NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Antagonists: drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin 5-ht4 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or serotonin receptor agonists
Serotonin Agents: drugs used for their effects on serotonergic systems. among these are drugs that affect serotonin receptors, the life cycle of serotonin, and the survival of serotonergic neurons
Serotonin Antagonists: drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or serotonin receptor agonists
Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins: sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters located primarily on the plasma membrane of serotonergic neurons. they are different than serotonin receptors, which signal cellular responses to serotonin. they remove serotonin from the extracellular space by high affinity reuptake into presynaptic terminals. regulates signal amplitude and duration at serotonergic synapses and is the site of action of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Serotonin Receptor Agonists: endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate serotonin receptors. many serotonin receptor agonists are used as antidepressants; anxiolytics; and in the treatment of migraine disorders
Serotonin Syndrome: an adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. it is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the cns at the serotonin 1a receptor
Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors: drugs that selectively block or suppress the plasma membrane transport of serotonin and noradrenaline into axon terminals and are used as antidepressive agents
Serotyping: process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share
Serous Membrane: a thin lining of closed cavities of the body, consisting of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells (mesothelium) resting on a thin layer of connective tissue, and covered with secreted clear fluid from blood and lymph vessels. major serous membranes in the body include pericardium; peritoneum; and pleura
Serpin E2: a protease nexin and serpin subtype that is specific for several serine proteases including urokinase; thrombin; trypsin; and plasminogen activators
Serpins: a family of serine proteinase inhibitors which are similar in amino acid sequence and mechanism of inhibition but differ in their specificity toward proteolytic enzymes. some members of the serpin family may be substrates rather than inhibitors of serine endopeptidases
Serrate-Jagged Proteins: cell surface proteins that consist of multiple extracellular epidermal growth factor - like repeat sequences (egf repeats), including calcium-binding egf repeats. they function as transmembrane ligands for notch receptors to control cell differentiation during development
Serratia: a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the natural environment (soil, water, and plant surfaces) or as an opportunistic human pathogen
Serratia: rod gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které se vyskytují v přírodě (v půdě, ve vodě a na povrchu rostlin) nebo jako oportunní patogeny člověka
Serratia liquefaciens: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus serratia found in plants and the digestive tract of rodents. it is the most prevalent serratia species in the natural environment
Serratia liquefaciens: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu serratia, která se vyskytuje v rostlinách a v trávicím traktu hlodavců. je nejrozšířenějším druhem tohoto rodu v přírodním prostředí
Serratia marcescens: a species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in soil, water, food, and clinical specimens. it is a prominent opportunistic pathogen for hospitalized patients
Serratia marcescens: druh gramnegativní, fakultativně anaerobní, tyčinkovité bakterie. vyskytuje se v půdě, ve vodě, v potravinách a v klinickém materiálu. významný oportunní patogen hospitalizovaných pacientů
Sertoli Cell Tumor: gonadal neoplasm composed entirely of sertoli cells or may have a component of granulosa cells. some of the sertoli cell tumors produce estrogen or androgens, but seldom in sufficient quantity to cause clinical symptoms such as feminization or masculinization (virilism)
Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome: a type of male infertility in which no germ cells are visible in any of the biopsied seminiferous tubules (type i) or in which germ cells are present in a minority of tubules (type ii). clinical features include azoospermia, normal virilization, and normal chromosomal complement
Sertoli Cells: supporting cells projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. they surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete the androgen-binding protein and hormones such as anti-mullerian hormone. the tight junctions of sertoli cells with the spermatogonia and spermatocytes provide a blood-testis barrier
Sertoli cell only syndrom: sco - stav, při němž ve varlatech chybějí zárodečné buňky s následnou sterilitou. příčina není zcela jasná, uvádí se např. intrauterinní nebo pozdější exogenní poškození varlat či genetické defekty. karyotyp je normální 46 xy. v ejakulátu chybějí spermie, jinak je normální tělesný rozvoj. fsh v séru je zvýšen. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2014 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor: a sex cord-gonadal stromal tumor consists of leydig cells; sertoli cells; and fibroblasts in varying proportions and degree of differentiation. most such tumors produce androgens in the leydig cells, formerly known as androblastoma or arrhenoblastoma. androblastomas occur in the testis or the ovary causing precocious masculinization in the males, and defeminization, or virilization (virilism) in the females. in some cases, the sertoli cells produce estrogens
