NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Phytolacca americana: a plant species of the family phytolaccaceae. the root has been used in traditional medicine and contains pokeweed mitogens, triterpene glycosides, and antiviral protein
Phytolacca americana: druh bylin rodu phytolacca, čeledi phytolaccaceae. v minulosti bývalo líčidlo americké pěstováno jako barvířská rostlina, fialová šťáva plodů sloužila k barvení látek nebo vína a vyráběl se z ní inkoust a potravinářské barvivo. šťáva není toxická, ale všechny ostatní části rostliny jsou pro člověka a mnohé savce silně jedovaté. u původních obyvatel ameriky byly rostliny používané v tradičním lékařství. obsahují mitogeny, triterpenové glykosidy a antivirový protein. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Phytolacca dodecandra: a plant species of the family phytolaccaceae. the root has been used in traditional medicine and contains saponins used to poison snails
Phytolacca dodecandra: druh rostliny z čeledi líčidlovité (phytolaccaceae). kořen se užíval v lidové medicíně, obsahuje saponiny užívané k trávení plžů
Phytolaccaceae: líčidlovité (phytolaccaceae) je čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu hvozdíkotvaré (caryophyllales). jsou to byliny i dřeviny, často s nápadnými bobulovitými plody, pocházející především z tropické ameriky. v evropě se žádný druh přirozeně nevyskytuje, v některých oblastech zplaňuje líčidlo americké (phytolacca americana). plody různých druhů líčidla, zvláště líčidla amerického jsou používány v potravinářství např. k barvení cukrovinek a vína. mají však velký obsah saponinů, jsou pro člověka mírně jedovaté a příležitostně byly používány k praní prádla a k hubení měkkýšů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Phytolaccaceae: the pokeweed plant family of the order caryophyllales, subclass caryophyllidae, class magnoliopsida. the leaves are alternate, simple and smooth-edged and the flowers are in spikes or panicles and are usually bisexual
Phytophthora: a genus of destructive parasitic oomycetes in the family peronosporaceae, order peronosporales, affecting numerous fruit, vegetable, and other crops. differentiation of zoospores usually takes place in the sporangium and no vesicle is formed. it was previously considered a fungus
Phytophthora: rod zhoubných parazitických oomycet čeledi phytophthoraceae, řádu peronosporales. dříve zařazován mezi houby. jeho zástupci napadají tisíce druhů krytosemenných a méně často i nahosemenných rostlin (jehličnanů). druhy r. phytophthora, způsobují celosvětové ekonomice každoročně ztráty mnoha miliard dolarů a patří mezi nejcitovanější parazity rostlin vůbec. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Phytophthora infestans: a species of parasitic oomycetes in the family peronosporaceae that is the causative agent of late blight of potato
Phytophthora infestans: druh parazitických oomycet čeledi phytophthoraceae, který způsobuje plíseň rostlin z čeledi lilkovité (solanaceae), zejména rodu lilek (solanum). napadeny mohou být i okrasné rostliny - petunie, surfinie, datura, mochyně. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Phytoplankton: free-floating minute organisms that are photosynthetic. the term is non-taxonomic and refers to a lifestyle (energy utilization and motility), rather than a particular type of organism. most, but not all, are unicellular algae. important groups include diatoms; dinoflagellates; cyanobacteria; chlorophyta; haptophyta; cryptomonads; and silicoflagellates
Phytoplasma: a genus of minute bacteria in the family acholeplasmataceae that inhabit phloem sieve elements of infected plants and cause symptoms such as yellowing, phyllody, and witches' brooms. organisms lack a cell wall and thus are similar to mycoplasma in animals. they are transmitted by over 100 species of insects especially leafhoppers, planthoppers, and psyllids
Phytoplasma: fytoplazmata jsou definována jako bakterie bez buněčné stěny, jiného než helikálního tvaru, které kolonizují floém (lýko) rostlin a hmyz. fytoplazma je specializovaná bakterie, která je obligátním parazitem ve vodivém pletivu rostlin a je přenášena hmyzem. obvykle jde o organismy o průměru menším než 1 mikrometr. choroba způsobená fytoplazmou se nazývá fytoplazmóza. mezi fytoplazmózy patří stolbur, fytoplazmová žloutenka aster, nebo proliferace jabloně. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Phytosomes: lipid-based vesicular drug delivery systems that are structurally related to liposomes. unlike liposomes, phytosomes have their active ingredient as a part of their lipid membrane itself
Phytosterols: a class of organic compounds known as sterols or steroids derived from plants
Pia Mater: the innermost layer of the three meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. it is the fine vascular membrane that lies under the arachnoid and the dura mater
Pica: the persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month
Picea: a plant genus in the family pinaceae, order pinales, class pinopsida, division coniferophyta. they are evergreen, pyramidal trees with whorled branches and thin, scaly bark. each of the linear, spirally arranged leaves are joined near the stem on a separate woody base
Pichia: rod kvasinek čeledi saccharomycetaceae, řádu saccharomycetales. vyskytují se jako kontaminace piva a vína
Pichia: yeast-like ascomycetous fungi of the family saccharomycetaceae, order saccharomycetales isolated from exuded tree sap
Pichinde virus: a species of arenavirus, one of the new world arenaviruses (arenaviruses, new world), causing a fatal infection in the cricetine rodent oryzomys albigularis. asymptomatic laboratory infection in humans has been reported
Picibanil: a lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (su) of streptococcus pyogenes (s. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin g. it has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity
Pick Disease of the Brain: a rare form of dementia that is sometimes familial. clinical features include aphasia; apraxia; confusion; anomia; memory loss; and personality deterioration. this pattern is consistent with the pathologic findings of circumscribed atrophy of the poles of the frontal lobe and temporal lobe. neuronal loss is maximal in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and amygdala. some ballooned cortical neurons contain argentophylic (pick) bodies. (from brain pathol 1998 apr;8(2):339-54; adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp1057-9)
Pickova nemoc mozku: onemocnění mozku způsobující demenci. dochází k výraznému zmenšení (atrofii) mozku. atrofie postihuje zejm. frontální a temporální lalok mozku. dochází k zániku neuronů a přežívající neurony často obsahují tzv. pickova tělíska. obvykle po 40. roce se objevuje únava, ztrácí se schopnost abstraktního myšlení, ztráta vůle, výkyvy nálad, rozvíjí se demence
Picobirnavirus: nezařazený virus, jehož genom se skládá ze dvou segmentů dvouvláknové rna. byl izolován ze stolice lidí a dalších živočichů. může souviset s gastroenteritidou u člověka
Picobirnavirus: unclassified, bisegmented, double-stranded rna virus isolated from the feces of humans and other animals. some reports associate it with gastroenteritis in humans
Picolines: a group of compounds that are monomethyl derivatives of pyridines. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Picolinic Acids: compounds with general formula c5h4n(co2h) derived from pyridine, having a carboxylic acid substituent at the 2-position
Picornaviridae: a family of small rna viruses comprising some important pathogens of humans and animals. transmission usually occurs mechanically. there are nine genera: aphthovirus; cardiovirus; enterovirus; erbovirus; hepatovirus; kobuvirus; parechovirus; rhinovirus; and teschovirus
Picornaviridae: pikornaviry, čeleď malých neobalených rna virů. kapsida má kubický charakter, genom je tvořen jednovláknovou rna s pozitivní polaritou. replikují se v cytoplasmě, působí lytickou infekci. hlavní rody jsou aphtovirus, cardiovirus, enterovirus, hepatovirus, rhinovirus. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2019 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Picrasma: a plant genus of the family simaroubaceae. members contain javanicins, picrasinoside and other quassinoids
Picrasma: rod rostlin čeledi simaroubaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují javaniciny, pikrasinosid a další quassinoidy
Picrorhiza: a plant genus of the family plantaginaceae. members contain scrosides (cinnamates) and phenylethanoid glycoside. p. kurrooa is the source of picroliv (a purified iridoid glycoside fraction from the roots having hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties)
Picrorhiza: rod rostlin čeledi plantaginaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují skrosidy (cinnamáty) a fenylethanoidní glykosid. z byliny p. kurrooa se získává picroliv (frakce čištěných iridoidních glykosidů z oddenků), který má hepatoprotektivní, protizánětlivé a antioxidační vlastnosti
Picrorhiza root extract: extract made from picrorhiza and related neopicrorhiza roots. contains various iridoids (e.g., kutkoside and picroside i). an alcoholic preparation of rhizoma picrorhizae is called kutkin
Picrotoxin: a mixture of picrotoxinin and picrotin that is a noncompetitive antagonist at gaba-a receptors acting as a convulsant. picrotoxin blocks the gamma-aminobutyric acid-activated chloride ionophore. although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a cns stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by cns depressants, especially the barbiturates
Picryl Chloride: a hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (arthritis rheum 1991 feb;34(2):180)
Piebaldism: autosomal dominant, congenital disorder characterized by localized hypomelanosis of the skin and hair. the most familiar feature is a white forelock presenting in 80 to 90 percent of the patients. the underlying defect is possibly related to the differentiation and migration of melanoblasts, as well as to defective development of the neural crest (neurocristopathy). piebaldism may be closely related to waardenburg syndrome
Piedra: either of two diseases resulting from fungal infection of the hair shafts. black piedra occurs mainly in and on the hairs of the scalp and is caused by piedraia hortae; white piedra occurs in and on the hairs of the scalp, beard, moustache and genital areas and is caused by trichosporon species
Piepkorn Karp Hickok syndrome: short ribs, polysyndactyly, cranial synostosis, cleft palate cardiovascular and urogenital anomalies and severe ossification defect
Pierre Robin Sequence with Facial and Digital Anomalies: digital features include tapering fingers, hyperconvex nails, clinodactyly of the fifth fingers, and short distal phalanges; retrognathia, high forehead, and frontal bossing are also observed; omim: 311895
Pierre Robin Syndrome: congenital malformation characterized by micrognathia or retrognathia; glossoptosis and cleft palate. the mandibular abnormalities often result in difficulties in sucking and swallowing. the syndrome may be isolated or associated with other syndromes (e.g., andersen syndrome; campomelic dysplasia). developmental mis-expression of sox9 transcription factor gene on chromosome 17q and its surrounding region is associated with the syndrome
Pierre Robin sequence with pectus excavatum and rib and scapular anomalies: skeletal dysplasia related to campomelic dysplasia
