NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Neuroligins: postsynaptic cell-adhesion molecules that bind presynaptic neurexins to form calcium-dependent trans-synaptic adhesions. neuroligins recruit synaptic scaffolding proteins (e.g., psd-95) via their pdz domain. the distribution and interaction with neurexins are regulated by alternative splicing. alterations in genes encoding neuroligins or neurexins are associated with cognitive diseases such as autism spectrum disorder
Neurolinguistic Programming: a set of models of how communication impacts and is impacted by subjective experience. techniques are generated from these models by sequencing of various aspects of the models in order to change someone's internal representations. neurolinguistic programming is concerned with the patterns or programming created by the interactions among the brain, language, and the body, that produce both effective and ineffective behavior
Neurologic Examination: assessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous system
Neurological Rehabilitation: physician-supervised programs designed to rehabilitate people with diseases, trauma, or disorders of the nervous system
Neurology: a medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system
Neuroma: a tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (dorland, 27th ed)
Neuroma, Acoustic: a benign schwannoma of the eighth cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve), mostly arising from the vestibular branch (vestibular nerve) during the fifth or sixth decade of life. clinical manifestations include hearing loss; headache; vertigo; tinnitus; and facial pain. bilateral acoustic neuromas are associated with neurofibromatosis 2. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p673)
Neuromuscular Agents: drugs used for their actions on skeletal muscle. included are agents that act directly on skeletal muscle, those that alter neuromuscular transmission (neuromuscular blocking agents), and drugs that act centrally as skeletal muscle relaxants (muscle relaxants, central). drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders are anti-dyskinesia agents
Neuromuscular Blockade: the intentional interruption of transmission at the neuromuscular junction by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. it is distinguished from nerve block in which nerve conduction (neural conduction) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce muscle relaxation as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. it is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. it is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. the failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents: drugs that interrupt transmission of nerve impulses at the skeletal neuromuscular junction. they can be of two types, competitive, stabilizing blockers (neuromuscular nondepolarizing agents) or noncompetitive, depolarizing agents (neuromuscular depolarizing agents). both prevent acetylcholine from triggering the muscle contraction and they are used as anesthesia adjuvants, as relaxants during electroshock, in convulsive states, etc
Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents: drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction by causing sustained depolarization of the motor end plate. these agents are primarily used as adjuvants in surgical anesthesia to cause skeletal muscle relaxation
Neuromuscular Disease, Congenital, With Uniform Type 1 Fiber: prom
Neuromuscular Diseases: a general term encompassing lower motor neuron disease; peripheral nervous system diseases; and certain muscular diseases. manifestations include muscle weakness; fasciculation; muscle atrophy; spasm; myokymia; muscle hypertonia, myalgias, and muscle hypotonia
Neuromuscular Junction Diseases: conditions characterized by impaired transmission of impulses at the neuromuscular junction. this may result from disorders that affect receptor function, pre- or postsynaptic membrane function, or acetylcholinesterase activity. the majority of diseases in this category are associated with autoimmune, toxic, or inherited conditions
Neuromuscular Manifestations: signs and symptoms associated with diseases of the muscle, neuromuscular junction, or peripheral nerves
Neuromuscular Monitoring: the use of peripheral nerve stimulation to assess transmission at the neuromuscular junction, especially in the response to anesthetics, such as the intensity of neuromuscular blockade by neuromuscular blocking agents
Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents: drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction without causing depolarization of the motor end plate. they prevent acetylcholine from triggering muscle contraction and are used as muscle relaxants during electroshock treatments, in convulsive states, and as anesthesia adjuvants
Neuromyelitis Optica: a syndrome characterized by acute optic neuritis; myelitis, transverse; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the optic nerves and spinal cord; and presence of specific autoantibodies to aquaporin 4
Neuronal Apoptosis-Inhibitory Protein: an inhibitor of apoptosis protein that was initially identified during analysis of chromosome deletions associated with spinal muscular atrophy. naip contains a nucleotide binding oligomerization domain and a carboxy-terminal leucine rich repeat
Neuronal Calcium-Sensor Proteins: a family of intracellular calcium-sensing proteins found predominately in neurons and photoreceptor cells. they contain ef hand motifs and undergo conformational changes upon calcium-binding. neuronal calcium-sensor proteins interact with other regulatory proteins to mediate physiological responses to a change in intracellular calcium concentration
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses: a group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (ceroid; lipofuscin) in neurons. there are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive dementia; seizures; and visual failure
Neuronal Outgrowth: formation of neuronal processes (axons; neurites) toward a target cell
Neuronal Plasticity: the capacity of the nervous system to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations
