NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3: a vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor whose expression is restricted primarily to adult lymphatic endothelium. vegfr-3 preferentially binds the vascular endothelial growth factor c and vascular endothelial growth factor d and may be involved in the control of lymphangiogenesis
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Endocrine-Gland-Derived: a vascular endothelial growth factor whose expression is found largely restricted to the gonads; adrenal cortex; and placenta. it has similar biological activity to vascular endothelial growth factor-a
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors: a family of angiogenic proteins that are closely-related to vascular endothelial growth factor a. they play an important role in the growth and differentiation of vascular as well as lymphatic endothelial cells
Vascular Fistula: an abnormal passage between two or more blood vessels, between arteries; veins; or between an artery and a vein
Vascular Grafting: surgical insertion of blood vessel prostheses, or transplanted blood vessels, or other biological material to repair injured or diseased blood vessels
Vascular Headaches: secondary headache disorders attributed to a variety of cranial or cervical vascular disorders, such as brain ischemia; intracranial hemorrhages; and central nervous system vascular malformations
Vascular Malformation, Primary Intraosseous: a rare malformation characterized by a massive expansion of blood vessels in the craniofacial bones, especially the skull, mandible, and maxilla. omim: 606893
Vascular Malformations: a spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in blood vessels that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in arteries or veins. most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the capillaries (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). in rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases
Vascular Neoplasms: neoplasms located in the vasculature system, such as arteries and veins. they are differentiated from neoplasms of vascular tissue (neoplasms, vascular tissue), such as angiofibroma or hemangioma
Vascular Remodeling: the active alterations of vascular wall structures, often leading to elevated vascular resistance. it is associated with aging; atherosclerosis; diabetes mellitus; hypertension; pregnancy; pulmonary hypertension; and stroke, but is also a normal part of embryogenesis
Vascular Resistance: the force that opposes the flow of blood through a vascular bed. it is equal to the difference in blood pressure across the vascular bed divided by the cardiac output
Vascular Ring: congenital vascular malformation in which the aorta arch and its branches encircle the trachea and esophagus. signs and symptoms include dyspnea; respiratory sounds, especially with eating, dysphagia, persistent cough, and gastroesophageal reflux or may be asymptomatic. two most common types are double aortic arch and right aortic arch. it may be associated with other anomalies (e.g., digeorge syndrome)
Vascular Stiffness: loss of vascular elasticity due to factors such as aging; and arteriosclerosis. increased arterial stiffness is one of the risk factors for many cardiovascular diseases
Vascular System Injuries: injuries to blood vessels caused by laceration, contusion, puncture, or crush and other types of injuries. symptoms vary by site and mode of injuries and may include bleeding, bruising, swelling, pain, and numbness. it does not include injuries secondary to pathologic function or diseases such as atherosclerosis
Vascular purpura: purpura associated with vascular disorders such as microvascular injury that occurs during ageing, hypertension, or vasculitis (e.g. henoch-schonlein purpura)
Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation: transference of multiple tissues, such as muscle, bone, nerve, and skin, as a functional unit for reconstructive purposes. blood supply to the transplanted tissues is maintained throughout the transplantation procedure with minimal ischemia. maintenance of vascularity in the graft promotes its viability, function, and survival in the recipient
Vasculitis: inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the arteries; veins; and rest of the vasculature system in the body
Vasculitis, Central Nervous System: inflammation of blood vessels within the central nervous system. primary vasculitis is usually caused by autoimmune or idiopathic factors, while secondary vasculitis is caused by existing disease process. clinical manifestations are highly variable but include headache; seizures; behavioral alterations; intracranial hemorrhages; transient ischemic attack; and brain infarction. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp856-61)
Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous: disorder characterized by a vasculitic syndrome associated with exposure to an antigen such as a drug, infectious agent, or other foreign or endogenous substance. its pathophysiology includes immune complex deposition and a wide range of skin lesions. hypersensitivity or allergy is present in some but not all cases
Vasculopathy, Retinal, With Cerebral Leukodystrophy: mutations in trex1
Vasectomy: surgical removal of the ductus deferens, or a portion of it. it is done in association with prostatectomy, or to induce infertility. (dorland, 28th ed)
Vaso-Occlusive Crises: a common complication of sickle cell disease arises when microvessels become obstructed by sickled red blood cells, leading to tissue and organ oxygen deprivation, resulting in acute episodes of pain
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: a highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. it has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. it binds special receptors (receptors, vasoactive intestinal peptide)
