NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Activin Receptors, Type II: one of the two types of activin receptors. they are membrane protein kinases belonging to the family of protein serine-threonine kinases. the major type ii activin receptors are actr-iia and actr-iib
Activins: activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. by acting locally, they stimulate pituitary fsh secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of inhibin-beta subunits
Activities of Daily Living: the performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, or eating
Activity Cycles: bouts of physical irritability or movement alternating with periods of quiescence. it includes biochemical activity and hormonal activity which may be cellular. these cycles are shorter than 24 hours and include sleep-wakefulness cycles and the periodic activation of the digestive system
Actomyosin: a protein complex of actin and myosins occurring in muscle. it is the essential contractile substance of muscle
Actuarial Analysis: the application of probability and statistical methods to calculate the risk of occurrence of any event, such as onset of illness, recurrent disease, hospitalization, disability, or death. it may include calculation of the anticipated money costs of such events and of the premiums necessary to provide for payment of such costs
Acupressure: a type of massage in which finger pressure on specific body sites is used to promote healing, relieve fatigue, etc. although the anatomical locations are the same as the acupuncture points used in acupuncture therapy (hence acu-), no needle or other acupuncture technique is employed in acupressure. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed). shiatsu is a modern outgrowth that focuses more on prevention than healing
Acupuncture: the occupational discipline of the traditional chinese methods of acupuncture therapy for treating disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians
Acupuncture Analgesia: analgesia produced by the insertion of acupuncture needles at certain acupuncture points on the body. this activates small myelinated nerve fibers in the muscle which transmit impulses to the spinal cord and then activate three centers - the spinal cord, midbrain and pituitary/hypothalamus - to produce analgesia
Acupuncture Points: designated locations along nerves or organ meridians for inserting acupuncture needles
Acupuncture Therapy: treatment of disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians. the placement varies with the disease being treated. it is sometimes used in conjunction with heat, moxibustion, acupressure, or electric stimulation
Acupuncture, Ear: acupuncture therapy by inserting needles in the ear. it is used to control pain and for treating various ailments
Acute Aortic Syndrome: a group of aortic diseases presented with acute chest pain. it commonly includes aortic dissection; aortic intramural hematoma; penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer and sometimes aortic aneurysms
Acute Care Surgery: surgical specialty generally encompassing emergency general surgery, surgical critical care and trauma care. acute care surgery is a component of general surgery related to care of patients with acute, life-threatening or potentially life-threatening surgical conditions
Acute Chest Syndrome: respiratory syndrome characterized by the appearance of a new pulmonary infiltrate on chest x-ray, accompanied by symptoms of fever, cough, chest pain, tachypnea, or dyspnea, often seen in patients with sickle cell anemia. multiple factors (e.g., infection, and pulmonary fat embolism) may contribute to the development of the syndrome
Acute Coronary Syndrome: an episode of myocardial ischemia that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to myocardial infarction
Acute Febrile Encephalopathy: acute onset of fever accompanied by seizures, cerebral inflammation and a change in mental status (e.g., confusion, disorientation, and coma)
Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis: rare skin eruption characterized by acute formation of pustules filled with neutrophils, fever, and peripheral blood leukocytosis. most cases are associated with the use of antibiotics (e.g., beta-lactams)
Acute Kidney Injury: abrupt reduction in kidney function. acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; acute kidney tubular necrosis; and other less severe conditions
Acute Lung Injury: a condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (pulmonary edema) rich in neutrophils, and in the absence of clinical heart failure. this can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological)
Acute Pain: intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing
Acute Radiation Syndrome: a condition caused by a brief whole body exposure to more than one sievert dose equivalent of radiation. acute radiation syndrome is initially characterized by anorexia; nausea; vomiting; but can progress to hematological, gastrointestinal, neurological, pulmonary, and other major organ dysfunction
Acute Retroviral Syndrome: early stage of hiv infection. symptoms resemble influenza or infectious mononucleosis
Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis: a form of tubulointerstitial nephritis characterized by the infiltration of mononuclear leukocytes; glomerulonephritis, and reversible kidney failure. immunologic effects include circulating immune compelxes and non-caseating granulomas; and laboratory tests reveal elevated urinary microglobulin and elevated seum creatinine. there is a high association with the hla-drb1*0102 allele. omim: 607665
Acute erythroleukemia: a leukemic or pre-leukemic condition characterized by acute erythroblastic leukemia. patients may also have elevated igm and erythrocyte hexokinase levels, as well as marrow hypocellularity and chromosome abnormalities. familial cases may be associated with mutations in the the epor gene. omim: 133180