Neuronal Tract-Tracers: substances used to identify the location and to characterize the types of neural pathways
Neuronavigation: intraoperative computer-assisted 3d navigation and guidance system generally used in neurosurgery for tracking surgical tools and localize them with respect to the patient's 3d anatomy. the pre-operative diagnostic scan is used as a reference and is transferred onto the operative field during surgery
Neuronopathy, Distal Hereditary Motor, Type IIB: mutation in hspb1
Neurons: the basic cellular units of nervous tissue. each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system
Neurons, Efferent: neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells
Neuropathology: the branch of medicine and biomedical science concerned with diseases of the nervous system
Neuropathy ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa: a mitochondrial myopathy characterized by sensory neuropathy (pain, numbness, or tingling) in the arms and legs beginning in childhood or early adulthood, muscle weakness, ataxia, and vision loss due to retinitis pigmentosa. affected children may also present with learning disabilities and older adults may experience dementia. mutations in the mtatp6 gene have been identified. omim: 551500
Neuropathy, Distal Hereditary Motor, Type IIA: mutation in hspb8
Neuropathy, Hereditary Sensory, with Spastic Paraplegia, Autosomal Recessive: mutation in cct5
Neuropathy, Painful: a neuropathy characterized by progressive weakness, particularly of the legs with onset in infancy. severe pains occurs in the hands and feet, aggravated by heat, hot weather or fever; muscular atrophy and sensory loss also occur. biopsy reveals tomaculous (sausage shaped) swellings affecting the nerve myelin sheaths. autosomal recessive inheritance is suspected. omim: 256870
Neuropeptide Y: a 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. it has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. the peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones
Neuropeptides: peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells
Neuropharmacology: the branch of pharmacology dealing especially with the action of drugs upon various parts of the nervous system
Neurophysins: carrier proteins for oxytocin and vasopressin. they are polypeptides of about 10-kda, synthesized in the hypothalamus. neurophysin i is associated with oxytocin and neurophysin ii is associated with vasopressin in their respective precursors and during transportation down the axons to the neurohypophysis (pituitary gland, posterior)
Neurophysiological Monitoring: the systematic checking of the condition and function of a patient's central nervous system during disease periods or following injuries, using various neurological diagnostic techniques
Neuropil: a dense intricate feltwork of interwoven fine glial processes, fibrils, synaptic terminals, axons, and dendrites interspersed among the nerve cells in the gray matter of the central nervous system
Neuropil Threads: abnormal structures located chiefly in distal dendrites and, along with neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques, constitute the three morphological hallmarks of alzheimer disease. neuropil threads are made up of straight and paired helical filaments which consist of abnormally phosphorylated microtubule-associated tau proteins. it has been suggested that the threads have a major role in the cognitive impairment seen in alzheimer disease
Neuropilin-1: a dimeric cell surface receptor involved in angiogenesis (neovascularization, physiological) and axonal guidance. neuropilin-1 is a 140-kda transmembrane protein that binds class 3 semaphorins, and several other growth factors. neuropilin-1 forms complexes with plexins or vegf receptors; their binding affinity and specificity are determined by the composition of the neuropilin dimer and the identity of other receptors complexed with it. neuropilin-1 is expressed in distinct patterns during neural development, complementary to those described for neuropilin-2
Neuropilin-2: transmembrane receptor for class 3 semaphorins and several vascular endothelial growth factor isoforms. neuropilin-2 functions either as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with neuropilin-1. the binding affinity of neuropilin-2 varies for different class 3 semaphorin isoforms and is dependent on the composition of the dimer. the protein also forms receptor complexes with plexins and with vegf receptors, which alters the binding characteristics of the receptor
Neuropilins: neuropilins are 140-kda vertebrate cell surface receptors that bind neuronal guidance molecules during neural development and axonal outgrowth, and modulate vegf-mediated angiogenesis. neuropilin-1 and neuropilin-2 differ in their binding specificities, and are distributed complementarily in regions of the developing nervous system. neuropilins are receptors for secreted class 3 semaphorins as well as for vascular endothelial growth factors, and may form hetero- or homodimers. they may also interact synergistically with plexins and with vegf receptors to form receptor complexes with distinct affinities and specificities. neuropilin binding specificity is determined by cub and coagulation-factor-like domains in the extracellular portion of the molecule, while a mam domain is essential for signal transduction
Neuroprostanes: prostaglandin-like compounds produced by free radical-induced peroxidation of docosahexaenoic acids, which are highly enriched in the brain. formation is analogous to isoprostanes formation from arachidonic acid
Neuroprotection: the physiological processes and techniques used by the body to prevent neuronal injury and degeneration in the central nervous system following acute disorders or as a result of chronic neurodegenerative diseases
Neuroprotective Agents: drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. they act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids
Neuropsychiatry: a subfield of psychiatry that emphasizes the somatic substructure on which mental operations and emotions are based, and the functional or organic disturbances of the central nervous system that give rise to, contribute to, or are associated with mental and emotional disorders. (from campbell's psychiatric dictionary, 8th ed.)
