NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Osteochondrosis: any of a group of bone disorders involving one or more ossification centers (epiphyses). it is characterized by degeneration or necrosis followed by revascularization and reossification. osteochondrosis often occurs in children causing varying degrees of discomfort or pain. there are many eponymic types for specific affected areas, such as tarsal navicular (kohler disease) and tibial tuberosity (osgood-schlatter disease)
Osteoclasts: a large multinuclear cell associated with the bone resorption. an odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in cementum resorption
Osteocytes: mature osteoblasts that have become embedded in the bone matrix. they occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi
Osteofibrous Dysplasia: a tumor-like bone lesion occurring in childhood that usually presents as a painless swelling or anterior bowing of the tibia. cases involving the ulna and radius have also been reported. omim: 607278
Osteogenesis Imperfecta: collagen diseases characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. it may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in collagen type i
Osteogenesis imperfecta, type 2A: a severe form of osteogenesis imperfecta that is characterized by broad and short long bones and beaded ribs. respiratory insufficiency usually results in death during the perinatal period. it is associated with mutations in the col1a2 or col1a1 genes. omim: 166210
Osteogenesis imperfecta, type 3: an autosomal dominant form of osteogenesis imperfecta caused by mutations in the col1a1 or col1a2 genes. omim: 259420
Osteogenesis, Distraction: bone lengthening by gradual mechanical distraction. an external fixation device produces the distraction across the bone plate. the technique was originally applied to long bones but in recent years the method has been adapted for use with mandibular implants in maxillofacial surgery
Osteolysis, Essential: syndromes of bone destruction where the cause is not obvious such as neoplasia, infection, or trauma. the destruction follows various patterns: massive (gorham disease), multicentric (hajdu-cheney syndrome), or carpal/tarsal
Osteoma: a benign tumor composed of bone tissue or a hard tumor of bonelike structure developing on a bone (homoplastic osteoma) or on other structures (heteroplastic osteoma). (from dorland, 27th ed)
Osteoma, Osteoid: a benign osteoblastic tumor with central vascularized nidus surrounded by normal reactive bone. it occurs especially in second decade of life most commonly in the femoral neck but can occur in any bone and any site within a bone
Osteomalacia: disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. it is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of vitamin d; phosphorus; or calcium homeostasis
Osteomyelitis: inflammation of the bone as a result of infection. it may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (pus - producing) bacteria
Osteonecrosis: death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic
Osteonectin: non-collagenous, calcium-binding glycoprotein of developing bone. it links collagen to mineral in the bone matrix. in the synonym sparc glycoprotein, the acronym stands for secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine
Osteopathia striata cranial sclerosis: an x-linked dominant osteosclerosis that presents in females with macrocephaly; cleft palate, mild learning disabilities; sclerosis of the long bones and skull, and longitudinal striations visible on radiographs of the long bones, pelvis, and scapulae. in males, the disorder usually results in fetal or neonatal lethality; surviving males have, in addition to hyperostosis, cardiac, intestinal, and genitourinary malformations. osteosclerosis in the cranial and facial bones leads to disfigurement and to disability such as deafness due to pressure on cranial nerves. osteopathia striata is a frequent feature of focal dermal hypoplasia. mutations in the amer1 gene have been identified. omim: 300373
Osteopathic Medicine: a medical discipline that is based on the philosophy that all body systems are interrelated and dependent upon one another for good health. this philosophy, developed in 1874 by dr. andrew taylor still, recognizes the concept of wellness and the importance of treating illness within the context of the whole body. special attention is placed on the musculoskeletal system
Osteopathic Physicians: licensed physicians trained in osteopathic medicine. an osteopathic physician, also known as d.o. (doctor of osteopathy), is able to perform surgery and prescribe medications
Osteopetrosis: excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; osteitis; splenomegaly with infarct; anemia; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis, extramedullary)
Osteopetrosis, Autosomal Recessive 6: mutation in plekhm1
Osteophyte: bony outgrowth usually found around joints and often seen in conditions such as arthritis
Osteopoikilosis: an asymptomatic, autosomal dominant trait in which pea-sized sclerotic spots, prominent in the metaphyseal area, are accompanied by unique cutaneous lesions. these are yellowish papules or plaques with increased elastin content. (from cecil textbook of medicine, 19th ed, pp1434-35)
Osteopontin: a negatively-charged extracellular matrix protein that plays a role in the regulation of bone metabolism and a variety of other biological functions. cell signaling by osteopontin may occur through a cell adhesion sequence that recognizes integrin alpha-v beta-3
Osteoporosis: reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (osteoporosis, postmenopausal) and age-related or senile osteoporosis
