NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Ethyl Chloride: a gas that condenses under slight pressure. because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. cold blocks nerve conduction. ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine
Ethyl Methanesulfonate: an antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. it also acts as a mutagen by damaging dna and is used experimentally for that effect
Ethylamines: derivatives of ethylamine (the structural formula ch3ch2nh2)
Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: carbodiimide cross-linking reagent
Ethylene Chlorohydrin: used as a solvent, in the manufacture of insecticides, and for treating sweet potatoes before planting. may cause nausea, vomiting, pains in head and chest, stupefaction. irritates mucous membranes and causes kidney and liver degeneration
Ethylene Dibromide: an effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. in humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. it is also used in gasoline. members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. according to the fourth annual report on carcinogens (ntp 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen
Ethylene Dichlorides: toxic, chlorinated, saturated hydrocarbons. include both the 1,1- and 1,2-dichloro isomers. the latter is considerably more toxic. it has a sweet taste, ethereal odor and has been used as a fumigant and intoxicant among sniffers. has many household and industrial uses
Ethylene Glycol: a colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. it has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the united states. it is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins
Ethylene Glycols: an ethylene compound with two hydroxy groups (-oh) located on adjacent carbons. they are viscous and colorless liquids. some are used as anesthetics or hypnotics. however, the class is best known for their use as a coolant or antifreeze
Ethylene Oxide: a colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. it is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. it is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (from reynolds, martindale the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794)
Ethylenebis(dithiocarbamates): a class of thiocarbamate derivatives whose salts possess fungicidal activity
Ethylenediamines: derivatives of ethylenediamine (the structural formula nh2ch2ch2nh2)
Ethylenes: derivatives of ethylene, a simple organic gas of biological origin with many industrial and biological use
Ethylenethiourea: a degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. it has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause thyroid hyperplasia
Ethylestrenol: an anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect
Ethylketocyclazocine: a kappa opioid receptor agonist. the compound has analgesic action and shows positive inotropic effects on the electrically stimulated left atrium. it also affects various types of behavior in mammals such as locomotion, rearing, and grooming
Ethylmaleimide: a sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies
Ethylmalonic encephalopathy: an autosomal recessive severe metabolic disorder of infancy affecting the brain, gastrointestinal tract, and peripheral vessels. the disorder is characterized by neurodevelopmental delay and regression, prominent pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs, recurrent petechiae (purpura), orthostatic acrocyanosis, and chronic diarrhea. brain mri shows necrotic lesions in deep gray matter structures. death usually occurs in the first decade of life. mutations in the ethe1 gene have been identified. omim: 602473
Ethylmercuric Chloride: a highly toxic compound used as a fungicide for treating seeds
Ethylmercury Compounds: organic mercury compounds in which the mercury is attached to an ethyl group
Ethylmorphine: a narcotic analgesic and antitussive. it is metabolized in the liver by ethylmorphine-n-demethylase and used as an indicator of liver function
Ethylmorphine-N-Demethylase: a drug-metabolizing enzyme of the hepatic microsomal oxidase system which catalyzes the oxidation of the n-methyl group of ethylmorphine with the formation of formaldehyde
Ethylnitrosourea: a nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties
Ethynodiol Diacetate: a synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (contraceptives, oral)
Etidocaine: a local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to bupivacaine
Etidronic Acid: a diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. it inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover
Etilefrine: a phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent
Etiocholanolone: the 5-beta-reduced isomer of androsterone. etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of testosterone and androstenedione in many mammalian species including humans. it is excreted in the urine
Etiolation: physical changes in the growth patterns of a plant brought on by sustained absence of light. these changes are characterized by lengthened internodes which produce long weak stems, fewer leaves, and pale yellow color (chlorosis). the physiological basis for etiolation is induction of the phytohormone, auxin
Etiopie: vnitrozemský stát v africkém rohu ve východní africe. sousedí na severu s eritrejí, na východě s džibutskem a somálskem, na jihu s keňou a na západě se súdánem a jižním súdánem. hlavním městem je addis abeba, úředním jazykem federace je amharština
Etioporphyrins: porphyrins with four methyl and four ethyl side chains attached to the pyrrole rings
Etodolac: a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. it has been shown to be effective in the treatment of osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis; ankylosing spondylitis; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (pain, postoperative)
