NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Drug Tolerance: progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. it should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. it should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level
Drug Trafficking: the illegal acquisition, sale, production, transport, movement, and distribution of controlled substances such as narcotics
Drug Users: people who take drugs for a non-therapeutic or non-medical effect. the drugs may be legal or illegal, but their use often results in adverse medical, legal, or social consequences for the users
Drug Utilization: the utilization of drugs as reported in individual hospital studies, fda studies, marketing, or consumption, etc. this includes drug stockpiling, and patient drug profiles
Drug Utilization Review: formal programs for assessing drug prescription against some standard. drug utilization review may consider clinical appropriateness, cost effectiveness, and, in some cases, outcomes. review is usually retrospective, but some analysis may be done before drugs are dispensed (as in computer systems which advise physicians when prescriptions are entered). drug utilization review is mandated for medicaid programs beginning in 1993
Drug and Narcotic Control: control of drug and narcotic use by international agreement, or by institutional systems for handling prescribed drugs. this includes regulations concerned with the manufacturing, dispensing, approval (drug approval), and marketing of drugs
Drug-Eluting Stents: stents that are covered with materials that are embedded with chemicals that are gradually released into the surrounding milieu
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions: disorders that result from the intended use of pharmaceutical preparations. included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, drug interactions, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals
Drugs, Chinese Herbal: chinese herbal or plant extracts which are used as drugs to treat diseases or promote general well-being. the concept does not include synthesized compounds manufactured in china
Drugs, Essential: drugs considered essential to meet the health needs of a population as well as to control drug costs
Drugs, Generic: drugs whose drug name is not protected by a trademark. they may be manufactured by several companies
Drugs, Investigational: drugs which have received fda approval for human testing but have yet to be approved for commercial marketing. this includes drugs used for treatment while they still are undergoing clinical trials (treatment ind). the main heading includes drugs under investigation in foreign countries
Dry Eye Syndromes: corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur
Dry Needling: intervention that uses a thin filiform needle to penetrate the skin and stimulate underlying myofascial trigger points, muscular, and connective tissues for the management of neuromusculoskeletal pain and movement impairments
Dry Powder Inhalers: a device that delivers medication to the lungs in the form of a dry powder
Dry Socket: a condition sometimes occurring after tooth extraction, particularly after traumatic extraction, resulting in a dry appearance of the exposed bone in the socket, due to disintegration or loss of the blood clot. it is basically a focal osteomyelitis without suppuration and is accompanied by severe pain (alveolalgia) and foul odor. (dorland, 28th ed)
Dryopteridaceae: the wood fern plant family of the order polypodiales, class filicopsida, division pteridophyta
Dryopteridaceae: čeleď kapradin řádu polypodiales, třídy filicopsida, oddělení pteridophyta
Dryopteris: a plant genus of the family dryopteridaceae. members contain aspidin and filicic acid
Dryopteris: rod rostlin čeledi dryopteridaceae. zástupci obsahují aspidin a kyselinu filixovou
Dual Anti-Platelet Therapy: treatment with a combination of two types of antiplatelet agents to prevent blood clotting - usually aspirin and another of the platelet aggregation inhibitors
Dual MEDICAID MEDICARE Eligibility: coordination of coverage eligibility of those individuals who are entitled to medicaid and medicare
Dual Oxidases: nadph oxidases that contain two additional ef hand motifs and an n-terminal peroxidase domain. they are expressed by thyrocytes and epithelial cells of the kidney, liver, trachea, lung, and glandular tissues such as the testis, pancreas, and prostate. they are critical for the activity of thyroid peroxidase and play a role in the production of thyroid hormones; they may also have antimicrobial activity through the generation of reactive oxygen species
Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1: a dual specificity phosphatase subtype that plays a role in intracellular signal transduction by inactivating mitogen-activated protein kinases. it has specificity for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and jnk mitogen-activated protein kinases
Dual Specificity Phosphatase 2: a dual specificity phosphatase subtype that plays a role in intracellular signal transduction by inactivating mitogen-activated protein kinases. it has specificity for extracellular signal-regulated map kinases and is primarily localized to the cell nucleus
Dual Specificity Phosphatase 3: a dual specificity phosphatase subtype that plays a role in intracellular signal transduction by inactivating mitogen-activated protein kinases. it has specificity for extracellular signal-regulated map kinases
Dual Specificity Phosphatase 6: a dual specificity phosphatase subtype that plays a role in intracellular signal transduction by inactivating mitogen-activated protein kinases. it has specificity for extracellular signal-regulated map kinases and is primarily localized to the cytosol