Vasoconstriction: the physiological narrowing of blood vessels by contraction of the vascular smooth muscle
Vasodilation: the physiological widening of blood vessels by relaxing the underlying vascular smooth muscle
Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein: an actin-associated protein expressed in platelets and various cells and tissues. it is also recognized as a substrate for cyclic gmp-dependent protein kinases and cyclic amp-dependent protein kinases. it plays a role in various processes, including platelet activation and cell migration
Vasomotor System: the neural systems which act on vascular smooth muscle to control blood vessel diameter. the major neural control is through the sympathetic nervous system
Vasopeptidase Inhibitors: a class of cardiovascular drugs indicated for hypertension and congestive heart failure that simultaneously inhibit both neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin converting enzyme. they increase the availability of natriuretic peptides and bradykinin and inhibit production of angiotensin ii
Vasoplegia: condition of low systemic vascular resistance that develops secondary to other conditions such as anaphylaxis; sepsis; surgical shock; and septic shock. vasoplegia that develops during or post surgery (e.g., cardiopulmonary bypass) is called postoperative vasoplegic syndrome or vasoplegic syndrome
Vasopressins: antidiuretic hormones released by the neurohypophysis of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and osmolarity. in general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a cystine. all mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the kidney collecting ducts to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure
Vasospasm, Intracranial: constriction of arteries in the skull due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and brain ischemia that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (hypoxia-ischemia, brain)
Vasotocin: a nonapeptide that contains the ring of oxytocin and the side chain of arg-vasopressin with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism
Vasovasostomy: surgical anastomosis or fistulization of the spermatic ducts to restore fertility in a previously vasectomized male
Vater-Paciniho tělíska: mechanoreceptory uložené ve škáře jak ochlupené, tak neochlupené kůže. rychle se adaptují, obsahují aferentní nervové vlákno obklopené pouzdrem z mnohočetných koncentrických vrstev. mají velké receptivní pole a jsou citlivé na podněty s vyšším kmitočtem (např. vibrace)
Vatikán: oficiálně městský stát vatikán je vnitrozemský suverénní městský stát, enkláva uvnitř města řím, hlavního města itálie. s rozlohou přibližně 44 hektarů a méně než tisíci obyvateli je to nejmenší stát na světě, pokud jde o počet obyvatel a rozlohu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles: large cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein particles that have an eight-fold symmetry with a central pore and petal-like structure giving the appearance of an octagonal dome. (the dictionary of cell biology, lackie and dow, 2nd ed.)
VbCFM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 4 cpds; first 3 cpds are given orally, vinblastine is administered intravenously
VeIP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatments of patients with recurrent germ cell tumors
Vectorcardiography: recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the heart on a plane of the body surface delineated as a vector function of time
Vecuronium Bromide: monoquaternary homolog of pancuronium. a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents
Vegans: persons who avoid consuming animal products or animal-derived substances, such as meat; eggs; or honey. some vegans also refrain from using animals or animal products in any form or for any purpose, such as in clothing or household goods
Vehicle Emissions: gases, fumes, vapors, and odorants escaping from the cylinders of a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed & random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Veillonella: a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic cocci parasitic in the mouth and in the intestinal and respiratory tracts of man and other animals
Veillonella: rod gramnegativních, anaerobních, kokoidních bakterií, které parazitují v ústní dutině a v trávicím a dýchacím traktu člověka a dalších živočichů
Veillonellaceae: a family of gram-negative bacteria, in the phylum firmicutes
Veillonellaceae: čeleď gramnegativních bakterií ve kmeni firmicutes
Vein of Galen Malformations: congenital arteriovenous malformation involving the vein of galen, a large deep vein at the base of the brain. the rush of arterial blood directly into the vein of galen, without passing through the capillaries, can overwhelm the heart and lead to congestive heart failure
Vein of Galen aneurysm: aneurysm of the vein of galen due to congenital malformations such as failure of the median prosencephalic vein (mpv) to regress during early gestation. in neonates, this causes high output cardiac failure, or may present as hydrocephalus in infants or older children
Velopharyngeal Insufficiency: failure of the soft palate to reach the posterior pharyngeal wall to close the opening between the oral and nasal cavities. incomplete velopharyngeal closure is primarily related to surgeries (adenoidectomy; cleft palate) or an incompetent palatopharyngeal sphincter. it is characterized by hypernasal speech
Velopharyngeal Sphincter: a group of muscles attached to the soft palate (or velum) and the pharynx. they include the superior constrictor, the palatopharyngeus, the levator veli palatini muscle, and the muscularis uvulae. this sphincter is situated between the oral and nasal cavities. a competent velopharyngeal sphincter is essential for normal speech and swallowing
Velvalloy: rn refers to zinc-free version, which contains silver, tin, copper, and mercury; a zinc-containing form is also available
