NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Chromosome Breakage: a type of chromosomal aberration involving dna breaks. chromosome breakage can result in chromosomal translocation; chromosome inversion; or sequence deletion
Chromosome Disorders: clinical conditions caused by an abnormal chromosome constitution in which there is extra or missing chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment). (from thompson et al., genetics in medicine, 5th ed, p429)
Chromosome Duplication: an aberration in which an extra chromosome or a chromosomal segment is made
Chromosome Fragile Sites: specific loci that show up during karyotyping as a gap (an uncondensed stretch in closer views) on a chromatid arm after culturing cells under specific conditions. these sites are associated with an increase in chromosome fragility. they are classified as common or rare, and by the specific culture conditions under which they develop. fragile site loci are named by the letters fra followed by a designation for the specific chromosome, and a letter which refers to which fragile site of that chromosome (e.g. fraxa refers to fragile site a on the x chromosome. it is a rare, folic acid-sensitive fragile site associated with fragile x syndrome.)
Chromosome Fragility: susceptibility of chromosomes to breakage leading to translocation; chromosome inversion; sequence deletion; or other chromosome breakage related aberrations
Chromosome Inversion: an aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome
Chromosome Mapping: any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome
Chromosome Painting: a technique for visualizing chromosome aberrations using fluorescently labeled dna probes which are hybridized to chromosomal dna. multiple fluorochromes may be attached to the probes. upon hybridization, this produces a multicolored, or painted, effect with a unique color at each site of hybridization. this technique may also be used to identify cross-species homology by labeling probes from one species for hybridization with chromosomes from another species
Chromosome Positioning: the mechanisms of eukaryotic cells that place or keep the chromosomes in a particular subnuclear space
Chromosome Segregation: the orderly segregation of chromosomes during meiosis or mitosis
Chromosome Walking: a technique with which an unknown region of a chromosome can be explored. it is generally used to isolate a locus of interest for which no probe is available but that is known to be linked to a gene which has been identified and cloned. a fragment containing a known gene is selected and used as a probe to identify other overlapping fragments which contain the same gene. the nucleotide sequences of these fragments can then be characterized. this process continues for the length of the chromosome
Chromosomes: in a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing dna which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (from singleton & sainsbury, dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology, 2d ed)
Chromosomes, Archaeal: structures within the nucleus of archaeal cells consisting of or containing dna, which carry genetic information essential to the cell
Chromosomes, Artificial: dna constructs that are composed of, at least, elements such as a replication origin; telomere; and centromere, that are required for successful replication, propagation to and maintenance in progeny cells. in addition, they are constructed to carry other sequences for analysis or gene transfer
Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial: dna constructs that are composed of, at least, a replication origin, for successful replication, propagation to and maintenance as an extra chromosome in bacteria. in addition, they can carry large amounts (about 200 kilobases) of other sequence for a variety of bioengineering purposes
Chromosomes, Artificial, Human: dna constructs that are composed of, at least, all elements, such as a replication origin; telomere; and centromere, required for successful replication, propagation to and maintainance in progeny human cells. in addition, they are constructed to carry other sequences for analysis or gene transfer
Chromosomes, Artificial, Mammalian: dna constructs that are composed of, at least, all elements, such as a replication origin; telomere; and centromere, that are required for successful replication, propagation to and maintainance in progeny mammalian cells. in addition, they are constructed to carry other sequences for analysis or gene transfer
Chromosomes, Artificial, P1 Bacteriophage: dna constructs that are derived from the dna of bacteriophage p1. they can carry large amounts (about 100-300 kilobases) of other sequence for a variety of bioengineering purposes
Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast: chromosomes in which fragments of exogenous dna ranging in length up to several hundred kilobase pairs have been cloned into yeast through ligation to vector sequences. these artificial chromosomes are used extensively in molecular biology for the construction of comprehensive genomic libraries of higher organisms
Chromosomes, Bacterial: structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing dna, which carry genetic information essential to the cell
Chromosomes, Fungal: structures within the nucleus of fungal cells consisting of or containing dna, which carry genetic information essential to the cell
Chromosomes, Human: very long dna molecules and associated proteins, histones, and non-histone chromosomal proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone). normally 46 chromosomes, including two sex chromosomes are found in the nucleus of human cells. they carry the hereditary information of the individual
Chromosomes, Human, 1-3: the large, metacentric human chromosomes, called group a in the human chromosome classification. this group consists of chromosome pairs 1, 2, and 3