Sertoliho buňky: sertoliho buňka je podlouhlá buňka vyskytující se v semenotvorných kanálcích ve varlatech. jednou stranou nasedá na bazální membránu a cévní systém, opačným koncem vyčnívá do dutin semenotvorných kanálků. kolem sertoliho buněk probíhá vlastní proces tvorby spermatu. chrání a vyživují spermatické buňky, fagocytózou stravují nepotřebné zbytky vyvíjejících se spermií, vylučují androgen vázající protein (abp) - a to pod kontrolou folitropinu a testosteronu, celkově se podílí na regulaci zrání pohlavních buněk pomocí různých vylučovaných hormonů (inhibin), dále produkují antimülleriánský hormon (amh) a představují bariéru mezi krevním oběhem a semenotvornými kanálky. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2018 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Sertraline: a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression
Serum: the clear portion of blood that is left after blood coagulation to remove blood cells and clotting proteins
Serum Albumin: a major protein in the blood. it is important in maintaining the colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic molecules
Serum Albumin, Bovine: serum albumin from cows, commonly used in in vitro biological studies. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Serum Albumin, Human: serum albumin from humans. it is an essential carrier of both endogenous substances, such as fatty acids and bilirubin, and of xenobitoics in the blood
Serum Albumin, Radio-Iodinated: normal human serum albumin mildly iodinated with radioactive iodine (131-i) which has a half-life of 8 days, and emits beta and gamma rays. it is used as a diagnostic aid in blood volume determination. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Serum Amyloid A Protein: an acute phase reaction protein present in low concentrations in normal sera, but found at higher concentrations in sera of older persons and in patients with amyloidosis. it is the circulating precusor of amyloid a protein, which is found deposited in aa type amyloid fibrils
Serum Amyloid P-Component: amyloid p component is a small, non-fibrillar glycoprotein found in normal serum and in all amyloid deposits. it has a pentagonal (pentaxin) structure. it is an acute phase protein, modulates immunologic responses, inhibits elastase, and has been suggested as an indicator of liver disease
Serum Bactericidal Antibody Assay: procedures for identification and measurement of immunoglobulins in the blood that initiate lysis of bacteria
Serum Bactericidal Test: method of measuring the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy. it is used to monitor the therapy in bacterial endocarditis; osteomyelitis and other serious bacterial infections. as commonly performed, the test is a variation of the broth dilution test. this test needs to be distinguished from testing of the naturally occurring blood bactericidal activity
Serum Globulins: all blood proteins except albumin ( = serum albumin, which is not a globulin) and fibrinogen (which is not in the serum). the serum globulins are subdivided into alpha-globulins; beta-globulins; and gamma-globulins on the basis of their electrophoretic mobilities. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Serum Response Element: a dna sequence that is found in the promoter region of many growth-related genes. the regulatory transcription factor serum response factor binds to and regulates the activity of genes containing this element
Serum Response Factor: a mads domain-containing transcription factor that binds to the serum response element in the promoter-enhancer region of many genes. it is one of the four founder proteins that structurally define the superfamily of mads domain proteins
Serum Sickness: immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. when they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses
Service Animals: animals that have been trained to do work or perform tasks for an individual with a disability. the task(s) performed by the animal must be directly related to the person's disability. emotional support, therapy, comfort, or companion animals are not considered service animals under the americans with disabilities act.(www.ada.gov/regs2010/service_animal_qa.html, accessed 3/31/2020)
Serving Size: a reference measure of food used to identify the calorie and nutrient content in a particular amount of that food. it is defined by an authoritative source, such as the food guide pyramid devised by the united states department of agriculture. it is different from portion size, which is the amount of food one chooses to eat at a single meal
Sesame Oil: the refined fixed oil obtained from the seed of one or more cultivated varieties of sesamum indicum. it is used as a solvent and oleaginous vehicle for drugs and has been used internally as a laxative and externally as a skin softener. it is used also in the manufacture of margarine, soap, and cosmetics. (dorland, 28th ed & random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Sesamoid Bones: nodular bones which lie within a tendon and slide over another bony surface. the kneecap (see patella) is a sesamoid bone
Sesamum: a plant genus of the family pedaliaceae that is the source of the edible seed and sesame oil
Sesamum: rod rostlin čeledi pedaliaceae. sezam indický je široce zdomácněn v tropických oblastech po celém světě a je pěstován pro svá jedlá semena. v kuchyni se používají buď přímo sezamová semena nebo z nich vyrobená sezamová pasta (tahina) či sezamový olej. sezamová semínka se také využívají ve fytoterapii. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Sesbania: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. members contain piperidine alkaloids (piperidines)
Sesbania: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují piperidinové alkaloidy (piperidiny)
Sesquiterpenes: fifteen-carbon compounds formed from three isoprenoid units with general formula c15h24
Sesquiterpenes, Eudesmane: sesquiterpenes cyclized into two adjoining cyclohexane rings but with a different configuration from the artemisinins
Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane: sesquiterpenes cyclized to one 10-carbon ring
