NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Ephedra: a plant genus of the family ephedraceae, order ephedrales, class gnetopsida, division gnetophyta
Ephedra: rod rostlin čeledi ephedraceae, řádu ephedrales, třídy gnetopsida, oddělení gnetophyta
Ephedra sinica: a plant species of the family ephedraceae, order ephedrales, class gnetopsida, division gnetophyta. it is a source of ephedrine and other alkaloids
Ephedra sinica: druh rostlin čeledi ephedraceae, řádu ephedrales, třídy gnetopsida, oddělení gnetophyta. je zdrojem efedrinu a dalších alkaloidů
Ephedrae herba: derived from plants in ephedra genus; its active constituent is ephedrine
Ephedrine: a phenethylamine found in ephedra sinica. pseudoephedrine is an isomer. it is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. it has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. it has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists
Ephemera: works consisting of transient everyday items, usually printed on paper, that are produced for a specific limited use and then often thrown away. (from genre terms: a thesaurus for use in rare book and special collections cataloguing, 2d ed & the ala glossary of library and information science, 1983)
Ephemeral Fever: an ephemerovirus infection of cattle caused by bovine ephemeral fever virus (ephemeral fever virus, bovine). it is characterized by respiratory symptoms, increased oropharyngeal secretions and lacrimation, joint pains, tremor, and stiffness
Ephemeral Fever Virus, Bovine: the type species of ephemerovirus causing disease in cattle. transmission is by hematophagous arthropods and the virus has been isolated from both culicoides and mosquitoes
Ephemeroptera: an order of aquatic insects comprising about 2,500 species worldwide. it is the only insect group with two flying stages, each with relatively large forewings. the immature stage called naiad or nymph lasts one year in fresh water, and the adult stage is shortlived, lasting from a few minutes to a few days, depending on the species. the ephemeroptera includes mayflies (also called shadflies)
Ephemeroptera: řád hmyzu, jehož původ je řazen až do paleozoika (prvohor). obsahuje 23 čeledí s asi 2500 druhy. dospělci mají redukované ústní a trávicí ústrojí, nepřijímají potravu a žijí obvykle pouze jeden až tři dny. zato vodní larvy mohou žít i několik let. v jejich vývoji proměnou nedokonalou se vyskytuje unikátní stádium subimaga, což bývá často interpretováno jako původní, primitivní znak. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Ephemerovirus: a genus of the family rhabdoviridae which primarily infect cattle. ephemeral fever virus, bovine is the type species
Ephemerovirus: rod virů čeledi rhabdoviridae, které primárně infikují skot. typovým druhem je virus efemerní horečky skotu
Ephrin-A1: an ephrin that was originally identified as the product of an early response gene induced by tumor necrosis factors. it is linked to the cell membrane via a glycoinositol phospholipid membrane anchor and binds epha2 receptor with high affinity. during embryogenesis high levels of ephrin-a1 are expressed in lung; kidney; salivary glands; and intestine
Ephrin-A2: a glycoinositol phospholipid membrane anchor-containing ephrin with a high affinity for the epha3 receptor. early in embryogenesis it is expressed at high levels in the mesencephalon; somites; branchial arches, and limb buds
Ephrin-A3: a glycoinositol phospholipid membrane anchor containing ephrin with a high affinity for the epha3 receptor; epha5 receptor; epha6 receptor; epha7 receptor; and epha8 receptor. it is found primarily in nerve tissue
Ephrin-A4: a glycoinositol phospholipid membrane anchor containing ephrin found in variety of adult tissue such as kidney; lung; colon and ovary. during embryonic development, ephrin-a4 is expressed in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. it binds preferentially to epha receptors (eph family receptors) with the exception of the epha1 receptor
Ephrin-A5: a glycoinositol phospholipid membrane anchor containing ephrin found in developing tectum. it has been shown to mediate the bundling of cortical axons and repel the axonal growth of retinal ganglia axons. it is found in a variety of adult tissues of brain; heart; and kidney
Ephrin-B1: a transmembrane domain containing ephrin that is specific for ephb1 receptor; ephb2 receptor and ephb3 receptor. it is widely expressed in a variety of developing and adult tissues
Ephrin-B2: a transmembrane domain containing ephrin that binds with high affinity to ephb1 receptor; ephb3 receptor; and ephb4 receptor. expression of ephrin-b2 occurs in a variety of adult tissues. during embryogenesis, high levels of ephrin-b2 is seen in the prosencephalon; rhombencephalon; developing somites; limb bud; and bronchial arches
Ephrin-B3: a transmembrane domain containing ephrin. although originally found to be specific for the ephb3 receptor it has since been shown to bind a variety of eph family receptors. during embryogenesis ephrin-b3 is expressed at high levels in the ventral neural tube. in adult tissues, it is found primarily in the brain and heart
Ephrins: signaling proteins that are ligands for the eph family receptors. they are membrane-bound proteins that are attached to the cell membrane either through a glycoinositol phospholipid membrane anchor or through a transmembrane domain. many of the ephrins are considered important intercellular signaling molecules that control morphogenic changes during embryogenesis
Epicardial Adipose Tissue: a fat deposit localized between the myocardium and the visceral layer of the serous pericardium. epicardial adipose tissue is a risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases
Epicardial Mapping: recording the locations and measurements of electrical activity in the epicardium by placing electrodes on the surface of the heart to analyze the patterns of activation and to locate arrhythmogenic sites
Epichloe: a genus of ascomycetous fungi in the family clavicipitaceae, order hypocreales, which are fungal symbionts of grasses. anamorphic forms are in the genus neotyphodium