Etomidate: imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. it has been proposed as an induction anesthetic
Etoposide: a semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. etoposide inhibits dna synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase ii and dna. this complex induces breaks in double stranded dna and prevents repair by topoisomerase ii binding. accumulated breaks in dna prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. etoposide acts primarily in the g2 and s phases of the cell cycle
Etoricoxib: a sulfone and pyridine derivative that acts as a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. it is used as a nsaid for the treatment of pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. it is also used for the short-term treatment of moderate postoperative dental pain
Etorphine: a narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice
Etretinate: an oral retinoid used in the treatment of keratotic genodermatosis, lichen planus, and psoriasis. beneficial effects have also been claimed in the prophylaxis of epithelial neoplasia. the compound may be teratogenic
Eubacterium: a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria found in cavities of man and animals, animal and plant products, infections of soft tissue, and soil. some species may be pathogenic. no endospores are produced. the genus eubacterium should not be confused with eubacteria, one of the three domains of life
Eubacterium: rod grampozitivních, anaerobních, nesporulujících bakterií tyčinkového tvaru. vyskytují se v tělních dutinách lidí a zvířat, v živočišných a rostlinných výrobcích, v infikovaných měkkých tkáních a v půdě. některé druhy mohou být patogenní. rod eubacterium nezaměňovat s doménou eubacteria (bacteria)
Eucalyptol: a monoterpene and cyclohexanol derivative that is the major component of eucalyptus oil. it is used in mouthwash, insect repellent, and as a cough suppressant, and also is widely used as a flavoring agent and solvent. it has antimicrobial properties
Eucalyptus: a genus of trees of the myrtaceae family, native to australia, that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics
Eucalyptus: rod stromů čeledi myrtaceae. převážná většina blahovičníků pochází z austrálie. blahovičníky jsou dřeviny mnohostranného významu. jsou zdrojem dřeva, celulózy, oleje, silic, barviva. řada druhů se používá v lidové medicíně. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Eucalyptus Oil: an oily liquid that is extracted from the leaves of eucalyptus trees
Euchromatin: chromosome regions that are loosely packaged and more accessible to rna polymerases than heterochromatin. these regions also stain differentially in chromosome banding preparations
Eucoccidiida: an order of parasitic protozoa found in blood cells and epithelial cells of vertebrates and invertebrates. life cycles involve both sexual and asexual phases
Eucoccidiida: řád parazitických prvoků žijících v krevních a epitelových buňkách obratlovců a bezobratlých. životní cyklus zahrnuje pohlavní a nepohlavní fázi
Eucommiaceae: a plant family of the order eucommiales, subclass hamamelidae, class magnoliopsida (some botanists have classified this in the order hamamelidales or urticales). eucomia is an elmlike tree of central and eastern china. leaves are alternate; deciduous flowers are solitary and unisexual and lack petals and sepals. the male flowers have 6 to 10 stamens and female flowers have one ovary of two carpels, one of which aborts during development so the fruit (a dry, winged structure) contains only one seed. the latex is a source of rubber. tochu tea is an aqueous extract of eucommia ulmoides leaves and a popular beverage in japan. (mutat res 1997 jan 15;388(1):7-20)
Eucommiaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu garryales. jediným zástupcem je gumojilm jilmový (eucommia ulmoides). je to opadavý strom, dorůstající výšky až 20 metrů. má jednoduché střídavé listy a nenápadné bezobalné květy. plodem je křídlatá nažka (samara). rostlina obsahuje v listech, kůře i větévkách bílý latex. čaj z listů je v japonsku oblíbeným nápojem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Eudragit E 30D: acrylic/methacrylic acid ester-based copolymer
Eudragit L 30 D-55: releases of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride from coated pellets
Eudragit NE 30-D: releases of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride from coated pellets
Eudragit RS: copolymer of acrylic & methacrylic acid esters & quaternary ammonium groups; used for microcapsules
Eudragit-E: a cationic polymer, used as a embolic material for arteriovenous malformations and as a taste masker
Eugenia: a genus in the family myrtaceae sometimes known as stoppers in folk medicine. many species of the genus syzygium have synonymous names that begin with the eugenia genus name
Eugenia: rod rostlin čeledi myrtaceae. řada druhů má jedlé plody, některé druhy se používají v lidové medicíně
Eugenics: the attempt to improve the phenotypes of future generations of the human population by fostering the reproduction of those with favorable phenotypes and genotypes and hampering or preventing breeding by those with undesirable phenotypes and genotypes. the concept is largely discredited. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Eugenol: a cinnamate derivative of the shikimate pathway found in clove oil and other plants
Euglena: a genus of eukaryotes, in the phylum euglenida, found mostly in stagnant water. characteristics include a pellicle usually marked by spiral or longitudinal striations
Euglena: rod jednobuněčných eukaryotických bičíkatých organismů na pomezí mezi prvoky a řasami, dnes však řazený do kmene euglenida, říše excavata. buňka krásnoočka je kryta jemnou pružnou blanou zvanou pelikula, díky které může krásnoočko měnit svůj tvar. pohyb mu umožňuje bičík. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Euglena gracilis: a species of fresh-water, flagellated eukaryotes in the phylum euglenida