Neuropsychological Tests: tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. they are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury
Neuropsychology: a branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. the term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. it is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology
Neurosarcoidosis: sarcoidosis that occurs in the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. patients may present with facial palsy, muscle weakness, sensory, or behavioral changes
Neuroschistosomiasis: schistosomiasis of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges caused by infections with trematodes of the genus schistosoma (primarily schistosoma japonicum; schistosoma mansoni; and schistosoma haematobium in humans). s. japonicum infections of the nervous system may cause an acute meningoencephalitis or a chronic encephalopathy. s. mansoni and s. haematobium nervous system infections are associated with acute transverse myelitis involving the lower portions of the spinal cord. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1998, ch27, pp61-2)
Neuroscience Nursing: the nursing specialty focusing on the needs of patients with dysfunction of the nervous system
Neurosciences: the scientific disciplines concerned with the embryology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, etc., of the nervous system
Neurosecretion: the production and release of substances such as neurotransmitters or hormones from nerve cells
Neurosecretory Systems: a system of neurons that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an endocrine system or organ
Neuroserpin: an inhibitory serpin that inhibits plasminogen activators (tpa) in the brain
Neurospora: a genus of ascomycetous fungi, family sordariaceae, order sordariales, comprising bread molds. they are capable of converting tryptophan to nicotinic acid and are used extensively in genetic and enzyme research. (dorland, 27th ed)
Neurospora: rod vřeckovýtrusných hub čeledi sordariaceae, řádu sordariales, původce chlebové plísně. mají schopnost přeměny tryptofanu na kyselinu nikotinovou a hojně se používají pro genetický a enzymologický výzkum
Neurospora crassa: a species of ascomycetous fungi of the family sordariaceae, order sordariales, much used in biochemical, genetic, and physiologic studies
Neurospora crassa: druh vřeckovýtrusných hub čeledi sordariaceae, řádu sordariales, často používaný v biochemickém, genetickém a fyziologickém výzkumu
Neurosteroids: endogenous compounds or drugs that affect neuronal excitability through modulation of specific ionotropic receptors (e.g., gaba-a receptors). endogenous neurosteroids are steroid hormones de novo synthesized by neurons and glial cells from steroid metabolite precursors (e.g., pregnenolone)
Neurosurgeons: qualified medical professionals who specialize in surgical treatment of diseases of the brain and other parts of the nervous system
Neurosurgery: a surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system
Neurosyphilis: infections of the central nervous system caused by treponema pallidum which present with a variety of clinical syndromes. the initial phase of infection usually causes a mild or asymptomatic meningeal reaction. the meningovascular form may present acutely as brain infarction. the infection may also remain subclinical for several years. late syndromes include general paresis; tabes dorsalis; meningeal syphilis; syphilitic optic atrophy; and spinal syphilis. general paresis is characterized by progressive dementia; dysarthria; tremor; myoclonus; seizures; and argyll-robertson pupils. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp722-8)
Neurotensin: a biologically active tridecapeptide isolated from the hypothalamus. it has been shown to induce hypotension in the rat, to stimulate contraction of guinea pig ileum and rat uterus, and to cause relaxation of rat duodenum. there is also evidence that it acts as both a peripheral and a central nervous system neurotransmitter
Neurothekeoma: a benign myxoma of cutaneous nerve sheath origin. theke is from the greek theke, sheath. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Neurotic Disorders: disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. the disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment
Neuroticism: personality trait related to tendency to respond to threat, frustration or a loss with negative emotions (e.g., anger; anxiety; frustration; embarrassment and sadness)
Neurotology: a subspecialty of otolaryngology dealing with the parts of the nervous system related to the ear
Neurotoxicity Syndromes: neurologic disorders caused by exposure to toxic substances through ingestion, injection, cutaneous application, or other method. this includes conditions caused by biologic, chemical, and pharmaceutical agents
Neurotoxins: toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. myotoxins are included in this concept
Neurotransmitter Agents: substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function
Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins: membrane transport proteins found predominately in neurons and neuroendocrine cells that facilitate neurotransmitter transport. they include two distinct families of proteins that transport neurotransmitters across the plasma membrane and that transport neurotransmitters into secretory vesicles
Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors: drugs that inhibit the transport of neurotransmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. for many transmitters, uptake determines the time course of transmitter action so inhibiting uptake prolongs the activity of the transmitter. blocking uptake may also deplete available transmitter stores. many clinically important drugs are uptake inhibitors although the indirect reactions of the brain rather than the acute block of uptake itself is often responsible for the therapeutic effects
Neurotrophin 3: a neurotrophic factor involved in regulating the survival of visceral and proprioceptive sensory neurons. it is closely homologous to nerve growth factor beta and brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Neurovascular Coupling: mechanism by which changes in neural activity are tightly associated with regional cortical hemodynamics and metabolism changes. the association is often inferred from neuroimaging signals (e.g., fmri; or nir spectroscopy)
Neurturin: a glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor ligand that is specific for the gfra2 receptor. neurturin is essential for the development of specific postganglionic parasympathetic neurons
Neurulation: an early embryonic developmental process of chordates that is characterized by morphogenic movements of ectoderm resulting in the formation of the neural plate; the neural crest; and the neural tube. improper closure of the neural groove results in congenital neural tube defects
Neutral Ceramidase: a ceramidase subtype that is active at neutral ph. it is found at high levels within the small intestine and in the brain
Neutral Glycosphingolipids: a subclass of glycosphingolipids containing one or more sugars within their head group connected directly to a ceramide moiety. they consist of monoglycosyl-, and oligoglycosylsphingoids and monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylceramides
Neutral Red: a vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems
Neutralization Tests: the measurement of infection-blocking titer of antisera by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (cpe) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (id50) or die (ld50)
Neutron Activation Analysis: activation analysis in which the specimen is bombarded with neutrons. identification is made by measuring the resulting radioisotopes. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Neutron Capture Therapy: a technique for the treatment of neoplasms in which an isotope is introduced into target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons
Neutron Diffraction: the scattering of neutrons by matter, especially crystals, with accompanying variation in intensity due to interference effects. it is useful in crystallography and powder diffraction
Neutrons: electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay
Neutropenia, Severe Congenital, Autosomal Dominant 2: gfi1 mutations
Neutropenia, Severe Congenital, Autosomal Recessive 3: hematopoiesis disorders characterized by a maturation arrest of promyelocytes during granulopoiesis; peripheral blood absolute neutrophil counts below 0.5 x 10(9)/l, and early onset of severe bacterial infections. dominant mutations in the elane gene that result in a form of severe congenital neutropenia (scn1) have been identified in about 60% of patients of european or middle eastern descent. omim: 202700. autosomal recessive mutations have been identified in the hax1 gene in scn3/ kostmann disease (omim: 610738)
Neutropenia, Severe Congenital, Autosomal Recessive 4: aka scn4
Neutropenia, severe chronic: a hereditary form of chronic neutropenia that may be autosomal dominant or recessive. affected individuals may also present with clubbed fingers; periodntitis, hyperplastic gingivitis, recurrent oral ulcerations, and tooth loss. omim: 162700
Neutrophil Activation: the process in which the neutrophil is stimulated by diverse substances, resulting in degranulation and/or generation of reactive oxygen products, and culminating in the destruction of invading pathogens. the stimulatory substances, including opsonized particles, immune complexes, and chemotactic factors, bind to specific cell-surface receptors on the neutrophil
Neutrophil Chemotactic Response, Abnormal: a phenotype where neutrophils have a reduced chemotactic response but otherwise exhbit normal random mobility, morphology, proliferation, phagocytic and bactericidal activities. this phenotype has been observed in children with congenital icthyosis and their parents; affected indivduals may also be susceptible to trichophyton rubrum infections, eczema, and bacterial skin diseases. phenotype has been mapped to chromosome 7. omim: 162820
Neutrophil Immunodeficiency Syndrome: mutation in rac2 gene of napdh oxidase
Neutrophil Infiltration: the diffusion or accumulation of neutrophils in tissues or cells in response to a wide variety of substances released at the sites of inflammatory reactions
Neutrophils: granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes
Nevada: state bounded on the north by oregon and idaho, on the east by utah, on the south and west by california
Nevada: stát na jihozápadě spojených států amerických. nevada hraničí na severu s oregonem a idahem, na východě s utahem, na jihovýchodě s arizonou a na jihozápadě a na západě s kalifornií. hlavní město je carson city. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Nevi and Melanomas: a collective term for the various types of nevi and melanomas
Nevirapine: a potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of hiv infections and aids