Dual Use Research: concept relating to technologies and/or information emanating from research that holds the potential for both benevolent and malevolent applications to humanity and the environment
Dual-Specificity Phosphatases: a sub-class of protein tyrosine phosphatases that contain an additional phosphatase activity which cleaves phosphate ester bonds on serine or threonine residues that are located on the same protein
Duane Retraction Syndrome: a syndrome characterized by marked limitation of abduction of the eye, variable limitation of adduction and retraction of the globe, and narrowing of the palpebral fissure on attempted adduction. the condition is caused by aberrant innervation of the lateral rectus by fibers of the oculomotor nerve
Duaneův retrakční syndrom: soubor příznaků vzácné vrozené poruchy motility očních bulbů, někdy na podkladě ad dědičnosti, v některých případech vyskytující se sdruženě s jinými anomáliemi. onemocnění spočívá v anomální inervaci mediálního a laterálního přímého očního svalu vedoucí k nedostatečné kontrakci při addukci bulbu. při pokusu o addukci je často bulbus stáčen nahoru nebo dolů. vada se může projevit esotropií, exotropií nebo jsou bulby relativně ve správném postavení při přímém pohledu. v některých případech se rozvíjí amblyopie. léčba je chirurgická. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Duboisia: a plant genus of the family solanaceae that is a source of scopolamine and other tropanes
Duboisia: rod rostlin čeledi solanaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují skopolamin a další tropany
Dubowitz syndrome: a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, short stature, microcephaly, mild intellectual disability with behavior problems, eczema, and unusual and distinctive facies. omim: 223370
Duceratin Porcelain: a low-fusing porcelain prescribed for use with titanium
Duchennova muskulární dystrofie: nejčastější svalová dystrofie s incidencí 1:3600 narozených chlapců, dědičnost je recesivní vázaná na x chromozom (lokus xp21.2). biopsie prokazuje úseky atrofie, hypertrofie a degenerace svalových vláken spolu se zmnožením pojivové tkáně. hladiny kreatinkinázy jsou vysoké. onemocnění se manifestuje nejč. kolem 3. roku života. nejvýraznější příznaky v prvním stadiu onemocnění se označují jako myopatická trias - lordóza, myopatický šplh (gowersův příznak) a kachní chůze (trendelenburgova chůze). svaly lýtka jsou pseudohypertrofické. skolióza je vždy těžká, deformity hrudníku vedou ke snížení plicní kapacity a kompresi srdce. kardiomyopatie je pravidlem, nekoreluje se stupněm postižení skeletálního svalstva. intelekt je snížen o 20-30%. od 7 let je chůze čím dál tím více obtížná, po 12. roku již nemožná. prognóza je infaustní, děti umírají kolem 18. roku života. beckerův typ (beckerova svalová dystrofie) téhož onemocnění má mírnější a protrahovanější průběh, děti přežívají do dospělého věku, umírají kolem 3. decenia. neexistuje kauzální terapie. nadějí do budoucna je aplikace molekulárně genetického výzkumu. je přítomna porucha proteinu nazvaného dystrofin. histologicky lze pozorovat změny ve svalech u heterozygotních žen přenašeček. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Ducks: a water bird in the order anseriformes (subfamily anatinae (true ducks)) with a broad blunt bill, short legs, webbed feet, and a waddling gait
Ductus Arteriosus: a fetal blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent: a congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal ductus arteriosus that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta (aorta, descending) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the placenta. normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth
Duddingtonia: a genus of ascomycetous mitosporic fungi in the family orbiliaceae. it is used for the biological control of nematodes in livestock
Duddingtonia: rod vřeckovýtrusných mitosporických hub čeledi orbiliaceae (kruhovkovité). používají se pro biologickou regulaci hlístic u hospodářského zvířectva. r
Duffy Blood-Group System: a blood group consisting mainly of the antigens fy(a) and fy(b), determined by allelic genes, the frequency of which varies profoundly in different human groups; amorphic genes are common
Dugong: a genus of the order sirenia characterized by a notched tail, the presence of nasal bones and a long nasal cavity, and large columnar teeth lacking enamel. dugongs inhabit the coastal waters of the indian ocean, red sea, and the malay archipelago. (from scott, concise encyclopedia biology, 1996)
Dugong: plachý vodní savec z řádu sirény. je to jediný žijící zástupce čeledi dugongovití (dugongidae). zavalitým tělem hydrodynamického tvaru se dugong podobá kytovcům. žije u dna v mělkých mořských zátočinách, ale stejně jako ostatní savci dýchá vzdušný kyslík. živí se vodními rostlinami, které rozžvýkává zrohovatělými destičkami vyrůstajícími z horní i dolní čelisti. nozdry na vrcholu hlavy uzavírají záklopky. dugong se vyskytuje v tropických vodách perského zálivu, u pobřeží východní afriky, asie, austrálie a nové guiney. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Duker Weiss Siber syndrome: microphthalmos, microencephaly, mental retardation, agenesis of the corpus callosum, hypospadius, and cryptorchidism
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: a thiophene derivative and selective neurotransmitter uptake inhibitor for serotonin and noradrenaline (snri). it is an antidepressive agent and anxiolytic, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with diabetes mellitus and fibromyalgia
Dumping Syndrome: gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an absent or nonfunctioning pylorus
Dunbarův syndrom: syndrom je vzácnou cévní anomálií, která vzniká na podkladě útlaku truncus coeliacus probíhajícím ligamentum arcuatum medianum a projevuje se zažívacími obtížemi. dunbarův syndrom se projevuje bolestmi zpravidla po jídle. útlak způsobuje nemocnému pocit přesycení, i když nejí. následkem je výrazné zhubnutí a absence pocitu hladu. jelikož se jedná o symptomy velmi nespecifické, často se na tento syndrom zapomíná a obtíže jsou přisuzovány jiné nemoci. (cit. www.wikiskripta.eu)