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal: metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. it occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency
Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome: a congenital syndrome characterized by short stature, childhood-onset osteoporosis; microcephaly; severe ocular defects including blindness, microphthalmia; pseudoglioma (intraocular opacity mimicking retinoblastoma), and intraocular calcification. some patients may also have ventricular septal defects and neurologic symptoms. it is caused by mutations in the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (lrp5) gene. omim: 259770
Osteoporotic Fractures: breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of osteoporosis
Osteoprotegerin: a secreted member of the tnf receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. it is a soluble decoy receptor of rank ligand that inhibits both cell differentiation and function of osteoclasts by inhibiting the interaction between rank ligand and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa b
Osteosarcoma: a sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. it is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Osteosarcoma, Juxtacortical: a form of osteogenic sarcoma of relatively low malignancy, probably arising from the periosteum and initially involving cortical bone and adjacent connective tissue. it occurs in middle-aged as well as young adults and most commonly affects the lower part of the femoral shaft. (stedman, 25th ed)
Osteotomy: the surgical cutting of a bone. (dorland, 28th ed)
Osteotomy, Le Fort: transverse sectioning and repositioning of the maxilla. there are three types: le fort i osteotomy for maxillary advancement or the treatment of maxillary fractures; le fort ii osteotomy for the treatment of maxillary fractures; le fort iii osteotomy for the treatment of maxillary fractures with fracture of one or more facial bones. le fort iii is often used also to correct craniofacial dysostosis and related facial abnormalities. (from dorland, 28th ed, p1203 & p662)
Osteotomy, Sagittal Split Ramus: sagittal sectioning and repositioning of the ramus of the mandible to correct a mandibular retrusion, malocclusion, angle class iii; and prognathism. the oblique sectioning line consists of multiple cuts horizontal and vertical to the mandibular ramus
Ostertagia: a genus of parasitic nematodes occurring in the stomach of ruminants
Ostertagia: rod parazitických hlístic, které žijí v žaludku přežvýkavců
Ostertagiasis: a disease of herbivorous mammals, particularly cattle and sheep, caused by stomach worms of the genus ostertagia
Ostomy: surgical construction of an artificial opening (stoma) for external fistulization of a duct or vessel by insertion of a tube with or without a supportive stent
Ostracism: an extreme form of rejection in which one is excluded and ignored in the presence of others
Ostrea: a genus of oysters in the family ostreidae, which includes the edible true oyster, ostrea edulis
Ostrea: rod ústřic čeledi ostreidae, třídy bivalvia. patří sem ústřice jedlá (ostrea edulis)
Ostreidae: a family of marine mollusks in the class bivalvia, commonly known as oysters. they have a rough irregular shell closed by a single adductor muscle
Ostreidae: čeleď mořských mlžů třídy bivalvia, známých jako ústřice. jejich lastury jsou lamelózní nebo sklípkovité, bez vláknité (sloupkovité) vrstvy, s nestejnými miskami a vnitřním vazem a bez zubů v zámku. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Otitis: inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain (earache), fever, hearing disorders, and vertigo. inflammation of the external ear is otitis externa; of the middle ear, otitis media; of the inner ear, labyrinthitis
Otitis Externa: inflammation of the outer ear including the external ear canal, cartilages of the auricle (ear cartilage), and the tympanic membrane
Otitis Media: inflammation of the middle ear including the auditory ossicles and the eustachian tube
Otitis Media with Effusion: inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate
Oto-Palato-digital syndrome type 1: aka opd syndrome, opd i syndrome, or opd syndrome 1
Oto-palato-digital syndrome, type 2: aka opd 2 syndrome or opd2
Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous: self-generated faint acoustic signals from the inner ear (cochlea) without external stimulation. these faint signals can be recorded in the ear canal and are indications of active outer auditory hair cells. spontaneous otoacoustic emissions are found in all classes of land vertebrates
Otocephaly: a rare congenital condition characterized by mandibular hypoplasia or agnathia (absence of mandible), mispositioning of the ear auricles (melotia) and/or abnormal fusion of the earlobes (synotia), and microstomia with oroglossal hypoplasia or aglossia. it occurs frequently with holoprosencephaly; skeletal, genitourinary, and cardiovascular anomalies, and situs inversus may also be present. the disorder is almost always lethal and is caused by mutations in the paired related homeobox 1 gene (prrx1) omim: 202650
Otofacioosseous-Gonadal Syndrome: syndrome includes short stature, inguinal hernia, brachycephaly, prominent forehead, flat face, downslanting palpebral fissures, low nasal root, hypoplastic alae and round tip to the nose, low-set prominent ears, narrow thorax, genu valgum, wormian bones, fusion of carpal bones, delayed bone age, and congenital clubfoot
Otolaryngologists: physicians specializing in the treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat
Otolaryngology: a surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat
