NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Radiation Genomics: the study of the association between patient genomic data and the response to ionizing radiation
Radiation Hybrid Mapping: a method for ordering genetic loci along chromosomes. the method involves fusing irradiated donor cells with host cells from another species. following cell fusion, fragments of dna from the irradiated cells become integrated into the chromosomes of the host cells. molecular probing of dna obtained from the fused cells is used to determine if two or more genetic loci are located within the same fragment of donor cell dna
Radiation Injuries: harmful effects of non-experimental exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation in vertebrates
Radiation Injuries, Experimental: experimentally produced harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation in chordata animals
Radiation Leukemia Virus: a strain of murine leukemia virus (leukemia virus, murine) isolated from radiation-induced lymphomas in c57bl mice. it is leukemogenic, thymotrophic, can be transmitted vertically, and replicates only in vivo
Radiation Monitoring: the observation, either continuously or at intervals, of the levels of radiation in a given area, generally for the purpose of assuring that they have not exceeded prescribed amounts or, in case of radiation already present in the area, assuring that the levels have returned to those meeting acceptable safety standards
Radiation Oncology: a subspecialty of medical oncology and radiology concerned with the radiotherapy of cancer
Radiation Pneumonitis: inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation
Radiation Sensitivity Chromosome Instability Syndrome, Autosomal Dominant: autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder with mild chromosome instability and radiation sensitivity, short stature, mental retardation, depression, dysarthria, hyperreflexia, and ataxic gait
Radiation Tolerance: the ability of some cells or tissues to survive lethal doses of ionizing radiation. tolerance depends on the species, cell type, and physical and chemical variables, including radiation-protective agents and radiation-sensitizing agents
Radiation induced meningioma: meningioma that occurs secondary to radiotherapy, often several decades following treatment. a chromosomal translocation t(1;22)(p11;q12) on chromosome 1 has been identified. omim: 606190
Radiation, Ionizing: electromagnetic radiation or particle radiation (high energy elementary particles) capable of directly or indirectly producing ions in its passage through matter. the wavelengths of ionizing electromagnetic radiation are equal to or smaller than those of short (far) ultraviolet radiation and include gamma and x-rays
Radiation, Nonionizing: electromagnetic radiation or sonic radiation (sound waves) which does not produce ions in matter through which it passes. the wavelengths of non-ionizing electromagentic radiation are generally longer than those of far ultraviolet radiation and range through the longest radio waves
Radiation-Protective Agents: drugs used to protect against ionizing radiation. they are usually of interest for use in radiation therapy but have been considered for other purposes, e.g. military
Radiation-Sensitizing Agents: drugs used to potentiate the effectiveness of radiation therapy in destroying unwanted cells
Radicular Cyst: slow-growing fluid-filled epithelial sac at the apex of a tooth with a nonvital pulp or defective root canal filling
Radiculopathy: disease involving a spinal nerve root (see spinal nerve roots) which may result from compression related to intervertebral disk displacement; spinal cord injuries; spinal diseases; and other conditions. clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root
Radiesthesia: therapeutic cult concerned with intangible energies surrounding the living body and based on the detection of these intrinsic radiations by dowsing, or divining, or the use of more elaborate instruments (radionics)
Radio: the transmission and reception of electric impulses or signals by means of electric waves without a connecting wire, or the use of these waves for the wireless transmission of electric impulses into which sound is converted. (from webster's 3d)
Radio Frequency Identification Device: machine readable patient or equipment identification device using radio frequency from 125 khz to 5.8 ghz
Radio Waves: electromagnetic waves with frequencies between about 3 kilohertz (very low frequency - vlf) and 300,000 megahertz (extremely high frequency - ehf). they are used in television and radio broadcasting, land and satellite communications systems, radionavigation, radiolocation, and diathermy. the highest frequency radio waves are microwaves
Radioactive Fallout: the material that descends to the earth or water well beyond the site of a surface or subsurface nuclear explosion. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of chemical and technical terms, 4th ed)
Radioactive Hazard Release: uncontrolled release of radioactive material from its containment. this either threatens to, or does, cause exposure to a radioactive hazard. such an incident may occur accidentally or deliberately
Radioactive Pollutants: radioactive substances which act as pollutants. they include chemicals whose radiation is released via radioactive waste, nuclear accidents, fallout from nuclear explosions, and the like
Radioactive Tracers: radioactive substances added in minute amounts to the reacting elements or compounds in a chemical process and traced through the process by appropriate detection methods, e.g., geiger counter. compounds containing tracers are often said to be tagged or labeled. (hawley's condensed chemical dictionary, 12th ed)
