NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
MicroRNAs: small double-stranded, non-protein coding rnas, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microrna gene transcripts by the same ribonuclease iii, dicer, that produces small interfering rnas (rna, small interfering). they become part of the rna-induced silencing complex and repress the translation (translation, genetic) of target rna by binding to homologous 3'utr region as an imperfect match. the small temporal rnas (strnas), let-7 and lin-4, from c. elegans, are the first 2 mirnas discovered, and are from a class of mirnas involved in developmental timing
Microaggression: brief verbal, behavioral, or situational indignities that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative slights or insults. it may may be intentional or implicit. three subtypes have been identified: microassaults, which are purposefully discriminatory actions; microinsults, which are subtle snubs that devalue a person's identity; and microinvalidations, which are unintentional exclusions or negations of an individual's thoughts. (dictionary.apa.org/microaggression 12/30/2020)
Microalgae: a non-taxonomic term for unicellular microscopic algae which are found in both freshwater and marine environments. some authors consider diatoms; cyanobacteria; haptophyta; and dinoflagellates as part of microalgae, even though they are not algae
Microaneurysm: aneurysm of the microvasculature. charcot-bouchard aneurysms are aneurysms of the brain vasculature which is a common cause of cerebral hemorrhage. retinal microaneurysm is an early diagnostic sign of diabetic retinopathy
Microarray Analysis: the simultaneous analysis, on a microchip, of multiple samples or targets arranged in an array format
Microautophagy: a type of autophagy in which the cytoplasmic entities, such as parts of cell nuclei; damaged mitochondria; and lipid droplets, are taken up by small vesicles such as vacuoles or multivesicular bodies, and degraded by lysosomal digestion
Microbacterium: a genus of gram-positive, heat-resistant bacteria belonging to the family microbacteriaceae and phylum actinobacteria. similar to corynebacteriaceae, it is found in dairy products and the mammalian intestinal tract
Microbacterium: rod grampozitivních, tepelně rezistentních bakterií čeledi microbacteriaceae a kmene actinobacteria. vyskytují se (podobně jako bakterie čeledi corynebacteriaceae) v mléčných výrobcích a střevním traktu savců
Microbial Collagenase: a metalloproteinase which degrades helical regions of native collagen to small fragments. preferred cleavage is -gly in the sequence -pro-xaa-gly-pro-. six forms (or 2 classes) have been isolated from clostridium histolyticum that are immunologically cross-reactive but possess different sequences and different specificities. other variants have been isolated from bacillus cereus, empedobacter collagenolyticum, pseudomonas marinoglutinosa, and species of vibrio and streptomyces. ec 3.4.24.3
Microbial Interactions: the inter- and intra-relationships between various microorganisms. this can include both positive (like symbiosis) and negative (like antibiosis) interactions. examples include virus - bacteria and bacteria - bacteria
Microbial Sensitivity Tests: any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses)
Microbial Viability: ability of a microbe to survive under given conditions. this can also be related to a colony's ability to replicate
Microbiological Phenomena: physiological processes and properties of microorganisms, such as archaea; bacteria; rickettsia; viruses; and fungi
Microbiology: the study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses
Microbiota: the full collection of microbes (bacteria, fungi, virus, etc.) that naturally exist within a particular biological niche such as an organism, soil, a body of water, etc
Microbodies: electron-dense cytoplasmic particles bounded by a single membrane, such as peroxisomes; glyoxysomes; and glycosomes
Microbubbles: small encapsulated gas bubbles (diameters of micrometers) that can be used as contrast media, and in other diagnostic and therapeutic applications. upon exposure to sufficiently intense ultrasound, microbubbles will cavitate, rupture, disappear, release gas content. such characteristics of the microbubbles can be used to enhance diagnostic tests, dissolve blood clots, and deliver drugs or genes for therapy
Microcephalic Osteodysplastic Primordial Dwarfism, Type II: a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, severe proportionate short stature, and microcephaly. it is distinct from seckel syndrome (omim: 210600) by more severe growth retardation, radiologic abnormalities, and absent or mild intellectual disability. mutations in the pcnt gene have been identified. omim: 210720
Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism, type 1: a severe autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia characterized by dwarfism, microcephaly, and neurologic abnormalities, including intellectual disability, brain malformations, and ocular/auditory sensory deficits. patients often die in early childhood. mutations in the rnu4atac gene have been identified. omim: 210710
Microcephaly: a congenital abnormality in which the cerebrum is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (desk reference for neuroscience, 2nd ed.)
