NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Acetamides: derivatives of acetamide that are used as solvents, as mild irritants, and in organic synthesis
Acetaminophen: analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. it has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage
Acetanilides: compounds based on n-phenylacetamide, that are similar in structure to 2-phenylacetamides. they are precursors of many other compounds. they were formerly used as analgesics and antipyretics, but often caused lethal methemoglobinemia
Acetate Kinase: an enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of acetate in the presence of a divalent cation and atp with the formation of acetylphosphate and adp. it is important in the glycolysis process. ec 2.7.2.1
Acetate-CoA Ligase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of coa derivatives from atp, acetate, and coa to form amp, pyrophosphate, and acetyl coa. it acts also on propionates and acrylates. ec 6.2.1.1
Acetates: derivatives of acetic acid. included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure
Acetazolamide: one of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitors that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. it is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. however, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (from smith and reynard, textbook of pharmacology, 1991, p337)
Acetic Acid: product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. it is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (stedman, 26th ed)
Acetic Anhydrides: compounds used extensively as acetylation, oxidation and dehydrating agents and in the modification of proteins and enzymes
Acetobacter: a species of gram-negative bacteria of the family acetobacteraceae found in flowers and fruit. cells are ellipsoidal to rod-shaped and straight or slightly curved
Acetobacter: druh gramnegativních bakterií čeledi acetobacteraceae nacházející se v květech a ovoci. buňky jsou elipsovité až tyčkovité a rovné nebo mírně zakřivené
Acetobacteraceae: a family of gram-negative aerobic bacteria consisting of ellipsoidal to rod-shaped cells that occur singly, in pairs, or in chains
Acetobacteraceae: čeleď gramnegativních aerobních bakterií. buňky jsou elipsoidní, mírně zakřivené až rovné tyčky, vyskytují se jednotlivě, po dvou nebo v řetízcích
Acetobacterium: a genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family eubacteriaceae. species are homoacetogenic, having the ability to use carbon dioxide as an electron sink, and to reduce it producing acetate as a typical fermentation product
Acetobacterium: rod gramnegativních bakterií z čeledi eubacteriaceae. druhy jsou homoacetogenní, mají schopnost používat oxid uhličitý jako tzv. elektronovou jímku (elektrofil) a snižovat jeho produkci acetátu jako typického fermentačního produktu
Acetogenins: polyketides of up to a few dozen carbons in length, formed by chain extension of multiple propionates and oxygenated to form tetrahydrofuran and lactone rings along the length of the chain. they are found in annonaceae and other plants. related compounds cyclize to macrolides
Acetohexamide: a sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide
Acetoin: a product of fermentation. it is a component of the butanediol cycle in microorganisms. in mammals it is oxidized to carbon dioxide
Acetoin Dehydrogenase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoin to diacetyl in the presence of nad
Acetolactate Synthase: a flavoprotein enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetolactate from 2 moles of pyruvate in the biosynthesis of valine and the formation of acetohydroxybutyrate from pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate in the biosynthesis of isoleucine. this enzyme was formerly listed as ec 4.1.3.18
Acetone: a colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. it is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis
Acetonitriles: compounds in which a methyl group is attached to the cyano moiety
Acetophenones: derivatives of the simplest aromatic ketone acetophenone (of general formula c6h5c(o)ch3)
Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene: an alkylating agent that forms dna adducts at the c-8 position in guanine, resulting in single strand breaks. it has demonstrated carcinogenic action
Acetrizoic Acid: an iodinated radiographic contrast medium used as acetrizoate sodium in hysterosalpingography
Acetyl Coenzyme A: acetyl coa participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. it also acts as a biological acetylating agent
Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetoacetyl-coa from two molecules of acetyl coa. some enzymes called thiolase or thiolase-i have referred to this activity or to the activity of acetyl-coa c-acyltransferase
Acetyl-CoA C-Acyltransferase: enzyme that catalyzes the final step of fatty acid oxidation in which acetyl coa is released and the coa ester of a fatty acid two carbons shorter is formed
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase: a carboxylating enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of atp, acetyl-coa, and hco3- to adp, orthophosphate, and malonyl-coa. it is a biotinyl-protein that also catalyzes transcarboxylation. the plant enzyme also carboxylates propanoyl-coa and butanoyl-coa (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 6.4.1.2
Acetyl-CoA Hydrolase: an enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the hydrolysis of acetyl-coa to yield coa and acetate. the enzyme is involved in the oxidation of fatty acids. ec 3.1.2.1
Acetylation: formation of an acetyl derivative. (stedman, 25th ed)
Acetylcarnitine: an acetic acid ester of carnitine that facilitates movement of acetyl coa into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids
Acetylcholine: a neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system
