NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Cyclotides: a continuous circle of peptide bonds, typically of 2-3 dozen amino acids, so there is no free n- or c-terminus. they are further characterized by six conserved cysteine residues that form cystine knot motifs
Cyclotrons: devices for accelerating charged particles in a spiral path by a constant-frequency alternating electric field. this electric field is synchronized with the movement of the particles in a constant magnetic field
Cylindrospermopsis: a form-genus of cyanobacteria in the order nostocales, characterized by thin trichomes, cylindrical akinetes, and terminal heterocysts
Cylindrospermopsis: formální rod sinic řádu nostocales charakterizovaný tenkými trichomy, cylindrickými akinetami a terminálními heterocytami
Cymarine: a cardiotonic cardiac glycoside found in strophanthus. the aglycone is strophanthin
Cymbopogon: a plant genus of the family poaceae which is a source of citronella oil and lemongrass oil
Cymbopogon: rod rostlin čeledi poaceae (lipnicovité), jehož zástupci obsahují citronelový olej
Cymbopogon winterianus: a source of citronella oil along with related grass cymbopogon nardus
Cymenes: a subclass of monoterpenes that contain a single benzene ring structure with an isopropyl group and one or more methyl groups
Cynanchum: a plant genus of the family asclepiadaceae. members contain steroidal glycosides and cytotoxic phenanthroindolizidine n-oxide alkaloids
Cynanchum: rod rostlin čeledi apocynaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují steroidní glykosidy a cytotoxické fenantroindolizidinové alkaloidy
Cynara scolymus: a plant species of the genus cynara, family asteraceae. the flower bud is the familiar artichoke eaten as a vegetable
Cynara scolymus: druh rostlin rodu cynara, čeledi asteraceae. artyčok pěstovaný pro jedlé květní úbory
Cynodon: a plant genus of the family poaceae that is considered a lawn grass by some and a weed by others. it contains allergen cyn d 7
Cynodon: rod rostlin čeledi poaceae (lipnicovité), jehož zástupci obsahují alergen cyn d 7
Cynomorium: a plant genus of the family balanophoraceae. members contain stigmastanes and ursanes (triterpenes) and lignan glucopyranosides (lignans)
Cynomorium: rod vzácných parazitických rostlin z čeledi balanophoraceae - hlívencovité. někteří zástupci obsahují stigmastany a ursany (triterpeny) a lignanové glukopyranosidy (lignany)
Cyperaceae: the sedge plant family of the order cyperales, subclass commelinidae, class liliopsida (monocotyledons)
Cyperus: a plant genus of the family cyperaceae. sesquiterpenes are found in some of the species
Cyperus: rod rostlin čeledi cyperaceae. některé druhy obsahují seskviterpeny
Cyprinidae: čeleď ryb z řádu máloostní. zahrnuje zhruba 320 rodů s více než 3000 druhů, z nichž na území české republiky žije asi 30. mezi nejznámější zástupce této čeledi v české republice patří kapr obecný, karas obecný, karas stříbřitý, lín obecný, tolstolobec pestrý, tolstolobik bílý, jelec tloušť, jelec jesen, jelec proudník, hrouzek kesslerův, hrouzek obecný, bolen dravý, střevle potoční, cejnek malý, cejn velký, parma obecná a další. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cypriniformes: an order of fish with 26 families and over 3,000 species. this order includes the families cyprinidae (minnows and carps), cobitidae (loaches), and catostomidae (suckers)
Cyprinodontidae: malé vejcorodé ryby čeledi cyprinodontidae, ale také někteří zástupci čeledí aplocheilidae, fundulidae, profundulidae a rivulidae. používají se pro regulaci výskytu komárů. jsou modelovými organismy obratlovců např. v environmentální toxikologii a neurobiologii, kvůli jejich krátké životnosti, snadné péči a velkému počtu produkovaných jiker
Cyprinodontiformes: an order of fish with eight families and numerous species of both egg-laying and livebearing fish. families include cyprinodontidae (egg-laying killifishes;), fundulidael; (topminnows), goodeidae (mexican livebearers), jenynsiidae (jenynsiids), poeciliidae (livebearers), profundulidae (middle american killifishes), aplocheilidae, and rivulidae (rivulines). in the family poeciliidae, the guppy and molly belong to the genus poecilia
Cyprinodontiformes: řád paprskoploutvých ryb s několika čeleděmi a mnoha druhy. zahrnuje vejcorodé i živorodé druhy ryb. k čeledím patří cyprinodontidae (halančíkovcovití), fundulidae (fundulovití), goodeidae (gudeovití), jenynsiidae, poeciliidae (živorodkovití), profundulidae (pafundulovití), aplocheilidae (štikovcovití) a rivulidae (rivulovití)
Cyproheptadine: a serotonin antagonist and a histamine h1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc
Cyproterone: an anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (cyproterone acetate), also has progestational properties. it is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females
Cyproterone Acetate: an agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. it shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites
Cyprus: an island republic in the eastern mediterranean sea. its capital is nicosia. it was colonized by the phoenicians and ancient greeks and ruled successively by the assyrian, persian, ptolemaic, roman, and byzantine empires. it was under various countries from the 12th to the 20th century but became independent in 1960. the name comes from the greek kupros, probably representing the sumerian kabar or gabar, copper, famous in historic times for its copper mines. the cypress tree is also named after the island. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p308 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p134)
Cyprus facial neuromusculoskeletal syndrome: unusual facial appearance, skeletal deformities, and musculoskeletal and sensory defects
Cyracure UVR 6105: a cycloaliphatic epoxy monomer and has both carboxylate and epoxy groups, with the potential for rapid polymerization; widely used in industry for the preparation of inks, resins, coatings, and was proposed for incorporation into dental composites