Vemurafenib: an indole sulfonamide compound and inhibitor of braf kinases that is used for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma
Vena Cava Filters: mechanical devices inserted in the inferior vena cava that prevent the migration of blood clots from deep venous thrombosis of the leg
Vena Cava, Inferior: the venous trunk which receives blood from the lower extremities and from the pelvic and abdominal organs
Vena Cava, Superior: the venous trunk which returns blood from the head, neck, upper extremities and chest
Venereal Tumors, Veterinary: tumors most commonly seen on or near the genitalia. they are venereal, most likely transmitted through transplantation of cells by contact. metastases have been reported. spontaneous regression may occur
Venezuela: a country in northern south america, bordering the caribbean sea and the north atlantic ocean, located between colombia and guyana
Venezuela: federativní republika ležící na severním pobřeží jižní ameriky při pobřeží karibského moře, v tropech severně od rovníku. skládá se z pevninské části a mnoha ostrovů v karibském moři, z nichž největší je isla de margarita. sousedí na západě s kolumbií, na jihu s brazílií, a na východě s guyanou. hlavním městem je caracas. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: a cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (snri) and is used as an antidepressive agent
Venom Hypersensitivity: allergic reaction to venoms in insect bites and stings that is triggered by the immune system (i.e., histamine release)
Venombin A: a thrombin-like enzyme from the venom of snakes of the viper/rattlesnake group. species variants of the enzyme include ancrod (agkistrodon rhodostoma (malayan pit viper)); batroxobin from bothrops atrox; and crotalase from crotalus adamanteus (eastern diamondback rattlesnake). ec 3.4.21.74
Venomous Snakes: snakes that produce snake venoms. venomous snakes are most often members of elapidae (e.g., cobras) including sea snakes in hydrophiinae and viperidae (e.g., vipers)
Venoms: poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. these substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator
Venous Cutdown: creation of a small incised opening in a vein to permit the passage of a needle or cannula for withdrawal of blood, administration of medication, or in diagnostic or therapeutic catheterization. (dorland, 28th ed.; stedman, 26th ed.)
Venous Insufficiency: impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with edema and sometimes with venous stasis ulcers at the ankle
Venous Pressure: the blood pressure in the veins. it is usually measured to assess the filling pressure to the heart ventricle
Venous Thromboembolism: obstruction of a vein or veins (embolism) by a blood clot (thrombus) in the blood stream
Venous Thrombosis: the formation or presence of a blood clot (thrombus) within a vein
Venous Valves: flaps within the veins that allow the blood to flow only in one direction. they are usually in the medium size veins that carry blood to the heart against gravity
Ventilation: supplying a building or house, their rooms and corridors, with fresh air. the controlling of the environment thus may be in public or domestic sites and in medical or non-medical locales. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio: the ratio of alveolar ventilation to simultaneous alveolar capillary blood flow in any part of the lung. (stedman, 25th ed)
Ventilation-Perfusion Scan: a two-part radionuclide imaging that measures ventilation-perfusion ratio of the lungs often used to investigate pulmonary embolism. image acquisitions may be performed using various combinations of gamma camera, pet and spect scanning techniques
Ventilator Weaning: techniques for effecting the transition of the respiratory-failure patient from mechanical ventilation to spontaneous ventilation, while meeting the criteria that tidal volume be above a given threshold (greater than 5 ml/kg), respiratory frequency be below a given count (less than 30 breaths/min), and oxygen partial pressure be above a given threshold (pao2 greater than 50mm hg). weaning studies focus on finding methods to monitor and predict the outcome of mechanical ventilator weaning as well as finding ventilatory support techniques which will facilitate successful weaning. present methods include intermittent mandatory ventilation, intermittent positive pressure ventilation, and mandatory minute volume ventilation
Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury: lung damage that is caused by the adverse effects of pulmonary ventilator usage. the high frequency and tidal volumes produced by a mechanical ventilator can cause alveolar disruption and pulmonary edema
Ventilators, Negative-Pressure: body ventilators that assist ventilation by applying intermittent subatmospheric pressure around the thorax, abdomen, or airway and periodically expand the chest wall and inflate the lungs. they are relatively simple to operate and do not require tracheostomy. these devices include the tank ventilators (iron lung), portalung, pneumowrap, and chest cuirass (tortoise shell)
Ventral Striatum: a composite structure of the telencephalon that is defined by connectivity. it includes the nucleus accumbens; the islands of calleja; and parts of the caudate nucleus; the putamen; and the substantia innominata
Ventral Tegmental Area: a region in the mesencephalon which is dorsomedial to the substantia nigra and ventral to the red nucleus. the mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems originate here, including an important projection to the nucleus accumbens. overactivity of the cells in this area has been suspected to contribute to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Ventral Thalamic Nuclei: a large group of nuclei lying between the internal medullary lamina and the internal capsule. it includes the ventral anterior, ventral lateral, and ventral posterior nuclei
