NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Lymph Node Excision: surgical excision of one or more lymph nodes. its most common use is in cancer surgery. (from dorland, 28th ed, p966)
Lymph Nodes: they are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system
Lymphadenopathy: disease of lymph nodes which are abnormal in size, number or consistency
Lymphangiectasis, Intestinal: dilatation of the intestinal lymphatic system usually caused by an obstruction in the intestinal wall. it may be congenital or acquired and is characterized by diarrhea; hypoproteinemia; peripheral and/or abdominal edema; and protein-losing enteropathies
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis: a disease characterized by the progressive invasion of smooth muscle cells into the lymphatic vessels, and the blood vessels. the majority of the cases occur in the lungs of women of child-bearing age, eventually blocking the flow of air, blood, and lymph. the common symptom is shortness of breath (dyspnea)
Lymphangioma: a benign tumor resulting from a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system. lymphangioendothelioma is a type of lymphangioma in which endothelial cells are the dominant component
Lymphangioma, Cystic: a cystic growth originating from lymphatic tissue. it is usually found in the neck, axilla, or groin
Lymphangiomyoma: a tumorlike condition characterized by smooth muscle and endothelium proliferation of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes in the mediastinum and retroperitoneum, also in the lung. it may be manifested by chylous pleural effusion and ascites
Lymphangiosarcoma: a malignant tumor originating from the endothelial cells of lymphatic vessels. most lymphangiosarcomas arise in an arm secondary to radical mastectomy but they sometimes complicate idiopathic lymphedema. the lymphedema has usually been present for 6 to 10 years before malignant changes develop. (from dorland, 27th ed; holland et al., cancer medicine, 3d ed, p1866)
Lymphatic Abnormalities: congenital or acquired structural abnormalities of the lymphatic system (lymphoid tissue) including the lymph vessels
Lymphatic Irradiation: external or interstitial irradiation to treat lymphomas (e.g., hodgkin's and non-hodgkin's lymphomas) and lymph node metastases and also some autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis
Lymphatic Metastasis: transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system
Lymphatic Vessels: tubular vessels that are involved in the transport of lymph and lymphocytes
Lymphedema: edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes
Lymphedema distichiasis syndrome: an autosomal dominant disorder that presents as lymphedema of the limbs and double rows of eyelashes (distichiasis). irritation of the cornea, with corneal ulceration in some cases, brings the patients to the attention of ophthalmologists. other complications may include cardiac defects, varicose veins, ptosis, spinal extradural cysts, and photophobia. mutations in the foxc2 gene have been identified. omim: 153400
Lymphedema, Hereditary, II: different from meige syndrome of idiopathic orofacial dyskinesia
Lymphedema-Distichiasis Syndrome with Renal Disease and Diabetes Mellitus: prom
Lymphocele: cystic mass containing lymph from diseased lymphatic channels or following surgical trauma or other injury
Lymphocryptovirus: a genus of the family herpesviridae, subfamily gammaherpesvirinae, infecting b-cells in humans and new world primates. the type species human herpesvirus 4 (herpesvirus 4, human) is better known as the epstein-barr virus
Lymphocryptovirus: rod virů čeledi herpesviridae, podčeledi gammaherpesvirinae, které infikují b-buňky člověka a primátů nového světa. typovým druhem je virus epsteina-barrové (lidský herpesvirus 4)
Lymphocyte Activation: morphologic alteration of small b lymphocytes or t lymphocytes in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize dna and rna and to divide mitotically. it is induced by interleukins; mitogens such as phytohemagglutinins, and by specific antigens. it may also occur in vivo as in graft rejection
Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 Protein: a cd4-related protein with high affinity cell surface binding to mhc class ii. it functions in downregulation of t cell proliferation following binding to mhc class ii molecules
Lymphocyte Antigen 96: a secreted protein that associates with toll-like receptor 4 and is essential for receptor recognition of lipopolysaccharides
Lymphocyte Cooperation: t-cell enhancement of the b-cell response to thymic-dependent antigens
Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed: measure of histocompatibility at the hl-a locus. peripheral blood lymphocytes from two individuals are mixed together in tissue culture for several days. lymphocytes from incompatible individuals will stimulate each other to proliferate significantly (measured by tritiated thymidine uptake) whereas those from compatible individuals will not. in the one-way mlc test, the lymphocytes from one of the individuals are inactivated (usually by treatment with mitomycin or radiation) thereby allowing only the untreated remaining population of cells to proliferate in response to foreign histocompatibility antigens
Lymphocyte Depletion: immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by t-cell depletion of bone marrow. the former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. the latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation
Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1: an integrin heterodimer widely expressed on cells of hematopoietic origin. cd11a antigen comprises the alpha chain and the cd18 antigen (cd18 antigens) the beta chain. lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 is a major receptor of t-cells; b-cells; and granulocytes. it mediates the leukocyte adhesion reactions underlying cytolytic conjugate formation, helper t-cell interactions, and antibody-dependent killing by natural killer cells and granulocytes. intracellular adhesion molecule-1 has been defined as a ligand for lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1
Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck): this enzyme is a lymphoid-specific src family tyrosine kinase that is critical for t-cell development and activation. lck is associated with the cytoplasmic domains of cd4, cd8 and the beta-chain of the il-2 receptor, and is thought to be involved in the earliest steps of tcr-mediated t-cell activation
Lymphocyte Subsets: a classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells
Lymphocyte Transfusion: the transfer of lymphocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor
Lymphocytes: white blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. the nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. most lymphocytes can be classified as either t or b (with subpopulations of each), or natural killer cells
Lymphocytes, Null: a class of lymphocytes characterized by the lack of surface markers specific for either t or b lymphocytes
Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating: lymphocytes that show specificity for autologous tumor cells. ex vivo isolation and culturing of til with interleukin-2, followed by reinfusion into the patient, is one form of adoptive immunotherapy of cancer
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis: a form of meningitis caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. mice and other rodents serve as the natural hosts, and infection in humans usually occurs through inhalation or ingestion of infectious particles. clinical manifestations include an influenza-like syndrome followed by stiff neck, alterations of mentation, ataxia, and incontinence. maternal infections may result in fetal malformations and injury, including neonatal hydrocephalus, aqueductal stenosis, chorioretinitis, and microcephaly. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1996, ch26, pp1-3)
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: the type species of arenavirus, part of the old world arenaviruses (arenaviruses, old world), producing a silent infection in house and laboratory mice. in humans, infection with lcmv can be inapparent, or can present with an influenza-like illness, a benign aseptic meningitis, or a severe meningoencephalomyelitis. the virus can also infect monkeys, dogs, field mice, guinea pigs, and hamsters, the latter an epidemiologically important host
Lymphogranuloma Venereum: subacute inflammation of the inguinal lymph glands caused by certain immunotypes of chlamydia trachomatis. it is a sexually transmitted disease in the u.s. but is more widespread in developing countries. it is distinguished from granuloma venereum (see granuloma inguinale), which is caused by calymmatobacterium granulomatis
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic: a group of related disorders characterized by lymphocytosis; histiocytosis; and hemophagocytosis. the two major forms are familial and reactive
Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1: a t-cell factor that plays an essential role in embryonic development
Lymphoid Progenitor Cells: stem cells from which b-lymphocytes; t-lymphocytes; natural killer cells; and some dendritic cells derive
Lymphoid Tissue: specialized tissues that are components of the lymphatic system. they provide fixed locations within the body where a variety of lymphocytes can form, mature and multiply. the lymphoid tissues are connected by a network of lymphatic vessels
Lymphokines: soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity
Lymphoma, AIDS-Related: b-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with aids. patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including burkitt lymphoma; immunoblastic large-cell lymphoma; primary effusion lymphoma; and diffuse, large b-cell, lymphoma. the tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. it is likely that polyclonal b-cell lymphoproliferation in aids is a complex result of ebv infection, hiv antigenic stimulation, and t-cell-dependent hiv activation
Lymphoma, B-Cell: a group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more b-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of b-lymphocytes
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone: extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. they acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (malt) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder
Lymphoma, Extranodal NK-T-Cell: an extranodal neoplasm, usually possessing an nk-cell phenotype and associated with epstein-barr virus. these lymphomas exhibit a broad morphologic spectrum, frequent necrosis, angioinvasion, and most commonly present in the midfacial region, but also in other extranodal sites
Lymphoma, Follicular: malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the lymph nodes. the nodules resemble to some extent the germinal center of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center b-lymphocytes
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse: malignant lymphoma composed of large b lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. the pattern is predominantly diffuse. most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of b-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic: a systemic, large-cell, non-hodgkin, malignant lymphoma characterized by cells with pleomorphic appearance and expressing the cd30 antigen. these so-called hallmark cells have lobulated and indented nuclei. this lymphoma is often mistaken for metastatic carcinoma and malignant histiocytosis
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Immunoblastic: malignant lymphoma characterized by the presence of immunoblasts with uniformly round-to-oval nuclei, one or more prominent nucleoli, and abundant cytoplasm. this class may be subdivided into plasmacytoid and clear-cell types based on cytoplasmic characteristics. a third category, pleomorphous, may be analogous to some of the peripheral t-cell lymphomas (lymphoma, t-cell, peripheral) recorded in both the united states and japan