Cyrtosperma: a plant genus of the family araceae that may be confused with other araceae having similar common names
Cyst Fluid: liquid material found in epithelial-lined closed cavities or sacs
Cystadenocarcinoma: a malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. the neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (stedman, 25th ed)
Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous: a malignant cystic or semisolid tumor most often occurring in the ovary. rarely, one is solid. this tumor may develop from a mucinous cystadenoma, or it may be malignant at the onset. the cysts are lined with tall columnar epithelial cells; in others, the epithelium consists of many layers of cells that have lost normal structure entirely. in the more undifferentiated tumors, one may see sheets and nests of tumor cells that have very little resemblance to the parent structure. (hughes, obstetric-gynecologic terminology, 1972, p184)
Cystadenocarcinoma, Papillary: an adenocarcinoma in which the tumor elements are arranged as finger-like processes or as a solid spherical nodule projecting from an epithelial surface
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous: a malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. it often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. the external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. psammoma bodies may be present. the tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (from hughes, obstetric-gynecologic terminology, 1972, p185)
Cystadenofibroma: benign or borderline malignant neoplasm of the ovary and surrounding tissues. it is characterized by tumor(s) with cystic glands which are lined by cuboidal epithelial cells with clear cytoplasm, resembling endometrium cells. the glands are separated by fibroblastic stromal cells
Cystadenoma: a benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. in some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (stedman, 25th ed)
Cystadenoma, Mucinous: a multilocular tumor with mucin secreting epithelium. they are most often found in the ovary, but are also found in the pancreas, appendix, and rarely, retroperitoneal and in the urinary bladder. they are considered to have low-grade malignant potential
Cystadenoma, Papillary: a benign neoplasm of the ovary
Cystadenoma, Serous: a cystic tumor of the ovary, containing thin, clear, yellow serous fluid and varying amounts of solid tissue, with a malignant potential several times greater than that of mucinous cystadenoma (cystadenoma, mucinous). it can be unilocular, parvilocular, or multilocular. it is often bilateral and papillary. the cysts may vary greatly in size. (dorland, 27th ed; from hughes, obstetric-gynecologic terminology, 1972)
Cystamine: a radiation-protective agent that interferes with sulfhydryl enzymes. it may also protect against carbon tetrachloride liver damage
Cystaphos: proposed as an adjuvant to cancer chemotherapy; may have radiation protective properties
Cystathionase Deficiency: mutation in cystathionine gamma-lyase
Cystathionine: sulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of methionine to cysteine
Cystathionine beta-Synthase: a multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. in the second stage of cysteine biosynthesis it catalyzes the reaction of homocysteine with serine to form cystathionine with the elimination of water. deficiency of this enzyme leads to hyperhomocysteinemia and homocystinuria. ec 4.2.1.22
Cystathionine gamma-Lyase: a multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. in the final step in the biosynthesis of cysteine it catalyzes the cleavage of cystathionine to yield cysteine, ammonia, and 2-ketobutyrate. ec 4.4.1.1
Cystatin A: a cytastin subtype found at high levels in the skin and in blood cells. cystatin a incorporates into the cornified cell envelope of stratified squamous epithelial cells and may play a role in bacteriostatic properties of skin
Cystatin B: an intracellular cystatin subtype that is found in a broad variety of cell types. it is a cytosolic enzyme inhibitor that protects the cell against the proteolytic action of lysosomal enzymes such as cathepsins
Cystatin C: an extracellular cystatin subtype that is abundantly expressed in bodily fluids. it may play a role in the inhibition of interstitial cysteine proteases
Cystatin M: a cystatin subtype that has a diverse tissue distribution, target specificity, and functions as an endogenous inhibitor of lysosomal cysteine proteases
Cystatins: a homologous group of endogenous cysteine proteinase inhibitors. the cystatins inhibit most cysteine endopeptidases such as papain, and other peptidases which have a sulfhydryl group at the active site
Cysteamine: a mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the coenzyme a degradative pathway. the fact that cysteamine is readily transported into lysosomes where it reacts with cystine to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and cysteine has led to its use in cystine depleting agents for the treatment of cystinosis
Cysteic Acid: beta-sulfoalanine. an amino acid with a c-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. it occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather
Cysteine: a thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine
Cysteine Dioxygenase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-cysteine to 3-sulfinoalanine (3-sulfino-l-alanine) in the cysteine metabolism and taurine and hypotaurine metabolic pathways
Cysteine Endopeptidases: endopeptidases which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. this group of enzymes is inactivated by cysteine proteinase inhibitors such as cystatins and sulfhydryl reagents