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left: a condition in which the left ventricle of the heart was functionally impaired. this condition usually leads to heart failure; myocardial infarction; and other cardiovascular complications. diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall
Ventricular Dysfunction, Right: a condition in which the right ventricle of the heart was functionally impaired. this condition usually leads to heart failure or myocardial infarction, and other cardiovascular complications. diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the right ventricular wall
Ventricular Fibrillation: a potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in heart ventricles. such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (syncope). it is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with cardiac arrest
Ventricular Fibrillation, Paroxysmal Familial, 1: also known as vf1
Ventricular Fibrillation, Paroxysmal Familial, 2: also known as vf2; associated with mutatins in dpp6
Ventricular Flutter: a potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia characterized by an extremely rapid, hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia (150-300 beats/min) with a large oscillating sine-wave appearance. if untreated, ventricular flutter typically progresses to ventricular fibrillation
Ventricular Function: the hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the heart ventricles
Ventricular Function, Left: the hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the left heart ventricle. its measurement is an important aspect of the clinical evaluation of patients with heart disease to determine the effects of the disease on cardiac performance
Ventricular Function, Right: the hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the right heart ventricle
Ventricular Myosins: isoforms of myosin type ii, specifically found in the ventricular muscle of the heart. defects in the genes encoding ventricular myosins result in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Ventricular Outflow Obstruction: occlusion of the outflow tract in either the left ventricle or the right ventricle of the heart. this may result from congenital heart defects, predisposing heart diseases, complications of surgery, or heart neoplasms
Ventricular Outflow Obstruction, Left: occlusion of the outflow tract in the left ventricle of the heart
Ventricular Outflow Obstruction, Right: occlusion of the outflow tract in the right ventricle of the heart
Ventricular Premature Complexes: a type of cardiac arrhythmia with premature contractions of the heart ventricles. it is characterized by the premature qrs complex on ecg that is of abnormal shape and great duration (generally >129 msec). it is the most common form of all cardiac arrhythmias. premature ventricular complexes have no clinical significance except in concurrence with heart diseases
Ventricular Pressure: the pressure within a cardiac ventricle. ventricular pressure waveforms can be measured in the beating heart by catheterization or estimated using imaging techniques (e.g., doppler echocardiography). the information is useful in evaluating the function of the myocardium; cardiac valves; and pericardium, particularly with simultaneous measurement of other (e.g., aortic or atrial) pressures
Ventricular Remodeling: the geometric and structural changes that the heart ventricles undergo, usually following myocardial infarction. it comprises expansion of the infarct and dilatation of the healthy ventricle segments. while most prevalent in the left ventricle, it can also occur in the right ventricle
Ventricular Septal Rupture: laceration or tearing of the ventricular septum, usually caused by myocardial infarction
Ventricular Septum: the muscular structure separating the right and the left lower chambers (heart ventricles) of the heart. the ventricular septum consists of a very small membranous portion just beneath the aortic valve, and a large thick muscular portion consisting of three sections including the inlet septum, the trabecular septum, and the outlet septum
Ventriculography, First-Pass: radionuclide ventriculography where a bolus of radionuclide is injected and data are recorded from one pass through the heart ventricle. left and right ventricular function can be analyzed independently during this technique. first-pass ventriculography is preferred over gated blood-pool imaging for assessing right ventricular function
Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt: surgical creation of a communication between a cerebral ventricle and the peritoneum by means of a plastic tube to permit drainage of cerebrospinal fluid for relief of hydrocephalus. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus: a nucleus of the middle hypothalamus, the largest cell group of the tuberal region with small-to-medium size cells
Venturia (rod hub): rod hub čeledi venturiaceae, řádu venturiales a kmene ascomycota. jsou to fytopatogeny, např. venturia inaequalis je původcem strupovitosti jabloně
Venturicidins: toxic substances isolated from various strains of streptomyces. they are 20-membered macrolides that inhibit oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial atpases. venturicidins a and b are glycosides. used mainly as tools in the study of mitochondrial function
Venules: the minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins
Venus: the second planet in order from the sun. it has no known natural satellites. it is one of the four inner or terrestrial planets of the solar system
Venus (composite resin): has 23 shades in 3 opacities; the superficial layer is the semi-translucent enamel shade & the deepest layer is the opacious dentin shade