Chromosomes, Human, 13-15: the medium-sized, acrocentric human chromosomes, called group d in the human chromosome classification. this group consists of chromosome pairs 13, 14, and 15
Chromosomes, Human, 16-18: the short, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group e in the human chromosome classification. this group consists of chromosome pairs 16, 17, and 18
Chromosomes, Human, 19-20: the short, metacentric human chromosomes, called group f in the human chromosome classification. this group consists of chromosome pairs 19 and 20
Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y: the short, acrocentric human chromosomes, called group g in the human chromosome classification. this group consists of chromosome pairs 21 and 22 and the y chromosome
Chromosomes, Human, 4-5: the large, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group b in the human chromosome classification. this group consists of chromosome pairs 4 and 5
Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X: the medium-sized, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group c in the human chromosome classification. this group consists of chromosome pairs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 and the x chromosome
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1: a specific pair of human chromosomes in group a (chromosomes, human, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10: a specific pair of group c chromosomes of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11: a specific pair of group c chromosomes of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12: a specific pair of group c chromosomes of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13: a specific pair of group d chromosomes of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14: a specific pair of group d chromosomes of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15: a specific pair of group d chromosomes of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16: a specific pair of group e chromosomes of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17: a specific pair of group e chromosomes of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18: a specific pair of group e chromosomes of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19: a specific pair of group f chromosomes of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2: a specific pair of human chromosomes in group a (chromosomes, human, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20: a specific pair of group f chromosomes of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21: a specific pair of group g chromosomes of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22: a specific pair of group g chromosomes of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3: a specific pair of human chromosomes in group a (chromosomes, human, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4: a specific pair of group b chromosomes of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5: one of the two pairs of human chromosomes in the group b class (chromosomes, human, 4-5)
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6: a specific pair group c chromsomes of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7: a specific pair of group c chromosomes of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8: a specific pair of group c chromosomes of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9: a specific pair of group c chromsomes of the human chromosome classification
Chromosomes, Human, X: the human female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in humans
Chromosomes, Human, Y: the human male sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and none of the female gametes in humans
Chromosomes, Mammalian: complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic dna and are part of the cell nucleus of mammals
Chromosomes, Plant: complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic dna and are part of the cell nucleus of plants
Chromosorb 101: bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis immobilized on chromosorb 101, a solid phase extractant for preconcentration of heavy metal ions in environmental samples
Chromothripsis: massive number of chromosomal rearrangements and shattering that occurs in cancer cells. the breakpoints are located within one chromosome or chromosome arm
Chronaxy: the shortest duration of an electrical stimulus where the threshold amplitude is twice the rheobase - the minimum required for eliciting an action potential at any time period. it is a measure of the excitability of nerve or muscle tissue, and is characteristic of types and/or condition of the nerve or muscle cells in the tissue
Chronic Care Model: a healthcare framework that typically integrates clinical information systems to improve clinical decision-making, support for community resources and self-management and improvement of care continuity through better delivery system design and organization
Chronic Cough: cough lasting for greater than 8 weeks in adults potentially impacting health-related quality of life. chronic cough generally is associated with eosinophilic airway inflammation (e.g., asthma (cough-variant asthma) and non-asthmatic bronchitis, upper airway disorders, gerd and cough hypersensitivity syndrome)
Chronic Disease: diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (dictionary of health services management, 2d ed). for epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes heart diseases; stroke; cancer; and diabetes (diabetes mellitus, type 2)
Chronic Disease Indicators: a set of surveillance indicators of disease developed by consensus among the cdc, the council of state and territorial epidemiologists, and the national association of chronic disease directors. it enables public health professionals and policymakers to retrieve uniformly defined state and selected metropolitan-level data for chronic diseases and risk factors that impact public health.(https://www.cdc.gov/socialdeterminants/data/index.htm)
Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome: compartment syndrome characterized by pain in muscle groups with elevated compartment pressures due most often exercise training in athletes. most often encountered chronic exertional compartment syndrome is in the anterior or deep posterior compartments of the lower leg in athletes in training similar to popliteal artery entrapment syndrome
Chronic Inducible Urticaria: chronic urticaria with identified triggering factor which is either physical, e.g., vibratory urticaria, or non-physical, e.g., aquagenic urticaria
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder: decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic kidney diseases, in which 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on parathyroid hormone. the resulting secondary hyperparathyroidism eventually leads to bone disorders
Chronic Kidney Diseases of Uncertain Etiology: chronic kidney diseases not associated with traditional risk factors, e.g., type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension, but rather with infectious diseases, exposure to environmental toxins, or other unknown factors. they are most prevalent in agricultural communities of developing countries
Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia: a severe form of peripheral artery disease in which a hypoperfusion of the blood through an organ or tissue is caused by occlusion of peripheral arterial vessels. it is associated with the presence of chronic ischemic rest pain, ulceration or gangrene
Chronic Pain: aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. it may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain
Chronic Periodontitis: chronic inflammation and loss of periodontium that is associated with the amount of dental plaque or dental calculus present. chronic periodontitis occurs mostly in adults and was called adult periodontitis, but this disease can appear in young people
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: degenerative brain disease linked to repetitive brain trauma. progressive symptoms may include memory loss; aggression; or depression
Chronic Urticaria: wheals (urticaria) and/or angioedema presented with daily symptoms lasting for more than 6 weeks. it may be classified into chronic spontaneous and chronic inducible urticaria depending on whether a specific trigger can be linked to the development of vascular reaction
Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: a type of osteomyelitis that occurs in children and is characterized by inflammation of the bones, especially with lesions at the metaphyses of the long bones; pain, and joint swelling. patients may or may not present with fever. this disorder may occur alone or together with psoriasis or inflammatory bowel disease; may also occur with majeed syndrome. omim: 259680
Chronobiology Discipline: a multidisciplinary field of research and practice studying the periodicity of biological systems and the application of principles of chronobiology to various therapeutic strategies. aging, biological rhythms, and cyclic phenomena are included. statistical, computer-aided mathematical procedures are used to describe, in mathematical terminology, various biological functions over time
Chronobiology Phenomena: biological systems as affected by time. aging, biological rhythms, and cyclic phenomena are included. statistical, computer-aided mathematical procedures are used to describe, in mathematical terminology, various biological functions over time
Chronopharmacokinetics: absorption, metabolism and elimination of drugs in relation to time of day at which they are administered, and the mechanisms responsible for time-dependent variations
Chronotherapy: the adaptation of therapeutic approaches such as pharmacological (drug chronotherapy), surgical, radiological, or physical to the known variations in biological rhythmicity, such as circadian rhythms. the treatment is aimed at supporting normal rhythms, or modifying the timing of therapy to achieve maximal efficacy and minimal adverse effect
Chronotype: the natural inclination or preference of time of day in which an individual or an organism has the most activity, particularly as it relates to sleeping pattern and circadian sleep-wake preferences
Chrysanthemum: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. the common names of daisy or marguerite are easily confused with other plants. some species in this genus have been reclassified to tanacetum
Chrysanthemum: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. některé druhy byly vyděleny jako samostatné rody
Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium: a plant species of the genus chrysanthemum, family asteraceae. the flowers contain pyrethrins, cinerolones, and chrysanthemines which are powerful contact insecticides. most in the old pyrethrum genus are reclassified to tanacetum; some to other asteraceae genera
Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium: druh rostlin rodu chrysanthemum, čeledi asteraceae. květy obsahují silné kontaktní insekticidy: pyrethriny, cinerolony a chrysantheminy. většina zástupců rodu pyrethrum byla převedena do rodu tanacetum (vratič) a některé druhy do jiných rodů čeledi hvězdnicovitých
Chrysaora quinquecirrha: druh medúz čeledi pelagiidae, řádu semaeostomeae, třídy scyphozoa. jejich žahadla obsahují jed toxický pro člověka, který způsobuje bolestivou vyrážku
Chrysenes: 1,2-benzphenanthrenes. polycyclic compounds obtained from coal tar
Chryseobacterium: a genus of aerobic, gram-negative bacteria in the family flavobacteriaceae. many of its species were formerly in the genus flavobacterium
Chryseobacterium: druh gramnegativních, aerobních bakterií čeledi flavobacteriaceae. řada druhů byla dříve zařazena v rodě flavobacterium
Chrysobalanaceae: a plant family of the order rosales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida
Chrysobalanaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu malpígiotvaré (malpighiales). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Chrysophyceae: třída řas, které patří do kmene heterokontophyta, říše chromalveolata. žijí převážně ve sladkých vodách. živí se mixotrofně, což znamená, že vedle fotosyntézy se přiživují také fagocytózou nebo osmotrofií okolo plovoucí potravy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Chrysophyta: a family of microscopic freshwater eukaryota, commonly known as golden algae. they share many features with the brown algae but are planktonic rather than benthic. though most are photosynthetic, they are not considered truly autotrophic since they can become facultatively heterotrophic in the absence of adequate light. in this state they can feed on bacteria or diatoms
Chrysopogon: a plant genus of the family poaceae. the rhizome contains sesquiterpenes and is the source of vetiver oil used in perfume
Chrysopogon: rod rostlin čeledi poaceae (lipnicovité). oddenek obsahuje seskviterpeny a vyrábí se z něj vetiverový olej, který je složkou parfémů
Chrysosporium: a mitosporic onygenaceae fungal genus which causes adiaspiromycosis, a pulmonary mycosis of man and rodents. one of its teleomorphs is ajellomyces
Chrysosporium: rod mitosporických hub řádu onygenales. je původcem adiaspiromykózy (mykózy plic) u člověka a hlodavců. jedním z teleomorfních rodů je ajellomyces
Chudley-Rozdilsky syndrome: multicore myopathy with mental retardation, short stature, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: a group of religious bodies tracing their origin to joseph smith in 1830 and accepting the book of mormon as divine revelation. (from merriam-webster's collegiate dictionary, 10th ed)
Churg-Strauss Syndrome: widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. pulmonary involvement is frequent. asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from polyarteritis nodosa
Churgův-Straussové syndrom: vaskulitida blízká polyarteriitis nodosa s klinickými projevy astmatu, eozinofilií, dále mnohdy alergickou rinitidou, polyneuropatií, popř. postižením dalších orgánů. léčba je kortikoidy a imunosupresí. syn. alergická granulomatózní angiitida. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2014 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Chyle: an opaque, milky-white fluid consisting mainly of emulsified fats that passes through the lacteals of the small intestines into the lymphatic system
Chylomicron Remnants: metabolic products of chylomicron particles in which triglycerides have been selectively removed by the lipoprotein lipase. these remnants carry dietary lipids in the blood and are cholesterol-rich. their interactions with macrophages; endothelial cells; and smooth muscle cells in the artery wall can lead to atherosclerosis
Chylomicron retention disease: a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe fat malabsorption associated with failure to thrive in infancy due to hypobetalipoproteinemia with accumulation of apolipoprotein b-like protein in intestinal cells. mutations in the sar1b gene have been identified. omim: 246700
Chylomicrons: a class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestine to the tissues. their density (0.93-1.006 g/ml) is the same as that of very-low-density lipoproteins
Chylothorax: the presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (dorland, 27th ed)
Chylous Ascites: presence of milky lymph (chyle) in the peritoneal cavity, with or without infection
Chymases: a family of neutral serine proteases with chymotrypsin-like activity. chymases are primarily found in the secretory granules of mast cells and are released during mast cell degranulation
Chymopapain: a cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. ec 3.4.22.6
Chymosin: the predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. it is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. ec 3.4.23.4
Chymotrypsin: a serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, chymotrypsinogen and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by trypsin. it selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side
Chytridiomycota: a phylum of fungi that was formerly considered a subdivision of phycomycetes. they are the only fungi that produce motile spores (zoospores) at some stage in their life cycle. most are saprobes but they also include examples of plant, animal, and fungal pathogens
Chytridiomycota: kmen hub, dříve pododdělení phycomycetes. jediný kmen hub s pohyblivými sporami (zoosporami). většina je saprofytní, ale patří sem i parazité rostlin, zvířat a hub
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic: an elevated scar, resembling a keloid, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. it is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously
Cicer: rod rostlin z čeledi bobovitých (fabaceae), známý pro své jedlé boby
Cichlids: common name for perch-like fish of the family cichlidae, belonging to the suborder labroidei, order perciformes
Cichorium intybus: a thick-rooted perennial native to europe but widely grown for its young leaves used as salad greens and for its roots, dried and ground-roasted, used to flavor or adulterate coffee. (from webster, 3d ed)
Ciclopirox: a cyclohexane and pyridinone derivative that is used for the treatment of fungal infections of the skin and nails, and for treatment of vaginal yeast infections
Cicuta: a plant genus of the family apiaceae. it is a source of cicutoxin
Cicuta: rod rostlin z čeledi apiaceae - miříkovité. obsahuje jedovatý cikutoxin
Cicuta, Conium - jedovaté rostliny: jedovaté rostliny rodů cicuta a conium
Cidofovir: an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral dna polymerases. it is used in the treatment of retinitis caused by cytomegalovirus infections and may also be useful for treating herpesvirus infections
Ciguatera Poisoning: poisoning caused by ingestion of seafood containing microgram levels of ciguatoxins. the poisoning is characterized by gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiovascular disturbances