Cysteine Loop Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptors: a subfamily of ligand-gated ion channel receptors that share a characteristic loop which is formed by a disulfide bond between two cysteine residues. these receptors typically contain five subunits with the cysteine-loop occurring near an n-terminal extracellular domain
Cysteine Proteases: a subclass of peptide hydrolases that depend on a cysteine residue for their activity
Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors: exogenous and endogenous compounds which inhibit cysteine endopeptidases
Cysteine Synthase: an enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of cysteine in microorganisms and plants from o-acetyl-l-serine and hydrogen sulfide. this enzyme was formerly listed as ec 4.2.99.8
Cysteine-Rich Protein 61: a ccn protein family member that regulates a variety of extracellular functions including cell adhesion; cell migration; and extracellular matrix synthesis. it may play an important role in the development of branched capillaries during embryogenesis
Cysteinyldopa: found in large amounts in the plasma and urine of patients with malignant melanoma. it is therefore used in the diagnosis of melanoma and for the detection of postoperative metastases. cysteinyldopa is believed to be formed by the rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of 5-s-glutathionedopa found in melanin-producing cells
Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of Lung, Congenital: an abnormality in lung development that is characterized by a multicystic mass resulting from an adenomatous overgrowth of the terminal bronchioles with a consequent reduction of pulmonary alveoli. this anomaly is classified into three types by the cyst size
Cystic Disease Of Lung: a hereditary autosomal recessive lung disease characterized by the development of cysts at an early age, recurrent respiratory infections, and spontaneous neonatal pneumothorax. occurs at a higher frequency in non-ashkenazi jewish people in israel and the maori people of new zealand. omim: 219600
Cystic Duct: the duct that is connected to the gallbladder and allows the emptying of bile into the common bile duct
Cystic Fibrosis: an autosomal recessive genetic disease of the exocrine glands. it is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator expressed in several organs including the lung, the pancreas, the biliary system, and the sweat glands. cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in airway obstruction; chronic respiratory infections; pancreatic insufficiency; maldigestion; salt depletion; and heat prostration
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator: a chloride channel that regulates secretion in many exocrine tissues. abnormalities in the cftr gene have been shown to cause cystic fibrosis. (hum genet 1994;93(4):364-8)
Cystic medial necrosis of aorta: a thoracic aortic aneurysm characterized by degeneration and fragmentation of elastic fibers, loss of smooth muscle cells, and an accumulation of basophils in non-fibrillar extracellular matrix (ground substance). omim: 607086
Cysticercosis: infection with cysticercus, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus taenia (usually t. solium in man). in humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. brain involvement results in neurocysticercosis
Cysticercus: the larval form of various tapeworms of the genus taenia
Cystine: a covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine
Cystine Depleting Agents: compounds and drugs that react with cystine and convert it into a compound that can be more easily metabolized or intracellularly transported. drugs in this class have been used to treat cystinosis
Cystine Knot Motifs: amino acid sequence in which two disulfide bonds (disulfides) and their connecting backbone form a ring that is penetrated by a third disulfide bond. members include cyclotides and agouti-related protein
Cystine-Knot Miniproteins: a structurally-related family of small proteins that form a stable tertiary fold pattern which is supported by a series of disulfide bonds. the arrangement of disulfide bonds between the cysteine moieties results in a knotted structure which is unique to this family of proteins
Cystinosis: a metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of cystine across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. this results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. in the kidney, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of renal fanconi syndrome
Cystinuria: an inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of cystine and other basic amino acids by the proximal renal tubules. this form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; lysine; arginine; and ornithine. mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene slc3a1
Cystinyl Aminopeptidase: a zinc-containing sialoglycoprotein that is used to study aminopeptidase activity in the pathogenesis of hypertension. ec 3.4.11.3
Cystitis: inflammation of the urinary bladder, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain
Cystitis, Hemorrhagic: a diffuse inflammation of the urinary bladder characterized by hematuria due to bleeding from the bladder mucosa. hemorrhagic cystitis is most often associated with infections, e.g., human adenovirus infecions, but may also be due to other noninfectious etiologies: chemotherapy with certain drugs, e.g., cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide, and radiotherapy
Cystitis, Interstitial: a condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the urinary bladder and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency
Cystocele: a hernia-like condition in which the weakened pelvic muscles cause the urinary bladder to drop from its normal position. fallen urinary bladder is more common in females with the bladder dropping into the vagina and less common in males with the bladder dropping into the scrotum
Cystostomy: surgical creation of an opening (stoma) in the urinary bladder for drainage