Microcephaly, Primary Autosomal Recessive, 1: mutationin mcph1
Microcephaly, Primary Autosomal Recessive, 3: mutation in cdk5rap2
Microcephaly, Primary Autosomal Recessive, 5: mutation in aspm
Microcephaly, Primary Autosomal Recessive, 6: mutation in cenpj
Microcephaly, corpus callosum dysgenesis and cleft lip-palate: corpus callosum dysgenesis, microcephaly, infantile spasm, cleft lip-palate, exophthalmos and psychomotor retardation
Microchemistry: the development and use of techniques and equipment to study or perform chemical reactions, with small quantities of materials, frequently less than a milligram or a milliliter
Micrococcaceae: a family of bacteria ranging from free living and saprophytic to parasitic and pathogenic forms
Micrococcaceae: čeleď bakterií od volně žijících a saprofytických po parazitární a patogenní formy
Micrococcal Nuclease: an enzyme that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage to 3'-phosphomononucleotide and 3'-phospholigonucleotide end-products. it can cause hydrolysis of double- or single-stranded dna or rna. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 3.1.31.1
Micrococcus: a genus of gram-positive, spherical bacteria found in soils and fresh water, and frequently on the skin of man and other animals
Micrococcus: rod grampozitivních, kulovitých bakterií, které žijí v půdě, ve sladkých vodách a často na kůži člověka a dalších živočichů
Micrococcus luteus: a species of gram-positive, spherical bacteria whose organisms occur in tetrads and in irregular clusters of tetrads. the primary habitat is mammalian skin
Micrococcus luteus: druh grampozitivní, kulovité bakterie, která se vyskytuje v tetrádách a jejich nepravidelných shlucích, primárně na kůži savců
Microcolon: a congenital abnormality characterized by an under-developed colon. it usually occurs with agangliosis of the colon and small intestine, obstruction of the small intestine, and intestinal atresia. omim: 251400
Microcomputers: small computers using lsi (large-scale integration) microprocessor chips as the cpu (central processing unit) and semiconductor memories for compact, inexpensive storage of program instructions and data. they are smaller and less expensive than minicomputers and are usually built into a dedicated system where they are optimized for a particular application. microprocessor may refer to just the cpu or the entire microcomputer
Microcystins: cyclic heptapeptides found in microcystis and other cyanobacteria. hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects have been noted. they are sometimes called cyanotoxins, which should not be confused with chemicals containing a cyano group (cn) which are toxic
Microcystis: a form-genus of cyanobacteria in the order chroococcales. many species are planktonic and possess gas vacuoles
Microcystis: rod kmene cyanobacteria v řádu chroococcales. mnoho druhů je planktonických a mají plynové vakuoly
Microdialysis: a technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane
Microdontia hypodontia short stature: microdontia, hypodontia, short bulbous roots and root canals with strabismus, short stature, and borderline mentality
Microelectrodes: electrodes with an extremely small tip, used in a voltage clamp or other apparatus to stimulate or record bioelectric potentials of single cells intracellularly or extracellularly. (dorland, 28th ed)
Microfibrils: components of the extracellular matrix consisting primarily of fibrillin. they are essential for the integrity of elastic fibers
Microfilament Proteins: monomeric subunits of primarily globular actin and found in the cytoplasmic matrix of almost all cells. they are often associated with microtubules and may play a role in cytoskeletal function and/or mediate movement of the cell or the organelles within the cell
Microfilariae: the prelarval stage of filarioidea found in the blood and tissues of mammals, birds and intermediate hosts (vector)
Microfill Pontic: two-component self-and photocuring resin for fixing adhesive bridges
Microfluidic Analytical Techniques: methods utilizing the principles of microfluidics for sample handling, reagent mixing, and separation and detection of specific components in fluids
Microfluidics: the study of fluid channels and chambers of tiny dimensions of tens to hundreds of micrometers and volumes of nanoliters or picoliters. this is of interest in biological microcirculation and used in microchemistry and investigative techniques
Microgels: three-dimensional biocompatible polymers in micrometer size range. they are typically spherical particles in a size range of 1-350 micrometers when used for drug delivery and 3d cell culture applications
Microglia: the third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. they have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling
Microinjections: the injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes
Microlon: harder than lucitone 199 acrylic resin cured at the same temperatures
Micromanipulation: the performance of dissections, injections, surgery, etc., by the use of micromanipulators (attachments to a microscope) that manipulate tiny instruments
Micromonospora: a genus of gram-positive bacteria that forms a branched mycelium. it commonly occurs as a saprophytic form in soil and aquatic environments
Micromonospora: rod grampozitivních bakterií, které tvoří rozvětvené mycelium. běžně se vyskytuje v saprofytické formě v půdě a vodě
Micromonosporaceae: a family of gram-positive, saprophytic bacteria occurring in soil and aquatic environments
Micromonosporaceae: čeleď grampozitivních saprofytických bakterií vyskytujících se v půdě a vodním prostředí
Microneme: secretory organelle in the apical complex of parasitic phylum apicomplexa (e.g., toxoplasma gondii). microneme plays a role in junction formation between the parasite and the host cell by releasing micronemal proteins, which bind to receptors on the host cell surface enabling parasite attachment