Acetylcholine Release Inhibitors: compounds that block release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetate. in the cns, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. ec 3.1.1.7
Acetylcysteine: the n-acetyl derivative of cysteine. it is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. it has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with hiv due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates
Acetyldigitoxins: cardioactive derivatives of lanatoside a or of digitoxin. they are used for fast digitalization in congestive heart failure
Acetyldigoxins: alpha- or beta-acetyl derivatives of digoxin or lanatoside c from digitalis lanata. they are better absorbed and longer acting than digoxin and are used in congestive heart failure
Acetylesterase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetate esters and water to alcohols and acetate. ec 3.1.1.6
Acetylglucosaminidase: a beta-n-acetylhexosaminidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-glucose residues in chitobiose and higher analogs as well as in glycoproteins. has been used widely in structural studies on bacterial cell walls and in the study of diseases such as mucolipidosis and various inflammatory disorders of muscle and connective tissue
Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine: peptidoglycan immunoadjuvant originally isolated from bacterial cell wall fragments; also acts as pyrogen and may cause arthritis; stimulates both humoral and cellular immunity
Acetylserotonin O-Methyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from s-adenosylmethionine to n-acetylserotonin to form n-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (melatonin)
Acetylthiocholine: an agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types
Acetyltransferases: enzymes catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from acetyl coenzyme a, to another compound. ec 2.3.1
Achaete-Scute Complex Genome Region: a genomic region found in drosophila. the region contains genes encoding basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that play a critical role in the regulation of pattern formation during embryonic development
Achalasia Addisonianism Alacrimia syndrome: a hereditary disorder characterized by achalasia, addison disease, and alacrima (a reduced or absent ability to secrete tears). most affected individuals have all three of these features, although some have only two.other disorders that may be present include dysautonomia; intellectual disability; speech disorders, a small head size, muscle weakness, movement problems, peripheral neuropathy, and optic atrophy. the neurological symptoms may worsen over time. mutations in the aaas gene have been identified. omim: 231550
Achard-Thiers syndrome: postmenopausal women, marked by diabetes mellitus, deep masculine voice, facial hypertrichosis, obesity and hypertrophy of clitoris
Achievement: success in bringing an effort to the desired end; the degree or level of success attained in some specified area (esp. scholastic) or in general
Achillea: a plant genus of the family asteraceae that has long been used in folk medicine for treating wounds
Achillea millefolium flower: extracts made from achillea millefolium leaves and flowers
Achilles Tendon: tendon that connects the muscles in the back of the calf to the heel bone
Achillova šlacha: šlacha trojhlavého svalu lýtkového, která se upíná na kost patní. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Achlorhydria: a lack of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice despite stimulation of gastric secretion
Achlya: a genus of oomycetes in the family saprolegniaceae. they are pathogens of fishes and insects
Achlya: rod oomycet z čeledi saprolegniaceae. jsou to patogeny ryb a hmyzu
Acholeplasma: a genus of gram-negative organisms including saprophytic and parasitic or pathogenic species
Acholeplasma: rod gramnegativních organismů včetně saprofytických a parazitárních nebo patogenních druhů
Acholeplasma laidlawii: an organism originally isolated from sewage, manure, humus, and soil, but recently found as a parasite in mammals and birds
Acholeplasma laidlawii: organismus původně izolovaný z odpadních vod, hnoje, humusu a půdy, ale nedávno byl nalezen jako parazit u savců a ptáků
Acholeplasmataceae: gram-negative organisms including apparently free-living saphrophytes as well as mammalian and avian parasites, and possibly pathogens
Acholeplasmataceae: gramnegativní mikroorganismy z čeledi acholeplasmataceae jsou parazity a saprofyty živočichů a rostlin, nevyžadující steroly
Achondroplasia: an autosomal dominant disorder that is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. affected individuals exhibit short stature caused by rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, characteristic facies with frontal bossing and mid-face hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, genu varum, and trident hand. (online mendelian inheritance in man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim, mim#100800, april 20, 2001)
Achromatopsia 2: a rare hereditary form of colorblindness characterized by photophobia; nystagmus; reduced visual acuity, and a complete inability to discriminate between colors. it is caused by mutations in the cnga3 gene. omim: 216900
Achromobacter: a genus of gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore forming rods. soil and water are regarded as the natural habitat. they are sometimes isolated from a hospital environment and humans
Achromobacter: rod gramnegativních, přísně aerobních, nesporulujících, tyčkovitých bakterií. přírodním stanovištěm jsou půda a voda. někdy jsou izolovány z nemocničního prostředí a lidí
Achromobacter cycloclastes: a species of gram negative, aerobic, denitrifying bacteria in the genus achromobacter
Achromobacter cycloclastes: druh gramnegativních, aerobních, denitrifikačních bakterií z rodu achromobacter
