NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Amlodipine: a long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. it is effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension
Amlodipine Besylate, Olmesartan Medoxomil Drug Combination: a pharmaceutical preparation of amlodipine besylate and olmesartan medoxomil that combines angiotensin ii type i receptor antagonist and calcium channel blocker activities. it is used in the management of hypertension
Amlodipine, Valsartan Drug Combination: a pharmaceutical preparation of amlodipine and valsartan that is used for the treatment of hypertension
Ammi: a plant genus of the family apiaceae that is the primary plant source of khellin
Ammi: rod rostlin z čeledi miříkovitých (apiacea), který je základním rostlinným zdrojem khellinu
Ammi majus seed extract: extract from ammi majus seed. contains furocoumarins
Ammonia: a colorless alkaline gas. it is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as ammonium hydroxide
Ammonia-Lyases: enzymes that catalyze the formation of a carbon-carbon double bond by the elimination of ammonia. ec 4.3.1
Ammonium Chloride: an acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating
Ammonium Compounds: inorganic compounds that include a positively charged tetrahedral nitrogen (ammonium ion) as part of their structure. this class of compounds includes a broad variety of simple ammonium salts and derivatives
Ammonium Hydroxide: the hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. it is formed when ammonia reacts with water molecules in solution
Ammonium Sulfate: sulfuric acid diammonium salt. it is used in chemical fractionation of proteins
Amnesia: pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (amnesia, retrograde) or to form new memories (amnesia, anterograde). this condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the diencephalon or hippocampus. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)
Amnesia, Anterograde: loss of the ability to form new memories beyond a certain point in time. this condition may be organic or psychogenic in origin. organically induced anterograde amnesia may follow craniocerebral trauma; seizures; anoxia; and other conditions which adversely affect neural structures associated with memory formation (e.g., the hippocampus; fornix (brain); mammillary bodies; and anterior thalamic nuclei). (from memory 1997 jan-mar;5(1-2):49-71)
Amnesia, Retrograde: loss of the ability to recall information that had been previously encoded in memory prior to a specified or approximate point in time. this process may be organic or psychogenic in origin. organic forms may be associated with craniocerebral trauma; cerebrovascular accidents; seizures; dementia; and a wide variety of other conditions that impair cerebral function. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp426-9)
Amnesia, Transient Global: a syndrome characterized by a transient loss of the ability to form new memories. it primarily occurs in middle aged or elderly individuals, and episodes may last from minutes to hours. during the period of amnesia, immediate and recent memory abilities are impaired, but the level of consciousness and ability to perform other intellectual tasks are preserved. the condition is related to bilateral dysfunction of the medial portions of each temporal lobe. complete recovery normally occurs, and recurrences are unusual. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp429-30)
Amniocentesis: percutaneous transabdominal puncture of the uterus during pregnancy to obtain amniotic fluid. it is commonly used for fetal karyotype determination in order to diagnose abnormal fetal conditions
Amnion: the innermost membranous sac that surrounds and protects the developing embryo which is bathed in the amniotic fluid. amnion cells are secretory epithelial cells and contribute to the amniotic fluid
Amniotic Band Sequence: a rare amniotic band syndrome characterized by encephalocele, facial and orbital clefts, eyelid coloboma; ectopia cordis, internal organ abnormalities, scoliosis, and constrictions and congenital amputation of the hands and feet. the structures involved are variable and incidence is 1/1,200-1/15,000 live births. omim: 217100
Amniotic Band Syndrome: a disorder present in the newborn infant in which constriction rings or bands, causing soft tissue depressions, encircle digits, extremities, or limbs and sometimes the neck, thorax, or abdomen. they may be associated with intrauterine amputations
Amniotic Fluid: a clear, yellowish liquid that envelopes the fetus inside the sac of amnion. in the first trimester, it is likely a transudate of maternal or fetal plasma. in the second trimester, amniotic fluid derives primarily from fetal lung and kidney. cells or substances in this fluid can be removed for prenatal diagnostic tests (amniocentesis)
Amniotomy: a method of inducing labor by deliberate rupture of the amnion to cause the release of amniotic fluid
Amobarbital: a barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related cns depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565)
Amodiaquine: a 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties
Amoeba: a genus of ameboid protozoa. characteristics include a vesicular nucleus and the formation of several pseudopodia, one of which is dominant at a given time. reproduction occurs asexually by binary fission
Amoeba: měňavka, druh prvoka. některé a. mohou vyvolat onemocnění - amebiázu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Amoebida: an order of ameboid protozoa that is commonly uninucleate and possess mitochondria. most organisms are nonpathogenic
Amoebida: řád améboidních prvoků, v jejichž těle se obvykle vyskytují mitochondrie a jedno jádro. většina příslušníků tohoto řádu není patogenní