Nevus: a circumscribed stable malformation of the skin and occasionally of the oral mucosa, which is not due to external causes and therefore presumed to be of hereditary origin
Nevus of Ota: a macular lesion on the side of the face, involving the conjunctiva and eyelids, as well as the adjacent facial skin, sclera; oculomotor muscles; and periosteum. histological features vary from those of a mongolian spot to those of a blue nevus
Nevus, Blue: usually a benign tumor, that commonly presents as a solitary blue nodule with spindled melanocytes covered by smooth skin. several variants have been identified, one variant being malignant. the blue color is caused by large, densely packed melanocytes deep in the dermis of the nevus. in children, they usually occur on the buttocks and lumbosacral region and are referred to as cellular blue nevi. malignant blue nevi are more commonly found on the scalp
Nevus, Epithelioid and Spindle Cell: a benign compound nevus occurring most often in children before puberty, composed of spindle and epithelioid cells located mainly in the dermis, sometimes in association with large atypical cells and multinucleate cells, and having a close histopathological resemblance to malignant melanoma. the tumor presents as a smooth to slightly scaly, round to oval, raised, firm papule or nodule, ranging in color from pink-tan to purplish red, often with surface telangiectasia. (dorland, 27th ed)
Nevus, Halo: a benign skin lesion characterized by a zone of depigmentation surrounding the nevus
Nevus, Intradermal: a nevus in which nests of melanocytes are found in the dermis, but not at the epidermal-dermal junction. benign pigmented nevi in adults are most commonly intradermal. (stedman, 25th ed)
Nevus, Pigmented: a nevus containing melanin. the term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi
Nevus, Sebaceous of Jadassohn: a syndrome characterized by lesions occurring on the face, scalp, or neck which consist of congenital hypoplastic malformations of cutaneous structures and which over time undergo verrucous hyperplasia. additionally it is associated with neurological symptoms and skeletal, ophthalmological, urogenital, and cardiovascular abnormalities
Nevus, Spindle Cell: a form of pigmented nevus showing intense melanocytic activity around the dermo-epidermal junction. large numbers of spindle-shaped melanocytes proliferate downward toward the dermis and usually a large amount of pigment is present. it was first described in 1976 and the bulk of patients reported have been young females with the lesions presenting on the thighs. (from rook et al., textbook of dermatology, 4th ed, 1992, p185)
New Brunswick: a province of eastern canada, one of the maritime provinces with nova scotia; prince edward island; and sometimes newfoundland and labrador. its capital is fredericton. it was named in honor of king george iii, of the house of hanover, also called brunswick. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p828 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p375)
New Brunswick: jedna z pobřežních provincií kanady (další jsou nové skotsko a ostrov prince edwarda, někdy k nim bývá mylně připočítávána i provincie newfoundland a labrador). hlavní město je fredericton, největší saint john. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
New Caledonia: a group of islands in melanesia constituting a french overseas territory. the group includes new caledonia (the main island), ile des pins, loyalty island, and several other islet groups. the capital is noumea. it was discovered by captain cook in 1774 and visited by various navigators, explorers, and traders from 1792 to 1840. occupied by the french in 1853, it was set up as a penal colony 1864-94. in 1946 it was made a french overseas territory. it was named by captain cook with the 5th and 6th century a.d. latin name for scotland, caledonia. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p830 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p375)
New England: the geographic area of new england in general and when the specific state or states are not indicated. states usually included in this region are maine, new hampshire, vermont, massachusetts, connecticut, and rhode island
New Guinea: originally an island of the malay archipelago, the second largest island in the world. it divided, west new guinea becoming part of indonesia and east new guinea becoming papua new guinea
New Hampshire: state bounded on the north by canada, on the east by maine, on the west by vermont, and on the south by massachusetts
New Hampshire: stát na východním pobřeží spojených států amerických, v oblasti nové anglie. new hampshire hraničí na jihu s massachusetts, na západě s vermontem a na východě s maine. na severu sousedí s kanadskou provincií québec a jihovýchodní ohraničení státu tvoří atlantský oceán. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
New Jersey: state bounded on the north by new york and pennsylvania, on the east by new york and the atlantic ocean, on the south by delaware bay, and on the west by pennsylvania
New Jersey: stát nacházející se na východním pobřeží spojených států amerických. new jersey hraničí na severovýchodě a severu s new yorkem, na západě s pensylvánií a na jihozápadě s delawarem. jižní a východní ohraničení státu tvoří atlantský oceán. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
New Mexico: state bounded on the north by colorado, on the east by oklahoma and texas, on the south by texas and mexico, and on the west by arizona