Cystotomy: surgical incision or puncture into a urinary bladder. cystotomy may be used to remove urinary calculi, or to perform tissue repair and reconstruction
Cystoviridae: a family of bacteriophages containing one genus (cystovirus) with one member (bacteriophage phi 6)
Cystoviridae: čeleď bakteriofágů obsahující jeden rod (cystovirus) s jedním členem (bakteriofág phi 6)
Cysts: any fluid-filled closed cavity or sac that is lined by an epithelium. cysts can be of normal, abnormal, non-neoplastic, or neoplastic tissues
Cytapheresis: separation of one or more kinds of cells from whole blood with the return of other blood cell constituents to the patient or donor. this is accomplished with an instrument that uses centrifugation to separate the cells into different layers based on the differences in cell density (displacement) or drag coefficients in a current (elutriation). the procedure is commonly used in adoptive transfer to isolate nk cells, lymphocytes, or monocytes
Cytarabine: a pyrimidine nucleoside analog that is used mainly in the treatment of leukemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of dna. its actions are specific for the s phase of the cell cycle. it also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p472)
Cytidine: a pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar d-ribose
Cytidine Deaminase: an enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of cytidine, forming uridine. ec 3.5.4.5
Cytidine Diphosphate: cytidine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). a cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. synonyms: crpp; cytidine pyrophosphate
Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides
Cytidine Diphosphate Diglycerides: the ester of diacylglycerol with the terminal phosphate of cytidine diphosphate. it serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine in bacteria
Cytidine Monophosphate: cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). a cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position
Cytidine Monophosphate N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: a nucleoside monophosphate sugar which donates n-acetylneuraminic acid to the terminal sugar of a ganglioside or glycoprotein
Cytidine Triphosphate: cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). a cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety
Cytisus: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that is sometimes called broom because of the shape of the plant. members produce sparteine
Cytisus: rod rostlin z čeledi fabaceae (bobovité). zástupci produkují spartein
Cytochalasin D: a fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, dna synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release
Cytochalasins: 11- to 14-membered macrocyclic lactones with a fused isoindolone. members with indoles attached at the c10 position are called chaetoglobosins. they are produced by various fungi. some members interact with actin and inhibit cytokinesis
Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2: a mitochondrial cytochrome p450 enzyme that catalyzes the 18-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and nadph-specific flavoprotein. this enzyme, encoded by cyp11b2 gene, is important in the conversion of corticosterone to 18-hydroxycorticosterone and the subsequent conversion to aldosterone
Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: a liver microsomal cytochrome p-450 monooxygenase capable of biotransforming xenobiotics such as polycyclic hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons into carcinogenic or mutagenic compounds. they have been found in mammals and fish. this enzyme, encoded by cyp1a1 gene, can be measured by using ethoxyresorufin as a substrate for the ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase activity
Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2: a cytochrome p450 enzyme subtype that has specificity for relatively planar heteroaromatic small molecules, such as caffeine and acetaminophen
Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inducers: drugs and compounds that induce the synthesis of cytochrome p-450 cyp1a2
Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors: drugs and compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of cytochrome p-450 cyp1a2
Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1: a cytochrome p450 aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase that has specificity for estrogens which it converts into 4-hydroxy estrogens. cyp1b1 has been shown to be physiologically important for fetal development with mutations in the cyp1b1 gene resulting in congenital forms of glaucoma and peter's anomaly
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6: a cytochrome p450 enzyme that has specificity for the 7-hydroxylation of coumarin
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: a major cytochrome p-450 enzyme which is inducible by phenobarbital in both the liver and small intestine. it is active in the metabolism of compounds like pentoxyresorufin, testosterone, and androstenedione. this enzyme, encoded by cyp2b1 gene, also mediates the activation of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide to mutagens
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6: a cytochrome p450 enzyme subtype that oxidizes a diverse array of xenobiotics. the expression of cyp2b6 varies widely between individuals which is due to the high rate of genetic polymorphisms. examples of drugs metabolized by cyp2b6 include bupropion; efavirenz; cyclophosphamide; and meperidine
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inducers: drugs and compounds that induce the synthesis of cytochrome p-450 cyp2b6
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inhibitors: drugs and compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of cytochrome p-450 cyp2b6
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19: a cytochrome p-450 enzyme subtype that oxidizes several important groups of drugs including many proton pump inhibitors and anticonvulsants