Amoebozoa: a supergroup (some say phylum) of ameboid eukaryotes, comprising archamoebae; lobosea; and mycetozoa
Amoebozoa: říše (kmen) améboidních eukaryot. zahrnuje skupiny (podkmeny) archamoebae, lobosea a mycetozoa
Amomum: a plant genus of the family zingiberaceae. members contain aculeatin d, beta-sitosterol, and stigmasterol. some members have been reclassified to elettaria and other zingiberaceae
Amomum: rod rostlin čeledi zingiberaceae (zázvorovité), jehož zástupci obsahují akuleatin d, beta-sitosterol a stigmasterol
Amorphophallus: a plant genus of the family araceae. members contain konjac glucomannan (mannans) and serotonin
Amorphophallus: rod rostlin čeledi araceae (árónovité), jehož zástupci obsahují polysacharid glukomannan (mannany) a serotonin
Amorphophallus konjac root extract: see also glucomannan (see (1-6)-alpha-glucomannan)
Amoxapine: the n-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent loxapine that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression
Amoxicillin: a broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: a fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate
Ampelopsis: a plant genus of the family vitaceae. members contain momordin and sitosterols
Ampelopsis: rod rostlin z čeledi vitaceae (révovité). zástupci rodu obsahují momordin a sitosteroly
Amphetamine: a powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. the l- and the d,l-forms are included here. the l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. the d-form is dextroamphetamine
Amphetamines: analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopressin, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation
Amphibian Venoms: venoms produced by frogs, toads, salamanders, etc. the venom glands are usually on the skin of the back and contain cardiotoxic glycosides, cholinolytics, and a number of other bioactive materials, many of which have been characterized. the venoms have been used as arrow poisons and include bufogenin, bufotoxin, bufagin, bufotalin, histrionicotoxins, and pumiliotoxin
Amphibians: vertebrates belonging to the class amphibia such as frogs, toads, newts and salamanders that live in a semiaquatic environment
Amphidinolides: complex macrolides produced by marine dinoflagellates such as amphidinium. many amphidinolides and related iriomoteolides are cytotoxic which disturb microtubule activities
Amphidinols: long linear polyketides with polyol groups and polyolefins and core motifs of two tetrahydropyran rings produced by marine dinoflagellates such as amphidinium. many amphidinols are hemolytic toxins with antifungal and other cytotoxic activities
Amphipoda: an order of mostly marine crustacea containing more than 5500 species in over 100 families. like isopoda, the other large order in the superorder peracarida, members are shrimp-like in appearance, have sessile compound eyes, and no carapace. but unlike isopoda, they possess thoracic gills and their bodies are laterally compressed
Amphipoda: řád korýšů. jsou to velmi hojní obyvatelé přílivové zóny oceánů. můžeme se s nimi setkat pod kameny nebo přímo na pobřeží. jsou většinou mořští, ale existují i sladkovodní. popsáno asi 3600 druhů, podle jiných zdrojů až 6000 nebo 7000 druhů. nemají krunýř, jejich tělo je ze stran zploštělé, oči složené a žábry končetinového původu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Amphiregulin: an autocrine growth factor and mitogen for a broad range of target cells including epithelial cells; fibroblasts and immune cells. it occurs as a membrane-bound protein that can be cleaved to release an active secreted form
Ampholine: polyaminopolycarboxlic acids; ampholyte (buffer) system used for isoelectric focusing
Ampholyte Mixtures: such mixtures of amphoteric electrolytes or buffers that provide a continuous range of ph in an electric field; used for separating proteins by their isoelectric points, i.e., by isoelectric focusing
Amphotericin B: macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the orinoco river region of venezuela
Ampicillin: semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic
Ampicillin Resistance: nonsusceptibility of a microbe to the action of ampicillin, a penicillin derivative that interferes with cell wall synthesis
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis: the detection of restriction fragment length polymorphisms by selective pcr amplification of restriction fragments derived from genomic dna followed by electrophoretic analysis of the amplified restriction fragments
Ampulla of Vater: a dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla
Amputation Stumps: the part of a limb or tail following amputation, surgical that is proximal to the amputated section
Amputation, Surgical: the surgical removal of part of, or all of, a limb or other appendage or outgrowth of the body
Amputation, Traumatic: loss of a limb or other bodily appendage by accidental injury
Amputees: persons who have lost part of, or all of, a limb or other appendage of their body
Ampyrone: a metabolite of aminopyrine with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. it is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols. ampyrone stimulates liver microsomes and is also used to measure extracellular water
Amrinone: a positive inotropic cardiotonic (cardiotonic agents) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell
Amsacrine: an aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into dna and is used as an antineoplastic agent
Amsinckia: a plant genus of the family boraginaceae. members contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids. the common name of burweed is also used for triumfetta (tiliaceae)
Amsinckia: rod rostlin čeledi boraginaceae. zástupci obsahují pyrrolizidinové alkaloidy
