NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Deleted in Azoospermia 1 Protein: an rna recognition motif protein that is essential for spermatogenesis. it promotes entry of male germ cells to meiosis, possibly by regulating the translation of mrnas. daz1 occurs within a cluster of similar genes on the y chromosome that is prone to genetic deletions and duplications. deletions in these genes, including daz1, are associated with azoospermia and oligospermia
Delftia: a genus of gram-negative, strictly aerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria, in the family comamonadaceae
Delftia: rod gramnegativních, striktně aerobních, chemoorganotrofních bakterií čeledi comamonadaceae
Delftia acidovorans: a species of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria found ubiquitously and formerly called comamonas acidovorans and pseudomonas acidovorans. it is the type species of the genus delftia
Delftia acidovorans: druh gramnegativní, tyčinkovité, všudypřítomné bakterie, která byla dříve označovaná jako comamonas acidovorans a pseudomonas acidovorans. je typovým druhem rodu delftia
Delirium: a disorder characterized by confusion; inattentiveness; disorientation; illusions; hallucinations; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. it may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)
Delivery of Health Care: the concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population
Delivery of Health Care, Integrated: a health care system which combines physicians, hospitals, and other medical services with a health plan to provide the complete spectrum of medical care for its customers. in a fully integrated system, the three key elements - physicians, hospital, and health plan membership - are in balance in terms of matching medical resources with the needs of purchasers and patients. (coddington et al., integrated health care: reorganizing the physician, hospital and health plan relationship, 1994, p7)
Delivery, Obstetric: delivery of the fetus and placenta under the care of an obstetrician or a health worker. obstetric deliveries may involve physical, psychological, medical, or surgical interventions
Delphi Technique: an iterative questionnaire designed to measure consensus among individual responses. in the classic delphi approach, there is no interaction between responder and interviewer
Delphinium: a plant genus of the family ranunculaceae. members contain aconitine and other diterpenoid alkaloids
Delphinium: rod rostlin čeledi ranunculaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují akonitin a další diterpenoidní alkaloidy
Delphinus: rod kytovců z čeledi delfínovití (delphinidae), který zahrnuje dva druhy. jsou vícebarevní, s charakteristickým žlutým až žlutohnědým pruhem tvaru přesýpacích hodin na bocích
Delta Catenin: a catenin protein that plays a critical role in cell adhesion and tissue morphogenesis by regulating the surface stability of c-, e-, and n- cadherins
Delta Rhythm: brain waves seen on eeg characterized by a high amplitude and a frequency of 4 hz and below. they are considered the deep sleep waves observed during sleep in dreamless states, infancy, and in some brain disorders
Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide: a nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. this neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. in addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal
Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase: a fatty acid desaturase that is a rate-limiting enzyme for the conversion from dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and eicosatetraenoate (eta) in the synthesis of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoate (epa). it is also involved in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids from the polyunsaturated fatty acids (pufa), linoleic acid (la), and alpha linolenic acid (ala) precursors and plays an important role in the metabolism of inflammatory lipids including prostaglandin e2
Deltacoronavirus: rod virů čeledi coronaviridae, které se primárně vyskytují u ptáků a prasat
Deltainfluenzavirus: a genus of the family orthomyxoviridae comprising viruses similar to type c, lacking neuraminidase and using hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (hef) protein for attachment. unlike in other influenza virus genera viral nep is not produced via alternatively spliced non-structural protein mrna (ns1). deltainfluenzavirus mostly infect nonhuman hosts, e.g., cattle and swine and in human causes acute febrile respiratory tract infection. influenza d virus is the type species
Deltainfluenzavirus: rod z čeledi orthomyxoviridae zahrnující viry podobné typu c, které postrádají neuraminidázu a k připojení používají fúzní protein hemaglutinin-esterázu (hef). na rozdíl od jiných rodů chřipkových virů není virový nep produkován prostřednictvím alternativně sestřihané mrna nestrukturálního proteinu (ns1). deltainfluenzavirus většinou infikuje jiné než lidské hostitele, např. skot a prasata, a u člověka způsobuje akutní horečnatou infekci dýchacích cest. typovým druhem je virus chřipky d
Deltapapillomavirus: a genus of dna viruses in the family papillomaviridae causing fibropapillomas in their respective ungulate hosts. species infected include cattle, european elk, deer, and sheep
Deltapapillomavirus: rod dna virů čeledi papillomaviridae, které způsobují fibropapilomy u kopytnatců (u skotu, losů, vysoké zvěře a ovcí)
Deltaproteobacteria: a group of proteobacteria represented by morphologically diverse, anaerobic sulfidogens. some members of this group are considered bacterial predators, having bacteriolytic properties
Deltaproteobacteria: skupina morfologicky odlišných, anaerobních sulfidogenních bakterií kmene proteobacteria. někteří zástupci s bakteriolytickými schopnostmi jsou považováni za bakteriální predátory