Ciguatoxins: polycyclic ethers produced by gambierdiscus (dinoflagellates) from gambiertoxins, which are ingested by fish which in turn may be ingested by humans who are susceptible to the ciguatera poisoning
Cilastatin: a renal dehydropeptidase-i and leukotriene d4 dipeptidase inhibitor. since the antibiotic, imipenem, is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-i, which resides in the brush border of the renal tubule, cilastatin is administered with imipenem to increase its effectiveness. the drug also inhibits the metabolism of leukotriene d4 to leukotriene e4
Cilastatin, Imipenem Drug Combination: combination of imipenem and cilastatin that is used in the treatment of bacterial infections; cilastatin inhibits renal dehydropeptidase i to prolong the half-life and increase the tissue penetration of imipenem, enhancing its efficacy as an anti-bacterial agent
Cilazapril: one of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ace inhibitors) used for hypertension. it is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat
Cilia: populations of thin, motile processes found covering the surface of ciliates (ciliophora) or the free surface of the cells making up ciliated epithelium. each cilium arises from a basic granule in the superficial layer of cytoplasm. the movement of cilia propels ciliates through the liquid in which they live. the movement of cilia on a ciliated epithelium serves to propel a surface layer of mucus or fluid. (king & stansfield, a dictionary of genetics, 4th ed)
Ciliary Arteries: three groups of arteries found in the eye which supply the iris, pupil, sclera, conjunctiva, and the muscles of the iris
Ciliary Body: a ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. it consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. the ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion
Ciliary Dyskinesia, Primary, 6: mutations in txndc3;aka cild6
Ciliary Dyskinesia, Primary, 9: mutations in dnai2; aka cild9
Ciliary Motility Disorders: conditions caused by abnormal cilia movement in the body, usually causing kartagener syndrome, chronic respiratory disorders, chronic sinusitis, and chronic otitis. abnormal ciliary beating is likely due to defects in any of the 200 plus ciliary proteins, such as missing motor enzyme dynein arms
Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor: a neurotrophic factor that promotes the survival of various neuronal cell types and may play an important role in the injury response in the nervous system
Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Receptor alpha Subunit: a ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor subunit. it is anchored to the cell surface via glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage and has specificity for binding to ciliary neurotrophic factor. it lacks signal transducing domains which are found on the other two subunits of the receptor
Ciliopathies: genetic disorders caused by defects in genes related to the primary cilium; basal body; or centrosome. primary features may include obesity, skeletal dysplasia; polydactyly and malformations that primarily involve the liver, eye or kidneys
Ciliophora: a phylum of eukaryotes characterized by the presence of cilia at some time during the life cycle. it comprises three classes: kinetofragminophorea; oligohymenophorea; and polymenophorea
Ciliophora: kmen jednobuněčných eukaryot charakterizovaný přítomností bičíků (brv) v průběhu životního cyklu. zahrnuje tři třídy: kinetofragminophorea, oligohymenophorea a polymenophorea
Ciliophora Infections: infections with protozoa of the phylum ciliophora
Cilostazol: a quinoline and tetrazole derivative that acts as a phosphodiesterase type 3 inhibitor, with anti-platelet and vasodilating activity. it is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases; ischemic heart disease; and in the prevention of stroke
Cimetidine: a histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to histamine h2 receptors. cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. it inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output
Cimicidae: a family of wingless, blood-sucking insects of the suborder heteroptera, including the bedbugs and related forms. cimex (bedbugs), heamatosiphon, and oeciacus are medically important genera. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Cimicidae: čeleď bezkřídlého hmyzu podřádu heteroptera, který se živí krví. zdravotnicky významnými rody jsou cimex (štěnice), heamatosiphon a oeciacus
Cimicifuga: a plant genus of the family ranunculaceae that contains triterpenoid saponins. remifemin from c. racemosa is used to suppress luteinizing hormone. it is reclassified by some to actaea. the common name of black snakeroot is also used with asarum and sanicula
Cimicifuga: rod rostlin čeledi ranunculaceae, v současné době zahrnutý do rodu actaea. jeho zástupci obsahují triterpenové saponiny. z rostlin druhu c. racemosa se vyrábí remifemin, který může být alternativou k estrogenové substituční terapii
Cimicifuga extract BNO 1055: black cohosh (cimicifuga racemosa) extract, used for reduction of hot flashes and hints on antidepressant activity
Cinanserin: a serotonin antagonist with limited antihistaminic, anticholinergic, and immunosuppressive activity
Cinchona: a genus of rubiaceous south american trees that yields the toxic cinchona alkaloids from their bark; quinine; quinidine; chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias
Cinnamates: derivatives of cinnamic acid (the structural formula: phenyl-hc=ch-coo-), including its salts and esters
Cinnamomum: a plant genus in the lauraceae family. the bark of the trees is used in folk medicine and flavoring agents
Cinnamomum aromaticum: a plant species of the genus cinnamomum that contains cinnamates and has been used in traditional chinese medicine (drugs, chinese herbal)
Cinnamomum camphora: a tree, cinnamomum camphora (l.) j. presl, known as the source of camphor