Amsonia: a plant genus of the family apocynaceae. species of this genus contain yohimbine
Amsonia: rod rostlin z čeledi apocynaceae (toješťovité). některé druhy tohoto rodu obsahují yohimbin
Amycolatopsis: a genus of high gc content gram positive bacteria of the family pseudonocardiaceae in the order pseudonocardiales. it is known for producing the antibiotics epoxyquinomycin, vancomycin, and ristocetin which are used in treating various infections
Amycolatopsis: rod grampozitivních bakterií s vysokým obsahem gc bazí, z čeledi pseudonocardiaceae, řádu pseudonocardiales. jsou to producenti antibiotik epoxychinomycinu, vankomycinu a ristocetinu, které se používají pro léčbu různých infekcí
Amygdala: almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the temporal lobe. the amygdala is part of the limbic system
Amyl Nitrite: a vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. it is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac
Amylases: a group of amylolytic enzymes that cleave starch, glycogen, and related alpha-1,4-glucans. (stedman, 25th ed) ec 3.2.1.-
Amylin Receptor Agonists: compounds that stimulate the activity of amymin receptors. included under this heading is the endogenous form of islet amyloid polypeptide and synthetic compounds that mimic its effect
Amyloid: a fibrous protein complex that consists of proteins folded into a specific cross beta-pleated sheet structure. this fibrillar structure has been found as an alternative folding pattern for a variety of functional proteins. deposits of amyloid in the form of amyloid plaques are associated with a variety of degenerative diseases. the amyloid structure has also been found in a number of functional proteins that are unrelated to disease
Amyloid Neuropathies: disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of amyloid in nerve tissue. familial, primary (nonfamilial), and secondary forms have been described. some familial subtypes demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. clinical manifestations include sensory loss, mild weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and carpal tunnel syndrome. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1349)
Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial: inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of amyloid in nerve tissue. the different clinical types based on symptoms correspond to the presence of a variety of mutations in several different proteins including transthyretin (prealbumin); apolipoprotein a-i; and gelsolin
Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases: endopeptidases that are specific for amyloid protein precursor. three secretase subtypes referred to as alpha, beta, and gamma have been identified based upon the region of amyloid protein precursor they cleave
Amyloid angiopathy: accumulation of amyloid in the walls of cerebral arteries
Amyloid beta-Peptides: peptides generated from amyloid beta-peptides precursor. an amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (down syndrome). the peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue
Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor: a single-pass type i membrane protein. it is cleaved by amyloid precursor protein secretases to produce peptides of varying amino acid lengths. a 39-42 amino acid peptide, amyloid beta-peptides is a principal component of the extracellular amyloid in senile plaques
Amyloidogenic Proteins: proteins that form the core of amyloid fibrils. for example, the core of amyloid a is formed from amyloid a protein, also known as serum amyloid a protein or saa protein
Amyloidosis: a group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of amyloid. as the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits
Amyloidosis, Cerebral, with Spongiform Encephalopathy: cerebellar ataxia, progressive dementia, and amyloid deposits in the central nervous system
Amyloidosis, Familial: diseases in which there is a familial pattern of amyloidosis
Amyloidosis, Hereditary, Transthyretin-Related: hereditary disorder characterized by amyloid deposits in the extracellular matrix of different tissues. patients present polyneuropathy; carpal tunnel syndrome, autonomic insufficiency, cardiomyopathy, and gastrointestinal symptoms. a dominant mutation (v30m) in the ttr gene has been identified. omim: 105210
Amyloidosis, Primary Cutaneous: an autosomal dominant type of familial amyloidosis that is characterized by pruritis and skin scratching and histologically by the finding of deposits of amyloid staining on keratinous debris in the papillary dermis. mutations in the osmr gene have been identified. omim: 105250
Amyopathic dermatomyositis: dermatomyositis with pathognomonic cutaneous manifestations of dermatomyositis, consisting of a heliotrope rash, facial erythema and edema, gottron's papules, and periungual telangiectasia, but without inflammatory myopathy features. patients usually do not have muscle weakness, but may present with minor muscle abnormalities
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: a degenerative disorder affecting upper motor neurons in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, fasciculation, hyperreflexia, dysarthria, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous astrocytes and atrophy of anterior spinal nerve roots and corticospinal tracts. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 6, Autosomal Recessive: mutations in fus
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 9: aka als9; mutation in ang