Deltaretrovirus: a genus in the family retroviridae consisting of exogenous horizontally-transmitted viruses found in a few groups of mammals. infections caused by these viruses include human b- or adult t-cell leukemia/lymphoma (leukemia-lymphoma, t-cell, acute, htlv-i-associated), and bovine leukemia (enzootic bovine leukosis). the type species is leukemia virus, bovine
Deltaretrovirus: rod virů čeledi retroviridae. zahrnuje exogenní, horizontálně přenášené viry, které se nacházejí u několika skupin savců. způsobují b-buněčnou nebo t-buněčnou leukemii/lymfom u lidí (akutní t-buněčná leukemie) a bovinní leukemii (enzootická bovinní leukóza). typovým druhem je virus bovinní leukemie
Deltaretrovirus Antibodies: antibodies reactive with various types of human t-cell leukemia/lymphoma antigens or bovine leukemia virus antigens
Deltaretrovirus Antigens: antigens associated with the deltaretrovirus; htlv-i antigens and htlv-ii antigens belong to this group
Deltaretrovirus Infections: infections caused by the htlv or blv deltaretroviruses. they include human t-cell leukemia-lymphoma (leukemia-lymphoma, t-cell, acute, htlv-i-associated)
Deltoid Muscle: thick triangular muscle in the shoulder whose function is to abduct, flex, and extend the arm. it is a common site of intramuscular injections
Delusional Parasitosis: a delusional disorder of belief in infestation by insects or other parasites. this formication is typically accompanied by dermatological manifestation such as pruritus that may lead to self-mutilation in order to remove the perceived parasites. it can be either primary or secondary to a somatic or psychiatric condition
Delusions: a false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates
Demeclocycline: a tetracycline analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time
Demecolcine: an alkaloid isolated from colchicum autumnale l. and used as an antineoplastic
Dementia: an acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. the dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. the intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness
Dementia, Multi-Infarct: loss of higher cortical functions with retained awareness due to multiple cortical or subcortical cerebral infarction. memory, judgment, attention span, and impulse control are often impaired, and may be accompanied by pseudobulbar palsy; hemiparesis; reflex abnormalities, and other signs of localized neurologic dysfunction. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1060)
Dementia, Vascular: an imprecise term referring to dementia associated with cerebrovascular disorders, including cerebral infarction (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic brain ischemia. diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (from gerontol geriatr 1998 feb;31(1):36-44)
Dementia, familial Danish: cerebellar ataxia, cataract, deafness, and dementia or psychosis
Democracy: a system of government in which there is free and equal participation by the people in the political decision-making process
Democratic People's Republic of Korea: a country located on the korean peninsula whose capital is pyongyang. the country was established september 9, 1948
Democratic Republic of the Congo: a republic in central africa, east of the republic of the congo, south of the central african republic and north of angola and zambia. the capital is kinshasa
Demulcents: compounds that form soothing films on the surface of mucous membranes. they are generally used as agents to protect the integrity of internal epithelium
Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS: conditions characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin (see myelin sheath) in the brain, spinal cord, or optic nerves secondary to autoimmune mediated processes. this may take the form of a humoral or cellular immune response directed toward myelin or oligodendroglia associated autoantigens
Demyelinating Diseases: diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis: electrophoresis in which various denaturant gradients are used to induce nucleic acids to melt at various stages resulting in separation of molecules based on small sequence differences including snps. the denaturants used include heat, formamide, and urea
Dendrimers: tree-like, highly branched, polymeric compounds. they grow three-dimensionally by the addition of shells of branched molecules to a central core. the overall globular shape and presence of cavities gives potential as drug carriers and contrast agents
Dendrites: extensions of the nerve cell body. they are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons
Dendritic Cell Sarcoma, Follicular: sarcoma of follicular dendritic cells most often found in the lymph nodes. this rare neoplasm occurs predominately in adults
Dendritic Cell Sarcoma, Interdigitating: a rare sarcoma of interdigitating cells found in the lymph nodes and non-lymphoid organs. they exhibit a variable immunophenotype and lack birbeck granules
Dendritic Cells: specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. they are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as skin and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. they trap and process antigens, and present them to t-cells, thereby stimulating cell-mediated immunity. they are different from the non-hematopoietic follicular dendritic cells, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (antibody production)
Dendritic Cells, Follicular: non-hematopoietic cells, with extensive dendritic processes, found in the primary and secondary follicles of lymphoid tissue (the b cell zones). they are different from conventional dendritic cells associated with t-cells. they are derived from mesenchymal stem cells and are negative for class ii mhc antigen and do not process or present antigen like the conventional dendritic cells do. instead, follicular dendritic cells have fc receptors and c3b receptors that hold antigen in the form of antigen-antibody complexes on their surfaces for long periods for recognition by b-cells
