NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells: the malignant stem cells of teratocarcinomas, which resemble pluripotent stem cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass. the ec cells can be grown in vitro, and experimentally induced to differentiate. they are used as a model system for studying early embryonic cell differentiation
Embryonic Germ Cells: pluripotent stem cells that are derived from early germ cells
Embryonic Induction: the complex processes of initiating cell differentiation in the embryo. the precise regulation by cell interactions leads to diversity of cell types and specific pattern of organization (embryogenesis)
Embryonic Stem Cells: cells derived from the blastocyst inner cell mass which forms before implantation in the uterine wall. they retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells
Embryonic Structures: the anatomical parts that make up an organism in the early stages of development
Embryonic and Fetal Development: morphological and physiological development of embryos or fetuses
Embryophyta: higher plants that live primarily in terrestrial habitats, although some are secondarily aquatic. most obtain their energy from photosynthesis. they comprise the vascular and non-vascular plants
Emepronium: a muscarinic antagonist used mainly in the treatment of urinary syndromes. it is incompletely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier
Emergency Medical Service Communication Systems: the use of communication systems, such as telecommunication, to transmit emergency information to appropriate providers of health services
Emergency Medical Tags: a bracelet or necklace worn by an individual that alerts emergency personnel of medical information for that individual which could affect their condition or treatment
Emergency Medical Technicians: allied health personnel trained to provide basic emergency care and life support under the supervision of physicians and/or nurses. these services may be carried out at the site of the emergency, in the ambulance, or in a health care institution
Emergency Medicine: the branch of medicine concerned with the evaluation and initial treatment of urgent and emergent medical problems, such as those caused by accidents, trauma, sudden illness, poisoning, or disasters. emergency medical care can be provided at the hospital or at sites outside the medical facility
Emergency Responders: personnel trained to provide the initial services, care, and support in emergencies or disasters
Emergency Service, Hospital: hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of immediate medical or surgical care to the emergency patient
Emergency Services, Psychiatric: organized services to provide immediate psychiatric care to patients with acute psychological disturbances
Emergency Treatment: first aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured
Emergency Use Authorization: authorization allowing the food and drug administration (fda) to strengthen public health protections against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear threats including infectious diseases, by facilitating the availability and use of medical countermeasures needed during public health emergencies. under section 564 of the federal food, drug, and cosmetic act, fda may authorize unapproved medical products or unapproved uses of approved medical products to be used in an emergency to diagnose, treat, or prevent serious or life-threatening diseases or agents when certain criteria are met, including there are no adequate, approved, and available alternatives.(from fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/emergency-use-authorization-medical-products-and-related-authorities)
Emericella: a genus in the family trichocomaceae, order eurotiales. the anamorph is aspergillus
Emericella: rod vřeckovýtrusných hub čeledi trichocomaceae, řádu eurotiales. anamorfním stadiem je aspergillus
Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy 4: mutations in syne1; aka edmd4
Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy 5: mutations in syne2
Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy, Atypical, Autosomal Recessive: promote to hm
Emetics: agents that cause vomiting. they may act directly on the gastrointestinal tract, bringing about emesis through local irritant effects, or indirectly, through their effects on the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the postremal area near the medulla
Emetine: the principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of uragoga (or cephaelis) ipecacuanha or u. acuminata, of the rubiaceae. it is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. emetine inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells
Emigrants and Immigrants: people who leave their place of residence in one country and settle in a different country
Emko vaginal foam: emulsion at ph 7.5 of nonylphenoxypolyoxyethylene glycol & benzethonium chloride
Emmetropia: the condition of where images are correctly brought to a focus on the retina
Emodin: purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially rhamnus purshiana. it was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies
Emollients: oleagenous substances used topically to soothe, soften or protect skin or mucous membranes. they are used also as vehicles for other dermatologic agents
Emotion-Focused Therapy: intervention that relies on free expression of emotions with coaching to enhance awareness of emotional experiences
Emotional Abuse: nonphysical abuse as defined as a pattern of behavior in which one person deliberately and repeatedly subjects another to nonphysical acts that are detrimental to behavioral and affective functioning and overall mental well-being. (apa dictionary of psychology, accessed 4/21/2020)
Emotional Adjustment: psychological process that occurs when an individual adapts to a significant emotional event or stimulus
Emotional Eating: a behavioral mechanism between depression and development of obesity and abdominal obesity. moreover, adults with a combination of shorter night sleep duration and higher emotional eating may be particularly vulnerable to weight gain. (int j behav nutr phys act . 2019 mar 20;16(1):28.)