Achromobacter denitrificans: achromobacter xylosoxidans - gramnegativní pohyblivá aerobní bakterie způsobující např. meningitidy či sepse. často je rezistentní na aminoglykosidy, cefalosporiny 1. až 3. generace a na fluorchinolony. (uprav. podle velký lékařský slovník online, 2020 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Achromobacter denitrificans: the type species of gram negative, aerobic bacteria in the genus achromobacter. previously in the genus alcaligenes, the classification and nomenclature of this species has been frequently emended. the two subspecies, achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans and achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans are associated with infections
Achyranthes: a plant genus of the family amaranthaceae, order caryophyllales, which has been used in traditional medicine (medicine, chinese traditional)
Achyranthes: rod rostlin čeledi amaranthaceae, řádu caryophyllales. achyranthes bidentata se používá v tradičním lékařství (tradiční čínská medicína)
Achyrocline: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain terpenes and achyrofuran, a prenylated dibenzofuran (benzofurans)
Achyrocline: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují terpeny a achyrofuran (prenylovaný dibenzofuran)
Acid Anhydride Hydrolases: a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of diphosphate bonds in compounds such as nucleoside di- and tri-phosphates, and sulfonyl-containing anhydrides such as adenylylsulfate. (enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 3.6
Acid Ceramidase: a ceramidase subtype that is active at acid ph. it plays an important role in sphingolipid degradation by catalyzing the lysosomal hydrolysis of ceramide to sphingosine and free fatty acid. inherited deficiency of acid ceramidase activity results in farber lipogranulomatosis
Acid Etching, Dental: preparation of tooth surfaces and dental materials with etching agents, usually phosphoric acid, to roughen the surface to increase adhesion or osteointegration
Acid Phosphatase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. ec 3.1.3.2
Acid Rain: acidic water usually ph 2.5 to 4.5, which poisons the ecosystem and adversely affects plants, fishes, and mammals. it is caused by industrial pollutants, mainly sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted into the atmosphere and returning to earth in the form of acidic rain water
Acid Sensing Ion Channel Blockers: a subclass of sodium channel blockers that are specific for acid-sensing sodium channels
Acid Sensing Ion Channels: a family of proton-gated sodium channels that are primarily expressed in neuronal tissue. they are amiloride-sensitive and are implicated in the signaling of a variety of neurological stimuli, most notably that of pain in response to acidic conditions
Acid-Base Equilibrium: the balance between acids and bases in the body fluids. the ph (hydrogen-ion concentration) of the arterial blood provides an index for the total body acid-base balance
Acid-Base Imbalance: disturbances in the acid-base equilibrium of the body
Acidaminococcus: a genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family acidaminococcaceae, isolated from the intestines of pigs and humans
Acidaminococcus: rod gramnegativních bakterií z čeledi acidaminococcaceae, izolovaný ze střev prasat a lidí
Acidemia, isovaleric: a rare hereditary, autosomal recessive metabolic disorder. two forms of isovaleric acidemia, possibly allelic, are recognized: the acute neonatal form, leading to massive acidosis and rapid death in the first days of life, and a chronic form in which periodic attacks of severe ketosis occur with asymptomatic intervening periods. mutations in the ivd gene have been identified. omim: 243500
Acidianus: a genus of facultatively anaerobic coccoid archaea, in the family sulfolobaceae. cells are highly irregular in shape and thermoacidophilic. lithotrophic growth occurs aerobically via sulfur oxidation in some species. distribution includes solfataric springs and fields, mudholes, and geothermically heated acidic marine environments
Acidianus: rod fakultativně anaerobních kokoidních archeí čeledi sulfolobaceae. buňky mají nepravidelný tvar a jsou termoacidofilní. některé druhy žijí aerobně a litotrofně, energii získávají aerobní oxidací anorganických forem síry. zástupci tohoto rodu se vyskytují v sirných pramenech a polích, v bahnitých tůních a v kyselých mořských hydrotermálních systémech
Acidic Glycosphingolipids: a subclass of glycosphingolipids containing large polar heads made up of several sugar units. one or more of their terminal sugar units are bound to a negatively charged molecule at ph 7. members of this class include: gangliosides, uronoglycosphingolipids, sulfoglycosphingolipids, phosphoglycosphingolipids, and phosphonoglycosphingolipids
Acidiphilium: a genus in the family acetobacteraceae consisting of chemoorganotrophic, straight rods with rounded ends. they are aerobic and acidophilic
Acidiphilium: rod aerobních, chemoorganotrofních, acidofilních bakterií čeledi acetobacteraceae. mají tvar rovných tyčinek se zaoblenými konci
Acidithiobacillus: a genus of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria in the class gammaproteobacteria. they are obligately acidophilic and aerobic, using reduced sulfur compounds to support autotrophic growth
Acidithiobacillus: rod gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých bakterií třídy gammaproteobacteria. jsou obligátně acidofilní a aerobní, pro autotrofní růst využívají redukované sloučeniny síry
Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans: a strictly autotrophic species of bacteria that oxidizes sulfur and thiosulfate to sulfuric acid. it was formerly called thiobacillus thiooxidans
Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans: striktně autotrofní druh bakterií, které oxidují síru a thiosíran na kyselinu sírovou. dříve se nazýval thiobacillus thiooxidans