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy: abnormal and rapid accumulation of fat in the liver during pregnancy. it usually manifests during the third trimester and may be associated with mutations in the long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme a dehydrogenase (lchad) gene. omim: 609016
Acute malaria: an internittent or remittent form of malaria characterized by chills accompanied by fever that continues and ends in sweating. the recurrences are caused by the release of merozoites from infected cells and follow a periodicity of 48 to 72 hours depending on the type of infecting plasmodium species. chronic malaria may occur years following initial plasmodium infection, when the infected person no longer lives in an endemic area
Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy: a rare eye disease characterized by areas of partial vision loss (scotoma) as well as perception of flashes of light (photopsia). it most commonly occurs in younger women; the cause is unknown but may be a result of infections or autoimmunity
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure: sudden liver failure in the presence of underlying compensated chronic liver disease (e.g., liver cirrhosis; hepatitis; and liver injury and failure) due to a precipitating acute hepatic insult
Acute-Phase Proteins: proteins that are secreted into the blood in increased or decreased quantities by hepatocytes in response to trauma, inflammation, or disease. these proteins can serve as inhibitors or mediators of the inflammatory processes. certain acute-phase proteins have been used to diagnose and follow the course of diseases or as tumor markers
Acute-Phase Reaction: an early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma
Acyclovir: a guanosine analog that acts as an antimetabolite. viruses are especially susceptible. used especially against herpes
Acyl Carrier Protein: consists of a polypeptide chain and 4'-phosphopantetheine linked to a serine residue by a phosphodiester bond. acyl groups are bound as thiol esters to the pantothenyl group. acyl carrier protein is involved in every step of fatty acid synthesis by the cytoplasmic system
Acyl Coenzyme A: s-acyl coenzyme a. fatty acid coenzyme a derivatives that are involved in the biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids as well as in ceramide formation
Acyl-Butyrolactones: cyclic esters of acylated butyric acid containing four carbons in the ring
Acyl-Carrier Protein S-Acetyltransferase: a enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from acetyl coa to acyl-carrier protein to form coenzyme a and acetyl-acyl-carrier protein
Acyl-Carrier Protein S-Malonyltransferase: this enzyme catalyzes the transacylation of malonate from malonyl coa to activated holo-acp, to generate malonyl-(acyl-carrier protein), which is an elongation substrate in fatty acids biosynthesis. it is an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of fatty acids in all bacteria
Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase: a flavoprotein oxidoreductase that has specificity for medium-chain fatty acids. it forms a complex with electron transferring flavoproteins and conveys reducing equivalents to ubiquinone
Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain: a flavoprotein oxidoreductase that has specificity for long-chain fatty acids. it forms a complex with electron-transferring flavoproteins and conveys reducing equivalents to ubiquinone
Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases: enzymes that catalyze the first step in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids
Acyl-CoA Oxidase: an enzyme that catalyzes the first and rate-determining steps of peroxisomal beta-oxidation of fatty acids. it acts on coenzyme a derivatives of fatty acids with chain lengths from 8 to 18, using flavin-adenine dinucleotide as a cofactor
Acylphosphatase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an acylphosphate and water to a carboxylate and phosphate
Acyltransferases: enzymes from the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from donor to acceptor, forming either esters or amides. (from enzyme nomenclature 1992) ec 2.3
Ad26COVS1: a viral vector vaccine designed against sars-cov-2 developed by johnson & johnson. its vector encodes the sars-cov-2 spike protein
Adalimumab: a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to tnf-alpha and blocks its interaction with endogenous tnf receptors to modulate inflammation. it is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; psoriatic arthritis; crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
Adamantinoma: a locally aggressive, osteolytic neoplasm of the long bones, probably of epithelial origin and most often involving the tibia
Adams Nance syndrome: persistent tachycardia, paroxymal hypertension, seizures, hyperglycinuria, dominantly inherited microphthalmia, and cataracts
Adams Oliver syndrome: a rare hereditary congenital disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance. it is characterized by the combination of aplasia cutis congenita (ectodermal dysplasia) of the scalp vertex and terminal transverse limb defects such as, missing limbs, syndactyly, brachydactyly, or oligodactyly. vascular anomalies including cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita, pulmonary hypertension, portal hypertension and retinal hypervascularization are frequently observed. congenital heart defects occur in 20% of patients. mutations in the arhgap31 gene have been identified. omim: 100300