Otolithic Membrane: a gelatinous membrane overlying the acoustic maculae of saccule and utricle. it contains minute crystalline particles (otoliths) of calcium carbonate and protein on its outer surface. in response to head movement, the otoliths shift causing distortion of the vestibular hair cells which transduce nerve signals to the brain for interpretation of equilibrium
Otomycosis: fungus infection of the external ear, usually by aspergillus species
Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases: pathological processes of the ear, the nose, and the throat, also known as the ent diseases
Otorhinolaryngologic Neoplasms: a general concept for tumors or cancer of any part of the ear; the nose; the throat; and the pharynx. it is used when there is no specific heading
Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures: surgery performed on the ear and its parts, the nose and nasal cavity, or the throat, including surgery of the adenoids, tonsils, pharynx, and trachea
Otosclerosis: formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the stapes (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the cochlea leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed hearing loss. several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs
Otoscopes: instruments designed to inspect or auscultate the ear. they are designed primarily to examine the outer ear canal and tympanic membrane by means of light and air under moderate pressure, as with a pneumatic otoscope. (umdns, 1999)
Ototoxicity: damage to the ear or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in chemotherapy; immunotherapy; or radiation
Otters: fish-eating carnivores of the family mustelidae, found on both hemispheres
Ottoman Empire: a sultanate comprised at various times of parts of europe, asia, and africa. its period extends generally from 1301 to 1922
Otx Transcription Factors: a family of vertebrate homeodomain proteins that share homology with orthodenticle protein, drosophila. they regulate genetic transcription and play an important role in embryonic development of the brain
Otův névus: makulární léze na straně tváře, zasahuje spojivky a oční víčka, stejně jako přilehlou kůži obličeje, skléru, okulomotorické svaly a periost. histologické vlastnosti jsou různorodé, podobají se těm od mongolské skvrny až po modrý névus
Ouabain: a cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of strophanthus gratus and other plants of the apocynaceae; used like digitalis. it is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the na(+)-k(+)-exchanging atpase
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: occurrence of heart arrest in an individual when there is no immediate access to medical personnel or equipment
Outcome Assessment, Health Care: research aimed at assessing the quality and effectiveness of health care as measured by the attainment of a specified end result or outcome. measures include parameters such as improved health, lowered morbidity or mortality, and improvement of abnormal states (such as elevated blood pressure)
Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care: evaluation procedures that focus on both the outcome or status (outcomes assessment) of the patient at the end of an episode of care - presence of symptoms, level of activity, and mortality; and the process (assessment, process) - what is done for the patient diagnostically and therapeutically
Outliers, DRG: in health care reimbursement, especially in the prospective payment system, those patients who require an unusually long hospital stay or whose stay generates unusually high costs
Outline: work consisting of brief statements of the principal elements of a subject, usually arranged by heads and subheads
Outpatient Clinics, Hospital: organized services in a hospital which provide medical care on an outpatient basis
Outpatients: persons who receive ambulatory care at an outpatient department or clinic without room and board being provided
Ovabloc: a silastic 382 medical-grade elastomer; use for permanent female contraception
Oval Window, Ear: fenestra or oval opening on the lateral wall of the vestibular labyrinth adjacent to the middle ear. it is located above the cochlear round window and normally covered by the base of the stapes
Ovalbumin: an albumin obtained from the white of eggs. it is a member of the serpin superfamily
Ovarian Cysts: general term for cysts and cystic diseases of the ovary
Ovarian Fibromata: hereditary ovarian fibroma tumors that often occur with basal cell nevus syndrome. omim: 166970
Ovarian Follicle: an oocyte-containing structure in the cortex of the ovary. the oocyte is enclosed by a layer of granulosa cells providing a nourishing microenvironment (follicular fluid). the number and size of follicles vary depending on the age and reproductive state of the female. the growing follicles are divided into five stages: primary, secondary, tertiary, graafian, and atretic. follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on the presence of gonadotropins
Ovarian Germ Cell Cancer: malignancies that arise from germ cells of the embryonic gonad. they are relatively rare, accounting for less than 5% of ovarian cancers, and may be hereditary. omim: 603737
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome: a complication of ovulation induction in infertility treatment. it is graded by the severity of symptoms which include ovary enlargement, multiple ovarian follicles; ovarian cysts; ascites; and generalized edema. the full-blown syndrome may lead to renal failure, respiratory distress, and even death. increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as vascular endothelial growth factors, secreted by the overly-stimulated ovaries
Ovarian Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the ovary. these neoplasms can be benign or malignant. they are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface epithelium, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent germ cells