New Orleans: city in orleans parish (county), largest city in state of louisiana. it is located between the mississippi river and lake pontchartrain
New Orleans: jedno z nejvýznamnějších přístavních měst spojených států amerických, zároveň největší město v louisianě. město leží v jihovýchodní části louisiany u řeky mississippi, na jih od jezera pontchartrain. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
New South Wales: a state in southeastern australia. its capital is sydney. it was discovered by captain cook in 1770 and first settled at botany bay by marines and convicts in 1788. it was named by captain cook who thought its coastline resembled that of south wales. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p840 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p377)
New York: new york hraničí na jihu s new jersey a pensylvánií a na východě s connecticutem, massachusetts a vermontem. na severu sousedí s kanadskou provincií québec a celá severozápadní hranice s provincií ontario je vedena po vodní hladině (mj. erijské jezero, jezero ontario). jihovýchodní ohraničení státu tvoří atlantský oceán. hlavním městem státu je albany, největším pak new york city. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
New York: state bounded on the north by lake ontario and canada, on the east by vermont, massachusetts, and connecticut, on the south by the atlantic ocean, new jersey, and pennsylvania, and on the west by pennsylvania, lake erie, and canada
New Zealand: a group of islands in the southwest pacific. its capital is wellington. it was discovered by the dutch explorer abel tasman in 1642 and circumnavigated by cook in 1769. colonized in 1840 by the new zealand company, it became a british crown colony in 1840 until 1907 when colonial status was terminated. new zealand is a partly anglicized form of the original dutch name nieuw zeeland, new sea land, possibly with reference to the dutch province of zeeland. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p842 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p378)
New-Fill: a cosmetic filler containing polylactic acid microspheres in mannitol & carbomethoxycellulose
Newcastle Disease: an acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an avulavirus called newcastle disease virus. it is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis
Newcastle disease virus: the most well known avian paramyxovirus in the genus avulavirus and the cause of a highly infectious pneumoencephalitis in fowl. it is also reported to cause conjunctivitis in humans. transmission is by droplet inhalation or ingestion of contaminated water or food
Newfoundland Rod-Cone Dystrophy: rlbp1 protein, human mutation
Newfoundland a Labrador: kanadská provincie sestávající z ostrova newfoundland a severovýchodní části poloostrova labrador. původně se jmenovala pouze newfoundland (stejně jako v běžné mluvě i dnes) a mezi lety 1907 až 1934 byla britským dominiem. v roce 2001 dostala výše uvedené oficiální jméno. má něco přes půl milionu obyvatel. hlavním a zároveň největším městem je st. john's. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Newfoundland and Labrador: province of canada consisting of the island of newfoundland and an area of labrador. its capital is st. john's
News: works consisting of an announcement or statement of recent or current events of new data and matters of interest in the field of medicine or science. in some publications, such as nature or science, the news reports are substantively written and herald medical and scientific data of vital or controversial importance
Newspaper Article: work consisting of a news item appearing in a general-interest newspaper or other general news periodical, containing information of current and timely interest in the field of medicine or science. this publication type should not be confused with news publication type, reserved for news reports published in various medical or other scientific journals, such as nature
Newspapers as Topic: publications printed and distributed daily, weekly, or at some other regular and usually short interval, containing news, articles of opinion (as editorials and letters), features, advertising, and announcements of current interest. (webster's 3d ed)
Nezávislý stát Samoa: stát v západní části samojských ostrovů v polynésii (ve východní části souostroví se nachází americká samoa). hlavní město je apia. 1. ledna 1962 byla vyhlášena nezávislost. východní část zůstala nadále pod správou usa jako americká samoa. v roce 1997 země ze svého oficiálního názvu vypustila označení západní. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Nguyen syndrome: mca/mr syndrome with hypocholesterolemia due to familial hypobetalipoproteinemia
Niacin: a water-soluble vitamin of the b complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. it is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes nad and nadp. it has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties
Niacinamide: an important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme nad. its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake
Nialamide: an mao inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent
Nicaragua: a country in central america, bordering both the caribbean sea and the north pacific ocean, between costa rica and honduras
Nicarbazin: an equimolar complex of 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide and 2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine. a coccidiostat for poultry
