NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Fuhrmann syndrome: bowing of the femurs, aplasia or hypoplasia of the fibula, and digital anomalies; fibular aplasia or hypoplasia, femoral bowing and poly-, syn-, and oligodactyly
Fuji II LC EM: a fluoro-alumino-silicate glass powder and a methacrylic acid ester, polyacrylic acid solution
Fuji II LC cement: composed of glass-ionomer cement and light-hardened resin
Fuji II LC cement improved: an improved visible light-cured resin-modified glass ionomer cement
Fuji Ortho: a self-curing, resin-reinforced glass ionomer that provides all the benefits of the light-cured version; the main component is finely ground fluoralumino-silicate glass; similar to fuji ortho lc
Fuji Ortho LC: a resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement; used for bonding orthodontic brackets; composed of fluoroaluminosilicate glass, polyacrylic acid, water, monomer, and an activator; similar to fuji ortho
Fuji glass-ionomer lining cement: rn given refers to fuji glass-ionomer lining cement
Fukushima Nuclear Accident: nuclear power accident that occurred following the tohoku-kanto earthquake of march 11, 2011 in the northern region of japan
Fullerenes: a polyhedral carbon structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. they are named after buckminster fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere
Fulvestrant: an estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer
Fumarate Hydratase: an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumaric acid to yield l-malic acid. it is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. ec 4.2.1.2
Fumaria: a plant genus of the family fumariaceae that contains fumariline and other isoquinoline alkaloids
Fumaria: rod rostlin čeledi papaveraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují fumarilin a další isochinolinové alkaloidy
Fumariaceae: podčeleď zěmědýmovité patří do řádu pryskyřníkotvaré (ranunculalae, též papaverales - makotvaré), podtřídy magnoliidae, třídy magnoliopsida (nižší dvouděložné rostliny). květy jsou oboupohlavní, mají dva malé kališní lístky a čtyři okvětní lístky, jeden pestík a šest tyčinek
Fumariaceae: the fumitory, or bleeding-heart plant family of the order papaverales, subclass magnoliidae, class magnoliopsida. flowers are bisexual, with two small sepals and four petals, one pistil and six stamens
Fumigation: the application of smoke, vapor, or gas for the purpose of disinfecting or destroying pests or microorganisms
Fumonisins: a group of mycotoxins found in corn contaminated with fusarium fungus. they are chains of about 20 carbons with acidic ester, acetylamino and sometimes other substituents. they inhibit ceramide synthetase conversion of sphingolipids to ceramides
Functional Food: components of the usual diet that may provide health benefits beyond basic nutrients. examples of functional foods include soy, nuts, chocolate, and cranberries (from nccam backgrounder, march 2004, p3)
Functional Laterality: behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot
Functional Medicine: the clinical application of systems biology, that focuses on identifying the underlying drivers of a patient's disease and addressing, through personalized therapeutic interventions, those root causes of the disease
Functional Neuroimaging: methods for visualizing regional blood flow, metabolic, electrical, or other physiological activities in the central nervous system using various imaging modalities
Functional Residual Capacity: the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. it is the sum of the residual volume and the expiratory reserve volume. common abbreviation is frc
Functional Status: ability regarding basic physical and cognitive activities such as walking or reaching, focusing attention, and communicating, as well as the routine activities of daily living, including eating, bathing, dressing, transferring, and toileting; and life situations such as school or play for children and, for adults, work outside the home or maintaining a household. (from https://www.ncvhs.hhs.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/010617rp.pdf)
Fund Raising: usually organized community efforts to raise money to promote financial programs of institutions. the funds may include individual gifts
Fundoplication: mobilization of the lower end of the esophagus and plication of the fundus of the stomach around it (fundic wrapping) in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux that may be associated with various disorders, such as hiatal hernia. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Fundulidae: family of small, surface-dwelling fish that inhabit fresh and brackish waters, and coastal marine areas
Fundulidae: čeleď většinou malých ryb, které žijí ve sladkých a brakických vodách a v mořských pobřežních oblastech
Fundulus heteroclitus: a killifish species in topminnows genus fundulus which is native to atlantic saltwater marshes and tidal creeks. it is commonly known as mummichog or atlantic killifish. fundulus heteroclitus is a model organism for toxicogenomics and related fields because of its high resistance to environmental toxins; short intervals between spawning (10 days); large number of eggs (up to 300 each spawning) and relatively long lifespan (4 years)
Fundulus heteroclitus: druh ryby z rodu fundulus, který žije v atlantských slaných bažinách a brakických a pobřežních vodách. fundulus heteroclitus je modelovým organismem pro toxikogenomiku a příbuzné obory díky své vysoké odolnosti vůči toxinům prostředí, krátkým intervalům mezi třením (10 dní), velkému počtu jiker (až 300 při každém tření) a relativně dlouhému životu (4 roky)
Fundus Albipunctatus: two types of flecked retina disease; mutation in the rlbp1 gene has been shown to cause fundus albipunctatus and retinitis punctata albescens
Fundus Oculi: the concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (cline et al., dictionary of visual science, 4th ed)