Dendritic Spines: spiny processes on dendrites, each of which receives excitatory input from one nerve ending (nerve endings). they are commonly found on purkinje cells and pyramidal cells
Dendroaspis: a genus of highly venomous elapid snake indigenous to sub-saharan africa
Dendroaspis: rod velmi jedovatých afrických hadů z čeledi korálovcovití
Dendrobium: a plant genus of the family orchidaceae that contains dihydroayapin (coumarins) and phenanthraquinones
Dendrobium: rod rostlin čeledi orchidaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují dihydroajapin (kumariny) a fenanthrachinony
Dene Bridge composite resin: a heat and pressure polymerized urethane dimethacrylate resin
Dengue: an acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of aedes mosquitoes infected with dengue virus. it is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. severe dengue is a more virulent form of dengue
Dengue Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with dengue virus. these include live-attenuated, subunit, dna, and inactivated vaccines
Dengue Virus: a species of the genus flavivirus which causes an acute febrile and sometimes hemorrhagic disease in man. dengue is mosquito-borne and four serotypes are known
Denitrification: nitrate reduction process generally mediated by anaerobic bacteria by which nitrogen available to plants is converted to a gaseous form and lost from the soil or water column. it is a part of the nitrogen cycle
Denmark: a country in northern europe, bordering the baltic sea and the north sea. the capital is copenhagen
Dennstaedtiaceae: the bracken fern plant family of the order polypodiales, class filicopsida, division pteridophyta
Dennstaedtiaceae: čeleď vysokých kapradin řádu polypodiales, třídy filicopsida, oddělení pteridophyta
Denosumab: a humanized monoclonal antibody and an inhibitor of the rank ligand, which regulates osteoclast differentiation and bone remodeling. it is used as a bone density conservation agent in the treatment of osteoporosis
Dens in Dente: anomaly of the tooth, found chiefly in upper lateral incisors. it is characterized by invagination of the enamel at the incisal edge
Dense Core Vesicles: membrane-bound electron-dense organelles, 50-200 nm in size found in neurons and endocrine cells. dense core vesicles package cargo molecules (neuropeptides; neurotransmitters and mirnas) in a granular internal matrix. neuronal dense core vesicles release their cargo content by exocytosis
Densitometry: the measurement of the density of a material by measuring the amount of light or radiation passing through (or absorbed by) the material
Density Functional Theory: a theory that is used to describe the electronic ground state properties of matter. it forms the basis of methods in obtaining a solution to the schrodinger equation for a many-body system, and to investigate the structural, magnetic, and electronic properties of molecules and materials
Densovirinae: a subfamily of dna arthropod viruses, in the family parvoviridae. the host range includes members of dictyoptera; diptera; lepidoptera; odonata; and orthoptera. there are three genera: densovirus, iteravirus, and brevidensovirus. densovirus-like viruses also infect and multiply in crabs and shrimp
Densovirinae: podčeleď dna virů čeledi parvoviridae, které infikují členovce. k hostitelům patří hmyz nadřádu dictyoptera, řádů diptera, lepidoptera, odonata a orthoptera. tato podčeleď obsahuje rody densovirus, iteravirus a brevidensovirus. densovirus-like viry také infikují kraby a krevety a množí se v nich
Densovirus: a genus of parvoviridae, subfamily densovirinae, comprising helper-independent viruses containing only two species. junonia coenia densovirus is the type species
Densovirus: rod parvovirů (parvoviridae) vyskytující se u členovců, typovým zástupcem je junonia coenia
Dent Disease: x-linked recessive nephrolithiasis characterized by hypercalciuria; hypophosphatemia; nephrocalcinosis; and proteinuria. it is associated with mutations in the voltage-gated chloride channel, clc-5 (dent disease i). another group of mutations associated with this disease is in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-5-phosphatase gene
Dentacolor: restorative material to repair worn dental tissue; a bonding system using the silicoater md process that consists of silicon dioxide and chromium dioxide solutions in isopropanol and a silane coupling agent, methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane
Dentaflex: dental/orthodontic material made in czechoslovakia; comes in two forms d-solid and d-paste
Dental Abutments: natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose
Dental Alloys: a mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions for use in restorative or prosthetic dentistry
Dental Amalgam: an alloy used in restorative dentistry that contains mercury, silver, tin, copper, and possibly zinc
Dental Anxiety: abnormal fear or dread of visiting the dentist for preventive care or therapy and unwarranted anxiety over dental procedures
Dental Arch: the curve formed by the row of teeth in their normal position in the jaw. the inferior dental arch is formed by the mandibular teeth, and the superior dental arch by the maxillary teeth
Dental Articulators: mechanical devices that simulate the temporomandibular joints and jaws to which maxillary and mandibular casts are attached. the entire assembly attempts to reproduce the movements of the mandible and the various tooth-to-tooth relationships that accompany those movements
Dental Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: treatment modality for dental caries that uses manual excavation method and glass ionomer cements. because of its noninvasiveness and no need for expensive equipment and anesthesia it is promoted as an approach in places where dental care is not readily available