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inducers: drugs and compounds that induce the synthesis of cytochrome p-450 cyp2c19
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors: drugs and compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of cytochrome p-450 cyp2c19
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8: a liver microsomal cytochrome p450 hydroxylase that oxidizes a broad spectrum of substrates including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. examples of pharmaceutical substrates for cyp2c8 include; paclitaxol; torsemide; and; amodiaquine
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inducers: drugs and compounds that induce the synthesis of cytochrome p-450 cyp2c8
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors: drugs and compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of cytochrome p-450 cyp2c8
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9: a cytochrome p-450 subtype that has specificity for acidic xenobiotics. it oxidizes a broad range of important clinical drugs that fall under the categories of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents; hypoglycemic agents; antcoagulants; and diuretics
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inducers: drugs and compounds that induce the synthesis of cytochrome p-450 cyp2c9
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors: drugs and compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of cytochrome p-450 cyp2c9
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6: a cytochrome p450 enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of many drugs and environmental chemicals, such as debrisoquine; adrenergic receptor antagonists; and tricyclic antidepressants. this enzyme is deficient in up to 10 percent of the caucasian population
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inducers: drugs and compounds that induce the synthesis of cytochrome p-450 cyp2d6
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors: drugs and compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of cytochrome p-450 cyp2d6
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1: an ethanol-inducible cytochrome p450 enzyme that metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. substrates include ethanol; inhalation anesthetics; benzene; acetaminophen and other low molecular weight compounds. cyp2e1 has been used as an enzyme marker in the study of alcohol abuse
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Inducers: drugs and compounds that induce the synthesis of cytochrome p-450 cyp2e1
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Inhibitors: drugs and compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of cytochrome p-450 cyp2e1
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2J2: a cytochrome p450 enzyme involved in oxidizing polyunsaturated fatty acids (pufa) to pufa epoxides which function as potent lipid mediators. this enzyme, encoded by cyp2j2 gene, metabolizes arachidonic acid to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (eets) which produce biological effects including vasodilation
Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A: a cytochrome p-450 suptype that has specificity for a broad variety of lipophilic compounds, including steroids; fatty acids; and xenobiotics. this enzyme has clinical significance due to its ability to metabolize a diverse array of clinically important drugs such as cyclosporine; verapamil; and midazolam. this enzyme also catalyzes the n-demethylation of erythromycin
Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inducers: drugs and compounds that induce the synthesis of cytochrome p-450 cyp3a
Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors: drugs and compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of cytochrome p-450 cyp3a
Cytochrome P-450 CYP4A: a p450 oxidoreductase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of the terminal carbon of linear hydrocarbons such as octanes and fatty acids in the omega position. the enzyme may also play a role in the oxidation of a variety of structurally unrelated compounds such as xenobiotics, and steroids
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers: drugs and compounds that induce the synthesis of cytochrome p-450 enzymes
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors: drugs and compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of cytochrome p-450 enzymes
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: a superfamily of hundreds of closely related hemeproteins found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. they include numerous complex monooxygenases (mixed function oxygenases). in animals, these p-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (biotransformation). they are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into cyp gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). for example, enzymes from the cyp1, cyp2, and cyp3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism
Cytochrome P450 Family 1: a cytochrome p450 enzyme family whose members function primarily in the metabolism of xenobiotics, including drugs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Cytochrome P450 Family 11: a cytochrome p450 enzyme family whose members localize to the inner mitochondrial membrane where they function in the biosynthesis of steroids
Cytochrome P450 Family 12: a cytochrome p450 enzyme family that occurs in insects and is expressed in mitochondria
Cytochrome P450 Family 17: a cytochrome p450 enzyme family that functions in the biosynthesis of steroids and includes steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase
Cytochrome P450 Family 19: a cytochrome p450 enzyme family that includes aromatase, which functions in the biosynthesis of estrogens
