest in south america
Callicebus: rod primátů podčeledi callicebinae (titiové), čeledi pitheciidae (chvostanovití), který zahrnuje pět druhů: c. barbarabrownae, c. coimbrai, c. melanochir, c. nigrifrons a c. personatus. jeho zástupci obývají nižší patra pralesů jižní ameriky
Callilepis: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain atractyloside
Callilepis: rod rostlin z čeledi asteraceae, zástupci obsahují jedovatý diterpenoidní glykosid atraktylosid
Callimico: a genus in the subfamily callitrichinae, comprising a single species with the common name goeldi's monkey
Callimico: rod v podčeledi callitrichinae (kosmani), obsahující jeden druh callimico goeldii - kalimiko, též zvaný tamarín skákavý
Calliphoridae: a family of the superfamily oestroidea in the order diptera. several species are major livestock pests causing myiasis by parasitic maggots
Calliphoridae: čeleď dvoukřídlého hmyzu nadčeledi oestroidea. některé druhy jsou závažnými škůdci dobytka, jejich parazitické larvy způsobují myiázu
Callithrix: a genus of the subfamily callitrichinae occurring in forests of brazil and bolivia and containing seventeen species
Callithrix: rod podčeledi callitrichinae (kosmani) vyskytující se v lesích brazílie a bolívie a obsahující sedmnáct druhů
Callitrichinae: a subfamily in the family cebidae that consists of four genera: callithrix (marmosets), callimico (goeldi's monkey), leontopithecus (lion tamarins), and saguinus (long-tusked tamarins). the members of this family inhabit the tropical forests of south and central america
Callitrichinae: podčeleď ploskonosých opic čeledi cebidae, které žijí v tropických pralesích střední a jižní ameriky. zahrnuje čtyři rody: kosman (callithrix), kalimiko (callimico), lvíček (leontopithecus) a tamarín (saguinus)
Callosities: localized hyperplasia of the horny layer of the epidermis due to pressure or friction. (dorland, 27th ed)
Callyspongia: a genus of sponges in the family callyspongiidae comprised of a regular ectosomal reticulate skeleton
Callyspongia: rod hub čeledi callyspongiidae, které mají pravidelnou vnější retikulátní kostru
Calmodulin: a heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. the binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. thereby this protein modulates cyclic amp and cyclic gmp levels
Calmodulin-Binding Proteins: proteins which bind calmodulin. they are found in many tissues and have a variety of functions including f-actin cross-linking properties, inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and calcium and magnesium atpases
Calnexin: a lectin found in endoplasmic reticulum membranes that binds to specific n-linked oligosaccharides found on newly synthesized proteins. it may play role in protein folding or retention and degradation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum
Calophyllum: a plant genus of the family clusiaceae. members contain costatolide, calanolides and 4-phenylfuranocoumarins (furocoumarins)
Calophyllum: rod rostlin čeledi calophyllaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují kostatolid, kalanolidy a 4-fenylfuranokumariny (furokumariny)
Caloric Restriction: reduction in caloric intake without reduction in adequate nutrition. in experimental animals, caloric restriction has been shown to extend lifespan and enhance other physiological variables
Caloric Tests: elicitation of a rotatory nystagmus by stimulating the semicircular canals with water or air which is above or below body temperature. in warm caloric stimulation a rotatory nystagmus is developed toward the side of the stimulated ear; in cold, away from the stimulated side. absence of nystagmus indicates the labyrinth is not functioning
Calorimetry: the measurement of the quantity of heat involved in various processes, such as chemical reactions, changes of state, and formations of solutions, or in the determination of the heat capacities of substances. the fundamental unit of measurement is the joule or the calorie (4.184 joules). (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Calorimetry, Differential Scanning: differential thermal analysis in which the sample compartment of the apparatus is a differential calorimeter, allowing an exact measure of the heat of transition independent of the specific heat, thermal conductivity, and other variables of the sample
Calorimetry, Indirect: calculation of the energy expenditure in the form of heat production of the whole body or individual organs based on respiratory gas exchange
Calotropis: a plant genus of the family asclepiadaceae. the downy akund floss fiber from the seeds is used like kapok
Calotropis: rod rostlin čeledi apocynaceae. stonky calotropis poskytují tuhá vlákna, která mají všestranné využití
Calpain: cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including neuropeptides; cytoskeletal proteins; proteins from smooth muscle; cardiac muscle; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. removes z-discs and m-lines from myofibrils. activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. this enzyme was formerly listed as ec 3.4.22.4
Calponins: a family of actin binding proteins mostly in smooth muscle. calponins include most abundant alpha-calponin (h1 or basic); beta-calponin; neutral calponin (h2 calponin); acidic calponin, sm22, and transgelin. calponin family members have n-terminal single calponin homology (ch) domain and multiple c-terminus 23-amino acids long calponin-like repeats called click-23. calponins participate in modulation of smooth muscle contraction by binding to actins (f- and g-actins), calmodulin and tropomysin
Calreticulin: a multifunctional protein that is found primarily within membrane-bound organelles. in the endoplasmic reticulum it binds to specific n-linked oligosaccharides found on newly-synthesized proteins and functions as a molecular chaperone that may play a role in protein folding or retention and degradation of misfolded proteins. in addition calreticulin is a major storage form for calcium and functions as a calcium-signaling molecule that can regulate intracellular calcium homeostasis