Radioactive Waste: liquid, solid, or gaseous waste resulting from mining of radioactive ore, production of reactor fuel materials, reactor operation, processing of irradiated reactor fuels, and related operations, and from use of radioactive materials in research, industry, and medicine. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Radioactivity: the spontaneous transformation of a nuclide into one or more different nuclides, accompanied by either the emission of particles from the nucleus, nuclear capture or ejection of orbital electrons, or fission. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Radioallergosorbent Test: an in vitro allergen radioimmunoassay in which allergens are coupled to an immunosorbent. the coupled allergens bind the ige in the sera of patients which in turn binds radioisotope-labeled anti-immunoglobulin e antibodies
Radiobiology: study of the scientific principles, mechanisms, and effects of the interaction of ionizing radiation with living matter. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Radiodermatitis: a cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation
Radiofrequency Ablation: removal of tissue using heat generated from electrodes delivering an alternating electrical current in the frequency of radio waves
Radiofrequency Therapy: the use of radio waves to conduct therapeutic procedures. the specific frequency, dosage, and intensity used vary depending on the desired effects which include heating, electrical stimulation, or ablation of tissues
Radiographic Image Enhancement: improvement in the quality of an x-ray image by use of an intensifying screen, tube, or filter and by optimum exposure techniques. digital processing methods are often employed
Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted: computer systems or networks designed to provide radiographic interpretive information
Radiographic Magnification: use of optic and geometric techniques to enhance radiographic image quality and interpretation. it includes use of microfocal x-ray tubes and intensifying fluoroscopic screens
Radiography: examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of x-rays or gamma rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film)
Radiography, Abdominal: radiographic visualization of the body between the thorax and the pelvis, i.e., within the peritoneal cavity
Radiography, Bitewing: technique involving the passage of x-rays through oral structures to create a film record while a central tab or wing of dental x-ray film is being held between upper and lower teeth
Radiography, Dental, Digital: a rapid, low-dose, digital imaging system using a small intraoral sensor instead of radiographic film, an intensifying screen, and a charge-coupled device. it presents the possibility of reduced patient exposure and minimal distortion, although resolution and latitude are inferior to standard dental radiography. a receiver is placed in the mouth, routing signals to a computer which images the signals on a screen or in print. it includes digitizing from x-ray film or any other detector. (from medline abstracts; personal communication from dr. charles berthold, nidr)
Radiography, Dual-Energy Scanned Projection: a method of producing a high-quality scan by digitizing and subtracting the images produced by high- and low-energy x-rays
Radiography, Interventional: diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that are invasive or surgical in nature, and require the expertise of a specially trained radiologist. in general, they are more invasive than diagnostic imaging but less invasive than major surgery. they often involve catheterization, fluoroscopy, or computed tomography. some examples include percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, percutaneous transthoracic biopsy, balloon angioplasty, and arterial embolization
Radiography, Panoramic: extraoral body-section radiography depicting an entire maxilla, or both maxilla and mandible, on a single film
Radiography, Thoracic: x-ray visualization of the chest and organs of the thoracic cavity. it is not restricted to visualization of the lungs
Radioimmunoassay: classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation
Radioimmunodetection: use of radiolabeled antibodies for diagnostic imaging of neoplasms. antitumor antibodies are labeled with diverse radionuclides including iodine-131, iodine-123, indium-111, or technetium-99m and injected into the patient. images are obtained by a scintillation camera
Radioimmunoprecipitation Assay: sensitive assay using radiolabeled antigens to detect specific antibodies in serum. the antigens are allowed to react with the serum and then precipitated using a special reagent such as protein a sepharose beads. the bound radiolabeled immunoprecipitate is then commonly analyzed by gel electrophoresis
Radioimmunosorbent Test: radioimmunoassay of proteins using antibody coupled to an immunosorbent
Radioimmunotherapy: radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (see radiotherapy)
Radioisotope Dilution Technique: method for assessing flow through a system by injection of a known quantity of radionuclide into the system and monitoring its concentration over time at a specific point in the system. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Radioisotope Renography: graphic tracing over a time period of radioactivity measured externally over the kidneys following intravenous injection of a radionuclide which is taken up and excreted by the kidneys
Radioisotope Teletherapy: a type of high-energy radiotherapy using a beam of gamma-radiation produced by a radioisotope source encapsulated within a teletherapy unit