Cytochrome P450 Family 2: a cytochrome p450 enzyme family that includes members which function in the metabolism of steroids; coumarins; and nicotine
Cytochrome P450 Family 21: a cytochrome p450 enzyme family that includes steroid 21-hydroxylase, which functions in the biosynthesis of steroids
Cytochrome P450 Family 24: a cytochrome p450 enzyme family that includes vitamin d3 24-hydroxylase
Cytochrome P450 Family 26: a cytochrome p450 enzyme family whose members function in the metabolism of retinoic acid. it includes retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase
Cytochrome P450 Family 27: a cytochrome p450 enzyme family whose members function in vitamin d metabolism and the biosynthesis of bile acids
Cytochrome P450 Family 3: a cytochrome p450 enzyme family that includes members with critical functions in the metabolism of drugs and sex hormones
Cytochrome P450 Family 4: a cytochrome p450 enzyme family that includes members which function in the metabolism of fatty acids, especially arachidonic acids and their derivatives
Cytochrome P450 Family 46: a cytochrome p450 enzyme family that includes cholesterol 24-hydroxylase, which is expressed primarily in the brain and functions in cholesterol metabolism
Cytochrome P450 Family 51: a cytochrome p450 family that occurs in all eukaryotes. its members function in the biosynthesis of steroids and some are targets of antifungal agents
Cytochrome P450 Family 6: a cytochrome p450 enzyme family that occurs in insects. its members function in the metabolism of xenobiotics
Cytochrome P450 Family 7: a cytochrome p450 enzyme family whose members function as steroid 7-alpha hydroxylases
Cytochrome P450 Family 8: a cytochrome p450 enzyme family whose members include prostacyclin synthase and steroid 12-alpha-hydroxylase, which function in the biosynthesis of bile acids
Cytochrome a Group: cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) in which the heme prosthetic group is heme a, i.e., the iron chelate of cytoporphyrin ix. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992, p539)
Cytochrome b Group: cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme (heme b) as the prosthetic group
Cytochrome b6f Complex: a protein complex that includes cytochrome b6 and cytochrome f. it is found in the thylakoid membrane and plays an important role in process of photosynthesis by transferring electrons from plastoquinone to plastocyanin or cytochrome c6. the transfer of electrons is coupled to the transport of protons across the membrane
Cytochrome c Group: a group of cytochromes with covalent thioether linkages between either or both of the vinyl side chains of protoheme and the protein. (enzyme nomenclature, 1992, p539)
Cytochrome d Group: cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with a tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron as a prosthetic group in which the degree of conjugation of double bonds is less than in porphyrin. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992, p539)
Cytochrome-B(5) Reductase: a flavoprotein oxidoreductase that occurs both as a soluble enzyme and a membrane-bound enzyme due to alternative splicing of a single mrna. the soluble form is present mainly in erythrocytes and is involved in the reduction of methemoglobin. the membrane-bound form of the enzyme is found primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum and outer mitochondrial membrane, where it participates in the desaturation of fatty acids; cholesterol biosynthesis and drug metabolism. a deficiency in the enzyme can result in methemoglobinemia
Cytochrome-c Oxidase Deficiency: a disease that results from a congenital defect in electron transport complex iv. defects in electron transport complex iv can be caused by mutations in the surf1, sco2, cox10, or sco1 genes. electron transport complex iv deficiency caused by mutation in surf1 manifests itself as leigh disease; that caused by mutation in sco2 as fatal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy; that caused by mutation in cox10 as tubulopathy and leukodystrophy; and that caused by mutation in sco1 as early-onset hepatic failure and neurologic disorder. (from online mendelian inheritance in man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim, mim#220110, may 17, 2001)
Cytochrome-c Peroxidase: a hemeprotein which catalyzes the oxidation of ferrocytochrome c to ferricytochrome c in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. ec 1.11.1.5
Cytochromes: hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents which are associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the fe(ii) and fe(iii) states of the central iron atom (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992, p539). the various cytochrome subclasses are organized by the type of heme and by the wavelength range of their reduced alpha-absorption bands
Cytochromes a: a subclass of heme a containing cytochromes that have two imidazole nitrogens as axial ligands and an alpha-band absorption of 605 nm. they are found in a variety of microorganisms and in eucaryotes as a low-spin cytochrome component of mitochondrial electron transport complex iv
Cytochromes a1: a subclass of heme a containing cytochromes have a reduced alpha-band absorption of 587-592 nm. they are primarily found in microorganisms
Cytochromes a3: a subclass of heme a containing cytochromes with an alpha-band absorption of 605 nm. they are found in a variety of microorganisms and in eukaryotes as a high-spin cytochrome component of mitochondrial electron transport complex iv
Cytochromes b: cytochromes of the b group that have alpha-band absorption of 563-564 nm. they occur as subunits in mitochondrial electron transport complex iii
Cytochromes b5: cytochromes of the b group that are found bound to cytoplasmic side of endoplasmic reticulum. they serve as electron carrier proteins for a variety of membrane-bound oxygenases. they are reduced by the enzyme cytochrome-b(5) reductase