Venuše: druhá planeta od slunce ve sluneční soustavě. venuše je terestrická planeta, co do velikosti a hrubé skladby velmi podobná zemi. i když venuše nemá žádný vlastní měsíc, obíhá spolu s ní kolem slunce tzv. kvazisatelit. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Verapamil: a calcium channel blocker that is a class iv anti-arrhythmia agent
Veratridine: a benzoate-cevane found in veratrum and schoenocaulon. it activates sodium channels to stay open longer than normal
Veratrum: a plant genus of the family melanthiaceae with roots that contain veratrum alkaloids used as emetics, parasiticides, antihypertensives. the common name black hellebore is used for both veratrum nigrum and helleborus niger
Veratrum: rod rostlin čeledi melanthiaceae (kýchavicovité). kořeny obsahují tzv. veratrové alkaloidy, používané jako emetikum, antiparazitikum a antihypertenzívum
Veratrum Alkaloids: alkaloids with powerful hypotensive effects isolated from american or european hellebore (veratrum viride ait. liliaceae and veratrum album l. liliaceae). they increase cholinergic and decrease adrenergic tone with appropriate side effects and at higher doses depress respiration and produce cardiac arrhythmias; only the ester alkaloids have been used as hypotensive agents in specific instances. they have been generally replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects
Verbena: a plant genus of the family verbenaceae. members contain verbenachalcone (dimeric dihydrochalcone), iridoids, and phenylethanoids
Verbena: rod rostlin čeledi verbenaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují verbenachalkon (dimerický dihydrochalkon), iridoidy a fenylethanoidy
Verbenaceae: a plant family of the order lamiales, subclass asteridae, class magnoliopsida. the leaves are opposite or whorled. the flowers are aggregated in spikes, clusters, or racemes
Verbenaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu lamiales (hluchavkotvaré), třídy rosopsida. listy jsou vstřícné, případně přeslenité. květenství jsou úžlabní nebo vrcholová, nejčastěji hrozny, klasy nebo hlávky. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Verbesina: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain galegine (guanidines)
Verbesina: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují galegin (guanidiny)
Vermilingua: a placental mammalian suborder of anteaters. for spiny anteater see tachyglossidae; and for scaly anteaters, pangolins
Vermilingua: podřád placentálních savců živících se mravenci a termity
Vermont: state bounded on the north by canada, on the east by new hampshire, on the south by massachusetts, and on the west by new york
Vermont: stát na severovýchodě spojených států amerických. vermont hraničí na západě s new yorkem, na jihu s massachusetts a na východě s new hampshire. na severu sousedí s kanadskou provincií québec. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Vernalization: the process of thermal induction in plants in which flowering is promoted by prolonged exposure to cold temperature
Vernamycin B: an antibiotic mixture originally isolated from streptomyces loidensis. it contains a mixture of compounds belonging to streptogramin group a and streptogramin group b
Vernix Caseosa: an unctuous substance composed of sebum and desquamated epithelial cells, which covers the skin of the fetus
Vernonia: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain germacrane and sesquiterpene lactones
Vernonia: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují germakran a seskviterpenové laktony
Vero Cells: a cell line derived from the kidney of the african green (vervet) monkey, (chlorocebus aethiops) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays
Vero buňky: buněčná linie izolovaná z ledvin kočkodana zeleného (cercopithecus aethiops). primárně se používá pro výzkum virové replikace a pro plakové testy
Veronica: a plant genus of the family plantaginaceae. members contain bis-sesquiterpene and iridoid glucosides
Veronica: rod rostlin čeledi plantaginaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují seskviterpenové a iridoidní glukosidy
Verrucomicrobia: a phylum of gram-negative bacteria containing seven class-level groups from a wide variety of environments. most members are chemoheterotrophs
Verrucomicrobia: malý kmen gramnegativních bakterií, který nemá zcela ustálenou systematiku. verrucomicrobia jsou izolovány ze sladké vody, z půdy a z lidské stolice. další jsou ektosymbionti prvoků či endosymbionti hlístic (nematoda). většina zástupců je heterotrofních. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Versicans: hyaluronan-containing proteoglycans found in the extracellular matrix of a variety of tissues and organs. several versican isoforms exist due to multiple alternative splicing of the versican messenger rna
Vertebral Artery: the first branch of the subclavian artery with distribution to muscles of the neck; vertebrae; spinal cord; cerebellum; and interior of the cerebrum
Vertebral Artery Dissection: splitting of the vessel wall in the vertebral artery. interstitial hemorrhage into the media of the vessel wall can lead to occlusion of the vertebral artery, aneurysm formation, or thromboembolism. vertebral artery dissection is often associated with trauma and injuries to the head-neck region but can occur spontaneously
Vertebrates: animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum chordata, subphylum craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes
Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency: localized or diffuse reduction in blood flow through the vertebrobasilar arterial system, which supplies the brain stem; cerebellum; occipital lobe; medial temporal lobe; and thalamus. characteristic clinical features include syncope; lightheadedness; visual disturbances; and vertigo. brain stem infarctions or other brain infarction may be associated
Vertebroplasty: procedures to repair or stabilize vertebral fractures, especially compression fractures accomplished by injecting bone cements into the fractured vertebrae