Adams-Stokes Syndrome: a condition of fainting spells caused by heart block, often an atrioventricular block, that leads to bradycardia and drop in cardiac output. when the cardiac output becomes too low, the patient faints (syncope). in some cases, the syncope attacks are transient and in others cases repetitive and persistent
Adamsův-Stokesův syndrom: náhlá ztráta vědomí způsobená závažnou poruchou srdečního rytmu (arytmií) s výrazným poklesem srdečního výdeje a porušeným zásobením mozku krví. příčinou je úplný atrioventrikulární blok. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Adansonia: a plant genus of the family bombacaceae that is used for food and medicine, traditional
Adansonia: rod rostlin čeledi malvaceae, jehož zástupci jsou zdrojem potravy a mají využití v tradičním lékařství
Adapalene: a naphthalene derivative that has specificity for retinoic acid receptors. it is used as a dermatologic agent for the treatment of acne
Adapalene, Benzoyl Peroxide Drug Combination: a pharmaceutical preparation of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide that is used as a dermatologic agent for the topical treatment of acne
Adaptation, Biological: changes in biological features that help an organism cope with its environment. these changes include physiological (adaptation, physiological), phenotypic and genetic changes
Adaptation, Ocular: the adjustment of the eye to variations in the intensity of light. light adaptation is the adjustment of the eye when the light threshold is increased; dark adaptation when the light is greatly reduced. (from cline et al., dictionary of visual science, 4th ed)
Adaptation, Physiological: the non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its environment
Adaptation, Psychological: a state of harmony between internal needs and external demands and the processes used in achieving this condition. (from apa thesaurus of psychological index terms, 8th ed)
Adaptic Bonding Agent: low viscosity resin used with adaptic composite resin for dental bonding; see also record for adaptic
Adaptive Algorithms: algorithms designed to solve a problem by modifying their behaviors when facing with an unseen task with limited data during training
Adaptive Clinical Trial: clinical study in which a prospectively planned opportunity is included to modify trial designs and hypotheses based on analysis of data from subjects in the study
Adaptive Clinical Trials as Topic: works about clinical studies in which a prospectively planned opportunity is included to modify trial designs and hypotheses based on analysis of data from subjects in the study
Adaptive Immunity: protection from an infectious disease agent that is mediated by b- and t- lymphocytes following exposure to specific antigen, and characterized by immunologic memory. it can result from either previous infection with that agent or vaccination (immunity, active), or transfer of antibody or lymphocytes from an immune donor (immunization, passive)
Adaptor Protein Complex 1: a clathrin adaptor protein complex primarily involved in clathrin-related transport at the trans-golgi network
Adaptor Protein Complex 2: an adaptor protein complex primarily involved in the formation of clathrin-related endocytotic vesicles (endosomes) at the cell membrane
Adaptor Protein Complex 3: an adaptor protein complex found primarily on perinuclear compartments
Adaptor Protein Complex 4: an adaptor protein complex involved in transport of molecules between the trans-golgi network and the endosomal-lysosomal system
Adaptor Protein Complex Subunits: the subunits that make up the large, medium and small chains of adaptor proteins
Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits: a family of large adaptin protein subunits of approximately 100 kda in size. they have been primarily found as components of adaptor protein complex 2
Adaptor Protein Complex beta Subunits: a family of large adaptin protein complex subunits of approximately 90-130 kda in size
Adaptor Protein Complex delta Subunits: a family of large adaptin protein subunits of approximately 130-kda in size. they have been primarily found as components of adaptor protein complex 3
Adaptor Protein Complex gamma Subunits: a family of large adaptin protein subunits of approximately 90 kda in size. they have been primarily found as components of adaptor protein complex 1
Adaptor Protein Complex mu Subunits: a family of medium adaptin protein subunits of approximately 45 kda in size. they have been primarily found as components of adaptor protein complex 3 and adaptor protein complex 4
Adaptor Protein Complex sigma Subunits: a family of small adaptin protein complex subunits of approximately 19 kda in size
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing: a broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in signal transduction. they generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes
Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport: a class of proteins involved in the transport of molecules via transport vesicles. they perform functions such as binding to the cell membrane, capturing cargo molecules and promoting the assembly of clathrin. the majority of adaptor proteins exist as multi-subunit complexes, however monomeric varieties have also been found
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate
Addiction Medicine: a medical specialty focused on the diagnosis and treatment of addictive behavior disorders, including substance-related disorders and impulse control disorders; and the management of co-occurring medical and psychiatric conditions
Addison Disease: an adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the adrenal cortex, resulting in insufficient production of aldosterone and hydrocortisone. clinical symptoms include anorexia; nausea; weight loss; muscle weakness; and hyperpigmentation of the skin due to increase in circulating levels of acth precursor hormone which stimulates melanocytes