Funeral Homes: facilities for the preparation of the dead for burial or cremation, for the viewing of the body, and for funeral services
Funeral Sermon: work consisting of sermons delivered at ceremonies for a dead person prior to burial or cremation. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Fungal Capsules: an extracellular layer outside the cell wall of a fungus composed of polysaccharides. it may serve a protective role amongst others
Fungal Genus Humicola: a genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family chaetomiaceae, order sordariales, and phylum ascomycota. humicola fungi develop lateral conidia and form minimally developed or no conidiophores
Fungal Genus Venturia: a genus of fungi in the family venturiaceae, order venturiales, and phylum ascomycota. venturia fungi are ascomycetes and causative agents for plant fungal diseases such as apple scab caused by venturia inaequalis
Fungal Polysaccharides: cell wall components constituting a polysaccharide core found in fungi. they may act as antigens or structural substrates
Fungal Vaccines: suspensions of attenuated or killed fungi administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious fungal disease
Fungemia: the presence of fungi circulating in the blood. opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy
Fungi: a kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including mushrooms; yeasts; smuts, molds, etc. they reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies
Fungi, Unclassified: fungi whose taxonomic relationships have not been authoritatively established
Fungicides, Industrial: chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc
Funnel Chest: a developmental anomaly in which the lower sternum is posteriorly dislocated and concavely deformed, resulting in a funnel-shaped thorax
Fur Seals: a group comprised of several species of eared seals found in two genera, in the family otariidae. in comparison to sea lions, they have an especially dense wooly undercoat
Fura-2: a fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues
Furagin: nitrofuran derivative anti-infective agent used for urinary tract infections
Furaldehyde: a heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group
Furans: compounds with a 5-membered ring of four carbons and an oxygen. they are aromatic heterocycles. the reduced form is tetrahydrofuran
Furazolidone: a nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514)
Furcation Defects: conditions in which a bifurcation or trifurcation of the molar tooth root becomes denuded as a result of periodontal disease. it may be followed by tooth mobility, temperature sensitivity, pain, and alveolar bone resorption
Furin: a proprotein convertase with specificity for the proproteins of proalbumin; complement 3c; and von willebrand factor. it has specificity for cleavage near paired arginine residues that are separated by two amino acids
Furocoumarins: polycyclic compounds consisting of a furan ring fused with coumarin. they commonly occur in plants, especially umbelliferae and rutaceae, as well as psoralea
Furosemide: a benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. it is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for edema and chronic renal insufficiency
Fursultiamin: compound used for therapy of thiamine deficiency. it has also been suggested for several non-deficiency disorders but has not yet proven useful
Furukawa Takagi Nakao syndrome: hereditary muscular atrophy with ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, and diabetes mellitus
Furunculosis: a persistent skin infection marked by the presence of furuncles, often chronic and recurrent. in humans, the causative agent is various species of staphylococcus. in salmonid fish (salmonids), the pathogen is aeromonas salmonicida
Furunculous myiasis: myiasis caused by the larvae of dermatobia hominis, a fly species endemic to central and south america
Furylfuramide: used formerly as antimicrobial food additive. it causes mutations in many cell cultures and may be carcinogenic
Fusaric Acid: a picolinic acid derivative isolated from various fusarium species. it has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. it probably inhibits dopamine beta-hydroxylase, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. it may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and dna synthesis
Fusariosis: opportunistic infections with the soil fungus fusarium. typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (onychomycosis). the infection can however become systemic especially in an immunocompromised host (e.g., neutropenia) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, keratitis, and pulmonary infections
Fusarium: a mitosporic hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. teleomorphs include gibberella
Fusarium: rod mitosporických hub řádu hypocreales, jehož zástupci jsou významnými parazity rostlin a řady obratlovců. teleomorfním rodem je gibberella
Fused Teeth: two teeth united during development by the union of their tooth germs; the teeth may be joined by the enamel of their crowns, by their root dentin, or by both
Fused-Ring Compounds: polycyclic compounds with adjacent rings that share the same two adjacent atoms
Fuselloviridae: a family of lemon-shaped dna viruses infecting archaea
Fuselloviridae: čeleď archeálních dna virů tvaru citronu
Fushi Tarazu Transcription Factors: fushi tarazu transcription factors were originally identified in drosophila. they are found throughout arthropods and play important roles in segmentation and central nervous system development
Fusidic Acid: an antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of fusidium coccineum. (from merck index, 11th ed). it acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis
Fusion (silane derivative): dental bonding system consisting of bondlite & command ultrafine
Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl: translation products of a fusion gene derived from chromosomal translocation of c-abl genes to the genetic locus of the breakpoint cluster region gene on chromosome 22. several different variants of the bcr-abl fusion proteins occur depending upon the precise location of the chromosomal breakpoint. these variants can be associated with distinct subtypes of leukemias such as precursor cell lymphoblastic leukemia-lymphoma; leukemia, myelogenous, chronic, bcr-abl positive; and neutrophilic leukemia, chronic
Fusion Proteins, gag-onc: general name for the translation products of a fusion mrna consisting of a gag gene and a viral oncogene (v-onc). these products are thought to have the ability to transform cells
Fusion Proteins, gag-pol: polyprotein products of a fused portion of retroviral mrna containing the gag and pol genes. the polyprotein is synthesized only five percent of the time since pol is out of frame with gag, and is generated by ribosomal frameshifting
Fusion Regulatory Protein 1, Heavy Chain: a transmembrane glycoprotein subunit that can dimerize with a variety of light chain subunits such as slc7a5; slc7a6, and 4f2 light chains. this protein subunit serves a diverse array of functions including amino acid transport and cell fusion. its function is altered depending which of the light chain subunits it interacts with
Fusion Regulatory Protein 1, Light Chains: a family of light chains that bind to fusion regulatory protein 1, heavy chain to form a heterodimer. they convey functional specificity to the protein
Fusion Regulatory Protein-1: a heterodimeric protein that is a cell surface antigen associated with lymphocyte activation. the initial characterization of this protein revealed one identifiable heavy chain (fusion regulatory protein 1, heavy chain) and an indeterminate smaller light chain. it is now known that a variety of light chain subunits (fusion regulatory protein 1, light chains) can dimerize with the heavy chain. depending upon its light chain composition a diverse array of functions can be found for this protein. functions include: type l amino acid transport, type y+l amino acid transport and regulation of cellular fusion
Fusobacteria: a phylum of anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria with a chemoorganotrophic heterotrophic metabolism. they are resident flora of the oropharynx
Fusobacteria: kmen anaerobních, gramnegativních bakterií s chemoorganotrofním, heterotrofním metabolismem
Fusobacteriaceae Infections: infections with bacteria of the family fusobacteriaceae, in the order fusobacterales, phylum fusobacteria
Fusobacterium: a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in cavities of humans and other animals. no endospores are formed. some species are pathogenic and occur in various purulent or gangrenous infections
Fusobacterium: rod gramnegativních, anaerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které se vyskytují v tělních dutinách člověka a zvířat. netvoří endospory. některé druhy jsou patogenní a nalézají se při různých hnisavých nebo gangrenózních infekcích
Fusobacterium necrophorum: a species of gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacteria isolated from the natural cavities of man and other animals and from necrotic lesions, abscesses, and blood
Fusobacterium necrophorum: druh gramnegativní, nesporulující bakterie izolované z přirozených tělních dutin člověka a zvířat a z nekrotických lézí, abscesů a krve
Fusobacterium nucleatum: a species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the gingival margin and sulcus and from infections of the upper respiratory tract and pleural cavity
Fusobacterium nucleatum: druh gramnegativní, anaerobní, tyčinkovité bakterie izolované z okrajů dásní a dásňového žlábku a z klinického materiálu při infekcích horních cest dýchacích a pleurální dutiny
Futur Acryl 2000: an acrylic resin used as a soft denture material
Fuzzy Logic: approximate, quantitative reasoning that is concerned with the linguistic ambiguity which exists in natural or synthetic language. at its core are variables such as good, bad, and young as well as modifiers such as more, less, and very. these ordinary terms represent fuzzy sets in a particular problem. fuzzy logic plays a key role in many medical expert systems
G 338: general composition: sio2, al2o3, alf3, caf2, na3alf6 & alpo4; reacts with poly(acrylic)acid
G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels: a family of inwardly-rectifying potassium channels that are activated by pertussis toxin sensitive g-protein-coupled receptors. girk potassium channels are primarily activated by the complex of gtp-binding protein beta subunits and gtp-binding protein gamma subunits
G(M1) Ganglioside: a specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of gm1-b-galactosidase, resulting in gm1 gangliosidosis
G(M2) Activator Protein: an essential cofactor for the degradation of g(m2)ganglioside by lysosomal beta-n-acetylhexosaminidases. genetic mutations resulting in loss of g(m2) activator protein are one of the causes of tay-sachs disease, ab variant
G(M2) Ganglioside: a glycosphingolipid that accumulates due to a deficiency of hexosaminidase a or b (beta-n-acetylhexosaminidases), or gm2 activator protein, resulting in gangliosidoses, heredity metabolic disorders that include tay-sachs disease and sandhoff disease
G(M2) aktivátorový protein: esenciální kofaktor pro degradaci g(m2) gangliosidu lyzozomálními beta-n-acetylhexosaminidázami. genetické mutace vedoucí ke ztrátě g(m2) aktivátorového proteinu jsou jednou z příčin tay-sachsovy nemoci - varianty ab
G(M3) Ganglioside: a ganglioside present in abnormally large amounts in the brain and liver due to a deficient biosynthetic enzyme, g(m3):udp-n-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. deficiency of this enzyme prevents the formation of g(m2) ganglioside from g(m3) ganglioside and is the cause of an anabolic sphingolipidosis
G-Box Binding Factors: a family of transcription factors found primarily in plants that bind to the g-box dna sequence cacgtg or to a consensus sequence canntg