Duocarmycins: a group of pyrroloindole compounds often with additional spirocyclic unit(s) and their analogs originally isolated from streptomyces. they bind dna minor grooves with adenine-n3 alkylation activity
Duodenal Diseases: pathological conditions in the duodenum region of the small intestine (intestine, small)
Duodenal Obstruction: hindrance of the passage of luminal contents in the duodenum. duodenal obstruction can be partial or complete, and caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. simple obstruction is associated with diminished or stopped flow of luminal contents. strangulating obstruction is associated with impaired blood flow to the duodenum in addition to obstructed flow of luminal contents
Duodenitis: inflammation of the duodenum section of the small intestine (intestine, small). erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the upper gi tract and peptic ulcer
Duodenogastric Reflux: retrograde flow of duodenal contents (bile acids; pancreatic juice) into the stomach
Duodenoscopy: endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the duodenum
Duodenum: the shortest and widest portion of the small intestine adjacent to the pylorus of the stomach. it is named for having the length equal to about the width of 12 fingers
Duolite CS-100: superfusion with isotonic nacl causes release of biogenic amines from above cpd
Duplicate Publication: work consisting of an article or book of identical or nearly identical material published simultaneously or successively to material previously published elsewhere, without acknowledgment of the prior publication
Duplicate Publications as Topic: work about simultaneous or successive publishing of identical or near- identical material in two or more different sources without acknowledgment. it differs from reprinted publication in that a reprint cites sources. it differs from plagiarism in that duplicate publication is the product of the same authorship while plagiarism publishes a work or parts of a work of another as one's own
Duplication 15q11-q13 Syndrome: autosomal dominant abnormalities of chromosome 15q: features of the chromosome 15q11-q13 duplication syndrome include autism spectrum disorder; intellectual disability; ataxia, seizures, developmental delays, and behavioral problems. omim: 608636. a heterozygous deletion of chromosome 15q11.2 may increase the susceptibility to neuropsychiatric or neurodevelopmental problems, including delayed psychomotor development, speech delay, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder; obsessive-compulsive disorder, and possibly seizures. omim: 615656
Dupuytren Contracture: a fibromatosis of the palmar fascia characterized by thickening and contracture of the fibrous bands on the palmar surfaces of the hand and fingers. it arises most commonly in men between the ages of 30 and 50
Dupuytrenova kontraktura: onemocnění nejasné příčiny charakterizované ztluštěním a svraštěním vaziva dlaně (palmární aponeurózy). projevuje se zatvrdlinkami ve dlani a později nemožností natáhnout prsty. někdy je nutný chirugický zákrok. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Dura Mater: the outermost of the three meninges, a fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers the brain and the spinal cord
Dura-Seal: cold cure resin; used to simulate carious lesions in composition teeth
DuraSeal spinal sealant: consists of trilysine and polyethylene glycol
Durable Medical Equipment: devices which are very resistant to wear and may be used over a long period of time. they include items such as wheelchairs, hospital beds, artificial limbs, etc
Duragel 75: hydrophobic polymethylmethacrylate complexed with hydrophilic poly-n-2-vinylpyrrolidone for hydrogel intrastromal implants
Durapatite: the mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
Dust: earth or other matter in fine, dry particles. (random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Dust Mite Allergy: allergic rhinitis due to house dust mite allergens (e.g., der p 1 of house dust mites) that is triggered by the immune system
Dutasteride: a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia
Duty to Recontact: the ethical and/or legal obligation of a health provider or researcher to communicate with a former patient or research subject about advances in research relevant to a treatment or to a genetic or other diagnostic test provided earlier, or about proposed new uses of blood or tissue samples taken in the past for another purpose
Duty to Warn: a health professional's obligation to breach patient confidentiality to warn third parties of the danger of their being assaulted or of contracting a serious infection
Dwarfism: a genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height
Dwarfism, Pituitary: a form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial growth hormone deficiency, resulting from either the lack of growth hormone-releasing factor from the hypothalamus or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (gh1) in the pituitary gland. it is also known as type i pituitary dwarfism. human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of human growth hormone during development
Dydrogesterone: a synthetic progestational hormone with no androgenic or estrogenic properties. unlike many other progestational compounds, dydrogesterone produces no increase in temperature and does not inhibit ovulation