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1: while mostly a sporadic disease, approximately 10% of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als) cases are familial. als i can exhibit autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance. patients have reduced levels of superoxide dismutase-1 (sod1). germline mutations in the sod1 gene are associated with developing als1; mutations in the ang, nefh, prph, and dctn1 are associated with susceptibility. omim: 105400
Amyotrophy, monomelic: spinomuscular atrophy characterized by insidious onset of weakness and wasting of the muscles of the hand and forearm. it is usually unilateral, but can be bilateral and occurs most commonly as a sporadic condition in young men. it follows a relatively benign course after a few years of progression. molecular basis is unknown, but polymorphisms in kiaa1377 and c5orf42 genes have been identified. omim: 602440
Anabaena: a genus of cyanobacteria consisting of trichomes that are untapered with conspicuous constrictions at cross-walls. a firm individual sheath is absent, but a soft covering is often present. many species are known worldwide as major components of freshwater plankton and also of many saline lakes. the species dolichospermum flos-aquae is responsible for acute poisonings of various animals
Anabaena: rod vláknitých sinic, které se vyskytují ve vodě jako součást planktonu. jeho zástupci jsou známí fixátoři vzdušného dusíku, a některé druhy vstupují do symbiotických svazků s rostlinami. jsou také producenty neurotoxinů, což může působit problém v přírodě, zejména při přemnožení. druh anabaena flos-aquae je zodpovědný za akutní otravu řady živočichů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Anabaena cylindrica: a species in the genus anabaena whose trichomes are composed of cylindrical cells
Anabaena cylindrica: druh sinic rodu anabaena, jejichž trichomy jsou složeny z cylindrických buněk
Anabaena flos-aquae: druh sinic rodu anabaena. organismy obsahují plynové měchýřky umožňující vzplývání na hladině. ve sladkých vodách mohou vytvářet masiní vodní květ a způsobovat akutní otravu různých živočichů
Anabaena variabilis: a species of anabaena that can form spores called akinetes
Anabaena variabilis: druh rodu sinic anabaena, který může tvořit spory zvané akinety
Anabolic Agents: these compounds stimulate anabolism and inhibit catabolism. they stimulate the development of muscle mass, strength, and power
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids: synthetic, or human-made, variations of the male sex hormone testosterone often misused by athletes to enhance performance
Anacal: combination of heparinoid, prednisolone, oxypolyethoxydodecane & hexachlorophene
Anacardiaceae: the sumac plant family in the order sapindales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida. they are tropical and subtropical trees, shrubs, and woody vines that have resin ducts in the bark. the sap of many of the species is irritating to the skin
Anacardic Acids: a group of 6-alkyl salicylic acids that are found in anacardium and known for causing contact dermatitis
Anacardium: a plant genus of the family anacardiaceae. this is the source of the familiar cashew nuts, which are heat treated to remove the irritant toxin. cashew nut shell liquid (frequently abbreviated as cnsl) is a major source of alkenyl phenolic compounds, especially anacardic acids, cardol, and cardanol
Anacardium: rod rostlin z čeledi ledvinovníkovité (anacardiaceae). druh ledvinovník západní (anacardium occidentale) je zdrojem ořechů kešu, jejichž osemení obsahuje velké množství kardolu, což je smolnatý olej, který při manipulaci dráždí pokožku a před konzumací se z jedlých částí (ořechů) odstraňuje zahříváním (pražením). ze skořápek plodů je získávána olejnatá tekutina (cnsl), která je průmyslově využívána při zpracování různých polymerů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation: a process facilitated by specialized bacteria (planctomycetes) involving the oxidation of ammonia to gaseous nitrogen by using nitrite as the electron acceptor
Anaerobic Threshold: the oxygen consumption level above which aerobic energy production is supplemented by anaerobic mechanisms during exercise, resulting in a sustained increase in lactate concentration and metabolic acidosis. the anaerobic threshold is affected by factors that modify oxygen delivery to the tissues; it is low in patients with heart disease. methods of measurement include direct measure of lactate concentration, direct measurement of bicarbonate concentration, and gas exchange measurements
Anaerobiosis: the complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (from singleton & sainsbury, dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology, 2d ed)
Anaerobiospirillum: a genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria in the family succinivibrionaceae. it has been isolated from the throat and colon of beagle dogs and from human feces
Anaerobiospirillum: rod gramnegativních, spirálovitých bakterií čeledi succinivibrionaceae. tyto organismy byly izolované z krku a tračníku psů plemene bígl a ze vzorků lidské stolice
Anagallis: a plant genus of the family primulaceae that contains anagallosides, which are molluscacidal triterpenoid saponins
Anagallis: rod rostlin čeledi primulaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují anagallosidy (moluskocidní triterpenoidní saponiny)
Anal Canal: the terminal segment of the large intestine, beginning from the ampulla of the rectum and ending at the anus
Anal Canal Carcinoma: a squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma the which originates from the squamous epithelium of the anal canal , but may also arise from the transitional zone between the columnar epithelium of the rectum and the squamous epithelium of the anal canal (cloacogenic or transitional carcinoma) and is often associated with human papillomavirus infection. may be associated with a rearrangement in chromosome 3 and in the long arm of chromosome 11. omim: 105580