Calsequestrin: acidic protein found in sarcoplasmic reticulum that binds calcium to the extent of 700-900 nmoles/mg. it plays the role of sequestering calcium transported to the interior of the intracellular vesicle
Calycanthaceae: a plant family of the order laurales, subclass magnoliidae, class magnoliopsida
Calycanthaceae: čeleď nižších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu laurales (vavřínotvaré), podtřídy magnoliidae, třídy magnoliopsida
Calymmatobacterium: a genus of bacteria causing granuloma inguinale and other granulomatous lesions
Calymmatobacterium: rod bakterií způsobující granuloma inguinale a další granulomatózní léze
Calystegia: a plant genus of the family convolvulaceae. members contain calystegine and calystegins
Calystegia: rod rostlin čeledi convolvulaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují nortropanové alkaloidy kalysteginy
Camallanina: a suborder of nematodes characterized by larvae lacking cephalic hooks and a tail that is generally long and pointed
Camallanina: podřád hlístic, jejichž larvy nemají hlavičky opatřené háčky a zadní konec jejich těla je obvykle dlouhý a špičatý
Camassia: a plant genus of the family asparagaceae that contains steroidal saponins and should not be confused with death camas (zigadenus)
Camassia: rod rostlin čeledi asparagaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují steroidní saponiny
Cambendazole: a nematocide effective against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites in cattle, sheep, and horses
Cambium: a layer of living cells between the bark and hardwood that each year produces additional wood and bark cells, forming concentric growth rings
Cambodia: a country located in southeastern asia, bordering the gulf of thailand, between thailand, vietnam, and laos. the capital is phnom penh
Camelidae: the only extant family of the suborder tylopoda (order artiodactyla). currently living members include domesticated species, dromedaries (with one-hump); bactrian camels (with two humps); llamas; alpacas, and wild feral camels; vicunas; and guanacos. although they get nutrients from plants by rumination, they evolved separately from the ruminants which have four-chambered stomachs. camelidae have three-chambered stomachs
Camelids, New World: camelidae of the americas. the extant species are those originating from south america and include alpacas, llamas, guanicos, and vicunas
Camellia: a plant genus in the family theaceae, order ericales best known for camellia sinensis which is the source of oriental tea
Camellia: rod rostlin z čeledi theaceae (čajovníkovité), řádu ericales (vřesovcotvaré), nejznámějším druhem je camellia sinensis - čajovník čínský, který je zdrojem orientálního čaje
Camellia sinensis: camellia sinensis l. (formerly thea sinensis) is an evergreen asiatic shrub of the theaceae family. the infusion of leaves of this plant is used as oriental tea which contains caffeine; theophylline; and epigallocatechin gallate
Camelus: two-toed, hoofed mammals with four legs, a big-lipped snout, and a humped back belonging to the family camelidae. they are native to north africa, and western and central asia
Camera Marugo Cohen syndrome: obesity, mental retardation, body asymmetry, and muscle weakness
Cameroon: a republic in central africa lying east of chad and the central african republic and west of nigeria. the capital is yaounde
Campanulaceae: a plant family of the order campanulales, subclass asteridae, class magnoliopsida
Campanulaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu campanulales, podtřídy asteridae, třídy magnoliopsida (nižší dvouděložné rostliny)
Camphanes: crystalline saturated monoterpenes, precursors of borneols and camphene
Camphor: a bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plants, especially cinnamomum camphora. it is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent
Camphor 5-Monooxygenase: a soluble cytochrome p-450 enzyme that catalyzes camphor monooxygenation in the presence of putidaredoxin, putidaredoxin reductase, and molecular oxygen. this enzyme, encoded by the camc gene also known as cyp101, has been crystallized from bacteria and the structure is well defined. under anaerobic conditions, this enzyme reduces the polyhalogenated compounds bound at the camphor-binding site
Campomelia Cumming type: campomelia, cervical lymphocele, polysplenia, and multicystic dysplastic kidneys
Campomelic Dysplasia: a congenital disorder of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis characterized by hypoplasia of endochondral bones. in most cases there is a curvature of the long bones especially the tibia with dimpling of the skin over the bowed areas, malformation of the pelvis and spine, 11 pairs of ribs, hypoplastic scapulae, club feet, micrognathia, cleft palate, tracheobronchomalacia, and in some patients male-to-female sex reversal (sex reversal, gonadal). most patients die in the neonatal period of respiratory distress. campomelic dysplasia is associated with haploinsufficiency of the sox9 transcription factor gene
Camptocormia: abnormal flexion of the thoracolumbar spine that is greater than 45 degrees anterior (forward bending). it often occurs in older individuals with neurlogic or muscular conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or parkinson disease
Camptodactyly joint contractures and facial skeletal dysplasia: joint contractures, right acetabular dysplasia, ulno-fibular dysostosis, and bilateral talipes equinovarus with calcaneocuboid fusion
Camptodactyly syndrome Guadalajara type 2: growth retardation, microcephaly, hip dislocation, hypoplastic genitalia, camptodactyly, talipes, hypoplastic patella and skeletal dysplasia