Euglena gracilis: druh sladkovodních bičíkatých eukaryot kmene euglenida
Euglena longa: a species of eukaryotes in the phylum euglenida. it is a colorless heterotrophic flagellate
Euglena longa: druh bičíkatých eukaryot kmene euglenida. jsou to bezbarvé heterotrofní organismy
Euglenida: a phylum of unicellular flagellates of ancient eukaryotic lineage with unclear taxonomy. they lack a cell wall but are covered by a proteinaceous flexible coat, the pellicle, that allows the cell to change shape. historically some authorities considered them to be an order of protozoa and others classed them as algae (some members have chloroplasts and some don't)
Euglenida: kmen jednobuněčných bičíkatých organismů s nejasnou taxonomií. nemají buněčnou stěnu, ale jsou kryté pružným bílkovinným pláštěm - pelikulou, která jim umožňuje měnit tvar těla. dříve byly tyto organismy klasifikované jako řád prvoků nebo zařazované mezi řasy (někteří zástupci obsahují chloroplasty)
Euglenozoa: a large group of flagellated eukaryotes found in both free-living and parasitic forms. the flagella are present in pairs and contain unique paraxonemal rods
Euglenozoa: kmen jednobuněčných eukaryotických organismů z říše excavata. zahrnuje jak volně žijící organismy, tak i mnohé významné parazitické druhy, z nichž některé napadají i člověka. nejznámější podskupiny jsou bičivky a krásnoočka. většina euglenozií má dva paralelní bičíky vyrůstající často z vchlípené dutinky (tzv. ampula). typickým rysem euglenozoí je ultrastruktura bičíku. mimo běžné přítomné podpůrné mikrotubuly a axonemy navíc bičíky obsahují zvláštně stavěné paraxonemy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Euglenozoa Infections: infections with the protozoa of the phylum euglenozoa
Eukaryota: one of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and archaea), also called eukarya. these are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. they comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including animals; plants; fungi; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom protista
Eukaryota: organismy, jejichž buňky mají vytvořené buněčné jádro, tzn. že jejich genetický materiál chromozomy je obalen membránou. k e. patří z jednobuněčných organismů prvoci (protozoa), a dále pak všechny více- a mnohobuněčné organismy (houby, rostliny a živočichové). tyto organismy, resp. jejich buňky, se označují jako eukaryotické. e. dále obsahují v cytoplasmě organely (mitochondrie). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Eukaryotic Cells: cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-1: a eukaryotic initiation factor that binds to 40s ribosomal subunits. although initially considered a non-essential factor for eukaryotic transcription initiation, eukaryotic initiation factor-1 is now thought to play an important role in localizing ribosomes at the initiation codon of mrna
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2: eukaryotic initiation factor of protein synthesis. in higher eukaryotes the factor consists of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. as initiation proceeds, eif-2 forms a ternary complex with met-trnai and gtp
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2B: a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that acts to restore eukaryotic initiation factor-2 to its gtp bound form
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-3: a multisubunit eukaryotic initiation factor that contains at least 8 distinct polypeptides. it plays a role in recycling of ribosomal subunits to the site of transcription initiation by promoting the dissociation of non-translating ribosomal subunits. it also is involved in promoting the binding of a ternary complex of eukaryotic initiation factor-2; gtp; and initiator trna to the 40s ribosomal subunit
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4A: a component of eukaryotic initiation factor 4f that as an rna helicase involved in unwinding the secondary structure of the 5' untranslated region of mrna. the unwinding facilitates the binding of the 40s ribosomal subunit
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E: a peptide initiation factor that binds specifically to the 5' mrna cap structure of mrna in the cytoplasm. it is a component of the trimeric complex eif4f
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4F: a trimeric peptide initiation factor complex that associates with the 5' mrna cap structure of rna (rna caps) and plays an essential role in mrna translation. it is composed of eukaryotic initiation factor-4a; eukaryotic initiation factor-4e; and eukaryotic initiation factor-4g
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4G: a component of eukaryotic initiation factor-4f that is involved in multiple protein interactions at the site of translation initiation. thus it may serve a role in bringing together various initiation factors at the site of translation initiation
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-5: a eukaryotic initiation factor that interacts with the 40s initiation complex and promotes the hydrolysis of the bound gtp. the hydrolysis of gtp causes the release of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 and eukaryotic initiation factor-3 from the 40s subunit and the subsequent joining of the 60s ribosomal subunit to the 40s complex to form the functional 80s initiation complex
Eukaryotic Initiation Factors: peptide initiation factors from eukaryotic organisms. over twelve factors are involved in peptide chain initiation, translational in eukaryotic cells. many of these factors play a role in controlling the rate of mrna translation
Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 5A: a component of eukaryotic initiation factor 5a that is involved in the elongation, termination, and stimulation of peptide bond formation. this factor is essential for cell proliferation
Eulipotyphla: an order of insect eating mammals including moles; shrews; hedgehogs
Eulogy: work consisting of speeches or writings in praise of a person or thing, especially a set oration in honor of a deceased person. they differ from funeral sermon which are delivered at ceremonies for the deceased prior to their burial or cremation. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Eunuchism: the state of being a eunuch, a male without testes or whose testes failed to develop. it is characterized by the lack of mature male germ cells and testicular hormones
Eupatorium: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. ingestion has been associated with milk sickness. the common name of thoroughwort is also used for other plants including chromolaena; hebeclinium, and koanophyllon
Eupatorium: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. toxiny těchto rostlin mohou způsobit nemoc z mléka
Eupenicillium: a genus of endophytic, ascomycetous mold in the family trichocomaceae, order eurotiales. anamorphic forms are in the genus penicillium
Eupenicillium: rod endofytických, vřeckovýtrusných plísní čeledi trichocomaceae, řádu eurotiales. anamorfní formy patří do rodu penicillium
Eupergit C: rn given refers to cpd with unknown mf; synthetic polymeric matrices; no further information avail 10/90
Eupergit C1Z: solid support for isolation of antigens from small amounts of detergent-solubilized cells; contains oxirane groups
Euphausiacea: an order of pelagic, shrimplike crustacea. many consume zooplankton and a few are predacious. many antarctic species, such as euphausia superba, constitute the chief food of other animals
Euphausiacea: řád pelagických korýšů z třidy rakovců. zástupci řádu tvoří převážnou část krilu ve všech světových oceánech. mnoho z nich se živí zooplanktonem a několik žije dravě. mnoho antarktických druhů (jako např. euphausia superba) je hlavním zdrojem potravy pro ostatní živočichy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Euphorbia: a large plant genus of the family euphorbiaceae, order euphorbiales, subclass rosidae. they have a milky sap and a female flower consisting of a single pistil surrounded by numerous male flowers of one stamen each. euphorbia hirta is rarely called milkweed but that name is normally used for asclepias
Euphorbia: velký rod rostlin čeledi euphorbiaceae, řádu malpighiales (malpígiotvaré), třídy rosopsida. jednoletky nebo trvalky, byliny, keře či stromy s žíravou, jedovatou mléčnou mízou (latexem). pryšce mají jednopohlavné květy. jsou značně omezeny a seskupeny do pseudanthia (květenství, které svým vzhledem připomíná jediný květ) nazývající se cyathium. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Euphorbiaceae: the spurge family of flowering plants in the order malpighiales. the family consists of annual and perennial herbs and woody shrubs or trees. members contain securinine
Euphorbiaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu malpígiotvaré (malpighiales). je to velká a velmi různorodá čeleď. náležejí do ní byliny, dřeviny, liány i sukulenty. zahrnuje téměř 6000 druhů ve 218 rodech a je celosvětově rozšířena s těžištěm v tropech. v české republice je zastoupena rody pryšec a bažanka. význam je mnohostranný, nejdůležitější plodinou z této čeledi je maniok jedlý (manihot esculenta), poskytující škrobnaté hlízy. mnohé druhy jsou pěstovány pro olej ze semen, zvláště rody cariodendron a skočec (ricinus). v severním mexiku je z pryšce kandelilla (euphorbia antisiphylitica) získáván kandelillový vosk. velmi důležitou rostlinou byl v minulosti kaučukovník (hevea, zvláště hevea brasiliensis). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Euphoria: an exaggerated feeling of physical and emotional well-being not consonant with apparent stimuli or events; usually of psychologic origin, but also seen in organic brain disease and toxic states
Euphrasia: a plant genus of the family orobanchaceae used in folk remedies for the eyes
Euphrasia: rod rostlin čeledi orobanchaceae. světlík lékařský se používá v lidovém léčitelství, zejména při léčbě očních onemocnění. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Eupleridae: a family in the suborder feliformia, order carnivora, comprised of viverrid-like mammals
Eupleridae: malá monofyletická skupina šelem endemická pro madagaskar. tvoří ji několik druhů, z nichž patrně nejznámější je fosa (cryptoprocta ferox), která je také největší. nejbližšími příbuznými madagaskarských šelem jsou promykovití (herpestidae). dřívější řazení některých druhů (podčeleď euplerinae) mezi cibetkovité se ukázalo chybné. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Euplotes: a genus of ciliate protozoa having a dorsoventrally flattened body with widely spaced rows of short bristle-like cilia on the dorsal surface
Euplotes: rod nálevníků s dorzoventrálně zploštělým tělem, na dorzální straně řady krátkých cilií, na ventrální straně cirri (složené bičíky)
Europe, Eastern: the region of europe generally from the area of the baltic sea to the ural mountains of russia
European Alpine Region: a territory which encompasses eight european countries: austria, france, germany, italy, liechtenstein, monaco, slovenia and switzerland. the height of the alpine mountain ridges range up to mont blanc at 15,782 feet above sea level, and its altitude decreases from west to east
European Union: an economic union with the principal objectives of free movement of goods, capital, and labor. the constituent countries are austria, belgium, bulgaria, croatia, cyprus, czech republic, denmark, estonia, finland, france, germany, greece, hungary, ireland, italy, latvia, lithuania, luxembourg, malta, netherlands, poland, portugal, romania, slovakia, slovenia, spain, and sweden. (https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries accessed 12/31/2020)