Anal Sacs: a pair of anal glands or sacs, located on either side of the anus, that produce and store a dark, foul-smelling fluid in carnivorous animals such as mephitidae and dogs. the expelled fluid is used as a defensive repellent (in skunks) or a material to mark territory (in dogs)
Analgesia: methods of pain relief that may be used with or in place of analgesics
Analgesia, Epidural: the relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. it is differentiated from anesthesia, epidural which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation
Analgesia, Obstetrical: the elimination of pain, without the loss of consciousness, during obstetric labor; obstetric delivery; or the postpartum period, usually through the administration of analgesics
Analgesia, Patient-Controlled: relief of pain, without loss of consciousness, through analgesic agents administered by the patients. it has been used successfully to control postoperative pain, during obstetric labor, after burns, and in terminal care. the choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. the potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval)
Analgesics, Non-Narcotic: a subclass of analgesic agents that typically do not bind to opioid receptors and are not addictive. many non-narcotic analgesics are offered as nonprescription drugs
Analgesics, Opioid: compounds with activity like opiate alkaloids, acting at opioid receptors. properties include induction of analgesia or narcosis
Analysis of Variance: a statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable
Analytic Hierarchy Process: a technique or tool used to analyze choices for complex decisions, by organizing them, for analysis, into a tree structure
Analytic Sample Preparation Methods: use of various chemical separation and extraction methods, such as solid phase extraction; chromatography; and supercritical fluid extraction; to prepare samples for analytical measurement of components
Ananas: a plant genus of the family bromeliaceae known for the edible fruit that is the source of bromelains
Anaphase: the phase of cell nucleus division following metaphase, in which the chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles of the spindle
Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome: an e3 ubiquitin ligase primarily involved in regulation of the metaphase-to-anaphase transition during mitosis through ubiquitination of specific cell cycle proteins. enzyme activity is tightly regulated through subunits and cofactors, which modulate activation, inhibition, and substrate specificity. the anaphase-promoting complex, or apc-c, is also involved in tissue differentiation in the placenta, crystalline lens, and skeletal muscle, and in regulation of postmitotic neuronal plasticity and excitability
Anaphylatoxins: serum peptides derived from certain cleaved complement proteins during complement activation. they induce smooth muscle contraction; mast cell histamine release; platelet aggregation; and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. the order of anaphylatoxin activity from the strongest to the weakest is c5a, c3a, c4a, and c5a des-arginine
Anaphylaxis: an acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. the reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death
Anaplasma: a genus of gram-negative bacteria whose organisms are obligate parasites of vertebrates. species are transmitted by arthropod vectors with the host range limited to ruminants. anaplasma marginale is the most pathogenic species and is the causative agent of severe bovine anaplasmosis
Anaplasma: rod gramnegativních bakterií, které jsou obligátními parazity obratlovců. nákaza je přenášena členovci, hostiteli jsou přežvýkavci. největší patogenitu vykazuje druh anaplasma marginale, který je původcem těžké bovinní anaplazmózy
Anaplasma centrale: a species of gram-negative bacteria causing mild anaplasmosis in cattle. it also can infect sheep and goats. it is transmitted by ticks
Anaplasma centrale: druh gramnegativní bakterie, která způsobuje mírnou bovinní anaplazmózu. může také infikovat ovce a kozy. vektorem jsou klíšťata
Anaplasma marginale: a species of gram-negative bacteria and causative agent of severe bovine anaplasmosis. it is the most pathogenic of the anaplasma species
Anaplasma marginale: druh gramnegativní bakterie, která způsobuje těžkou bovinní anaplazmózu. druh s největší patogenitou
Anaplasma ovis: a species of gram-negative bacteria producing mild to severe anaplasmosis in sheep and goats, and mild or inapparent infections in deer and cattle
Anaplasma ovis: druh gramnegativní bakterie, která způsobuje mírnou až těžkou anaplazmózu u ovcí a koz a také mírné nebo inaparentní infekce u vysoké zvěře a skotu
Anaplasma phagocytophilum: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus anaplasma, family anaplasmataceae, formerly called ehrlichia phagocytophila or ehrlichia equi. this organism is tick-borne (ixodes) and causes disease in horses and sheep. in humans, it causes human granulocytic ehrlichiosis
Anaplasma phagocytophilum: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu anaplasma z čeledi anaplasmataceae, dříve označované jako ehrlichia phagocytophila nebo ehrlichia equi. je přenášena klíšťaty a způsobuje choroby koní a ovcí. je původcem lidské granulocytární ehrlichiózy
Anaplasmataceae: a family of bacteria in the order rickettsiales which inhabit red blood cells and other types of cells, causing disease in both animals and humans
Anaplasmataceae: čeleď bakterií řádu rickettsiales, které žijí v erytrocytech a v dalších typech buněk. způsobují onemocnění zvířat i člověka
Anaplasmosis: a disease usually in cattle caused by parasitization of the red blood cells by bacteria of the genus anaplasma
Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase: a receptor tyrosine kinase that is essential for development and differentiation of the nervous system in response to secreted growth factors. it phosphorylates the first tyrosine of the y-x-x-x-y-y motif of targets that include proto-oncogene proteins c-cbl; insulin receptor substrate-1; and mitogen-activated protein kinases, leading to activation of the mapk signaling pathway and cell proliferation. a chromosomal aberration involving the alk gene results in its constitutive expression in some cases of non-hodgkin lymphoma
Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y: a y-shaped surgical anastomosis of any part of the digestive system which includes the small intestine as the eventual drainage site
Anastomosis, Surgical: surgical union or shunt between ducts, tubes or vessels. it may be end-to-end, end-to-side, side-to-end, or side-to-side
Anastomotic Leak: breakdown of the connection and subsequent leakage of effluent (fluids, secretions, air) from a surgical anastomosis of the digestive, respiratory, genitourinary, and cardiovascular systems. most common leakages are from the breakdown of suture lines in gastrointestinal or bowel anastomosis
Anastrozole: a nitrile and triazole derivative that acts as a selective nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor. it is used in the treatment of estrogen nuclear receptor-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women
Anatomic Landmarks: reference points located by visual inspection, palpation, or computer assistance, that are useful in localizing structures on or within the human body
Anatomic Variation: peculiarities associated with the internal structure, form, topology, or architecture of organisms that distinguishes them from others of the same species or group
Anatomy, Artistic: the study of the structures of organisms for applications in art: drawing, painting, sculpture, illustration, etc
Anatomy, Comparative: the comparative study of animal structure with regard to homologous organs or parts. (stedman, 25th ed)
Anatomy, Cross-Sectional: descriptive anatomy based on three-dimensional imaging (imaging, three-dimensional) of the body, organs, and structures using a series of computer multiplane sections, displayed by transverse, coronal, and sagittal analyses. it is essential to accurate interpretation by the radiologist of such techniques as ultrasonic diagnosis, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography (tomography, x-ray computed). (from lane & sharfaei, modern sectional anatomy, 1992, preface)
Anatomy, Regional: the anatomical study of specific regions or parts of organisms, emphasizing the relationship between the various structures (e.g. muscles, nerves, skeletal, cardiovascular, etc.)
Ancient Lands: geographical sites known to be extant in a remote period in the history of civilization, familiar as the names of ancient countries and empires
Ancillary Services, Hospital: those support services other than room, board, and medical and nursing services that are provided to hospital patients in the course of care. they include such services as laboratory, radiology, pharmacy, and physical therapy services
Ancitabine: congener of cytarabine that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action
Ancrod: an enzyme fraction from the venom of the malayan pit viper, agkistrodon rhodostoma. it catalyzes the hydrolysis of a number of amino acid esters and a limited proteolysis of fibrinogen. it is used clinically to produce controlled defibrination in patients requiring anticoagulant therapy. ec 3.4.21.-
Ancylostoma: a genus of nematode intestinal parasites that consists of several species. a. duodenale is the common hookworm in humans. a. braziliense, a. ceylonicum, and a. caninum occur primarily in cats and dogs, but all have been known to occur in humans
Ancylostoma: rod hlístic parazitujících ve střevech savců. je tvořený několika druhy. a. duodenale se vyskytuje u lidí a primátů. a. braziliense, a. ceylonicum a a. caninum se vyskytují hlavně u psů a koček, ale o všech je známo,že se vyskytly i u lidí
Ancylostomatoidea: a superfamily of nematode parasitic hookworms consisting of four genera: ancylostoma; necator; bunostomum; and uncinaria. ancylostoma and necator occur in humans and other mammals. bunostomum is common in ruminants and uncinaria in wolves, foxes, and dogs
Ancylostomatoidea: nadčeleď parazitických hlístic, kam patří např. rody ancylostoma, necator, bunostomum a uncinaria. ancylostoma a necator parazitují v těle lidí a dalších savců. bunostomum žije často v těle přežvýkavců a uncinaria ve vlcích, liškách a psech
Ancylostomiasis: infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ancylostoma. characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling
Andersen Syndrome: a form of inherited long qt syndrome (or lqt7) that is characterized by a triad of potassium-sensitive periodic paralysis, ventricular ectopic beats, and abnormal features such as short stature, low-set ears, and scoliosis. it results from mutations of kcnj2 gene which encodes a channel protein (inward rectifier potassium channels) that regulates resting membrane potential
Andersenův syndrom: forma vrozeného syndromu dlouhého qt charakterizovaná triádou periodické paralýzy citlivé na draslík, komorovými extrasystolami a abnormálními rysy, jako je např. malá tělesná výška, nízko položené uši a skolióza. syndrom souvisí s mutacemi genu kcnj2, který kóduje protein dovnitř usměrňujícího draslíkového kanálu. tento protein se účastní regulace klidového membránového potenciálu
Andorra: a principality in the pyrenees between france and spain. its capital is also called andorra. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p50)