Emotional Intelligence: the ability to understand and manage emotions and to use emotional knowledge to enhance thought and deal effectively with tasks. components of emotional intelligence include empathy, self-motivation, self-awareness, self-regulation, and social skill. emotional intelligence is a measurement of one's ability to socialize or relate to others
Emotional Regulation: the manifestation of an emotional response by which individuals influence the intensity, duration, valence, or manifestation of their response. emotion regulation either precedes (avoidance, interpretation) or follows an emotion (suppression, reappraisal). emotion regulation is distinct from coping (focuses primarily on decreasing a negative emotional experience), and can include increasing or decreasing both positive and negative emotions consciously or unconsciously
Empathy: an individual's objective and insightful awareness of the feelings and behavior of another person. it should be distinguished from sympathy, which is usually nonobjective and noncritical. it includes caring, which is the demonstration of an awareness of and a concern for the good of others. (from bioethics thesaurus, 1992)
Emperipolesis: the movement of one cell within another cell (non-phagocytic)
Emphysematous Cholecystitis: a variant of acute cholecystitis with inflammation of the gallbladder that is characterized by the pockets of gas in the gallbladder wall. it is due to secondary infection caused by gas-forming organisms, and has a high risk of perforation
Emphysematous Pyelonephritis: acute often necrotizing pyelonephritis characterized by accumulation of gas within and around renal parenchyma. emphysematous pyelonephritis is typically associated with bacterial infection in diabetes mellitus and immunocompromised patient
Empirical Research: the study, based on direct observation, use of statistical records, interviews, or experimental methods, of actual practices or the actual impact of practices or policies
Empiricism: one of the principal schools of medical philosophy in ancient greece and rome. it developed in alexandria between 270 and 220 b.c., the only one to have any success in reviving the essentials of the hippocratic concept. the empiricists declared that the search for ultimate causes of phenomena was vain, but they were active in endeavoring to discover immediate causes. the tripod of the empirics was their own chance observations (experience), learning obtained from contemporaries and predecessors (experience of others), and, in the case of new diseases, the formation of conclusions from other diseases which they resembled (analogy). empiricism enjoyed sporadic continuing popularity in later centuries up to the nineteenth. (from castiglioni, a history of medicine, 2d ed, p186; dr. james h. cassedy, nlm history of medicine division)
Employee Discipline: regulations or conditions imposed on employees by management in order to correct or prevent behaviors which are counterproductive to the organization
Employee Grievances: formal procedures whereby the employee expresses any dissatisfaction or feeling of injustice regarding the work situation
Employee Incentive Plans: programs designed by management to motivate employees to work more efficiently with increased productivity, and greater employee satisfaction
Employee Retirement Income Security Act: a 1974 federal act which preempts states' rights with regard to workers' pension benefits and employee benefits. it does not affect the benefits and rights of employees whose employer is self-insured. (from slee & slee, health care reform terms, 1993)
Employer Health Costs: that portion of total health care costs borne by an individual's or group's employing organization
Employment, Supported: paid work for mentally or physically disabled persons, taking place in regular or normal work settings. it may be competitive employment (work that pays minimum wage) or employment with subminimal wages in individualized or group placement situations. it is intended for persons with severe disabilities who require a range of support services to maintain employment. supported employment differs from sheltered workshops in that work in the latter takes place in a controlled working environment. federal regulations are authorized and administered by the u.s. department of education, office of special education and rehabilitative services
Empowerment: process of increasing the capacity of individuals or groups to make choices and to transform those choices into desired actions as deigned by the individuals or groups
Empty Sella Syndrome: a condition when the sella turcica is not filled with pituitary tissue. the pituitary gland is either compressed, atrophied, or removed. there are two types: (1) primary empty sella is due a defect in the sella diaphragm leading to arachnoid herniation into the sellar space; (2) secondary empty sella is associated with the removal or treatment of pituitary neoplasms
Empyema, Subdural: an intracranial or rarely intraspinal suppurative process invading the space between the inner surface of the dura mater and the outer surface of the arachnoid
Emtricitabine: a deoxycytidine analog and reverse transcriptase inhibitor with antiviral activity against hiv-1 and hepatitis b viruses. it is used to treat hiv infections
Emtricitabine, Rilpivirine, Tenofovir Drug Combination: a pharmaceutical preparation that contains emtricitabine, rilpivirine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. it is used to treat hiv infections
Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: a pharmaceutical preparation of emtricitabine and tenofovir that is used as an anti-hiv agent in the treatment and prevention of hiv infections
Emulsifying Agents: surface-active agents that induce a dispersion of undissolved material throughout a liquid
