NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Antithrombin Proteins: an endogenous family of proteins belonging to the serpin superfamily that neutralizes the action of thrombin. six naturally occurring antithrombins have been identified and are designated by roman numerals i to vi. of these, antithrombin i (see fibrin) and antithrombin iii appear to be of major importance
Antithrombins: endogenous factors and drugs that directly inhibit the action of thrombin, usually by blocking its enzymatic activity. they are distinguished from indirect thrombin inhibitors, such as heparin, which act by enhancing the inhibitory effects of antithrombins
Antithyroid Agents: agents that are used to treat hyperthyroidism by reducing the excessive production of thyroid hormones
Antitoxins: antisera from immunized animals that is purified and used as a passive immunizing agent against specific bacterial toxins
Antitreponemal Agents: agents used to treat infections with bacteria of the genus treponema. this includes syphilis & yaws
Antitrust Laws: those federal and state laws, and their enforcement, that protect trade and commerce from unlawful restraints and monopolies or unfair business practices
Antitubercular Agents: drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. they are divided into two main classes: first-line agents, those with the greatest efficacy and acceptable degrees of toxicity used successfully in the great majority of cases; and second-line drugs used in drug-resistant cases or those in which some other patient-related condition has compromised the effectiveness of primary therapy
Antitussive Agents: agents that suppress cough. they act centrally on the medullary cough center. expectorants, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally
Antivenins: antisera used to counteract poisoning by animal venoms, especially snake venoms
Antiviral Agents: agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral dna polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly
Antiviral Restriction Factors: a broad category of endogenous host cellular factors upregulated in response to pathogens (i.e., interferon-stimulated genes) and recruited to interfere with viral replication and/or trigger host antiviral cellular immune response
Antlers: the horn of an animal of the deer family, typically present only in the male. it differs from the horns of other animals in being a solid, generally branched bony outgrowth that is shed and renewed annually. the word antler comes from the latin anteocularis, ante (before) + oculus (eye). (from webster, 3d ed)
Antley-Bixler Syndrome Phenotype: an inherited condition characterized by multiple malformations of cartilage and bone including craniosynostosis; midface hypoplasia; radiohumeral synostosis; choanal atresia; femoral bowing; neonatal fractures; and multiple joint contractures and, occasionally, urogenital, gastrointestinal or cardiac defects. in utero exposure to fluconazole, as well as mutations in at least two separate genes are associated with this condition - por (encoding p450 (cytochrome) oxidoreductase (nadph-ferrihemoprotein reductase)) and fgfr2 (encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor 2)
Antrodia: a genus of brown-rot fungi in the family coriolaceae. the biologically active ingredients of its species have potential pharmaceutical value
Antrodia: rod hnědočervených hub čeledi coriolaceae. zástupci obsahují biologicky aktivní látky, které mohou být farmaceuticky významné
Ants: insects of the family formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. all ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (from borror, et al., an introduction to the study of insects, 4th ed, p676)
Anura: an order of the class amphibia, which includes several families of frogs and toads. they are characterized by well developed hind limbs adapted for jumping, fused head and trunk and webbed toes. the term toad is ambiguous and is properly applied only to the family bufonidae
Anuria: absence of urine formation. it is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (ureter) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present
Anus, Imperforate: a congenital abnormality characterized by the persistence of the anal membrane, resulting in a thin membrane covering the normal anal canal. imperforation is not always complete and is treated by surgery in infancy. this defect is often associated with neural tube defects; mental retardation; and down syndrome
Anxiety: feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with anxiety disorders
Anxiety, Castration: anxiety due to fantasized injuries to or loss of the genitals
Anxiety, Separation: anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual
Aorta, Abdominal: the aorta from the diaphragm to the bifurcation into the right and left common iliac arteries
Aorta, Thoracic: the portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the diaphragm, eventually connecting to the abdominal aorta
Aorta-pulmonary artery fistula: a fistula between the aorta and pulmonary artery
Aortic Aneurysm: an abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of aorta
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal: an abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the abdominal aorta which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm
Aortic Aneurysm, Familial Abdominal 3: aka aaa3
Aortic Aneurysm, Familial Thoracic 1: a hereditary predisposition to aortic aneurysm; a region associated with aortic aneurysm, familial thoracic 1 (aat1) has been identified on chromosome 11q. omim: 607086
Aortic Aneurysm, Familial Thoracic 6: aka aat6; mutations in acta2
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic: an abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the thoracic aorta. this proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracoabdominal: an abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of abdominal aorta at the aortic hiatus