Ovarian Torsion: a condition that occurs when an ovary twists around the ligaments that hold it in place. this twisting can cut off blood flow. it usually affects only one ovary
Ovary: the reproductive organ (gonads) in female animals. in vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the ovarian follicle for the production of female germ cells (oogenesis); and the endocrine cells (granulosa cells; theca cells; and luteal cells) for the production of estrogens and progesterone
Overall: a single citation covering papers or abstracts presented at a meeting. the publication type may be used for a single citation with or without the additional indexing or cataloging of individual papers. the individual papers, however, are not labeled overall
Overbite: a malocclusion in which maxillary incisor and canine teeth project over the mandibular teeth excessively. the overlap is measured perpendicular to the occlusal plane and is also called vertical overlap. when the overlap is measured parallel to the occlusal plane it is referred to as overjet
Overdiagnosis: the labeling of a person with a disease or abnormal condition that would not have caused the person harm if left undiscovered, creating new diagnoses by medicalizing ordinary life experiences, or expanding existing diagnoses by lowering thresholds or widening criteria without evidence of improved outcomes. individuals derive no clinical benefit from overdiagnosis although they may experience physical, psychological or financial harm
Overlapping Surgery: surgical procedures performed on two or more patients that overlap in their start and finish times, but the critical portions or those activities which require the skill and expertise of the primary surgeon do not overlap. the primary surgeon initiates and participates in another operation when the surgeon has completed the critical portions of the first procedure and is no longer an essential participant in the final phase of the first operation
Overlearning: learning in which practice proceeds beyond the point where the act can just be performed with the required degree of excellence
Overnutrition: an imbalanced nutritional status resulting from excessive intake of nutrients. generally, overnutrition generates an energy imbalance between food consumption and energy expenditure leading to disorders such as obesity
Overtraining Syndrome: an accumulation of training and/or non-training stress resulting in short-term decrement in performance capacity with or without related physiological and psychological signs and symptoms of maladaptation in which restoration of performance capacity may take from several weeks to several months.(from curr sports med rep. may-jun 2015;14(3):157-8)
Overtreatment: remedial treatment or preventive procedures of a disease which is done too frequently or excessively often from overdiagnosis
Overweight: a status with body weight that is above certain standards. in the scale of body mass index, overweight is defined as having a bmi of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (adipose tissue), hence overweight does not equal over fat
Oviducts: ducts that serve exclusively for the passage of eggs from the ovaries to the exterior of the body. in non-mammals, they are termed oviducts. in mammals, they are highly specialized and known as fallopian tubes
Oviparity: the capability of producing eggs (ova) from which young are hatched outside the body. while mostly referring to nonmammalian species, this does include mammals of the order monotremata
Oviposition: the process of laying or shedding fully developed eggs (ova) from the female body. the term is usually used for certain insects or fishes with an organ called ovipositor where eggs are stored or deposited before expulsion from the body
Ovomucin: a heterogeneous mixture of glycoproteins responsible for the gel structure of egg white. it has trypsin-inhibiting activity
Ovotesticular Disorders of Sex Development: conditions of sexual ambiguity in which the individual possesses gonadal tissues of both sexes, tissues from the ovary and the testis. there can be a testis on one side and an ovary on the other (lateral), or there may be combined ovarian and testicular tissue (ovotestes) on each side (bilateral). the karyotype may be 46,xx; 46,xy; or a mosaic of 46,xx/46,xy. these disorders have historically been called true hermaphroditism
Ovoviviparity: the capability of producing yolk-filled eggs that hatch within the body, so that the young are born alive, but without placental attachment. this applies to certain species of reptiles and fishes
Ovulation: the discharge of an ovum from a rupturing follicle in the ovary
Ovulation Detection: method to determine the occurrence of ovulation by direct or indirect means. indirect methods examine the effects of progesterone on cervical mucus (cervix mucus), or basal body temperature. direct ovulation detection, generally used in fertility treatment, involves analyses of circulating hormones in blood and ultrasonography
Ovulation Induction: techniques for the artifical induction of ovulation, the rupture of the follicle and release of the ovum
Ovulation Inhibition: blocking the process leading to ovulation. various factors are known to inhibit ovulation, such as neuroendocrine, psychological, and pharmacological agents
Ovulation Prediction: predicting the time of ovulation can be achieved by measuring the preovulatory elevation of estradiol; luteinizing hormone or other hormones in blood or urine. accuracy of ovulation prediction depends on the completeness of the hormone profiles, and the ability to determine the preovulatory lh peak