G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 1: a protein-serine-threonine kinase that is found in photoreceptor cells. it mediates light-dependent phosphorylation of rhodopsin and plays an important role in phototransduction
G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2: a ubiquitously expressed g-protein-coupled receptor kinase subtype that has specificity for the agonist-occupied form of beta-adrenergic receptors. it may play an essential role in regulating myocardial contractile response
G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 3: a ubiquitously expressed g-protein-coupled receptor kinase subtype that has specificity for the agonist-occupied form of beta-adrenergic receptors and a variety of other g-protein-coupled receptors. although it is highly homologous to g-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2, it is not considered to play an essential role in regulating myocardial contractile response
G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 4: a g-protein-coupled receptor kinase subtype that is primarily expressed in the testes and brain. variants of this subtype exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its mrna
G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 5: a g-protein-coupled receptor kinase subtype that is primarily expressed in the myocardium and may play a role in the regulation of cardiac functions
G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases: a family of serine-threonine kinases that are specific for g-protein-coupled receptors. they are regulatory proteins that play a role in g-protein-coupled receptor densensitization
G-Quadruplexes: higher-order dna and rna structures formed from guanine-rich sequences. they are formed around a core of at least 2 stacked tetrads of hydrogen-bonded guanine bases. they can be formed from one two or four separate strands of dna (or rna) and can display a wide variety of topologies, which are a consequence of various combinations of strand direction, length, and sequence. (from nucleic acids res. 2006;34(19):5402-15)
G-kvadruplexy: typ sekundární struktury nukleových kyselin. tvoří se v oblastech dna a rna bohatých na guanin. spojením čtyř guaninových bází hoogsteenovým párováním vznikne guaninová tetráda. navrstvením několika takových tetrád nad sebou pak vzniká trojrozměrný g-kvadruplex. podle počtu a orientace vláken rozlišujeme několik typů g-kvadruplexů
G0 fáze: g0 fáze je částí buněčného cyklu. jde o klidovou neaktivní fázi, do které část buněk přechází z g1 fáze. buňka v g0 fázi může přetrvávat až do své smrti, nebo může za určitých podmínek přejít zpět do aktivních forem buněčného cyklu. (štefánek, jiří. medicína, nemoci, studium na 1. lf uk [online]. © 2011 [cit. 2.12.2021]. dostupné z: https://www.stefajir.cz/s-faze)
G1 Phase: the period of the cell cycle preceding dna replication in s phase. subphases of g1 include competence (to respond to growth factors), g1a (entry into g1), g1b (progression), and g1c (assembly). progression through the g1 subphases is effected by limiting growth factors, nutrients, or inhibitors
G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints: regulatory signaling systems that control the progression of the cell cycle through the g1 phase and allow transition to s phase when the cells are ready to undergo dna replication. dna damage, or the deficiencies in specific cellular components or nutrients may cause the cells to halt before progressing through g1 phase
G1 fáze: období buněčného cyklu navazující na mitózu. označení je odvozeno z anglického growth (růst), protože buňka, která právě prošla dělením, nyní potřebuje dosáhnout původní velikosti buňky mateřské. tato fáze je zpravidla nejdelším úsekem buněčného cyklu. v buňce probíhá intenzivní sestavování nových organel vyžadující syntézu mnoha proteinů, jak strukturních, tak i enzymů a regulačních proteinů. trvání g1 fáze závisí na dostupnosti živin a koncentraci růstových faktorů v okolí buňky. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2021 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
G2 Phase: the period of the cell cycle following dna synthesis (s phase) and preceding m phase (cell division phase). the chromosomes are tetraploid in this point
G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints: cell cycle regulatory signaling systems that are triggered by dna damage or lack of nutrients during g2 phase. when triggered they restrain cells transitioning from g2 phase to m phase
G2 fáze: g2 fáze je částí buněčného cyklu. hovoříme o ni jako o přípravné fázi, která následuje po s fázi. během g2 fáze se dokončují přípravy na buněčné dělení a g2 fáze tak končí mitózou. přechod do mitózy může být v průběhu g2 fáze zablokován vedlejším kontrolním uzlem buněčného cyklu. (štefánek, jiří. medicína, nemoci, studium na 1. lf uk [online]. © 2011 [cit. 2.12.2021]. dostupné z: https://www.stefajir.cz/s-faze)
G2-S16 compound: has anti-hiv activity; blocks hiv-1 transmission; has
G3 PAMAM-NH2 dendrimer-modified digoxin: digoxin conjugated to a generation 3 of polyamidoamine dendrimer (g3 pamam-nh2)
G3 PAMAM-NH2 dendrimer-modified proscillaridin A: proscillaridin a conjugated to a generation 3 of polyamidoamine dendrimer (g3 pamam-nh2)
GA-Binding Protein Transcription Factor: a heterotetrameric transcription factor composed of two distinct proteins. its name refers to the fact it binds to dna sequences rich in guanine and adenine. ga-binding protein integrates a variety of signal transduction pathways and regulates expression of genes involved in cell cycle control, protein biosynthesis, and cellular metabolism
GABA: hlavní inhibiční neurotransmiter centrálního nervového systému
GABA Agents: substances used for their pharmacological actions on gabaergic systems. gabaergic agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function
GABA Agonists: endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors (receptors, gaba)