Micronesia: the collective name for islands of the pacific ocean east of the philippines, including the mariana, palau, caroline, marshall, and kiribati islands. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p761 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p350)
Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective: defective nuclei produced during the telophase of mitosis or meiosis by lagging chromosomes or chromosome fragments derived from spontaneous or experimentally induced chromosomal structural changes
Micronucleus Tests: induction and quantitative measurement of chromosomal damage leading to the formation of micronuclei (micronuclei, chromosome-defective) in cells which have been exposed to genotoxic agents or ionizing radiation
Micronucleus, Germline: the smaller, reproductive, transcriptionally inert nucleus in the cells of ciliate protozoans, as distinguished from the larger, vegetative, transcriptionally active macronucleus. micronuclei participate in meiosis and autogamy during genetic conjugation
Micronutrients: essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur
Microorganisms, Genetically-Modified: microorganisms whose genome has been altered by genetic engineering
Micropeptides: polypeptides 100 amino acids or less in length that are encoded by short open reading frame
Microphthalmia and mental deficiency: corneal opacity, microphthalmia, mental retardation, microcephaly and generalized muscular spasticity associated with hyperglycinemia
Microphthalmia, Cataracts, and Iris Abnormalities: mutation in chx10
Microphthalmia, Isolated, with Cataract 1: mapped to chromosome 16p13.3
Microphthalmia, Isolated, with Coloboma 3: mutation in chx10
Microphthalmia, Isolated, with Coloboma 5: mutation in shh
Microphthalmia, syndromic 2: an x-linked dominant disorder characterized by congenital cataract, and microphthalmos and/or microcornea, septate nasal cartilage, cardiac septal defects, and dental abnormalities including including delayed or persistent primary dentition with multiple unerupted teeth, radiculomegaly, and absent, duplicated, or fused teeth. skeletal abnormalities, cleft palate, and toe syndactyly may also occur. mutations in the bcor gene have been identified. omim: 300166
Microphthalmia, syndromic 7: an x-linked dominant disorder characterized by unilateral or bilateral microphthalmia and linear skin defects limited to the face and neck and consisting of areas of aplastic skin that heal with age to form hyperpigmented areas in affected females; affected males dies in utero. mutations in the hccs gene have been identified. omim: 309801
Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor: a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor that regulates the cell differentiation and development of a variety of cell types including melanocytes; osteoclasts; and retinal pigment epithelium. mutations in mitf protein have been associated with osteopetrosis and waardenburg syndrome
Microphthalmos: congenital or developmental anomaly in which the eyeballs are abnormally small
Microphysiological Systems: devices designed to recapitulate tissue or organ-level physiology and architect by combining microfluidics; microfabrication; and 3d cell culture. microphysiological systems mimic interconnections important in physiological or pathophysiological states of organ(s) and are often used for instance in high throughput screening of drugs and factors important in disease modeling
Microplastics: plastic particles, less than 5 millimeters in diameter, that are generated from the degradation of larger pieces or are manufactured to be microstructures or smaller
Micropore Filters: a membrane or barrier with micrometer sized pores used for separation purification processes
Microradiography: production of a radiographic image of a small or very thin object on fine-grained photographic film under conditions which permit subsequent microscopic examination or enlargement of the radiograph at linear magnifications of up to several hundred and with a resolution approaching the resolving power of the photographic emulsion (about 1000 lines per millimeter)
Microsatellite Instability: the occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide microsatellite repeats in somatic cells. it is a form of genome instability associated with defects in dna mismatch repair
Microsatellite Repeats: a variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the genome. they are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. they are also known as short tandem repeats (strs)
Microscopic Angioscopy: the noninvasive microscopic examination of the microcirculation, commonly done in the nailbed or conjunctiva. in addition to the capillaries themselves, observations can be made of passing blood cells or intravenously injected substances. this is not the same as endoscopic examination of blood vessels (angioscopy)
Microscopic Polyangiitis: a primary systemic vasculitis of small- and some medium-sized vessels. it is characterized by a tropism for kidneys and lungs, positive association with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (anca), and a paucity of immunoglobulin deposits in vessel walls
Microscopy: the use of instrumentation and techniques for visualizing material and details that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. it is usually done by enlarging images, transmitted by light or electron beams, with optical or magnetic lenses that magnify the entire image field. with scanning microscopy, images are generated by collecting output from the specimen in a point-by-point fashion, on a magnified scale, as it is scanned by a narrow beam of light or electrons, a laser, a conductive probe, or a topographical probe