Cinnamomum zeylanicum: the tree which is known for its bark which is sold as cinnamon. the oil contains about 65-80% cinnamaldehyde and 10% eugenol and many terpenes
Cinnarizine: a piperazine derivative having histamine h1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces parkinsonian disorders
Cinoxacin: synthetic antimicrobial related to oxolinic acid and nalidixic acid and used in urinary tract infections
Ciona intestinalis: kosmopolitně rozšíření pláštěnci, jejichž tělo má tvar vázy či trubice
Ciona intestinalis: vase or tube shaped tunicates with a cosmopolitan distribution
Ciprofloxacin: a broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline
Circadian Clocks: biological mechanism that controls circadian rhythm. circadian clocks exist in the simplest form in cyanobacteria and as more complex systems in fungi, plants, and animals. in humans the system includes photoresponsive retinal ganglion cells and the suprachiasmatic nucleus that acts as the central oscillator
Circadian Rhythm: the regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs or environmental and physiological stimuli
Circadian Rhythm Signaling Peptides and Proteins: a broad category of proteins that regulate the circadian rhythm of an organism. included here are proteins that transmit intracellular and intercellular signals in a chronological manner along with proteins that sense light and time-dependent changes in the environment such as the photoperiod
Circle of Willis: a polygonal anastomosis at the base of the brain formed by the internal carotid (carotid artery, internal), proximal parts of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries (anterior cerebral artery; middle cerebral artery; posterior cerebral artery), the anterior communicating artery and the posterior communicating arteries
Circoviridae: a family of very small viruses containing circular, single-stranded dna and possessing no envelope. the modes of transmission are not known
Circoviridae: čeleď velmi malých, neobalených virů, které obsahují kruhovou, jednořetězcovou dna. způsob přenosu je neznámý
Circovirus: a genus of the family circoviridae that infects swine; psittacines; and non-psittacine birds. species include beak and feather disease virus causing a fatal disease in psittacine birds, and porcine circovirus causing postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs (porcine postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome)
Circovirus: rod virů čeledi circoviridae, které infikují prasata, papoušky a další ptáky. virus cirkovirózy papoušků způsobuje fatální onemocnění u papoušků a cirkovirus prasat je původcem syndromu multisystémového chřadnutí selat po odstavení
Circuit-Based Exercise: alternating sets of exercise that work out different muscle groups and that also alternate between aerobic and anaerobic exercises, which, when combined together, offer an overall program to improve strength, stamina, balance, or functioning
Circular Dichroism: a change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Circulating MicroRNA: micrornas found in cell-free body fluids such as serum; plasma; saliva; or urine
Circulating Tumor DNA: dna released from tumor cells that is found circulating in plasma; serum; or other body fluids
Circulatory Arrest, Deep Hypothermia Induced: a technique to arrest the flow of blood by lowering body temperature to about 20 degrees centigrade, usually achieved by infusing chilled perfusate. the technique provides a bloodless surgical field for complex surgeries
Circulatory and Respiratory Physiological Phenomena: functional processes and properties characteristic of the blood; cardiovascular system; and respiratory system
Circumcision, Female: a general term encompassing three types of excision of the external female genitalia - sunna, clitoridectomy, and infibulation. it is associated with severe health risks and has been declared illegal in many places, but continues to be widely practiced in a number of countries, particularly in africa
Circumcision, Male: excision of the prepuce of the penis (foreskin) or part of it
Circumventricular Organs: highly vascularized and specialized tissues distributed principally along the midline of the ventricular system from the forebrain to the hindbrain. they are distinguished by their lack of normal blood-brain barrier and fenestrated capillaries and contain either neurosecretory neurons or chemoreceptors
Cirsium: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain pectolinarin (a flavonoid glycoside)
Cirsium: rod rostlin z čeledi asteraceae. rostliny obsahují pektolinarin (flavonoidový glykosid)
Cis-VACD protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for the treatment of thyroid neoplasms
CisEBP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in treatment of advanced non-hodgkin's lymphoma
Cisapride: a substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. it is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (martindale the extra pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
Cisplatin: an inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. after undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with dna to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. these crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of dna. the cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the g2 phase of the cell cycle
Cissampelos: a plant genus of the family menispermaceae. members contain eletefine (a stephaoxocane alkaloid) and tropoloisoquinoline and protoberberine alkaloids
Cissampelos: rod rostlin čeledi menispermaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují alkaloid eletefin a tropoloisochinolinové a protoberberinové alkaloidy
Cissus: a plant genus of the family vitaceae. cissus rufescence gum is considered comparable to tragacanth
Cissus: rod rostlin z čeledi vitaceae. pryskyřice druhu cissus rufescence má obdobné vlsstnosti jako tragant