Sesquiterpenes, Guaiane: sesquiterpenes cyclized into two adjoining rings, one being 7-carbons and the other is 5-carbons
Sesterterpenes: terpenes of five units of hemiterpenes, formed from geranylfarnesyl pyrophosphate
Sestrins: alkylhydroperoxide reductases induced by the p53 tumor suppressor protein. they may be involved in anti-oxidative stress response by regenerating oxidized peroxiredoxins
Set, Psychology: readiness to think or respond in a predetermined way when confronted with a problem or stimulus situation
Setaria (Nematoda): rod parazitických hlístic, které žijí v peritoneální dutině divokého nebo domácího skotu a koní
Setaria (rostlina): rod rostlin čeledi poaceae (lipnicovité). několik druhů patří k starým kulturním obilninám a dosud jsou součástí stravy (asie), v některých oblastech se pěstují na krmivo (severní amerika, evropa)
Setaria Nematode: a genus of parasitic nematodes found in the peritoneal cavity of wild or domestic cattle or equines
Setaria Plant: a plant genus of the family poaceae. the small pointed seeds are grown for hay in north america and western europe and important as food in china and other asian countries
Setariasis: infection with nematodes of the genus setaria. this condition is usually seen in cattle and equines and is of little pathogenic significance, although migration of the worm to the eye may lead to blindness
Sevelamer: a polymeric amine that binds phosphate and is used to treat hyperphosphatemia in patients with kidney disease
Seven in Absentia Proteins: members of the e3 ubiquitin ligase family that contain a ring-finger protein motif. they play critical roles in cell proliferation; proteostasis; dna damage; and hypoxia response
Severe Acute Malnutrition: acute form of malnutrition which usually affects children, characterized by a very low weight for height (below -3z scores of the median world health organization standards), visible severe wasting, or occurrence of nutritional edema. it can be a direct or indirect cause of fatality in children suffering from diarrhea and pneumonia. do not confuse with starvation, a condition in which the body is not getting enough food, usually for extended periods of time
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: a viral disorder characterized by high fever, dry cough, shortness of breath (dyspnea) or breathing difficulties, and atypical pneumonia. a virus in the genus coronavirus is the suspected agent
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency: group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. it is inherited as an x-linked or autosomal recessive defect. mutations occurring in many different genes cause human severe combined immunodeficiency (scid)
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency with Microcephaly, Growth Retardation, and Sensitivity to Ionizing Radiation: mutation in nhej1
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, Autosomal Recessive, T Cell-Negative, B Cell-Positive, NK Cell-Negative: mutation in jak3
Severe Dengue: a virulent form of dengue characterized by thrombocytopenia and an increase in vascular permeability (grades i and ii) and distinguished by a positive pain test (e.g., tourniquet pain test). when accompanied by shock (grades iii and iv), it is called dengue shock syndrome
Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome: a tick-borne infection with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus of the genus phlebovirus. it is associated with fever, thrombocytopenia; leukocytopenia, and multiorgan dysfunction. it is found in parts of asia including china, japan, korea and vietnam and can be transmitted from infected domestic animals and humans
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: a species of coronavirus causing atypical respiratory disease (severe acute respiratory syndrome) in humans. the organism is believed to have first emerged in guangdong province, china, in 2002. the natural host is the chinese horseshoe bat, rhinolophus sinicus
Severe combined immunodeficiency due to adenosine deaminase deficiency: inherited ada deficiency resulting in immunodeficiency. it accounts for 15 % of scid cases in infancy. partial ada deficiency may occur in some immunocompetent patients, who show decreased enzyme activity in erythrocytes, but retain sufficient enzyme activity in leukocytes and other nucleated cells. omim: 102700
Severity of Illness Index: levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder
Severní Amerika: severní kontinent západní polokoule, rozprostírající se na sever od kolumbijsko-panamské hranice a zahrnující střední ameriku, mexiko, karibskou oblast, spojené státy, kanadu a grónsko. termín je často zúžený na mexiko, kontinentální spojené státy a kanadu
Severní Dakota: severní dakota hraničí na východě s minnesotou, na jihu s jižní dakotou, na západě s montanou a na severu s kanadskými provinciemi saskatchewan a manitoba. hlavní město je bismarck
Severní Irsko: jedna ze čtyř zemí spojeného království velké británie a severního irska. rozkládá se v severovýchodní části ostrova irsko, na jihu a západě hraničí s irskou republikou. hlavním a největším městem je belfast. severní irsko vzniklo 3. května 1921 oddělením části ostrova, kde většinu obyvatel tvořili potomci britských kolonistů, kteří si přáli zůstat součástí britského království, zatímco zastánci samostatného irska (1922) tvořili menšinu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Severní Karolína: stát usa na východním pobřeží atlantského oceánu. severní karolína hraničí na severu s virginií, na západě s tennessee, na jihozápadě s georgií a na jihu s jižní karolínou. hlavní město je raleigh. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Severní moře: šelfové moře atlantského oceánu. nachází se na severozápadě evropy. na západě je ohraničeno britskými ostrovy, orknejemi a shetlandami, na východě skandinávským a jutským poloostrovem a na jihu pobřežím evropy. omývá pobřeží velké británie, francie, belgie, nizozemska, německa, dánska a norska. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Severní teritorium: severní teritorium se nachází v severní části kontinentu, z východu sousedí se státem queensland, ze západu se západní austrálií, z jihu pak s jižní austrálií. ze severu území oblévá timorské a arafurské moře a carpentarský záliv. hlavním městem teritoria je darwin, který se rozkládá při severním pobřeží kontinentu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Severoafričané: lidé pocházející ze severni afriky/obývající severni afriku, kam patří alžír, egypt, libye, maroko, tunisko a kanárské ostrovy