GABA Antagonists: drugs that bind to but do not activate gaba receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid and gaba receptor agonists
GABA Modulators: substances that do not act as agonists or antagonists but do affect the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-ionophore complex. gaba-a receptors (receptors, gaba-a) appear to have at least three allosteric sites at which modulators act: a site at which benzodiazepines act by increasing the opening frequency of gamma-aminobutyric acid-activated chloride channels; a site at which barbiturates act to prolong the duration of channel opening; and a site at which some steroids may act. general anesthetics probably act at least partly by potentiating gabaergic responses, but they are not included here
GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins: a family of plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporter proteins that regulates extracellular levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid. they differ from gaba receptors, which signal cellular responses to gamma-aminobutyric acid. they control gaba reuptake into presynaptic terminals in the central nervous system through high-affinity sodium-dependent transport
GABA Uptake Inhibitors: compounds that suppress or block the plasma membrane transport of gamma-aminobutyric acid by gaba plasma membrane transport proteins
GABA agonisté: endogenní sloučeniny a léky, které se vážou na receptory kyseliny gamma-aminomáselné (receptory gaba) a aktivují je
GABA antagonisté: léky, které se vážou na receptory gaba, ale neaktivují je, čímž blokují účinky endogenní kyseliny gama-aminomáselné a agonistů receptorů gaba
GABA modulátory: látky, které nepůsobí jako agonisté nebo antagonisté, ale ovlivňují komplex receptor-ionofor kyseliny gama-aminomáselné. zdá se, že receptory gaba-a mají nejméně tři alosterická místa, na která působí modulátory: místo, na které působí benzodiazepiny tím, že zvyšují frekvenci otevírání chloridových kanálů aktivovaných kyselinou aminomáselnou; místo, na které působí barbituráty, které prodlužují dobu otevření kanálů; a místo, na které mohou působit některé steroidy. celková anestetika pravděpodobně působí alespoň částečně tak, že potencují gabaergní reakce, ale nejsou sem zahrnuta
GABA-A Receptor Agonists: endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate gaba-a receptors
GABA-A Receptor Antagonists: drugs that bind to but do not activate gaba-a receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous gaba-a receptor agonists
GABA-B Receptor Agonists: endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate gaba-b receptors
GABA-B Receptor Antagonists: drugs that bind to but do not activate gaba-b receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous gaba-b receptor agonists
GABAergic Neurons: neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is gamma-aminobutyric acid
GABAergní látky: látky používané pro své farmakologické účinky na gabaergní systémy. gabaergní látky zahrnují agonisty, antagonisty, inhibitory degradace nebo vychytávání, depletory, prekurzory a modulátory funkce receptorů
GABAergní neurony: neurony, jejichž primárním neurotransmiterem je gaba (kyselina gama-aminomáselná)
GADD45 Proteins: nuclear proteins that act as critical stress sensors that mediate various cellular responses, including dna repair; cell cycle arrest; and apoptosis
GAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of gemcitabine (deoxycytine/aa) & above compounds; used in the treatment of peritoneal cancers
GAP-43 Protein: a nervous tissue specific protein which is highly expressed in neurons during development and nerve regeneration. it has been implicated in neurite outgrowth, long-term potentiation, signal transduction, and neurotransmitter release. (from neurotoxicology 1994;15(1):41-7) it is also a substrate of protein kinase c
GAR-transformylasa: enzym, který katalyzuje přenos formylové skupiny z n10-formyltetrahydrofolátu na n1-(5-fosfo-d-ribozyl)glycinamid za vzniku n2-formyl-n1-(5-fosfo-d-ribozyl)glycinamidu a tetrahydrofolátu. hraje roli v dráze biosyntézy purinů de novo
GATA Transcription Factors: a family of transcription factors that contain two zinc finger motifs and bind to the dna sequence (a/t)gata(a/g)
GATA1 Transcription Factor: a gata transcription factor that is specifically expressed in hematopoietic lineages and plays an important role in the cell differentiation of erythroid cells and megakaryocytes
GATA2 Deficiency: a rare disorder of the immune system with wide-ranging effects which include gata2 transcription factor dysfunction, immunodeficiency, myelodysplastic syndrome (ineffective blood cell production), lung disease, and problems of the vascular and lymphatic system
GATA2 Transcription Factor: an essential gata transcription factor that is expressed primarily in hematopoietic stem cells
GATA3 Transcription Factor: a gata transcription factor that is found predominately in lymphoid cell precursors and has been implicated in the cell differentiation of helper t-cells. haploinsufficiency of gata3 is associated with hypoparathyroidism; sensorineural hearing loss; and renal anomalies syndrome
GATA4 Transcription Factor: a gata transcription factor that is expressed in the myocardium of developing heart and has been implicated in the differentiation of cardiac myocytes. gata4 is activated by phosphorylation and regulates transcription of cardiac-specific genes
GATA5 Transcription Factor: a gata transcription factor that is expressed predominately in smooth muscle cells and is involved in the cell differentiation of cardiac myocytes. in the developing heart, gata5 becomes restricted to the endocardium and regulates transcription of genes such as cardiac troponin c
GATA6 Transcription Factor: a gata transcription factor that is expressed predominately in smooth muscle cells and regulates vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation
GB virus A: a species of virus in the family flaviviridae, that have been identified in at least six species of new world monkeys. they do not cause hepatitis in the host or other susceptible species
GB virus B: a species of virus (tentatively placed in the genus hepacivirus) in the family flaviviridae, that was recovered from a tamarin monkey, but may have been of human origin. it causes hepatitis in several species of new world monkeys
GB virus C: a species of virus in the family flaviviridae. it is genetically heterogeneous, of human origin, and transmitted by blood or blood products. despite its alternate name (hepatitis g virus), its pathogenicity remains controversial
GB9N ceramic: a surface-treated glass ceramic gb9n with crystalline phase ca(2)kna(po(4))(2) and a small amount of amorphous silica phosphate
GC Rich Sequence: a nucleic acid sequence that contains an above average number of guanine and cytosine bases
GC Self-conditioner: a no-rinse self-etching conditioner designed for use with resin-modified glass ionomer cements
GC bohatá sekvence: nukleotidová sekvence, která má nadprůměrný obsah guaninových a cytosinových nukleotidů
GC13 ceramic: a non-bioactive glass-ceramic that contains hydroxyapatitie, diopside, and althausite
GDP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds, including gemcitabine, for treating relapsed or refractory hodgkin's disease
GEMIA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of acute myeloid leukemia
GEN-1: a nanoparticle composed of a dna plasmid encoding il12 gene and a synthetic polymer for facilitating plasmid delivery
GET protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of gemcitabine (deoxycytidine/aa) and other above cpds; used for the treatment of advanced breast cancer
GH3 protein, soybean: the gh3 promoter drives auxin-induced & tissue specific glucuronidase expression
GHVF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of glyciphosphoramide; fluorouracil, vincristine & homoharringtonine; used in the therapy of breast cancer
GI270384X: a methyl-capped polyethylene glycol derivative of (e)-4-1,3-bis-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-9h-purin-8-yl for the treatment of experimental colitis
GIMEMA ALL 0394: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of acute leukemia
GIMEMA LAL 0288 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia
GIP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of gemcitabine (deoxycytine/aa) & above compounds; used in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer
GMA-EDMA: copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate & ethylene dimethacrylate; used for enzyme immobilization
GMN56 protein, Glycine max: homologous to isopropylmalate synthase and homocitrate synthase; isolated from soybean root nodules; amino acid ; genbank d38015
GMP Reductase: an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of inosine 5'-phosphate (imp) to guanosine 5'-phosphate (gmp) in the presence of ammonia and nadp+. this enzyme was formerly classified as ec 1.6.6.8
GMP-reduktasa: enzym, který za přítomnosti amoniaku a nadp+ katalyzuje reverzibilní oxidaci inosin-5'-fosfátu (imp) na guanosin-5'-fosfát (gmp). tento enzym byl dříve klasifikován jako ec 1.6.6.8
GMR1 protein, soybean: has homology to ypt/rab family of gtp-binding proteins; from soybean
GOLF protocol: cytotoxic regimen with gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, leucovorin, and fluorouracil inducing high levels of necrosis and apoptosis in colon carcinoma cells
GPI-Linked Proteins: a subclass of lipid-linked proteins that contain a glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage which holds them to the cell membrane
GRADE Approach: a common, sensible, structured and transparent approach to grading quality (or certainty) of evidence and strength of recommendations developed by the grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation (short grade) working group
GRB10 Adaptor Protein: a binding partner for several receptor protein-tyrosine kinases, including insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor receptor. it contains a c-terminal sh2 domain and mediates various signal transduction pathways
GRB2 Adaptor Protein: a signal transducing adaptor protein that links extracellular signals to the map kinase signaling system. grb2 associates with activated epidermal growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptors via its sh2 domain. it also binds to and translocates the son of sevenless proteins through its sh3 domains to activate proto-oncogene protein p21(ras)
GRB7 Adaptor Protein: a sh2 domain-containing protein that mediates signal transduction pathways from multiple cell surface receptors, including the ephb1 receptor. it interacts with focal adhesion kinase and is involved in cell migration
GSD IV, Neuromuscular Form, Congenital: mutation in gbe1
GSD IV, Neuromuscular Form, Fatal Perinatal: mutation in gbe1
GT 1043: a carbohydrate polymer which reduces postlaminectomy peridural fibrosis in rabbits; no other info avail 7/93
GT 1587: a carbohydrate polymer which reduces postlaminectomy peridural fibrosis in rabbits; no other info avail 7/93
GTP Cyclohydrolase: (gtp cyclohydrolase i) or gtp 7,8-8,9-dihydrolase (pyrophosphate-forming) (gtp cyclohydrolase ii). an enzyme group that hydrolyzes the imidazole ring of gtp, releasing carbon-8 as formate. two c-n bonds are hydrolyzed and the pentase unit is isomerized. this is the first step in the synthesis of folic acid from gtp. ec 3.5.4.16 (gtp cyclohydrolase i) and ec 3.5.4.25 (gtp cyclohydrolase ii)
GTP Phosphohydrolase Activators: agents and factors that activate gtp phosphohydrolase activity
GTP Phosphohydrolase-Linked Elongation Factors: factors that utilize energy from the hydrolysis of gtp to gdp for peptide chain elongation. ec 3.6.1.-
GTP Phosphohydrolases: enzymes that hydrolyze gtp to gdp. ec 3.6.1.-