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell: a form of non-hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. it accounts for about 5% of adult non-hodgkin lymphomas in the united states and europe. the majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the cyclin d1 gene (genes, bcl-1)
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin: any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from hodgkin disease, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. the only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant reed-sternberg cells, a characteristic of hodgkin's disease
Lymphoma, Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell: anaplastic lymphoma of the skin which develops as a primary neoplasm expressing the cd30 antigen. it is characterized by solitary nodules or ulcerated tumors
Lymphoma, Primary Effusion: a rare neoplasm of large b-cells usually presenting as serious effusions without detectable tumor masses. the most common sites of involvement are the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. it is associated with human herpesvirus 8, most often occurring in the setting of immunodeficiency
Lymphoma, T-Cell: a group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of t-lymphocytes
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous: a group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant t-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. mycosis fungoides; sezary syndrome; lymphomatoid papulosis; and primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma are the best characterized of these disorders
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral: a group of malignant lymphomas thought to derive from peripheral t-lymphocytes in lymph nodes and other nonlymphoid sites. they include a broad spectrum of lymphocyte morphology, but in all instances express t-cell markers admixed with epithelioid histiocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. although markedly similar to large-cell immunoblastic lymphoma (lymphoma, large-cell, immunoblastic), this group's unique features warrant separate treatment
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis: an angiocentric and angiodestructive lymphoproliferative disorder primarily involving the lungs. it is caused by an epstein-barr virus-induced transformation of the b-cells, in a t-cell rich environment. clinically and pathologically it resembles extranodal nk-t-cell lymphoma
Lymphomatoid Papulosis: clinically benign, histologically malignant, recurrent cutaneous t-cell lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by an infiltration of large atypical cells surrounded by inflammatory cells. the atypical cells resemble reed-sternberg cells of hodgkin disease or the malignant cells of cutaneous t-cell lymphoma. in some cases, lymphomatoid papulosis progresses to lymphomatous conditions including mycosis fungoides; hodgkin disease; cutaneous t-cell lymphoma; or anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
Lymphopoiesis: formation of lymphocytes and plasma cells from the lymphoid stem cells which develop from the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. these lymphoid stem cells differentiate into t-lymphocytes; b-lymphocytes; plasma cells; or nk-cells (killer cells, natural) depending on the organ or tissues (lymphoid tissue) to which they migrate
Lymphoproliferative Disorders: disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified
Lymphoproliferative Syndrome, X-Linked, 2: mutation in xiap
Lymphotoxin alpha1, beta2 Heterotrimer: a heterotrimer complex consisting of one molecule of lymphotoxin-alpha and two molecules of the lymphotoxin-beta. it is anchored to the cell surface via the transmembrane domains of the lymphotoxin-beta component and has specificity for the lymphotoxin beta receptor. the lymphotoxin alpha1, beta2 heterotrimer plays a role in regulating lymphoid organogenesis and the differentiation of certain subsets of natural killer cells
Lymphotoxin beta Receptor: a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. it has specificity for lymphotoxin alpha1, beta2 heterotrimer and tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14. the receptor plays a role in regulating lymphoid organogenesis and the differentiation of certain subsets of natural killer t-cells. signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with tnf receptor-associated factors
Lymphotoxin-alpha: a tumor necrosis factor family member that is released by activated lymphocytes. soluble lymphotoxin is specific for tumor necrosis factor receptor type i; tumor necrosis factor receptor type ii; and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 14. lymphotoxin-alpha can form a membrane-bound heterodimer with lymphotoxin-beta that has specificity for the lymphotoxin beta receptor
Lymphotoxin-beta: a membrane-bound tumor necrosis family member found primarily on lymphocytes. it can form a heterotrimer (lymphotoxin alpha1, beta2 heterotrimer) with the soluble ligand lymphotoxin-alpha and anchor it to the cell surface. the membrane-bound complex is specific for the lymphotoxin beta receptor
Lynch Syndrome II: hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms associated with other malignancies, more commonly of ovarian or uterine origin. when also associated with sebaceous gland neoplasms, it is called muir-torre syndrome
Lynchův syndrom II: dědičné nepolypózní kolorektální nádory spojené s jinými malignitami, nejčastěji vaječníků nebo dělohy. pokud se objevuje společný výskyt lynchova syndromu ii s nádory mazových žláz, jedná se o muir-torrého syndrom
Lynestrenol: a synthetic progestational hormone used often in mixtures with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (contraceptives, oral)
Lyngbya: a unicellular, photosynthetic genus of cyanobacteria belonging to the family oscillatoriaceae. it is a known cause of seaweed dermatitis and also ciguatera poisoning when ingested