Severoameričané: lidé původem ze severní ameriky nebo její obyvatelé
Severozápadní teritoria: spolkové teritorium na severu kanady. vzniklo v létě 1870 a původně zahrnovalo většinu území dnešní kanady. na současnou rozlohu bylo zredukováno 1. dubna 1999, kdy od něho byla oddělena severovýchodní část jako nové spolkové teritorium nunavut, jež do té doby představovalo tři pětiny jeho rozlohy. hlavním městem (už sedmým v pořadí) je od roku 1967 yellowknife. ze severu teritorium ohraničuje severní ledový oceán, na severovýchodě a východě nunavut, na jihovýchodě saskatchewan, na jihu alberta, na jihozápadě britská kolumbie a na západě yukon. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Seveso Accidental Release: 1976 accidental release of dioxins from a manufacturing facility in seveso, italy following an equipment failure
Sevoflurane: a non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. it does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent platelet aggregation
Sex: the totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, phenotype, and genotype, differentiating the male from the female organism
Sex Attractants: pheromones that elicit sexual attraction or mating behavior usually in members of the opposite sex in the same species
Sex Characteristics: those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. the primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction
Sex Chromatin: in the interphase nucleus, a condensed mass of chromatin representing an inactivated x chromosome. each x chromosome, in excess of one, forms sex chromatin (barr body) in the mammalian nucleus. (from king & stansfield, a dictionary of genetics, 4th ed)
Sex Chromosome Aberrations: abnormal number or structure of the sex chromosomes. some sex chromosome aberrations are associated with sex chromosome disorders and sex chromosome disorders of sex development
Sex Chromosome Disorders: clinical conditions caused by an abnormal sex chromosome constitution (sex chromosome aberrations), in which there is extra or missing sex chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment)
Sex Chromosome Disorders of Sex Development: congenital conditions of atypical sexual development associated with abnormal sex chromosome constitutions including monosomy; trisomy; and mosaicism
Sex Chromosomes: the homologous chromosomes that are dissimilar in the heterogametic sex. there are the x chromosome, the y chromosome, and the w, z chromosomes (in animals in which the female is the heterogametic sex (the silkworm moth bombyx mori, for example)). in such cases the w chromosome is the female-determining and the male is zz. (from king & stansfield, a dictionary of genetics, 4th ed)
Sex Cord-Gonadal Stromal Tumors: neoplasms derived from the primitive sex cord or gonadal stromal cells of the embryonic gonads. they are classified by their presumed histogenesis and differentiation. from the sex cord, there are sertoli cell tumor and granulosa cell tumor; from the gonadal stroma, leydig cell tumor and thecoma. these tumors may be identified in either the ovary or the testis
Sex Counseling: advice and support given to individuals to help them understand and resolve their sexual adjustment problems. it excludes treatment for psychosexual disorders or psychosexual dysfunction
Sex Determination Analysis: validation of the sex of an individual by inspection of the gonads and/or by genetic tests
Sex Determination by Skeleton: validation of the sex of an individual by means of the bones of the skeleton. it is most commonly based on the appearance of the pelvis; skull; sternum; and/or long bones
Sex Differentiation: the process in developing sex- or gender-specific tissue, organ, or function after sex determination processes have set the sex of the gonads. major areas of sex differentiation occur in the reproductive tract (genitalia) and the brain
Sex Distribution: the number of males and females in a given population. the distribution may refer to how many men or women or what proportion of either in the group. the population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine
Sex Factors: maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. it may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. it is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from sex characteristics, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from sex distribution, the number of males and females in given circumstances
Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin: a glycoprotein migrating as a beta-globulin. its molecular weight, 52,000 or 95,000-115,000, indicates that it exists as a dimer. the protein binds testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol in the plasma. sex hormone-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as androgen-binding protein. they differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosaccharide modifications
Sex Workers: people who engage in occupational sexual behavior in exchange for economic rewards or other extrinsic considerations
Sex-Determining Region Y Protein: a transcription factor that plays an essential role in the development of the testes. it is encoded by a gene on the y chromosome and contains a specific hmg-box domain that is found within members of the sox family of transcription factors