Dental Audit: a detailed review and evaluation of selected clinical records by qualified professional personnel for evaluating quality of dental care
Dental Auxiliaries: personnel whose work is prescribed and supervised by the dentist and who provide dental related care
Dental Bonding: an adhesion procedure for orthodontic attachments, such as plastic dental crowns. this process usually includes the application of an adhesive material (dental cements) and letting it harden in-place by light or chemical curing
Dental Calculus: abnormal concretion or calcified deposit that forms around the teeth or dental prostheses
Dental Care: the total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from illustrated dictionary of dentistry, 1982)
Dental Care Team: care of dental patients by a multidisciplinary team usually organized under the leadership of a dentist; each member of the team has specific responsibilities and the whole team contributes to the oral care of the patient
Dental Care for Aged: the giving of attention to the special dental needs of the elderly for proper maintenance or treatment. the dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists
Dental Care for Children: the giving of attention to the special dental needs of children, including the prevention of tooth diseases and instruction in dental hygiene and dental health. the dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists
Dental Care for Chronically Ill: dental care for patients with chronic diseases. these diseases include chronic cardiovascular, endocrinologic, hematologic, immunologic, neoplastic, and renal diseases. the concept does not include dental care for the mentally or physically disabled which is dental care for persons with disabilities
Dental Care for Persons with Disabilities: dental care for the emotionally, mentally, or physically disabled patient. it does not include dental care for the chronically ill ( = dental care for chronically ill)
Dental Caries: localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. if left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp
Dental Caries Activity Tests: diagnostic tests conducted in order to measure the increment of active dental caries over a period of time
Dental Caries Susceptibility: the predisposition to tooth decay (dental caries)
Dental Casting Investment: material from which the casting mold is made in the fabrication of gold or cobalt-chromium castings. (boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed, p168)
Dental Casting Technique: the process of producing a form or impression made of metal or plaster using a mold
Dental Cavity Lining: an inner coating, as of varnish or other protective substance, to cover the dental cavity wall. it is usually a resinous film-forming agent dissolved in a volatile solvent, or a suspension of calcium hydroxide in a solution of a synthetic resin. the lining seals the dentinal tubules and protects the pulp before a restoration is inserted. (jablonski, illustrated dictionary of dentistry, 1982)
Dental Cavity Preparation: an operation in which carious material is removed from teeth and biomechanically correct forms are established in the teeth to receive and retain restorations. a constant requirement is provision for prevention of failure of the restoration through recurrence of decay or inadequate resistance to applied stresses. (boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed, p239-40)
Dental Cements: substances used to bond composite resins to dental enamel and dentin. these bonding or luting agents are used in restorative dentistry, root canal therapy; prosthodontics; and orthodontics
Dental Cementum: the bonelike rigid connective tissue covering the root of a tooth from the cementoenamel junction to the apex and lining the apex of the root canal, also assisting in tooth support by serving as attachment structures for the periodontal ligament. (jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992)
Dental Clasps: metal devices for fastening together two or more parts of dental prostheses for stabilizing or retaining them by attachment to abutment teeth. for a precision attachment for a partial denture denture precision attachment is available
Dental Debonding: techniques used for removal of bonded orthodontic appliances, restorations, or fixed dentures from teeth
Dental Deposits: accumulations of microflora that lead to pathological plaque and calculus which cause periodontal diseases. it can be considered a type of biofilms. it is subtly distinguished from the protective dental pellicle
Dental Devices, Home Care: devices used in the home by persons to maintain dental and periodontal health. the devices include toothbrushes, dental flosses, water irrigators, gingival stimulators, etc
Dental Disinfectants: chemicals especially for use on instruments to destroy pathogenic organisms. (boucher, clinical dental terminology, 4th ed)
Dental Enamel: a hard thin translucent layer of calcified substance which envelops and protects the dentin of the crown of the tooth. it is the hardest substance in the body and is almost entirely composed of calcium salts. under the microscope, it is composed of thin rods (enamel prisms) held together by cementing substance, and surrounded by an enamel sheath. (from jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p286)
Dental Enamel Hypomineralization: reduced mineralization disorder of the dental enamel during development resulting in qualitative defects, e.g., discolored or chalky (soft) enamel
Dental Enamel Hypoplasia: an acquired or hereditary condition due to deficiency in the formation of tooth enamel (amelogenesis). it is usually characterized by defective, thin, or malformed dental enamel. risk factors for enamel hypoplasia include gene mutations, nutritional deficiencies, diseases, and environmental factors