Verteporfin: a benzoporphyrin derivative that is used in photochemotherapy to treat wet type macular degeneration
Vertical Dimension: the length of the face determined by the distance of separation of jaws. occlusal vertical dimension (ovd or vdo) or contact vertical dimension is the lower face height with the teeth in centric occlusion. rest vertical dimension (vdr) is the lower face height measured from a chin point to a point just below the nose, with the mandible in rest position. (from jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p250)
Verticillium: a mitosporic fungal genus commonly isolated from soil. some species are the cause of wilt diseases in many different plants
Verticillium: rod mitosporických hub, který se běžně vyskytuje v půdě. některé druhy způsobují vadnutí řady druhů rostlin
Vertigo: an illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (ear, inner); vestibular nerve; brainstem; or cerebral cortex. lesions in the temporal lobe and parietal lobe may be associated with focal seizures that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)
Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 1: a member of the vesicle-associated membrane protein family involved in the membrane fusion of transport vesicles to their target membrane
Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 2: a synaptic membrane protein involved in membrane fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membranes. it is the prototype member of the r-snare proteins
Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 3: a member of the vesicle associated membrane protein family. it has a broad tissue distribution and is involved in membrane fusion events of the endocytic pathways
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux: retrograde flow of urine from the urinary bladder into the ureter. this is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve
Vesicovaginal Fistula: an abnormal anatomical passage between the urinary bladder and the vagina
Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins: vesicular amine transporter proteins that transport the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into small secretory vesicles. proteins of this family contain 12 transmembrane domains and exchange vesicular protons for cytoplasmic acetylcholine
Vesicular Biogenic Amine Transport Proteins: integral membrane proteins of the lipid bilayer of secretory vesicles that catalyze transport and storage of biogenic amine neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine; serotonin; melatonin; histamine; and catecholamines. the transporters exchange vesicular protons for cytoplasmic neurotransmitters
Vesicular Exanthema of Swine: a calicivirus infection of swine characterized by hydropic degeneration of the oral and cutaneous epithelia
Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1: a vesicular glutamate transporter protein that is predominately expressed in telencephalon of the brain
Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2: a vesicular glutamate transporter protein that is predominately expressed in the diencephalon and lower brainstem regions of the central nervous system
Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins: a family of vesicular neurotransmitter transporter proteins that were originally characterized as sodium dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporters. vesicular glutamate transport proteins sequester the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate from the cytoplasm into secretory vesicles in exchange for lumenal protons
Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins: a family of vesicular neurotransmitter transporter proteins that sequester the inhibitory neurotransmitters glycine; gamma-aminobutyric acid; and possibly gamma-hydroxybutyrate into secretory vesicles
Vesicular Monoamine Transport Proteins: a family of vesicular amine transporter proteins that catalyze the transport and storage of catecholamines and indolamines into secretory vesicles
Vesicular Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins: a family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that are integral membrane proteins of the lipid bilayer of secretory vesicles. they are antiporters that exchange vesicular protons for cytoplasmic neurotransmitter and play an essential role in regulating neurotransmission
Vesicular Stomatitis: a viral disease caused by at least two distinct species (serotypes) in the vesiculovirus genus: vesicular stomatitis indiana virus and vesicular stomatitis new jersey virus. it is characterized by vesicular eruptions on the oral mucosa in cattle, horses, pigs, and other animals. in humans, vesicular stomatitis causes an acute influenza-like illness
Vesicular Transport Proteins: a broad category of proteins involved in the formation, transport and dissolution of transport vesicles. they play a role in the intracellular transport of molecules contained within membrane vesicles. vesicular transport proteins are distinguished from membrane transport proteins, which move molecules across membranes, by the mode in which the molecules are transported
Vesicular exanthema of swine virus: the type species of the genus vesivirus infecting pigs. the resulting infection is an acute febrile disease which is clinically indistinguishable from foot and mouth disease. transmission is by contaminated food
Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus: the type species of vesiculovirus causing a disease symptomatically similar to foot-and-mouth disease in cattle, horses, and pigs. it may be transmitted to other species including humans, where it causes influenza-like symptoms
Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus: a species of vesiculovirus causing vesicular stomatitis primarily in cattle, horses, and pigs. it can be transmitted to humans where it causes influenza-like symptoms