Cistaceae: a plant family of the order violales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida. the common name of rock rose is used with several plants of this family
Cistaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu slézotvaré (malvales). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cistanche: a plant genus of the family orobanchaceae. members contain phenylethanoid glycosides
Cistanche: rod rostlin čeledi orobanchaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují fenylethanoidní glykosidy
Cisterna Magna: one of three principal openings in the subarachnoid space. they are also known as cerebellomedullary cistern, and collectively as cisterns
Cistus: a plant genus of the family cistaceae. the common name of rock rose is also sometimes used with the closely related helianthemum genus (cistaceae)
Citalopram: a furancarbonitrile that is one of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. the drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia
Citizen Science: voluntary public participation in the scientific process, addressing real-world problems in ways that may include formulating research questions, conducting scientific experiments, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, making new discoveries, developing technologies and applications, for solving complex problems. (from https://www.citizenscience.gov/)
Citizenship: status of a person recognized under the law of a sovereign nation as a member of or belonging to that nation
Citrate (si)-Synthase: enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (citric acid cycle). it catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and acetyl coa to form citrate and coenzyme a. this enzyme was formerly listed as ec 4.1.3.7
Citric Acid: a key intermediate in metabolism. it is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. the salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability
Citric Acid Cycle: a series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from glucose; fatty acids; or amino acids by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. the end products are carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds
Citrinin: antibiotic and mycotoxin from aspergillus niveus and penicillium citrinum
Citrobacter: a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped enterobacteria that can use citrate as the sole source of carbon
Citrobacter: rod gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které jako jediný zdroj uhlíku využívají kyselinu citronovou
Citrobacter freundii: a species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in humans and other animals including mammals; birds; reptiles; and amphibians. it has also been isolated from soil and water as well as from clinical specimens such as urine; throat; sputum; blood; and wound swabs as an opportunistic pathogen
Citrobacter freundii: druh gramnegativní, fakultativně anaerobní, tyčinkovité bakterie. vyskytuje se u lidí a dalších živočichů včetně savců, ptáků, plazů a obojživelníků. byla také izolovaná z půdy a vody, stejně jako z klinického materiálu (např. z moči, hltanu, ze sputa, z krve a ze stěrů z ran), kde je oportunním patogenem
Citrobacter koseri: a species of gram-negative enterobacteria found in water; sewage; soil; and food. it can be present in any clinical specimen as an opportunistic pathogen
Citrobacter koseri: druh gramnegativní enterobakterie, která se vyskytuje ve vodě, v odpadních vodách, půdě a potravinách. může se také nacházet v jakémkoli klinickém materiálu jako oportunní patogen
Citrobacter rodentium: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus citrobacter, family enterobacteriaceae. as an important pathogen of laboratory mice, it serves as a model for investigating epithelial hyperproliferation and tumor promotion. it was previously considered a strain of citrobacter freundii
Citrobacter rodentium: druh gramnegativní enterobakterie rodu citrobacter. jako významný patogen laboratorních myší je modelem pro výzkum epitelové hyperproliferace a promoce nádorů. dříve klasifikovaná jako kmen druhu citrobacter freundii
Citrullination: conversion of arginine residues in proteins into citrulline residues by protein-arginine deiminases
Citrullinemia: a group of diseases related to a deficiency of the enzyme argininosuccinate synthase which causes an elevation of serum levels of citrulline. in neonates, clinical manifestations include lethargy, hypotonia, and seizures. milder forms also occur. childhood and adult forms may present with recurrent episodes of intermittent weakness, lethargy, ataxia, behavioral changes, and dysarthria. (from menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, p49)
Citrullus: a plant genus of the family cucurbitaceae known for the edible fruit
Citrullus: rod rostlin čeledi cucurbitaceae. plody lubenice obecné jsou známé vodní melouny
Citrullus colocynthis: a plant species of the family cucurbitaceae distributed tropically and subtropically mainly in north africa and asia. it is a medicinal plant of traditional medicine and well known in ancient medicine as the wild gourd
Citrullus colocynthis: teplomilná bylina čeledi cucurbitaceae rostoucí v písčitých, polopouštních oblastech evropy, asie a afriky. plody byly již v antice používané v tradiční medicíně. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Citrus: a plant genus of the family rutaceae. they bear the familiar citrus fruits including oranges, grapefruit, lemons, and limes. there are many hybrids which makes the nomenclature confusing
Citrus: rod rostlin z čeledi rutaceae. plodí známé citrusové plody jako pomeranče, grapefruity, citrony a limety. je tam hodně kříženců, což vede k nejasnostem v nomenklatuře
Citrus aurantiifolia: a plant species of the genus citrus, family rutaceae that provides the familiar lime fruit. its common name of lime is similar to the limetree (tilia)
Citrus aurantiifolia: druh rodu citrus z čeledi routovité, plodem je kyselá zelená limeta