Acidobacteria: a physiologically diverse phylum of acidophilic, gram-negative bacteria found in a wide variety of habitats, but particularly abundant in soils and sediments
Acidobacteria: acidobacteria je nový menší kmen bakterií, byl popsán až v roce 1997. fyziologicky je to rozmanitý kmen acidofilních, gramnegativních bakterií, které se vyskytují v celé řadě lokalit, ale zejména v půdách a sedimentech. jak naznačuje jméno, jsou především acidofilní (žijí v kyselém prostředí). zdá se, že mají poměrně velkou roli v ekosystému, protože jsou hojní v půdě. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Acidosis: a pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. the two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up
Acidosis, Lactic: acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. it may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as diabetes mellitus; leukemia; or liver failure
Acidosis, Renal Tubular: a group of genetic disorders of the kidney tubules characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. defective renal acidification of urine (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as hypokalemia, hypercalcinuria with nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis, and rickets
Acids: chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). an extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Acids, Acyclic: carboxylic acids that have open-chain molecular structures as opposed to ring-shaped structures
Acids, Aldehydic: dicarboxylic acids in which one of the carboxyl groups (-cooh) has been replaced by an aldehyde group (-cho)
Acids, Carbocyclic: carboxylic acids that have a homocyclic ring structure in which all the ring atoms are carbon
Acids, Heterocyclic: a class of acids containing a ring structure in which at least one atom other than carbon is incorporated
Acids, Noncarboxylic: inorganic acids with a non metal, other than carbon, attached to hydrogen, or an acid radical containing no carbon
Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride: a sodium fluoride solution, paste or powder, which has been acidulated to ph 3 to 4 and buffered with a phosphate. it is used in the prevention of dental caries
Acinar Cells: cells lining the saclike dilatations known as acini of various glands or the lungs
Acinetobacter: a genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family moraxellaceae, found in soil and water and of uncertain pathogenicity
Acinetobacter: rod gramnegativních bakterií čeledi moraxellaceae, které se nacházejí v půdě a vodě a mají nejasnou patogenitu
Acinetobacter baumannii: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria, commonly found in the clinical laboratory, and frequently resistant to common antibiotics
Acinetobacter baumannii: druh gramnegativních, aerobních bakterií, běžně se vyskytujících v klinické laboratoři a často rezistentních na běžná antibiotika
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria found in soil and water. although considered to be normally nonpathogenic, this bacterium is a causative agent of nosocomial infections, particularly in debilitated individuals
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus: druh gramnegativních aerobních bakterií nalezených v půdě a vodě. přestože je tato bakterie považována za běžně nepatogenní, je původcem nozokomiálních infekcí, zejména u oslabených jedinců
Acinonyx: a genus of long-legged, swift-moving felines (felidae) from africa (and formerly asia) about the size of a small leopard
Acinonyx: kočkovitá šelma, známá jako nejrychlejší suchozemské zvíře. žije především na savanách afriky, malá populace přežívá i v asii. patří k malým kočkám, do blízkosti pumy americké a jaguarundi. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Acitretin: an oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. it is the major metabolite of etretinate with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate
AclBEP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of n(4)-behenoyl-1-beta-arabinofuranosylcytosin, aclarubicin, etoposide, and prednisolone
Aclarubicin: an anthracycline produced by streptomyces galilaeus. it has potent antineoplastic activity
Acne Conglobata: severe and chronic form of acne characterized by large, burrowing abscesses associated with disfigurement
Acne Keloid: a type of acneiform disorder in which secondary pyogenic infection in and around pilosebaceous structures ends in keloidal scarring. it manifests as persistent folliculitis of the back of the neck associated with occlusion of the follicular orifices. it is most often encountered in black or asian men
Acne Vulgaris: a chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. it is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. the cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors
Acne, Adult: acne that persists into middle age. omim: 604324
Acneiform Eruptions: visible efflorescent lesions of the skin caused by acne or resembling acne. (dorland, 28th ed, p18, 575)
Aconitate Hydratase: an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of cis-aconitate to yield citrate or isocitrate. it is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. ec 4.2.1.3
Aconitic Acid: a tricarboxylic acid with the formula (cooh)-ch2-c(cooh)=ch-cooh
Aconitine: a c19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (diterpenes) from the root of aconitum; delphinium and larkspurs. it activates voltage-gated sodium channels. it has been used to induce arrhythmias in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties
Aconitum: a plant genus of the family ranunculaceae. members contain a number of diterpenoid alkaloids including: aconitans, hypaconitine, aconitine, jesaconitine, ignavine, napelline, and mesaconitine. the common name of wolfbane is similar to the common name for arnica
Aconitum: rod rostlin ranunculaceae (pryskyřníkovité). členové obsahují množství diterpenoidních alkaloidů jako např. akonitany, hypoakonitin, akonitin, jesakonitin, ignavin, napellin a mesakonitin