Radioisotopes: isotopes that exhibit radioactivity and undergo radioactive decay. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed & mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Radioligand Assay: quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders)
Radiologic Health: health concerns associated with the effects of radiation on the environment and on public and personal health
Radiologic and Imaging Nursing: a nursing specialty that deals specifically with the care of patients undergoing diagnostic, neurological, cardiovascular, interventional, ultrasonography, computerized tomography, nuclear medicine, magnetic resonance, radiation oncology or other related procedures
Radiologists: physicians specializing in the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy to diagnose and treat disease
Radiology: a specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease
Radiology Department, Hospital: hospital department which is responsible for the administration and provision of x-ray diagnostic and therapeutic services
Radiology Information Systems: information systems, usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling administrative activities associated with the provision and utilization of radiology services and facilities
Radiology, Interventional: subspecialty of radiology that combines organ system radiography, catheter techniques and sectional imaging
Radiometric Dating: techniques used to determine the age of materials, based on the content and half-lives of the radioactive isotopes they contain
Radiometry: the measurement of radiation by photography, as in x-ray film and film badge, by geiger-mueller tube, and by scintillation counting
Radiomics: extraction of a large number of features from patient images using data characterization algorithms to uncover tumoral patterns and characteristics that improve diagnosis
Radionuclide Angiography: the measurement of visualization by radiation of any organ after a radionuclide has been injected into its blood supply. it is used to diagnose heart, liver, lung, and other diseases and to measure the function of those organs, except renography, for which radioisotope renography is available
Radionuclide Generators: separation systems containing a relatively long-lived parent radionuclide which produces a short-lived daughter in its decay scheme. the daughter can be periodically extracted (milked) by means of an appropriate eluting agent
Radionuclide Imaging: the production of an image obtained by cameras that detect the radioactive emissions of an injected radionuclide as it has distributed differentially throughout tissues in the body. the image obtained from a moving detector is called a scan, while the image obtained from a stationary camera device is called a scintiphotograph
Radionuclide Ventriculography: imaging of a ventricle of the heart after the injection of a radioactive contrast medium. the technique is less invasive than cardiac catheterization and is used to assess ventricular function
Radiopharmaceuticals: compounds that are used in medicine as sources of radiation for radiotherapy and for diagnostic purposes. they have numerous uses in research and industry. (martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1161)
Radiostereometric Analysis: methods for performing three-dimensional measurement and motion analysis using stereoscopic radiographs
Radiosurgery: a radiological stereotactic technique developed for cutting or destroying tissue by high doses of radiation in place of surgical incisions. it was originally developed for neurosurgery on structures in the brain and its use gradually spread to radiation surgery on extracranial structures as well. the usual rigid needles or probes of stereotactic surgery are replaced with beams of ionizing radiation directed toward a target so as to achieve local tissue destruction
Radiotherapy: the use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and some benign conditions
Radiotherapy Dosage: the total amount of radiation absorbed by tissues as a result of radiotherapy
Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted: computer-assisted mathematical calculations of beam angles, intensities of radiation, and duration of irradiation in radiotherapy
Radiotherapy Setup Errors: mistakes committed in the preparations for radiotherapy, including errors in positioning of patients, alignment radiation beams, or calculation of radiation doses
Radiotherapy, Adjuvant: radiotherapy given to augment some other form of treatment such as surgery or chemotherapy. adjuvant radiotherapy is commonly used in the therapy of cancer and can be administered before or after the primary treatment
Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted: computer systems or programs used in accurate computations for providing radiation dosage treatment to patients
Radiotherapy, Conformal: a therapy using ionizing radiation where there is improved dose homogeneity within the tumor and reduced dosage to uninvolved structures. the precise shaping of dose distribution is achieved via the use of computer-controlled multileaf collimators
Radiotherapy, High-Energy: radiotherapy using high-energy (megavolt or higher) ionizing radiation. types of radiation include gamma rays, produced by a radioisotope within a teletherapy unit; x-rays, electrons, protons, alpha particles (helium ions) and heavy charged ions, produced by particle acceleration; and neutrons and pi-mesons (pions), produced as secondary particles following bombardment of a target with a primary particle
Radiotherapy, Image-Guided: the use of pre-treatment imaging modalities to position the patient, delineate the target, and align the beam of radiation to achieve optimal accuracy and reduce radiation damage to surrounding non-target tissues
Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated: conformal radiotherapy that combines several intensity-modulated beams to provide improved dose homogeneity and highly conformal dose distributions