Dye Dilution Technique: method for assessing flow through a system by injection of a known quantity of dye into the system and monitoring its concentration over time at a specific point in the system. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome: a rare, autosomal recessive, progressive genetic condition characterized by short stature, abnormal skeletal development, microcephaly; and intellectual disability. skeletal abnormalities may include a barrel-shaped chest with a short truck, partial dislocation of the hips, knock knees, bowlegs, and decreased joint mobility. a small number of affected individuals experience instability in the upper neck vertebrae that can lead to spinal cord compression, weakness and paralysis. mutations in the dym gene have been identified. omim: 223800
Dynactin Complex: a multi-subunit protein of eukaryotic cells. it functions in bidirectional intracellular transport of organelles and cytoplasmic vesicles by linking them to dynein and kinesin
Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging: a non-invasive technique for measuring changes within the tumor microvasculature
Dynamic Light Scattering: an analytical technique for measuring particle size of molecules that are less than a micron in diameter dispersed or dissolved in a liquid
Dynamic Programming: dynamic programming is an optimization technique where smaller portions of problems are broken down, solved, and remembered, in order to solve a larger and more complex problem
Dynamin II: a subtype of dynamin found ubiquitously expressed in a variety of tissues
Dynamin III: a subtype of dynamin found expressed exclusively in the testis, lung and brain
Dynamins: a family of high molecular weight gtp phosphohydrolases that play a direct role in vesicle transport. they associate with microtubule bundles (microtubules) and are believed to produce mechanical force via a process linked to gtp hydrolysis. this enzyme was formerly listed as ec 3.6.1.50
Dyneins: a family of multi-subunit cytoskeletal motor proteins that use the energy of atp hydrolysis, generated by a ring of aaa atpases in the dynein heavy chain, to power a variety of cellular functions. dyneins fall into two major classes based upon structural and functional criteria
Dynorphins: a class of opioid peptides including dynorphin a, dynorphin b, and smaller fragments of these peptides. dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (receptors, opioid, kappa) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters
Dynospheres XP 3507: copolymer of ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate and hydroxyethyl methacrylate
Dyphylline: a theophylline derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. it is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis
Dyract: may replace amalgam in deciduous teeth; consists of compules containing a radiopaque strontium fluoro-silicate glass in a matrix of acidic polymerizable monomers and other light-curing polymers (udma and tcb resins); cured by light activation
Dyract Flow Compomer: contains dgdma, strontium aluminum fluoro-silicate glass, aminopenta, cromonomer, m-1a-bsa, aerosil, iron pigment, titanium dioxide, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (stabilizer), camhorquinone-4-ethyldimethylaminobenzoate (initiator)
Dyrk Kinases: protein kinases that can phosphorylate aromatic amino acid residue tyrosine as well as aliphatic amino acid residues serine and threonine
Dysarthria: disorders of speech articulation caused by imperfect coordination of pharynx, larynx, tongue, or face muscles. this may result from cranial nerve diseases; neuromuscular diseases; cerebellar diseases; basal ganglia diseases; brain stem diseases; or diseases of the corticobulbar tracts (see pyramidal tracts). the cortical language centers are intact in this condition. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p489)
Dysautonomia, Familial: an autosomal disorder of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems limited to individuals of ashkenazic jewish descent. clinical manifestations are present at birth and include diminished lacrimation, defective thermoregulation, orthostatic hypotension (hypotension, orthostatic), fixed pupils, excessive sweating, loss of pain and temperature sensation, and absent reflexes. pathologic features include reduced numbers of small diameter peripheral nerve fibers and autonomic ganglion neurons. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1348; nat genet 1993;4(2):160-4)
Dysbindin: a dystrophin-associated protein and component of the biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex-1 (bloc-1 complex) which is essential for the formation of lysosome - derived organelles such as platelet dense granules and melanosomes. dtnbp1 is expressed primarily in the brain and neurons, where it functions with adaptor protein complex 3 to transport membrane proteins to neurites and nerve terminals. it also regulates the release of neurotransmitters, transport of synaptic vesicles, and localization of dopamine d2 receptors. mutations in the dtnbp1 gene are associated with type 7 hermansky-pudlak syndrome and schizophrenia
Dysbiosis: changes in quantitative and qualitative composition of microbiota. the changes may lead to altered host microbial interaction or homeostatic imbalance that can contribute to a disease state often with inflammation
Dyscalculia: impaired ability in numerical concepts. these inabilities arise as a result of primary neurological lesion, are syndromic (e.g., gerstmann syndrome ) or acquired due to brain damage
Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria: a rare herditary skin condition characterized by hyper- and hypopigmented macules of variable size and shape that appear in infancy or early childhood on the trunk, limbs, and sometimes the face. there may also be abnormalities affecting the hair, nails, and dermal connective tissue as well as nerves. omim: 127500