Aortic Arch Syndromes: conditions resulting from abnormalities in the arteries branching from the ascending aorta, the curved portion of the aorta. these syndromes are results of occlusion or abnormal blood flow to the head-neck or arm region leading to neurological defects and weakness in an arm. these syndromes are associated with vascular malformations; atherosclerosis; trauma; and blood clots
Aortic Bodies: small clusters of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the arch of the aorta; the pulmonary arteries; and the coronary arteries. the aortic bodies sense ph; carbon dioxide; and oxygen concentrations in the blood and participate in the control of respiration. the aortic bodies should not be confused with the para-aortic bodies in the abdomen (which are sometimes also called aortic bodies)
Aortic Coarctation: a birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the aorta that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. aortic coarctation causes arterial hypertension before the point of narrowing and arterial hypotension beyond the narrowed portion
Aortic Dissection: a tear in the inner layer of the aorta leading to interstitial hemorrhage, and splitting (dissecting) of the aortic tunica media layer. it typically begins with a tear in the tunica intima layer
Aortic Intramural Hematoma: an atypical form of aortic dissection in which subintimal dissection of the aortic tunica media without initial laceration of the aortic tunica intima. it may begin from a rupture of the vasa vasorum feeding aortic media
Aortic Root Aneurysm: an abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the aortic root
Aortic Rupture: the tearing or bursting of the wall along any portion of the aorta, such as thoracic or abdominal. it may result from the rupture of an aneurysm or it may be due to trauma
Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular: a pathological constriction occurring in the region below the aortic valve. it is characterized by restricted outflow from the left ventricle into the aorta
Aortic Stenosis, Supravalvular: a pathological constriction occurring in the region above the aortic valve. it is characterized by restricted outflow from the left ventricle into the aorta
Aortic Valve: the valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle
Aortic Valve Disease: diseases involving the aortic valve functionality. aortic valve disease often results in a backward and/or regurgitated blood flow into the left ventricle or a decreased blood flow from the heart. it includes congenital (e.g., bicuspid aortic valve), syndromic, and acquired (e.g., age-related, infection-associated) conditions
Aortic Valve Insufficiency: pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ascending aorta back into the left ventricle, leading to regurgitation. it is caused by diseases of the aortic valve or its surrounding tissue (aortic root)
Aortic Valve Prolapse: the downward displacement of the cuspal or pointed end of the trileaflet aortic valve causing misalignment of the cusps. severe valve distortion can cause leakage and allow the backflow of blood from the ascending aorta back into the left ventricle, leading to aortic regurgitation
Aortic Valve Stenosis: a pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the aortic valve. it is characterized by restricted outflow from the left ventricle into the aorta
Aortic Valve, Calcification of: condition where calcium deposits form on the aortic valve and is often observed in younger patients with bicuspid aortic valve (omim: 109730), as a result of inappropriate activation of osteoblast-specific gene expression. germline mutations in the notch1 gene have been identified
Aortic arch anomaly with peculiar facies and mental retardation: familial syndrome of right-sided aortic arch, mental deficiency, and facial dysmorphism
Aortico-Ventricular Tunnel: congenital anomaly characterized by an extra-cardiac channel connecting the aorta either to the right or left heart ventricle
Aortography: radiographic visualization of the aorta and its branches by injection of contrast media, using percutaneous puncture or catheterization procedures
Aortopulmonary Septal Defect: a developmental abnormality in which the spiral (aortopulmonary) septum failed to completely divide the truncus arteriosus into ascending aorta and pulmonary artery. this abnormal communication between the two major vessels usually lies above their respective valves (aortic valve; pulmonary valve)
Aotidae: a family of the new world monkeys inhabiting the forests of south and central america. there is a single genus (aotus) and several species occurring in this family, including aotus trivirgatus (northern night monkeys)
Aotidae: čeleď opic nového světa žijících v lesích jižní a střední ameriky. patří sem jeden rod s několika druhy, včetně mirikiny obecné (aotus trivirgatus)
Aotus trivirgatus: a species in the family aotidae, inhabiting the forested regions of central and south america (from panama to the amazon). vocalizations occur primarily at night when they are active, thus they are also known as northern night monkeys
Aotus trivirgatus: ploskonosý primát z čeledi mirikinovitých (aotidae). mirikina obecná se vyskytuje v tropické části jižní ameriky, její teritoria se rozkládají převážně v centrální a severní části brazílie, ve venezuele a v kolumbii. jsou to opice s výhradně noční aktivitou, jsou zcela přizpůsobeny životu na stromech. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Apamin: a highly neurotoxic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (apis mellifera). it consists of 18 amino acids with two disulfide bridges and causes hyperexcitability resulting in convulsions and respiratory paralysis
Apansporoblastina: a suborder of fungi in the phylum microsporidia, commonly lacking a pansporoblastic membrane. the sporoblast is usually dinucleate
Apansporoblastina: podřád hub kmene microsporidia, kterým většinou chybí parazitoforní membrána. sporoblast obvykle obsahuje dvě jádra