Vesiculovirus: a genus of the family rhabdoviridae that infects a wide range of vertebrates and invertebrates. the type species is vesicular stomatitis indiana virus
Vesiculovirus: rod virů čeledi rhabdoviridae, které infikují široké spektrum obratlovců i bezobratlých. typovým druhem je virus vezikulární stomatitidy, kmen indiana
Vesivirus: a genus of the family caliciviridae comprised of species infecting a wide range of organisms. most members of this genus can be readily propagated in cell culture (as opposed to other genera of caliciviridae). the type species is vesicular exanthema of swine virus
Vesivirus: rod virů čeledi caliciviridae, které infikují široké spektrum organismů. většina členů tohoto rodu může být snadno namnožena ve tkáňové kultuře (na rozdíl od jiných rodů čeledi caliciviridae). typovým druhem je virus vezikulárního exantému prasat
Vestibular Aqueduct: a small bony canal linking the vestibule of the inner ear to the posterior part of the internal surface of the petrous temporal bone. it transmits the endolymphatic duct and two small blood vessels
Vestibular Diseases: pathological processes of the vestibular labyrinth which contains part of the balancing apparatus. patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls
Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials: recorded electrical responses from muscles, especially the neck muscles or muscles around the eyes, following stimulation of the ear vestibule
Vestibular Function Tests: a number of tests used to determine if the brain or balance portion of the inner ear are causing dizziness
Vestibular Nerve: the vestibular part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). the vestibular nerve fibers arise from neurons of scarpa's ganglion and project peripherally to vestibular hair cells and centrally to the vestibular nuclei of the brain stem. these fibers mediate the sense of balance and head position
Vestibular Neuronitis: idiopathic inflammation of the vestibular nerve, characterized clinically by the acute or subacute onset of vertigo; nausea; and imbalance. the cochlear nerve is typically spared and hearing loss and tinnitus do not usually occur. symptoms usually resolve over a period of days to weeks. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p304)
Vestibular Nuclei: the four cellular masses in the floor of the fourth ventricle giving rise to a widely dispersed special sensory system. included is the superior, medial, inferior, and lateral vestibular nucleus. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Vestibular Nucleus, Lateral: vestibular nucleus lying immediately superior to the inferior vestibular nucleus and composed of large multipolar nerve cells. its upper end becomes continuous with the superior vestibular nucleus
Vestibular System: the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear, the eye, the central nervous system and various nerves, tracts and nuclei connecting them as they relate to proprioception and spatial orientation. dysfunction in the vestibular system is associated with various diseases (e.g., vestibular diseases; labyrinth diseases; vestibular neuronitis; benign paroxysmal positional vertigo; and motion sickness)
Vestibule, Labyrinth: an oval, bony chamber of the inner ear, part of the bony labyrinth. it is continuous with bony cochlea anteriorly, and semicircular canals posteriorly. the vestibule contains two communicating sacs (utricle and saccule) of the balancing apparatus. the oval window on its lateral wall is occupied by the base of the stapes of the middle ear
Vestibulocochlear Nerve: the 8th cranial nerve. the vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. the fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). the fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei
Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: pathological processes of the vestibulocochlear nerve, including the branches of cochlear nerve and vestibular nerve. common examples are vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuroma. clinical signs are varying degree of hearing loss; vertigo; and tinnitus
Vestibulocochlear Nerve Injuries: traumatic injuries to the vestibulocochlear nerve
Vestibulocochlear Physiological Phenomena: processes and properties of the vestibulocochlear system and the cranial nerve viii
Vestibuloplasty: those procedures designed to widen the zone of attached gingiva and deepen the vestibular depth which will facilitate the clearance of the area for natural food passage, and provide access for toothbrushing and interdental stimulation
Veterinarians: individuals with a degree in veterinary medicine that provides them with training and qualifications to treat diseases and injuries of animals
Veterinary Drugs: drugs used by veterinarians in the treatment of animal diseases. the veterinarian's pharmacological armamentarium is the counterpart of drugs treating human diseases, with dosage and administration adjusted to the size, weight, disease, and idiosyncrasies of the species. in the united states most drugs are subject to federal regulations with special reference to the safety of drugs and residues in edible animal products
Veterinary Medicine: the medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals
Veterinary Service, Military: a corps of the armed services concerned with animal medicine, the chief interest of which is the care of government-owned working dogs (as in the military police units), working horses (as in state funerals), and working military dolphins (as in undersea exploration and other activities). in the united states army veterinary corps animal medicine overlaps and interconnects with biomedical research using laboratory research animals. a related activity is laboratory animal care. the corps provides limited care for privately owned animals of military personnel through non-appropriated funds. military service veterinarians in the united states army must be graduates of accredited veterinary schools and must have a state license. (telephone communication with lt. col. william inskeep ii, u.s. army veterinary corps, october 4, 1994)