Cytochromes b6: cytochromes of the b group that are found as components of the cytochrome b6f complex. they contain two non-covalently bound heme b groups
Cytochromes c: cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic mitochondria. they serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from mitochondrial electron transport complex iii and transfer them to mitochondrial electron transport complex iv
Cytochromes c': a widely occurring subclass of c type cytochromes which function as electron carriers in the electron transport chain in photosynthetic and denitrifying bacteria
Cytochromes c1: the 30-kda membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to cytochrome c group in the mitochondrial and bacterial respiratory chain. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992, p545)
Cytochromes c2: type c cytochromes that are small (12-14 kd) single-heme proteins. they function as mobile electron carriers between membrane-bound enzymes in photosynthetic bacteria
Cytochromes c6: cytochromes of the c type that are involved in the transfer of electrons from cytochrome b6f complex and photosystem i
Cytochromes f: cytochromes f are found as components of the cytochrome b6f complex. they play important role in the transfer of electrons from photosystem i to photosystem ii
Cytodiagnosis: diagnosis of the type and, when feasible, the cause of a pathologic process by means of microscopic study of cells in an exudate or other form of body fluid. (stedman, 26th ed)
Cytogenetic Analysis: examination of chromosomes to diagnose, classify, screen for, or manage genetic diseases and abnormalities. following preparation of the sample, karyotyping is performed and/or the specific chromosomes are analyzed
Cytogenetics: a subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular analysis of the chromosomes, and location of the genes on chromosomes, and the movements of chromosomes during the cell cycle
Cytoglobin: a globin protein that may protect cells from oxidative stress and function in intracellular oxygen storage and transfer
Cytokine Receptor Common beta Subunit: a receptor subunit that is a shared component of the interleukin-3 receptor; the interleukin-5 receptor; and the gm-csf receptor. high affinity receptor complexes are formed with each of these receptors when their respective alpha subunits are combined with this shared beta subunit
Cytokine Receptor gp130: a cytokine receptor that contains extracellular fibronectin type iii domains which mediate its function through the formation of oligomeric complexes with itself, or with a variety of cytokine receptors. it does not bind il-6, but activates janus kinases and stat3 transcription factor
Cytokine Release Syndrome: a severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of cytokines. symptoms include dyspnea; fever; headache; hypotension; nausea; rash; tachycardia; hypoxia; hyperferritinemia, and multiple organ failure. it is associated with viral infections, sepsis; autoimmune diseases and a variety of factors used in immunotherapy
Cytokine TWEAK: a proteolytically-cleaved membrane glycoprotein and member of the tnf superfamily that is highly expressed in a variety of tissues including heart, pancreas, brain, and peripheral blood lymphocytes. the secreted extracellular form is a weak inducer of apoptosis for some cell types and a ligand for the fn14 receptor. it mediates activation of nf-kappa-b and promotes angiogenesis and proliferation of endothelial cells, as well as expression of cytokines involved in inflammation
Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells: mononuclear leukocytes that have been expanded in cell culture and activated with cytokines such as interleukin-2 to produce large numbers of highly cytotoxic cells
Cytokines: non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. they differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. they generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner
Cytokinins: plant hormones that promote the separation of daughter cells after mitotic division of a parent cell. frequently they are purine derivatives
Cytology: the study of single cell as a unit of living organisms. cytopathology, a branch of this discipline, studies structural changes of cells in diseases and is used in diagnosing diseases
Cytomegalic inclusion body disease: a rare condition characterized by intracellular inclusion bodies related to cytomegalovirus or other viral infections. it is associated with stillbirth due to massive calcification of the brain and other organs in the fetus of an infected mother and may be associated with interstitial lung diseases in adults
Cytomegalovirus: a genus of the family herpesviridae, subfamily betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. infection with cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in aids
Cytomegalovirus: rod čeledi herpesviridae, podčeledi betaherpesvirinae, infikující slinné žlázy, játra, slezinu, plíce, oči a další orgány, ve kterých vytvářejí charakteristicky zvětšené buňky s intranukleárními inkluzemi. infekce cytomegalovirem je také považována za oportunní infekci aids
Cytomegalovirus Infections: infection with cytomegalovirus, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis: infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in aids patients and can cause blindness
Cytomegalovirus Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with cytomegalovirus
Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral: visible morphologic changes in cells infected with viruses. it includes shutdown of cellular rna and protein synthesis, cell fusion, release of lysosomal enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, diffuse changes in intracellular structures, presence of viral inclusion bodies, and chromosomal aberrations. it excludes malignant transformation, which is cell transformation, viral. viral cytopathogenic effects provide a valuable method for identifying and classifying the infecting viruses