Radioulnar Synostosis: synostosis affecting the radius and ulna characterized by limited forearm pronation and supination; limited elbow extension in type 2. radiologic examination shows proximal, smooth radioulnar fusion with absent radial head in type 1 or radioulnar fusion distal to the proximal radial epiphysis with congenital radial head dislocation (type 2). inheritance may be autosomal dominant. it also is a feature of certain chromosome abnormalities, such as triple x-y syndrome (xxxy). omim: 179300
Radium: a radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. it has the atomic symbol ra and atomic number 88. radium is the product of the disintegration of uranium and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. it is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly brachytherapy
Radius: the outer shorter of the two bones of the forearm, lying parallel to the ulna and partially revolving around it
Radix clematidis extract: antidiabetic; commercially available extract used in chinese traditional medicine or japanese kampo. wei-ling-xian (clematis root) is used in treatment of rheumatism. contains anemonin
Radon: a naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol rn, and atomic number 86. it is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of radium
Radon Daughters: short-lived radioactive decay products of radon that include 216-po, 214-pb, 214-bi, and 214-po. they have an effective half-life of about 30 minutes and are solids that can deposit on the bronchial airways during inhalation and exhalation. this results in exposure of the respiratory airways to alpha radiation and can lead to diseases of the respiratory system, including lung cancer. (from casarett and doull's toxicology, 4th ed, p740)
Raffinose: a trisaccharide occurring in australian manna (from eucalyptus spp, myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal
Rafoxanide: veterinary anthelmintic for grazing animals; used to treat fluke, hookworm and other infestations
Rahnella: a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, small, rod-shaped bacteria occurring in fresh water
Rahnella: rod gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních, malých, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které žijí ve sladkých vodách
Railroads: permanent roads having a line of rails fixed to ties and laid to gage, usually on a leveled or graded ballasted roadbed and providing a track for freight cars, passenger cars, and other rolling stock. cars are designed to be drawn by locomotives or sometimes propelled by self-contained motors. (from webster's 3d) the concept includes the organizational and administrative aspects of railroads as well
Raine syndrome: combination of microcephaly, exophthalmos, hypoplastic nose and midface, gum hyperplasia, cleft palate, apparently low-set ears, and osteosclerosis
Rakousko: země se nachází ve střední evropě, severně od itálie a slovinska. hlavním městem je vídeň
Rakousko-Uhersko: státní útvar, reálná unie království a zemí v říšské radě zastoupených neboli předlitavska a zemí svaté štěpánské koruny uherské neboli zalitavska (nepřesně uherska), existující od 8. června 1867 do 31. října 1918. toto soustátí vzniklo přeměnou rakouského císařství (nástupníka habsburské monarchie) na základě rakousko-uherského vyrovnání v únoru 1867. zahrnovalo země: rakousko, maďarsko, čechy, morava, bukovina,
Ral proteiny vázající GTP: rodina všudypřítomně exprimovaných monomerních proteinů vázajících gtp, které se podílejí na transdukci intracelulárního signálu. tento enzym byl dříve uváděn jako ec 3.6.1.47
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: a second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (serm) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. it has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue
Ralstonia: a genus in the family burkholderiaceae, comprised of many species. they are associated with a variety of infections including meningitis; peritonitis; and urinary tract infections
Ralstonia: rod bakterií čeledi burkholderiaceae zahrnující mnoho druhů. způsobují různé infekce včetně meningitidy, peritonitidy a infekcí močového ústrojí
Ralstonia pickettii: the type species in the genus ralstonia. it is often found in the hospital ward as a contaminant of antiseptic and disinfectant solutions
Ralstonia pickettii: typový druh rodu ralstonia. často se vyskytuje v nemocničních odděleních jako kontaminace antiseptických a dezinfekčních roztoků
Ralstonia solanacearum: a species of ralstonia previously classed in the genera pseudomonas and burkholderia. it is an important plant pathogen
Ralstonia solanacearum: druh bakterie rodu ralstonia, která byla původně zařazena do rodů pseudomonas a burkholderia. je to významný fytopatogen
Raltegravir Potassium: a pyrrolidinone derivative and hiv integrase inhibitor that is used in combination with other anti-hiv agents for the treatment of hiv infection
Rambaud Galian syndrome: digestive tract & renal small vessel hyalinosis, idiopathic nonarteriosclerotic intracerebral calcifications, retinal ischemic syndrome
Ramipril: a long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. it is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat
Ramon Syndrome: cherubism, gingival fibromatosis, epilepsy, mental deficiency, hypertrichosis, and stunted growth
Ramos Arroyo Clark syndrome: congenital corneal anesthesia with retinal abnormalities, deafness, unusual facies, persistent ductus arteriosus, and mental retardation
Ramucirumab: a humanized monoclonal antibody and antagonist of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (vegfr2)