Emulsions: colloids formed by the combination of two immiscible liquids such as oil and water. lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion. water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. the formation of emulsions may be aided by amphiphatic molecules that surround one component of the system to form micelles
Enalapril: an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat hypertension and heart failure
Enalaprilat: the active metabolite of enalapril and one of the potent, intravenously administered, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. it is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. the drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion
Enamel Microabrasion: mechanical removal of a small amount of tooth structure (not more than a few tenths of a millimeter in depth) to eliminate superficial enamel discoloration defects not successfully removed by bleaching techniques. a common abrasive is a mixture of pumice and hydrochloric acid
Enamel Organ: epithelial cells surrounding the dental papilla and differentiated into three layers: the inner enamel epithelium, consisting of ameloblasts which eventually form the enamel, and the enamel pulp and external enamel epithelium, both of which atrophy and disappear before and upon eruption of the tooth, respectively
Enbucrilate: a tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. it is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental
Encainide: one of the anti-arrhythmia agents, it blocks voltage-gated sodium channels and slows conduction within the his-purkinje system and myocardium
Encephalitis: inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition
Encephalitis Virus, California: a species in the orthobunyavirus genus of the family bunyaviridae. serotypes are found in temperate and arctic regions and each is closely associated with a single species of vector mosquito. the vertebrate hosts are usually small mammals but several serotypes infect humans
Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine: a species of alphavirus causing encephalomyelitis in equidae and humans. the virus ranges along the atlantic seaboard of the united states and canada and as far south as the caribbean, mexico, and parts of central and south america. infections in horses show a mortality of up to 90 percent and in humans as high as 80 percent in epidemics
Encephalitis Virus, Japanese: a species of flavivirus, one of the japanese encephalitis virus group (encephalitis viruses, japanese), which is the etiological agent of japanese encephalitis found in asia, southeast asia, and the indian subcontinent
Encephalitis Virus, Murray Valley: a species of flavivirus, one of the japanese encephalitis virus group (encephalitis viruses, japanese), found in australia and new guinea. it causes a fulminating viremia resembling japanese encephalitis (encephalitis, japanese)
Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis: a species of flavivirus, one of the japanese encephalitis virus group (encephalitis viruses, japanese), which is the etiologic agent of st. louis encephalitis in the united states, the caribbean, and central and south america
Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine: a species of alphavirus that is the etiologic agent of encephalomyelitis in humans and equines. it is seen most commonly in parts of central and south america
Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine: a species of alphavirus that is the etiologic agent of encephalomyelitis in humans and equines in the united states, southern canada, and parts of south america
Encephalitis Viruses: a collection of single-stranded rna viruses scattered across the bunyaviridae, flaviviridae, and togaviridae families whose common property is the ability to induce encephalitic conditions in infected hosts
Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese: a subgroup of the genus flavivirus which comprises a number of viral species that are the etiologic agents of human encephalitis in many different geographical regions. these include japanese encephalitis virus (encephalitis virus, japanese), st. louis encephalitis virus (encephalitis virus, st. louis), murray valley encephalitis virus (encephalitis virus, murray valley), and west nile virus
Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne: a subgroup of the genus flavivirus that causes encephalitis and hemorrhagic fevers and is found in eastern and western europe and the former soviet union. it is transmitted by ticks and there is an associated milk-borne transmission from viremic cattle, goats, and sheep
Encephalitis, Arbovirus: infections of the brain caused by arthropod-borne viruses (i.e., arboviruses) primarily from the families togaviridae; flaviviridae; bunyaviridae; reoviridae; and rhabdoviridae. life cycles of these viruses are characterized by zoonoses, with birds and lower mammals serving as intermediate hosts. the virus is transmitted to humans by the bite of mosquitoes (culicidae) or ticks. clinical manifestations include fever, headache, alterations of mentation, focal neurologic deficits, and coma. (from clin microbiol rev 1994 jan;7(1):89-116; walton, brain's diseases of the nervous system, 10th ed, p321)
Encephalitis, California: a viral infection of the brain caused by serotypes of california encephalitis virus (encephalitis virus, california) transmitted to humans by the mosquito aedes triseriatus. the majority of cases are caused by the la crosse virus. this condition is endemic to the midwestern united states and primarily affects children between 5-10 years of age. clinical manifestations include fever; vomiting; headache; and abdominal pain followed by seizures, altered mentation, and focal neurologic deficits. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1996, ch26, p13)