Sexism: prejudice or discrimination based on gender or behavior or attitudes that foster stereotyped social roles based on gender
Sexology: this discipline concerns the study of sexuality, and the application of sexual knowledge such as sexual attitudes, psychology, and sexual behavior. scope of application generally includes educational (sex education), clinical (sex counseling), and other settings
Sexual Arousal: physiological arousal elicited by sexual contact or by other erotic stimulation resulting in impulses being transmitted through the central nervous system.the impulses also trigger the release of sex hormones, dilation of the arteries supplying the genital areas, and inhibition of vasoconstrictor centers of the lumbar nerves
Sexual Development: the processes of anatomical and physiological changes related to sexual or reproductive functions during the life span of a human or an animal, from fertilization to death. these include sex determination processes; sex differentiation; sexual maturation; and changes during aging
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological: physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological: disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (apa, dsm-iv, 1994)
Sexual Harassment: a form of discrimination in the workplace which violates the civil rights act of 1964. offensive sexual conduct may include unwelcome advances, comments, touching, questions about marital status and sex practices, etc. both men and women may be aggressors or victims. (slee and slee, health care terms, 2d ed, p.404). while civil rights legislation deals with sexual harassment in the workplace, the behavior is not restricted to this; it may take place outside the work environment: in schools, athletics, and other social milieus and activities
Sexual Health: a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality, according to the world health organization
Sexual Infantilism: the permanent lack of sexual development in an individual. this defect is usually observed at an age after expected puberty
Sexual Selection: a type of natural selection in which members of one sex choose to mate with members of the other sex that have genetically different components
Sexual and Gender Disorders: mental disorders related to sexual dysfunction, paraphilias, and gender identity disorders
Sexual and Gender Minorities: individuals including lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual, gender non-conforming people, and other populations whose sexual orientation or gender identity and reproductive development is considered outside cultural, societal, or physiological norms
Sexuality: the sexual functions, activities, attitudes, and orientations of an individual. sexuality, male or female, becomes evident at puberty under the influence of gonadal steroids (testosterone or estradiol), and social effects
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral: viral diseases which are transmitted or propagated by sexual conduct
Seychelles: a group of indian ocean islands, east of tanzania. their capital is victoria. they were first claimed by the french in 1744 but taken by the english in 1794 and made a dependency of mauritius in 1810. they became a crown colony in 1903 and a republic within the commonwealth in 1976. they were named for the french finance minister, jean moreau de sechelles, but respelled by the english in 1794. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p1102 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p496)
Seychely: seychelská republika je stát na stejnojmenném souostroví v indickém oceánu, východně od afrického kontinentu a severně od madagaskaru. obydleno je 33 ostrovů (ze 115), přičemž 4/5 obyvatelstva se soustřeďují na největším ostrově mahé, kde leží i hlavní město victoria. roku 1976 získaly seychely nezávislost jako republika v rámci britského společenství národů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Sezary Syndrome: a form of cutaneous t-cell lymphoma manifested by generalized exfoliative erythroderma; pruritus; peripheral lymphadenopathy, and abnormal hyperchromatic mononuclear (cerebriform) cells in the skin, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood (sezary cells)
Sf9 Cells: cell line derived from sf21 cells which are a cell line isolated from primary explants of spodoptera frugiperda pupal tissue
Sf9 buňky: buněčná linie odvozená z buněk linie sf21, která byla izolovaná z tkáně kukel hmyzu spodoptera frugiperda
Shab Potassium Channels: a subfamily of shaker potassium channels that shares homology with its founding member, shab protein, drosophila. they regulate delayed rectifier currents in the nervous system of drosophila and in the skeletal muscle and heart of vertebrates
Shadowing Technique, Histology: the technique of spraying a tissue specimen with a thin coat of a heavy metal such as platinum. the specimen is sprayed from an oblique angle, which results in the uneven deposition of the coating. the varying thicknesses create a shadow effect and give a three-dimensional appearance to the specimen
Shaken Baby Syndrome: brain injuries resulted from vigorous shaking of an infant or young child held by the chest, shoulders, or extremities causing extreme cranial acceleration. it is characterized by the intracranial and intraocular hemorrhages with no evident external trauma. serious cases may result in death
Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels: voltage-gated potassium channels whose primary subunits contain six transmembrane segments and form tetramers to create a pore with a voltage sensor. they are related to their founding member, shaker protein, drosophila
Shal Potassium Channels: a shaker subfamily of potassium channels that participate in transient outward potassium currents by activating at subthreshold membrane potentials, inactivating rapidly, and recovering from inactivation quickly