Ran protein vázající GTP: monomerní gtp-vázající protein, který se podílí na nukleocytoplazmatickém transportu proteinů do jádra a rna do cytoplazmy. tento enzym byl dříve uváděn jako ec 3.6.1.47
Rana catesbeiana: a species of the family ranidae (true frogs). the only anuran properly referred to by the common name bullfrog, it is the largest native anuran in north america
Rana catesbeiana: druh čeledi ranidae (skokanovití). největší původní druh žab v severní americe
Rana clamitans: a species of the family ranidae which occurs primarily in the eastern half of the united states and canada. two subspecies exist, commonly referred to as green frog (r. c. melanota) and bronze frog (r. c. clamitans)
Rana clamitans: druh čeledi ranidae (skokanovití), který se primárně vyskytuje ve východní polovině spojených států amerických a v kanadě. existují dva poddruhy (r. c. melanota a r. c. clamitans)
Rana esculenta: an edible species of the family ranidae, occurring in europe and used extensively in biomedical research. commonly referred to as edible frog
Rana esculenta: jedlý druh čeledi ranidae (skokanovití), který se vyskytuje v evropě a má široké využití v biomedicínském výzkumu
Rana pipiens: a highly variable species of the family ranidae in canada, the united states and central america. it is the most widely used anuran in biomedical research
Rana pipiens: vysoce variabilní druh čeledi ranidae, který se vyskytuje v kanadě, ve spojených státech amerických a střední americe. nejvíce používaný druh žab v biomedicínském výzkumu
Rana ridibunda: a species of the family ranidae which occurs primarily in europe and is used widely in biomedical research
Rana ridibunda: druh čeledi ranidae (skokanovití), který se primárně vyskytuje v evropě. často používaný druh žab v biomedicínském výzkumu
Rana temporaria: a species of the family ranidae occurring in a wide variety of habitats from within the arctic circle to south africa, australia, etc
Rana temporaria: druh čeledi ranidae (skokanovití), který žije na různých stanovištích od severního polárního kruhu po jižní afriku, austrálii atd
Ranavirus: a genus of iridoviridae which infects fish, amphibians and reptiles. it is non-pathogenic for its natural host, rana pipiens, but is lethal for other frogs, toads, turtles and salamanders. frog virus 3 is the type species
Ranavirus: rod virů čeledi iridoviridae, které infikují ryby, obojživelníky a plazy. přirozeným hostitelem je skokan levhartí (rana pipiens), pro kterého nejsou patogenní. pro další žáby, pro ropuchy, želvy a mloky jsou letální. typovým druhem je žabí virus 3
Random Allocation: a process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. it may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects
Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique: technique that utilizes low-stringency polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification with single primers of arbitrary sequence to generate strain-specific arrays of anonymous dna fragments. rapd technique may be used to determine taxonomic identity, assess kinship relationships, analyze mixed genome samples, and create specific probes
Random Forest: an algorithm used in decision analysis and machine learning that uses a set of trees to combine output of multiple, randomly generated decision trees. the final class of each tree is aggregated and evaluated by weighted values to construct the final classifier
Randomized Controlled Trial: a work that reports on a clinical trial that involves at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table
Randomized Controlled Trial, Veterinary: a work that reports on a clinical trial with animal subjects that involves at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic: works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table
Range of Motion, Articular: the distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate muscle stretching exercises
Ranibizumab: a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody fragment that binds vegf-a to prevent its binding to vegfr-1 and vegfr-2 receptors. this activity reduces vessel permeability and angiogenesis in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration
Ranidae: the family of true frogs of the order anura. the family occurs worldwide except in antarctica
Ranidae: čeleď pravých žab řádu anura. kromě antarktidy žijí po celém světě
Ranitidine: a non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (h2 receptors). it is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers
Ranolazine: an acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a sodium channel blocker and prevents the release of enzymes during myocardial ischemia. it is used in the treatment of angina pectoris
Ranula: a form of retention cyst of the floor of the mouth, usually due to obstruction of the ducts of the submaxillary or sublingual glands, presenting a slowly enlarging painless deep burrowing mucocele of one side of the mouth. it is also called sublingual cyst and sublingual ptyalocele
Ranunculaceae: the buttercup plant family of the order ranunculales, class magnoliopsida. the leaves are usually alternate and stalkless. the flowers usually have two to five free sepals and may be radially symmetrical or irregular
Ranunculaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu pryskyřníkotvarých (ranunculales). jsou to byliny nebo řidčeji i dřeviny s jednoduchými nebo složenými listy a dosti mnohotvárnými květy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Ranunculus: a plant genus of the family ranunculaceae that contains protoanemonin, anemonin, and ranunculin
Ranunculus: rod rostlin čeledi ranunculaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují protoanemonin, anemonin a ranunkulin