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex: an acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by simplexvirus infections which may be fatal. the majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (herpesvirus 1, human) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (herpesvirus 2, human). clinical manifestations include fever; headache; seizures; hallucinations; behavioral alterations; aphasia; hemiparesis; and coma. pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior temporal lobe and orbital regions of the frontal lobe. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)
Encephalitis, Japanese: a mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the japanese b encephalitis virus (encephalitis virus, japanese) occurring throughout eastern asia and australia. the majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a poliomyelitis-like presentation); seizures; coma; and death. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p751; lancet 1998 apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)
Encephalitis, St. Louis: a viral encephalitis caused by the st. louis encephalitis virus (encephalitis virus, st. louis), a flavivirus. it is transmitted to humans and other vertebrates primarily by mosquitoes of the genus culex. the primary animal vectors are wild birds and the disorder is endemic to the midwestern and southeastern united states. infections may be limited to an influenza-like illness or present as an aseptic meningitis or encephalitis. clinical manifestations of the encephalitic presentation may include seizures, lethargy, myoclonus, focal neurologic signs, coma, and death. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p750)
Encephalitis, Tick-Borne: encephalitis caused by neurotropic viruses that are transmitted via the bite of ticks. in europe, the diseases are caused by encephalitis viruses, tick-borne, which give rise to russian spring-summer encephalitis, central european encephalitis, louping ill encephalitis, and related disorders. powassan encephalitis occurs in north america and russia and is caused by the powassan virus. aseptic meningitis and rarely encephalitis may complicate colorado tick fever which is endemic to mountainous regions of the western united states. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1996, ch26, pp14-5)
Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster: inflammation of brain tissue caused by infection with the varicella-zoster virus (herpesvirus 3, human). this condition is associated with immunocompromised states, including the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. pathologically, the virus tends to induce a vasculopathy and infect oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells, leading to cerebral infarction, multifocal regions of demyelination, and periventricular necrosis. manifestations of varicella encephalitis usually occur 5-7 days after onset of herpes zoster and include headache; vomiting; lethargy; focal neurologic deficits; fever; and coma. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1996, ch 26, pp29-32; hum pathol 1996 sep;27(9):927-38)
Encephalitis, Viral: inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of togaviridae infections; herpesviridae infections; adenoviridae infections; flaviviridae infections; bunyaviridae infections; picornaviridae infections; paramyxoviridae infections; orthomyxoviridae infections; retroviridae infections; and arenaviridae infections
Encephalitozoon: a genus of fungi originally considered a member of the class sporozoea but now recognized as part of the class microsporea
Encephalitozoon: rod hub zařazovaný původně do třídy sporozoea, v současnosti do třídy microsporea
Encephalitozoon cuniculi: a species of parasitic fungi. this intracellular parasite is found in the brain; heart; and kidneys of several mammals. transmission is probably by ingestion of the spores (spores, fungal)
Encephalitozoon cuniculi: druh mikrosporidie. je to intracelulární parazit vyskytující se v mozku, srdci a ledvinách několika druhů savců. infekce se přenáší patrně požitím spor
Encephalitozoonosis: infection with fungi of the genus encephalitozoon. lesions commonly occur in the brain and kidney tubules. other sites of infection in mammals are the liver; adrenal glands; optic nerves; retina; and myocardium
Encephalocardiomyopathy, Mitochondrial, Neonatal, Due To Atp Synthase Deficiency: mutations in tmem70
Encephalocele: brain tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. the majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. the quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur
Encephaloclastic Proliferative Vasculopathy: mutation in flvcr2
Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis: a neurocutaneous disorder that occurs as isolated cases. it is characterized by ocular anomalies, skin lesions, and central nervous system anomalies. omim: 613001
Encephalomalacia: softening or loss of brain tissue following cerebral infarction; cerebral ischemia (see brain ischemia), infection, craniocerebral trauma, or other injury. the term is often used during gross pathologic inspection to describe blurred cortical margins and decreased consistency of brain tissue following infarction. multicystic encephalomalacia refers to the formation of multiple cystic cavities of various sizes in the cerebral cortex of neonates and infants following injury, most notably perinatal hypoxia-ischemic events. (from davis et al., textbook of neuropathology, 2nd ed, p665; j neuropathol exp neurol, 1995 mar;54(2):268-75)
Encephalomyelitis: a general term indicating inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. there is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and encephalitis in the literature
Encephalomyelitis Virus, Avian: a tentative species in the genus hepatovirus infecting primarily young chicks, but also found in turkeys, pheasants, and guinea fowl. it causes a fatal neuronal degeneration and is transmitted by mechanical contact
Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated: an acute or subacute inflammatory process of the central nervous system characterized histologically by multiple foci of perivascular demyelination. symptom onset usually occurs several days after an acute viral infection or immunization, but it may coincide with the onset of infection or rarely no antecedent event can be identified. clinical manifestations include confusion, somnolence, fever, nuchal rigidity, and involuntary movements. the illness may progress to coma and eventually be fatal. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p921)
Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental: an experimental animal model for central nervous system demyelinating disease. inoculation with a white matter emulsion combined with freund's adjuvant, myelin basic protein, or purified central myelin triggers a t cell-mediated immune response directed towards central myelin. the pathologic features are similar to multiple sclerosis, including perivascular and periventricular foci of inflammation and demyelination. subpial demyelination underlying meningeal infiltrations also occurs, which is also a feature of encephalomyelitis, acute disseminated. passive immunization with t-cells from an afflicted animal to a normal animal also induces this condition. (from immunol res 1998;17(1-2):217-27; raine cs, textbook of neuropathology, 2nd ed, p604-5)
Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine: a form of arboviral encephalitis (primarily affecting equines) endemic to eastern regions of north america. the causative organism (encephalomyelitis virus, eastern equine) may be transmitted to humans via the bite of aedes mosquitoes. clinical manifestations include the acute onset of fever, headache, altered mentation, and seizures followed by coma. the condition is fatal in up to 50% of cases. recovery may be marked by residual neurologic deficits and epilepsy. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1996, ch26, pp9-10)
Encephalomyelitis, Enzootic Porcine: a picornavirus infection producing symptoms similar to poliomyelitis in pigs
Encephalomyelitis, Equine: a group of alphavirus infections which affect horses and man, transmitted via the bites of mosquitoes. disorders in this category are endemic to regions of south america and north america. in humans, clinical manifestations vary with the type of infection, and range from a mild influenza-like syndrome to a fulminant encephalitis. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1996, ch26, pp8-10)
Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine: a form of arboviral encephalitis endemic to central america and the northern latitudes of south america. the causative organism (encephalitis virus, venezuelan equine) is transmitted to humans and horses via the bite of several mosquito species. human viral infection may be asymptomatic or remain restricted to a mild influenza-like illness. encephalitis, usually not severe, occurs in a small percentage of cases and may rarely feature seizures and coma. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1996, ch26, pp9-10)
Encephalomyelitis, Western Equine: a form of arboviral encephalitis (which primarily affects horses) endemic to western and central regions of north america. the causative organism (encephalomyelitis virus, western equine) may be transferred to humans via the bite of mosquitoes (culex tarsalis and others). clinical manifestations include headache and influenza-like symptoms followed by alterations in mentation, seizures, and coma. death occurs in a minority of cases. survivors may recover fully or be left with residual neurologic dysfunction, including parkinsonism, postencephalitic. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1996, ch26, pp8-9)
Encephalomyocarditis virus: the type species of cardiovirus causing encephalomyelitis and myocarditis in rodents, pigs, and monkeys. infection in man has been reported with cns involvement but without myocarditis
Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform: a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cattle associated with abnormal prion proteins in the brain. affected animals develop excitability and salivation followed by ataxia. this disorder has been associated with consumption of scrapie infected ruminant derived protein. this condition may be transmitted to humans, where it is referred to as variant or new variant creutzfeldt-jakob syndrome. (vet rec 1998 jul 25;143(41):101-5)
Enchondromatosis: benign growths of cartilage in the metaphyses of several bones
Encyclopedia: work containing informational articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject
Encyclopedias as Topic: discussion of works containing information articles on subjects in various fields of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (from the ala glossary of library and information science, 1983)
End Stage Liver Disease: final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and liver transplantation is needed
Endangered Species: an animal or plant species in danger of extinction. causes can include human activity, changing climate, or change in predator/prey ratios
Endarterectomy: surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. when reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy
Endarterectomy, Carotid: the excision of the thickened, atheromatous tunica intima of a carotid artery
Endarteritis: inflammation of the inner endothelial lining (tunica intima) of an artery