Apartheid: a former political system in south africa which enforced segregation in all forms, including physical, political, legal and economic discrimination, against all non-white, non-european racial groups
Apatites: a group of phosphate minerals that includes ten mineral species and has the general formula x5(yo4)3z, where x is usually calcium or lead, y is phosphorus or arsenic, and z is chlorine, fluorine, or oh-. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Apazone: an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. it also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout
Apc1 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome: the largest subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex. it acts primarily as a scaffold for the proper organization and arrangement of subunits. the c-terminal region of apc1 contains a series of tandem amino acid repeats that are also seen in the 26s proteasome regulatory particle, and may assist with forming and stabilizing protein-protein interactions
Apc10 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome: apc10 is necessary for coactivator-dependent substrate recognition by the anaphase-promoting complex-cyclosome. it binds the apc2 subunit, which is a part of the catalytic core, and interacts with coactivators cdh1 or cdc20 to recruit substrates to the complex
Apc11 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome: together with the apc2 subunit, forms the catalytic core of the e3 ubiquitin ligase, anaphase-promoting complex-cyclosome. it has a ring h2 domain which interacts with the cullin domain of apc2. apc11 also interacts with the e2 ubiquitin ligases involved in apc-c ubiquitination reactions
Apc2 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome: together with the apc11 subunit, forms the catalytic core of the e3 ubiquitin ligase anaphase-promoting complex (apc-c). its n-terminus has cullin domains which associate with the ring finger domains of apc11. apc2 also interacts with the e2 ubiquitin ligases involved in apc-c ubiquitination reactions
Apc3 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome: a highly evolutionarily conserved subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex (apc-c) containing multiple 34-amino-acid tetratricopeptide repeats. these domains, also found in apc subunits 6, 7, and 8, have been shown to mediate protein-protein interactions, suggesting that apc3 may assist in coordinating the juxtaposition of the catalytic and substrate recognition module subunits relative to co-activators and apc-c inhibitors
Apc4 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome: a subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex whose primary function is to provide structural support for the catalytic and substrate-recognition modules of the complex. apc4, along with apc5, tethers the tetratricopeptide-coactivator binding subcomplex to the main structural subunit, apc1
Apc5 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome: a subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex whose primary function is to provide structural support for the catalytic and substrate-recognition modules of the complex. apc5, along with apc4, tethers the tetratricopeptide-coactivator binding subcomplex to the main structural subunit, apc1
Apc6 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome: a highly conserved subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex (apc-c) containing multiple 34 amino acid tetratricopeptide repeats. these domains, also found in apc3, apc7, and apc8, have been shown to mediate protein-protein interactions, suggesting that apc6 may assist in coordinating the juxtaposition of the catalytic and substrate recognition module subunits relative to coactivators and apc-c inhibitors
Apc7 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome: a highly conserved subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex (apc-c) containing multiple 34 amino acid tetratricopeptide repeats. these domains, also found in apc3, apc6, and apc8, have been shown to mediate protein-protein interactions, suggesting that apc7 may assist in coordinating the juxtaposition of the catalytic and substrate recognition module subunits relative to coactivators and apc-c inhibitors
Apc8 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome: a highly conserved subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex (apc-c) containing multiple 34-amino-acid tetratricopeptide repeats. these domains, also found in apc3, apc6, and apc7, have been shown to mediate protein-protein interactions, suggesting that apc8 may assist in coordinating the juxtaposition of the catalytic and substrate recognition module subunits relative to coactivators and apc-c inhibitors
Apelin: a 77 amino acid secreted endogenous ligand for the angiotensin ii receptor-like 1 protein (apelin receptor) that is proteolytically cleaved into four smaller peptides: apelin-36, apelin-31, apelin-28, and apelin-13. it inhibits entry of hiv into cells that express both apj and cd4 antigen and is highly expressed in breast milk, where it may modulate the neonatal immune response
Apelin Receptors: g-protein coupled receptors for apelin that function in a broad range of physiologic processes including blood pressure regulation and heart contractility. they also have an essential role in early embryo development for gastrulation and heart morphogenesis, and can also function as a cd4 co-receptor for hiv-1
Apexification: endodontic procedure performed to induce tooth apex barrier development. root canal filling materials are used to repair open apex or dental pulp necrosis in an immature tooth. calcium hydroxide and mineral trioxide aggregate are commonly used as the filling materials