Dental Enamel Permeability: the property of dental enamel to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, mineral ions and other substances. it does not include the penetration of the dental enamel by microorganisms
Dental Enamel Proteins: the proteins that are part of the dental enamel matrix
Dental Enamel Solubility: the susceptibility of the dental enamel to dissolution
Dental Equipment: the nonexpendable items used by the dentist or dental staff in the performance of professional duties. (from boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed, p106)
Dental Etching: preparation of tooth surfaces, and of materials bonded to teeth or dental implants, with agents and methods which roughen the surface to facilitate adhesion. agents include phosphoric or other acids (acid etching, dental) and methods include lasers
Dental Facilities: use for material on dental facilities in general or for which there is no specific heading
Dental Fissures: naturally occurring deep grooves or clefts in the surface of teeth equivalent to class 1 cavities in black's classification of dental caries
Dental Health Surveys: a systematic collection of factual data pertaining to dental or oral health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area
Dental Hygienists: persons trained in an accredited school or dental college and licensed by the state in which they reside to provide dental prophylaxis under the direction of a licensed dentist
Dental Implant-Abutment Design: the plan and delineation of dental implant fitting with dental abutment
Dental Implantation: the grafting or inserting of a prosthetic device of alloplastic material into the oral tissue beneath the mucosal or periosteal layer or within the bone. its purpose is to provide support and retention to a partial or complete denture
Dental Implantation, Endosseous: insertion of an implant into the bone of the mandible or maxilla. the implant has an exposed head which protrudes through the mucosa and is a prosthodontic abutment
Dental Implantation, Endosseous, Endodontic: insertion of a tapered rod through the root canal into the periapical osseous structure to lengthen the existing root and provide individual tooth stabilization
Dental Implantation, Subperiosteal: the grafting or inserting of an appliance designed to fit over the surface of the mandible or the maxilla, beneath the specialized connective tissue that covers the bone (periosteum)
Dental Implants: biocompatible materials placed into (endosseous) or onto (subperiosteal) the jawbone to support a crown, bridge, or artificial tooth, or to stabilize a diseased tooth
Dental Implants, Single-Tooth: devices, usually alloplastic, surgically inserted into or onto the jawbone, which support a single prosthetic tooth and serve either as abutments or as cosmetic replacements for missing teeth
Dental Impression Materials: substances used to create an impression, or negative reproduction, of the teeth and dental arches. these materials include dental plasters and cements, metallic oxide pastes, silicone base materials, or elastomeric materials
Dental Impression Technique: procedure of producing an imprint or negative likeness of the teeth and/or edentulous areas. impressions are made in plastic material which becomes hardened or set while in contact with the tissue. they are later filled with plaster of paris or artificial stone to produce a facsimile of the oral structures present. impressions may be made of a full complement of teeth, of areas where some teeth have been removed, or in a mouth from which all teeth have been extracted. (illustrated dictionary of dentistry, 1982)
Dental Informatics: the application of computer and information sciences to improve dental practice, research, education and management
Dental Instruments: hand-held tools or implements especially used by dental professionals for the performance of clinical tasks
Dental Leakage: the seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration
Dental Marginal Adaptation: the degree of approximation or fit of filling material or dental prosthetic to the tooth surface. a close marginal adaptation and seal at the interface is important for successful dental restorations
Dental Materials: materials used in the production of dental bases, restorations, impressions, prostheses, etc
Dental Occlusion: the relationship of all the components of the masticatory system in normal function. it has special reference to the position and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth for the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (from jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p556, p472)
Dental Occlusion, Balanced: dental occlusion in which the occlusal contact of the teeth on the working side of the jaw is accompanied by the harmonious contact of the teeth on the opposite (balancing) side. (from jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p556)
Dental Occlusion, Centric: contact between opposing teeth during a person's habitual bite
Dental Occlusion, Traumatic: an occlusion resulting in overstrain and injury to teeth, periodontal tissue, or other oral structures
Dental Offices: the room or rooms in which the dentist and dental staff provide care. offices include all rooms in the dentist's office suite
Dental Papilla: mesodermal tissue enclosed in the invaginated portion of the epithelial enamel organ and giving rise to the dentin and pulp
Dental Pellicle: a thin protein film on the surface of dental enamel. it is widely believed to result from the selective adsorption of precursor proteins present in saliva onto tooth surfaces, and to reduce microbial adherence to the teeth
Dental Plaque: a film that attaches to teeth, often causing dental caries and gingivitis. it is composed of mucins, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms
Dental Polishing: creation of a smooth and glossy surface finish on a denture or amalgam