Lyngbya: rod sinic z řádu oscillatoriales s vláknitou stélkou v pevném obalu a bez heterocytů. nevětví se a vlákno má po celé délce přibližně stejnou šířku. cyanotoxiny některých druhů mohou způsobovat zdravotní obtíže - tzv. ciguatera tj. otrava rybami, které zkonzumovaly toxické produkty z různých řas. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Lyngbya Toxins: toxins isolated from any species of the genus lyngbya or similar chemicals from other sources, including mollusks and micro-organisms. these have been found to be potent tumor promoters. they are biosynthesized from tryptophan; valine; and methionine nonribosomally (peptide biosynthesis, nucleic acid-independent)
Lyngstadaas syndrome: severe dental aberrations in familial steroid dehydrogenase deficiency
Lynx: a genus in the family felidae comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail
Lynx: rod středně velkých kočkovitých šelem severní polokoule. mezi typické znaky rysů patří licousy, štětičky na ušních boltcích, krátký ocas, dlouhé nohy a 28 zubů (oproti 30 běžných u většiny jiných koček). celkem se u rysů uvádí dvanáct unikátních evolučních znaků (synapomorfií). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Lypressin: the porcine antidiuretic hormone (vasopressins). it is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from arg-vasopressin by one amino acid, containing a lysine at residue 8 instead of an arginine. lys-vasopressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus or to improve vasomotor tone and blood pressure
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: semisynthetic derivative of ergot (claviceps purpurea). it has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. it is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood
Lysholm Knee Score: an instrument used to assess the results of rehabilitation from knee injuries, especially those requiring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. it measures recovery of knee joint function based on activities of daily living
Lysholmovo skóre: nástroj používaný k hodnocení výsledků rehabilitace po poranění kolena, zejména u těch, které vyžadují rekonstrukci předního zkříženého vazu. měří obnovení funkce kolenního kloubu na základě činností denního života
Lysimachia: a plant genus of the family primulaceae. lysimachia are used for herbal medicinal purposes. common name loosestrife refers to members of lysimachia (e.g., yellow loosestrife) and another plant family lythrum (purple loosestrife)
Lysimachia: rod rostlin z čeledi primulaceae (prvosenkovité). v české republice roste ve volné přírodě pět druhů vrbiny. některé druhy se používaly místně v lidovém léčitelství, např. vrbina penízková
Lysine Acetyltransferase 5: a catalytic subunit of the nua4 histone acetyltransferase complex that functions in transcriptional activation of genes by acetylation of nucleosomal histones h4 and h2a, altering nucleosome-dna interactions and interaction of the modified histones with other activating transcription factors. it may control gene expression changes associated with oncogene and proto-oncogene mediated growth induction, tumor suppressor mediated growth arrest; cell aging; apoptosis; and dna repair. it is polyubiquitinated and degraded during hiv-1 infection through its interaction with the viral tat protein
Lysine Acetyltransferases: acetyltransferases that can transfer an acyl group to specific lysine residues within histones (histone acetyltransferases) and/or non-histone proteins
Lysine Carboxypeptidase: a metallocarboxypeptidase that removes c-terminal basic amino acid from peptides and proteins, with preference shown for lysine over arginine. it is a plasma zinc enzyme that inactivates bradykinin and anaphylatoxins
Lysine-tRNA Ligase: an enzyme that activates lysine with its specific transfer rna. ec 6.1.1.6
Lysinoalanine: n(6)-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-l-lysine. an unusual amino acid, not a dipeptide, which has been found in proteins of cooked foods. it is formed in food that is heated or treated with alkali. has been implicated in nephrocytomegalia in rats
Lysobacter: a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped, gliding bacteria in the family xanthomonadaceae. strongly proteolytic, it is involved in lysing a variety of microorganisms
Lysobacter: rod gramnegativních, klouzavých, tyčinkovitých bakterií čeledi xanthomonadaceae. silně proteolytické bakterie, které se účastní lýzy řady mikroorganismů
Lysogeny: the phenomenon by which a temperate phage incorporates itself into the dna of a bacterial host, establishing a kind of symbiotic relation between prophage and bacterium which results in the perpetuation of the prophage in all the descendants of the bacterium. upon induction (virus activation) by various agents, such as ultraviolet radiation, the phage is released, which then becomes virulent and lyses the bacterium
Lysophosphatidylcholines: derivatives of phosphatidylcholines obtained by their partial hydrolysis which removes one of the fatty acid moieties
Lysophospholipase: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a single fatty acid ester bond in lysoglycerophosphatidates with the formation of glyceryl phosphatidates and a fatty acid. ec 3.1.1.5
Lysophospholipids: derivatives of phosphatidic acids that lack one of its fatty acyl chains due to its hydrolytic removal
Lysosomal Membrane Proteins: ubiquitously expressed integral membrane glycoproteins found in the lysosome
Lysosomal Storage Diseases: inborn errors of metabolism characterized by defects in specific lysosomal hydrolases and resulting in intracellular accumulation of unmetabolized substrates
Lysosomal Storage Diseases, Nervous System: a group of enzymatic disorders affecting the nervous system and to a variable degree the skeletal system, lymphoreticular system, and other organs. the conditions are marked by an abnormal accumulation of catabolic material within lysosomes
Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1: an abundant lysosomal-associated membrane protein that has been found to shuttle between lysosomes; endosomes; and the plasma membrane. in platelets and t-lymphocytes it may play a role in the cellular degranulation process
Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2: an abundant lysosomal-associated membrane protein that has been found to shuttle between lysosomes; endosomes; and the plasma membrane. loss of expression of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 is associated with glycogen storage disease type iib
Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 3: a lysosomal-associated membrane glycoprotein that is expressed at high levels in mature dendritic cells
Lysosomes: a class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. the intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. the single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. the activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured or undergoes membrane fusion. (from rieger et al., glossary of genetics: classical and molecular, 5th ed)
Lysostaphin: a 25-kda peptidase produced by staphylococcus simulans which cleaves a glycine-glcyine bond unique to an inter-peptide cross-bridge of the staphylococcus aureus cell wall
Lyssavirus: a genus of the family rhabdoviridae that includes rabies virus and other rabies-like viruses
Lyssavirus: rod virů čeledi rhabdoviridae, kam patří virus vztekliny a další podobné viry
Lytechinus: a genus of sea urchins in the family toxopneustidae possessing trigeminate ambulacral plating
Lytechinus: rod ježovek čeledi toxopneustidae, které mají trojúhelníkovité ambulakrální destičky
Lythraceae: the loosestrife plant family of the order myrtales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida. members are mainly herbs and many of them contain alkaloids
Lythraceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu myrtales, třídy rosopsida. čeleď zahrnuje dřeviny i byliny, vodní i mangrovové rostliny. řada druhů obsahuje alkaloidy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Lythrum: a plant genus of the family lythraceae that contains alkaloids. common name loosestrife refers to members lythrum (purple loosestrife) and lysimachia (e.g., yellow loosestrife)
Lythrum: rod rostlin čeledi lythraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují alkaloidy
Lékaři bez hranic: mezinárodní humanitární lékařská nevládní organizace francouzského původu, která poskytuje urgentní pomoc a lékařskou péči celosvětově
M 239144: an anti-adherent agent; a copolymer prepared by a free radical polymerization of methacrylic acid and alpha-methoxy-omega-methacroyl polyethyleneglycol
M Cells: a distinct lineage of epithelial cells, present in mucosal tissue, that is responsible for the immune sensing and capture of luminal bacteria and other microparticles. they deliver these microparticles, via transcytosis, to lymphoid tissue for efficient mucosal as well as systemic immune responses. inflammation-induced m cells arising in response to inflammatory conditions may provide microbial access to tissues without normal m cell-associated immune surveillance tissue
M Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints: the cellular signaling system that halts the progression of cells through mitosis or meiosis if a defect that will affect chromosome segregation is detected
M buňky: m-buňky jsou specializované buňky střevního epitelu, které se nacházejí nad shluky lymfatické tkáně ve střevní sliznici (typicky jde o peyerovy plaky v distálním tenkém střevě). m-buňky mají schopnost absorpce různých antigenů přímo z lumen střeva a následně je transportují níže do oblasti lymfatických folikulů, kde proti těmto antigenům mohou vznikat imunitní reakce. (štefánek, jiří. medicína, nemoci, studium na 1. lf uk [online]. © 2011 [cit. 6.1.2023]. dostupné z: https://www.stefajir.cz/m-bunka)
M-2 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; also used to treat waldenstroem's macroglobinemia
M-BACOP protocol: chemotherapy protocol containing the above cpds; acomp-b (d) regimen - with leucovorin rescue, with or without dacarbazine; used in the treatment of early-stage agressive non-hodgkin's lymphoma
M-BACOS protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of diffuse large cell lymphoma
M-BNCOD protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of stage ii-iv diffuse non-hodgkin's lymphomas
M-CAVI protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of patients with bladder cancer who are ineligible for cisplatin-based chemotherapy
M-DOMP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used for treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia
M-FLP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer
M-VEC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in treatment of bladder carcinoma
M9 nuclear localization signal peptide: derived from c-terminus of hnrnp a1
MAB protocol: combination of above cpds; used in treatment of recurrent cervical carcinoma
MABOP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used for treatment of lymphocytic lymphoma
MAC III protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in therapy of trophoblastic neoplasms
MAC chemotherapy protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia
MAC conditioning regimen: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used as a conditioning regimen for autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia
MAC-VD protocol: chemotherapy protocol containing mitomycin c, 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine, doxorubicin, cisplatin & etoposide
MACHO protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of stage iv b cell lymphoma and b cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood & for burkitt's lymphoma
MACOP-B protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of large cell and immunoblastic lymphomas
MAD protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used to treat high-risk diffuse large-cell lymphoma