Epichloe: rod vřeckovýtrusných hub čeledi clavicipitaceae, řádu hypocreales. jsou symbionty u travin. anamorfní stadia patří do rodu neotyphodium
Epichlorohydrin: a chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. it is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen
Epidemics: sudden outbreaks of a disease in a country or region not previously recognized in that area, or a rapid increase in the number of new cases of a previous existing endemic disease. epidemics can also refer to outbreaks of disease in animal or plant populations
Epidemiologic Factors: events, characteristics, or other definable entities that have the potential to bring about a change in a health condition or other defined outcome
Epidemiologic Measurements: statistical calculations on the occurrence of disease or other health-related conditions in defined populations
Epidemiologic Methods: research techniques that focus on study designs and data gathering methods in human and animal populations
Epidemiologic Studies: studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. they are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. the common types of analytic study are case-control studies; cohort studies; and cross-sectional studies
Epidemiologic Study Characteristics: works about types and formulations of studies used in epidemiological research
Epidemiological Models: mathematical models of the transmission of infectious diseases. they predict spread of a disease by incorporating disease-related (e.g., infectious agent, mode of transmission, latent period, infectious period) and abiotic factors (e.g., social, cultural, demographic, and geographic factors)
Epidemiological Monitoring: collection, analysis, and interpretation of data about the frequency, distribution, and consequences of disease or health conditions, for use in the planning, implementing, and evaluating public health programs
Epidemiologists: qualified medical professionals who study the causes, incidence, and characteristic behavior of disease outbreaks or other health-related conditions and determine the interrelationships of hosts, agents, and environment related to the distribution and control of diseases
Epidemiology: field concerned with the determination of causes, incidence, and characteristic behavior of disease outbreaks affecting human populations. it includes the interrelationships of host, agent, and environment as related to the distribution and control of disease
Epidermal Cells: cells from the outermost, non-vascular layer (epidermis) of the skin
Epidermal Cyst: intradermal or subcutaneous saclike structure, the wall of which is stratified epithelium containing keratohyalin granules
Epidermal Growth Factor: a 6-kda polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. it is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form
Epidermal Nevus: congenital lesions that affect about 1 in 1,000 people and appear at or shortly after birth as localized epidermal thickening with hyperpigmentation that frequently follow the lines of blaschko (normally invisible lines of cell development in the skin that follow a "v" shape over the back, "s" shaped whirls over the chest, and sides, and wavy shapes on the head.). they can result from post-zygotic, somatic mutations in the kras, hras, nras, fgfr3, or pik3ca genes. omim: 162900
Epidermis: the external, nonvascular layer of the skin. it is made up, from within outward, of five layers of epithelium: (1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); (2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis)
Epidermitis, Exudative, of Swine: an acute generalized dermatitis of pigs which occurs from 5 to 35 days of age, characterized by sudden onset, with morbidity of 10 to 90% and mortality of 5 to 90%. the lesions are caused by staphylococcus hyos but the bacterial agent is unable to penetrate the intact skin. abrasions on the feet and legs or lacerations on the body frequently precede infection. in acute cases, a vesicular-type virus may be the predisposing factor. the causative organism is inhibited by most antibiotics. (merck veterinary manual, 5th ed)
Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis: an autosomal recessive trait with impaired cell-mediated immunity. about 15 human papillomaviruses are implicated in associated infection, four of which lead to skin neoplasms. the disease begins in childhood with red papules and later spreads over the body as gray or yellow scales
Epidermolysis Bullosa: group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. there are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. each of the latter three has several varieties
Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita: form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by trauma-induced, subepidermal blistering with no family history of the disease. direct immunofluorescence shows immunoglobulin g deposited at the dermo-epidermal junction
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica: form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by atrophy of blistered areas, severe scarring, and nail changes. it is most often present at birth or in early infancy and occurs in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms. all forms of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa result from mutations in collagen type vii, a major component fibrils of basement membrane and epidermis
Epidermolysis Bullosa Pruriginosa: a rare distinct clinical subtype of dystrophic eb in which skin fragility, blistering, and scar formation are associated with intense pruritis, nodular prurigo-like lichenified lesions, nail dystrophy, and variable presence of albopapuloid lesions. onset may be in early childhood through the second or third decade of life. autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and sporadic inheritance patterns have all been described in this disorder. mutations in the col7a1 gene have been identified. omim: 604129
Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex: a form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by serous bullae that heal without scarring. mutations in the genes that encode keratin-5 and keratin-14 have been associated with several subtypes of epidermolysis bullosa simplex
Epidermolysis Bullosa, Junctional: form of epidermolysis bullosa having onset at birth or during the neonatal period and transmitted through autosomal recessive inheritance. it is characterized by generalized blister formation, extensive denudation, and separation and cleavage of the basal cell plasma membranes from the basement membrane
Epidermolysis Bullosa, Junctional, Non-Herlitz Type: prom less severe form tha herlitz type
Epidermophyton: a fungal genus which grows in the epidermis and is the cause of tinea
Epidermophyton: rod hub rostoucích na epidermis, je původcem dermatofytóz (tinea)
Epididymal Secretory Proteins: proteins secreted by the epididymal epithelium. these proteins are both tissue- and species-specific. they are important molecular agents in the process of sperm maturation
Epididymis: the convoluted cordlike structure attached to the posterior of the testis. epididymis consists of the head (caput), the body (corpus), and the tail (cauda). a network of ducts leaving the testis joins into a common epididymal tubule proper which provides the transport, storage, and maturation of spermatozoa
Epididymitis: inflammation of the epididymis. its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen scrotum; pain; pyuria; and fever. it is usually related to infections in the urinary tract, which likely spread to the epididymis through either the vas deferens or the lymphatics of the spermatic cord
Epidural Abscess: circumscribed collections of suppurative material occurring in the spinal or intracranial epidural space. the majority of epidural abscesses occur in the spinal canal and are associated with osteomyelitis of a vertebral body; analgesia, epidural; and other conditions. clinical manifestations include local and radicular pain, weakness, sensory loss, urinary incontinence, and fecal incontinence. cranial epidural abscesses are usually associated with osteomyelitis of a cranial bone, sinusitis, or otitis media. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p710 and pp1240-1; j neurol neurosurg psychiatry 1998 aug;65(2):209-12)
Epidural Neoplasms: neoplasms located in the space between the vertebral periosteum and dura mater surrounding the spinal cord. tumors in this location are most often metastatic in origin and may cause neurologic deficits by mass effect on the spinal cord or nerve roots or by interfering with blood supply to the spinal cord
Epigastric Arteries: inferior and external epigastric arteries arise from external iliac; superficial from femoral; superior from internal thoracic. they supply the abdominal muscles, diaphragm, iliac region, and groin. the inferior epigastric artery is used in coronary artery bypass grafting and myocardial revascularization
Epigen: an egf family member that is synthesized as a membrane-bound protein that can be cleaved to release an active secreted form. it has a mitogenic effect on epithelial cells
Epigenesis, Genetic: a genetic process by which the adult organism is realized via mechanisms that lead to the restriction in the possible fates of cells, eventually leading to their differentiated state. mechanisms involved cause heritable changes to cells without changes to dna sequence such as dna methylation; histone modification; dna replication timing; nucleosome positioning; and heterochromatization which result in selective gene expression or repression
Epigenetic Memory: various mechanisms by which a stable propagation of changes in gene expression that is passed from egg and sperm to the embryo persists via epigenetic changes, e.g., dna methylation pattern changes
Epigenetic Repression: the turning off of genetic transcription in certain regions of chromatin without changes in the dna sequence. typically epigenetic repression is a way that developmental changes are programmed at the cellular level
Epigenome: a network of chemical compounds surrounding dna that modify the genome without altering the dna sequences and have a role in determining which genes are active in a cell
Epigenome Editing: a genetic engineering technique that involves manipulating the epigenome at the target region with minimal or no modification of the genomic dna
Epigenomics: the systematic study of the global gene expression changes due to epigenetic processes and not due to dna base sequence changes
Epiglottis: a thin leaf-shaped cartilage that is covered with laryngeal mucosa and situated posterior to the root of the tongue and hyoid bone. during swallowing, the epiglottis folds back over the larynx inlet thus prevents foods from entering the airway
Epikeratophakia: a procedure that modifies refractive errors by the transplantation of a donor cornea to the anterior surface of the patient's cornea
Epilepsia Partialis Continua: a variant of epilepsy characterized by continuous focal jerking of a body part over a period of hours, days, or even years without spreading to other body regions. contractions may be aggravated by movement and are reduced, but not abolished during sleep. electroencephalography demonstrates epileptiform (spike and wave) discharges over the hemisphere opposite to the affected limb in most instances. the repetitive movements may originate from the cerebral cortex or from subcortical structures (e.g., brain stem; basal ganglia). this condition is associated with russian spring and summer encephalitis (see encephalitis, tick borne); rasmussen syndrome (see encephalitis); multiple sclerosis; diabetes mellitus; brain neoplasms; and cerebrovascular disorders. (from brain, 1996 april;119(pt2):393-407; epilepsia 1993;34;suppl 1:s29-s36; and adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p319)
Epilepsies, Myoclonic: a clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic
Epilepsies, Partial: conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. a secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp317)
Epilepsy: a disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p313)
Epilepsy telangiectasia: mental retardation, epilepsy, palpebral conjunctival telangiectasias and iga deficiency
Epilepsy, Absence: a seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the seizures. the usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, p736)
Epilepsy, Benign Neonatal: a condition marked by recurrent seizures that occur during the first 4-6 weeks of life despite an otherwise benign neonatal course. autosomal dominant familial and sporadic forms have been identified. seizures generally consist of brief episodes of tonic posturing and other movements, apnea, eye deviations, and blood pressure fluctuations. these tend to remit after the 6th week of life. the risk of developing epilepsy at an older age is moderately increased in the familial form of this disorder. (neurologia 1996 feb;11(2):51-5)
Epilepsy, Complex Partial: a disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. during the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. focal motor activity, sensory alterations and automatism may also occur. complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. the etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)
Epilepsy, Female-Restricted, with Mental Retardation: mutation in pcdh19
Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe: a localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by seizures which arise in the frontal lobe
Epilepsy, Generalized: recurrent conditions characterized by epileptic seizures which arise diffusely and simultaneously from both hemispheres of the brain. classification is generally based upon motor manifestations of the seizure (e.g., convulsive, nonconvulsive, akinetic, atonic, etc.) or etiology (e.g., idiopathic, cryptogenic, and symptomatic). (from mayo clin proc, 1996 apr;71(4):405-14)
Epilepsy, Idiopathic Generalized: epilepsy classification that includes several common seizure types, including: childhood absence epilepsy (omim: 600131), juvenile absence epilepsy (omim: 607631), juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (omim: 254770), and epilepsy with grand mal seizures on awakening. seizures occur in the absence of detectable brain lesions and/or metabolic abnormalities and are initially generalized with a bilateral, synchronous, generalized, symmetrical eeg discharge. omim: 600669
Epilepsy, Intractable Childhood, With Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures: prom
Epilepsy, Nocturnal Frontal Lobe, Type 4: mutation in chrna2
Epilepsy, Partial, Motor: a disorder characterized by recurrent localized paroxysmal discharges of cerebral neurons that give rise to seizures that have motor manifestations. the majority of partial motor seizures originate in the frontal lobe (see also epilepsy, frontal lobe). motor seizures may manifest as tonic or clonic movements involving the face, one limb or one side of the body. a variety of more complex patterns of movement, including abnormal posturing of extremities, may also occur
Epilepsy, Partial, Sensory: a disorder characterized by recurrent focal onset seizures which have sensory (i.e., olfactory, visual, tactile, gustatory, or auditory) manifestations. partial seizures that feature alterations of consciousness are referred to as complex partial seizures (epilepsy, complex partial)
Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic: recurrent seizures causally related to craniocerebral trauma. seizure onset may be immediate but is typically delayed for several days after the injury and may not occur for up to two years. the majority of seizures have a focal onset that correlates clinically with the site of brain injury. cerebral cortex injuries caused by a penetrating foreign object (craniocerebral trauma, penetrating) are more likely than closed head injuries (head injuries, closed) to be associated with epilepsy. concussive convulsions are nonepileptic phenomena that occur immediately after head injury and are characterized by tonic and clonic movements. (from rev neurol 1998 feb;26(150):256-261; sports med 1998 feb;25(2):131-6)
Epilepsy, Reflex: a subtype of epilepsy characterized by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain specific stimulus. auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading, eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in affected individuals. (from neurol clin 1994 feb;12(1):57-8)
Epilepsy, Rolandic: an autosomal dominant inherited partial epilepsy syndrome with onset between age 3 and 13 years. seizures are characterized by paresthesia and tonic or clonic activity of the lower face associated with drooling and dysarthria. in most cases, affected children are neurologically and developmentally normal. (from epilepsia 1998 39;suppl 4:s32-s41)
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe: a localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the temporal lobe, most commonly from its mesial aspect. a wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. the majority of complex partial seizures (see epilepsy, complex partial) originate from the temporal lobes. temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p321)
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic: a generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. the initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. the clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. this is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. the disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p329)
Epileptic Syndromes: epileptic seizures that are of similar type and age of onset and have other similar features (e.g., clinical course, eeg findings, genetic association and neuropathology)