Dental Porcelain: a type of porcelain used in dental restorations, either jacket crowns or inlays, artificial teeth, or metal-ceramic crowns. it is essentially a mixture of particles of feldspar and quartz, the feldspar melting first and providing a glass matrix for the quartz. dental porcelain is produced by mixing ceramic powder (a mixture of quartz, kaolin, pigments, opacifiers, a suitable flux, and other substances) with distilled water. (from jablonski's dictionary of dentistry, 1992)
Dental Prophylaxis: treatment for the prevention of periodontal diseases or other dental diseases by the cleaning of the teeth in the dental office using the procedures of dental scaling and dental polishing. the treatment may include plaque detection, removal of supra- and subgingival plaque and calculus, application of caries-preventing agents, checking of restorations and prostheses and correcting overhanging margins and proximal contours of restorations, and checking for signs of food impaction
Dental Prosthesis: an artificial replacement for one or more natural teeth or part of a tooth, or associated structures, ranging from a portion of a tooth to a complete denture. the dental prosthesis is used for cosmetic or functional reasons, or both. dentures and specific types of dentures are also available. (from boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed, p244 & jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p643)
Dental Prosthesis Design: the plan and delineation of dental prostheses in general or a specific dental prosthesis. it does not include denture design. the framework usually consists of metal
Dental Prosthesis Repair: the process of reuniting or replacing a broken or worn dental prosthesis or its part
Dental Prosthesis Retention: holding a dental prosthesis in place by its design, or by the use of additional devices or adhesives
Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported: a prosthesis that gains its support, stability, and retention from a substructure that is implanted under the soft tissues of the basal seat of the device and is in contact with bone. (from boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed)
Dental Pulp: a richly vascularized and innervated connective tissue of mesodermal origin, contained in the central cavity of a tooth and delimited by the dentin, and having formative, nutritive, sensory, and protective functions. (jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992)
Dental Pulp Capping: application of a protective agent to an exposed pulp (direct capping) or the remaining thin layer of dentin over a nearly exposed pulp (indirect capping) in order to allow the pulp to recover and maintain its normal vitality and function
Dental Pulp Cavity: the space in a tooth bounded by the dentin and containing the dental pulp. the portion of the cavity within the crown of the tooth is the pulp chamber; the portion within the root is the pulp canal or root canal
Dental Pulp Devitalization: the destruction of the vitality of the pulp of the tooth. (from jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p243)
Dental Pulp Diseases: endodontic diseases of the dental pulp inside the tooth, which is distinguished from periapical diseases of the tissue surrounding the root
Dental Pulp Exposure: the result of pathological changes in the hard tissue of a tooth caused by carious lesions, mechanical factors, or trauma, which render the pulp susceptible to bacterial invasion from the external environment
Dental Pulp Necrosis: death of pulp tissue with or without bacterial invasion. when the necrosis is due to ischemia with superimposed bacterial infection, it is referred to as pulp gangrene. when the necrosis is non-bacterial in origin, it is called pulp mummification
Dental Pulp Test: a diagnostic aid used in evaluating the physical health of teeth. it involves using a tool that transmits hot or cold temperatures, or electric currents to a tooth's surface. the sensitivity to hot or cold or to the currents on a tooth can determine if there are problems with that tooth
Dental Research: the study of laws, theories, and hypotheses through a systematic examination of pertinent facts and their interpretation in the field of dentistry. (from jablonski, illustrated dictionary of dentistry, 1982, p674)
Dental Restoration Failure: inability or inadequacy of a dental restoration or prosthesis to perform as expected
Dental Restoration Repair: the process of repairing broken or worn parts of a permanent dental restoration
Dental Restoration Wear: occlusal wear of the surfaces of restorations and surface wear of dentures
Dental Restoration, Permanent: a restoration designed to remain in service for not less than 20 to 30 years, usually made of gold casting, cohesive gold, or amalgam. (jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992)
Dental Restoration, Temporary: a prosthesis or restoration placed for a limited period, from several days to several months, which is designed to seal the tooth and maintain its position until a permanent restoration (dental restoration, permanent) will replace it. (from jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992)
Dental Sac: dense fibrous layer formed from mesodermal tissue that surrounds the epithelial enamel organ. the cells eventually migrate to the external surface of the newly formed root dentin and give rise to the cementoblasts that deposit cementum on the developing root, fibroblasts of the developing periodontal ligament, and osteoblasts of the developing alveolar bone
Dental Scaling: removal of dental plaque and dental calculus from the surface of a tooth, from the surface of a tooth apical to the gingival margin accumulated in periodontal pockets, or from the surface coronal to the gingival margin