Ovum: a mature haploid female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation
Ovum Transport: transport of the ovum or fertilized ovum (zygote) from the mammalian oviduct (fallopian tubes) to the site of embryo implantation in the uterus
Ownership: the legal relation between an entity (individual, group, corporation, or-profit, secular, government) and an object. the object may be corporeal, such as equipment, or completely a creature of law, such as a patent; it may be movable, such as an animal, or immovable, such as a building
Oxacillin: an antibiotic similar to flucloxacillin used in resistant staphylococci infections
Oxadiazoles: compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms
Oxalates: derivatives of oxalic acid. included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure
Oxalic Acid: a strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. it is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. it is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. it is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent
Oxalidaceae: wood-sorrel family in the order oxalidales. some species of rumex (of the family polygonaceae) also known by the common name of sorrels
Oxalidaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu oxalidales (šťavelotvaré)
Oxaliplatin: an organoplatinum complex in which the platinum atom is complexed with 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, and with an oxalate ligand which is displaced to yield active oxaliplatin derivatives. these derivatives form inter- and intra-strand dna crosslinks that inhibit dna replication and transcription. oxaliplatin is an antineoplastic agent that is often administered with fluorouracil and folinic acid in the treatment of metastatic colorectal neoplasms
Oxaloacetates: derivatives of oxaloacetic acid. included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include a 2-keto-1,4-carboxy aliphatic structure
Oxaloacetic Acid: a dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the citric acid cycle. it can be converted to aspartic acid by aspartate transaminase
Oxalobacter formigenes: jediný druh bakterií rodu oxalobacter. jsou to gramnegativní, přímé nebo zakřivené tyčinky s oblými konci. jsou nepohyblivé a nesporulující. jediným zdrojem uhlíku a energie jsou oxaláty, které jsou metabolizovány na formiáty a oxid uhličitý. vyskytují se v jezerních sedimentech, v bachoru přežvýkavců a v tlustém střevě živočichů včetně člověka
Oxalobacter formigenes: the sole species of the genus oxalobacter consisting of straight or curved gram-negative rods with rounded ends. cells are nonmotile, nonsporing, and use oxylates as the only source of carbon and energy, with formate and carbon dioxide as end products. they are isolated from lake sediments and from the rumen or large bowel of humans and animals. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Oxalobacteraceae: a family of gram-negative bacteria in the order burkholderiales, class betaproteobacteria
Oxalobacteraceae: čeleď gramnegativních bakterií řádu burkholderiales, třídy betaproteobacteria
Oxamniquine: an anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against schistosoma mansoni, but not against other schistosoma spp. oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121)
Oxaprozin: an oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis; and arthritis, juvenile
Oxazepam: a benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia
Oxazocines: one ring heterocyclic compounds defined by c6h7no. permitted are any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any ortho-fused or ortho-peri-fused ring systems
Oxazoles: five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from isoxazoles where they are at the 1,2 positions
Oxazolidinones: derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. they represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents
Oxcarbazepine: a carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. it is used for the treatment of partial seizures with or without secondary generalization. it is also an inducer of cytochrome p-450 cyp3a4
Oxepins: compounds based on a 7-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. they can be considered a medium ring ether. a natural source is the montanoa plant genus. some dibenzo-dioxepins, called depsidones, are found in garcinia plants
Oxidants: electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction)
Oxidants, Photochemical: compounds that accept electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. the reaction is induced by or accelerated by exposure to electromagnetic radiation in the spectrum of visible or ultraviolet light
Oxidation-Reduction: a chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. the electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (lehninger, principles of biochemistry, 1982, p471)
Oxidative Coupling: the reaction of two molecular entities via oxidation usually catalyzed by a transition metal compound and involving dioxygen as the oxidant
Oxidative Phosphorylation: electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds
Oxidative Stress: a disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. indicators of oxidative stress include damaged dna bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (sies, oxidative stress, 1991, pxv-xvi)
Oxides: binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion o(2-). the anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides
Oxidopamine: a neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals
Oxidoreductases: the class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. the substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. the systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. the recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. oxidase is only used in cases where o2 is the acceptor. (enzyme nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Oxidoreductases Acting on Aldehyde or Oxo Group Donors: a broad category of oxidoreductases that either reduce double bonds or oxidize single bonds between oxygen and carbon in organic compounds
Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors: a subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on carbon-carbon bonds. this enzyme group includes all the enzymes that introduce double bonds into substrates by direct dehydrogenation of carbon-carbon single bonds
Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors: enzymes catalyzing the dehydrogenation of secondary amines, introducing a c=n double bond as the primary reaction. in some cases this is later hydrolyzed
Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH2 Group Donors: enzymes catalyzing the dehydrogenation of or oxidation of compounds containing primary amines
Oxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group Donors: oxidoreductases with specificity for oxidation or reduction of sulfur compounds
Oxidoreductases, O-Demethylating: drug metabolizing enzymes which oxidize methyl ethers. usually found in liver microsomes
Oximes: compounds that contain the radical r2c=n.oh derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. members of this group are cholinesterase reactivators
Oximetry: the determination of oxygen-hemoglobin saturation of blood either by withdrawing a sample and passing it through a classical photoelectric oximeter or by electrodes attached to some translucent part of the body like finger, earlobe, or skin fold. it includes non-invasive oxygen monitoring by pulse oximetry
Oxindoles: benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl and a carbonyl at the pyrrole ring typically at the 2-position
Oxipor VHC: non-prescription psoriasis lotion containing coal tar solution, polysorbate 80 in alcohol, salicylic acid & benzocaine
Oxo-Acid-Lyases: enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond of a 3-hydroxy acid. (dorland, 28th ed) ec 4.1.3
Oxocins: compounds based on an 8-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. they can be considered medium ring ethers
Oxolinic Acid: synthetic antimicrobial related to nalidixic acid and used in urinary tract infections
Oxotremorine: a non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool
Oxprenolol: a beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety
Oxyclozanide: anthelmintic used in grazing animals for fasciola and cestode infestations
Oxyfedrine: a drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, heart failure, conduction defects, and myocardial infarction. it is a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors and acts as a coronary vasodilator and cardiotonic agent
Oxygen: an element with atomic symbol o, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. it is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration
Oxygen Consumption: the rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen stpd used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (stedman, 25th ed, p346)
Oxygen Inhalation Therapy: inhalation of oxygen aimed at restoring toward normal any pathophysiologic alterations of gas exchange in the cardiopulmonary system, as by the use of a respirator, nasal catheter, tent, chamber, or mask. (from dorland, 27th ed & stedman, 25th ed)
Oxygen Isotopes: stable oxygen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element oxygen, but differ in atomic weight. o-17 and 18 are stable oxygen isotopes
Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity: a measure of the ability of a substance, such as a food, to quench oxygen free radicals in vitro
Oxygen Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of oxygen that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. o atoms with atomic weights 13, 14, 15, 19, and 20 are radioactive oxygen isotopes
Oxygen Saturation: extent to which hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen typically as measured in arterial blood. it can be measured by various methods (e.g., pulse oxymeter, blood gas analysis). a low blood oxygen saturation level indicates a condition called hypoxemia
Oxygenases: oxidases that specifically introduce dioxygen-derived oxygen atoms into a variety of organic molecules
Oxygenators: devices which mechanically oxygenate venous blood extracorporeally. they are used in combination with one or more pumps for maintaining circulation during open heart surgery and for assisting the circulation in patients seriously ill with some cardiac and pulmonary disorders. (umdns, 1999)
Oxygenators, Membrane: devices in which blood and oxygen are separated by a semipermeable membrane, generally of teflon or polypropylene, across which gas exchange occurs. the membrane may be arranged as a series of parallel plates or as a number of hollow fibers; in the latter arrangement, the blood may flow inside the fibers, which are surrounded by gas, or the blood may flow outside the fibers and the gas inside the fibers. (dorland, 28th ed)
Oxyhemoglobins: a compound formed by the combination of hemoglobin and oxygen. it is a complex in which the oxygen is bound directly to the iron without causing a change from the ferrous to the ferric state
Oxylipins: eighteen-carbon cyclopentyl polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from alpha-linolenic acid via an oxidative pathway analogous to the eicosanoids in animals. biosynthesis is inhibited by salicylates. a key member, jasmonic acid of plants, plays a similar role to arachidonic acid in animals