Acoraceae: a plant family of the order arales, subclass arecidae, class liliopsida (monocot)
Acorus: a plant genus of the family acoraceae, order arales, subclass arecidae most notable for acorus calamus l. root which contains asarone and has been used in traditional medicine
Acoustic Impedance Tests: objective tests of middle ear function based on the difficulty (impedance) or ease (admittance) of sound flow through the middle ear. these include static impedance and dynamic impedance (i.e., tympanometry and impedance tests in conjunction with intra-aural muscle reflex elicitation). this term is used also for various components of impedance and admittance (e.g., compliance, conductance, reactance, resistance, susceptance)
Acoustic Maculae: the sensory areas on the vertical wall of the saccule and in the floor of the utricle. the hair cells in the maculae are innervated by fibers of the vestibular nerve
Acoustics: the branch of physics that deals with sound and sound waves. in medicine it is often applied in procedures in speech and hearing studies. with regard to the environment, it refers to the characteristics of a room, auditorium, theatre, building, etc. that determines the audibility or fidelity of sounds in it. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Acquired CJD: spontaneously-occuring (sporadic) cases of creutzfeldt-jakob disease or cases acquired through innoculation during medical procedures or through consumption of bse-containing food products
Acquired Hyperostosis Syndrome: syndrome consisting of synovitis; acne conglobata; palmoplantar pustulosis; hyperostosis; and osteitis. the most common site of the disease is the upper anterior chest wall, characterized by predominantly osteosclerotic lesions, hyperostosis, and arthritis of the adjacent joints. the association of sterile inflammatory bone lesions and neutrophilic skin eruptions is indicative of this syndrome
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: an acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), a cd4-positive t-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. these elements reflect criteria for aids as defined by the cdc in 1993
Acquired agranulocytosis: a form of agranulocytosis that is caused by certain drugs, especially antineoplastic agents and antipsychotic agents
Acquired amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia: severe thrombocytopenia and selective, marked decrease or absence of megakaryocytes
Acquired angioedema: a type of angioedema characterized by transitory and recurrent subcutaneous or submucosal edemas resulting in swelling and/or abdominal pain due to an acquired c1 inhibitor (c1-inh) deficiency (omim: 300909)
Acquired ichthyosis: nonhereditary icthyosis (dry, rough skin with prominent scaling over large body regions). it may occur with malignancies, autoimmune, inflammatory, metabolic, endocrine, or infectious diseases; as well as medication use
Acremonium: a mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus
Acremonium: rod mitosporických hub s mnoha vřeckovýtrusnými teleomorfními stadii. z plísně tohoto rodu byla izolována cefalosporinová antibiotika
Acridine Orange: a cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially dna. it is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. it may cause mutations in microorganisms
Acridones: compounds based on acridone, which have three linear rings, with the center ring containing a ring nitrogen and a keto oxygen opposite to each other. many of them are naturally occurring alkaloids
Acriflavine: 3,6-diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. it intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication
Acro-Osteolysis: a condition with congenital and acquired forms causing recurrent ulcers in the fingers and toes. the congenital form exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance; the acquired form is found in workers who handle vinyl chloride. when acro-osteolysis is accompanied by generalized osteoporosis and skull deformations, it is called hajdu-cheney syndrome
Acrocallosal Syndrome: autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by hypogenesis or agenesis of corpus callosum. clinical features include mental retardation; craniofacial abnormalities; digital malformations, and growth retardation
Acrocallosal syndrome, Schinzel type: schinzel syndrome also available (c536937); absence of the corpus callosum with unusual facial appearance, mental deficiency, duplication of the halluces, and polydactyly
Acrocephalopolydactylous Dysplasia: differentiate from elejalde disease = neuroectodermal melanolysosomal disease
Acrocephalosyndactylia: congenital craniostenosis with syndactyly
Acrodermatitis: inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. the infantile form is called gianotti-crosti syndrome
Acrodermatitis enteropathica: a disorder of zinc metabolism that can either be inherited or acquired. in both cases, zinc is not absorbed from the intestine, resulting in pustular dermatitis; diarrhea, and nail dystrophy. emotional disturbances may also occur. the inherited form is caused by mutations in the slc39a4 gene. the acquired form can result from diets lacking the appropriate amount of zinc. omim: 201100
Acrodynia: a condition seen primarily in childhood, most often resulting from chronic exposure to mercury compounds which may result in encephalopathy and polyneuropathy. clinical features include pain, swelling and pinkish discoloration of the fingers and toes, weakness in the extremities, extreme irritability, hyperesthesia, and alterations in level of consciousness. (from menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, p603)