Microscopy, Acoustic: a scientific tool based on ultrasonography and used not only for the observation of microstructure in metalwork but also in living tissue. in biomedical application, the acoustic propagation speed in normal and abnormal tissues can be quantified to distinguish their tissue elasticity and other properties
Microscopy, Atomic Force: a type of scanning probe microscopy in which a probe systematically rides across the surface of a sample being scanned in a raster pattern. the vertical position is recorded as a spring attached to the probe rises and falls in response to peaks and valleys on the surface. these deflections produce a topographic map of the sample
Microscopy, Confocal: a light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. an image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible
Microscopy, Electrochemical, Scanning: a scanning probe microscopy technique that uses an ultramicroelectrode as the scanning probe that simultaneously records changes in electrochemical potential as it scans thereby creating topographical images with localized electrochemical information
Microscopy, Electron: microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. the interactions of electrons with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. in transmission electron microscopy the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. in scanning electron microscopy an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning: microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. the image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. although scanning transmission electron microscopy also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of transmission electron microscopy
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission: a type of transmission electron microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an extremely narrow electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point and using the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen to create the image. it should not be confused with scanning electron microscopy
Microscopy, Electron, Transmission: electron microscopy in which the electrons or their reaction products that pass down through the specimen are imaged below the plane of the specimen
Microscopy, Energy-Filtering Transmission Electron: an analytical transmission electron microscopy method using an electron microscope fitted with an energy filtering lens. the method is based on the principle that some of the electrons passing through the specimen will lose energy when they ionize inner shell electrons of the atoms in the specimen. the amount of energy loss is dependent upon the element. analysis of the energy loss spectrum (electron energy-loss spectroscopy) reveals the elemental composition of a specimen. it is used analytically and quantitatively to determine which, how much of, and where specific elements are in a sample. for example, it is used for elemental mapping of phosphorus to trace the strands of nucleic acids in nucleoprotein complexes
Microscopy, Fluorescence: microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye
Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton: fluorescence microscopy utilizing multiple low-energy photons to produce the excitation event of the fluorophore (endogenous fluorescent molecules in living tissues or fluorescent dyes). multiphoton microscopes have a simplified optical path in the emission side due to the lack of an emission pinhole, which is necessary with normal confocal microscopes. ultimately this allows spatial isolation of the excitation event, enabling deeper imaging into optically thick tissue, while restricting photobleaching and phototoxicity to the area being imaged
Microscopy, Immunoelectron: microscopy in which the samples are first stained immunocytochemically and then examined using an electron microscope. immunoelectron microscopy is used extensively in diagnostic virology as part of very sensitive immunoassays
Microscopy, Interference: the science and application of a double-beam transmission interference microscope in which the illuminating light beam is split into two paths. one beam passes through the specimen while the other beam reflects off a reference mirror before joining and interfering with the other. the observed optical path difference between the two beams can be measured and used to discriminate minute differences in thickness and refraction of non-stained transparent specimens, such as living cells in culture
Microscopy, Phase-Contrast: a form of interference microscopy in which variations of the refracting index in the object are converted into variations of intensity in the image. this is achieved by the action of a phase plate
Microscopy, Polarization: microscopy using polarized light in which phenomena due to the preferential orientation of optical properties with respect to the vibration plane of the polarized light are made visible and correlated parameters are made measurable
Microscopy, Scanning Probe: scanning microscopy in which a very sharp probe is employed in close proximity to a surface, exploiting a particular surface-related property. when this property is local topography, the method is atomic force microscopy (microscopy, atomic force), and when it is local conductivity, the method is scanning tunneling microscopy (microscopy, scanning tunneling)
Microscopy, Scanning Tunneling: a type of scanning probe microscopy in which a very sharp conducting needle is swept just a few angstroms above the surface of a sample. the tiny tunneling current that flows between the sample and the needle tip is measured, and from this are produced three-dimensional topographs. due to the poor electron conductivity of most biological samples, thin metal coatings are deposited on the sample
Microscopy, Ultraviolet: microscopy in which the image is formed by ultraviolet radiation and is displayed and recorded by means of photographic film