Oxymetazoline: a direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251)
Oxymetholone: a synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. it is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. according to the fourth annual report on carcinogens (ntp 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Oxymonadida: an order of eukaryotes found in the gut of termites and other insects that live on lignin. mitochondria and golgi apparatus are absent from oxymonads
Oxymonadida: řád eukaryot nalezený ve střevech termitů, švábů a jiného hmyzu živícího se dřevem. všem zástupcům chybí v jejich buněčné výbavě mitochondrie nebo peroxisomy, golgiho aparát a také cytostom
Oxymorphone: an opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of morphine, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. it is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. it may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)
Oxyntomodulin: a 37-amino acid peptide derived from the c-terminal of glicentin. it is mainly produced by the intestinal l cells. oxyntomodulin can reduce digestive secretions, delay gastric emptying, and reduced food intake
Oxyphenbutazone: a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (from ama, drug evaluations annual, 1994, p2000) it had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27)
Oxyphenisatin Acetate: a laxative that undergoes enterohepatic circulation. it may cause jaundice
Oxyphenonium: a quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent with peripheral side effects similar to those of atropine. it is used as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and to relieve visceral spasms. the drug has also been used in the form of eye drops for mydriatic effect
Oxyphil Cells: large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant mitochondria. oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. in the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as hurthle cells and askenazy cells
Oxyquinoline: an antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. it is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics
Oxysterol Binding Proteins: family of steroid receptors that transport cholesterol and phospholipids. they act as a sensor or transporter of these ligands at contact sites of two different cellular membranes where they function as lipid exchangers, mediating counter-directional transport of two different lipid ligands
Oxysterols: oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol or its sterol precursors. they are generated from sterol metabolism and the interaction of cholesterol with reactive oxygen species
Oxytetracycline: a tetracycline analog isolated from the actinomycete streptomyces rimosus and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions
Oxytocics: drugs that stimulate contraction of the myometrium. they are used to induce labor, obstetric at term, to prevent or control postpartum or postabortion hemorrhage, and to assess fetal status in high risk pregnancies. they may also be used alone or with other drugs to induce abortions (abortifacients). oxytocics used clinically include the neurohypophyseal hormone oxytocin and certain prostaglandins and ergot alkaloids. (from ama drug evaluations, 1994, p1157)
Oxytocin: a nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (pituitary gland, posterior). it differs from vasopressin by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. oxytocin acts on smooth muscle cells, such as causing uterine contractions and milk ejection
Oxytricha: a genus of ciliate protozoa having a unique cursorial type of locomotion
Oxytricha: rod nálevníků s unikátním typem lokomoce
Oxytropis: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. members contain swainsonine
Oxytropis: rod rostlin z čeledi bobovitých (fabaceae). zaástupci obsahují jedovatý slkaloid swainsonin
Oxyuriasis: infection with nematodes of the superfamily oxyuroidea
Oxyurida: an order of nematodes of the subclass secernentea. its organisms are characterized by a single, ventral excretory gland and a relatively stout, short body
Oxyurida: řád hlístic třídy secernentea. jeho zástupci mají jednu ventrální exkreční žlázu a poměrně silné, krátké tělo
Oxyuroidea: a superfamily of parasitic nematodes consisting of several genera. enterobius, which occurs in humans, and oxyuris, which occurs in horses, are two of the most common. other genera are: skrjabinema, passalurus, dermatoxys, and probstmayria
Oxyuroidea: nadčeleď parazitických hlístic zahrnující několik rodů. rod enterobius se vyskytuje u lidí, rod oxyuris u koní. dále sem patří rody skrjabinema, passalurus, dermatoxys a probstmayria
Ozone: the unstable triatomic form of oxygen, o3. it is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. its production is also catalyzed in the atmosphere by ultraviolet ray irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides. about 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (stratospheric ozone)
Ozone Depletion: a shift in the balance between production and destruction of stratospheric ozone that results in a decline of the amount of ozone in the lower stratosphere
P 509: mw 47,000; mri contrast medium; no further info available 3/91
P Blood-Group System: a blood group related to the abo, lewis and i systems. at least five different erythrocyte antigens are possible, some very rare, others almost universal. multiple alleles are involved in this blood group
P-2: reaction products of polymerized ascorbic acid with polymerized formaldehyde
P-4135F polymer: a polymer of methacrylic acid, methylacrylate & methylmethacrylate
P-COMM-B protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds for induction chemotherapy of intermediate and high grade non-hodgkins lymphoma