Dental Soldering: the joining of pieces of metal through the use of an alloy which has a lower melting point, usually at least 100 degrees celsius below the fusion temperature of the parts being soldered. in dentistry, soldering is used for joining components of a dental appliance, as in assembling a bridge, joining metals to orthodontic bands, or adding to the bulk of certain structures, such as the establishment of proper contact areas on inlays and crowns with adjacent teeth. (illustrated dictionary of dentistry, 1982)
Dental Staff: personnel who provide dental service to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. this includes those who work in dental facilities but do not provide direct dental care
Dental Stress Analysis: the description and measurement of the various factors that produce physical stress upon dental restorations, prostheses, or appliances, materials associated with them, or the natural oral structures
Dental Veneers: the use of a layer of tooth-colored material, usually porcelain or acrylic resin, applied to the surface of natural teeth, crowns, or pontics by fusion, cementation, or mechanical retention
Dental Waste: any waste product generated by a dental office, surgery, clinic, or laboratory including amalgams, saliva, and rinse water
Dentate Gyrus: gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. it is composed of three layers. the molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. the granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus
Denthesive: consists of a cleaning solution, a primer containing a methacryloxyethyl derivative and a multifunctional maleic acid ester, and an unfilled resin adhesive
Dentifrices: any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives
Dentigerous Cyst: most common follicular odontogenic cyst. occurs in relation to a partially erupted or unerupted tooth with at least the crown of the tooth to which the cyst is attached protruding into the cystic cavity. may give rise to an ameloblastoma and, in rare instances, undergo malignant transformation
Dentin: the hard portion of the tooth surrounding the pulp, covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root, which is harder and denser than bone but softer than enamel, and is thus readily abraded when left unprotected. (from jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992)
Dentin Desensitizing Agents: substances which reduce or eliminate dentinal sensitivity or the pain associated with a source of stimulus (such as touch, heat, or cold) at the orifice of exposed dentinal tubules causing the movement of tubular fluid that in turn stimulates tooth nerve receptors
Dentin Dysplasia: an apparently hereditary disorder of dentin formation, marked by a normal appearance of coronal dentin associated with pulpal obliteration, faulty root formation, and a tendency for peripheral lesions without obvious cause. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Dentin Permeability: the property of dentin that permits passage of light, heat, cold, and chemical substances. it does not include penetration by microorganisms
Dentin-Bonding Agents: cements that act through infiltration and polymerization within the dentinal matrix and are used for dental restoration. they can be adhesive resins themselves, adhesion-promoting monomers, or polymerization initiators that act in concert with other agents to form a dentin-bonding system
Dentinal Fluid: the lymph or fluid of dentin. it is a transudate of extracellular fluid, mainly cytoplasm of odontoblastic processes, from the dental pulp via the dentinal tubules. it is also called dental lymph. (from stedman, 26th ed, p665)
Dentinogenesis: the formation of dentin. dentin first appears in the layer between the ameloblasts and odontoblasts and becomes calcified immediately. formation progresses from the tip of the papilla over its slope to form a calcified cap becoming thicker by the apposition of new layers pulpward. a layer of uncalcified dentin intervenes between the calcified tissue and the odontoblast and its processes. (from jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992)
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta: an autosomal dominant disorder of tooth development characterized by opalescent dentin resulting in discoloration of the teeth. the dentin develops poorly with low mineral content while the pulp canal is obliterated
Dentistry: the profession concerned with the teeth, oral cavity, and associated structures, and the diagnosis and treatment of their diseases including prevention and the restoration of defective and missing tissue
Dentistry, Operative: that phase of clinical dentistry concerned with the restoration of parts of existing teeth that are defective through disease, trauma, or abnormal development, to the state of normal function, health, and esthetics, including preventive, diagnostic, biological, mechanical, and therapeutic techniques, as well as material and instrument science and application. (jablonski's dictionary of dentistry, 2d ed, p237)
Dentition: the teeth collectively in the dental arch. dentition ordinarily refers to the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. dentition referring to the deciduous teeth is dentition, primary; to the permanent teeth, dentition, permanent. (from jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992)
Dentition, Mixed: the complement of teeth in the jaws after the eruption of some of the permanent teeth but before all the deciduous teeth are absent. (boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed)
Dentition, Permanent: the 32 teeth of adulthood that either replace or are added to the complement of deciduous teeth. (boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed)
Dentofacial Deformities: an abnormality of the jaws or teeth affecting the contour of the face. such abnormality could be acquired or congenital
Dentova choroba: recesivně dědičná nefrolitiáza vázaná na chromozom x. mezi příznaky patří hyperkalciurie, hypofosfatemie, nefrokalcinóza a proteinurie. je spojená s mutacemi genu pro iontový kanál proximálního tubulu clc-5 (dentova choroba i). skupina mutací genu pro fosfatidylinositol-4,5-bisfosfát-5-fosfatázu je příčinou další formy tohoto onemocnění (dentovy choroby ii)