Epileptic encephalopathy, Lennox-Gastaut type: encephalopathy that occurs in lennox gastaut syndrome. onset is typically between 3 and 5 years of age and is characterized by tonic seizures during sleep, absence seizures, or nonconvulsive status epilepticus, as well as intellectual disabilities. may be idiopathic; germline deletions in the mapk10 gene have been identified but not confirmed (omim: 602897)
Epilobium: a plant genus of the family onagraceae. the common name of fireweed is also used with other plants
Epilobium: rod rostlin čeledi onagraceae (pupalkovité)
Epimedium: a plant genus of the family berberidaceae which is used in drugs, chinese herbal. members contain flavonol glycosides including epimedins, icariin and noricariin
Epimedium: rod rostlin čeledi berberidaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují flavonolové glykosidy epimediny, ikariin a norikariin. droga je součástí čínských bylinných léků
Epinephrine: the active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla. it stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. it is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics
Epiphyseal Dysplasia, Multiple, with Myopathy: mutation in col9a3
Epiphyses: the head of a long bone that is separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate until bone growth stops. at that time, the plate disappears and the head and shaft are united
Epiphyses, Slipped: a complete or partial separation of the epiphyses from the diaphyses
Epiregulin: a member of the epidermal growth factor (egf) family of peptide growth factors that is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form. epiregulin has specificity for the egf receptor and the erbb-4 receptor
Epiretinal Membrane: a membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) retinal pigment epithelium. localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the fovea centralis. epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. in younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. the majority occur in association with retinal holes, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (newell, ophthalmology: principles and concepts, 7th ed, p291)
Epirizole: 4-methoxy-2-(5-methoxy-3-methylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine. a pyrimidinyl pyrazole with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity
Epirubicin: an anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. the compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of dna
Episiotomy: an incision of the posterior vaginal wall and a portion of the pudenda which enlarges the vaginal introitus to facilitate delivery and prevent lacerations
Episode of Care: an interval of care by a health care facility or provider for a specific medical problem or condition. it may be continuous or it may consist of a series of intervals marked by one or more brief separations from care, and can also identify the sequence of care (e.g., emergency, inpatient, outpatient), thus serving as one measure of health care provided
Episodic Ataxia, Type 2: the most common form of episodic ataxia, a genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by episodes of incoordiantion and imbalance similar to progressive ataxia. episodic ataxia 2 exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance and is further characterized by onset in childhood or adolescence and the occurence of nystagmus, tinnitus; migraine headache, and other neurologic symptoms. episodes are often triggered by sudden movements, fatigue, stress, stimulant or alcohol use and may be treated by acetazolamide. mutations in the cacna1a gene have been identified. omim: 108500
Epispadias: a birth defect due to malformation of the urethra in which the urethral opening is above its normal location. in the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the top or the side of the penis, but the urethra can also be open the entire length of the penis. in the female, the malformed urethral opening is often between the clitoris and the labia, or in the abdomen
Epistasis, Genetic: a form of gene interaction whereby the expression of one gene interferes with or masks the expression of a different gene or genes. genes whose expression interferes with or masks the effects of other genes are said to be epistatic to the effected genes. genes whose expression is affected (blocked or masked) are hypostatic to the interfering genes
Epitestosterone: the 17-alpha isomer of testosterone, derived from pregnenolone via the delta5-steroid pathway, and via 5-androstene-3-beta,17-alpha-diol. epitestosterone acts as an antiandrogen in various target tissues. the ratio between testosterone/epitestosterone is used to monitor anabolic drug abuse
Epithalamus: the dorsal posterior subdivision of the diencephalon. the epithalamus is generally considered to include the habenular nuclei (habenula) and associated fiber bundles, the pineal body, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle. the anterior and posterior paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus are included with the thalamic nuclei although they develop from the same pronuclear mass as the epithalamic nuclei and are sometimes considered part of the epithalamus
Epithelial Attachment: a wedge-shaped collar of epithelial cells which form the attachment of the gingiva to the tooth surface at the base of the gingival crevice
Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule: a cell adhesion molecule that is expressed on the membranes of nearly all epithelial cells, especially at the junctions between intestinal epithelial cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes. it also is expressed on the surface of adenocarcinoma and epithelial tumor cells. it may function in the mucosa through homophilic interactions to provide a barrier against infection. it also regulates the proliferation and differentiation of embryonic stem cells
Epithelial Cells: cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (epithelium) or masses. epithelial cells lining the skin; the mouth; the nose; and the anal canal derive from ectoderm; those lining the respiratory system and the digestive system derive from endoderm; others (cardiovascular system and lymphatic system) derive from mesoderm. epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells
Epithelial Recurrent Erosion Dystrophy: hereditary autosomal dominant corneal erosions with onset between 4 and 6 years of age. omim: 122400
Epithelial Sodium Channel Agonists: compounds that either stimulate the opening or prevent closure of epithelial sodium ion channels
Epithelial Sodium Channel Blockers: a subclass of sodium channel blockers that are specific for epithelial sodium channels
Epithelial Sodium Channels: sodium channels found on salt-reabsorbing epithelial cells that line the distal nephron; the distal colon; salivary ducts; sweat glands; and the lung. they are amiloride-sensitive and play a critical role in the control of sodium balance, blood volume, and blood pressure
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: phenotypic changes of epithelial cells to mesenchyme type, which increase cell mobility critical in many developmental processes such as neural tube development. neoplasm metastasis and disease progression may also induce this transition
Epithelioid Cells: characteristic cells of granulomatous hypersensitivity. they appear as large, flattened cells with increased endoplasmic reticulum. they are believed to be activated macrophages that have differentiated as a result of prolonged antigenic stimulation. further differentiation or fusion of epithelioid cells is thought to produce multinucleated giant cells (giant cells)
Epithelium: the layers of epithelial cells which cover the inner and outer surfaces of the cutaneous, mucus, and serous tissues and glands of the body
Epithelium, Corneal: stratified squamous epithelium that covers the outer surface of the cornea. it is smooth and contains many free nerve endings
Epitope Mapping: methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry
Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte: antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the b-cell receptor. epitopes recognized by the b-cell receptor are located on the surface of the antigen
Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte: antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the t-cell receptor. epitopes recognized by the t-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the t-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen
Eplerenone: a spironolactone derivative and selective aldosterone receptor antagonist that is used in the management of hypertension and congestive heart failure, post-myocardial infarction
Epoetin Alfa: a recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. it is used for the treatment of anemia associated with chronic renal failure in dialysis and predialysis patients
Epoprostenol: a prostaglandin that is a powerful vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation. it is biosynthesized enzymatically from prostaglandin endoperoxides in human vascular tissue. the sodium salt has been also used to treat primary pulmonary hypertension (hypertension, pulmonary)
Epoque 80: a lathe cut single composition alloy containing 22.8% copper
Epothilones: a group of 16-member macrolides which stabilize microtubules in a manner similar to paclitaxel. they were originally found in the myxobacterium sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to polyangium (myxococcales)
Epoxide Hydrolases: enzymes that catalyze reversibly the formation of an epoxide or arene oxide from a glycol or aromatic diol, respectively
Epoxy Compounds: organic compounds that include a cyclic ether with three ring atoms in their structure. they are commonly used as precursors for polymers such as epoxy resins
Epoxy Resins: polymeric resins derived from oxiranes and characterized by strength and thermosetting properties. epoxy resins are often used as dental materials
Epr protein, Staphylococcus capitis: involved in glycylglycine endopeptidase ale-1 resistance; show similarity to methicillin resistance protein; amino acid sequence given in first source; genbank ab000222
Epsilonproteobacteria: a group of proteobacteria consisting of chemoorganotrophs usually associated with the digestive system of humans and animals
Epsilonproteobacteria: skupina chemoorganotrofních bakterií kmene proteobacteria, které se obvykle vyskytují v gastrointestinálním traktu lidí a zvířat
Epsilonretrovirus: a genus in the family retroviridae infecting fish. species include walleye dermal sarcoma virus, walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus 1, and walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus 2
Epsilonretrovirus: typový druh čeledi retroviridae, podčeledi orthoretrovirinae, virus kožních sarkomů ryb. představiteli jsou walleye dermal sarcoma virus, walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus 1 a walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus 2
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections: infection with human herpesvirus 4 (herpesvirus 4, human); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. these include burkitt lymphoma (african type), infectious mononucleosis, and oral hairy leukoplakia (leukoplakia, hairy)
Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens: nuclear antigens encoded by viral genes found in human herpesvirus 4. at least six nuclear antigens have been identified
Eptifibatide: cyclic peptide that acts as a platelet glycoprotein iib-iiia antagonist, reversibly inhibiting the binding of fibrinogen; von willebrand factor; and other adhesive molecules to the gpiib-iiia receptors of platelets. it is used in the management of unstable angina and in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty and stenting procedures
Equatorial Guinea: a republic in central africa, bordering the bay of biafra, cameroon is to the north and gabon to the south. its capital is malabo
Equidae: a family of hoofed mammals consisting of horses, donkeys, and zebras. members of this family are strict herbivores and can be classified as either browsers or grazers depending on how they feed.