MADDOC protocol: chemotheraphy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in therapy of neuroblastoma
MADS Domain Proteins: a superfamily of proteins that share a highly conserved mads domain sequence motif. the term mads refers to the first four members which were mcm1 protein; agamous 1 protein; deficiens protein; and serum response factor. many mads domain proteins have been found in species from all eukaryotic kingdoms. they play an important role in development, especially in plants where they have an important role in flower development
MAE protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used for treatment of post-partum choriocarcinoma
MAG (polymeric gel): polymeric gel used to extract stones from pyelocalyceal system during surgery for urolithiasis
MAGIC polymer gel: polymer gel consists of methacrylic acid, gelatin, ascorbic acid, hydroquinone and copper(ii)sulfate and is given the acronym magic
MAID protocol: chemotherapy protocol use to treat metastatic or unresectable sarcoma; consists of above cpds
MAIT buňky: typ t-lymfocytů, které jsou přítomné ve velkém počtu ve sliznicích a reagují na infekci. exprimují konzervované invariantní receptory s řetězcem alfa, které jim umožňují rozpoznat metabolity riboflavinu patogenů a zahájit imunitní odpověď
MALF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of leucovorin, doxorubicin, fluorouracil & mitomycin; used in the treatment of breast cancer
MAMI protocol: cheotherapy regimen containing the above cpds; used in therapy of recurrent or refractory lymphoma
MAP Kinase Kinase 1: an abundant 43-kda mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase subtype with specificity for mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase 3
MAP Kinase Kinase 2: a 44 kda mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase 3
MAP Kinase Kinase 3: a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for a subset of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases that includes mitogen-activated protein kinase 12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13; and mitogen-activated protein kinase 14
MAP Kinase Kinase 4: a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for jnk mitogen-activated protein kinases; p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and the retinoid x receptors. it takes part in a signal transduction pathway that is activated in response to cellular stress
MAP Kinase Kinase 5: a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for mitogen-activated protein kinase 7
MAP Kinase Kinase 6: a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases
MAP Kinase Kinase 7: a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for jnk mitogen-activated protein kinases. it takes part in a signal transduction pathway that is activated in response to cytokines
MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1: a 195-kda zinc finger motif-containing map kinase kinase kinase with broad specificity for map kinase kinases. it localizes to the cytoskeleton and can activate a variety of map kinase-dependent pathways
MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 2: a 70-kda map kinase kinase kinase with specificity for map kinase kinase 5. it is activated during the cellular response to growth factors, oxidative stress, and hyperosmotic conditions
MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 3: a 70-kda mapk kinase kinase with specificity for map kinase kinase 5
MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 4: a 180-kda map kinase kinase kinase with specificity for map kinase kinase 4 and map kinase kinase 6
MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 5: a 150-kda map kinase kinase kinase that may play a role in the induction of apoptosis. it has specificity for map kinase kinase 3; map kinase kinase 4; and map kinase kinase 6
MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (mapkkks) are serine-threonine protein kinases that initiate protein kinase signaling cascades. they phosphorylate mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases; (mapkks) which in turn phosphorylate mitogen-activated protein kinases; (mapks)
MAP Kinase Signaling System: an intracellular signaling system involving the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, map kinase kinase kinases; (mapkkks). activated mapkkks phosphorylate mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases which in turn phosphorylate the mitogen-activated protein kinases; (mapks). the mapks then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. in mammals, there are several distinct map kinase pathways including the erk (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the sapk/jnk (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. there is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade
MAP kinasa-kinasa 1: hojný podtyp mitogenem aktivované proteinkináza kinázy o velikosti 43 kda se specifitou pro mitogenem aktivovanou proteinkinázu 1 a mitogenem aktivovanou proteinkinázu 3
MAP kinasa-kinasa 2: mitogenem aktivovaná proteinkináza kinázy o velikosti 44 kda se specifitou pro mitogenem aktivovanou proteinkinázu 1 a mitogenem aktivovanou proteinkinázu 3
MAP kinasa-kinasa 3: mitogenem aktivovaná proteinkináza kináza se specifitou pro podskupinu mitogenem aktivovaných proteinkináz p38, která zahrnuje mitogenem aktivovanou proteinkinázu 12, mitogenem aktivovanou proteinkinázu 13 a mitogenem aktivovanou proteinkinázu 14
MAP kinasa-kinasa 4: mitogenem aktivovaná proteinkináza kináza se specifitou pro mitogenem aktivované proteinkinázy jnk, mitogenem aktivované proteinkinázy p38 a retinoidní receptory x. je součástí signální transdukční dráhy, která se aktivuje v reakci na buněčný stres
MAP kinasa-kinasa 5: mitogenem aktivovaná proteinkináza kináza se specifitou pro mitogenem aktivovanou proteinkinázu 7
MAP kinasa-kinasa 6: mitogenem aktivovaná proteinkináza kináza se specifitou pro mitogenem aktivované proteinkinázy p38
MAP kinasa-kinasa 7: mitogenem aktivovaná proteinkináza kináza se specifitou pro mitogenem aktivované proteinkinázy jnk. účastní se signální transdukční dráhy, která se aktivuje jako reakce na cytokiny