GTP Pyrophosphokinase: an enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the transfer of a pyrophosphate group from atp to the 3'-oh group of gdp or gtp with the formation of guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate or guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate and amp. the enzyme, also called stringent factor, is located in the rela gene in stringent strains of bacteria. the above synthesis is induced by mrna and uncharged trna which is bound to the aminoacyl-t-rna binding site of the ribosome by a codon-specific association. ec 2.7.6.5
GTP-Binding Protein Regulators: proteins that regulate the signaling activity of gtp-binding proteins. they are divided into three categories depending upon whether they stimulate gtpase activity (gtpase-activating proteins), inhibit release of gdp; (guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors); or exchange gtp for gdp; (guanine nucleotide exchange factors)
GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunit, Gi2: a pertussis toxin-sensitive gtp-binding protein alpha subunit. it couples with a variety of cell surface receptors, has been implicated in interleukin-12 production, and may play a role in inflammatory bowel diseases
GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits: the gtpase-containing subunits of heterotrimeric gtp-binding proteins. when dissociated from the heterotrimeric complex these subunits interact with a variety of second messenger systems. hydrolysis of gtp by the inherent gtpase activity of the subunit causes it to revert to its inactive (heterotrimeric) form. the gtp-binding protein alpha subunits are grouped into families according to the type of action they have on second messenger systems
GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13: a ubiquitously expressed family of heterotrimeric gtp-binding protein alpha subunits that signal through interactions with a variety of second messengers as gtpase-activating proteins; guanine nucleotide exchange factors; and heat shock proteins. the g12-g13 part of the name is also spelled g12/g13
GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go: a family of heterotrimeric gtp-binding protein alpha subunits that were originally identified by their ability to inhibit adenylyl cyclases. members of this family can couple to beta and gamma g-protein subunits that activate potassium channels. the gi-go part of the name is also spelled gi/go
GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11: a family of heterotrimeric gtp-binding protein alpha subunits that activate type c phospholipases dependent signaling pathways. the gq-g11 part of the name is also spelled gq/g11
GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs: a family of heterotrimeric gtp-binding protein alpha subunits that activate adenylyl cyclases
GTP-Binding Protein beta Subunits: heterotrimeric gtp-binding protein subunits that tightly associate with gtp-binding protein gamma subunits. a dimer of beta and gamma subunits is formed when the gtp-binding protein alpha subunit dissociates from the gtp-binding protein heterotrimeric complex. the beta-gamma dimer can play an important role in signal transduction by interacting with a variety of second messengers
GTP-Binding Protein gamma Subunits: heterotrimeric gtp-binding protein subunits that tightly associate with gtp-binding protein beta subunits. a dimer of beta and gamma subunits is formed when the gtp-binding protein alpha subunit dissociates from the gtp-binding protein heterotrimeric complex. the beta-gamma dimer can play an important role in signal transduction by interacting with a variety of second messengers
GTP-Binding Proteins: regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. they control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze gtp to gdp. ec 3.6.1.-
GTP-cyklohydrolasa: (gtp-cyklohydroláza i) nebo gtp 7,8-8,9-dihydroláza (tvořící pyrofosfát) (gtp-cyklohydroláza ii). skupina enzymů, která hydrolyzuje imidazolový kruh gtp za uvolnění uhlíku-8 jako mravenčanu. dochází k hydrolyzaci dvou vazeb c-n a izomerizaci pentózy. jedná se o první krok při syntéze kyseliny listové z gtp. ec 3.5.4.16 (gtp-cyklohydroláza i) a ec 3.5.4.25 (gtp-cyklohydroláza ii)
GTP-fosfohydrolasy: enzymy, které hydrolyzují gtp na gdp. ec 3.6.1.-
GTP-pyrofosfokinasa: enzym, který katalyzuje reverzibilní přenos pyrofosfátové skupiny z atp na 3'-oh skupinu gdp nebo gtp za vzniku guanosin-3',5'-difosfátu nebo guanosin-3'-difosfátu-5'-trifosfátu a amp. tento enzym, nazývaný také stringentní faktor, se nachází v genu rela u stringentních kmenů bakterií. výše uvedená syntéza je indukována mrna a nenabitou trna, která se váže kodonově specifickou vazbou na vazebné místo aminoacyl-t-rna ribozomu. ec 2.7.6.5
GTP-vazebné proteiny Rab27: gtp-vazebné proteiny spojené s membránami, melanozomy, lysozomy a pozdními endozomy. hrají roli při uvolňování cytotoxických sekrečních granul z lymfocytů a jsou nezbytné pro zrání granul, stejně jako pro dokování granul a priming na imunologických synapsích
GTP-vazebný protein rhoC: g-protein rho, který je na svém c-konci prenylován (viz prenylace proteinů) a cyklicky přechází mezi cytoplazmou a plazmatickou membránou, čímž propojuje receptorové signální dráhy se sestavováním fokálních adhezí, stresových vláken a tvorbou kontraktilních prstenců během cytokineze. je nadměrně exprimován v proliferujících a metastázujících nádorových buňkách
GTP-vázající protein RAC2: malý gtp-vázající protein rac, který tvoří jednu ze složek enzymového systému nadph-oxidázy
GTPase-Activating Proteins: proteins that activate the gtpase of specific gtp-binding proteins
GV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of gemcitabine (deoxycytidine/aa) & vinorelbine (vinblastine/aa) for the treatment of lung cancer
GVF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of glyciphosphoramide, vincristine & fluorouracil; used in the therapy of breast cancer
Gabapentin: a cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of partial seizures; neuralgia; and restless legs syndrome