Andorra: knížectví v pyrenejích mezi francií a španělskem. jeho hlavní město se také nazývá andorra
Androblastoma of ovary: a sertoli-leydig cell tumor that arises in the ovary. release of male sex hormones by the tumor cells may cause virilism
Androgen Antagonists: compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of androgens
Androgen Receptor Antagonists: compounds that bind to and inhibit the activation of androgen receptors
Androgen-Binding Protein: carrier proteins produced in the sertoli cells of the testis, secreted into the seminiferous tubules, and transported via the efferent ducts to the epididymis. they participate in the transport of androgens. androgen-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as sex hormone-binding globulin. they differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosaccharide modifications
Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome: a disorder of sexual development transmitted as an x-linked recessive trait. these patients have a karyotype of 46,xy with end-organ resistance to androgen due to mutations in the androgen receptor (receptors, androgen) gene. severity of the defect in receptor quantity or quality correlates with their phenotypes. in these genetic males, the phenotypic spectrum ranges from those with normal female external genitalia, through those with genital ambiguity as in reifenstein syndrome, to that of a normal male with infertility
Androgens: compounds that interact with androgen receptors in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of testosterone. depending on the target tissues, androgenic effects can be on sex differentiation; male reproductive organs, spermatogenesis; secondary male sex characteristics; libido; development of muscle mass, strength, and power
Andrographis: a plant genus of the family acanthaceae. members contain andrographolide and other diterpenes and androechin, a chalcone
Andrographis: rod rostlin čeledi acanthaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují andrografolid a další diterpeny a dále chalkon androechin
Andrographis paniculata: a plant species in the genus andrographis, family acanthaceae. its bitter tasting leaves have been used in traditional medicine and contain labdane-type diterpene lactone andrographolide
Andrographis paniculata: druh rostliny rodu andrographis, čeledi acanthaceae. léčivá bylina je používána v tradiční medicíně jižní a jihovýchodní asie jako protizánětlivý a antibakteriální prostředek. andrografolid, hlavní aktivní složka rostliny, vykazuje různé farmakologické aktivity, včetně protizánětlivých, protirakovinných, antiobezitních, antidiabetických a dalších. nedávné studie ukázaly, že andrografolid je potenciálním anti-hiv terapeutickým činidlem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Andrology: a scientific or medical discipline concerning the study of male reproductive biology, diseases of the male genital organs, and male infertility. major areas of interest include endocrinology; spermatogenesis; semen analysis; fertilization; contraception; and cryopreservation
Andropause: an endocrine state in men, characterized by a significant decline in the production of testosterone; dehydroepiandrosterone; and other hormones such as human growth hormone. andropause symptoms are related to the lack of androgens including depression, sexual dysfunction, and osteoporosis. andropause may also result from hormonal ablation therapy for malignant diseases
Andropogon: a plant genus of the family poaceae. the common name of bluestem is also used for other plants in this family. andropogon nardus has been reclassified as cymbopogon nardus and andropogon zizanioides as chrysopogon zizanioides
Androstadienes: derivatives of the steroid androstane having two double bonds at any site in any of the rings
Androstane-3,17-diol: the unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of testosterone with androgenic activity. it has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion
Androstanols: androstanes and androstane derivatives which are substituted in any position with one or more hydroxyl groups
Androstatrienes: derivatives of the steroid androstane having three double bonds at any site in any of the rings
Androstenediol: an intermediate in testosterone biosynthesis, found in the testis or the adrenal glands. androstenediol, derived from dehydroepiandrosterone by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases), is converted to testosterone by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases)
Androstenediols: unsaturated androstane derivatives which are substituted with two hydroxy groups in any position in the ring system
Androstenedione: a delta-4 c19 steroid that is produced not only in the testis, but also in the ovary and the adrenal cortex. depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to testosterone as well as estrone and estradiol
Androstenes: unsaturated derivatives of the steroid androstane containing at least one double bond at any site in any of the rings
Androstenols: unsaturated androstanes which are substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position in the ring system
Androsterone: a metabolite of testosterone or androstenedione with a 3-alpha-hydroxyl group and without the double bond. the 3-beta hydroxyl isomer is epiandrosterone
Anelloviridae: a family of non-enveloped, vertebrate, single-stranded dna viruses
Anelloviridae: čeleď neobalených virů obratlovců s jednořetězcovou dna
Anemarrhena: a plant genus of the family asparagaceae. members contain anemarans (polysaccharides), hinokiresinol, mangiferin (a xanthone), and timosaponin (a steroidal saponin)