Shamanism: an intermediate stage between polytheism and monotheism, which assumes a great spirit, with lesser deities subordinated. with the beginnings of shamanism there was the advent of the medicine man or witch doctor, who assumed a supervisory relation to disease and its cure. formally, shamanism is a religion of ural-altaic peoples of northern asia and europe, characterized by the belief that the unseen world of gods, demons, ancestral spirits is responsive only to shamans. the indians of north and south america entertain religious practices similar to the ural-altaic shamanism. the word shaman comes from the tungusic (manchuria and siberia) saman, meaning buddhist monk. the shaman handles disease almost entirely by psychotherapeutic means; he frightens away the demons of disease by assuming a terrifying mien. (from garrison, an introduction to the history of medicine, 4th ed, p22; from webster, 3d ed)
Shared Governance, Nursing: model of nursing practice with shared decision processes designed to integrate core values and beliefs that professional practice embraces, as a means of achieving quality care
Shared Medical Appointments: clinical encounters in which patients receive healthcare from one or more health professionals, in a group setting. these may include patient education and counseling, physical examination, and clinical support. patients usually share a mutual attribute such as a medical condition
Shared Paranoid Disorder: a condition in which closely related persons, usually in the same family, share the same delusions
Sharks: a group of elongate elasmobranchs. sharks are mostly marine fish, with certain species large and voracious
Sharma Kapoor Ramji syndrome: thin ribs, thin tubular bones, abnormal facies and intrauterine growth retardation
Shaw Potassium Channels: a shaker subfamily that is prominently expressed in neurons and are necessary for high-frequency, repetitive firing of action potentials
Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins: a family of signaling adaptor proteins that contain src homology domains. many members of this family are involved in transmitting signals from cell surface receptors to mitogen-activated protein kinases
Shear Strength: the internal resistance of a material to moving some parts of it parallel to a fixed plane, in contrast to stretching (tensile strength) or compression (compressive strength). ionic crystals are brittle because, when subjected to shear, ions of the same charge are brought next to each other, which causes repulsion
Sheep: any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus ovis, family bovidae. they possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in goats
Sheep, Bighorn: a species of sheep, ovis canadensis, characterized by massive brown horns. there are at least four subspecies and they are all endangered or threatened
Sheep, Domestic: a species of sheep, ovis aries, descended from near eastern wild forms, especially mouflon
Shellfish: aquatic invertebrates belonging to the phylum mollusca or the subphylum crustacea, and used as food
Shellfish Poisoning: poisoning from toxins present in bivalve mollusks that have been ingested. four distinct types of shellfish poisoning are recognized based on the toxin involved
Sheltered Workshops: protective places of employment for persons with disabilities which provide training and employment on a temporary or permanent basis
Shelterin Complex: a telomere cap complex consisting of telomere-specific proteins in association with telomeric dna such as telomeric dsdna-sdna junction. they are involved in the protection of chromosome ends and telomerase regulation and play a role in cellular senescence and ageing-related pathology. in general it consists of six mostly telomere-binding proteins (pot1, rap1, tin2, tpp1, trf1, and trf2)
Shewanella: a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rods. it is a saprophytic, marine organism which is often isolated from spoiling fish
Shewanella: rod gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií. tyto mořské organismy žijí saprofyticky, jsou často izolované z hnijících ryb
Shewanella putrefaciens: a species of shewanella noted for its ability to reduce iron and manganese anaerobically
Shewanella putrefaciens: druh bakterie rodu shewanella, která má schopnost anaerobně redukovat ionty železa a manganu
Shift Work Schedule: job schedule in which working hours deviate from the standard hours (e.g., evening shift, night shift or rotating shift)
Shiga Toxin: a toxin produced by shigella dysenteriae. it is the prototype of class of toxins that inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the interaction of ribosomal rna; (rna, ribosomal) with peptide elongation factors
Shiga Toxin 1: a toxin produced by certain pathogenic strains of escherichia coli such as escherichia coli o157. it is closely related to shiga toxin produced by shigella dysenteriae
Shiga Toxin 2: a toxin produced by certain pathogenic strains of escherichia coli such as escherichia coli o157. it shares 50-60% homology with shiga toxin and shiga toxin 1
Shiga Toxins: a class of toxins that inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the interaction of ribosomal rna; (rna, ribosomal) with peptide elongation factors. they include shiga toxin which is produced by shigella dysenteriae and a variety of shiga-like toxins that are produced by pathologic strains of escherichia coli such as escherichia coli o157
Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: strains of escherichia coli with the ability to produce at least one or more of at least two antigenically distinct, usually bacteriophage-mediated cytotoxins: shiga toxin 1 and shiga toxin 2. these bacteria can cause severe disease in humans including bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome
Shigella: a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery (dysentery, bacillary)