Acrodysostosis: acrdys1 is a hereditary autosomal dominant form of skeletal dysplasia characterized by short stature, severe brachydactyly, facial dysostosis, and nasal hypoplasia. affected individuals often have advanced bone age and obesity. laboratory studies show resistance to multiple hormones, including parathyroid hormone; thyotropin; calcitonin; growth hormone-releasing hormone, and gonadotropin in some patients. mutations in the prkar1a gene have been identified. omim: 101800. acrdys2 is autosomal dominant and is characterized by brachydactyly, facial dysostosis, and spinal stenosis, as well as hormone resistance and intellectual disability. it is caused by mutations in the pde4d gene. omim: 614613
Acrofacial dysostosis, Nager type: a autosomal dominant mandibulofacial dystosis characterized by downslanted palpebral fissures, midface retrusion, and micrognathia requiring tracheostomy in early childhood. limb defects typically involve the anterior (radial) elements of the upper limbs and manifest as small or absent thumbs, triphalangeal thumbs, radial hypoplasia or aplasia, and radioulnar synostosis. phocomelia of the upper limbs and, occasionally, lower-limb defects has also been reported. mutations in the sf3b4 gene have been identified. omim: 154400
Acromegaly: a condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive human growth hormone in adults. it is characterized by bony enlargement of the face; lower jaw (prognathism); hands; feet; head; and thorax. the most common etiology is a growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1992, ch36, pp79-80)
Acromicric dysplasia: an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by severe short stature, short hands and feet, joint limitations, and skin thickening. radiologic features include delayed bone age, cone-shaped epiphyses, shortened long tubular bones, and ovoid vertebral bodies. affected individuals have distinct facial features, including round face, well-defined eyebrows, long eyelashes, bulbous nose with anteverted nostrils, long and prominent philtrum, and thick lips with a small mouth. mutations in the fbn1 gene have been identified. omim: 102370
Acromioclavicular Joint: the gliding joint formed by the outer extremity of the clavicle and the inner margin of the acromion process of the scapula
Acromion: the lateral extension of the spine of the scapula and the highest point of the shoulder
Acrosin: a trypsin-like enzyme of spermatozoa which is not inhibited by alpha 1 antitrypsin
Acrosome: the cap-like structure covering the anterior portion of sperm head. acrosome, derived from lysosomes, is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the required hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes necessary for sperm penetration of the egg in fertilization
Acrosome Reaction: changes that occur to liberate the enzymes of the acrosome of a sperm (spermatozoa). acrosome reaction allows the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and enter the ovum during fertilization
Acrospiroma: a rare cutaneous tumor of apocrine or eccrine sweat gland origin. it is most commonly found on the extremities and is usually benign. it appears as a solitary nodule or cyst and may be solid or produce a watery discharge. it is related to poroma except in acrospiroma it does not involve the epidermis. there is no indication that heredity or external agents cause these tumors
Acrylamide: a colorless, odorless, highly water soluble vinyl monomer formed from the hydration of acrylonitrile. it is primarily used in research laboratories for electrophoresis, chromatography, and electron microscopy and in the sewage and wastewater treatment industries
Acrylamides: colorless, odorless crystals that are used extensively in research laboratories for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis and in organic synthesis, and polymerization. some of its polymers are used in sewage and wastewater treatment, permanent press fabrics, and as soil conditioning agents
Acrylates: derivatives of acrylic acid (the structural formula ch2=chco2h), including its salts and esters
Acrylic Resins: polymers of high molecular weight which are derived from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or other related compounds and are capable of being molded and then hardened to form useful components
Acrylonitrile: a highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber
Acth-Independent Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia: an endogenous form of adrenal cushing syndrome characterized by multiple bilateral adrenocortical nodules that cause a striking enlargement of the adrenal glands. although some familial cases have been reported, the vast majority of aimah cases are sporadic. patients typically present in the fifth and sixth decades of life, approximately 10 years later than most patients with other causes of cushing syndrome. somatic mutations in the gnas gene have been identified. omim: 219080
Acticoat: consists of absorbent rayon & polyester core with silver-coated polyethylene mesh
Actihaemyl: an extract from calf blood containing inorganic salts, amino acids, polypeptides and purines, but no proteins nor antigenic substances or blood group characteristics. its exact composition is unknown. it has been proposed as a radiation-protective agent
Actihaemyl: extrakt z telecí krve obsahující anorganické soli, aminokyseliny, polypeptidy a puriny, ale žádné proteiny ani antigenní látky nebo znaky krevních skupin. jeho přesné složení není známo. byl navržen jako prostředek pro ochranu před zářením
Actin Capping Proteins: actin capping proteins are cytoskeletal proteins that bind to the ends of actin filaments to regulate actin polymerization
Actin Cytoskeleton: fibers composed of microfilament proteins, which are predominately actin. they are the smallest of the cytoskeletal filaments
Actin Depolymerizing Factors: a family of low molecular weight actin-binding proteins found throughout eukaryotes. they remodel the actin cytoskeleton by severing actin filaments and increasing the rate of monomer dissociation