Endemic Diseases: the constant presence of diseases or infectious agents within a given geographic area or population group. it may also refer to the usual prevalence of a given disease with such area or group. it includes holoendemic and hyperendemic diseases. a holoendemic disease is one for which a high prevalent level of infection begins early in life and affects most of the child population, leading to a state of equilibrium such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less commonly than do children (malaria in many communities is a holoendemic disease). a hyperendemic disease is one that is constantly present at a high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all groups equally. (last, a dictionary of epidemiology, 3d ed, p53, 78, 80)
Endo-1,3(4)-beta-Glucanase: an endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,3- or 1,4-linkages in beta-d-glucans. this enzyme specifically acts on sites where reducing glucose residues are substituted at the 3 position
Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases: enzymes which catalyze the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-d-xylosidic linkages in xylans
Endocannabinoids: fatty acid derivatives that have specificity for cannabinoid receptors. they are structurally distinct from cannabinoids and were originally discovered as a group of endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonists
Endocardial Cushion Defects: a spectrum of septal defects involving the atrial septum; ventricular septum; and the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid valve; bicuspid valve). these defects are due to incomplete growth and fusion of the endocardial cushions which are important in the formation of two atrioventricular canals, site of future atrioventricular valves
Endocardial Cushions: a fetal heart structure that is the bulging areas in the cardiac septum between the heart atria and the heart ventricles. during development, growth and fusion of endocardial cushions at midline forms the two atrioventricular canals, the sites for future tricuspid valve and bicuspid valve
Endocardial Fibroelastosis: a condition characterized by the thickening of endocardium due to proliferation of fibrous and elastic tissue, usually in the left ventricle leading to impaired cardiac function (cardiomyopathy, restrictive). it is most commonly seen in young children and rarely in adults. it is often associated with congenital heart anomalies (heart defects congenital;) infection; or gene mutation. defects in the tafazzin protein, encoded by taz gene, result in a form of autosomal dominant familial endocardial fibroelastosis
Endocarditis: inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (endocardium), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and heart valves. it is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening
Endocarditis, Bacterial: inflammation of the endocardium caused by bacteria that entered the bloodstream. the strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as congenital heart defects; heart valve diseases; heart valve prosthesis implantation; or intravenous drug use
Endocarditis, Non-Infective: formation of a non-infectious thrombus, referred to as vegetation, on previously undamaged endocardium. it usually occurs as a complication of connective-tissue diseases and cancers because of the associated hypercoagulable state (see thrombophilia)
Endocarditis, Subacute Bacterial: endocardium infection that is usually caused by streptococcus. subacute infective endocarditis evolves over weeks and months with modest toxicity and rare metastatic infection
Endocardium: the innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells
Endocrine Cells: secretory cells of the ductless glands. they secrete hormones directly into the blood circulation (internal secretion) to be carried to the target cells. the secreted chemicals can be peptides; steroids; neuropeptides; or biogenic amines
Endocrine Disruptors: exogenous agents, synthetic and naturally occurring, which are capable of disrupting the functions of the endocrine system including the maintenance of homeostasis and the regulation of developmental processes. endocrine disruptors are compounds that can mimic hormones, or enhance or block the binding of hormones to their receptors, or otherwise lead to activating or inhibiting the endocrine signaling pathways and hormone metabolism
Endocrine Gland Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the endocrine glands
Endocrine Glands: ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood circulation. these hormones influence the metabolism and other functions of cells in the body
Endocrine System: the system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. in addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems
Endocrine System Diseases: pathological processes of the endocrine glands, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available hormones
Endocrinology: a subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system
Endocytosis: cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. endosomes play a central role in endocytosis
Endodeoxyribonucleases: a group of enzymes catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of dna. they include members of ec 3.1.21.-, ec 3.1.22.-, ec 3.1.23.- (dna restriction enzymes), ec 3.1.24.- (dna restriction enzymes), and ec 3.1.25.-
Endodermal Sinus Tumor: an unusual and aggressive tumor of germ-cell origin that reproduces the extraembryonic structures of the early embryo. it is the most common malignant germ cell tumor found in children. it is characterized by a labyrinthine glandular pattern of flat epithelial cells and rounded papillary processes with a central capillary (schiller-duval body). the tumor is rarely bilateral. before the use of combination chemotherapy, the tumor was almost invariably fatal. (from devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 3d ed, p1189)
Endodontics: a dental specialty concerned with the maintenance of the dental pulp in a state of health and the treatment of the pulp cavity (pulp chamber and pulp canal)