Ranvier's Nodes: regularly spaced gaps in the myelin sheaths of peripheral axons. ranvier's nodes allow saltatory conduction, that is, jumping of impulses from node to node, which is faster and more energetically favorable than continuous conduction
Ranvierovy zářezy: místa ztenčení myelinové pochvy (tvořené schwannovými buňkami v pns a oligodendrogliemi v cns) u neuronu. toto přerušované uspořádání urychluje přenos nervových impulsů (tzv. saltatorní vedení) po nervovém vlákně, tedy šíření vzruchu, neboť při každém styku impulsů s ranvierovým zářezem dochází k obnovení jejich původní intenzity. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2018 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Rap proteiny vázající GTP: rodina monomerních proteinů vázajících gtp, které jsou příbuzné s proteiny ras. tento enzym byl dříve uváděn jako ec 3.6.1.47
Rap1 protein, S pombe: loss of taz1 leads to stalled replication forks at telomeres and internally placed telomere sequences, regardless of whether the telomeric g-rich strand is replicated by leading- or lagging-strand synthesis
Rap1 proteiny vázající GTP: geneticky příbuzná podrodina rap proteinů vázajících gtp, které sdílejí homologii s ras proteiny. vážou se na ras efektory, ale neaktivují je, proto mohou antagonizovat účinky ras proteinů. tento enzym byl dříve uváděn jako ec 3.6.1.47
Rapadilino syndrome: absent thumbs, dislocated joints, long face with narrow palpebral fissures, long slender nose, arched palate
Rapamycin-Insensitive Companion of mTOR Protein: an adaptor protein subunit of mtorc2 complex. it functions as a structural component and is phosphorylated by ribosomal protein s6 kinases, integrating signals for cell growth and proliferation, especially during embryonic development
Rapeseed Oil: plant oils derived from rapeseed species known as brassica napus
Raphanus: a plant genus of the family brassicaceae known for its peppery red root
Raphanus: rod rostlin čeledi brassicaceae, který pochází z číny a přední asie. patří mezi nejstarší užitkové rostliny, prošla celou řadou šlechtění, do evropy se dostala počátkem našeho letopočtu prostřednictvím římanů. ředkev ohnice se vyskytuje na polích jako plevelná rostlina, kterou lze jen stěží vyhubit. ředkev setá se naopak pěstuje pro své kořeny jako užitková rostlina, např. ředkvička, letní ředkev, zimní ředkev, daikon. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Raphe Nuclei: collections of small neurons centrally scattered among many fibers from the level of the trochlear nucleus in the midbrain to the hypoglossal area in the medulla oblongata
Rapid Diagnostic Tests: diagnostic assays designed for use at the point-of-care (poc) that can be adapted for use in low-resource settings. these tests are low-cost, simple to operate and read, sensitive, specific, stable at high temperatures, and works in a short period of time
Rapid On-site Evaluation: a rapid laboratory service provided onsite at clinical settings (e.g., diagnostic imaging suites) typically for cytomorphologic features on fine-needle aspiration
Rapid Sequence Induction and Intubation: a method of maintaining airway patency and administering anesthesia during emergency situations when it cannot be determined if the patient is fasting or not; or in other instances where there is a risk of aspiration. the method includes a series of events that involve the administration of sedatives to induce unconsciousness, followed by neuromuscular block agents to improve the intubating conditions, followed by endotracheal intubation
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with pulmonary hemorrhage: diffuse alveolar hemorrhage that often occurs simultaneously with glomerulonephritis. it is associated with systemic autoimmune diseases
Rappaport: a genus of gram-negative gammaproteobacteria in the family cardiobacteriaceae
Rappaport: rod gramnegativních gamaproteobakterií (gammaproteobacteria) čeledi cardiobacteriaceae
Raptors: birds that hunt and kill other animals, especially higher vertebrates, for food. they include the falconiformes order, or diurnal birds of prey, comprised of eagles, falcons, hawks, and others, as well as the strigiformes order, or nocturnal birds of prey, which includes owls
Rare Books: books that are limited in availability, have early printing dates or special characteristics that increase the value of an individual copy, print run, or edition
Rare Diseases: a large group of diseases which are characterized by a low prevalence in the population. they frequently are associated with problems in diagnosis and treatment
Ras Homolog Enriched in Brain Protein: a gtp-binding protein with low intrinsic gtpase activity that activates mtorc1 protein kinase activity
Ras proteiny: malé monomerní proteiny vázající gtp a kódované geny ras. protoonkogenní protein p21(ras) (protein odvozený z protoonkogenu) hraje roli v normálním buněčném růstu, diferenciaci a vývoji. onkogenní protein p21(ras) (odvozený od onkogenu) může hrát roli v aberantní buněčné regulaci během nádorové transformace buněk. tento enzym byl dříve uváděn jako ec 3.6.1.47
Rat-Bite Fever: a syndrome characterized by recurring fever, rash, and arthralgias occurring days to weeks after a rat bite. the causative agents are either streptobacillus moniliformis or spirillum minus
Ratibida: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain sesquiterpene lactones
Ratibida: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují seskviterpenové laktony
Rationalization: a defense mechanism operating unconsciously, in which the individual attempts to justify or make consciously tolerable, by plausible means, feelings, behavior, and motives that would otherwise be intolerable
Rats, Brattleboro: a mutant strain of rattus norvegicus used in research on renal function and hypertension and as a disease model for diabetes insipidus