Europium: an element of the rare earth family of metals. it has the atomic symbol eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in nmr spectroscopy
Eurotiales: an order of fungi in the phylum ascomycota characterized by the presence of well defined peridia and cleistothecial asci. notable anamorphs (mitosporic forms) of eurotiales include penicillium and aspergillus
Eurotiales: řád vřeckovýtrusných hub charakterizovaný přítomností dobře definovaného peridia a kleistotheciálních vřecek. mezi významná anamorfa (mitosporní formy) rodu eurotiales patří penicillium a aspergillus
Eurotium: a genus of ascomycetous fungi in the family trichocomaceae, order eurotiales. health effects, allergenicity, and toxicity of eurotium are closely related to its anamorph aspergillus
Eurotium: rod vřeckovýtrusných hub čeledi trichocomaceae, řádu eurotiales. patogenita, alergenicita a toxicita tohoto rodu úzce souvisí s jeho anamorfním stadiem, rodem aspergillus
Euryarchaeota: a phylum of archaea comprising at least seven classes: methanobacteria, methanococci, halobacteria (extreme halophiles), archaeoglobi (sulfate-reducing species), methanopyri, and the thermophiles: thermoplasmata, and thermococci
Euryarchaeota: kmen domény archea (archaea), který zahrnuje nejméně sedm tříd: methanobacteria, methanococci, halobacteria (extrémní halofilové), archaeoglobi (druhy redukující sírany), methanopyri a termofilní thermoplasmata a thermococci
Eurycoma: a plant genus of the family simaroubaceae. members contain quassinoids. there is malaysian folk use of these plants for male virility
Eurycoma: rod rostlin čeledi simaroubaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují quassinoidy. v malajsii se kořen eurycoma longifolia užívá jako afrosidiakum
Eustachian Tube: a narrow passageway that connects the upper part of the throat to the tympanic cavity
Eustachova trubice: úzká trubice, která spojuje nosohltan a dutinu středního ucha
Euterpe: a genus in the family arecaceae. they are a source of acai berries
Euterpe: rod čeledi arekovité - arecaceae, zdroj bobulí acai
Euthanasia: the act or practice of killing or allowing death from natural causes, for reasons of mercy, i.e., in order to release a person from incurable disease, intolerable suffering, or undignified death. (from beauchamp and walters, contemporary issues in bioethics, 5th ed)
Euthanasia, Active: the act or practice of killing for reasons of mercy, i.e., in order to release a person or animal from incurable disease, intolerable suffering, or undignified death. (from beauchamp and walters, contemporary issues in bioethics, 5th ed)
Euthanasia, Active, Voluntary: active euthanasia of a patient at the patient's request and/or with the patient's consent
Euthanasia, Animal: the killing of animals for reasons of mercy, to control disease transmission or maintain the health of animal populations, or for experimental purposes (animal experimentation)
Euthanasia, Involuntary: the act or practice of killing or withholding life-sustaining treatment from a person with a medical condition, especially persons with disabilities, without informed consent, despite the mental competency of the person to give consent
Euthanasia, Passive: failing to prevent death from natural causes, for reasons of mercy by the withdrawal or withholding of life-prolonging treatment
Eutheria: mammals which nourish their young in utero by means of a complex placenta, and give birth to their young alive. they include primates; carnivora, whales; ruminants; bats; and rodents
Euthyroid Goiter: a common hereditary autosomal dominant disorder characterized by nodular enlargement of the thyroid gland. in mng1, some individuals may also develop sertoli-leydig cell tumors, usually of the ovary. mutations in the dicer1 gene have been identified for mng1. omim: 138800
Euthyroid Sick Syndromes: conditions of abnormal thyroid hormones release in patients with apparently normal thyroid gland during severe systemic illness, physical trauma, and psychiatric disturbances. it can be caused by the loss of endogenous hypothalamic input or by exogenous drug effects. the most common abnormality results in low t3 thyroid hormone with progressive decrease in thyroxine; (t4) and tsh. elevated t4 with normal t3 may be seen in diseases in which thyroxine-binding globulin synthesis and release are increased
Eutrophication: the enrichment of a terrestrial or aquatic ecosystem by the addition of nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, that results in a superabundant growth of plants, algae, or other primary producers. it can be a natural process or result from human activity such as agriculture runoff or sewage pollution. in aquatic ecosystems, an increase in the algae population is termed an algal bloom
Evaluation Studies as Topic: works about studies that determine the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies
Evans Blue: an azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. it is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly
Evans Syndrome: a rare autoimmune hemolytic anemia. platelets and neutrophils may also be targeted, resulting in thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. while all three conditions may occur at the same time, they usually develop sequentially. evans syndrome may occur by itself or co-morbid with other lymphoproliferative and autoimmune disorders