Microscopy, Video: microscopy in which television cameras are used to brighten magnified images that are otherwise too dark to be seen with the naked eye. it is used frequently in telepathology
Microsomes: artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. they are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (glick, glossary of biochemistry and molecular biology, 1990; from rieger et al., glossary of genetics: classical and molecular, 5th ed)
Microsomes, Liver: closed vesicles of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum created when liver cells or tissue are disrupted by homogenization. they may be smooth or rough
Microspectrophotometry: analytical technique for studying substances present at enzyme concentrations in single cells, in situ, by measuring light absorption. light from a tungsten strip lamp or xenon arc dispersed by a grating monochromator illuminates the optical system of a microscope. the absorbance of light is measured (in nanometers) by comparing the difference between the image of the sample and a reference image
Microspheres: small uniformly-sized spherical particles, of micrometer dimensions, frequently labeled with radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers
Microsporea: a class of parasitic fungi. characteristics include spores that are spherical, oval, or tubular in shape and sporoplasm which is uninuclear or binuclear. microsporea is a heterotypic synonym for microsporidia
Microsporea: třída parazitických hub. mají charakteristické spory kulatého, oválného nebo trubicovitého tvaru, s jedním nebo dvěma jádry ve sporoplazmě. microsporea je heterotypické synonymum pro microsporidia
Microsporida: an order of parasitic fungi found mostly in arthropods; fishes; and in some vertebrates including humans. it comprises two suborders: pansporoblastina and apansporoblastina
Microsporida: řád hub, které parazitují zejména u členovců, ryb a některých obratlovců včetně člověka. patří sem dva podřády: pansporoblastina a apansporoblastina
Microsporidia: a phylum of fungi comprising minute intracellular parasites with fungal spores of unicellular origin. it has two classes: rudimicrosporea and microsporea
Microsporidia: skupina jaderných organismů, dnes zpravidla považovaná za samostatný kmen hub. její zástupci jsou nitrobuněční paraziti, většinou vegetující v cytoplazmě hostitelů. zahrnuje dvě třídy: rudimicrosporea a microsporea. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Microsporidia, Unclassified: includes newly defined organisms as well as some that will never be classified to the genus and/or species level because of loss of the specimen or other information
Microsporum: a mitosporic oxygenales fungal genus causing various diseases of the skin and hair. the species microsporum canis produces tinea capitis and tinea corporis, which usually are acquired from domestic cats and dogs. teleomorphs includes arthroderma (nannizzia). (alexopoulos et al., introductory mycology, 4th edition, p305)
Microsporum: rod mitosporických hub řádu onygenales způsobující různá onemocnění kůže a vlasů. druh microsporum canis je původcem dermatofytóz tinea capitis a tinea corporis, infekce se šíří zpravidla kontaktem s kočkami nebo psy chovanými v domácnosti. teleomorfním rodem je arthroderma (nannizzia)
Microstomia: a congenital defect in which the mouth is unusually small. (dorland, 27th ed)
Microtechnology: manufacturing technology for making microscopic devices in the micrometer range (typically 1-100 micrometers), such as integrated circuits or mems. the process usually involves replication and parallel fabrication of hundreds or millions of identical structures using various thin film deposition techniques and carried out in environmentally-controlled clean rooms
Microtomy: the technique of using a microtome to cut thin or ultrathin sections of tissues embedded in a supporting substance. the microtome is an instrument that hold a steel, glass or diamond knife in clamps at an angle to the blocks of prepared tissues, which it cuts in sections of equal thickness
Microtrauma, Physical: small injuries caused by external force applied to the body including bones, muscles, nerves and tendons
Microtubule-Associated Proteins: high molecular weight proteins found in the microtubules of the cytoskeletal system. under certain conditions they are required for tubulin assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules
Microtubule-Organizing Center: an amorphous region of electron dense material in the cytoplasm from which the microtubules polymerization is nucleated. the pericentriolar region of the centrosome which surrounds the centrioles is an example
Microtubules: slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. they are composed of the protein tubulin and are influenced by tubulin modulators
Microvascular Angina: angina pectoris or angina-like chest pain with a normal coronary arteriogram and positive exercise test. the cause of the syndrome is unknown. while its recognition is of clinical importance, its prognosis is excellent. (braunwald, heart disease, 4th ed, p1346; jablonski dictionary of syndromes & eponymic diseases, 2d ed). it is different from metabolic syndrome x, a syndrome characterized by insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, that has increased risk for cardiovascular disease
Microvascular Decompression Surgery: surgery performed to relieve pressure from microvessels that are located around nerves and are causing nerve compression syndromes
Microvascular Density: measured density of microvessels in a given field of area. it is a surrogate biomarker used for many physiological and pathophysiological processes such as angiogenesis, neovascularization, disease and tumor progressions
Microvessels: the finer blood vessels of the vasculature that are generally less than 100 microns in internal diameter
Microvilli: minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell
Microvillus inclusion disease: a congenital hereditary disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance. it is characterized by intractable watery diarrhea during infancy. the early onset form manisfests in the neonatal period and late-onset appears within the first 3 or 4 months of life. definite diagnosis is made by transmission electron microscopy, where shortening or absence of apical microvilli with pathognomonic microvillus inclusions in mature enterocytes and peripheral accumulation of pas reaction - positive granules or vesicles in immature enterocytes is observed. mutations in the myo5b gene have been identified. omim: 251850
Microviridae: a large family of lytic bacteriophages infecting enterobacteria; spiroplasma; bdellovibrio; and chlamydia. it contains four genera: microvirus; spiromicrovirus; bdellomicrovirus; and chlamydiamicrovirus
Microviridae: velká čeleď lytických bakteriofágů infikujících bakterie rodů spiroplasma, bdellovibrio, chlamydia a dále enterobakterie. zahrnuje rody microvirus, spiromicrovirus, bdellomicrovirus a chlamydiamicrovirus
Microvirus: a genus of bacteriophages of the family microviridae. the genome consists of isometric single-stranded dna
Microvirus: rod bakteriofágů čeledi microviridae. jejich genom je tvořený izometrickou jednořetězcovou dna
Microwaves: that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from the uhf (ultrahigh frequency) radio waves and extending into the infrared rays frequencies
Mid-Atlantic Region: a geographical area of the united states comprising the district of columbia, delaware, maryland, new jersey, new york, and pennsylvania
Midazolam: a short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. it is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. the short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. it is water-soluble at ph less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological ph
Midbrain Raphe Nuclei: raphe nuclei located in the midbrain including the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. they are the origin of the major serotonergic innervation in the forebrain
Midbrain Reticular Formation: the midbrain portion of the reticular formation located in the midbrain tegmentum
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle: white matter consisting of a large bundle of paired fibers originating in the pontine nuclei in the pre pontis and the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis projecting to the contralateral cerebral cortex
Middle Cerebral Artery: the largest of the cerebral arteries. it trifurcates into temporal, frontal, and parietal branches supplying blood to most of the parenchyma of these lobes in the cerebral cortex. these are the areas involved in motor, sensory, and speech activities
Middle Ear Ventilation: ventilation of the middle ear in the treatment of secretory (serous) otitis media, usually by placement of tubes or grommets which pierce the tympanic membrane
Middle East: the region of southwest asia and northeastern africa usually considered as extending from libya on the west to afghanistan on the east. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988)
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: a coronavirus first reported in the summer of 2012 in a pneumonia patient in saudi arabia. it is related to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. mers-cov has an estimated incubation period of 12 days and symptoms include renal failure and severe acute pneumonia with often fatal outcome
Middle Eastern People: people native to or inhabitants of middle east including bahrain; iran; iraq; israel; jordan; kuwait; lebanon; oman; palestinian territories; qatar; saudi arabia; syria; turkey; united arab emirates; and yemen
Middle Lobe Syndrome: atelectasis of the right middle pulmonary lobe, with chronic pneumonitis. (dorland, 27th ed)
Midkine: a developmentally regulated, heparin-binding secreted growth factor homologous to pleiotrophin (ptn). it regulates cell proliferation through its interaction with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (alk) and is involved in the formation of neointima following arterial injury
Midline Thalamic Nuclei: small, nonspecific nerve cells scattered in the periventricular gray matter, separating the medial part of the thalamus from the ependyma of the third ventricle. the group includes the paraventricular nucleus, paratenial nucleus, reuniens nucleus, rhomboidal nucleus, and subfascular nucleus
Midodrine: an ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. it is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of hypotension
Midwestern United States: the geographic area of the midwestern region of the united states in general or when the specific state or states are not indicated. the states usually included in this region are illinois, indiana, iowa, kansas, kentucky, michigan, minnesota, missouri, nebraska, ohio, oklahoma, north dakota, south dakota and wisconsin
Mifepristone: a progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. as a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary cushing syndrome
Migraine Disorders: a class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. the two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (international classification of headache disorders, 2nd ed. cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)
Migraine with Aura: a subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred vision; hallucinations; vertigo; numbness; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. aura is usually followed by features of the common migraine, such as photophobia; phonophobia; and nausea. (international classification of headache disorders, 2nd ed. cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)