Actin-Accumulation Myopathy: congenital myopathy caused by mutations in the acta1 gene that presents with a variety of clinical and cytological phenotypes. they generally include weakness of the proximal muscles, with involvement of the facial, bulbar, and respiratory muscles. age of onset and severity also vary; omim: 161800
Actin-Related Protein 2: a profilin binding domain protein that is part of the arp2-3 complex. it is related in sequence and structure to actin and binds atp
Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex: a complex of seven proteins including arp2 protein and arp3 protein that plays an essential role in maintenance and assembly of the cytoskeleton. arp2-3 complex binds wasp protein and existing actin filaments, and it nucleates the formation of new branch point filaments
Actin-Related Protein 3: a component of the arp2-3 complex that is related in sequence and structure to actin and that binds atp. it is expressed at higher levels than arp2 protein and does not contain a profilin binding domain
Acting Out: expressing unconscious emotional conflicts or feelings, often of hostility or love, through overt behavior
Actinic cheilitis: a pre-cancerous condition of the lower lip caused by chronic sun exposure. it presents as diffuse dry patches of variable thickness and may be comorbid with actinic keratosis
Actinidia: rod rostlin čeledi actinidiaceae, řádu ericales (vřesovcotvaré)
Actinidiaceae: a plant family of the order theales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida. it is best known for kiwi fruit (actinidia)
Actinidiaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu vřesovcotvaré (ericales). rostliny z této čeledi jsou keře a stromy, méně často popínavé liány. je rozšířena v tropech a subtropech východní a jihovýchodní asie, v severní austrálii a rod saurauia i v horách střední a jižní ameriky. chybí v africe. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Actinin: a protein factor that regulates the length of r-actin. it is chemically similar, but immunochemically distinguishable from actin
Actinium: a trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. it has the atomic symbol ac, and atomic number 89. its principal isotope is 227 and it decays primarily by beta-emission
Actinobacillosis: a disease characterized by suppurative and granulomatous lesions in the respiratory tract, upper alimentary tract, skin, kidneys, joints, and other tissues. actinobacillus lignieresii infects cattle and sheep while a. equuli infects horses and pigs
Actinobacillus: a genus of pasteurellaceae described as gram-negative, nonsporeforming, nonmotile, facultative anaerobes. most members are found both as pathogens and commensal organisms in the respiratory, alimentary, and genital tracts of animals
Actinobacillus: rod čeledi pasteurellaceae je popsaný jako gramnegativní, nesporulující, nepohyblivé, fakultativně anaerobní tyčinky pleomorfního tvaru. většina zástupců nalézáme jako komensální i parazitickou flóru mukózních povrchů tkání (v dýchacím, zažívacím a genitálním traktu) u lidí i zvířat
Actinobacillus Infections: infections with bacteria of the genus actinobacillus
Actinobacillus equuli: a genus of gram-negative bacteria in the genus actinobacillus, which is pathogenic for horses and pigs
Actinobacillus equuli: rod gramnegativních bakterií z čeledi actinobacillus, je významným patogenem pro hříbata i dospělé koně a selata
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: a species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic coccobacillus-shaped bacteria that has been isolated from pneumonic lesions and blood. it produces pneumonia with accompanying fibrinous pleuritis in swine
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: druh gramnegativní, fakultativně anaerobní bakterie tvaru kokobacilu. byla izolována z plicních lézí a z krve. u prasat způsobuje pneumonii doprovázenou fibrinózní pleuritidou
Actinobacillus seminis: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus actinobacillus, which causes epididymitis in sheep
Actinobacillus seminis: druh gramnegativních bakterií rodu actinobacillus, který způsobuje epididymitidu u ovcí
Actinobacillus suis: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus actinobacillus. it is mainly a pathogen of pigs, but also can infect horses
Actinobacillus suis: druh gramnegativních bakterií rodu actinobacillus. je to hlavně patogen prasat, ale může infikovat i koně
Actinobacteria: class of bacteria with diverse morphological properties. strains of actinobacteria show greater than 80% 16s rdna/rrna sequence similarity among each other and also the presence of certain signature nucleotides. (stackebrandt e. et al, int. j. syst. bacteriol. (1997) 47:479-491)
Actinobacteria: třída bakterií s různorodými morfologickými vlastnostmi. kmeny aktinobakterií vykazují mezi sebou více než 80% podobnost sekvence 16s rdna/ rrna a také přítomnost určitých signaturových nukleotidů
Actinoid Series Elements: a series of radioactive elements from actinium, atomic number 89, to and including lawrencium, atomic number 103
Actinomadura: a genus of gram-positive bacteria in the family thermomonosporaceae, order actinomycetales. it is a filamentous bacterium found in soil and is a causative agent for madura foot
Actinomadura: rod grampozitivních bakterií čeledi thermomonosporaceaea, řádu actinomycetales. tyto vláknité aktinobakterie se vyskytují v půdě a mohou způsobovat mycetom
Actinomyces: a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are nonmotile. filaments that may be present in certain species are either straight or wavy and may have swollen or clubbed heads