Evansova modř: látka, která se váže plně na plasmatické bílkoviny, lze ji užít k stanovení plasmatického objemu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2019 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Event-Related Potentials, P300: a late-appearing component of the event-related potential. p300 stands for a positive deflection in the event-related voltage potential at 300 millisecond poststimulus. its amplitude increases with unpredictable, unlikely, or highly significant stimuli and thereby constitutes an index of mental activity. (from campbell, psychiatric dictionary, 6th ed)
EverStickNET: a bi-directional material consisting of silanated e-glass fibers embedded in bis-gma and polymethyl methacrylate
Everolimus: a derivative of sirolimus and an inhibitor of tor serine-threonine kinases. it is used to prevent graft rejection in heart and kidney transplant patients by blocking cell proliferation signals. it is also an antineoplastic agent
Evidence Gaps: areas where little or no evidence from impact evaluations and systematic reviews is available and where future research should be focused (from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/16941)
Evidence-Based Dentistry: an approach or process of practicing oral health care that requires the judicious integration of systematic assessments of clinical relevant scientific evidence, relating to the patient's oral and medical condition and history, with the dentist's clinical expertise and the patient's treatment needs and preferences. (from j am dent assoc 134: 689, 2003)
Evidence-Based Emergency Medicine: a way of providing emergency medical care that is guided by a thoughtful integration of the best available scientific knowledge with clinical expertise in emergency medicine. this approach allows the practitioner to critically assess research data, clinical guidelines, and other information resources in order to correctly identify the clinical problem, apply the most high-quality intervention, and re-evaluate the outcome for future improvement
Evidence-Based Facility Design: an approach, process, or methodology which emphasizes credible evidence and the best available scientific knowledge, judiciously integrated to achieve the best possible outcomes in structural design. for example, the design of a new outpatient clinic might incorporate a review of published research on outpatient clinic design, decisions on similar past projects, along with interviews with staff and consumers
Evidence-Based Medicine: an approach of practicing medicine with the goal to improve and evaluate patient care. it requires the judicious integration of best research evidence with the patient's values to make decisions about medical care. this method is to help physicians make proper diagnosis, devise best testing plan, choose best treatment and methods of disease prevention, as well as develop guidelines for large groups of patients with the same disease. (from jama 296 (9), 2006)
Evidence-Based Nursing: a way of providing nursing care that is guided by the integration of the best available scientific knowledge with nursing expertise. this approach requires nurses to critically assess relevant scientific data or research evidence, and to implement high-quality interventions for their nursing practice
Evidence-Based Pharmacy Practice: the practice of pharmacy in which the pharmacist makes decisions, taking into account the best available current research evidence, the pharmacist's expertise, and the needs and preferences of the patient
Evidence-Based Practice: a way of providing health care that is guided by a thoughtful integration of the best available scientific knowledge with clinical expertise. this approach allows the practitioner to critically assess research data, clinical guidelines, and other information resources in order to correctly identify the clinical problem, apply the most high-quality intervention, and re-evaluate the outcome for future improvement
Evodia: a plant genus of the family rutaceae which is used in chinese medicine (drugs, chinese herbal). evodiamine and other quinazoline alkaloids (quinazolines) are obtained from the fruit of e. ruticarpa
Evodia: rod rostlin čeledi rutaceae (routovité), používají se v tradiční čínské medicíně. z plodů e. ruticarpa se získává evodiamin a další chinazolinové alkaloidy (chinazoliny)
Evoked Potentials: electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, sensory receptor, or area of the central nervous system following stimulation. they range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. the evoked potential can be auditory (evoked potentials, auditory), somatosensory (evoked potentials, somatosensory), visual (evoked potentials, visual), or motor (evoked potentials, motor), or other modalities that have been reported
Evoked Potentials, Auditory: the electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by acoustic stimulation or stimulation of the auditory pathways
Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem: electrical waves in the cerebral cortex generated by brain stem structures in response to auditory click stimuli. these are found to be abnormal in many patients with cerebellopontine angle lesions, multiple sclerosis, or other demyelinating diseases
Evoked Potentials, Motor: the electrical response evoked in a muscle or motor nerve by electrical or magnetic stimulation. common methods of stimulation are by transcranial electrical and transcranial magnetic stimulation. it is often used for monitoring during neurosurgery
Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory: the electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by stimulation along afferent pathways from peripheral nerves to cerebrum
Evoked Potentials, Visual: the electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by visual stimulation or stimulation of the visual pathways