Migraine without Aura: recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches, not preceded or accompanied by an aura, in attacks lasting 4-72 hours. it is characterized by pain of moderate to severe intensity; aggravated by physical activity; and associated with nausea and / or photophobia and phonophobia. (international classification of headache disorders, 2nd ed. cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)
Migraine, Familial Hemiplegic, 3: mutation in scn1a
Mikamycin: an antibiotic complex originally isolated from streptomyces mitakaenis. it contains two principle ingredients: streptogramin a (mikamycin a) and streptogramin b (mikamycin b)
Mikania: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain scandenolide (a sesquiterpene lactone) and germacranolides
Mikania: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. zástupci obsahují skandenolid (seskviterpenový lakton) a germakranolidy
Mikronésie: společný název pro ostrovy v tichém oceánu. nejčastějším vymezením je oblast ohraničená na západě filipínami, na jihozápadě a jihu indonésií, papuou novou guineou a melanésií a na východě polynésií. do mikronéského regionu se započítávají následující státy a závislá území: palau, mikronésie, marshallovy ostrovy, nauru, kiribati, guam, severní mariany. zahrnují ostrovy mariany, palau, karoline, marschllovy a kiribati. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2021 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Mikulicz' Disease: a chronic, benign, and usually painless inflammatory swelling of the lacrimal and salivary glands. it is considered by some to include the glandular enlargement associated with other diseases, such as sjogren's syndrome, sarcoidosis, lupus erythematosus, etc
Mikuliczova nemoc: infiltrace a nebolestivé zduření slzné žlázy a slinných žláz se známkami chronického zánětu při hematologické malignitě zejm. lymfoproliferativní. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Milia, Multiple Eruptive: a rare skin condition characterized by sudden onset of multiple milia (small benign keratinous cysts) primarily on the head, neck, and trunk. omim: 157400
Miliaria: a syndrome of cutaneous changes associated with sweat retention and extravasation of sweat at different levels in the skin. miliaria rubra, or prickly heat, results from apocrine duct obstruction. the sweat then seeps into the epidermis, producing pruritic erythematous papulovesicles. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Milieu Therapy: a treatment program based on manipulation of the patient's environment by the medical staff. the patient does not participate in planning the treatment regimen
Military Deployment: the movement of military personnel and support structures to designated areas for the purpose of performing of military duties in support of a mission
Military Family: men and women serving on active duty in the military, or in a reserve military force, and their immediate family including spouses, children, and parents
Military Health Services: services organized for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health primarily of military personnel
Military Psychiatry: branch of psychiatry concerned with problems related to the prevention, diagnosis, etiology, and treatment of mental or emotional disorders of armed forces personnel
Milk: the off-white liquid secreted by the mammary glands of humans and other mammals. it contains proteins, sugar, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
Milk Ejection: expulsion of milk from the mammary alveolar lumen, which is surrounded by a layer of milk-secreting epithelial cells and a network of myoepithelial cells. contraction of the myoepithelial cells is regulated by neuroendocrine signals
Milk Hypersensitivity: allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. milk hypersensitivity should be differentiated from lactose intolerance, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase
Milk Proteins: the major protein constituents of milk are caseins and whey proteins such as lactalbumin and lactoglobulins. immunoglobulins occur in high concentrations in colostrum and in relatively lower concentrations in milk. (singleton and sainsbury, dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology, 2d ed, p554)
Milk Sickness: an acute, often fatal disease caused by the ingestion of milk, milk products, or the flesh of cattle or sheep which have a disease known as trembles. it is marked by weakness, anorexia, vomiting, constipation, and sometimes muscular tremors. it is caused by poisoning by white snakeroot (eupatorium rugosum) and the rayless goldenrod (haplopappus heterophyllus). (from dorland, 27th ed)
Miller Fisher Syndrome: a variant of the guillain-barre syndrome characterized by the acute onset of oculomotor dysfunction, ataxia, and loss of deep tendon reflexes with relative sparing of strength in the extremities and trunk. the ataxia is produced by peripheral sensory nerve dysfunction and not by cerebellar injury. facial weakness and sensory loss may also occur. the process is mediated by autoantibodies directed against a component of myelin found in peripheral nerves. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1313; neurology 1987 sep;37(9):1493-8)
Miller Fisherův syndrom: miller fisherův syndrom (mfs) je vzácná porucha a považuje se za samostatnou variantu guillainova-barrého syndromu (gbs), akutní postinfekční zánětlivou poruchu periferních nervů. je charakterizován akutním začátkem trias oftalmoplegie, ataxie a areflexie, ale někdy mohou být postiženy i další hlavové nervy, především kaudální (bulbární syndrom) nebo n. facialis. mfs je benigní onemocnění s dobrou prognózou a úpravou bez reziduálního deficitu. jen vzácně může dojít k progresi do smíšené formy s klasickým gbs se slabostí končetinového, ale i dýchacího svalstva. (cit. ambler, z. miller fisherův syndrom - čtyři vlastní pozorování a přehled současných poznatků. česká a slovenská neurologie a neurochirurgie. 2011, 74(6))