Pierre Robinův syndrom: soubor příznaků autozomálně recesivně dědičné anomálie dutiny ústní a čelisti. do syndromu patří hypoplazie dolní čelisti, mikrognatie, mediální rozštěp patra, mikroglosie, pseudoglossoschisis, glosoptóza. bez rozsáhlého stomatochirurgického výkonu hrozí asfyxie po zapadnutí jazyka nebo aspirace potravy. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Pierson syndrome: a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital nephrotic syndrome with diffuse sclerosis of the glomerular mesangium and distinct ocular abnormalities, including microcoria (narrowing of the pupil) and hypoplasia of the ciliary and pupillary muscles, as well as other anomalies. many patients die in infancy, and those who survive tend to show neurodevelopmental delay and visual loss. mutations in the lamb2 gene have been identified. omim: 150325
Piezosurgery: the use of high-energy shock waves, in the frequency range of 20-30 khz, to cut through mineralized tissue
Pigment Epithelium of Eye: the layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the retina; the ciliary body; and the iris in the eye
Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Disease, Primary, 1: mutation in prkar1a
Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Disease, Primary, 2: mutation in pde11a
Pigmented purpuric eruption: pigmented purpura that are present from birth or infancy, usually in a bilaterally symmetric pattern on the lower extermities. omim: 172900
Pigments, Biological: any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants; animals or micro-organisms
Pili Torti: a condition in which the hair shafts are flattened and rotated along their long axis, resulting in fragility and breakage at short length which often resolves by adolescence. the nails and teeth may also be affected. omim: 261900
Pili annulati: a condition where scalp hairs show alternating light and dark bands. it usually presents in infancy or early childhood and the hair does not have increased fragility. omim: 180600
Pili, Sex: filamentous or elongated proteinaceous structures which extend from the cell surface in gram-negative bacteria that contain certain types of conjugative plasmid. these pili are the organs associated with genetic transfer and have essential roles in conjugation. normally, only one or a few pili occur on a given donor cell. (from singleton & sainsbury, dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology, 2d ed, p675) this preferred use of pili refers to the sexual appendage, to be distinguished from bacterial fimbriae (fimbriae, bacterial), also known as common pili, which are usually concerned with adhesion
Pilocarpine: a slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma
Pilocarpus: a plant genus of the family rutaceae that is the natural source of pilocarpine
Pilocarpus: rod keřů čeledi rutaceae, z jejichž listů se získává pilokarpin
Pilomatrixoma: a tumor composed of cells resembling those of the hair matrix, which undergo 'mummification' and may calcify. it is a relatively uncommon tumor, which may occur at any age from infancy. the majority of patients are under 20, and females are affected more than males. the lesion is usually a solitary deep dermal or subcutaneous tumor 3-30 mm in diameter, situated in the head, neck, or upper extremity. (from rook et al., textbook of dermatology, 4th ed, p2401)
Pilonidal Sinus: a hair-containing cyst or sinus, occurring chiefly in the coccygeal region
Pilot Projects: small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work
Pimelic Acids: a group of compounds that are derivatives of heptanedioic acid with the general formula r-c7h11o4
Pimenta: a plant genus in the family myrtaceae, order myrtales, subclass rosidae. it is best known for allspice from the dried berry of pimenta dioica
Pimenta (rod): rod rostlin čeledi myrtaceae, řádu myrtales, třídy rosopsida. pimentovníky mají tvrdé a trvanlivé dřevo a jsou zdrojem silic využívaných zejména v kosmetice, parfumerii a lékařství. ekonomický význam má zejména pimentovník pravý jako zdroj nového koření a silic. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Pimozide: a diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to haloperidol for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with tourette syndrome. although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1994, p403)
Pimpinella: a plant genus in the family apiaceae (umbelliferae) that is used in spices and is a source of anethole
Pinaceae: a plant family of the order pinales, class pinopsida, division tracheophyta, known for the various conifers
Pinacidil: a guanidine that opens potassium channels producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the arterioles. it reduces blood pressure and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (martindale the extra pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
Pinales: order of conifers of the class pinopsida, subdivision spermatophytina, and division tracheophyta. the distinguishing attribute of the pinales is the reproductive structure known as a cone
Pinales: řád nahosemenných dřevin, převážně stromů a méně často keřů, patřící do třídy jehličnanů (pinopsida). charakteristickým znakem pinales je tvorba šišek. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Pinch Strength: force exerted when using the index finger and the thumb. it is a test for determining maximum voluntary contraction force
Pinctada: a genus of pearl oysters in the family pteriidae, class bivalvia. both cultured and natural pearls are obtained from species in the genus. they are distinct from the distantly related, edible true oysters of the family ostreidae
Pinctada: rod mlžů čeledi pteriidae, třídy bivalvia. zástupci tohoto rodu jsou zdrojem přírodních i kultivovaných perel. jsou vzdáleně příbuzní s ústřicemi čeledi ostreidae
Pindolol: a moderately lipophilic beta blocker (adrenergic beta-antagonists). it is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (from martindale, the extra pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638)
Pineal Gland: a light-sensitive neuroendocrine organ attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain. the pineal gland secretes melatonin, other biogenic amines and neuropeptides
Pinealectomy: surgical removal of the pineal gland including resection of pineal tumor (pinealoma) and cysts
Pinealoma: neoplasms which originate from pineal parenchymal cells that tend to enlarge the gland and be locally invasive. the two major forms are pineocytoma and the more malignant pineoblastoma. pineocytomas have moderate cellularity and tend to form rosette patterns. pineoblastomas are highly cellular tumors containing small, poorly differentiated cells. these tumors occasionally seed the neuroaxis or cause obstructive hydrocephalus or parinaud's syndrome. germinoma; carcinoma, embryonal; glioma; and other neoplasms may arise in the pineal region with germinoma being the most common pineal region tumor. (from devita et al., cancer: principles and practice of oncology, 5th ed, p2064; adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p670)
Pinellia: a plant genus of the family araceae that contains pinellian (an acidic polysaccharide). the plant is an ingredient of some traditional asian medicinal mixtures including sho-saiko-to, saiko-keishi-to, and banxia houpu decoction
Pinellia: rod rostlin čeledi araceae, jehož zástupci obsahují pinellian (kyselý polysacharid). hlízy jsou součástí tradiční medicíny v japonsku a číně (sho-saiko-to, saiko-keishi-to a banxia houpu)
Pinguecula: a yellowish thickened lesion on the conjunctiva near the cornea representing a benign degenerative change in the conjunctiva caused by the leakage and deposition of certain blood proteins through the permeable capillaries near the limbus
Pinocytosis: the engulfing of liquids by cells by a process of invagination and closure of the cell membrane to form fluid-filled vacuoles
Pinta: an infectious disease of the skin caused by treponema carateum that occurs only in the western hemisphere. age of onset is between 10 and 20 years of age. this condition is characterized by marked changes in the skin color and is believed to be transmitted by direct person-to-person contact
Pinus: a plant genus in the family pinaceae, order pinales, class pinopsida, division coniferophyta. they are evergreen trees mainly in temperate climates
Pinus lambertiana sap: sap of sugar pine; used in various kinds of reproductive disorders; also has abortifacient effect in early pregnancy
Pinus ponderosa: a plant species of the genus pinus that contains isocupressic acid
Pinus sylvestris: a plant species of the genus pinus which is the source of pinosylvin. it is sometimes called scotch pine or scots pine, which is also a common name for other species of this genus
Pinus taeda: a plant species of the genus pinus which is the subject of genetic study
Pioglitazone: a thiazolidinedione and ppar gamma agonist that is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Pipe Smoking: smoking by use of a narrow conveying tube which feeds from an open cavity where smoked product is loaded and burned
Pipecuronium: a piperazinyl androstane derivative which is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (neuromuscular nondepolarizing agents). it is used as a muscle relaxant during anesthesia and surgical procedures
Pipemidic Acid: antimicrobial against gram negative and some gram positive bacteria. it is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections
Piper: a plant genus of the family piperaceae that includes species used for spicy and stimulating qualities
Piper: rod rostlin čeledi piperaceae, jehož zástupci mají využití jako koření, zelenina, droga a léčivo
Piper betle: a plant genus of the family piperaceae that is indigenous in the indian malay region and cultivated in madagascar, and the west indies. it contains chavibetol, chavicol and cadinene. the leaf is chewed as a stimulant, antiseptic and sialogogue. the common name of betel is also used for areca
Piper betle: druh rostliny čeledi piperaceae, která obsahuje chavibetol, chavikol a kadinen. liána pochází patrně z malajsie, pěstuje se od srí lanky a indie po indonésii a filipíny, jakož i v jižní číně, východní africe a na madagaskaru. rostlina je oblíbená v tradičním lidovém léčitelství, ovšem hlavním důvodem pěstování jsou listy, do nichž se balí - spolu s vápnem - semeno betelové palmy (areca catechu). tento smotek se žvýká jako povzbudivý až omamný prostředek. (upraveno podle botany.cz 2020 https://botany.cz/))
Piper cubeba extract: piper cubeba extract containing 16.53% cubebin that targets multiple aspects of the androgen-signalling pathway; a potential phytotherapy against prostate cancer growth
Piper nigrum: a plant species in the piperaceae plant family. it is a common spice on foods and is used medicinally to increase gastrointestinal assimilation of other supplements and drugs. piperine is a key component. black pepper is picked unripe and heaped for a few days to ferment. white pepper is the ripe fruit dehulled by maceration in water
Piper nigrum: tropická ovíjivá liána čeledi piperaceae, jejíž bobule se používají jako nejrozšířenější koření - pepř (černý, bílý, zelený i červený). bobule obsahují tři hlavní složky: pryskyřice dodávající peprnou chuť, aromatické silice, od nichž pochází osobitá vůně, a alkaloid piperin dráždící sliznice a podporující trávení. kromě koření mají využití i v asijské medicíně. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Piperaceae: a family of flowering plants in the order piperales best known for the black pepper widely used in spices, and for kava and betel used for neuroactive properties
Piperaceae: čeleď nižších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu pepřotvaré (piperales). byliny, bylinné i dřevité liány a keře nebo i stromy s měkkým a ne zcela dřevnatým dřevem. různé druhy pepřovníků jsou zdrojem koření a drog kava a betel. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Piperacillin: semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, ampicillin derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for pseudomonas infections. it is also used in combination with other antibiotics
Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: an antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. it is also used for the treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa infections
Piperazine: an anti-nematodal agent effective against the intestinal nematodes ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm) and enterobius vermicularis (pinworm, threadworm). it produces a neuromuscular block leading to flaccid muscle paralysis in susceptible worms, which are then dislodged from the gut and expelled in feces
Piperidones: a family of saturated heterocyclic organic compounds which contain one nitrogen atom and a carbonyl group in the ring structure
Piperonyl Butoxide: an insecticide synergist, especially for pyrethroids and rotenone
Piperoxan: a benzodioxane alpha-adrenergic blocking agent with considerable stimulatory action. it has been used to diagnose pheochromocytoma and as an antihypertensive agent
Pipidae: a family of the order anura, distinguished by the lack of a tongue. it includes four living genera of aquatic toads. two of the most familiar pipids are the popularly called surinam toad (pipa pipa) and xenopus laevis
Pipidae: čeleď žab, které nemají hlasivky a jazyk. zahrnuje čtyři žijící rody vodních žab. k nejznámějším zástupcům patří pipa americká (pipa surinamská, pipa pipa) a drápatka vodní (xenopus laevis)
Piracetam: a compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent
Pirenzepine: an antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. it promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. it also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as cimetidine and ranitidine. it is generally well tolerated by patients
Piribedil: a dopamine d2 agonist. it is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. it has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a d2 agonist
Piriform Cortex: an area of the olfactory cortex comprising the rostral half of the uncus of the parahippocampal gyrus and the anterior parahippocampal gyrus. it receives major afferents directly from the olfactory bulb
Piriformis Muscle Syndrome: a chronic pelvic pain characterized by pain deep in the buttock that may radiate to posterior aspects of the leg. it is caused by the piriformis muscle compressing or irritating the sciatic nerve due to trauma, hypertrophy, inflammation or anatomic variations
Pirinitramide: a diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. it is a derivative of meperidine with similar activity and usage
Piromidic Acid: antibacterial against mainly gram negative organisms. it is used for urinary tract and intestinal infections
Piromyces: a genus of fungi in the family neocallimasticaceae, order neocallimasticales, containing uniflagellate zoospores
Piromyces: rod hub čeledi neocallimasticaceae, řádu neocallimastigales, které mají jednobičíkaté zoospory
Piroplasmia: a subclass of heteroxenous parasitic protozoa usually transmitted by ticks. its organisms are rod-shaped or amoeboid with conoid, oocysts, spores, and pseudocysts absent. locomotion is by body flexion, gliding, or, in sexual stages, by large axopodium-like organelles
Piroplasmia: podtřída heteroxenních parazitických prvoků přenášených klíšťaty. tělo je tyčinkovité nebo améboidní, chybí konoidy, oocysty, spory a pseudocysty. pohybují se flexí, klouzáním nebo (v pohlavních fázích) pomocí velkých organel podobných axopodiím
Piroplasmida: an order of protozoa comprising heteroxenous tick-borne blood parasites. representative genera include babesia, dactylosoma, and theileria
Piroplasmida: řád heteroxenních parazitických prvoků přenášených klíšťaty. napadají krevní buňky obratlovců. ke známým rodům tohoto řádu patří babesia, dactylosoma a theileria
Piroxicam: a cyclooxygenase inhibiting, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (nsaid) that is well established in treating rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and used for musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily
Piscirickettsia: a genus of bacteria in the family piscirickettsiaceae that is an intracellular rickettsial-like pathogen of fishes, especially species in the family salmonidae
Piscirickettsia: rod patogenních bakterií čeledi piscirickettsiaceae, které jsou intracelulárními parazity ryb (zejména lososovitých)
Piscirickettsiaceae: a family of gram-negative bacteria, in the order thiotrichales
Piscirickettsiaceae: čeleď gramnegativních bakterií řádu thiotrichales
Piscirickettsiaceae Infections: infections with bacteria of the family piscirickettsiaceae, causing septicemic disease of salmonid fish (salmonidae). piscirickettsia-like bacteria are also associated with disease syndromes in non-salmonid fish
Pisiform Bone: a pea-shaped carpal bone that actually sits in the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
Pistacia: a plant genus in the anacardiaceae family known for species that produce pistachio nuts (pistacia vera) and gum mastic (pistacia lentiscus). several of the species have the common name pistachio
Pistacia: rod rostlin čeledi anacardiaceae. zahrnuje druhy pěstované pro plody (pistacia vera) a pryskyřici mastichu (pistacia lentiscus)
Pisum sativum: a variable annual leguminous vine that is cultivated for its rounded smooth or wrinkled edible protein-rich seeds, the seed of the pea, and the immature pods with their included seeds. (from webster's new collegiate dictionary, 1973)
Pit and Fissure Sealants: agents used to occlude dental enamel pits and fissures in the prevention of dental caries
Pitcairn Island: an island in polynesia, in the south pacific ocean. it was discovered in 1767 by philip carteret, uninhabited until 1790 when settled by mutineers from the english ship, bounty. the settlement was discovered in 1808; the population was removed temporarily to tahiti in 1831 and to norfolk island (between new caledonia and new zealand) in 1856. some later returned to pitcairn and their descendents constitute the present population of this british colony. the island is named for the midshipman who first sighted it from the ship. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p958 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p422)
Pitcairnův ostrov: pitcairnovy ostrovy jsou zámořským územím velké británie. jde o skupinu čtyř ostrovů v jižním tichém oceánu. pouze pitcairn, druhý největší ostrov, je trvale obydlen, a to potomky vzbouřenců z lodi bounty. další ostrovy - hendersonův, ducie a oeno - jsou neobydleny. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Pitheciidae: a family of new world monkeys in the infraorder platyrrhini consisting of two subfamilies: callicebinae and pitheciinae
Pitheciidae: čeleď ploskonosých opic infrařádu platyrrhini, která zahrnuje dvě podčeledi: callicebinae (titiové) a pitheciinae (chvostani)
Pitohui: poison birds from new guinea that accumulate batrachotoxins (e.g., homobatrachotoxin)
Pitt-Hopkins syndrome: a developmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability, wide mouth and distinctive facies, and intermittent hyperventilation followed by apnea. it is caused by de novo autosomal dominant mutations in the tcf4 gene. omim: 610954
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion: a disease of the pituitary gland characterized by the excess amount of adrenocorticotropic hormone secreted. this leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (hydrocortisone) by the adrenal glands resulting in cushing syndrome
Pituitary Adenoma, Familial Isolated: familial cases of pituitary adenoma.the isolated type refers specifically to growth hormone secreting tumors and is usually associated with acromegaly. omim: 102200
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide: a multi-function neuropeptide that acts throughout the body by elevating intracellular cyclic amp level via its interaction with pacap receptors and vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor. although first isolated from hypothalamic extracts and named for its action on the pituitary, it is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. pacap is important in the control of endocrine and homeostatic processes, such as secretion of pituitary and gut hormones and food intake
Pituitary Apoplexy: the sudden loss of blood supply to the pituitary gland, leading to tissue necrosis and loss of function (panhypopituitarism). the most common cause is hemorrhage or infarction of a pituitary adenoma. it can also result from acute hemorrhage into sella turcica due to head trauma; intracranial hypertension; or other acute effects of central nervous system hemorrhage. clinical signs include severe headache; hypotension; bilateral visual disturbances; unconsciousness; and coma
Pituitary Diseases: disorders involving either the adenohypophysis or the neurohypophysis. these diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of pituitary hormones. neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the optic chiasm and other adjacent structures
Pituitary Gland: a small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica. it is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk which is called the infundibulum
Pituitary Gland, Anterior: the anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis. it secretes the adenohypophyseal hormones that regulate vital functions such as growth; metabolism; and reproduction
Pituitary Gland, Intermediate: the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. it shows considerable size variation among the species, small in humans, and large in amphibians and lower vertebrates. this lobe produces mainly melanocyte-stimulating hormones and other peptides from post-translational processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (pomc)
Pituitary Gland, Posterior: neural tissue of the pituitary gland, also known as the neurohypophysis. it consists of the distal axons of neurons that produce vasopressin and oxytocin in the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus. these axons travel down through the median eminence, the hypothalamic infundibulum of the pituitary stalk, to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Pituitary Hormone Deficiency, Combined, 1: also known as cphd1
Pituitary Hormone Deficiency, Combined, 2: prom mutation in prop1
Pituitary Hormone Deficiency, Combined, 4: also known as cphd4; associated with mutations in lim4
Pituitary Hormone Release Inhibiting Hormones: polypeptide hormones produced in the hypothalamus which inhibit the release of pituitary hormones. used for phrih in general or for which there is no specific heading
Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones: peptides, natural or synthetic, that stimulate the release of pituitary hormones. they were first isolated from the extracts of the hypothalamus; median eminence; pituitary stalk; and neurohypophysis. in addition, some hypophysiotropic hormones control pituitary cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and hormone synthesis. some can act on more than one pituitary hormone
Pituitary Hormones: hormones secreted by the pituitary gland including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. they are under the regulation of neural signals (neurotransmitters) or neuroendocrine signals (hypothalamic hormones) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as adrenal cortex hormones; androgens; estrogens
Pituitary Hormones, Anterior: hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (pituitary gland, anterior). structurally, they include polypeptide, protein, and glycoprotein molecules