Evolution, Chemical: chemical and physical transformation of the biogenic elements from their nucleosynthesis in stars to their incorporation and subsequent modification in planetary bodies and terrestrial biochemistry. it includes the mechanism of incorporation of biogenic elements into complex molecules and molecular systems, leading up to the origin of life
Evolution, Molecular: the process of cumulative change at the level of dna; rna; and proteins, over successive generations
Evropa: kontinent severně od afriky, západně od asie a východně od atlantského oceánu
Ewingův sarkom: druh zhoubného kostního nádoru. vyskytuje se obv. u dětí či mladších osob ve velkých i drobných kostech. vzniká v kostní dřeni, klasickou lokalizací je diafýza femuru nebo tibie. projevuje se bolestí, někdy zpočátku připomíná zánět vč. celkových příznaků, např. osteomyelitidu; zakládá metastázy. léčí se radioterapií, cytostatiky; přes značnou radiosenzitivitu je prognóza obv. nepříznivá. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2015 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Ex utero Intrapartum Treatment Procedures: prenatal interventions to manage fetal anomalies or fetal diseases ex utero while maintaining the uteroplacental circulation during obstetric delivery. exit procedures are divided into exit-to-airway; exit-to-ecmo; and exit-to-resection
Exaflex type O: very high viscosity putty composed of vinyl polysiloxane that is spontaneously cured afer mixing base and catalyst
Examination Questions: work consisting of compilations of questions and answers pertaining to a particular subject, used for study and review
Exanthema: diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. only the fourth (duke's disease), fifth (erythema infectiosum), and sixth (exanthema subitum) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology
Exanthema Subitum: an acute, short-lived, viral disease of infants and young children characterized by a high fever at onset that drops to normal after 3-4 days and the concomitant appearance of a macular or maculopapular rash that appears first on the trunk and then spreads to other areas. it is the sixth of the classical exanthematous diseases and is caused by hhv-6; (herpesvirus 6, human). (from dorland, 27th ed)
Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood: repetitive withdrawal of small amounts of blood and replacement with donor blood until a large proportion of the blood volume has been exchanged. used in treatment of fetal erythroblastosis, hepatic coma, sickle cell anemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, septicemia, burns, thrombotic thrombopenic purpura, and fulminant malaria
Excipients: usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form. these include binders, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc
Excision Repair: a major dna repair mechanism in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand
Excitation Contraction Coupling: a process fundamental to muscle physiology whereby an electrical stimulus or action potential triggers a myocyte to depolarize and contract. this mechanical muscle contraction response is regulated by entry of calcium ions into the cell
Excitatory Amino Acid Agents: drugs used for their actions on any aspect of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter systems. included are drugs that act on excitatory amino acid receptors, affect the life cycle of excitatory amino acid transmitters, or affect the survival of neurons using excitatory amino acids
Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists: drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors
Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists: drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1: a glial type glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein found predominately in astrocytes. it is also expressed in heart and skeletal muscle and in the placenta
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2: a glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein found in astrocytes and in the liver
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 3: a neuronal and epithelial type glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 4: a glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein that is primarily expressed in cerebellar purkinje cells on postsynaptic dendritic spines
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 5: a glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein that is primarily expressed in the retina
Excitatory Amino Acids: endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials: depolarization of membrane potentials at the synaptic membranes of target neurons during neurotransmission. excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for action potentials
Executive Function: a set of cognitive functions that controls complex, goal-directed thought and behavior. executive function involves multiple domains, such as concept formation, goal management, cognitive flexibility, inhibition control, and working memory. impaired executive function is seen in a range of disorders, e.g., schizophrenia; and adhd
Exenatide: a synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the gila monster lizard (heloderma suspectum). exenatide increases cyclic amp levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (glp-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. it is used as an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent
Exercise: physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining physical fitness or health. contrast with physical exertion which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure
Exercise Movement Techniques: methods or programs of physical activities which can be used to promote, maintain, or restore the physical and physiological well-being of an individual
Exercise Test: controlled physical activity which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used