Miller-McKusick-Malvaux-Syndrome (3M Syndrome): a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by distinctive facial features (facies), severe prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, and normal mental development. the main skeletal anomalies are long, slender tubular bones, reduced anteroposterior diameter of the vertebral bodies, and delayed bone age. other skeletal manifestations include joint hypermobility, joint dislocation, winged scapulae, and pes planus. mutations in the cul7 gene have been identified. omim: 273750
Millets: an agronomic group especially of small-seeded grasses, mainly grown for human and animal consumption
Millettia: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. members contain isoflavones, some of which show molluscicidal and schistosomicidal activity. some species of pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to derris
Millettia: rod rostlin z čeledi bobovitých (fabaceae). zástupci rodu obsahují isoflavony a některé z nich vykazují moluskocidní (hubí měkkýše) a schistosomicidní aktivitu. některé druhy pongamia byly reklasifikovány do tohoto rodu a jiné do rodu derris (kožnatec)
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory: a psychological test consisting of true/false items. it is used as a diagnostic screening or clinical assessment of adults who evidence problematic emotional and interpersonal symptoms or who are undergoing psychotherapy or a psychodiagnostic evaluation
Millonův klinický víceosý dotazník: psychologický test skládající se z otázek typu pravda-není pravda. používá se při diagnostice nebo klinickém hodnocení dospělých psychiatrických pacientů. nástroj pokrývá širokou škálu psychopatologie včetně chronických rysů, stejně tak jako akutních klinických syndromů
Milnacipran: a cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (snri) that is used in the treatment of fibromyalgia
Milner Khallouf Gibson syndrome: microcephaly, short stature, slow growth, beak nose, micrognathia, skin dyspigmentation and forearm and thumb dysplasia
Milrinone: a positive inotropic cardiotonic agent with vasodilator properties. it inhibits camp phosphodiesterase type 3 activity in myocardium and vascular smooth muscle. milrinone is a derivative of amrinone and has 20-30 times the inotropic potency of amrinone
Mimiviridae: a family of nucleocytoplasmic, large, double-stranded dna viruses with extremely complex genomes
Mimiviridae: čeleď velkých, nukleocytoplazmatických dna virů s dvouřetězcovou dna a mimořádně komplexními genomy
Mimosa: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that contains kukulkanin, a chalcone
Mimosa: rod rostlin z čeledi bobovitých (fabaceae), který obsahuje chalkon kukulkanin
Mimosine: 3-hydroxy-4-oxo-1(4h)-pyridinealanine. an antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from leucena glauca
Mimulus: a plant genus of the family phrymaceae. members contain 6-geranylflavanones and mimulone
Mimulus: rod rostlin čeledi phrymaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují 6-geranylflavanony a mimulon
Mimusops: a plant genus of the family sapotaceae. members contain triterpenoid saponins. latex from bark incisions is processed into gutta balata
Mimusops: rod rostlin čeledi sapotaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují triterpenoidní saponiny. nařezáváním borky se získává latex, který se zpracovává na látku zvanou balata (podobnou gutaperče)
Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical: the relation between the mind and the body in a religious, social, spiritual, behavioral, and metaphysical context. this concept is significant in the field of alternative medicine. it differs from the relationship between physiologic processes and behavior where the emphasis is on the body's physiology ( = psychophysiology)
Mind-Body Therapies: treatment methods or techniques which are based on the knowledge of mind and body interactions. these techniques can be used to reduce the feeling of tension and effect of stress, and to enhance the physiological and psychological well-being of an individual
Mindfulness: a psychological state of awareness, the practices that promote this awareness, a mode of processing information and a character trait. as a therapy mindfulness is defined as a moment-to-moment awareness of one's experience without judgment and as a state and not a trait
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: a therapeutic intervention designed to treat people with depression through use of elements of mindfulness-based stress reduction and other cognitive behavioral therapy
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction: a therapeutic intervention designed to improve psychological well-being through reduced anxiety; psychological stress; depressive symptoms; distress and improved mood by increased mindfulness
Mineral Fibers: long, pliable, cohesive natural or manufactured filaments of various lengths. they form the structure of some minerals. the medical significance lies in their potential ability to cause various types of pneumoconiosis (e.g., asbestosis) after occupational or environmental exposure. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed, p708)
Mineral Oil: a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. it is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient
Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndrome, Apparent: a hereditary disease characterized by childhood onset hypertension, hypokalemic alkalosis, and low renin and aldosterone secretion. it results from a defect in the activity of the 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 enzyme which results in inadequate conversion of cortisol to cortisone. the build up of unprocessed cortisol to levels that stimulate mineralocorticoid receptors creates the appearance of having excessive mineralocorticoids
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists: drugs that bind to and block the activation of mineralocorticoid receptors by mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone