NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Galactosidases: a family of galactoside hydrolases that hydrolyze compounds with an o-galactosyl linkage. ec 3.2.1.-
Galactoside 2-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase: catalyzes the transfer of l-fucose to the terminal galactose residue of glycoconjugates through an alpha-(1,2) linkage leading to h antigen synthesis
Galactosides: glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of galactose with an alcohol to form an acetal. they include both alpha- and beta-galactosides
Galactosylceramidase: an enzyme that hydrolyzes galactose from ceramide monohexosides. deficiency of this enzyme may cause globoid cell leukodystrophy (leukodystrophy, globoid cell). ec 3.2.1.46
Galactosylceramides: cerebrosides which contain as their polar head group a galactose moiety bound in glycosidic linkage to the hydroxyl group of ceramide. their accumulation in tissue, due to a defect in beta-galactosidase, is the cause of galactosylceramide lipidosis or globoid cell leukodystrophy
Galactosylgalactosylglucosylceramidase: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a ceramidetrihexoside to a ceramidedihexoside plus galactose
Galactosyltransferases: enzymes that catalyze the transfer of galactose from a nucleoside diphosphate galactose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. ec 2.4.1.-
Galagidae: a family of primates of the suborder strepsirhini containing six genera. the family is widely distributed in africa near subsaharan region. the six genera are: euoticus (needle-clawed galagos), galago (bush babies), galagoides (dwarf galagos), otolemur (greater galagos), paragalago and sciurocheirus (squirrel galagos). all are primarily arboreal and nocturnal
Galagidae: čeleď primátů z podřádu poloopic (strepsirrhini) rozšířená v oblasti subsaharské afriky. k šesti žijícím rodům patří euoticus, galago, galagoides, otolemur, paragalago a sciurocheirus. komby žijí skrytým nočním životem ve větvích stromů a keřů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Galago: a genus of the family lorisidae having four species which inhabit the forests and bush regions of africa south of the sahara and some nearby islands. the four species are g. alleni, g. crassicaudatus, g. demidovii, and g. senegalensis. there is another genus, euoticus, containing two species which some authors have included in the galago genus
Galago: rod poloopic čeledi galagonidae (kombovití), které žijí v lesích a savanách jižní afriky a na některých přilehlých ostrovech. patří sem čtyři druhy: g. gallarum, g. matschiei, g. moholi a g. senegalensis
Galanin: a neuropeptide of 29-30 amino acids depending on the species. galanin is widely distributed throughout the brain; spinal cord; and intestines. there are various subtypes of galanin receptors implicating roles of galanin in regulating food intake; pain perception; memory; and other neuroendocrine functions
Galanin-Like Peptide: a neuropeptide that is highly homologous to galanin. it is produced by proteolytic processing of a larger protein that is unrelated to prepro-galanin and preferentially binds to galanin-2 receptor
Galantamine: a benzazepine derived from norbelladine. it is found in galanthus and other amaryllidaceae. it is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of gallamine triethiodide and tubocurarine and has been studied as a treatment for alzheimer disease and other central nervous system disorders
Galanthus: a plant genus in the family amaryllidaceae. galanthus nivalis l. is the source of galanthamine
Galaxies: large aggregates of celestial stars; cosmic dust; and gas. (from mcgraw hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Galectin 1: a galectin found abundantly in smooth muscle (muscle, smooth) and skeletal muscle and many other tissues. it occurs as a homodimer with two 14-kda subunits
Galectin 2: a galectin found preferentially expressed in the gastrointestinal tract. the protein occurs as a homodimer with two 14-kda subunits
Galectin 3: a multifunctional galactin initially discovered as a macrophage antigen that binds to immunoglobulin e, and as 29-35-kda lectin that binds laminin. it is involved in a variety of biological events including interactions with galactose-containing glycoconjugates, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis
Galectin 4: a galectin found in the small and large intestine and the stomach. it occurs as a homodimer with two 36-kda subunits and is localized to sites of cell adhesion where it may play role in assembly of adherens junctions
Galectins: a class of animal lectins that bind specifically to beta-galactoside in a calcium-independent manner. members of this class are distiguished from other lectins by the presence of a conserved carbohydrate recognition domain. the majority of proteins in this class bind to sugar molecules in a sulfhydryl-dependent manner and are often referred to as s-type lectins, however this property is not required for membership in this class
Galega: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that contains galegine (guanidines). most of the other species have been reclassified to tephrosia; a few to astragalus plant; and indigofera
Galega: rod rostlin z čeledi fabaceae (bobovité), který obsahuje guanidin galegin (toxický alkaloid). mnoho z ostatních druhů bylo překlasifikováno do rodu tephrosia, několik do rodu astragalus a indigofera
Gallamine Triethiodide: a synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. the actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of tubocurarine, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. it should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1992, p198)