Cytophaga: a genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria found in soil; humus; and freshwater and marine habitats
Cytophaga: rod gramnegativních, klouzavých bakterií, které se vyskytují v půdě, humusu, sladké vodě a mořském prostředí
Cytophagaceae: a family of gram-negative, gliding bacteria in the order cytophagales, class cytophagia. they are found in soil and sea water
Cytophagaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, klouzavých bakterií řádu cytophagales, třídy cytophagia. vyskytují se v půdě a mořské vodě
Cytophotometry: a method for the study of certain organic compounds within cells, in situ, by measuring the light intensities of the selectively stained areas of cytoplasm. the compounds studied and their locations in the cells are made to fluoresce and are observed under a microscope
Cytoplasm: the part of a cell that contains the cytosol and small structures excluding the cell nucleus; mitochondria; and large vacuoles. (glick, glossary of biochemistry and molecular biology, 1990)
Cytoplasmic Dyneins: dyneins that are responsible for intracellular transport, mitosis, cell polarization, and movement within the cell
Cytoplasmic Granules: condensed areas of cellular material that may be bounded by a membrane
Cytoplasmic Ribonucleoprotein Granules: non-membranous subcompartments containing ribonucleoprotein complexes. they are found in the cytoplasm and often share multiple protein and/or rna components. membraneless rnp subcompartments found in the nucleus are referred to as nuclear bodies (e.g., paraspeckles)
Cytoplasmic Streaming: the movement of cytoplasm within a cell. it serves as an internal transport system for moving essential substances throughout the cell, and in single-celled organisms, such as the amoeba, it is responsible for the movement (cell movement) of the entire cell
Cytoplasmic Vesicles: membrane-limited structures derived from the plasma membrane or various intracellular membranes which function in storage, transport or metabolism
Cytoreduction Surgical Procedures: operative procedures carried out to reduce a mass of tissue, for example, to reduce the total amount of tissue composing a tumor
Cytosine Deaminase: an enzyme which catalyzes the deamination of cytosine resulting in the formation of uracil. it can also act on 5-methylcytosine to form thymidine
Cytosine Nucleotides: a group of pyrimidine nucleotides which contain cytosine
Cytoskeletal Proteins: major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. they form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible
Cytoskeleton: the network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm
Cytosol: intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of organelles and other insoluble cytoplasmic components
Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic: the demonstration of the cytotoxic effect on a target cell of a lymphocyte, a mediator released by a sensitized lymphocyte, an antibody, or complement
Cytotoxicity, Immunologic: the phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. it may be brought about directly by sensitized t-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid killer cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement
Cytotoxins: substances that are toxic to cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms. these are distinguished from cytostatic agents in degree of effect. some of them are used as cytotoxic antibiotics. the mechanism of action of many of these are as alkylating agents or mitosis modulators
Czech Republic: created 1 january 1993 as a result of the division of czechoslovakia into the czech republic and slovakia.the country added the short-form name czechia in 2016. (from cia world factbook, 2023)
Czechoslovakia: created as a republic in 1918 by czechs and slovaks from territories formerly part of the austro-hungarian empire. the country split into the czech republic and slovakia 1 january 1993
Církev Ježíše Krista Svatých posledních dnů: církev ježíše krista svatých posledních dnů je největší z mormonských církví, vzešlých z původní organizace josepha smitha z roku 1830 v usa. cjkspd odvozuje svou víru především ze 4 knih, které označuje jako standardní díla a je podle jejich učení kompletně inspirované bohem prostřednictvím proroka josepha a pokračujícího zjevení v církvi. patří sem: bible, dále kniha mormonova, kterou podle božského zjevení přeložil ze zlatých desek předaných andělem moronim prorok joseph smith. dále vycházejí z knih nauka a smlouvy a drahocenná perla. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
D 004 extract: a lipid extract from the fruit of roystonea regia; prevents testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia
D 00607: yellow polymeric dye consisting of of an aminonitrobenzenesulfonic acid chromophore covalently linked to an acetylated polyaminoethylene backbone
D(A)AT protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia
D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Met(0)-ol-enkephalin: a stable synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin (enkephalin, methionine). actions are similar to those of methionine enkephalin. its effects can be reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone
D-Alanine Transaminase: a pyridoxal phosphate containing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group between d-alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate to form pyruvate and d-glutamate, respectively. it plays a role in the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. this enzyme was formerly classified as ec 2.6.1.10
D-Aspartate Oxidase: an fad-dependent peroxisomal flavoenzyme, this catalyzes the oxidative deamination of d-aspartate to oxaloacetate and ammonia using oxygen as electron acceptor
D-CECaT regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of advanced neuroblastoma