Actinomyces: aktinomycety, rod grampozitivních, nepohyblivých, nesporulujících mikroaerofilních bakterií charakteristických tvorbou někdy větvených vláken připomínajících plísně (mycelium); patří do čeledi actinomycetales. jsou kultivačně náročné, rostou pomalu, vyžadují spec. půdy a anaerobní prostředí. jsou potenciálně intracelulárními parazity, ovlivňují rovněž imunitní funkce. (uprav. podle velký lékařský slovník online, 2020 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Actinomyces viscosus: a species of actinomyces found in the oral cavity of man and hamsters. it has been isolated from actinomycotic lesions in swine, cats, and dogs and has been identified as a causative agent of animal diseases
Actinomyces viscosus: druh rodu actinomyces nalezený v ústní dutině člověka a křečků. byl izolován z aktinomykotických lézí u prasat, koček a psů a byl identifikován jako původce chorob zvířat
Actinomycetaceae: čeleď bakterií včetně četných parazitických a patogenních forem
Actinomycetales: an order of gram-positive, primarily aerobic bacteria that tend to form branching filaments
Actinomycetales: řád grampozitivních, primárně aerobních bakterií, které mají sklon vytvářet větvená vlákna
Actinomycetales Infections: infections with bacteria of the order actinomycetales
Actinomycosis, Cervicofacial: a form of actinomycosis characterized by slow-growing inflammatory lesions of the lymph nodes that drain the mouth (lumpy jaw), reddening of the overlying skin, and intraperitoneal abscesses
Actinoplanes: a genus of zoospore-forming bacteria in the micromonosporaceae family that is a source of many clinically important natural products
Actinoplanes: rod bakterií z čeledi micromonosporaceae. tvoří zoospory a jsou zdrojem mnoha klinicky důležitých látek
Actins: filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. the filaments (known also as filamentous or f-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. this is known as globular or g-actin. in conjunction with myosins, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle
Action Potentials: abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the cell membrane of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli
Action Spectrum: a technique used to measure the rate of physiological activity plotted against wavelength of light. an action spectrum depicts the most effective wavelength of light (also known as spectral sensitivity) that is required for each specific process
Activated Protein C Resistance: a hemostatic disorder characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to activated protein c (apc). the activated form of factor v (factor va) is more slowly degraded by activated protein c. factor v leiden mutation (r506q) is the most common cause of apc resistance
Activated-Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule: cell adhesion molecule expressed on activated leukocytes, fibroblasts, and neurons. it is a ligand for cd6. alcam-cd6 interactions may play a role in the binding of t and b cells to activated leukocytes
Activating Transcription Factor 1: an activating transcription factor that regulates expression of a variety of genes including c-jun genes and transforming growth factor beta2
Activating Transcription Factor 2: an activating transcription factor that regulates expression of a variety of genes including c-jun genes; cyclin a; cyclin d1; and activating transcription factor 3
Activating Transcription Factor 3: an activating transcription factor that plays a key role in cellular responses to genotoxic stress and oxidative stress
Activating Transcription Factor 4: an activating transcription factor that regulates the expression of a variety of genes involved in amino acid metabolism and transport. it also interacts with htlv-i transactivator protein
Activating Transcription Factor 6: one of the basic-leucine zipper transcription factors that is synthesized as a membrane-bound protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress it translocates to the golgi apparatus. it is activated by proteases and then moves to the cell nucleus to regulate genetic transcription of genes involved in the unfolded protein response
Activating Transcription Factors: activating transcription factors were originally identified as dna-binding proteins that interact with early promoters from adenoviruses. they are a family of basic leucine zipper transcription factors that bind to the consensus site tgacgtca of the cyclic amp response element, and are closely related to cyclic amp-responsive dna-binding protein
Activation Analysis: a method of chemical analysis based on the detection of characteristic radionuclides following a nuclear bombardment. it is also known as radioactivity analysis. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Activation, Metabolic: the conversion of an exogenous substance by a biological system resulting in the production on an active metabolite
Activator Appliances: loose-fitting removable orthodontic appliances which redirect the pressures of the facial and masticatory muscles onto the teeth and their supporting structures to produce improvements in tooth arrangements and occlusal relations
Active Transport, Cell Nucleus: gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or rna are moved across the nuclear membrane
Activin Receptors: receptors for activins are membrane protein kinases belonging to the family of protein-serine-threonine kinases, thus also named activin receptor-like kinases (alk's). activin receptors also bind transforming growth factor beta. as those transmembrane receptors of the tgf-beta superfamily (receptors, transforming growth factor beta), alk's consist of two different but related protein kinases, type i and type ii. activins initiate cellular signal transduction by first binding to the type ii receptors (activin receptors, type ii ) which then recruit and phosphorylate the type i receptors (activin receptors, type i ) with subsequent activation of the type i kinase activity
Activin Receptors, Type I: one of the two types of activin receptors or activin receptor-like kinases (alk's). there are several type i activin receptors. the major active ones are alk-2 (actr-ia) and alk-4 (actr-ib)