Gallbladder: a storage reservoir for bile secretion. gallbladder allows the delivery of bile acids at a high concentration and in a controlled manner, via the cystic duct to the duodenum, for degradation of dietary lipid
Gallbladder Diseases: diseases of the gallbladder. they generally involve the impairment of bile flow, gallstones in the biliary tract, infections, neoplasms, or other diseases
Gallbladder Emptying: a process whereby bile is delivered from the gallbladder into the duodenum. the emptying is caused by both contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter mechanism at the choledochal terminus
Gallbladder Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the gallbladder
Gallic Acid: a colorless or slightly yellow crystalline compound obtained from nutgalls. it is used in photography, pharmaceuticals, and as an analytical reagent
Galliformes: an order of heavy-bodied, largely terrestrial birds including pheasants, turkeys, grouse, quail, and chickens
Galliformes: řád velkých ptáků, většinou suchozemských. zahrnuje bažanty, krocany, tetřevy, křepelky a kur domácí
Gallionellaceae: a family of gram-negative bacteria in the order nitrosomonadales, class betaproteobacteria. it contains a single genus gallionella
Gallionellaceae: čeleď gramnegativních bakterií řádu nitrosomonadales, třídy betaproteobacteria. zahrnuje jediný rod gallionella
Gallium: a rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72
Gallium Isotopes: stable gallium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element gallium, but differ in atomic weight. ga-71 is a stable gallium isotope
Gallium Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of gallium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. ga atoms with atomic weights 63-68, 70 and 72-76 are radioactive gallium isotopes
Gallo-Merz: combination of above cpds in prepartion for gallbladder disease therapy
Gallopamil: coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (verapamil) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring
Gallstones: solid crystalline precipitates in the biliary tract, usually formed in the gallbladder, resulting in the condition of cholelithiasis. gallstones, derived from the bile, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin
Galphimia: a plant genus of the family malpighiaceae. g. glauca is the source of 'galphimia glauca extract' and contains 'galphimine b' and tetragalloylquinic acid
Galphimia: rod rostlin čeledi malpighiaceae. rostliny druhu g. glauca obsahují galfimin b a kyselinu tetragalloylchininovou
Galvanic Skin Response: a change in electrical resistance of the skin, occurring in emotion and in certain other conditions
Gambia: a republic in western africa, constituting an enclave within senegal extending on both sides of the gambia river. its capital is banjul, formerly bathurst
Gambie: přímořský stát v západní africe, rozlohou nejmenší na africkém kontinentu. leží při pobřeží atlantského oceánu. jediným sousedem gambie je senegal. hlavní město je banjul, největšími městy jsou ale serekunda a brikama. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Gambling: an activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money
Game Friedman Paradice syndrome: retarded growth, hydrocephalus, micrognathia, intestinal malrotation, omphalocele, short lower limbs and foot deformities
Game Theory: theoretical construct used in applied mathematics to analyze certain situations in which there is an interplay between parties that may have similar, opposed, or mixed interests. in a typical game, decision-making players, who each have their own goals, try to gain advantage over the other parties by anticipating each other's decisions; the game is finally resolved as a consequence of the players' decisions
Games, Recreational: activity typically involving several individuals for the purpose of leisure, amusement, entertainment or pleasure
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer: a technique that came into use in the mid-1980's for assisted conception in infertile women with normal fallopian tubes. the protocol consists of hormonal stimulation of the ovaries, followed by laparoscopic follicular aspiration of oocytes, and then the transfer of sperm and oocytes by catheterization into the fallopian tubes
Gametogenesis: the process of germ cell development from the primordial germ cells to the mature haploid gametes: ova in the female (oogenesis) or sperm in the male (spermatogenesis)
Gametogenesis, Plant: the process of germ cell development in plants, from the primordial plant germ cells to the mature haploid plant gametes
Gamification: application of game mechanics to non-game contexts to engage audiences and to inject some entertainment into mundane activities besides generating motivational and cognitive benefits
Gamma Cameras: electronic instruments that produce photographs or cathode-ray tube images of the gamma-ray emissions from organs containing radionuclide tracers
Gamma Rays: penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted from atomic nuclei during nuclear decay. the range of wavelengths of emitted radiation is between 0.1 - 100 pm which overlaps the shorter, more energetic hard x-rays wavelengths. the distinction between gamma rays and x-rays is based on their radiation source
Gamma Rhythm: brain waves characterized by a relatively high voltage or amplitude and a frequency of approximately 30-100 hz. they are primarily observed during network engagement and sensory processing activities, during both waking and sleeping states
Gamma Secretase Inhibitors and Modulators: agents that suppress gamma-secretase by inhibiting or modulating its activities. targeted enzymatic activities include its involvement in accumulation of toxic amyloid beta-peptides (e.g., aβ42) in alzheimer disease and activation of notch receptor mediated signal pathways in certain cancer types
Gamma-Glutamylcysteine Synthetase Deficiency, Hemolytic Anemia due to: mutation in gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase
Gammacoronavirus: a genus of the family coronaviridae that causes respiratory or gastrointestinal disease in avian species (or birds). the type species, avian coronavirus, includes the previously separate species turkey coronavirus; and infectious bronchitis virus
Gammacoronavirus: rod virů čeledi coronaviridae, které způsobují respirační nebo gastrointestinální onemocnění u ptactva. typovým druhem je ptačí koronavirus, který zahrnuje dříve samostatné druhy: krůtí koronavirus a virus ptačí infekční bronchitidy
Gammaherpesvirinae: a subfamily of herpesviridae characterized by variable reproductive cycles. the genera include: lymphocryptovirus and rhadinovirus
Gammaherpesvirinae: podčeleď čeledi herpesviridae, charakterizovaná různými reprodukčními cykly. patří sem rody lymphocryptovirus a rhadinovirus
Gammainfluenzavirus: a genus of the family orthomyxoviridae comprising viruses similar to types a and b but less common, more stable, more homogeneous, and lacking the neuraminidase protein. they have not been associated with epidemics but may cause mild influenza. influenza c virus is the type species
Gammapapillomavirus: a genus of dna viruses in the family papillomaviridae, which cause cutaneous lesions in humans. they are histologically distinguishable by intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies which are species specific
Gammapapillomavirus: rod dna virů čeledi papillomaviridae, které způsobují kožní léze u člověka. jsou histologicky rozlišitelné podle druhově specifických cytoplazmatických inkluzních tělísek
Gammaproteobacteria: a group of the proteobacteria comprised of facultatively anaerobic and fermentative gram-negative bacteria
Gammaproteobacteria: skupina gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních a fermentativních bakterií kmene proteobacteria
Gammaretrovirus: a genus of retroviridae comprising endogenous sequences in mammals, related reticuloendotheliosis viruses, avian, and a reptilian virus. many species contain oncogenes and cause leukemias and sarcomas
Gammaretrovirus: rod virů čeledi retroviridae. zahrnuje endogenní sekvence v buňkách savců a exogenní retroviry způsobující různé sarkomy, leukemie a imunodeficience u savců, plazů a ptáků. (upraveno podle wikipedia 2021 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)
Ganciclovir: an acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. ganciclovir is used to treat complications from aids-associated cytomegalovirus infections
Ganglia: clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system
Ganglia, Autonomic: clusters of neurons and their processes in the autonomic nervous system. in the autonomic ganglia, the preganglionic fibers from the central nervous system synapse onto the neurons whose axons are the postganglionic fibers innervating target organs. the ganglia also contain intrinsic neurons and supporting cells and preganglionic fibers passing through to other ganglia
Ganglia, Invertebrate: clusters of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates. invertebrate ganglia may also contain neuronal processes and non-neuronal supporting cells. many invertebrate ganglia are favorable subjects for research because they have small numbers of functional neuronal types which can be identified from one animal to another
Ganglia, Parasympathetic: ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system, including the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia in the cranial region and intrinsic (terminal) ganglia associated with target organs in the thorax and abdomen
Ganglia, Sensory: clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons. sensory ganglia may also have intrinsic interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells
Ganglia, Spinal: sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. the spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. the single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain
Ganglia, Sympathetic: ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system including the paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia. among these are the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia
Ganglioglioma: rare indolent tumors comprised of neoplastic glial and neuronal cells which occur primarily in children and young adults. benign lesions tend to be associated with long survival unless the tumor degenerates into a histologically malignant form. they tend to occur in the optic nerve and white matter of the brain and spinal cord
Ganglion Cysts: nodular tumor-like lesions or mucoid flesh, arising from tendon sheaths, ligaments, or joint capsule, especially of the hands, wrists, or feet. they are not true cysts as they lack epithelial wall. they are distinguished from synovial cysts by the lack of communication with a joint cavity or the synovial membrane
Ganglionectomy: removal of an autonomic or sensory ganglion by any means
Ganglioneuroblastoma: a moderately malignant neoplasm composed of primitive neuroectodermal cells dispersed in myxomatous or fibrous stroma intermixed with mature ganglion cells. it may undergo transformation into a neuroblastoma. it arises from the sympathetic trunk or less frequently from the adrenal medulla, cerebral cortex, and other locations. cervical ganglioneuroblastomas may be associated with horner syndrome and the tumor may occasionally secrete vasoactive intestinal peptide, resulting in chronic diarrhea
Ganglioneuroma: a benign neoplasm that usually arises from the sympathetic trunk in the mediastinum. histologic features include spindle cell proliferation (resembling a neurofibroma) and the presence of large ganglion cells. the tumor may present clinically with horner syndrome or diarrhea due to ectopic production of vasoactive intestinal peptide. (from devita et al., cancer: principles and practice of oncology, 5th ed, p966)
Ganglionic Blockers: agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. they may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery
Ganglionic Eminence: a transitory embryonic structure that appears during the 5th week post-fertilization. the ganglionic eminence plays an important in the development of the nervous system by guiding tangential cell and axon migration during embryonic development and give rise to basal ganglia and cortical gabaergic and thalamic and olfactory interneurons
Ganglionic Stimulants: agents that mimic neural transmission by stimulation of the nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. drugs that indirectly augment ganglionic transmission by increasing the release or slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine or by non-nicotinic effects on postganglionic neurons are not included here nor are the nonspecific cholinergic agonists
Ganglioside Galactosyltransferase: catalyzes the final step in the galactocerebroside biosynthesis pathway
Gangliosides: a subclass of acidic glycosphingolipids. they contain one or more sialic acid (n-acetylneuraminic acid) residues. using the svennerholm system of abbrevations, gangliosides are designated g for ganglioside, plus subscript m, d, or t for mono-, di-, or trisialo, respectively, the subscript letter being followed by a subscript arabic numeral to indicated sequence of migration in thin-layer chromatograms. (from oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology, 1997)
Gangliosidoses: a group of autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorders marked by the accumulation of gangliosides. they are caused by impaired enzymes or defective cofactors required for normal ganglioside degradation in the lysosomes. gangliosidoses are classified by the specific ganglioside accumulated in the defective degradation pathway
Gangliosidoses, GM2: a group of recessively inherited diseases characterized by the intralysosomal accumulation of g(m2) ganglioside in the neuronal cells. subtypes include mutations of enzymes in the beta-n-acetylhexosaminidases system or g(m2) activator protein leading to disruption of normal degradation of gangliosides, a subclass of acidic glycosphingolipids
Gangliosidosis, GM1: an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the absence or deficiency of beta-galactosidase. it is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of g(m1) ganglioside and oligosaccharides, primarily in neurons of the central nervous system. the infantile form is characterized by muscle hypotonia, poor psychomotor development, hirsutism, hepatosplenomegaly, and facial abnormalities. the juvenile form features hyperacusis; seizures; and psychomotor retardation. the adult form features progressive dementia; ataxia; and muscle spasticity. (from menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, pp96-7)
Gangliosidosis, Generalized GM1, Late-Infantile Type: mutation in beta-galactosidase-1
Gangliosidosis, Generalized GM1, Type I, with Cardiac Involvement: mutation in beta-galactosidase-1
Ganoderma: a genus of fungi in the family ganodermataceae, order polyporales, containing a dimitic hyphal system. it causes a white rot and is a wood decomposer. ganoderma lucidum (reishi) is used in traditional chinese medicine (medicine, chinese traditional)
Ganoderma: rod hub čeledi ganodermataceae, řádu polyporales. má dimitický hyfový systém. způsobuje bílou rez a rozklad dřeva. ganoderma lucidum (reishi) se používá v tradiční čínské medicíně
Gap Junction alpha-4 Protein: a gap junction alpha subunit containing four transmembrane domains expressed in the adipose cells and myocardium. mutations in the human gene gja4 are risk factors for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction
Gap Junction alpha-5 Protein: a gap junction alpha subunit containing four transmembrane domains expressed in the atrial myocardium and ventricular heart conduction system including purkinje fibers. mutations in the human gene gja5 are associated with cardiac conduction abnormalities such as a familial atrial fibrillation
Gap Junction beta-1 Protein: a gap junction beta subunit containing four transmembrane domains expressed in myelinating schwann cells and is localized to peripheral myelin (e.g., noncompact myelin in the paranode and schmitt-lanterman incisures). mutations in the human gene gjb1 are associated with x-linked charcot-marie-tooth disease type 1 (cmt1x)
Gap Junction delta-2 Protein: a gap junction delta subunit containing four transmembrane domains expressed in the pancreatic beta cells, retinal cone photoreceptor cells, hippocampal interneurons, and dendrites in the olivary nucleus and thalamic nuclei
Gap Junctions: connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. the variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions
Garbage: discarded animal and vegetable matter from a kitchen or the refuse from food preparation. (from random house college dictionary, 1982)
Garcinia: rod rostlin z čeledi clusiaceae. zástupci obsahují xanthony
Garcinia cambogia: a plant species of the family clusiaceae. it is a source of hydroxycitric acid
Garcinia cambogia: druh keře z čeledi clusiaceae. je zdrojem kyseliny hydroxycitronové
Garcinia kola: a plant species of the family clusiaceae. the common name of 'bitter kola' is sometimes also used to refer to cola
Garcinia mangostana: a plant genus of the family clusiaceae. it is the source of the mangosteen fruit
Garcinia mangostana: druh rostliny čeledi clusiaceae s jedlými plody
Gardenia: a plant genus of the family rubiaceae. members contain genepin, from which geniposide is obtained for use as a crosslinking agent in adhesives, and 3-caffeoyl-4-sinapoylquinic acid
Gardenia: rod rostlin čeledi rubiaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují iridoidní glykosidy, zejména geniposid, genipin, gardenosid a kyselinu geniposidovou. ve stoncích a kořenech je obsažen také stigmasterol, d-mannitol a kyselina oleanolová. v listech je přítomen cerbinal, látka s antimykotickým působením. latex z gardenia gummifera obsahuje flavony, mj. gardenin, de-me-tangeretin a nevadensin, dále wogoniny, isoscutellarein, apigenin a de-meo-sudachitin. podobné látky obsahuje také latex g. resinifera. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Gardening: cultivation of plants; (fruit; vegetables; medicinal herbs) on small plots of ground or in containers
Gardner Syndrome: a variant of adenomatous polyposis coli caused by mutation in the apc gene (genes, apc) on chromosome 5. it is characterized by not only the presence of multiple colonic polyposis but also extracolonic adenomatous polyps in the upper gastrointestinal tract; the eye; the skin; the skull; and the facial bones; as well as malignancy in organs other than the gi tract
Gardner-Diamond syndrome: unexplained, multiple painful small purple bruises that occur on the arms, legs, or face, typically in caucasian women with mental illness or who are under emotional stress
Gardnerella: a genus of bacteria found in the human genital and urinary tract. it is considered to be a major cause of bacterial vaginosis (vaginosis, bacterial)
Gardnerella: rod bakterií, které se vyskytují v urogenitálním traktu člověka. tyto organismy se považují za hlavní původce bakteriální vaginózy
Gardnerella vaginalis: a species in the genus gardnerella previously classified as haemophilus vaginalis. this bacterium, also isolated from the female genital tract of healthy women, is implicated in the cause of bacterial vaginosis (vaginosis, bacterial)
Gardnerella vaginalis: druh bakterie rodu gardnerella, dříve klasifikované jako haemophilus vaginalis. běžně se vyskytuje v genitálním traktu zdravých žen a podílí se na vzniku bakteriální vaginózy
Gardnerův syndrom: dědičné onemocnění charakterizované četnými polypy v tlustém střevě (polypóza) s vysokým rizikem zhoubného zvratu. dále bývají přítomny změny na kostech, kůži, nezhoubné nádory pojiva atd. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Garlic: a species of allium used as a spice (spices) and traditional remedy. it contains alliin lyase and alliin, which is converted by alliin lyase to allicin, the pungent ingredient responsible for the aroma of fresh cut garlic
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: a microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds
Gas Gangrene: a severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. the infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus clostridium. c. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while c. noyvi, c. septicum, and c. histolyticum cause most of the other cases
Gas Poisoning: poisoning that results from exposure to gases such as carbon monoxide; noble gases; oxygen; or natural gas
Gas Scavengers: apparatus for removing exhaled or leaked anesthetic gases or other volatile agents, thus reducing the exposure of operating room personnel to such agents, as well as preventing the buildup of potentially explosive mixtures in operating rooms or laboratories
Gasdermins: a family of pore-forming effector proteins that cause membrane permeabilization and pyroptosis.. gasdermin-induced pyroptosis plays a prominent role in many hereditary diseases and autoinflammatory disorders as well as in cancer
Gases: the vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Gaslighting: form of emotional or psychological abuse where an individual (or a group) makes someone question their perceptions of reality-including their memories, their thoughts, and the events taking place around them. it often exploits "gender-based stereotypes and structural and institutional inequalities
Gasoline: volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc
Gasotransmitters: endogenously produced lipid-soluble gaseous molecules which function as neurotransmitters and signal mediators targeting ion channels and transporters
Gastrectomy: excision of the whole (total gastrectomy) or part (subtotal gastrectomy, partial gastrectomy, gastric resection) of the stomach. (dorland, 28th ed)
Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia: a distinct vascular lesion in the pyloric antrum that is characterized by tortuous dilated blood vessels (ectasia) radiating outward from the pylorus. the vessel pattern resembles the stripes on the surface of a watermelon. this lesion causes both acute and chronic gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Gastric Artery: any of several branches of the splenic artery distributed to the greater curvature of the stomach