Apgar Score: a method, developed by dr. virginia apgar, to evaluate a newborn's adjustment to extrauterine life. five items - heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color - are evaluated 60 seconds after birth and again five minutes later on a scale from 0-2, 0 being the lowest, 2 being normal. the five numbers are added for the apgar score. a score of 0-3 represents severe distress, 4-7 indicates moderate distress, and a score of 7-10 predicts an absence of difficulty in adjusting to extrauterine life
Apgar skóre: metoda umožňující rychlé a srovnatelné zhodnocení stavu novorozence těsně po porodu, popř. opakovaně. hodnotí se po 1, 5 a 10 minutách pět základních funkcí, každé se přiřadí 0 až 2 body: srdeční frekvence (nad 100/min - 2, pod 100/min - 1, bez pulsu - 0), dýchání (dobré, křik - 2, pomalé, nepravidelné - 1, nedýchá - 0), svalové napětí (aktivní pohyb - 2, pohyb nebo flexe končetin - 1, tonus chybí - 0), reakce na podněty (při odsávání kašle, kýchá - 2, grimasy - 1, bez reakce - 0) a barva kůže (normální, růžová po celém těle - 2, normální s výjimkou končetin - 1, modrošedá, bledá - 0). součet 8 až 10 se považuje za normální, 4-7 znamená mírnou nebo střední porodní asfyxii (stav může vyžadovat resuscitační opatření), 3 a méně bodů vyžaduje okamžitou resuscitaci. v anglické literatuře se používá mnemotechnická pomůcka a - activity (svalový tonus), p - pulse (puls), g - grimace (odpověď na podněty), a - appearance (vzhled, barva kůže), r - respiration (dýchání). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2019 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Aphakia: absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of lens dislocation and subluxation
Aphakia, Postcataract: absence of the crystalline lens resulting from cataract extraction
Aphalangia syndactyly microcephaly: partial aphalangia, syndactyly with duplication of metatarsal iv, microcephaly, dull intelligence, and short stature
Aphanizomenon: a form-genus of planktonic cyanobacteria in the order nostocales
Aphanizomenon: rod planktonických cyanobakterií v řádu nostocales
Aphanomyces: a genus of oomycetes in the family saprolegniaceae. it causes root rot in plants and is also a pathogen of fishes
Aphanomyces: rod třídy oomycetes v čeledi saprolegniaceae. způsobuje kořenovou hnilobu rostlin a je také patogenem ryb. aphanomyces astaci (afanomyces račí) způsobuje tzv. račí mor
Aphasia: a cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. this condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. general categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia
Aphasia, Broca: an aphasia characterized by impairment of expressive language (speech, writing, signs) and relative preservation of receptive language abilities (i.e., comprehension). this condition is caused by lesions of the motor association cortex in the frontal lobe (broca area and adjacent cortical and white matter regions)
Aphasia, Conduction: a type of fluent aphasia characterized by an impaired ability to repeat one and two word phrases, despite retained comprehension. this condition is associated with dominant hemisphere lesions involving the arcuate fasciculus (a white matter projection between broca's and wernicke's areas) and adjacent structures. like patients with wernicke aphasia (aphasia, wernicke), patients with conduction aphasia are fluent but commit paraphasic errors during attempts at written and oral forms of communication. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p482; brain & bannister, clinical neurology, 7th ed, p142; kandel et al., principles of neural science, 3d ed, p848)
Aphasia, Primary Progressive: a progressive form of dementia characterized by the global loss of language abilities and initial preservation of other cognitive functions. fluent and nonfluent subtypes have been described. eventually a pattern of global cognitive dysfunction, similar to alzheimer disease, emerges. pathologically, there are no alzheimer or pick disease like changes, however, spongiform changes of cortical layers ii and iii are present in the temporal lobe and frontal lobe. (from brain 1998 jan;121(pt 1):115-26)
Aphasia, Wernicke: impairment in the comprehension of speech and meaning of words, both spoken and written, and of the meanings conveyed by their grammatical relationships in sentences. it is caused by lesions that primarily affect wernicke's area, which lies in the posterior perisylvian region of the temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere. (from brain & bannister, clinical neurology, 7th ed, p141; kandel et al., principles of neural science, 3d ed, p846)
Aphidicolin: an antiviral antibiotic produced by cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. it inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of dna polymerase ii or the viral-induced dna polymerases. the drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells
Aphids: a family (aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. important genera include schizaphis and myzus. the latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants
Aphonia: complete loss of phonation due to organic disease of the larynx or to nonorganic (i.e., psychogenic) causes
Aphorisms and Proverbs: short memorable sayings in common use. they express in simple language an obvious truth, familiar experience, or advice
Aphorisms and Proverbs as Topic: works about short popular sayings effectively expressing or astutely professing general truths or useful thoughts
Aphrodisiacs: chemical agents or odorants that stimulate sexual desires. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Aphthovirus: a genus of the family picornaviridae infecting mainly cloven-hoofed animals. they cause vesicular lesions and upper respiratory tract infections. foot and mouth disease virus is the type species
Aphthovirus: rod virů z čeledi picornaviridae infikující převážně kopytnatá zvířata. způsobuje vezikulární léze a infekce horních cest dýchacích. jedním druhem je virus slintavky a kulhavky (fmdv)