Gabexate: a serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. the drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin
Gabon: a republic in west equatorial africa, south of cameroon and west of the congo. its capital is libreville
Gabon: stát na západním pobřeží afriky, rozkládá se po obou stranách rovníku. na severozápadě sousedí s rovníkovou guineou, na severu s kamerunem a na východě s republikou kongo. nezávislost na francii získal v roce 1960. hlavní město je libreville
Gadiformes: an order of fish including the families gadidae (cods), macrouridae (grenadiers), and hakes. the large gadidae family includes cod, haddock, whiting, and pollock
Gadiformes: řád ryb zahrnující například čeledi gadidae (treskovití) a macrouridae (hlavounovití)
Gadolinium: an element of the rare earth family of metals. it has the atomic symbol gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors
Gadolinium DTPA: a complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (dtpa see pentetic acid), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal mris. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)
Gadus morhua: a species of fish in the cod family gadidae, known as the atlantic cod. it is one of the most important commercial fishes
Gadus morhua: mořská ryba z čeledi treskovitých, která může dorůstat velikosti až 2 m a hmotnosti 90 kg. obývá chladné vody mírného pásma v severních oblastech atlantského oceánu, v oblastech se silným rybolovem, který v některých místech silně zdecimoval její přirozenou populaci. jedná se o hospodářsky nejvýznamnější mořskou rybu, která je hojně lovena. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Gaelic Football: a form of european football derived from traditional irish ball games. it has similarities to, but is distinct from, soccer and rugby
Gagging: contraction of the muscle of the pharynx caused by stimulation of sensory receptors on the soft palate, by psychic stimuli, or systemically by drugs
Gain of Function Mutation: a mutation that results in an increase in a gene's activity or in acquiring a new molecular function or a new pattern of gene expression
Gait Analysis: determination of the level of functional limitation that may be due to pathology, and evaluating rehabilitative intervention of the way in which the body moves from one point to another. most often, this is done by walking
Gait Apraxia: impaired ambulation not attributed to sensory impairment or motor weakness. frontal lobe disorders; basal ganglia diseases (e.g., parkinsonian disorders); dementia, multi-infarct; alzheimer disease; and other conditions may be associated with gait apraxia
Gait Ataxia: impairment of the ability to coordinate the movements required for normal ambulation (walking) which may result from impairments of motor function or sensory feedback. this condition may be associated with brain diseases (including cerebellar diseases and basal ganglia diseases); spinal cord diseases; or peripheral nervous system diseases
Gait Disorders, Neurologic: gait abnormalities that are a manifestation of nervous system dysfunction. these conditions may be caused by a wide variety of disorders which affect motor control, sensory feedback, and muscle strength including: central nervous system diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; neuromuscular diseases; or muscular diseases
Galactans: polysaccharides composed of repeating galactose units. they can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages
Galactitol: a naturally occurring product of plants obtained following reduction of galactose. it appears as a white crystalline powder with a slight sweet taste. it may form in excess in the lens of the eye in galactosemias, a deficiency of galactokinase
Galactocele: a milk-filled retention cyst beneath the areola that may occur in young women who are pregnant or breast feeding following the cessation of lactation. it may mimic tumors on imaging
Galactokinase: an enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the formation of galactose 1-phosphate and adp from atp and d-galactose. galactosamine can also act as the acceptor. a deficiency of this enzyme results in galactosemia. ec 2.7.1.6
Galactolipids: a group of glycolipids in which the sugar group is galactose. they are distinguished from glycosphingolipids in lacking nitrogen. they constitute the majority of membrane lipids in plants
Galactorrhea: excessive or inappropriate lactation in females or males, and not necessarily related to pregnancy. galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. its most common cause is hyperprolactinemia
Galactose: an aldohexose that occurs naturally in the d-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (galactose-1-phosphate uridyl-transferase deficiency disease) causes an error in galactose metabolism called galactosemia, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood
Galactose Dehydrogenases: d-galactose:nad(p)+ 1-oxidoreductases. catalyzes the oxidation of d-galactose in the presence of nad+ or nadp+ to d-galactono-gamma-lactone and nadh or nadph. includes ec 1.1.1.48 and ec 1.1.1.120
Galactose Oxidase: an enzyme that oxidizes galactose in the presence of molecular oxygen to d-galacto-hexodialdose. it is a copper protein. ec 1.1.3.9
Galactosemias: a group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of galactose in the blood. this condition may be associated with deficiencies of galactokinase; udpglucose-hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase; or udpglucose 4-epimerase. the classic form is caused by udpglucose-hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with failure to thrive; vomiting; and intracranial hypertension. affected individuals also may develop mental retardation; jaundice; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (primary ovarian insufficiency); and cataracts. (from menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)