Pituitary Hormones, Posterior: hormones released from the neurohypophysis (pituitary gland, posterior). they include a number of peptides which are formed in the neurons in the hypothalamus, bound to neurophysins, and stored in the nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary. upon stimulation, these peptides are released into the hypophysial portal vessel blood
Pituitary Neoplasms: neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the pituitary gland. the majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see adenoma, basophil; adenoma, acidophil; and adenoma, chromophobe). pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the hypothalamus, several cranial nerves, and the optic chiasm. chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal hemianopsia
Pituitary-Adrenal Function Tests: tests that evaluate the adrenal glands controlled by pituitary hormones
Pituitary-Adrenal System: the interactions between the anterior pituitary and adrenal glands, in which corticotropin (acth) stimulates the adrenal cortex and adrenal cortical hormones suppress the production of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary
Pityriasis: a name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. (dorland, 27th ed)
Pityriasis Lichenoides: a subgroup of parapsoriasis itself divided into acute and chronic forms. the acute form is characterized by the abrupt onset of a generalized, reddish-brown, maculopapular eruption. lesions may be vesicular, hemorrhagic, crusted, or necrotic. histologically the disease is characterized by epidermal necrolysis. the chronic form shows milder skin changes with necrosis
Pityriasis Rosea: a mild exanthematous inflammation of unknown etiology. it is characterized by the presence of salmon-colored maculopapular lesions. the most striking feature is the arrangement of the lesions such that the long axis is parallel to the lines of cleavage. the eruptions are usually generalized, affecting chiefly the trunk, and the course is often self-limiting
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris: a chronic skin disease characterized by small follicular papules, disseminated reddish-brown scaly patches, and often, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. the papules are about the size of a pin and topped by a horny plug
Piwi-Interacting RNA: a class of small rnas that are 24-31 nucleotides in length. they associate with the piwi subfamily of argonaute proteins to form effector complexes known as pirna-induced silencing complexes, which repress transposons via transcriptional or posttranscriptional mechanisms and maintain germline genome integrity. in addition to their role in transposon silencing, pirnas in diverse organisms function in the regulation of cellular genes
Piwi-interagující RNA: třída malých rna o délce 24-31 nukleotidů. asociují s podrodinou piwi proteinů argonaut za vzniku efektorových komplexů známých jako pirna-indukované umlčovací komplexy, které potlačují transpozony prostřednictvím transkripčních nebo posttranskripčních mechanismů a udržují integritu zárodečného genomu. kromě role při umlčování transpozonů se pirna v různých organismech podílí na regulaci buněčných genů
Pizotyline: serotonin antagonist used against migraine disorders and vascular headaches
Place Cells: pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus that play a role in cognitive representation of a specific location within a space
Placebo Effect: an effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion
Placebos: any dummy medication or treatment. although placebos originally were medicinal preparations having no specific pharmacological activity against a targeted condition, the concept has been extended to include treatments or procedures, especially those administered to control groups in clinical trials in order to provide baseline measurements for the experimental protocol
Placenta: a highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. it includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. the placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones)
Placenta Accreta: abnormal placentation in which all or parts of the placenta are attached directly to the myometrium due to a complete or partial absence of decidua. it is associated with postpartum hemorrhage because of the failure of placental separation
Placenta Growth Factor: an angiogenic protein belonging to the vascular endothelial growth factor family of growth factors originally isolated and cloned from human placental cdna library. there are four isoforms of plgf 1-4 which result from alternative splicing. placenta growth factor is secreted as a glycosylated homodimer which acts as a mitogen for endothelial cells, and its expression is markedly upregulated during hypoxia and in tissue inflammation and cancer
Placenta Previa: abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. it is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and premature labor
Placenta, Retained: a placenta that fails to be expelled after birth of the fetus. a placenta is retained when the uterus fails to contract after the delivery of its content, or when the placenta is abnormally attached to the myometrium
Placental Circulation: the circulation of blood, of both the mother and the fetus, through the placenta
Placental Extracts: extracts prepared from placental tissue; they may contain specific but uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific activities
Placental Hormones: hormones produced by the placenta include chorionic gonadotropin, and placental lactogen as well as steroids (estrogens; progesterone), and neuropeptide hormones similar to those found in the hypothalamus (hypothalamic hormones)
Placental Insufficiency: failure of the placenta to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus
Placental Lactogen: a polypeptide hormone of approximately 25 kda that is produced by the syncytiotrophoblasts of the placenta, also known as chorionic somatomammotropin. it has both growth hormone and prolactin activities on growth, lactation, and luteal steroid production. in women, placental lactogen secretion begins soon after implantation and increases to 1 g or more a day in late pregnancy. placental lactogen is also an insulin antagonist
Placentation: the development of the placenta, a highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products between mother and fetus. the process begins at fertilization, through the development of cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts, the formation of chorionic villi, to the progressive increase in blood vessels to support the growing fetus
Placozoa: a phylum of primitive invertebrate animals that exemplify a simple body organization. trichoplax adhaerens is considered a key species for early metazoan evolution
Placozoa: pravděpodobně nejjednodušší kmen ze všech živočichů. jejich drobné tělo (do 3 mm) se skládá jen z několika typů buněk, které ani netvoří tkáně (pouze dvě vrstvy, mezi kterými je syncitiální mezenchym). trichoplax adhaerens je považovaný za klíčový druh časné evoluce živočichů (říše metazoa). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Plagiocephaly: the condition characterized by uneven or irregular shape of the head often in parallelogram shape with a flat spot on the back or one side of the head. it can either result from the premature cranial suture closure (craniosynostosis) or from external forces (nonsynostotic plagiocephaly)
Plagiocephaly, Nonsynostotic: a deformity of the skull that is not due to bone fusion (synostosis), such as craniosynostoses, and is characterized by an asymmetric skull and face. it is observed with an increased frequency in infants after the adoption of supine sleeping recommendations to prevent sudden infant death syndrome
Plagl1 protein, mouse: zac - zinc finger protein that regulates apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest; c2h2-type zinc finger protein that regulates apoptosis and cell cycle arrest; refseq nm_009538
Plagl1 protein, rat: c2h2-type zinc finger protein that regulates apoptosis and cell cycle arrest; refseq nm_012760
Plague: an acute infectious disease caused by yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. this condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. bubonic plague is the most common form
Plague Vaccine: a suspension of killed yersinia pestis used for immunizing people in enzootic plague areas
Plain Language Summaries: short summaries of research articles written in clear, easy-to-understand language, intended to be a useful way of communicating health research to a non-expert reader
Plakins: a family of related proteins that associate with cytoskeletal elements and junctional complexes at intercellular junctions. plakins share a common plakin domain or a plakin repeat domain
Plakophilins: members of the armadillo family of proteins that are found in desmosomes and interact with various proteins including desmocadherins; desmoplakin; actin filaments; and keratins
Plakortis: a genus of sponges in the family plakinidae, with the skeleton formed by small diactine (and some triactine) needle-like terminations
Plakortis: rod živočišných hub čeledi plakinidae s kostrou z malých diaktinů (a několika triaktinů)
Planarians: nonparasitic free-living flatworms of the class turbellaria. the most common genera are dugesia, formerly planaria, which lives in water, and bipalium, which lives on land. geoplana occurs in south america and california
Planctomycetales: a order of gram-negative bacteria whose members are found in a variety of aquatic habitats as well as animal hosts
Planctomycetales: řád gramnegativních bakterií, jehož členové se nacházejí v různých vodních lokalitách stejně jako v živošišných tkáních. r
Planctomycetes: a phylum of gram-negative bacteria with complex cytoplasmic membrane invaginations and crateriform structures of outer membrane. members living in anoxic waters and sediments carry out anaerobic ammonia oxidation
Planctomycetes: kmen gramnegativních bakterií s komplexními cytoplazmatickými membránovými invaginacemi a kráterovitými strukturami vnější membrány. zástupci žijící v anoxických vodách a sedimentech vykazují anaerobní oxidaci amoniaku
Plankton: community of tiny aquatic plants and animals, and photosynthetic bacteria, that are either free-floating or suspended in the water, with little or no power of locomotion. they are divided into phytoplankton and zooplankton
Planktothrix: a genus of cyanobacteria in the order oscillatoriales and family microcoleaceae. type species of this genus are found in lakes of the northern hemisphere and are known producers of hepatotoxins and microcystins
Planktothrix: rod sinic řádu oscillatoriales a čeledi microcoleaceae. typové druhy tohoto rodu se vyskytují v jezerech severní hemisféry a jsou známými producenty hepatotoxinů a mikrocystinů
Planococcaceae: a family of gram-positive bacteria in the order bacillales. most are strict aerobic heterotrophs
Planococcaceae: čeleď grampozitivních bakterií řádu bacillales. jsou to většinou aerobně heterotrofní organismy
Planococcus (bakterie): rod kokoidních bakterií čeledi planococcaceae, které jsou široce rozšířené v různých habitatech včetně mořské vody, sladkovodních nádrží, sinicových nárostů a mořských živočichů
Planococcus (hmyz): rod hmyzu čeledi pseudococcidae (červcovití)
Planococcus Bacteria: a genus of coccoid bacteria in the family planococcaceae. they are widely distributed in various habitats including sea water, freshwater ponds, cyanobacterial mats, and in marine animals
Planococcus Insect: a genus of insect in the mealybug family pseudococcidae
Plant Breeding: the purposeful manipulation of plant species with the goal of creating desired genotypes and phenotypes, using techniques such as controlled pollination and or genetic engineering, followed by artificial selection of progeny