Apiaceae: a large plant family in the order apiales, also known as umbelliferae. most are aromatic herbs with alternate, feather-divided leaves that are sheathed at the base. the flowers often form a conspicuous flat-topped umbel. each small individual flower is usually bisexual, with five sepals, five petals, and an enlarged disk at the base of the style. the fruits are ridged and are composed of two parts that split open at maturity
Apiaceae: početná čeleď rostlin z řádu apiales, známá také jako umbelliferae. většinou jsou to aromatické byliny se střídavými, členěnými listy, řapík s pochvou. květy často tvoří nápadný okolík s plochým vrškem. květy jsou zpravidla oboupohlavné s pěti kališními a pěti korunními lístky a čnělkami nasazenými na rozšířené bázi. plod dvounažka, za zralosti většinou rozpadavá ve 2 merikarpia (plůdky)
Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy characterized by apical hypertrophy, typically left ventricular hypertrophy (described as ace of spades sign), and deep t-wave inversions in ekg. clinical symptoms include minor symptoms such as chest pain; dyspnea; and syncope to more complex symptoms such as atrial fibrillation; ventricular fibrillation; myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. a transient left ventricular apical hypertrophy is sometimes associated with takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Apicoectomy: excision of the apical portion of a tooth through an opening made in the overlying labial, buccal, or palatal alveolar bone. (dorland, 28th ed)
Apicomplexa: a phylum of unicellular parasitic eukaryotes characterized by the presence of complex apical organelles generally consisting of a conoid that aids in penetrating host cells, rhoptries that possibly secrete a proteolytic enzyme, and subpellicular microtubules that may be related to motility
Apicomplexa: výtrusovci (apicomplexa) je skupina jednobuněčných alveolátních organismů. dříve byla řazena do říše prvoků (protozoa), dnes mezi chromalveolata resp. chromista. výtrusovci dosahují velikosti 0,004-0,04mm. jsou to výhradně nitrobuněční (intracelulární) parazité, nebo parazité mimobuněční (extracelulární). tělo je tvořeno jedinou buňkou se systémem organel apikálního komplexu, kryje ho pelikula, která se skládá z vnější a vnitřní membrány. potrava je přijímána pasivně - pomocí osmózy, nebo pinocytózou. vylučování probíhá povrchem těla, dýchání má formu anaerobní. pohyb obstarává buď posuv podélných lišt na povrchu těla, nebo soustava myofibril umožňující kontrakci buňky a její klouzavý pohyb. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Apicoplasts: non-photosynthetic plastids derived from red algae endosymbionts. they are found in species of the phylum apicomplexa including plasmodium malaraiae
Apigenin: 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-flavone, one of the flavones
Apitherapy: the medical use of honey bee products such as bee venom; honey; bee pollen; propolis; and royal jelly
Apium: rod zahrnující několik druhů kvetoucích rostlin s globálním rozšířením, patří do čeledi apiaceae miříkovité
Aplasia of Lacrimal and Salivary Glands: mutationin fgf10
Aplastic anemia, idiopathic: aplastic anemia where the cause is not known. however, an increase in cd8-positive t-cells and increased expression of interferon-gamma by mononuclear cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood of patients have been observed. (see: autoimmun rev. 2014 apr-may;13(4-5): 569-73)
Aplysia: an opisthobranch mollusk of the order anaspidea. it is used frequently in studies of nervous system development because of its large identifiable neurons. aplysiatoxin and its derivatives are not biosynthesized by aplysia, but acquired by ingestion of lyngbya (seaweed) species
Aplysia: zadožábrý plž řádu anaspidea. díky velkým a dobře identifikovatelným neuronům se často používá ve výzkumu vývoje nervového systému. aplysiatoxin a jeho deriváty v tělech těchto plžů nevznikají biosyntézou, ale jsou získané požitím zástupců mořské vláknité sinice (cyanobakterie) rodu lyngbya
ApoE knockoutované myši: kmeny myší, které obsahují poškozené geny pro apolipoproteiny e. používají se jako modely pro výzkum aterosklerózy
Apocrine Glands: large, branched, specialized sweat glands that empty into the upper portion of a hair follicle instead of directly onto the skin
Apocynaceae: the dogbane family of the order gentianales. members of the family have milky, often poisonous juice, smooth-margined leaves, and flowers in clusters
Apocynaceae: toješťovité náleží mezi 10 největších čeledí kvetoucích rostlin. patří sem sukulenty, byliny, stromy i liány. je rozšířena po celém světě. zástupci čeledi mají mléčnou, často jedovatou šťávu. toješťovité obsahují celou paletu účinných látek, charakteristické jsou zvláště indolové alkaloidy, dále pyridinové, pyrrolizidinové a steroidní alkaloidy, iridoidy, kardioaktivní glykosidy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Apocynum: a plant genus of the family apocynaceae. on rare occasions it is called milkweed, but should not be confused with true milkweed (asclepias)
Apocynum: rod rostlin z čeledi apocynaceae (toješťovité). roní bílý latex, jsou jedovaté. mezi účinné látky toješťů náležejí mj. srdeční glykosidy (kardenolidy). z vnitřní kůry toješťů je získáváno jemné a pevné textilní vlákno
Apoenzymes: the protein components of enzyme complexes (holoenzymes). an apoenzyme is the holoenzyme minus any cofactors (enzyme cofactors) or prosthetic groups required for the enzymatic function
Apoferritins: the protein components of ferritins. apoferritins are shell-like structures containing nanocavities and ferroxidase activities. apoferritin shells are composed of 24 subunits, heteropolymers in vertebrates and homopolymers in bacteria. in vertebrates, there are two types of subunits, light chain and heavy chain. the heavy chain contains the ferroxidase activity
Apolipoprotein A-I: the most abundant protein component of high density lipoproteins or hdl. this protein serves as an acceptor for cholesterol released from cells thus promoting efflux of cholesterol to hdl then to the liver for excretion from the body (reverse cholesterol transport). it also acts as a cofactor for lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase that forms cholesterol esters on the hdl particles. mutations of this gene apoa1 cause hdl deficiency, such as in familial alpha lipoprotein deficiency disease and in some patients with tangier disease
Apolipoprotein A-II: the second most abundant protein component of high density lipoproteins or hdl. it has a high lipid affinity and is known to displace apolipoprotein a-i from hdl particles and generates a stable hdl complex. apoa-ii can modulate the activation of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase in the presence of apolipoprotein a-i, thus affecting hdl metabolism
Apolipoprotein A-V: a minor apolipoprotein that associates with high-density lipoproteins (hdl), very-low-density lipoproteins (vldl), and chylomicrons. it regulates levels of plasma triglycerides by activating apolipoprotein c-ii lipoprotein lipase and inhibiting hepatic vldl triglyceride hydrolysis
Apolipoprotein B-100: a 513-kda protein synthesized in the liver. it serves as the major structural protein of low-density lipoproteins (lipoproteins, ldl; lipoproteins, vldl). it is the ligand for the ldl receptor (receptors, ldl) that promotes cellular binding and internalization of ldl particles
Apolipoprotein B-48: a 241-kda protein synthesized only in the intestines. it serves as a structural protein of chylomicrons. its exclusive association with chylomicron particles provides an indicator of intestinally derived lipoproteins in circulation. apo b-48 is a shortened form of apo b-100 and lacks the ldl-receptor region
Apolipoprotein C-I: a 6.6-kda protein component of very-low-density lipoproteins; intermediate-density lipoproteins; and high-density lipoproteins. apo c-i displaces apo e from lipoproteins, modulate their binding to receptors (receptors, ldl), and thereby decrease their clearance from plasma. elevated apo c-i levels are associated with hyperlipoproteinemia and atherosclerosis
Apolipoprotein C-II: a 9-kda protein component of very-low-density lipoproteins. it contains a cofactor for lipoprotein lipase and activates several triacylglycerol lipases. the association of apo c-ii with plasma chylomicrons; vldl, and high-density lipoproteins is reversible and changes rapidly as a function of triglyceride metabolism. clinically, apo c-ii deficiency is similar to lipoprotein lipase deficiency (hyperlipoproteinemia type i) and is therefore called hyperlipoproteinemia type ib
Apolipoprotein C-III: a 9-kda protein component of very-low-density lipoproteins and chylomicron remnants. apo c-iii, synthesized in the liver, is an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase. apo c-iii modulates the binding of chylomicron remnants and vldl to receptors (receptors, ldl) thus decreases the uptake of triglyceride-rich particles by the liver cells and subsequent degradation. the normal apo c-iii is glycosylated. there are several polymorphic forms with varying amounts of sialic acid (apo c-iii-0, apo c-iii-1, and apo c-iii-2)
Apolipoprotein E2: one of three major isoforms of apolipoprotein e. in humans, apo e2 differs from apolipoprotein e3 at one residue 158 where arginine is replaced by cysteine (r158--c). in contrast to apo e3, apo e2 displays extremely low binding affinity for ldl receptors (receptors, ldl) which mediate the internalization and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in liver cells. apoe2 allelic homozygosity is associated with hyperlipoproteinemia type iii
Apolipoprotein E3: a 34-kda glycosylated protein. a major and most common isoform of apolipoprotein e. therefore, it is also known as apolipoprotein e (apoe). in human, apo e3 is a 299-amino acid protein with a cysteine at the 112 and an arginine at the 158 position. it is involved with the transport of triglycerides; phospholipids; cholesterol; and cholesteryl esters in and out of the cells
Apolipoprotein E4: a major and the second most common isoform of apolipoprotein e. in humans, apo e4 differs from apolipoprotein e3 at only one residue 112 (cysteine is replaced by arginine), and exhibits a lower resistance to denaturation and greater propensity to form folded intermediates. apo e4 is a risk factor for alzheimer disease and cardiovascular diseases
Apolipoprotein L1: an apol protein highly expressed by the liver. it has anti-trypanosomal activity through its ability to permeabilize trypanosoma membranes. mutations in the apol1 gene are associated with type 4 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Apolipoproteins: protein components on the surface of lipoproteins. they form a layer surrounding the hydrophobic lipid core. there are several classes of apolipoproteins with each playing a different role in lipid transport and lipid metabolism. these proteins are synthesized mainly in the liver and the intestines
Apolipoproteins A: structural proteins of the alpha-lipoproteins (high density lipoproteins), including apolipoprotein a-i and apolipoprotein a-ii. they can modulate the activity of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase. these apolipoproteins are low in atherosclerotic patients. they are either absent or present in extremely low plasma concentration in tangier disease
Apolipoproteins B: major structural proteins of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. there are two forms, apolipoprotein b-100 and apolipoprotein b-48, both derived from a single gene. apob-100 expressed in the liver is found in low-density lipoproteins (lipoproteins, ldl; lipoproteins, vldl). apob-48 expressed in the intestine is found in chylomicrons. they are important in the biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. plasma apo-b levels are high in atherosclerotic patients but non-detectable in abetalipoproteinemia