P-DOCE protocol: chemotherapy regimen consisting of epirubicin, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, etoposide and prednisone; doxorubicin can be substituted for epirubicin at weeks 1,2,7, and 8; used for the treatment of large-cell lymphoma
P-Selectin: cell adhesion molecule and cd antigen that mediates the adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes to activated platelets and endothelial cells
P-VEBEC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of non hodgkin's lymphomas (nhl) in elderly patients
P-type ATPases: a highly conserved family of atpases that facilitate the transport of lipids and cations across the plasma membrane. structurally, they are elongated alpha-helices constituting five functionally distinct domains: three cytoplasmic domains a, n, and p which contain the catalytic sites, and two transmembrane domains. the n domain phosphorylates the p-domain at an invariant aspartate residue, which, in turn, is dephosphorylated by the a domain. the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation cycles drive conformational changes in the protein between two states (e1 and e2), which allow the substrate to access the other side of the membrane
P34 protein, Glycine max: a 379 residue 46-kda polypeptide that increases to 47 kda by glycosylation and cleaved at residue 122 to result in the 257 residue 34 kda protein; homologous with papain thiol protease and with ara h 1 protein, arachis hypogaea; found in seed cotyledon, localized in soy protein storage vacuoles but not in the oil bodies; amino acid sequence given in first source; similar to gly-m-bd protein, glycine max; cultivars pi 567476 and pi 603570a lacking this protein have been developed by usda;
P450RAI: izoenzym cytochromu p450, který se nachází v endoplazmatickém retikulu. katalyzuje přeměnu kyseliny trans-retinové na kyselinu 4-hydroxyretinovou
P50 composite resin: contains 50% bisgma and 50% tegdma; p50 may also be composed of 12.5% bis gma and 87.5% ceramic filler (zirconium oxide and silicon dioxide)
PAB-CAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of cis-platinum, adriamycin, bleomycins and cyclophosphmide
PABlOE protocol: a combination therapy consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of patients with advanced hodgkin's disease
PACEBO protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
PACET protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used for treatment of relapsed or refractory non-hodgkin lymphoma
PADIC protocol: used in the treatment of osteosarcoma; chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds
PAE protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of recurrent childhood brain tumors
PAFT protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of positive-node breast cancer
PAIV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 4 cpds; used in the drug therapy of multiple myeloma
PAMAM Starburst: a polyamidoamine (pamam) starburst dendrimer
PAME protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; has been used in the therapy of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia
PAMP protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer
PARK7: proteinová deglykáza, která opravuje aminokyseliny a bílkoviny glykované methylglyoxalem a glyoxalem a uvolňuje opravené bílkoviny a laktát nebo glykolát. deglykuje zbytky cysteinu, argininu a lysinu, čímž reaktivuje bílkoviny reverzí glykace a zabraňuje tvorbě konečných produktů pokročilé glykace. chrání buňky před oxidačním stresem a buněčnou smrtí tím, že funguje jako senzor oxidačního stresu a redoxně citlivý molekulární chaperon a proteáza. mutace v genu park7 jsou spojeny s autozomálně recesivní, časnou formou parkinsonovy choroby
PARP inhibitory: chemické látky a léky, které inhibují účinek poly(adp-ribóza)-polymeráz
PAS-6-7 glycoprotein, Bos taurus: pas-6 (52 kda) and pas-7 (47 kda) are glycosylation variants sharing a common polypeptide core; pas-6/7 binds alphavbeta5 integrin in rgd-dependent manner; amino acid sequence known
PATCO protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia
PAV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of peplomycin, acnu & vincristine
PAV-M protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of cisplatin, adriamycin, etoposide and megestrol acetate; used in the treatment of endometrial carcinoma
PAVE protocol 2: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the therapy of breast & lung cancer
PAVI protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of small cell lung cancer
PAVe protocol 1: chemotherapy protocol consisting of procarbazine, alkeran (melphalan), & vinblastine; used in the treatment of hodgkin's disease with alternating radiotherapy
PAX2 Transcription Factor: a paired box transcription factor that is essential for organogenesis of the central nervous system and kidney
PAX3 Transcription Factor: a paired box transcription factor that functions in cell proliferation; cell migration; and apoptosis. it also is involved in myogenesis and neural development. mutations in the pax3 gene are associated with waardenburg syndrome type 1
PAX5 Transcription Factor: a paired box transcription factor that is essential for cell differentiation of b-lymphocytes. it functions both as a transcriptional activator and repressor to mediate b-cell commitment
PAX6 Transcription Factor: a paired box transcription factor that has important functions in the development of the eye, nose, central nervous system and pancreas. mutations in the pax6 gene are associated with ocular disorders such as aniridia
PAX7 Transcription Factor: a paired box transcription factor that is involved in embryonic development of the central nervous system and skeletal muscle