Endodontists: dentists specializing in the treatment of injuries and diseases of the dental pulp
Endoflas F.S.: an endodontic sealer composed of zinc oxide (56.5%), barium sulfate (1.63%), iodoform (40.6%), calcium hydroxide (1.07%), eugenol and pentachlorophenol
Endogenous Retroviruses: retroviruses that have integrated into the germline (proviruses) that have lost infectious capability but retained the capability to transpose
Endoglin: a membrane glycoprotein and angiogenesis factor that is expressed by cells of the vascular endothelium; vascular smooth muscle; and monocytes. it functions as a co-receptor for transforming growth factor beta and modulates cell adhesion. mutations in the endoglin gene are associated with cases of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Endoleak: postoperative hemorrhage from an endovascular aortic aneurysm repaired with endoluminal placement of stent grafts (endovascular aneurysm repair). it is associated with pressurization, expansion, and eventual rupture of the aneurysm
Endolimax: a genus of ameboid protozoa found in the intestines of vertebrates and invertebrates
Endolimax: lat. prvok, améba, který se může vyskytovat v tlustém střevě. je nepatogenní nebo jen málo patogenní. velikost je cca 10 m, tvoří cysty. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Endolymph: the lymph fluid found in the membranous labyrinth of the ear. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Endolymphatic Duct: the part of the membranous labyrinth that traverses the bony vestibular aqueduct and emerges through the bone of posterior cranial fossa (cranial fossa, posterior) where it expands into a blind pouch called the endolymphatic sac
Endolymphatic Hydrops: an accumulation of endolymph in the inner ear (labyrinth) leading to buildup of pressure and distortion of intralabyrinthine structures, such as cochlea and semicircular canals. it is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss; tinnitus; and sometimes vertigo
Endolymphatic Sac: the blind pouch at the end of the endolymphatic duct. it is a storage reservoir for excess endolymph, formed by the blood vessels in the membranous labyrinth
Endolymphatic Shunt: surgical fistulization of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear with mastoid, subarachnoid or cochlear shunt. this procedure is used in the treatment of meniere disease
Endolyn: a sialomucin protein that functions as a cell adhesion molecule. it is a negative regulator of certain types of hematopoietic stem cells
Endomet: contains thimol iodine, zinc oxide, barium sulfate & magnesium
Endometrial Ablation Techniques: procedures used for the targeted destruction of the mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity
Endometrial Hyperplasia: benign proliferation of the endometrium in the uterus. endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. there are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant
Endometrial Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of endometrium, the mucous lining of the uterus. these neoplasms can be benign or malignant. their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells
Endometrial Stromal Tumors: neoplasms of the endometrial stroma that sometimes involve the myometrium. these tumors contain cells that may closely or remotely resemble the normal stromal cells. endometrial stromal neoplasms are divided into three categories: (1) benign stromal nodules; (2) low-grade stromal sarcoma, or endolymphatic stromal myosis; and (3) malignant endometrial stromal sarcoma (sarcoma, endometrial stromal)
Endometriosis: a condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the uterus. it is often confined to the pelvis involving the ovary, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum
Endometritis: inflammation of the endometrium, usually caused by intrauterine infections. endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever
Endometrium: the mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. the endometrium undergoes cyclic changes that characterize menstruation. after successful fertilization, it serves to sustain the developing embryo
Endomyces: a genus of ascomycetous yeast in the family endomycetaceae, order saccharomycetales. they have been described as ascus-bearing parasites of basidiocarps, the fruiting bodies of basidiomycota
Endomyces: rod vřeckovýtrusných kvasinek čeledi endomycetaceae, řádu saccharomycetales. parazitují na basidiokarpech, plodnicích stopkovýtrusých hub
Endomyocardial Fibrosis: a condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular endocardium and subendocardium (myocardium), seen mostly in children and young adults in the tropical climate. the fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the heart valves causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (cardiomyopathy, restrictive)
Endonucleases: enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the internal bonds and thereby the formation of polynucleotides or oligonucleotides from ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide chains. ec 3.1.-
Endopeptidase Clp: an atp-dependent protease found in prokaryotes, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. it is a soluble multisubunit complex that plays a role in the degradation of many abnormal proteins
Endopeptidase K: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of keratin, and of other proteins with subtilisin-like specificity. it hydrolyses peptide amides. endopeptidase k is from the mold tritirachium album limber. (enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 3.4.21.64
Endopeptidases: a subclass of peptide hydrolases that catalyze the internal cleavage of peptides or proteins