MAP kinasa-kinasa-kinasa 1: map kináza kináza kináza o velikosti 195 kda, která obsahuje motiv zinkových prstů a má širokou specifitu pro map kináza kinázy. nachází se na cytoskeletu a může aktivovat různé dráhy závislé na map kináze
MAP kinasa-kinasa-kinasa 11: map kináza kináza kináza, která aktivuje signálně transdukční dráhy sapk/jnk a p38/erk. má mnoho interakčních domén včetně vazebného motivu cdc42
MAP kinasa-kinasa-kinasa 2: map kináza kináza o velikosti 70 kda se specifitou pro map kináza kinázu 5. aktivuje se během buněčné odpovědi na růstové faktory, oxidační stres a hyperosmotické stavy
MAP kinasa-kinasa-kinasa 3: kináza mapk o velikosti 70 kda se specifitou pro map kináza kinázu 5
MAP kinasa-kinasa-kinasa 4: map kináza kináza kináza o velikosti 180 kda se specifitou pro map kináza kinázu 4 a map kináza kinázu 6
MAP kinasa-kinasa-kinasa 5: map kináza kináza kináza o velikosti 150 kda, která může hrát roli v indukci apoptózy. je specifická pro map kináza kinázu 3, map kináza kinázu 4 a map kináza kinázu 6
MAP kinasový signální systém: intracelulární signální systém obsahující map-kinázové kaskády (tříčlenné proteinkinázové kaskády). různé upstream aktivátory, které reagují na extracelulární podněty, spouští tyto kaskády aktivací jejich prvního člena, kinázy kináz mitogenem aktivovaných kináz (mapkkk). aktivované mapkkk fosforylují kinázy mitogenem aktivovaných kináz, které pak fosforylují proteinkinázy aktivované mitogeny (mapk). kinázy mapk pak působí na různé downstream cíle a ovlivňují tak genovou expresi. u savců je několik různých map-kinázových drah včetně dráhy erk (extracelulární signálem regulované kinázy), dráhy sapk/jnk (stresem aktivovaná proteinkináza/kináza c-jun) a dráhy kinázy p38. tyto dráhy do určité míry sdílí své komponenty v závislosti na podnětu, který kaskádu aktivuje
MAP kinasy kinas (kinas): mitogenem aktivované proteinkinázy kinázy kinázy (mapkkk) jsou serin-threoninové proteinkinázy, které iniciují proteinkinázové signální kaskády. fosforylují mitogenem aktivované proteinové kinázy kinázy (mapkk), které zase fosforylují mitogenem aktivované proteinkinázy (mapk)
MAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of cisplatin, doxorubicin & mitomycin
MAPECO protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of patients with intermediate & high-grade non-hodgkin's lymphoms
MAPO protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
MART-1 Antigen: a melanosome-specific protein that plays a role in the expression, stability, trafficking, and processing of gp100 melanoma antigen, which is critical to the formation of stage ii melanosomes. the protein is used as an antigen marker for melanoma cells
MART-1 antigen: protein specifický pro melanozomy, který hraje roli v expresi, stabilitě, přenosu a zpracování antigenu gp100 (antigen gp 100 je kritický pro tvorbu melanozomů stadia ii). protein mart-1 se používá jako antigenní marker melanomových buněk
MARVEL Domain Containing 2 Protein: a tight junction-associated marvel protein that may play a role in separating the endolymphatic and perilymphatic spaces of the organ of corti. defects in the gene that codes for marveld2 protein are a cause of deafness autosomal recessive type 49
MARVEL Domain-Containing Proteins: a family of proteins that share a domain with a four transmembrane-helix architecture referred to as the marvel domain. the marvel domain proteins play important role in vesicular trafficking and in the formation of tight junctions
MAS063DP: mas063dp (atopiclair) is a nonsteroidal, hydrolipidic cream that helps maintain a healthy epidermal barrier while providing symptomatic relief of pruritus; ingredients include glycyrrhetinic acid (gra), vitis vinifera (grapevine) extract, shea nut butter (vitellaria paradoxa) and telmestine; gra 2%, the active metabolite in licorice root extract, shows antiinflammatory and antipruritic activity; effective monotherapy for mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in infants and children, in a multicenter, randomized, vehicle-controlled study 4/2007
MASS syndrome: autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue characterized by myopia, mitral valve prolapse, borderline and non-progressive aortic enlargement, and nonspecific skin and skeletal features (mass). it can be associated with mutations in the gene encoding fibrillin
MATCOP regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
MATILDE regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of primary cns lymphomas
MAV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consiting of the above cpds; used in treatment of acute myeloid leukemia; mec involves intermediate dose cytarabine for treatment of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia
MB-1synthetic dietary protein: a de novo designed protein enriched in methionine, threonine, lysine and leucine intended to be produced by rumen bacteria and released to provide essential amino acids to lactating cows; do not confuse with mb-1 protein (a cd antigen)
MB-triple V protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of mitoxantrone, behenoyl-arabinoside, etoposide, vincrstine & vindesine; used in treatment of acute leukemia
MBCF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of cisplatin, mitomycin c, carmustine, & fluorouracil; used in treatment of advanced gastric carcinoma
MC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of cisplatin & mitomycin; used in treatment of squamous cell cancer of the cervix
MCC465: a doxorubicin (dxr) encapsulated in peg-immunoliposome for treatment of metastatic stomach cancer
MCF protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of mitomycin, cisplatin and continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil; used in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer
MCF-7 Cells: an estrogen responsive cell line derived from a patient with metastatic human breast adenocarcinoma (at the michigan cancer foundation.)
MCM komplex, komponenta 2: minichromozomový udržovací protein, který je klíčovou složkou šestičlenného proteinového komplexu mcm. obsahuje jaderný lokalizační signál, který může zajišťovat zacílení proteinového komplexu a prodloužený n-konec, který je bohatý na serinová rezidua
MCM komplex, komponenta 3: minichromozomový udržovací protein, který je klíčovou součástí šestičlenného proteinového komplexu mcm. obsahuje jaderný lokalizační signál, který zajišťuje zacílení proteinového komplexu. acetylace tohoto proteinu může navíc hrát roli v regulaci replikace dna a progrese buněčného cyklu
MCM komplex, komponenta 4: mcm protein, který je klíčovou složkou šestičlenného proteinového komplexu mcm. nachází se také v pevně vázaném trimerním komplexu s komponentami 6 a 7 komplexu mcm
MCM komplex, komponenta 5: mcm protein, který je klíčovou složkou šestičlenného proteinového komplexu mcm. kromě toho interakce tohoto proteinu s cyklinem a ho přivádí do centrozomů, kde může hrát roli při řízení jejich zdvojení
MCM komplex, komponenta 6: mcm protein, který je klíčovou složkou šestičlenného proteinového komplexu mcm. nachází se také v pevně vázaném trimerním komplexu s komponentami 4 a 7 komplexu mcm
MCM komplex, komponenta 7: mcm protein, který je klíčovou složkou šestičlenného proteinového komplexu mcm. nachází se také v pevně vázaném trimerním komplexu s komponentami 4 a 6 komplexu mcm
MCM komplex, komponenta 8: mcm protein, který tvoří hexamerní komplex se složkou 9 komplexu mcm. po vytvoření meziřetězcových křížových vazeb dna se komplex helikáz mcm8-mcm9 podílí na homologní rekombinační opravě dna
MCM komplex, komponenta 9: mcm protein, který tvoří hexamerní komplex se složkou 8 komplexu mcm. po vytvoření mezivláknových křížových vazeb dna se komplex helikáz mcm8-mcm9 podílí na homologní rekombinační opravě dna
MCM proteiny: rodina proteinů, které byly původně identifikovány u saccharomyces cerevisiae jako nezbytné pro udržení struktury minichromozomů 00. tvoří proteinový komplex, který má helikázovou aktivitu a podílí se na řadě funkcí souvisejících s dna, včetně prodlužování replikace, transkripce rna, remodelace chromatinu a stability genomu
MCM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of lomustine, methotrexate & mitomycin; used in the therapy of metastatic non-small lung cancer
MCM16 protein, S cerevisiae: involved in kinetochore-microtubule mediated chromosome segregation
MCNO regimen: a chemotherapy regimen consisting of above cpds; for treatment of either metastatic or locally advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
MCNU-VMP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds & mcnu (nitrosourea compounds); used in the treatment of multiple myeloma
MCOP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in the treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
MCP 842 regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used for treatment of pediatric non-hodgkin's lymphoma
MCP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of interstitial pneumonitis or extranodal marginal zone b-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (malt lymphoma)
MCPP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of mcnu, cyclophosphamide, procarbazine, & prednisolone; used in treatment of multiple myeloma
MCS Canal Sealer: iodoform-containing root canal sealer with short-term antibacterial activity towards enterococcus faecalis
MDA-MB-231 Cells: a human breast cancer cell line that was derived in 1973 from the malignant pleural effusion of a patient with stage iii breast carcinoma and was characterized as being of breast cancer origin
MDACC protocol: protocol of alternating high doses of cyclophosphamide & methotrexate, with cytarabine & hydrocortisone coordinated with the methotrexate; used for burkitt's lymphoma and advanced nonlymphoblastic lymphoma in children
MDS1 and EVI1 Complex Locus Protein: a dna binding protein, transcriptional regulator, and proto-oncogene protein that contains 10 cys2-his2 zinc fingers. it functions as a positive or negative regulator of expression for target genes involved in organism development
MDT protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of refractory multiple myeloma
MDX 44-516: silastic prosthesis for total replacement of the middle-ear ossicular chain
MEA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of chemorefractory acute lymphocytic leukemia
MEA regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumor
MEC protocol 1: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in therapy of metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of urinary tract
MEC protocol 2: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of bladder cancer
MEC regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of nephroblastoma
MECA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of refractory and relapsed acute leukemia
MECCA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of cisplatin, etoposide, carboplatin & mitomycin; used in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer
MECHOP-BM protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds (mcnu - nitrosourea compound); used for the treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
MECP protocol: a combination therapy consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of recurrent or refractory non-hodgkin's lymphomas