Shigella: shigella - rod gramnegativních nepohyblivých bakterií z čeledi enterobacteriaceae. kultivačně jsou náročnější než většina enterobakterií. dělí se do čtyř podskupin a-d. patogeneticky je důležitá produkce toxinů shiga toxin. jsou enteroinvazivní a mohou se intracelulárně množit se vznikem vředů a nekrózy. infekce je omezena lokálně. patogenní jsou primárně pro člověka a primáty - způsobují bacilární dysenterii. k infekci stačí malé množství bakterií (méně než 200 mikroorganismů). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2015 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Shigella Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent bacillary dysentery (dysentery, bacillary) caused by species of shigella
Shigella boydii: druh bakterie rodu shigella, která způsobuje bacilární dyzenterii
Shigella boydii: one of the shigella species that produces bacillary dysentery (dysentery, bacillary)
Shigella dysenteriae: a species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is extremely pathogenic and causes severe dysentery. infection with this organism often leads to ulceration of the intestinal epithelium
Shigella dysenteriae: druh gramnegativní, fakultativně anaerobní, tyčinkovité bakterie, která je extrémně patogenní a způsobuje těžkou dyzenterii. infekce tímto organismem vede často k ulceraci střevní sliznice
Shigella flexneri: a bacterium which is one of the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery (dysentery, bacillary) and sometimes of infantile gastroenteritis
Shigella flexneri: druh bakterie, která je jedním z původců bacilární dyzenterie a někdy i gastroenteritidy u dětí
Shigella sonnei: druh bakterie, která fermentuje laktózu a způsobuje dyzenterii
Shiitake Mushrooms: mushrooms in the order agaricales containing b vitamins, cortinelin, and the polysaccharide lentinan
Shikimic Acid: a tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid metabolite of the shikimate pathway. it is important in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids, flavonoids and alkaloids in plants and microorganisms
Ships: large vessels propelled by power or sail used for transportation on rivers, seas, oceans, or other navigable waters. boats are smaller vessels propelled by oars, paddles, sail, or power; they may or may not have a deck
Shivering: involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles. it is a physiologic method of heat production in man and other mammals
Shock: a pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs
Shock, Hemorrhagic: acute hemorrhage or excessive fluid loss resulting in hypovolemia
Shock, Septic: sepsis associated with hypotension or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to lactic acidosis; oliguria; or acute alteration in mental status
Shoes: footwear made of a flat sole shaped to the contour of the foot, connected to an upper portion which may or may not completely cover or wrap around the foot
Shopeho virus papilomatózy králíků: typový druh rodu kappapapillomavirus. je hlášený jeho přirozený výskyt u králíků rodu sylvilagus, žijících v severní americe
Short Bowel Syndrome: a malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the small intestine, the absorptive region of the gastrointestinal tract
Short Chain Dehydrogenase-Reductases: a large family of oxidoreductases that are predominantly nad- or nadp-dependent and 250 to 350 amino acids in length. they generally consist of two protein domains: a catalytic n-terminal domain that binds the substrate, and a c-terminal coenzyme-binding domain
Short Interspersed Nucleotide Elements: highly repeated sequences, 100-300 bases long, which contain rna polymerase iii promoters. the primate alu (alu elements) and the rodent b1 sines are derived from 7sl rna, the rna component of the signal recognition particle. most other sines are derived from trnas including the mirs (mammalian-wide interspersed repeats)
Short Qt Syndrome: a cardiac channelopathy and arrhythmia associated with a predisposition to atrial fibrillation and sudden cardiac death. patients have a structurally normal heart, but electrocardiography (ecg) exhibits abbreviated qtc (bazett's corrected qt) intervals of less than 360 ms. may be caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the kcnh2 gene. omim: 609620
Short Rib-Polydactyly Syndrome: a syndrome inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and incompatible with life. the main features are narrow thorax, short ribs, scapular and pelvic dysplasia, and polydactyly
Short Stature Homeobox Protein: a homeodomain protein that is highly expressed in the nuclei of skeletal muscle, bone marrow, and osteogenic cells and has critical roles in growth and development. its gene resides within pseudoautosomal region 1 of x and y chromosomes and mutations are associated with several growth disorders including leri-weil syndrome; langer mesomelic dysplasia; and short stature, idiopathic, x-linked
Short Stature, Idiopathic, Autosomal: a hereditary autosomal recessive conditon resulting in short stature due to mutations in the ghsr gene. omim: 600946.0006
Short chain Acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder of fatty acid beta-oxidation with variable clinical features; a severe form of the disorder can cause infantile onset of acidosis and neurologic impairment, whereas some patients develop only myopathy. asymptomatic patients with putative pathogenic mutations have also been identified. caused by mutations in the acads gene. omim: 201470
Short stature and locking fingers: familial proportionate short stature, intrauterine growth retardation, and recurrent locking of the fingers; recurrent finger locking with intrauterine growth retardation and proportionate short stature
Short stature syndrome, Brussels type: familial short stature with facial dysmorphism and osteochondrodysplastic lesions
Short-Wave Therapy: the use of focused short radio waves to produce local hyperthermia in an injured person or diseased body area
Shorthand: rapid handwriting using simple strokes, abbreviations, or symbols that designate letters, words, or phrases