Apolipoproteins C: a group of apolipoproteins that can readily exchange among the various classes of lipoproteins (hdl; vldl; chylomicrons). after lipolysis of triglycerides on vldl and chylomicrons, apo-c proteins are normally transferred to hdl. the subtypes can modulate remnant binding to receptors, lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase, or lipoprotein lipase
Apolipoproteins D: a glycoprotein component of high-density lipoproteins that transports small hydrophobic ligands including cholesterol and sterols. it occurs in the macromolecular complex with lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase. apo d is expressed in and secreted from a variety of tissues such as liver, placenta, brain tissue and others
Apolipoproteins E: a class of protein components which can be found in several lipoproteins including high-density lipoproteins; very-low-density lipoproteins; and chylomicrons. synthesized in most organs, apo e is important in the global transport of lipids and cholesterol throughout the body. apo e is also a ligand for ldl receptors (receptors, ldl) that mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in cells. there are several allelic isoforms (such as e2, e3, and e4). deficiency or defects in apo e are causes of hyperlipoproteinemia type iii
Apolipoproteins L: a family of apolipoproteins occurring in humans that are structurally similar to b-cell leukemia 2 family proteins. in addition to their roles in cholesterol and lipid transport, they are expressed by myeloid cells and endothelial cells during inflammation and may function to promote cell death
Apolipoproteins M: apolipoproteins and lipocalins that occur in high-density lipoproteins. they bind or transport lipids in the blood including sphingosine-1-phosphate, myristic acid; stearic acids; and all-trans-retinoic acid
Apomixis: asexual reproduction resulting in the formation of viable seeds from flowers without fertlization (i.e. use of pollen). progeny plants produced from apomictic seeds are perfect clones of the parent
Apomorphine: a derivative of morphine that is a dopamine d2 agonist. it is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. it has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use
Aponeurosis: the flattened and/or expanded "tendon-like" dense fibrous connective tissue that connects skeletal muscles to each other or to bone
Apoprotein(a): a large and highly glycosylated protein constituent of lipoprotein (a). it has very little affinity for lipids but forms disulfide-linkage to apolipoprotein b-100. apoprotein(a) has serine proteinase activity and can be of varying sizes from 400- to 800-kda. it is homologous to plasminogen and is known to modulate thrombosis and fibrinolysis
Apoproteins: the protein components of a number of complexes, such as enzymes (apoenzymes), ferritin (apoferritins), or lipoproteins (apolipoproteins)
Apoptosis: a regulated cell death mechanism characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, including the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic dna, at regularly spaced, internucleosomal sites, i.e., dna fragmentation. it is genetically programmed and serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth
Apoptosis Inducing Factor: a flavoprotein that functions as a powerful antioxidant in the mitochondria and promotes apoptosis when released from the mitochondria. in mammalian cells aif is released in response to pro-apoptotic protein members of the bcl-2 protein family. it translocates to the cell nucleus and binds dna to stimulate caspase-independent chromatin condensation
Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins: a large group of proteins that control apoptosis. this family of proteins includes many oncogene proteins as well as a wide variety of classes of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins such as caspases
Apoptosomes: multimeric protein complexes formed in the cytosol that play a role in the activation of apoptosis. they can occur when mitochondria become damaged due to cell stress and release cytochrome c. cytosolic cytochrome c associates with apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 to form the apoptosomal protein complex. the apoptosome signals apoptosis by binding to and activating specific initiator caspases such as caspase 9
Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1: a card signaling adaptor protein characterized by an n-terminal card domain and c-terminal wd40 repeats. it plays a role in the mitochondria-stimulated apoptosis (apoptosis, intrinsic pathway) and binds to cytochrome c in the cytosol to form an apoptosomal protein complex which activates initiator caspases such as caspase 9
Aporphines: dibenzoquinolines derived in plants from (s)-reticuline (benzylisoquinolines)
Appalachian Region: a geographical area of the united states with no definite boundaries but comprising northeastern alabama, northwestern georgia, northwestern south carolina, western north carolina, eastern kentucky, eastern tennessee, western virginia, west virginia, western maryland, southwestern pennsylvania, southern ohio, and southern new york
Appendectomy: surgical removal of the vermiform appendix. (dorland, 28th ed)
Appendicitis: acute inflammation of the appendix. acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated
Appetite: natural recurring desire for food. alterations may be induced by appetite depressants or appetite stimulants
Appetite Stimulants: agents that are used to stimulate appetite. these drugs are frequently used to treat anorexia associated with cancer and aids
Appetitive Behavior: animal searching behavior. the variable introductory phase of an instinctive behavior pattern or sequence, e.g., looking for food, or sequential courtship patterns prior to mating
Applied Behavior Analysis: behavioral science applied with the aim of improving socially important issues such as behavior problems and learning. for individuals diagnosed with intellectual and developmental disabilities including autism, techniques can be categorized as comprehensive or focused