Gastric Balloon: an inflatable device implanted in the stomach as an adjunct to therapy of morbid obesity. specific types include the silicone garren-edwards gastric bubble (gegb), approved by the fda in 1985, and the ballobes balloon
Gastric Bypass: surgical procedure in which the stomach is transected high on the body. the resulting small proximal gastric pouch is joined to any parts of the small intestine by an end-to-side surgical anastomosis, depending on the amounts of intestinal surface being bypasses. this procedure is used frequently in the treatment of morbid obesity by limiting the size of functional stomach, food intake, and food absorption
Gastric Dilatation: abnormal distention of the stomach due to accumulation of gastric contents that may reach 10 to 15 liters. gastric dilatation may be the result of gastric outlet obstruction; ileus; gastroparesis; or denervation
Gastric Fundus: the superior portion of the body of the stomach above the level of the cardiac notch
Gastric Hypothermia: a method of lowering core body temperature by filling the stomach with chilled fluids
Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide: a gastrointestinal peptide hormone of about 43-amino acids. it is found to be a potent stimulator of insulin secretion and a relatively poor inhibitor of gastric acid secretion
Gastric Juice: the liquid secretion of the stomach mucosa consisting of hydrochloric acid (gastric acid); pepsinogens; intrinsic factor; gastrin; mucus; and the bicarbonate ion (bicarbonates). (from best & taylor's physiological basis of medical practice, 12th ed, p651)
Gastric Lavage: medical procedure involving the emptying of contents in the stomach through the use of a tube inserted through the nose or mouth. it is performed to remove poisons or relieve pressure due to intestinal blockages or during surgery
Gastric Mucins: mucins that are found on the surface of the gastric epithelium. they play a role in protecting the epithelial layer from mechanical and chemical damage
Gastric Mucosa: lining of the stomach, consisting of an inner epithelium, a middle lamina propria, and an outer muscularis mucosae. the surface cells produce mucus that protects the stomach from attack by digestive acid and enzymes. when the epithelium invaginates into the lamina propria at various region of the stomach (cardia; gastric fundus; and pylorus), different tubular gastric glands are formed. these glands consist of cells that secrete mucus, enzymes, hydrochloric acid, or hormones
Gastric Outlet Obstruction: the hindering of output from the stomach into the small intestine. this obstruction may be of mechanical or functional origin such as edema from peptic ulcer; neoplasms; foreign bodies; or aging
Gastric Stump: that portion of the stomach remaining after gastric surgery, usually gastrectomy or gastroenterostomy for cancer of the stomach or peptic ulcer. it is a common site of cancer referred to as stump cancer or carcinoma of the gastric stump
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate gastric acid secretion and motor function. once released from nerves in the antrum of the stomach, the neuropeptide stimulates release of gastrin from the gastrin-secreting cells
Gastrin-Secreting Cells: endocrine cells which secrete gastrin, a peptide that induces gastric acid secretion. they are found predominantly in the gastric glands of pyloric antrum in the stomach, but can also be found in the duodenum, nervous and other tissues
Gastrinoma: a gastrin-secreting neuroendocrine tumor of the non-beta islet cells, the gastrin-secreting cells. this type of tumor is primarily located in the pancreas or the duodenum. majority of gastrinomas are malignant. they metastasize to the liver; lymph nodes; and bone but rarely elsewhere. the presence of gastrinoma is one of three requirements to be met for identification of zollinger-ellison syndrome, which sometimes occurs in families with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1; (men 1)
Gastrins: a family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of gastric juice. they may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters
Gastritis: inflammation of the gastric mucosa, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders
Gastritis, Atrophic: gastritis with atrophy of the gastric mucosa, the gastric parietal cells, and the mucosal glands leading to achlorhydria. atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis
Gastritis, Hypertrophic: gastritis with hypertrophy of the gastric mucosa. it is characterized by giant gastric folds, diminished acid secretion, excessive mucus secretion, and hypoproteinemia. symptoms include vomiting; diarrhea; and weight loss
Gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor: a heterogeneous group of tumors that originate in neuroendocrine cells of the embryologic gut; typically the gastric mucosa, small or large intestines, rectum, and pancreas
Gastrocutaneous syndrome: peptic ulcer/hiatal hernia, multiple lentigines/cafe-au-lait spots, hypertelorism, myopia
Gastrodia: a plant genus of the family orchidaceae which depends on the fungus armillaria mellea to complete its life cycle. it is an ingredient of zhenxuanyin (drugs, chinese herbal)
Gastrodia: rod rostlin čeledi orchidaceae, jehož životní cyklus závisí na soužití s houbou armillaria mellea. je součástí léčivých bylinných směsí (léky rostlinné čínské)