Rats, Gunn: mutant strain of rattus norvegicus which is used as a disease model of kernicterus
Rats, Hairless: mutant strains of rats that produce little or no hair. several different homozygous recessive mutations can cause hairlessness in rats including rnu/rnu (rowett nude), fz/fz (fuzzy), shn/shn (shorn), and nznu/nznu (new zealand nude). note that while nude rats are often hairless, they are most characteristically athymic
Rats, Inbred ACI: an inbred strain of rat that is widely used in biomedical research. applications include the study of spontaneous neoplasms; chronic kidney diseases, and congenital abnormalities
Rats, Inbred BB: a strain of rattus norvegicus which is a model for spontaneous insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent)
Rats, Inbred BN: an inbred strain of rat that is widely used in a variety of research areas such as the study of asthma; carcinogenesis; aging; and leukemia
Rats, Inbred BUF: an inbred strain of rat that is used for cancer research, particularly the study of carcinogenesis
Rats, Inbred Dahl: inbred rats derived from sprague-dawley rats and used for the study of salt-dependent hypertension. salt-sensitive and salt-resistant strains have been selectively bred to show the opposite genetically determined blood pressure responses to excess sodium chloride ingestion
Rats, Inbred F344: an inbred strain of rat that is used for general biomedical research purposes
Rats, Inbred LEC: a cinnamon-colored strain of long-evans rats which carries a mutation causing fulminant hepatitis and jaundice, with an associated gross accumulation of copper in the liver. this strain is a model for wilson's disease (see hepatolenticular degeneration)
Rats, Inbred Lew: an inbred strain of rat that is used in biomedical research
Rats, Inbred OLETF: an inbred strain of long-evans rats that develops hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and mild obesity, mostly in males, that resembles non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in humans. it was developed from outbred long-evans stock in 1983
Rats, Inbred SHR: a strain of rattus norvegicus with elevated blood pressure used as a model for studying hypertension and stroke
Rats, Inbred Strains: genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. this also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding
Rats, Inbred WF: an inbred strain of rat that is used in biomedical research
Rats, Inbred WKY: a strain of rattus norvegicus used as a normotensive control for the spontaneous hypertensive rats (shr)
Rats, Long-Evans: an outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several wistar institute white females with a wild gray male. inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including long-evans cinnamon rats (rats, inbred lec) and otsuka-long-evans-tokushima fatty rats (rats, inbred oletf), which are models for wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively
Rats, Mutant Strains: rats bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals
Rats, Nude: a mutant strain of rattus norvegicus without a thymus and with depressed or absent t-cell function. this strain of rats may have a small amount of hair at times, but then lose it
Rats, Sprague-Dawley: a strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. it was developed by the sprague-dawley animal company
Rats, Transgenic: laboratory rats that have been produced from a genetically manipulated rat egg or rat embryo, mammalian. they contain genes from another species
Rats, Wistar: a strain of albino rat developed at the wistar institute that has spread widely at other institutions. this has markedly diluted the original strain
Rats, Zucker: two populations of zucker rats have been cited in research--the fatty or obese and the lean. the fatty rat (rattus norvegicus) appeared as a spontaneous mutant. the obese condition appears to be due to a single recessive gene
Rauscher Virus: a strain of murine leukemia virus associated with mouse tumors similar to those caused by the friend murine leukemia virus. it is a replication-competent murine leukemia virus. it can act as a helper virus when complexing with a defective transforming component, rauscher spleen focus-forming virus
Rauscherův virus: kmen viru myší leukemie spojený s nádory myší (podobnými nádorům způsobeným virem friendové). jde o replikačně kompetentní virus myší leukemie. po kompletaci s defektní transformující komponentou (rauscherovým virem vyvolávajícím fokusy sleziny) může působit jako pomocný virus
Rauvolfia: rod rostlin čeledi apocynaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují alkaloidy používané jako trankvilizéry a antihypertenzíva. z kořene r. serpentina se získává reserpin
Rauwolfia: a plant genus of the apocynaceae or dogbane family. alkaloids from plants in this genus have been used as tranquilizers and antihypertensive agents. reserpine is derived from r. serpentina
Raykit: preparation used to clean bowel prior to double contrast barium enema; consists of low residue diet, magnesium citrate drink, bisacodyl tablets & suppositories
Raynaud Disease: an idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or cyanosis in response to cold exposure or stress