Dysentery: acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious diarrhea of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing toxins, biological derived from bacteria or other microorganisms. dysentery is characterized initially by watery feces then by bloody mucoid stools. it is often associated with abdominal pain; fever; and dehydration
Dysentery, Amebic: dysentery caused by intestinal amebic infection, chiefly with entamoeba histolytica. this condition may be associated with amebic infection of the liver and other distant sites
Dysentery, Bacillary: dysentery caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (enterobacteriaceae), most often by the genus shigella. shigella dysentery, shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. group a: shigella dysenteriae (severest); group b: shigella flexneri; group c: shigella boydii; and group d: shigella sonnei (mildest)
Dysferlin: a membrane protein that contains multiple c2 domains. it is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and functions as a calcium ion sensor in synaptic vesicle-plasma membrane fusion, as well as in sarcolemma repair following mechanical stress. mutations in the dysferlin (dysf) gene are associated with several hereditary muscular dystrophies
Dysferlinopathy: muscular dystrophy caused by mutations in the dysferlin (dysf) gene, including limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2b, miyoshi myopathy, and distal anterior compartment myopathy. omim: 603009
Dysfibrinogenemia, Congenital: a hereditary, usually autosomal dominant disorder that affects the quality of circulating fibrinogen. about half of patients are asymptomatic, and half have an increased tendency for bleeding, thrombosis, or both. mutations in the fga and fgb genes have been identified. omim: 616004
Dysgammaglobulinemia: an immunologic deficiency state characterized by selective deficiencies of one or more, but not all, classes of immunoglobulins
Dysgerminoma: a malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. it is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. they are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (dorland, 27th ed; devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 3d ed, p1646)
Dysgeusia: a condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality
Dysidea: a genus of sponges in the family dysideidae, in which all skeletal fibers are filled with detritus
Dysidea: rod živočišných hub čeledi dysideidae, u kterých jsou všechna kosterní vlákna naplněna detritem
Dyskeratosis Congenita: a predominantly x-linked recessive syndrome characterized by a triad of reticular skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy and leukoplakia of mucous membranes. oral and dental abnormalities may also be present. complications are a predisposition to malignancy and bone marrow involvement with pancytopenia. (from int j paediatr dent 2000 dec;10(4):328-34) the x-linked form is also known as zinsser-cole-engman syndrome and involves the gene which encodes a highly conserved protein called dyskerin
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced: abnormal movements, including hyperkinesis; hypokinesia; tremor; and dystonia, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see antipsychotic agents). (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1199)
Dyskinesia, Familial, with Facial Myokymia: mutation in adcy5
Dyskinesias: abnormal involuntary movements which primarily affect the extremities, trunk, or jaw that occur as a manifestation of an underlying disease process. conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of dyskinesia as a primary manifestation of disease may be referred to as dyskinesia syndromes (see movement disorders). dyskinesias are also a relatively common manifestation of basal ganglia diseases
Dyslexia: a cognitive disorder characterized by an impaired ability to comprehend written and printed words or phrases despite intact vision. this condition may be developmental or acquired. developmental dyslexia is marked by reading achievement that falls substantially below that expected given the individual's chronological age, measured intelligence, and age-appropriate education. the disturbance in reading significantly interferes with academic achievement or with activities of daily living that require reading skills. (from dsm-iv)
Dyslexia, Acquired: a receptive visual aphasia characterized by the loss of a previously possessed ability to comprehend the meaning or significance of handwritten words, despite intact vision. this condition may be associated with posterior cerebral artery infarction (infarction, posterior cerebral artery) and other brain diseases
Dyslipidemias: abnormalities in the serum levels of lipids, including overproduction or deficiency. abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total cholesterol, high triglycerides, low high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and elevated low density lipoprotein cholesterol
Dyspareunia: recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after sexual intercourse in either the male or the female
Dysphania ambrosioides: jednoletá léčivá bylina z čeledi laskavcovité (původně merlíkovité). původním areálem výskytu je střední a jižní amerika. extrakty z rostliny se používají tradičně v lidovém léčitelství v jižní a střední americe. komerčně vyráběný olej ze semen d. ambrosioides byl hlavním používaným anthelmintikem proti střevním parazitům u lidí do objevu benzimidazolů. podstatou antiparazitárního účinku je terpenická látka ascaridol obsažená především v semenech této rostliny. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica: asymmetrical cartilaginous overgrowth of one or more epiphyses of primarily tarsal bones or carpal bones, although it may occur in other bones. males are affected about 3 times more often than females. the disorder appears to have no simple mendelian basis. no familial case has been reported. omim: 127800