Endophenotypes: measurable biological (physiological, biochemical, and anatomical features), behavioral (psychometric pattern) or cognitive markers that are found more often in individuals with a disease than in the general population. because many endophenotypes are present before the disease onset and in individuals with heritable risk for disease such as unaffected family members, they can be used to help diagnose and search for causative genes
Endophthalmitis: suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection
Endophytes: an endosymbiont that is either a bacterium or fungus living part of its life in a plant. endophytes can benefit host plants by preventing pathogenic organisms from colonizing them
Endoplasmic Reticulum: a system of cisternae in the cytoplasm of many cells. in places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (cell membrane) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. if the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (endoplasmic reticulum, rough); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (endoplasmic reticulum, smooth). (king & stansfield, a dictionary of genetics, 4th ed)
Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP: an endoplasmic reticulum specific chaperone of the hsp70 family. they are involved in folding and oligomerization of secreted and membrane proteins and endoplasmic reticulum stress related unfolded protein response
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: various physiological or molecular disturbances that impair endoplasmic reticulum function. it triggers many responses, including unfolded protein response, which may lead to apoptosis; and autophagy
Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough: a type of endoplasmic reticulum (er) where polyribosomes are present on the cytoplasmic surfaces of the er membranes. this form of er is prominent in cells specialized for protein secretion and its principal function is to segregate proteins destined for export or intracellular utilization
Endoplasmic Reticulum, Smooth: a type of endoplasmic reticulum lacking associated ribosomes on the membrane surface. it exhibits a wide range of specialized metabolic functions including supplying enzymes for steroid synthesis, detoxification, and glycogen breakdown. in muscle cells, smooth endoplasmic reticulum is called sarcoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation: a degradation process whereby incorrectly folded proteins are selectively transported out of the endoplasmic reticulum and into the cytosol. the misfolded proteins are subsequently ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome
Endoreduplication: a type of nuclear polyploidization in which multiple cycles of dna replication occur in the absence of cell division and result in a polyploid cell
Endoresin-2: contains poly(methyl methacrylate), barium sulfate, methyl methacrylate & tributylborane
Endoribonucleases: a family of enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of rna. it includes ec 3.1.26.-, ec 3.1.27.-, ec 3.1.30.-, and ec 3.1.31.-
Endorphins: one of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. they are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. the known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. the term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group
Endoscopes: instruments for the visual examination of interior structures of the body. there are rigid endoscopes and flexible fiberoptic endoscopes for various types of viewing in endoscopy
Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal: instruments for the visual examination of the interior of the gastrointestinal tract
Endoscopic Mucosal Resection: a method for removing lesions from gastrointestinal mucous membranes. the mucosal tissue with the lesion is elevated by injecting a solution into the submucosal layer underneath it. the elevated tissue with the lesion is then cut out
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration: conducting a fine needle biopsy with the aid of endoscopic ultrasonography
Endoscopy: procedures of applying endoscopes for disease diagnosis and treatment. endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body
Endoscopy, Digestive System: endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the digestive tract
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal: endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the gastrointestinal tract
Endosolv R: an endodontic solvent recommended for use in softening phenolic-type resin fillings; appeared to become incorporated into the paste softening it without actually dissolving it
Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport: a set of protein subcomplexes involved in protein sorting of ubiquitinated proteins into intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies and in membrane scission during formation of intraluminal vesicles, during the final step of cytokinesis, and during the budding of enveloped viruses. the escrt machinery is comprised of the protein products of class e vacuolar protein sorting genes
Endosomes: cytoplasmic vesicles formed when coated vesicles shed their clathrin coat. endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface
Endosonography: ultrasonography of internal organs using an ultrasound transducer sometimes mounted on a fiberoptic endoscope. in endosonography the transducer converts electronic signals into acoustic pulses or continuous waves and acts also as a receiver to detect reflected pulses from within the organ. an audiovisual-electronic interface converts the detected or processed echo signals, which pass through the electronics of the instrument, into a form that the technologist can evaluate. the procedure should not be confused with endoscopy which employs a special instrument called an endoscope. the endo- of endosonography refers to the examination of tissue within hollow organs, with reference to the usual ultrasonography procedure which is performed externally or transcutaneously