Citrus paradisi: a plant species of the genus citrus, family rutaceae that produces the familiar grapefruit. there is evidence that grapefruit inhibits cytochrome p-450 cyp3a4, resulting in delayed metabolism and higher blood levels of a variety of drugs
Citrus sinensis: a plant species of the genus citrus, family rutaceae that provides the familiar orange fruit which is also a source of orange oil
City of New York: město ležící u ústí řeky hudson ve státě new york
Civil Defense: preventive emergency measures and programs designed to protect the individual or community in times of hostile attack or natural disaster
Civil Disorders: deliberate and planned acts of unlawful behavior engaged in by aggrieved segments of the population in seeking social change
Civil Rights: legal guarantee protecting the individual from attack on personal liberties, right to fair trial, right to vote, and freedom from discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin. (from http://www.usccr.gov/ accessed 1/31/2003)
Cladocera: a suborder of crustacea, order diplostraca, comprising the water fleas. they are benthic filter feeders that consume phytoplankton. the body is laterally compressed and enclosed in a bivalved carapace, from which the head extends
Cladocera: podřád korýšů řádu diplostraca. perloočky jsou plovoucí korýši s tělem uzavřeným v dvojchlopňovém krunýři. obývají především sladké i slané kontinentální vody, přičemž preferují vody stojaté. několik druhů je možno nalézt i v moři. společně s vířníky a klanonožci tvoří nejvýznamnější skupinu planktonních živočichů. jako takoví jsou potravou ryb i dalších vodních tvorů. samy se naopak živí fytoplanktonem (řasami a sinicemi), čímž zlepšují kvalitu vody. některé druhy jsou predátoři a živí se zooplanktonem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cladosporium: a mitosporic loculoascomycetes fungal genus including some economically important plant parasites. teleomorphs include mycosphaerella and venturia
Cladosporium: rod mitosporických hub řádu capnodiales, kam patří hospodářsky významní parazité rostlin. teleomorfní rody jsou mycosphaerella a venturia
Cladribine: an antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases including hairy-cell leukemia
Clarithromycin: a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. it can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50s ribosomal subunits. this inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-rna and prevents peptide chain elongation
Clark-Baraitser syndrome: mental retardation, tall stature, obesity, macrocephaly and typical facial features
Clarkia: a plant genus, of the family onagraceae, which is the subject of genetic studies. the floral aroma is attributed to benzenoid esters and benzyl acetate
Clarkia: rod rostlin čeledi onagraceae, používaný v genetickém výzkumu. vůni květům dává kombinace benzenoidních esterů a benzylacetátu
Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases: a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase subclass that includes enzymes with a specificity for 1-phosphatidylinositol, 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, and 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. members of this enzyme subclass are activated by cell surface receptors and occur as heterodimers of enzymatic and regulatory subunits
Class II Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases: a subclass of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases that have specificity for 1-phosphatidylinositol and 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate. members of this subclass consist of a single subunit structure and are regulated by receptor tyrosine kinases; cytokine receptors; and integrins
Class III Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases: a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase subclass that includes enzymes whose specificity is limited to 1-phosphatidylinositol. members of this class play a role in vesicular transport and in the regulation of tor kinases
Class Ia Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase: a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase subclass that includes enzymes formed through the heterodimerization of a p110 catalytic and a p85, p55, or p50 regulatory subunit. this subclass of enzymes is a downstream target of tyrosine kinase receptors and g protein-coupled receptors
Class Ib Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase: a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase subclass that includes enzymes formed through the association of a p110gamma catalytic subunit and one of the three regulatory subunits of 84, 87, and 101 kda in size. this subclass of enzymes is a downstream target of g protein-coupled receptors
Classical Article: works consisting of a current presentation of a previously printed seminal article marking a milestone in the history of medicine or science. it is usually accompanied by introductory remarks heralding its reprinting, often on the anniversary of its original publication or on an anniversary of the author's birth or death. it is usually reprinted in full, with complete bibliographical reference to the original appearance
Classical Lissencephalies and Subcortical Band Heterotopias: disorders comprising a spectrum of brain malformations representing the paradigm of a diffuse neuronal migration disorder. they result in cognitive impairment; seizures; and hypotonia or spasticity. mutations of two genes, lis1, the gene for the non-catalytic subunit of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase ib; and dcx or xlis, the gene for doublecortin, have been identified as the most common causes of disorders in this spectrum. additional variants of classical (type i) lissencephaly have been linked to reln, the gene for reelin, and arx, the gene for aristaless related homeobox protein. (from leventer, r.j., et al, mol med today. 2000 jul;6(7):277-84 and barkovich, a.j., et al, neurology. 2005 dec 27;65(12):1873-87.)