Exercise Therapy: a regimen or plan of physical activities designed and prescribed for specific therapeutic goals. its purpose is to restore normal musculoskeletal function or to reduce pain caused by diseases or injuries
Exercise Tolerance: the exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an exercise test
Exercise-Induced Allergies: allergic reactions following a period of exercise. elevated serum histamine and tryptase levels and cutaneous mast cell degranulation are often associated with post-exertional allergic reactions which sometimes are triggered only in combination with prior consumption of a specific food such as wheat. allergic symptoms produced post-exercise range from skin eruption, asthma, bronchospasm, and anaphylaxis
Exergaming: videogaming that involves the player's whole body in physical exercises in order to play the videogames
Exfoliatins: protein exotoxins from staphylococcus aureus, phage type ii, which cause epidermal necrolysis. they are proteins with a molecular weight of 26,000 to 32,000. they cause a condition variously called scaled skin, lyell or ritter syndrome, epidermal exfoliative disease, toxic epidermal necrolysis, etc
Exfoliation Syndrome: the deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. it sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (newell, ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)
Exfoliative Ichthyosis, Autosomal Recessive, Ichthyosis Bullosa of Siemens-like: mutation in csta
Exhibitionism: a disorder in which fantasies about or the act of exposing the genitals to an unsuspecting stranger produces sexual excitement with no attempt at further sexual activity with the stranger
Exhibitions as Topic: works about discussions, descriptions or catalogs of public displays or items representative of a given subject
Exiguobacterium: a genus of gram-negative bacteria in the phylum firmicutes and the order bacillales. this genus is known for its ability to survive in a wide range of temperatures and plays a role in the diet of the mealworm
Exiguobacterium: rod grampozitivních bakterií kmene firmicutes, řádu bacillales. tento rod je známý svojí schopností přežívat při širokém spektru teplot a je součástí střevní mikroflóry larev potemníků
Existentialism: philosophy based on the analysis of the individual's existence in the world which holds that human existence cannot be completely described in scientific terms. existentialism also stresses the freedom and responsibility of the individual as well as the uniqueness of religious and ethical experiences and the analysis of subjective phenomena such as anxiety, guilt, and suffering. (apa, thesaurus of psychological index terms, 8th ed.)
Exobiology: the interdisciplinary science that studies evolutionary biology, including the origin and evolution of the major elements required for life, their processing in the interstellar medium and in protostellar systems. this field also includes the study of chemical evolution and the subsequent interactions between evolving biota and planetary evolution as well as the field of biology that deals with the study of extraterrestrial life
Exocrine Glands: glands of external secretion that release its secretions to the body's cavities, organs, or surface, through a duct
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency: a malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (lipase; proteases; and amylase) by the exocrine pancreas into the duodenum. this condition is often associated with cystic fibrosis and with chronic pancreatitis
Exocytosis: cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane
Exodeoxyribonuclease V: an atp-dependent exodeoxyribonuclease that cleaves in either the 5'- to 3'- or the 3'- to 5'-direction to yield 5'-phosphooligonucleotides. it is primarily found in bacteria
Exodeoxyribonucleases: a family of enzymes that catalyze the exonucleolytic cleavage of dna. it includes members of the class ec 3.1.11 that produce 5'-phosphomonoesters as cleavage products
Exome: that part of the genome that corresponds to the complete complement of exons of an organism or cell
Exome Sequencing: techniques used to determine the sequences of exons of an organism or individual
Exons: the parts of a transcript of a split gene remaining after the introns are removed. they are spliced together to become a messenger rna or other functional rna
Exonucleases: enzymes that catalyze the release of mononucleotides by the hydrolysis of the terminal bond of deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide chains
Exopeptidases: a sub-class of peptide hydrolases that act only near the ends of polypeptide chains
Exophiala: a normally saprophytic mitosporic chaetothyriales fungal genus. infections in humans include phaeohyphomycosis; and peritonitis. exophiala jeanselmei (previously phialophora jeanselmei) is an etiological agent of mycetoma
Exophiala: rod mitosporických hub řádu chaetothyriales. zástupci jsou saprofytní, ale také mohou vyvolat phaeohyphomykózu a peritonitidu u člověka. exophiala jeanselmei (dříve phialophora jeanselmei) je původcem mycetomu
Exophthalmos: abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye
Exoribonucleases: a family of enzymes that catalyze the exonucleolytic cleavage of rna. it includes ec 3.1.13.-, ec 3.1.14.-, ec 3.1.15.-, and ec 3.1.16.-. ec 3.1.-
Exoskeleton Device: device designed to wear externally to support muscular skeletal system in various movements such as range of motions; weight-bearing; gait; and locomotion
Exosome Multienzyme Ribonuclease Complex: an intracellular ribonucleolytic protein complex that participates in postranscriptional rna processing and rna degradation
Exosomes: a type of extracellular vesicle, containing rna and proteins, that is secreted into the extracellular space by exocytosis when multivesicular bodies fuse with the plasma membrane