Equidae: čeleď řádu lichokopytníků. do čeledi koňovitých patří pouze jeden recentní rod, equus, zahrnující tři podrody: kůň, osel a zebra. obývají stepi a savany afriky a asie. jejich noha je přizpůsobená k rychlému běhu. všechny prsty jsou redukované a našlapují pouze na třetí prst, který je silný a opatřený kopytem. jsou striktními býložravci. (upraveno podle biolib.cz 2022 https://www.biolib.cz/)
Equilenin: an estrogenic steroid produced by horses. it has a total of five double bonds in the a- and b-ring. high concentration of equilenin is found in the urine of pregnant mares
Equilibrative Nucleoside Transport Proteins: a class of sodium-independent nucleoside transporters that mediate the facilitative transport of nucleosides
Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1: a subtype of equilibrative nucleoside transporter proteins that is sensitive to inhibition by 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine
Equilibrative-Nucleoside Transporter 2: a subtype of equilibrative nucleoside transporter proteins that is insensitive to inhibition by 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine
Equilin: an estrogenic steroid produced by horses. it has a total of four double bonds in the a- and b-ring. high concentration of euilin is found in the urine of pregnant mares
Equine Infectious Anemia: viral disease of horses caused by the equine infectious anemia virus (eiav; infectious anemia virus, equine). it is characterized by intermittent fever, weakness, and anemia. chronic infection consists of acute episodes with remissions
Equine-Assisted Therapy: therapy assisted by the use of a horse and/or its movement, including equine-assisted psychotherapy, horseback riding, and hippotherapy
Equipment Contamination: the presence of an infectious agent on instruments, prostheses, or other inanimate articles
Equipment Failure: failure of equipment to perform to standard. the failure may be due to defects or improper use
Equipment Failure Analysis: the evaluation of incidents involving the loss of function of a device. these evaluations are used for a variety of purposes such as to determine the failure rates, the causes of failures, costs of failures, and the reliability and maintainability of devices
Equipment Reuse: further or repeated use of equipment, instruments, devices, or materials. it includes additional use regardless of the original intent of the producer as to disposability or durability. it does not include the repeated use of fluids or solutions
Equipment and Supplies: expendable and nonexpendable equipment, supplies, apparatus, and instruments that are used in diagnostic, surgical, therapeutic, scientific, and experimental procedures
Equipment and Supplies Utilization: extent of use of equipment or supplies. it includes overuse and underuse
Equisetum: jediný žijící rod řádu equisetales (přesličkotvaré), třída equisetopsida (přesličky), oddělení equisetophyta, vzdáleně příbuzný s kapradinami. roste na vlhkých místech. duté, článkované, žebrované stonky obsahují silikáty
Equisetum: the only living genus of the order equisetales, class equisetopsida (sphenopsida), division equisetophyta (sphenophyta); distantly related to ferns. it grows in moist places. the hollow, jointed, ridged stems contain silicates
Equivalence Trial: trial that aims to show a new treatment is no better and no worse than the standard treatment
Equivalence Trials as Topic: works about trials that aim to show a new treatment is no better and no worse than the standard treatment
Equol: a non-steroidal estrogen generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines
Erabutoxins: toxins isolated from the venom of laticauda semifasciata, a sea snake (hydrophid); immunogenic, basic polypeptides of 62 amino acids, folded by four disulfide bonds, block neuromuscular end-plates irreversibly, thus causing paralysis and severe muscle damage; they are similar to elapid neurotoxins
ErbB Receptors: a family of structurally related cell-surface receptors that signal through an intrinsic protein-tyrosine kinase. the receptors are activated upon binding of specific ligands which include epidermal growth factors, and neuregulins
Erbium: erbium. an element of the rare earth family of metals. it has the atomic symbol er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26
Erbovirus: a genus in the family picornaviridae causing upper respiratory disease in horses
Erbovirus: rod virů čeledi picornaviridae, které způsobují onemocnění horních cest dýchacích u koní