Nicardipine: a potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. it has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. it has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents
Nicergoline: an ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. it may ameliorate cognitive deficits in cerebrovascular disorders
Niceritrol: an ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the vld- and ld-lipoprotein fractions
Nickel: a trace element with the atomic symbol ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. it is a cofactor of the enzyme urease
Niclofolan: proposed fasciolacide. synonyms: dertil; bilevon; bay 9015
Niclosamide: an antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48)
Nicodenz: polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silica beads used for sperm preparation for assisted reproduction; compare to percoll
Nicolau Syndrome: an uncommon complication of intramuscular injection leading to variable degrees of necrosis of skin and underlying tissue
Nicolauův syndrom: vzácná komplikace intramuskulární injekce vedoucí k různým stupňům nekrózy kůže a tkáně pod ní
Nicorandil: a derivative of the niacinamide that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. it is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase
Nicotiana: a plant genus of the family solanaceae. members contain nicotine and other biologically active chemicals; the dried leaves of nicotiana tabacum are used for smoking
Nicotinamidase: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of nicotinamide to nicotinate and ammonia. ec 3.5.1.19
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: 3-carbamoyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl pyridinium hydroxide-5'phosphate, inner salt. a nucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-n-glycosidic linkage with the c-1 position of d-ribose. synonyms: nicotinamide ribonucleotide; nmn
Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase: an enzyme found primarily in the liver that catalyzes the n-methylation of nicotinamide and other structurally related compounds
Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (nmn) from nicotinamide and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate, the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of the nad coenzyme. it is also known as a growth factor for early b-lymphocytes, or an adipokine with insulin-mimetic effects (visfatin)
Nicotinamide-Nucleotide Adenylyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the transfer of the adenylyl moiety of atp to the phosphoryl group of nmn to form nad+ and pyrophosphate. the enzyme is found predominantly in the nuclei and catalyzes the final reaction in the major pathway for the biosynthesis of nad in mammals
Nicotinate-Nucleotide Diphosphorylase (Carboxylating): a pentosyltransferase involved in the catabolism of quinolinic acid, nad+ biosynthesis, and apoptosis
Nicotine: nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. it is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke
Nicotine Replacement Therapy: replacing nicotine from tobacco with an alternate source in order to reduce the severity of tobacco withdrawal during tobacco use cessation
Nicotinic Acids: 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridinecarboxylic acids. pyridine derivatives substituted with a carboxy group at the 2-, 3-, or 4-position. the 3-carboxy derivative (niacin) is active as a vitamin
Nicotinic Agonists: drugs that bind to and activate nicotinic cholinergic receptors (receptors, nicotinic). nicotinic agonists act at postganglionic nicotinic receptors, at neuroeffector junctions in the peripheral nervous system, and at nicotinic receptors in the central nervous system. agents that function as neuromuscular depolarizing blocking agents are included here because they activate nicotinic receptors, although they are used clinically to block nicotinic transmission
Nicotinic Antagonists: drugs that bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors (receptors, nicotinic) and block the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists. nicotinic antagonists block synaptic transmission at autonomic ganglia, the skeletal neuromuscular junction, and at central nervous system nicotinic synapses
Nicotinyl Alcohol: alcohol analog of nicotinic acid which is a direct-acting peripheral vasodilator that causes flushing and may decrease blood pressure. it is used in vasospasm and threatened gangrene
Nictitating Membrane: a fold of the mucous membrane of the conjunctiva in many animals. at rest, it is hidden in the medial canthus. it can extend to cover part or all of the cornea to help clean the cornea
Nidovirales: an order comprising three families of eukaryotic viruses possessing linear, nonsegmented, positive sense rna genomes. the families are mesoniviridae; coronaviridae; arteriviridae; and roniviridae
Nidovirales: řád virů zahrnující čtyři čeledi virů eukaryot, jejichž genomy obsahují lineární, nesegmentovanou, pozitivní rna. patří sem čeledi mesoniviridae, coronaviridae, arteriviridae a roniviridae
Nidovirales Infections: infections with viruses of the order nidovirales. the concept includes arterivirus infections and coronaviridae infections
Niemann-Pick C1 Protein: a transmembrane intracellular lipid transporter that helps trafficking lipids, particularly cholesterol, from late endosome/lysosome to the er and plasma membrane. it may also play a role in other cellular cholesterol homeostasis and is an endosomal entry receptor for filoviruses including ebolavirus. mutations in the npc1 are associated with type c niemann-pick disease