Addisonova nemoc: onemocnění nadledvin charakterizované progresivní destrukcí kůry nadledvin, která se projevuje nedostatečnou tvorbou aldosteronu a kortizolu. mezi klinické projevy patří anorexie, nauzea, hmotnostní úbytek, svalová slabost a hyperpigmentace kůže způsobená zvýšenou hladinou cirkulujícího prekurzoru acth, který stimuluje melanocyty
Address: work consisting of speeches, orations, or written statements, usually formal, directed to a particular group of persons. these are different from a lecture that is usually delivered to classes for instructional purposes
Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 1: a subtype of mitochondrial adp, atp translocase found primarily in heart muscle (myocardium) and skeletal muscle (muscle, skeletal)
Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 2: a subtype of mitochondrial adp, atp translocase found primarily in fibroblasts
Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 3: a subtype of mitochondrial adp, atp translocase found primarily in the liver
Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase: an enzyme catalyzing the formation of amp from adenine and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. it can act as a salvage enzyme for recycling of adenine into nucleic acids. ec 2.4.2.7
Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency: an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that can lead to accumulation of the insoluble purine 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (dha) in the kidney, resulting in crystalluria and kidney stones. clinical features include renal colic; hematuria; urinary tract infection; dysuria, and sometimes renal failure. the age at onset can range from 5 months to late adulthood; however, as many as 50% of aprt-deficient individuals may be asymptomatic. caused by mutations in the aprt gene. omim: 614723
Adenoameloblastoma: an ameloblastoma that usually occurs in the upper jaw. it may be classified as a non-cancerous tumor or a hamartoma
Adenocarcinoid tumor: a rare malignant adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract that is highly metastatic. histologically, it consists of a mixture of neuroendocrine cells with morphologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of carcinoid tumor and malignant glandular epithelial cells
Adenocarcinoma: a malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization
Adenocarcinoma Of Esophagus: a malignant glandular neoplasm that originates mostly from barrett esophagus. esophageal adenocarcinomas are similar to esophageal squamous cell carcinomas morphologically; tumor cells are usually papillary or tubular. germline mutations in msr1, cthrc1, and ascc1 have been identified. omim: 614266
Adenocarcinoma in Situ: a lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive adenocarcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the glandular epithelial cells of origin. adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix and the lung are the most common
Adenocarcinoma of Lung: a carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. mutations in kras, egfr, braf, and erbb2 genes are associated with this cancer
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar: a carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. the neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell: an adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. there are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. these tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (from holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed)
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular: an adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous: an adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary: an adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. it occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (stedman, 25th ed)
Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous: an adenocarcinoma with a hard (greek skirrhos, hard) structure owing to the formation of dense connective tissue in the stroma. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Adenocarcinoma, Sebaceous: a malignant tumor composed of cells showing differentiation toward sebaceous epithelium. the tumor is solitary, firm, somewhat raised, more or less translucent, and covered with normal or slightly verrucose epidermis. it may be yellow or orange. the face and scalp are the commonest sites. the growth can be slow or rapid but metastasis is uncommon. surgery cures most of the cases. (from rook et al., textbook of dermatology, 4th ed, pp2403-4)
Adenofibroma: a benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (stedman, 25th ed)
Adenoidectomy: excision of the adenoids. (dorland, 28th ed)
Adenoids: a collection of lymphoid nodules on the posterior wall and roof of the nasopharynx
Adenolymphoma: a benign tumor characterized histologically by tall columnar epithelium within a lymphoid tissue stroma. it is usually found in the salivary glands, especially the parotid
Adenoma, Acidophil: a benign tumor, usually found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, whose cells stain with acid dyes. such pituitary tumors may give rise to excessive secretion of growth hormone, resulting in gigantism or acromegaly. a specific type of acidophil adenoma may give rise to nonpuerperal galactorrhea. (dorland, 27th ed)
Adenoma, Basophil: a small tumor of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland whose cells stain with basic dyes. it may give rise to excessive secretion of acth, resulting in cushing syndrome. (dorland, 27th ed)
Adenoma, Bile Duct: a benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts
Adenoma, Chromophobe: a benign tumor of the anterior pituitary in which the cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes
Adenoma, Islet Cell: a benign tumor of the pancreatic islet cells. usually it involves the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, as in insulinoma, resulting in hyperinsulinism
Adenoma, Oxyphilic: a usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant mitochondria. oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. in the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as hurthle cells and askanazy cells
Adenoma, Pleomorphic: a benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. it is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (dorland, 27th ed)
Adenoma, Sweat Gland: a benign neoplasm derived from epithelial cells of sweat glands. (stedman, 25th ed)
Adenoma, Villous: an adenoma of the large intestine. it is usually a solitary, sessile, often large, tumor of colonic mucosa composed of mucinous epithelium covering delicate vascular projections. hypersecretion and malignant changes occur frequently. (stedman, 25th ed)
Adenomatoid Tumor: a small, circumscribed, benign tumor of the genital tract, composed of small glandlike spaces lined by flattened or cuboidal mesothelium-like cells. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Adenomatosis, Pulmonary: a neoplastic disease in which the alveoli and distal bronchi are filled with mucus and mucus-secreting columnar epithelial cells. it is characterized by abundant, extremely tenacious sputum, chills, fever, cough, dyspnea, and pleuritic pain. (stedman, 25th ed)
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli: a polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the apc genes (genes, apc) on chromosome 5. the syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of adenomatous polyps in the colon and rectum of affected individuals by early adulthood
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein: a negative regulator of beta-catenin signaling which is mutant in adenomatous polyposis coli and gardner syndrome
Adenomatous Polyps: benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelium. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Adenomyoepithelioma: a mixed epithelial and myoepithelial neoplasm usually encountered within the breast. it is a multinodular lesion presenting with a bicellular pattern of proliferating epithelial and myoepithelial cells, which are regularly distributed in the glandular structures
Adenomyoma: a benign neoplasm of muscle (usually smooth muscle) with glandular elements. it occurs most frequently in the uterus and uterine ligaments. (stedman, 25th ed)
Adenomyosis: the extension of endometrial tissue (endometrium) into the myometrium. it usually occurs in women in their reproductive years and may result in a diffusely enlarged uterus with ectopic and benign endometrial glands and stroma
Adenophorea: a subclass of nematodes characterized by reduced or absent caudal papillae and an excretory system lacking lateral canals. its organisms are usually infective to their final host
Adenophorea: podtřída hlístic charakterizovaná redukcí nebo chyběním kaudálních papil a chyběním laterálních exkrečních kanálků vylučovacího systému. zástupci způsobují parazitární onemocnění zvířat a člověka
Adenophorea Infections: infections with nematodes of the subclass adenophorea
Adenosarcoma: a malignant neoplasm arising simultaneously or consecutively in mesodermal tissue and glandular epithelium of the same part. (stedman, 25th ed)
Adenosarcoma of the uterus: a rare uterine neoplasm that originates in the endometrium and contains a mixture of benign and malignant components. it is most common in post-menopausal women, in those with hyperestrogenemia (high blood estrogen levels), or who have undergone chemotherapy or radiotherapy
Adenosine: a nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of dna and rna. adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter
Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists: compounds that bind to and stimulate adenosine a1 receptors
Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists: compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of adenosine a1 receptors
Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists: compounds that selectively bind to and activate adenosine a2 receptors
Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists: compounds that selectively bind to and block the activation of adenosine a2 receptors
Adenosine A3 Receptor Agonists: drugs that selectively bind to and activate adenosine a3 receptors
Adenosine A3 Receptor Antagonists: compounds that selectively bind to and block the activation of adenosine a3 receptors
Adenosine Deaminase: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine to inosine with the elimination of ammonia
Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors: drugs that inhibit adenosine deaminase activity
Adenosine Diphosphate: adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). an adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position
Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose: serves as the glycosyl donor for formation of bacterial glycogen, amylose in green algae, and amylopectin in higher plants
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: an ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of ribose and the terminal phosphate of adenosine diphosphate. it is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (nad) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an adp-ribosyl group to target proteins
Adenosine Diphosphate Sugars: esters formed between the aldehydic carbon of sugars and the terminal phosphate of adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Kinase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of adp plus amp from adenosine plus atp. it can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. ec 2.7.1.20