Erdheim-Chester Disease: a rare form of non-langerhans-cell histiocytosis (histiocytosis, non-langerhans-cell) with onset in middle age. the systemic disease is characterized by infiltration of lipid-laden macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, an inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes and histiocytes in the bone marrow, and a generalized sclerosis of the long bones
Erdheimova-Chesterova nemoc: vzácná forma histiocytózy z non-langerhansových buněk s počátkem ve středním věku. toto systémové onemocnění je charakterizované infiltrací pěnitých buněk, mnohojaderných obrovských buněk a zánětlivých lymfocytů a histiocytů do kostní dřeně a generalizovanou sklerózou dlouhých kostí
Erectile Dysfunction: the inability in the male to have a penile erection due to psychological or organ dysfunction
Eremophila (rostlina): rod rostlin čeledi scrophulariaceae, jehož zástupci se používají v lidovém lékařství
Eremophila Plant: a plant genus of the family myoporaceae. members have been used in folk medicine
Eremothecium: a genus of ascomycetous yeast in the family saccharomycetaceae, order saccharomycetales. species in the genus are plant pathogens
Eremothecium: rod vřeckovýtrusných kvasinek čeledi saccharomycetaceae, řádu saccharomycetales. zástupci tohoto rodu jsou patogeny rostlin
Ergocalciferols: derivatives of ergosterol formed by ultraviolet rays breaking of the c9-c10 bond. they differ from cholecalciferol in having a double bond between c22 and c23 and a methyl group at c24
Ergolines: a series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure
Ergoloid Mesylates: a mixture of the mesylates (methane sulfonates) of dihydroergocornine; dihydroergocristine; and the alpha- and beta-isomers of dihydroergocryptine. the substance produces a generalized peripheral vasodilation and a fall in arterial pressure and has been used to treat symptoms of mild to moderate impairment of mental function in the elderly
Ergometry: any method of measuring the amount of work done by an organism, usually during physical exertion. ergometry also includes measures of power. some instruments used in these determinations include the hand crank and the bicycle ergometer
Ergonomics: the science of designing, building or equipping mechanical devices or artificial environments to the anthropometric, physiological, or psychological requirements of the people who will use them
Ergonovine: an ergot alkaloid (ergot alkaloids) with uterine and vascular smooth muscle contractile properties
Ergosterol: a steroid occurring in fungi. irradiation with ultraviolet rays results in formation of ergocalciferol (vitamin d2)
Ergot Alkaloids: alkaloids originally isolated from the ergot fungus claviceps purpurea (hypocreaceae). they include compounds that are structurally related to ergoline (ergolines) and ergotamine (ergotamines). many of the ergot alkaloids act as alpha-adrenergic antagonists
Ergotamine: a vasoconstrictor found in ergot of central europe. it is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of migraine disorders
Ergotamines: a series of structurally-related alkaloids containing the ergotaman backbone structure
Ergothioneine: a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine that has antioxidant properties
Ergotism: poisoning caused by ingesting ergotized grain or by the misdirected or excessive use of ergot as a medicine
Ericaceae: the heath plant family of the order ericales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida that are generally shrubs or small trees. leaves are alternate, simple, and leathery; flowers are symmetrical with a 4- or 5-parted corolla of partly fused petals
Ericaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu vřesovcotvaré (ericales). zahrnuje dřeviny i byliny s jednoduchými listy a pětičetnými květy se srostlými korunními lístky. jsou rozšířeny téměř po celém světě. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Ericales: a large and diverse order of dicotyledonous flowering plants in the subclass dilleniidae. most members have weakly fused petals and radially symmetric flowers which form fruit capsules and thin seed coats. members also contain iridoids, compounds which protect against herbivores. common examples of the ericales are economically important species such as tea, persimmon, blueberry, brazil nuts, azalea, cranberries, and rhododendron
Erigeron: a plant genus of the family asteraceae that is similar to conyza. members contain sesquiterpenes
Erigeron: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae, podobný rodu conyza. zástupci obsahují seskviterpeny
Eriobotrya: a plant genus of the family rosaceae that is the source of an edible fruit. members contain triterpenes