Niemann-Pick Disease, Type A: the classic infantile form of niemann-pick disease, caused by mutation in sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase. it is characterized by accumulation of sphingomyelins in the cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system and other cell throughout the body leading to cell death. clinical signs include jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, and severe brain damage
Niemann-Pick Disease, Type B: an allelic disorder of type a niemann-pick disease, a late-onset form. it is also caused by mutation in sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase but clinical signs involve only visceral organs (non-neuropathic type)
Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C: an autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder that is characterized by accumulation of cholesterol and sphingomyelins in cells of the viscera and the central nervous system. type c (or c1) and type d are allelic disorders caused by mutation of the npc1 gene, which encodes a protein that mediates intracellular cholesterol transport from lysosomes. clinical signs include hepatosplenomegaly and chronic neurological symptoms. type d is a variant in people with a nova scotia ancestry
Niemann-Pick Diseases: a group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. they can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of sphingomyelins and cholesterol. there are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences
Niemannova-Pickova nemoc: autosomálně recesivní dědičná střádavá porucha, patří mezi tzv. lipidózy - metabolické poruchy lipidů. vzniká na podkladě ukládání sfingomyelinu v makrofázích retikuloendotelového systému - převážně v játrech, slezině a kostní dřeni. je to heterogenní skupina onemocnění typu a, b, c, které se liší metabolickou poruchou - deficit kyselé sfingomyelinázy (typ a,b) vs. porucha transportu lipidů (typ c). akutní formy typické pro dětský věk postihují nervový systém, chronické se projevují později cholestatickým postižením jater, přecházejícím až do cirhózy. sekundárně dochází ke zvýšení koncentrací neesterifikovaného cholesterolu. (cit. wikiskripta, 2012)
Niemannova-Pickova nemoc typu A: klasická infantilní forma niemann-pickovy nemoci, způsobená mutací ve sfingomyelinfosfodiesterase. projevuje se akumulací sfingomyelinů v buňkách mononukleárního fagocytárního systému a v dalších buňkách v celém těle, která vede ke smrti buněk. mezi klinické příznaky patří žloutenka, hepatosplenomegalie a těžké poškození mozku
Niemannova-Pickova nemoc typu B: alelická porucha u niemann-pickovy nemoci typu a s pozdním nástupem. je také způsobena mutací sfingomyelinfosfodiesterasy, ale klinické příznaky postihují pouze viscerální orgány (non-neuropatický typ)
Niemannova-Pickova nemoc typu C: niemann-pickova choroba typ c je autozomálně recesivně dědičné lysozomální onemocnění, klinicky charakterizované věkově specifickou symptomatologií, s možností manifestace od novorozeneckého věku do pozdní dospělosti. s výjimkou neonatální formy s cholestázou, respiračním selháním a hepatosplenomegalií jde v dalších věkových kategoriích o nemoc vysloveně neurodegenerativní, často doprovázenou splenomegalií. příčinou je funkční porucha membránového systému pozdního endozomu/lysozomu s akumulací neesterifikovaného cholesterolu a glykosfingolipidů v důsledku mutací v genech npc1 (95 % případů) nebo npc2 (5 % případů), kódujících lysozomální membránový protein npc1 a solubilní protein npc2. (cit. jahnová, h. diagnostika a možnosti léčby niemann-pickovy choroby typ c. česká a slovenská neurologie a neurochirurgie. 2012, 75(3).)
Nievergelt syndrome: radioulnar synostosis and a typical rhomboid shape of the tibia and fibula
Nifedipine: a potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. it is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure
Niflumic Acid: an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Nifuratel: local antiprotozoal and antifungal agent that may also be given orally
Nifurtimox: a nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against trypanosomiasis
Nigella damascena: a plant genus of the family ranunculaceae. the name is similar to giant fennel (ferula), true fennel (foeniculum), and dog fennel (anthemis)
Nigella damascena: druh rostlin rodu nigella, čeledi ranunculaceae
Nigella sativa: a plant genus of the family ranunculaceae that contains alpha-hederin, a triterpene saponin in the seeds, and is the source of black seed oil
Nigella sativa: druh rostlin čeledi ranunculaceae. semena černuchy seté obsahují alfa-hederin (triterpenický saponin). semena a olej z nich se často používají v asijské tradiční a domorodé medicíně
Niger: a republic in western africa, north of nigeria and west of chad. its capital is niamey
Niger: republika nacházející se téměř uprostřed saharské afriky mezi státy mali, alžírsko, libye, čad, nigérie, benin a burkina faso. jeho hlavním městem je niamey
Nigeria: a republic in western africa, south of niger between benin and cameroon. its capital is abuja
Nigericin: a polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and atpase activity in mitochondria. it is produced by streptomyces hygroscopicus. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Night Blindness: failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (dorland, 27th ed)
Night Blindness, Congenital Stationary, Autosomal Dominant 1: mutation in rhodopsin
Night Blindness, Congenital Stationary, Autosomal Dominant 3: mutation in gnat1