Anemarrhena: rod rostlin čeledi asparagaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují anemarany (polysacharidy), hinokiresinol, mangiferin (xanthon) a timosaponin (steroidní saponin)
Anemia: a reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin
Anemia, Aplastic: a form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements
Anemia, Diamond-Blackfan: a rare congenital hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. the disease is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, occasional neutropenia or thrombocytosis, a normocellular bone marrow with erythroid hypoplasia, and an increased risk of developing leukemia. (curr opin hematol 2000 mar;7(2):85-94)
Anemia, Dyserythropoietic, Congenital: a familial disorder characterized by anemia with multinuclear erythroblasts, karyorrhexis, asynchrony of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, and various nuclear abnormalities of bone marrow erythrocyte precursors (erythroid precursor cells). type ii is the most common of the 3 types; it is often referred to as hempas, based on the hereditary erythroblast multinuclearity with positive acidified serum test
Anemia, Hemolytic: a condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (anemia) or insufficient hemoglobin due to premature destruction of red blood cells (erythrocytes)
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune: acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of autoantibodies which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own red blood cells
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital: hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Nonspherocytic: any one of a group of congenital hemolytic anemias in which there is no abnormal hemoglobin or spherocytosis and in which there is a defect of glycolysis in the erythrocyte. common causes include deficiencies in glucose-6-phosphate isomerase; pyruvate kinase; and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Anemia, Hypochromic: anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. the individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. it can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (stedman, 25th ed; from miale, laboratory medicine: hematology, 6th ed, p393)
Anemia, Hypoplastic, Congenital: an inborn condition characterized by deficiencies of red cell precursors that sometimes also includes leukopenia and thrombocytopenia
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency: anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. the erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased
Anemia, Macrocytic: anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (mcv) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (mch)
Anemia, Megaloblastic: a disorder characterized by the presence of anemia, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and megaloblasts
Anemia, Myelophthisic: anemia characterized by appearance of immature myeloid and nucleated erythrocytes in the peripheral blood, resulting from infiltration of the bone marrow by foreign or abnormal tissue
Anemia, Neonatal: the mildest form of erythroblastosis fetalis in which anemia is the chief manifestation
Anemia, Pernicious: a megaloblastic anemia occurring in children but more commonly in later life, characterized by histamine-fast achlorhydria, in which the laboratory and clinical manifestations are based on malabsorption of vitamin b 12 due to a failure of the gastric mucosa to secrete adequate and potent intrinsic factor. (dorland, 27th ed)
Anemia, Refractory: a severe sometimes chronic anemia, usually macrocytic in type, that does not respond to ordinary antianemic therapy
Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts: chronic refractory anemia with granulocytopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. myeloblasts and progranulocytes constitute 5 to 40 percent of the nucleated marrow cells
Anemia, Sickle Cell: a disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. it is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin s
Anemia, Sideroblastic: anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow
Anemia, hereditary spherocytic hemolytic: a rare hereditary form of spherocytosis caused by mutations in the ankyrin -1 gene (omim: 612641). symptoms include jaundice, excessive fatigue, and delayed puberty
Anemia, hypochromic microcytic: hypochromic anemia characterized by very small erythrocytes with low hemoglobin concentration and hence poor coloration. it is usually the result of iron-deficiency anemia
Anemone: a plant genus of the family ranunculaceae that contains triterpene saponins. the root of anemone raddeana is the source of a chinese folk medicine, zhu jie xian fu. the common name of liverwort is also used with other plants. this genus is unrelated to sea anemones
Anencephaly: a malformation of the nervous system caused by failure of the anterior neuropore to close. infants are born with intact spinal cords, cerebellums, and brainstems, but lack formation of neural structures above this level. the skull is only partially formed but the eyes are usually normal. this condition may be associated with folate deficiency. affected infants are only capable of primitive (brain stem) reflexes and usually do not survive for more than two weeks. (from menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, p247)
Anesthesia: a state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. this depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures
Anesthesia Department, Hospital: hospital department responsible for the administration of functions and activities pertaining to the delivery of anesthetics
Anesthesia Recovery Period: the period of emergence from general anesthesia, where different elements of consciousness return at different rates