Adenosine Monophosphate: adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position
Adenosine Phosphosulfate: 5'-adenylic acid, monoanhydride with sulfuric acid. the initial compound formed by the action of atp sulfurylase on sulfate ions after sulfate uptake. synonyms: adenosine sulfatophosphate; aps
Adenosine Triphosphatases: a group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of atp. the hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting ca(2+) across a membrane. these enzymes may be dependent on ca(2+), mg(2+), anions, h+, or dna
Adenosine Triphosphate: an adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. in addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): a stable adenosine a1 and a2 receptor agonist. experimentally, it inhibits camp and cgmp phosphodiesterase activity
Adenosylhomocysteinase: an enzyme which catalyzes the catabolism of s-adenosylhomocysteine to adenosine and homocysteine. it may play a role in regulating the concentration of intracellular adenosylhomocysteine
Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase: an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of s-adenosyl-l-methionine to yield 5'-deoxy-(5'-),3-aminopropyl-(1), methylsulfonium salt. it is one of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of spermidine from putrescine. ec 4.1.1.50
Adenoviridae: a family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (mastadenovirus) and birds (aviadenovirus) or both (atadenovirus). infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases
Adenoviridae: čeleď neobalených virů infikujících savce (rod mastadenovirus) a ptáky (rod aviadenovirus) nebo obojí (rod atadenovirus). infekce mohou být asymptomatické nebo mohou mít za následek různé nemoci
Adenovirus E1 Proteins: the very first viral gene products synthesized after cells are infected with adenovirus. the e1 region of the genome has been divided into two major transcriptional units, e1a and e1b, each expressing proteins of the same name (adenovirus e1a proteins and adenovirus e1b proteins)
Adenovirus E1A Proteins: proteins transcribed from the e1a genome region of adenoviruses which are involved in positive regulation of transcription of the early genes of host infection
Adenovirus E1B Proteins: proteins transcribed from the e1b region of adenoviruses which are involved in regulation of the levels of early and late viral gene expression
Adenovirus E2 Proteins: proteins transcribed from the e2 region of adenoviruses. several of these are required for viral dna replication
Adenovirus E3 Proteins: proteins transcribed from the e3 region of adenoviruses but not essential for viral replication. the e3 19k protein mediates adenovirus persistence by reducing the expression of class i major histocompatibility complex antigens on the surface of infected cells
Adenovirus E4 Proteins: proteins transcribed from the e4 region of adenoviruses. the e4 19k protein transactivates transcription of the adenovirus e2f protein and complexes with it
Adenovirus Early Proteins: proteins encoded by adenoviruses that are synthesized prior to, and in the absence of, viral dna replication. the proteins are involved in both positive and negative regulation of expression in viral and cellular genes, and also affect the stability of viral mrna. some are also involved in oncogenic transformation
Adenovirus Infections, Human: respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses
Adenovirus Vaccines: vaccines used to prevent infection by any virus from the family adenoviridae
Adenoviruses, Canine: species of the genus mastadenovirus that causes fever, edema, vomiting, and diarrhea in dogs and encephalitis in foxes. epizootics have also been caused in bears, wolves, coyotes, and skunks. the official species name is canine adenovirus and it contains two serotypes
Adenoviruses, Human: species of the genus mastadenovirus, causing a wide range of diseases in humans. infections are mostly asymptomatic, but can be associated with diseases of the respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems. serotypes (named with arabic numbers) have been grouped into species designated human adenovirus a-g
Adenoviruses, Porcine: species of the genus mastadenovirus, causing neurological disease in pigs
Adenoviruses, Simian: species of the genus mastadenovirus associated with respiratory and enteric infections in primate hosts
Adenylate Cyclase Toxin: one of the virulence factors produced by virulent bordetella organisms. it is a bifunctional protein with both adenylyl cyclases and hemolysin components
Adenylate Kinase: an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of amp to adp in the presence of atp or inorganic triphosphate. ec 2.7.4.3
Adenylosuccinate Lyase: an enzyme that, in the course of purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, catalyzes the conversion of 5'-phosphoribosyl-4-(n-succinocarboxamide)-5-aminoimidazole to 5'-phosphoribosyl-4-carboxamide-5-aminoimidazole and the conversion of adenylosuccinic acid to amp. ec 4.3.2.2
Adenylosuccinate Synthase: a carbon-nitrogen ligase. during purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, this enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of adenylosuccinate from gtp; imp; and aspartate with the formation of orthophosphate and gdp. ec 6.3.4.4
Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency: a rare hereditary autosomal recessive neurological disorder that is caused by a deficiency of the adenylosuccinate lyase enzyme. the neonatal form is most severe and affected individuals exhibit impaired growth in utero, inability to move, microcephaly; respiratory insufficiency; seizures and death within a few weeks after birth. individuals with type 1 deficiency exhibit severe psychomotor delay, hypotonia, microcephaly, seizures, and autistic behavior within the first months of life. type ii insufficiency is less severe and affected individuals exhibit a mild psychomotor delay, and in some cases seizures and autistic behavior beginning after the first few years of life. mutations in the adsl gene have been identified. omim: 103050
Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors: compounds that bind to and inhibit the action of adenylyl cyclases
Adenylyl Cyclases: enzymes of the lyase class that catalyze the formation of cyclic amp and pyrophosphate from atp
Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. an analog of atp, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. it is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial atpase and also inhibits atp-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation
Adherence Interventions: various interventions designed to improve medication adherence often overcoming barriers to patient compliance
Adherens Junctions: anchoring points where the cytoskeleton of neighboring cells are connected to each other. they are composed of specialized areas of the plasma membrane where bundles of the actin cytoskeleton attach to the membrane through the transmembrane linkers, cadherins, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to cadherins in the neighboring cell membranes. in sheets of cells, they form into adhesion belts (zonula adherens) that go all the way around a cell
Adhesins, Bacterial: cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion (bacterial adhesion) to other cells or to inanimate surfaces. most fimbriae (fimbriae, bacterial) of gram-negative bacteria function as adhesins, but in many cases it is a minor subunit protein at the tip of the fimbriae that is the actual adhesin. in gram-positive bacteria, a protein or polysaccharide surface layer serves as the specific adhesin. what is sometimes called polymeric adhesin (biofilms) is distinct from protein adhesin
Adhesins, Escherichia coli: thin, filamentous protein structures, including proteinaceous capsular antigens (fimbrial antigens), that mediate adhesion of e. coli to surfaces and play a role in pathogenesis. they have a high affinity for various epithelial cells
Adhesive Precoated Cement: an orthodontic ashesive; accelerated portland cement (apc cement 1) is also available
Adhesives: substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. they include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex
Adiantum: a plant genus of the family pteridaceae. members contain triterpenes. some species in this genus are called maidenhair fern which is also a common name occasionally used for lygodium (ferns) and polypodium
Adiantum: rod rostlin čeledi pteridaceae. zástupci obsahují triterpeny
Adie Syndrome: a syndrome characterized by a tonic pupil that occurs in combination with decreased lower extremity reflexes. the affected pupil will respond more briskly to accommodation than to light (light-near dissociation) and is supersensitive to dilute pilocarpine eye drops, which induce pupillary constriction. pathologic features include degeneration of the ciliary ganglion and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that innervate the pupillary constrictor muscle. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p279)
Adieho syndrom: syndrom charakterizovaný pupilotonií, snížením či vymizením reflexů na dolních končetinách a ev. vegetativními příznaky (anhidróza, sklon ke kolapsům). vzniká v souvislosti s některými celkovými chorobami, z neznámých příčin nebo je dědičný. alterováno je ggl. ciliare. pupilotonie je obv. jednostranná. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Adipates: derivatives of adipic acid. included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,6-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure
Adipocytes: cells in the body that store fats, usually in the form of triglycerides. white adipocytes are the predominant type and found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. brown adipocytes are thermogenic cells that can be found in newborns of some species and hibernating mammals
Adipocytes, Beige: brown fat-like cells that develop in the white fat from non-myogenic regulatory factor 5 expressing cell lineage
Adipocytes, Brown: fat cells with dark coloration due to the densely packed mitochondria. they contain numerous small lipid droplets or vacuoles. their stored lipids can be converted directly to energy as heat by the mitochondria
Adipocytes, White: fat cells with light coloration and few mitochondria. they contain a scant ring of cytoplasm surrounding a single large lipid droplet or vacuole
Adipokines: polypeptides produced by the adipocytes. they include leptin; adiponectin; resistin; and many cytokines of the immune system, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha; interleukin-6; and complement factor d (also known as adipsin). they have potent autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions
Adiponectin: a 30-kda complement c1q-related protein, the most abundant gene product secreted by fat cells of the white adipose tissue. adiponectin modulates several physiological processes, such as metabolism of glucose and fatty acids, and immune responses. decreased plasma adiponectin levels are associated with insulin resistance; type 2 diabetes mellitus; obesity; and atherosclerosis
Adipose Tissue: specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (adipocytes). it is the site of stored fats, usually in the form of triglycerides. in mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the white fat and the brown fat. their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white