Veterinary Sports Medicine: the field of veterinary medicine concerned with physical fitness of animals in sports (horse racing, dog racing, etc.) and the diagnosis and treatment of sports injuries in animals
Vglycin, soybean: oral administration of 37 aa residue peptide normalizes fasting glucose and restores impaired pancreatic function in type 2 diabetic wistar rats
ViFuP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of cisplatin, vinorelbine (vinblastine/aa) & fluoracil; used in the treatment of breast cancer
Vibration: a continuing periodic change in displacement with respect to a fixed reference. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Vibrio: a genus of vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle
Vibrio: rod gramnegativních, pohyblivých, krátkých, mírně zakřivených, tyčinkovitých bakterií čeledi vibrionaceae. různé druhy způsobují choleru a další gastrointestinální nemoci a také zmetání ovcí a skotu
Vibrio alginolyticus: a species of gram-negative, halophilic bacteria, in the genus vibrio. it is considered part of normal marine flora and commonly associated with ear infections and superficial wounds exposed to contaminated water sources
Vibrio alginolyticus: druh gramnegativní, halofilní bakterie rodu vibrio. je součástí normální mořské flóry. může způsobit ušní infekce a kontaminovat povrchové rány
Vibrio cholerae O1: strains of vibrio cholerae containing o antigens group 1. all are cholera-causing strains (serotypes). there are two biovars (biotypes): cholerae and eltor (el tor)
Vibrio cholerae O1: séroskupina druhu v. cholerae. všechny její sérotypy způsobují choleru. zahrnuje dva biovary (biotypy): cholerae a eltor (el tor)
Vibrio cholerae O139: kmeny vibrio cholerae nesoucí antigeny o skupiny 139. tato séroskupina byla izolovaná roku 1992 v indii, během epidemie cholery
Vibrio cholerae O139: strains of vibrio cholerae containing o antigens group 139. this strain emerged in india in 1992 and caused a cholera epidemic
Vibrio cholerae non-O1: a strain of the vibrio cholerae bacteria belonging to serogroup non-o1, infecting humans and other primates. it is related to vibrio cholerae o1, but causes a disease less severe than cholera. eating raw shellfish contaminated with the bacteria results in gastroenteritis
Vibrio cholerae non-O1: séroskupina bakterie druhu vibrio cholerae, která způsobuje infekce lidí a dalších primátů. má příbuzné vlastnosti s vibrio cholerae o1, ale způsobuje mírnější infekce. po pozření kontaminovaných, tepelně nezpracovaných plodů moře dochází ke vzniku gastroenteritidy
Vibrio mimicus: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus vibrio, isolated from shellfish, as well as from human diarrheal stools and ear infections
Vibrio mimicus: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu vibrio, izolované z měkkýšů a korýšů a také z klinických vzorků pacientů s průjmy a infekcemi uší
Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a species of bacteria found in the marine environment, sea foods, and the feces of patients with acute enteritis
Vibrio parahaemolyticus: druh bakterie rodu vibrio, která se vyskytuje v mořském prostředí, potravinách z moře a ve stolici pacientů s akutní enteritidou
Vibrio vulnificus: a species of halophilic bacteria in the genus vibrio, which lives in warm seawater. it can cause infections in those who eat raw contaminated seafood or have open wounds exposed to seawater
Vibrio vulnificus: druh halofilní bakterie rodu vibrio, která žije v teplé mořské vodě. může způsobit infekce po požití kontaminované, tepelně nezpracované potravy z moře nebo po kontaminaci povrchových ran
Vibrio vulnificus infection: a bacterial infection of vibrio vulnificus. it is most commonly caused by the consumption of raw contaminated seafood, especially raw oysters
Vibrionaceae: a family of gram-negative bacteria whose members predominate in the bacterial flora of plankton; fishes; and seawater. some members are important pathogens for humans and animals
Vibrionaceae: čeleď gramnegativních bakterií, jejíž členové převažují v bakteriální flóře planktonu a ryb a v mořské vodě. někteří zástupci jsou významnými patogeny lidí a zvířat
Vibrissae: stiff hairs projecting from the face around the nose of most mammals, acting as touch receptors
Viburnum: a plant genus in the family caprifoliaceae. the common name derives from its traditional use for menstrual cramps. it is a source of viburnine, valerianic acid, vibsanin, and ursolic acid. note that true cranberry is vaccinium macrocarpon
Viburnum: rod rostlin čeledi adoxaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují viburnin, kyselinu valerianovou, vibsanin a kyselinu ursolovou. kaliny jsou cenné okrasné keře, dostupné ve velkém množství kultivarů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Vicia: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that is widely used as ground cover and forage and known for the edible beans, vicia faba
Vicia faba: a plant species of the genus vicia, family fabaceae. the edible beans are well known but they cause favism in some individuals with glucosephosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. this plant contains vicine, convicine, vicia lectins, unknown seed protein, aap2 transport protein, and vicia faba dna-binding protein 1
Vicia faba: druh rostlin rodu vicia, čeledi fabaceae. semena jsou jedlá, ale u jedinců s nedostatkem glukóza-6-fosfátdehydrogenázy mohou způsobovat favismus. bob obecný obsahuje vicin, konvicin, lektiny, zásobní bílkoviny semen, transportní protein aap2 a protein 1 vázající dna
Vicia sativa: a plant species of the genus vicia, family fabaceae. the seed is used for food and contains thiocyanates such as prunasin, cyanoalanine, cyanogen, and vicine