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome: clinically atypical nevi (usually exceeding 5 mm in diameter and having variable pigmentation and ill defined borders) with an increased risk for development of non-familial cutaneous malignant melanoma. biopsies show melanocytic dysplasia. nevi are clinically and histologically identical to the precursor lesions for melanoma in the b-k mole syndrome. (stedman, 25th ed)
Dyspnea, Paroxysmal: a disorder characterized by sudden attacks of respiratory distress in at rest patients with heart failure and pulmonary edema. it usually occurs at night after several hours of sleep in a reclining position. patients awaken with a feeling of suffocation, coughing, a cold sweat, and tachycardia. when there is significant wheezing, it is called cardiac asthma
Dysprosium: an element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts
Dyssomnias: a broad category of sleep disorders characterized by either hypersomnolence or insomnia. the three major subcategories include intrinsic (i.e., arising from within the body) (sleep disorders, intrinsic), extrinsic (secondary to environmental conditions or various pathologic conditions), and disturbances of circadian rhythm. (from thorpy, sleep disorders medicine, 1994, p187)
Dystelephalangy: congenital bilateral metadiaphyseal acrodysplasia of the little finger
Dysthymic Disorder: chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years. the required minimum duration in children to make this diagnosis is 1 year. during periods of depressed mood, at least 2 of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. (dsm-iv)
Dystonia: an attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. it most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as dystonic disorders. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p77)
Dystonia 12: a hereditary autosomal dominant disorder characterized by abrupt onset of asymmetric dystonia and parkinsonism in young adulthood, often after a trigger such as physical overexertion, trauma, heat, or fever. affected individuals also show slowly progressive nonparoxysmal neurologic deterioration in a rostrocaudal gradient with prominent bulbar dysfunction. mutations in the atp1a3 gene have been identified. omim: 128235
Dystonia 3, Torsion, X-Linked: an x-linked movement disorder that affects predominantly males of filipino descent and is characterized by parkinsonism followed by dystonia later in life. in the mildest cases, affected individuals have slowly progressive parkinsonism with little or no dystonia. more severe cases involve dystonia that rapidly becomes generalized. it is caused by an sva (short interspersed nuclear element, variable number of tandem repeats, and alu composite) retrotransposon insertion in an intron of the taf1 gene. omim: 314250
Dystonia 6, torsion: an autosomal dominant form of dystonia musculorum deformans characterized by early involvement of craniofacial muscles with progression to the arms, and laryngeal dystonia that causes speech difficulties. mutations in the thap1 gene have been identified. omim: 602629
Dystonia Musculorum Deformans: a condition characterized by focal dystonia that progresses to involuntary spasmodic contractions of the muscles of the legs, trunk, arms, and face. the hands are often spared, however, sustained axial and limb contractions may lead to a state where the body is grossly contorted. onset is usually in the first or second decade. familial patterns of inheritance, primarily autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance, have been identified. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1078)
Dystonia musculorum deformans type 1: a hereditary autosomal dominant form of dystonia musculorum deformans. onset typically occurs in middle to late childhood and the disorder has a high incidence among ashkenazi jewish people, though penetrance is incomplete and there is wide variablity in the severity and number of symptoms that may be present. mutations in the dyt1 gene have been identified. omim: 128100
Dystonia, Dopa-Responsive, due to Sepiapterin Reductase Deficiency: mutation in sepiapterin reductase
Dystonia, Dopa-responsive: a hereditary dystonia where symptoms similar to those of parkinson disease arise in early childhood; it responds favorably to treatment with levodopa. germline mutations in the gch1 gene have been identified. omim: 128230
Dystonia, Focal, Task-Specific: the most common form of dystonia, characterized by muscle spasms that occur during the performance of specific learned motor tasks such as writing or playing a musical instrument. they interfere with the performance of that task while other actions are unaffected. frequency is 1 in 3400 in the general population and 1 in 200 among musicians; it appears to exhibit autosomal dominant inheritance. omim: 611284
Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Adult-Onset: mutations in the pla2g6
Dystonic Disorders: acquired and inherited conditions that feature dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease. these disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). they are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset
Dystonin: a plakin characterized by repeat sequences homologous to spectrin and plectin and c-terminal ef hand motifs. it functions as an integrator of intermediate filaments, actin and microtubules in cytoskeleton networks. it is required for anchoring intermediate filaments to the actin cytoskeleton in neural and muscle cells as well as anchoring keratin-containing intermediate filaments to hemidesmosomes in epithelial cells
Dystroglycans: dystrophin-associated proteins that play role in the formation of a transmembrane link between laminin-2 and dystrophin. both the alpha and the beta subtypes of dystroglycan originate via post-translational protein processing of a single precursor protein