Appointments and Schedules: the different methods of scheduling patient visits, appointment systems, individual or group appointments, waiting times, waiting lists for hospitals, walk-in clinics, etc
Apraxia, Ideomotor: a form of apraxia characterized by an acquired inability to carry out a complex motor activity despite the ability to mentally formulate the action. this condition has been attributed to a disruption of connections between the dominant parietal cortex and supplementary and premotor cortical regions in both hemispheres. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p57)
Apraxia, oculomotor, Cogan type: a very rare hereditary condition characterized by defective or absent voluntary horizontal eye movements and defective or absent horizontal ocular attraction movements. sympotms usually improve by the first or second decade of life. inheritance may be autosomal recessive or dominant and variations have been mapped to chromosome 2. omim: 257550
Apraxias: a group of cognitive disorders characterized by the inability to perform previously learned skills that cannot be attributed to deficits of motor or sensory function. the two major subtypes of this condition are ideomotor (see apraxia, ideomotor) and ideational apraxia, which refers to loss of the ability to mentally formulate the processes involved with performing an action. for example, dressing apraxia may result from an inability to mentally formulate the act of placing clothes on the body. apraxias are generally associated with lesions of the dominant parietal lobe and supramarginal gyrus. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp56-7)
Aprepitant: a morpholine neurokinin-1 (nk1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by drug therapy, and for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting
Aprindine: a class ib anti-arrhythmia agent used to manage ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias
Aprotinin: a single-chain polypeptide derived from bovine tissues consisting of 58 amino-acid residues. it is an inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes including chymotrypsin; kallikrein; plasmin; and trypsin. it is used in the treatment of hemorrhage associated with raised plasma concentrations of plasmin. it is also used to reduce blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients at high risk of major blood loss during and following open heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation. (reynolds jef(ed): martindale: the extra pharmacopoeia (electronic version). micromedex, inc, englewood, co, 1995)
Aptamers, Nucleotide: nucleotide sequences, generated by iterative rounds of selex aptamer technique, that bind to a target molecule specifically and with high affinity
Aptamers, Peptide: peptide sequences, generated by iterative rounds of selex aptamer technique, that bind to a target molecule specifically and with high affinity
Aptamil: a conventional infant formula containing protein, fat, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins; devoid of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (lcp)
Aptitude Tests: primarily non-verbal tests designed to predict an individual's future learning ability or performance
Apudoma: a general term collectively applied to tumors associated with the apud cells series, irrespective of their specific identification
Apurinic Acid: hydrolysate of dna in which purine bases have been removed
Apyrase: a calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of atp to yield amp and orthophosphate. it can also act on adp and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. ec 3.6.1.5
Aqua Ionofil: a self-curing glass ionomer cement; contains calcium aluminofluorosilicate glass and polyacrylic acid
Aquabirnavirus: a genus of rna viruses in the family birnaviridae infecting fish, mollusks, and crustaceans. it is transmitted both vertically and horizontally with no known vectors. the natural hosts are salmonids and the type species is infectious pancreatic necrosis virus
Aquabirnavirus: rod rna-virů čeledi birnaviridae. infikují ryby, měkkýše a korýše. jsou přenášeny horizontálně i vertikálně, vektory nejsou známé. přirozenými hostiteli jsou lososovití (salmonidae). typovým druhem je virus infekční nekrózy pankreatu
Aquablation: a minimally invasive water ablation procedure used for treating benign prostate hyperplasia. during this procedure, a robotically controlled water jet is used to remove excess prostate tissue
Aquaculture: the farming, breeding, rearing, and harvesting of plants and animals in all types of water environments including ponds, rivers, lakes, and the ocean
Aquafresh All Tartar Control: a silica-based, sodium fluoride (naf) toothpaste containing tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (ppi) with anti-tartar properties
Aquaglyceroporins: a subgroup of aquaporins that transport water; glycerol; and other small solutes across cell membranes
Aquamid: a nonbiodegradable hydrogel (aquamid) containing 2.5% polyacrylamide polymer and 97.5 % water
Aquaporin 1: aquaporin 1 forms a water-specific channel that is constitutively expressed at the plasma membrane of erythrocytes and kidney tubules, proximal. it provides these cells with a high permeability to water. in humans polymorphisms of this protein result in the colton blood group antigen
Aquaporin 2: aquaporin 2 is a water-specific channel protein that is expressed in kidney collecting ducts. the translocation of aquaporin 2 to the apical plasma membrane is regulated by vasopressin, and mutations in aqp2 have been implicated in a variety of kidney disorders including diabetes insipidus
Aquaporin 3: aquaporin 3 is an aquaglyceroporin that is expressed in the kidney collecting ducts and is constitutively localized at the basolateral membrane
Aquaporin 4: aquaporin 4 is the major water-selective channel in the central nervous system of mammals