Adipose Tissue, Beige: brown fat-like adipose tissue that develops in white adipose tissue from non-myogenic regulatory factor 5 expressing cell lineage
Adipose Tissue, Brown: a thermogenic form of adipose tissue composed of brown adipocytes. it is found in newborns of many species including humans, and in hibernating mammals. brown fat is richly vascularized, innervated, and densely packed with mitochondria which can generate heat directly from the stored lipids
Adipose Tissue, White: fatty tissue composed of white adipocytes and generally found directly under the skin (subcutaneous fat) and around the internal organs (abdominal fat). it has less vascularization and less coloration than the brown fat. white fat provides heat insulation, mechanical cushion, and source of energy
Adiposis Dolorosa: a rare disease characterized by multiple tumor-like fatty deposits that press on nerves in various sites causing pain and weakness. often these lipoma-like structures are located on the trunk and limbs but not on the face and hands
Adiposity: the amount of fat or lipid deposit at a site or an organ in the body, an indicator of body fat status
Adjustment Disorders: maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. they are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor
Adjuvants, Anesthesia: agents that are administered in association with anesthetics to increase effectiveness, improve delivery, or decrease required dosage
Adjuvants, Immunologic: substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. the classical agents (freund's adjuvant, bcg, corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. the therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity
Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic: agents that aid or increase the action of the principle drug (drug synergism) or that affect the absorption, mechanism of action, metabolism, or excretion of the primary drug (pharmacokinetics) in such a way as to enhance its effects
Adjuvants, Vaccine: substances consisting of different components, e.g. aluminum salts, emulsions such as mf59 and as03, toll-like receptor (tlr) agonist or combinations of immunopotentiators (qs-21 and mpl in as01), that helps increase the magnitude of an adaptive immune response to a vaccine
Adjuvax: based on carbohydrate polymers derived from yeast; adjuvant to improve the effectiveness and delivery of new vaccines; rn given refers to cpd with unknown mf
Administration, Buccal: administration of a soluble dosage form between the cheek and gingiva. it may involve direct application of a drug onto the buccal mucosa, as by painting or spraying
Administration, Cutaneous: the application of suitable drug dosage forms to the skin for either local or systemic effects
Administration, Inhalation: the administration of drugs by the respiratory route. it includes insufflation into the respiratory tract
Administration, Intravaginal: the insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. the dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories
Administration, Intravesical: the instillation or other administration of drugs into the bladder, usually to treat local disease, including neoplasms
Administration, Metronomic: administration of low doses of a drug or a drug combination over prolonged periods of time usually at a regular interval
Administration, Mucosal: delivery of a drug or other substance into the body through the epithelium lining of mucous membrane involved with absorption and secretion
Administration, Rectal: the insertion of drugs into the rectum, usually for confused or incompetent patients, like children, infants, and the very old or comatose
Administration, Topical: the application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (administration, cutaneous) or mucous membranes. this method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example
Administrative Claims, Healthcare: information relating to itemized coding of procedures and costs associated with healthcare delivery, used as a means for tracking healthcare utilization, patterns of care, and treatment outcomes
Admitting Department, Hospital: hospital department responsible for the flow of patients and the processing of admissions, discharges, transfers, and also most procedures to be carried out in the event of a patient's death
Adnexa Uteri: appendages of the uterus which include the fallopian tubes, the ovary, and the supporting ligaments of the uterus (broad ligament; round ligament)
Adnexal Diseases: diseases of the uterine appendages (adnexa uteri) including diseases involving the ovary, the fallopian tubes, and ligaments of the uterus (broad ligament; round ligament)
Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine: immunotoxin that consists of humanized monoclonal anti-her2 antibody trastuzumab covalently linked to anti-microtubule agent maytansinoid dm1 for treatment of metastatic breast cancer in patients who previously received trastuzumab and a taxanes, separately or in combination
Adolescent Development: the continuous sequential physiological and psychological changes during adolescence, approximately between the age of 13 and 18
Adolescent Fathers: fathers initially aged less than 19 years at the time of their child's birth
Adolescent Health Services: organized services to provide health care to adolescents, ages ranging from 13 through 18 years
Adolescent Medicine: a branch of medicine pertaining to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases occurring during the period of adolescence
Adolescent Mothers: mothers aged less than 19 years at the time of child's conception or birth
Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena: nutritional physiology of children aged 13-18 years
Adolescent Psychiatry: the medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in individuals 13-18 years