Dystrophin: a muscle protein localized in surface membranes which is the product of the duchenne/becker muscular dystrophy gene. individuals with duchenne muscular dystrophy usually lack dystrophin completely while those with becker muscular dystrophy have dystrophin of an altered size. it shares features with other cytoskeletal proteins such as spectrin and alpha-actinin but the precise function of dystrophin is not clear. one possible role might be to preserve the integrity and alignment of the plasma membrane to the myofibrils during muscle contraction and relaxation. mw 400 kda
Dystrophin-Associated Protein Complex: a macromolecular complex of proteins that includes dystrophin and dystrophin-associated proteins. it plays a structural role in the linking the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix
Dystrophin-Associated Proteins: a group of proteins that associate with dystrophin at the cell membrane to form the dystrophin-associated protein complex
Dálný východ: geografická oblast jižní a jihovýchodní asie zahrnující čínu, hongkong, japonsko, koreu, macao, mongolsko a taiwan
Dánsko: stát v severní evropě. na východě je omýváno baltským mořem a na západě severním. je tvořeno jutským poloostrovem, ostrovy fyn, sjælland a bornholm a 443 pojmenovanými ostrovy. celkem dánsku náleží 1 419 ostrovů větších než 100 metrů čtverečních. nejdůležitější jsou ostrovy fyn a sjælland, na němž se nachází i hlavní město kodaň. mnoho z větších ostrovů je spojeno mosty. od roku 1849 je dánsko konstituční monarchií a parlamentní demokracií. spolu s grónskem a faerskými ostrovy tvoří státní celek dánské království. grónsko (největší ostrov na světě) a faerské ostrovy jsou území, jež leží v atlantském oceánu, disponují autonomií, nejsou členy evropské unie a každé z nich deleguje dva zástupce do dánského parlamentu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Džibutsko: republika ve východní africe, leží při průlivu bab-al-mandab spojujícím rudé moře s adenským zálivem indického oceánu. jeho sousedy jsou eritrea na severu, etiopie na západě a jihu a somálsko na jihovýchodě. hlavní město se také jmenuje džibuti. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
E-Box Elements: dna locations with the consensus sequence canntg. enhancer elements may contain multiple copies of this element. e-boxes play a regulatory role in the control of transcription. they bind with basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh) type transcription factors. binding specificity is determined by the specific bhlh heterodimer or homodimer combination and by the specific nucleotides at the 3rd and 4th position of the e-box sequence
E-Cigarette Vapor: complex mixture of vaporized chemicals emitted during smoking of e-cigarettes
E-MHK-0103: nutraceutical lipoprotein extracted from mytilus galloprovincialis; reported to alleviate menopause symptoms
E-Selectin: cell adhesion molecule and cd antigen that mediates neutrophil, monocyte, and memory t-cell adhesion to cytokine-activated endothelial cells. e-selectin recognizes sialylated carbohydrate groups related to the lewis x or lewis a family
E1A-Associated p300 Protein: a member of the p300-cbp transcription factors that was originally identified as a binding partner for adenovirus e1a proteins
E2F Transcription Factors: a family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that control expression of a variety of genes involved in cell cycle regulation. e2f transcription factors typically form heterodimeric complexes with transcription factor dp1 or transcription factor dp2, and they have n-terminal dna binding and dimerization domains. e2f transcription factors can act as mediators of transcriptional repression or transcriptional activation
E2F1 Transcription Factor: an e2f transcription factor that interacts directly with retinoblastoma protein and cyclin a and activates genetic transcription required for cell cycle entry and dna synthesis. e2f1 is involved in dna repair and apoptosis
E2F2 Transcription Factor: an e2f transcription factor that interacts directly with retinoblastoma protein and cyclin a. e2f2 activates genetic transcription required for cell cycle entry and dna synthesis
E2F3 Transcription Factor: an e2f transcription factor that interacts directly with retinoblastoma protein and cyclin a. e2f3 regulates genetic transcription required for cell cycle entry and dna synthesis
E2F4 Transcription Factor: an e2f transcription factor that represses genetic transcription required for cell cycle entry and dna synthesis. e2f4 recruits chromatin remodeling factors indirectly to target gene promoter regions through retinoblastoma like protein p130 and retinoblastoma like protein p107
E2F5 Transcription Factor: an e2f transcription factor that represses genetic transcription required for cell cycle entry and dna synthesis. e2f5 recruits chromatin remodeling factors indirectly to target gene promoters through retinoblastoma like protein p130
E2F6 Transcription Factor: an e2f transcription factor that represses genetic transcription required for cell cycle entry and dna synthesis. e2f6 recruits chromatin remodeling factors directly to target gene promoters and lacks the transactivation domain responsible for binding to the retinoblastoma family of tumor suppressors
E2F7 Transcription Factor: an e2f transcription factor that represses genetic transcription required for cell cycle entry and dna synthesis. e2f7 has two separate dna-binding domains and binds to dna independently of a dimerization partner
E2HSA protein: a glp-1 receptor agonist derived from lizard venom exendin-4 and human serum albumin
E8002 membrane: flexible three-layered membrane comprising a polylactic acid-based biodegradable polymer containing the antioxidant l-ascorbic acid
EAC regimen: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds, used in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer
EACB protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of multiple myeloma
EAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of patients with advanced gastric carcinoma
EAP-II protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used as a preoperative intra-arterial injection therapy for patients with advanced gastric cancer
EBAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of vindesine, carmustine, doxorubicin and prednisone
EBV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of hodgkin's disease
EBVD protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used for the treatment for hodgkin's disease
EBVP protocol: for treatment of hodgkin's; chemotherapy protocol consisting of epirubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine & prednisone
EC regimen 2: chemotherapy protocol used to treat non-hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia
ECAPP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of lymphoma
ECBC protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of patients with metastatic non-seminomatous germ cell tumours (nsgct)
ECHO virové infekce: infekční onemocnění vyvolané echoviry, která zahrnují meningitidu, průjmy a respirační onemocnění
ECP regimen: chemotherapy regimen consisting of edatrexate, cyclophosphamide and cisplatin; used in treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer
ECT chemotherapy protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of epirubicin, cisplatin, & tomudex (raltitrexed (thiophenes & quniazoline)) for the treatment of advanced solid tumors
ECarboX protocol: combination chemotherapy with carboplatin, capecitabine and epirubicin (ecarbox) as second- or third-line treatment in patients with relapsed ovarian cancer
EDAP regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of refractory myeloma
EDH adhesive: contains methyl-2-cyanoacrylate (eastman 910 adhesive) & polyisocyanate nitrilgummi in nitromethane solution; used to coat intracranial aneurysms
EDP protocol: combination chemotherapy with epirubicin, docetaxel (taxoids) and cisplatin in metastatic or recurrent, unresectable gastric cancer
EDTA: chelatační činidlo, které je schopné vytvářet komplexní sloučeniny s ionty kovů. používá se ve farmacii a jako potravinářské aditivum
EEP protocol: chemotherapy regimen consisting of above cpds; used in the therapy of advanced gastric cancer; do not confuse with pev protocol which contains vinblastine instead of epirubicin
EEPFL protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in the treatment of gastric cancer with disseminated intravascular coagulation
EF Hand Motifs: calcium-binding motifs composed of two helices (e and f) joined by a loop. calcium is bound by the loop region. these motifs are found in many proteins that are regulated by calcium
EFP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of resectable gastric & advanced hepatocellular carcinomas and non-small cell lung cancer
EG Bond: consists of 4-meta, acetone, methyl methacrylate, dimethacrylate, camphoroquinone, and dimethyl amino benzoic acid butoxy ethyl
EG-1962: microparticle formulation of nimodipine and poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (plga) suspended in sodium hyaluronate
EGF Family of Proteins: a family of proteins that are related to epidermal growth factor. they share in common a consensus sequence consisting of six spatially conserved cysteine residues which form three intramolecular bonds. this consensus sequence is commonly referred to egf motif and is considered essential for binding of the proteins to erb receptors
EGTA: chelatační činidlo, které je relativně specifičtější pro vápník a méně toxické než edta
EID protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of patients with adult soft tissue sarcomas (asts)
ELAV Proteins: a family of rrm proteins that are homologues of elav protein, drosophila. they were initially identified in humans as the targets of autoantibodies in patients with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. they regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level
ELAV-Like Protein 1: an rrm protein that binds to the 3'-utr region of mrnas and increases their stability. in embryonic stem cells, it binds to poly-u elements and au-rich elements (ares) in the 3'-utr of target mrnas and preferentially binds mrnas that are not methylated by n6-methyladenosine (m6a), to stabilize them and promote differentiation
ELAV-Like Protein 2: a neural-specific rrm protein that binds to several 3'utrs, including its own as well as that of proto-oncogene proteins c-fos and id dna binding protein inhibitor. it binds through the recognition of a gaaa motif in the rnas
ELAV-Like Protein 3: a neural-specific rrm protein which contains three rnp-type rna recognition motifs (rrms). human elavl3 is recognized by the anti-hu serum antibody from patients with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis and sensory neuronopathy (pem/psn). it also functions in neurogenesis
ELAV-Like Protein 4: an rrm protein which binds au-rich sequences in the 3' untranslated regions of mrnas for proto-oncogene proteins c-fos; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21; and gap-43 protein. it functions in neuron-specific rna processing
ELETOP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 3 cpds; has been used in therapy of non-small cell lung carcinoma
ELFE regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of advanced gastric cancer
ELISPOT: metoda detekce počtu buněk ve vzorku vyloučené konkrétní molekuly. během této metody je populace buněk umístěna na imunosorbentním substrátu, který vychytává vyloučené molekuly. /elispot je metoda umožňující pomocí tzv. spotů zviditelnit buňky produkující určitý cytokin nebo jiný rozpustný faktor. frekvence buněk produkujících určitý cytokin v rámci buněčné suspenze je stanovena s vysokou citlivostí