Shotgun Sequencing: a laboratory technique for determining the dna sequence of an organism's genome. in this approach, dna of an organism is randomly broken into small dna fragments which are then sequenced individually. computational methods are then utilized to reassemble these sequenced fragments accurately, reconstructing the complete genome sequence
Shoulder: part of the body in humans and primates where the arms connect to the trunk. the shoulder has five joints; acromioclavicular joint, coracoclavicular joint, glenohumeral joint, scapulathoracic joint, and sternoclavicular joint
Shoulder Dystocia: obstetric complication during obstetric delivery in which exit of the fetus is delayed due to physical obstruction involving fetal shoulder(s)
Shoulder Fractures: fractures of the proximal humerus, including the head, anatomic and surgical necks, and tuberosities
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: compression of the rotator cuff tendons and subacromial bursa between the humeral head and the acromion of the scapula. this condition is associated with subacromial bursitis, as well as rotator cuff (largely supraspinatus) and bicipital tendon inflammation
Shoulder Joint: the articulation between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Shoulder Pain: unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. it is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin
Showdomycin: 3-beta-d-ribofuranosylmaleimide. antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from streptomyces showdoensis. it is possibly active also as a sulfhydryl reagent
Shprintzen Golberg craniosynostosis: an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by craniosynostosis, a marfanoid habitus, and skeletal, neurologic, cardiovascular, and connective tissue anomalies. there appears to be a characteristic facies involving hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, high-arched palate, micrognathia, and low-set posteriorly rotated ears. other commonly reported manifestations include muscle hypotonia, developmental delay, and inguinal or umbilical hernia; the most common skeletal manifestations are arachnodactyly, pectus deformity, camptodactyly, scoliosis, and joint hypermobility. mutations in the ski gene have been identified. omim: 182212
Shprintzen omphalocele syndrome: omphalocele with hypoplasia of pharynx and larynx, learning disability, dysmorphic facies, and scoliosis; omphalocele with hypoplasia of pharynx and larynx, learning disability, dysmorphic facies, and scoliosis
Shrews: small mammals in the family soricidae, order soricomorpha (formerly insectivora). they resemble moles and are characterized by a mobile snout, sharp incisor teeth, and are found in tropical and temperate regions worldwide
Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome: an inherited syndrome characterized by exocrine pancreatic insufficiency; hematologic abnormalities (e.g., bone marrow hypoplasia), and skeletal abnormalities (e.g., metaphyseal chondroplasia). germline mutations in the sbds gene are associated with shwachman-diamond syndrome
Shwachmanův-Diamondův syndrom: dědičný syndrom charakterizovaný exokrinní pankreatickou insuficiencí, hematologickými abnormalitami (např. hypoplazií kostní dřeně) a abnormalitami skeletu (např. metafyzeální chondrodysplazií). souvisí se zárodečnými mutacemi sbds genu
Shwartzman Phenomenon: hemorrhagic necrosis that was first demonstrated in rabbits with a two-step reaction, an initial local (intradermal) or general (intravenous) injection of a priming endotoxin (endotoxins) followed by a second intravenous endotoxin injection (provoking agent) 24 h later. the acute inflammation damages the small blood vessels. the following intravascular coagulation leads to capillary and venous thrombosis and necrosis. shwartzman phenomenon can also occur in other species with a single injection of a provoking agent, and during infections or pregnancy. its susceptibility depends on the status of immune system, coagulation, fibrinolysis, and blood flow
Shwartzmanův fenomén: hemoragická nekróza, která byla poprvé demonstrována u králíků jako dvoufázová reakce na počáteční lokální (intradermální) nebo celkovou (intravenózní) injekci endotoxinu a následnou druhou intravenózní injekci endotoxinu (provokační látka) o 24 h později. akutní zánět poškozuje malé krevní cévy. následná intravaskulární koagulace vede ke kapilární a žilní trombóze a nekróze. shwartzmanův fenomén může nastat i u jiných druhů po injekci provokační látky a během infekce nebo těhotenství. reakce závisí na stavu imunitního systému, koagulace, fibrinolýzy a krevního oběhu
Shy-Drager Syndrome: a progressive neurodegenerative condition of the central and autonomic nervous systems characterized by atrophy of the preganglionic lateral horn neurons of the thoracic spinal cord. this disease is generally considered a clinical variant of multiple system atrophy. affected individuals present in the fifth or sixth decade with orthostasis and bladder dysfunction; and later develop fecal incontinence; anhidrosis; ataxia; impotence; and alterations of tone suggestive of basal ganglia dysfunction. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p536)
Shyness: discomfort and partial inhibition of the usual forms of behavior when in the presence of others
Shyův-Dragerův syndrom: progresivní onemocnění mozku s atrofií a úbytkem dopaminergních receptorů v substantia nigra a s postižením funkce periferního sympatického nervového systému. je autozomálně recesivně dědičné nebo se vyskytuje sporadicky. projevuje se těžkou ortostatickou hypotenzí, ataxií, ztuhlostí svalů, akinezí, anhidrózou, zácpou, erektilní dysfunkcí. může být demence; některé příznaky připomínají parkinsonismus. v léčbě se mohou používat antiparkinsonika (l-dopa), dále je léčba symptomatická, zaměřená zejm. na hypotenzi. progrese v oblasti cns je zatím léčebně neovlivnitelná, prognóza onemocnění není dobrá, obv. dochází po několika letech k úmrtí. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P2O5-K2O glass: a bioactive glass