Raynaudova nemoc: druh vazoneurózy charakterizovaný výrazným zbělením prstů rukou v chladu (digiti mortui), které následně zmodrají a poté zčervenají a objevuje se jejich bolest. nejprve vzniká vazokonstrikce a ischemie, která je následně vystřídána stázou a reaktivní hyperemií. v důsledku ischemie mohou vzniknout poškození cév a nekrotické změny. pro primární formu se používá termínu r. nemoc; je častější u žen, není prokázáno jiné onemocnění, předpokládají se vrozené dispozice na úrovni neurovegetativní a hormonální. probíhá obv. benigně a jsou přítomny jiné známky cévní lability (migréna, potivost). sekundární forma (r. fenomén, r. syndrom) vzniká (či předchází) při přítomnosti jiného onemocnění (např. systémového, thrombangiitis obliterans, aterosklerózy, kryoglobulinemie, některých intoxikací, neurologických chorob) či v důsledku opakovaných traumat (práce např. s pneumatickými kladivy). diagnostika i léčba jsou zaměřeny na ev. základní onemocnění; k léčbě vlastních příznaků se používají zejm. blokátory kalciových kanálů, v nejtěžších případech lze použít sympatektomii. důležitá jsou režimová opatření vč. zákazu kouření. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Rcp protein, Legionella pneumophila: from legionella pneumophila, a pagp-like gene that confers resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides and promotes intracellular infection; amino acid
Re-Epithelialization: reconstitution of eroded or injured epithelium by proliferation and migration of epithelial cells from below or adjacent to the damaged site
Reactive Attachment Disorder: markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate social relatedness that begins before age 5 and is associated with grossly pathological child care. the child may persistently fail to initiate and respond to social interactions in a developmentally appropriate way (inhibited type) or there may be a pattern of diffuse attachments with nondiscriminate sociability (disinhibited type). (from dsm-v)
Reactive Inhibition: tendency toward a lessened strength of response due to practice or activity. it is independent of the effect of reward and is a direct function of time interval since the last response and the number of preceding responses
Reactive Nitrogen Species: nitrogenous products of nitric oxide synthases, ranging from nitric oxide to nitrates. these reactive nitrogen intermediates also include the inorganic peroxynitrous acid and the organic s-nitrosothiols
Reactive Oxygen Species: molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. these reactive oxygen intermediates include singlet oxygen; superoxides; peroxides; hydroxyl radical; and hypochlorous acid. they contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to nucleic acids; proteins; and lipids
Reading Frames: the three possible sequences of codons by which genetic translation may occur from one nucleotide sequence. a segment of mrna 5'auccga3' could be translated as 5'auc.. or 5'ucc.. or 5'ccg.., depending on the location of the start codon
Reagent Kits, Diagnostic: commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. they may be for laboratory or personal use
Reagent Strips: narrow pieces of material impregnated or covered with a substance used to produce a chemical reaction. the strips are used in detecting, measuring, producing, etc., other substances. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Reagins: antibodies, especially ige, that bind to tissue of the same species so that antigens induce histamine release and other vasoactive agents. hypersensitivity is the clinical manifestation
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction: methods used for detecting the amplified dna products from the polymerase chain reaction as they accumulate instead of at the end of the reaction
Reality Testing: the individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function
Reality Therapy: method of psychotherapeutic treatment based on assumption of patients' personal responsibility for their own behavior. the therapist actively guides patients to accurate self-perception for fulfillment of needs of self-worth and respect for others. (from apa, thesaurus of psychological index terms, 8th ed.)
Reassortant Viruses: viruses containing two or more pieces of nucleic acid (segmented genome) from different parents. such viruses are produced in cells coinfected with different strains of a given virus
Reboxetine: a morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of depressive disorder
Rec A Recombinases: a family of recombinases initially identified in bacteria. they catalyze the atp-driven exchange of dna strands in genetic recombination. the product of the reaction consists of a duplex and a displaced single-stranded loop, which has the shape of the letter d and is therefore called a d-loop structure
RecA-rekombinasy: rodina rekombináz původně identifikovaná u bakterií. při genetické rekombinaci katalyzují výměnu řetězců dna řízenou atp. produkt této reakce se skládá z duplexu a přemístěné jednořetězcové smyčky, která má tvar písmene d, a proto se nazývá struktura d-smyčky
RecQ Helicases: a family of structurally-related dna helicases that play an essential role in the maintenance of genome integrity. recq helicases were originally discovered in e coli and are highly conserved across both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. genetic mutations that result in loss of recq helicase activity gives rise to disorders that are associated with cancer predisposition and premature aging
Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B: a tumor necrosis factor receptor family member that is specific for rank ligand and plays a role in bone homeostasis by regulating osteoclastogenesis. it is also expressed on dendritic cells where it plays a role in regulating dendritic cell survival. signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with tnf receptor-associated factors
Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 1: a receptor activity-modifying protein that is a subunit of specific g-protein coupled receptors. the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor is formed from a dimer of this protein and calcitonin receptor-like protein, while an isoform of the islet amyloid polypeptide receptor is formed from this protein dimerizing with the calcitonin receptor