Denture Bases: the part of a denture that overlies the soft tissue and supports the supplied teeth and is supported in turn by abutment teeth or the residual alveolar ridge. it is usually made of resins or metal or their combination
Denture Cleansers: substances used to clean dentures; they are usually alkaline peroxides or hypochlorites, may contain enzymes and release oxygen. use also for sonic action cleaners
Denture Design: the plan, delineation, and location of actual structural elements of dentures. the design can relate to retainers, stress-breakers, occlusal rests, flanges, framework, lingual or palatal bars, reciprocal arms, etc
Denture Identification Marking: any system of defining ownership of dentures or dental prostheses
Denture Liners: material applied to the tissue side of a denture to provide a soft lining to the parts of a denture coming in contact with soft tissue. it cushions contact of the denture with the tissues
Denture Precision Attachment: a precision device used for attaching a fixed or removable partial denture to the crown of an abutment tooth or a restoration. one type is the intracoronal attachment and the other type is the extracoronal attachment. it consists of a female portion within the coronal portion of the crown of an abutment and a fitted male portion attached to the denture proper. (jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p85; from boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed, p264)
Denture Rebasing: the process of refitting a denture by replacing the denture base material without changing the occlusal relations of the teeth. rebasing may include adding to the denture base to compensate for resorptive changes to subjacent structures
Denture Repair: the process of reuniting or replacing broken or worn parts of a denture
Denture Retention: the retention of a denture in place by design, device, or adhesion
Denture, Complete: a denture replacing all natural teeth and associated structures in both the maxilla and mandible
Denture, Complete, Immediate: a complete denture constructed for replacement of natural teeth immediately after their removal. it does not fit the mouth perfectly and is intended only for functional and cosmetic purposes during the healing process after total extraction. it is to be replaced by the fitted permanent denture
Denture, Complete, Lower: a complete denture replacing all the natural mandibular teeth and associated structures. it is completely supported by the oral tissue and underlying mandibular bone
Denture, Complete, Upper: a complete denture replacing all the natural maxillary teeth and associated maxillary structures. it is completely supported by the oral tissue and underlying maxillary bone
Denture, Overlay: removable prosthesis constructed over natural teeth or implanted studs
Denture, Partial: a denture replacing one or more (but not all) natural teeth. it is supported and retained by underlying tissue and some or all of the remaining teeth
Denture, Partial, Fixed: a partial denture attached to prepared natural teeth, roots, or implants by cementation
Denture, Partial, Fixed, Resin-Bonded: a commonly used prosthesis that results in a strong, permanent restoration. it consists of an electrolytically etched cast-metal retainer that is cemented (bonded), using resins, to adjacent teeth whose enamel was previously acid-treated (acid-etched). this type of bridgework is sometimes referred to as a maryland bridge
Denture, Partial, Immediate: a partial denture constructed before the teeth it replaces are removed. it is then inserted immediately after the removal of the natural teeth for functional and cosmetic reasons during the healing process. it is to be replaced later by the fitted partial denture
Denture, Partial, Removable: a partial denture designed and constructed to be removed readily from the mouth
Denture, Partial, Temporary: a partial denture intended for short-term use in a temporary or emergency situation
Dentures: an appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. it does not include crowns; dental abutments; nor tooth, artificial
Denturists: individuals who fabricate and fit dentures without the supervision of dentists. (from stedman's medical dictionary, 27th ed) they may or may not have formal education in health sciences, but are well versed in the art of constructing dentures
Denys-Drash Syndrome: a disorder of sex development characterized by urogenital abnormalities; gonadal dysgenesis; and wilms tumor. it is caused by a mutation in the wilms tumor suppressor gene (genes, wilms tumor) on chromosome 11
Denys-Drashův syndrom: vzácné geneticky podmíněné onemocnění, které je způsobeno mutací supresorového genu wilmsova nádoru na chromozomu 11. porucha se projevuje urogenitálními abnormalitami, gonadální dysgenezí nebo wilmsovým nádorem
Denzir: a dental ceramic made of yttria-stabilized zirconia for cad-cam fabrication of inlays and onlays
Deodorants: agents that remove, correct, repress, or mask undesirable odorants. in personal hygiene, deodorants often contain astringent preparations that reduce sweating, referred to as antiperspirants. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Deoxy Sugars: sugars that in which one or more hydroxyl groups of the pyranose or furanose ring is substituted by hydrogen
Deoxyadenine Nucleotides: adenine nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety
Deoxyadenosines: adenosine molecules which can be substituted in any position, but are lacking one hydroxyl group in the ribose part of the molecule
Deoxycholic Acid: a bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. it is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent
Deoxycytidine: a nucleoside component of dna composed of cytosine and deoxyribose