Gastroenteritis: inflammation of any segment of the gastrointestinal tract from esophagus to rectum. causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, hypersensitivity, drug effects, and cancer
Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine: a condition of chronic gastroenteritis in adult pigs and fatal gastroenteritis in piglets caused by a coronavirus
Gastroenterology: a subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas)
Gastroenterostomy: a variety of surgical reconstructive procedures devised to restore gastrointestinal continuity, the two major classes of reconstruction are the billroth i (gastroduodenostomy) and billroth ii (gastrojejunostomy) procedures
Gastroepiploic Artery: abdominal artery that follows the curvature of the stomach. the right gastroepiploic artery is frequently used in coronary artery bypass grafting; myocardial revascularization, and other vascular reconstruction
Gastroesophageal Reflux: retrograde flow of gastric juice (gastric acid) and/or duodenal contents (bile acids; pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter
Gastrointestinal Absorption: uptake of substances via the gastrointestinal tract
Gastrointestinal Agents: drugs used for their effects on the gastrointestinal system, as to control gastric acidity, regulate gastrointestinal motility and water flow, and improve digestion
Gastrointestinal Contents: the contents included in all or any segment of the gastrointestinal tract
Gastrointestinal Diseases: diseases in any segment of the gastrointestinal tract from esophagus to rectum
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage: bleeding in any segment of the gastrointestinal tract from esophagus to rectum
Gastrointestinal Hormones: hormones secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs
Gastrointestinal Microbiome: all of the microbial organisms that naturally exist within the gastrointestinal tract
Gastrointestinal Motility: the motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract
Gastrointestinal Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the anal canal
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: all tumors in the gastrointestinal tract arising from mesenchymal cells (mesoderm) except those of smooth muscle cells (leiomyoma) or schwann cells (schwannoma)
Gastrointestinal Tract: generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the mouth to anus, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (liver; biliary tract; pancreas)
Gastrointestinal Transit: passage of food (sometimes in the form of a test meal) through the gastrointestinal tract as measured in minutes or hours. the rate of passage through the intestine is an indicator of small bowel function
Gastrointestinal anthrax: anthrax infection of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acquired from the consumption of raw or undercooked meat from an infected animal
Gastroparesis: chronic delayed gastric emptying. gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of stomach muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus
Gastroplasty: surgical procedures involving the stomach and sometimes the lower esophagus to correct anatomical defects, or to treat morbid obesity by reducing the size of the stomach. there are several subtypes of bariatric gastroplasty, such as vertical banded gastroplasty, silicone ring vertical gastroplasty, and horizontal banded gastroplasty
Gastropoda: a class in the phylum mollusca comprised of snails and slugs. the former have coiled external shells and the latter usually lack shells
Gastroschisis: a congenital defect with major fissure in the abdominal wall lateral to, but not at, the umbilicus. this results in the extrusion of viscera. unlike omphalocele, herniated structures in gastroschisis are not covered by a sac or peritoneum
Gastrostomy: creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression
Gastrula: the developmental stage that follows blastula or blastocyst. it is characterized by the morphogenetic cell movements including invagination, ingression, and involution. gastrulation begins with the formation of the primitive streak, and ends with the formation of three germ layers, the body plan of the mature organism
Gastrulation: a process of complicated morphogenetic cell movements that reorganizes a bilayer embryo into one with three germ layers and specific orientation (dorsal/ventral; anterior/posterior). gastrulation describes the germ layer development of a non-mammalian blastula or that of a mammalian blastocyst
Gated Blood-Pool Imaging: radionuclide ventriculography where scintigraphic data is acquired during repeated cardiac cycles at specific times in the cycle, using an electrocardiographic synchronizer or gating device. analysis of right ventricular function is difficult with this technique; that is best evaluated by first-pass ventriculography (ventriculography, first-pass)
Gatekeeping: the controlling of access to health services, usually by primary care providers; often used in managed care settings to reduce utilization of expensive services and reduce referrals. (from bioethics thesaurus, 1999)
Gatifloxacin: a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and dna topoisomerase ii inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis
Gaucher Disease: an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (glucosylceramidase) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. the characteristic gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled histiocytes, displace normal cells in bone marrow and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. there are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement
Gaucher Disease, Perinatal Lethal: mutation in glucocerebrosidase
Gaucherova nemoc: hereditární onemocnění metabolismu lipidů, spočívající v deficitu beta-glukosidázy. dědičnost je autozomálně recesivní (lokus 1q21-q31). nejč. se vyskytuje u židovské populace (incidence až 1:500 narozených dětí). u chronické formy onemocnění dochází k ukládání glukocerebrosidů ve slezině a v kostní dřeni, nemoc se projeví anemií, leukopenií, trombocytopenií. selhání kostní dřeně se může manifestovat záhy po narození nebo v průběhu několika desítek let života. infantilní forma onemocnění postihuje cns, splenomegalie je vždy přítomna. juvenilní forma se manifestuje v druhé dekádě života neurologickou symptomatologií (ataxie, myoklonus, oftalmoplegie, demence). infantilní a juvenilní formy mají nepříznivou prognózu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2014 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Gaultheria: a plant genus of the family ericaceae. the common name of wintergreen is also used for pyrola and snowberry is also used for symphoricarpos
Gaylussacia baccata: několik rostlinných druhů z rodu vaccinium (brusnice), které mají jedlé bobule
Geese: any of various large waterfowl in the order anseriformes, especially those of the genera anser (gray geese) and branta (black geese). they are larger than ducks but smaller than swans, prefer fresh water, and occur primarily in the northern hemisphere
Gefarnate: a water insoluble terpene fatty acid used in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers; it facilitates the healing and function of mucosal tissue
Gefitinib: a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) that is used for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer
Geigeria: a plant genus of the family asteraceae that causes vermeersiekte poisoning of sheep in south africa. members contain dihydrogriesenin and ivalin (sesquiterpene lactones)
Geigeria: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae, který se vyskytuje v jižní africe a může tam být příčinou otravy ovcí. zástupci obsahují dihydrogriesenin a ivalin (cytotoxické seskviterpenové laktony)
Gel Tears acrylic resin: ocular lubricant high viscosity carboxypolymethylene gel of synthetic high mw cross-linked acrylic acid polymers
Gelastypt M: used for filling periodontal bone pockets; contains rivanol, an anti-infective agent
Gelatin: a product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. it is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories
Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable: sterile, gelatin-base surgical sponge applied topically as an adjunct to hemostasis when the control of bleeding by conventional procedures is ineffective to reduce capillary ooze or is impractical. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1994, p797)
Gelatinases: a class of enzymes that catalyzes the degradation of gelatin by acting on the peptide bonds. ec 3.4.24.-
Gels: colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquefies; the resulting colloid is called a sol
Gelsemium: a plant genus of the family loganiaceae (classified by some botanists as gelsemiaceae). the sometimes used common name of trumpet flower is also used for datura
Gelsemium: rod rostlin čeledi gelsemiaceae (jasmínovcovité). v dřívějších systémech byl součástí čeledi logániovité (loganiaceae)
Gelsolin: a 90-kda protein produced by macrophages that severs actin filaments and forms a cap on the newly exposed filament end. gelsolin is activated by calcium ions and participates in the assembly and disassembly of actin, thereby increasing the motility of some cells
Gemcitabine: a deoxycytidine antimetabolite used as an antineoplastic agent
Gemella: a genus that has been reclassified into bacillales incertae sedis because of its ambiguous taxonomy. previously it was considered part of the staphylococcaceae family
Gemella: rod bakterií, který byl pro svou nejednoznačnou taxonomii reklasifikovaný do skupiny bacillales incertae sedis. dříve byl součástí čeledi staphylococcaceae
Gemfibrozil: a lipid-regulating agent that lowers elevated serum lipids primarily by decreasing serum triglycerides with a variable reduction in total cholesterol
Gemifloxacin: a naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and dna topoisomerase ii inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis
Gemini of Coiled Bodies: small, punctate nuclear structures found in close proximity to coiled bodies. they are enriched with smn complex proteins and may play a role in the processing of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
Geminin: geminin inhibits dna replication by preventing the incorporation of mcm complex into pre-replication complex. it is absent during g1 phase of the cell cycle and accumulates through s, g2,and m phases. it is degraded at the metaphase-anaphase transition by the anaphase-promoting complex-cyclosome
Geminiviridae: a family of plant viruses where the virion possesses an unusual morphology consisting of a pair of isometric particles. transmission occurs via leafhoppers or whitefly. some viruses cause economically important diseases in cultivated plants. there are four genera: mastrevirus, curtovirus, topocuvirus, and begomovirus
Geminiviridae: čeleď rostlinných dna virů. morfologie jejich virionu je neobvyklá, tvoří jej dvojice izometrických částic. tyto viry jsou přenášeny hmyzem čeledi cicadellidae nebo aleyrodidae. některé způsobují ekonomicky významné choroby zemědělských plodin. patří sem čtyři rody: mastrevirus, curtovirus, topocuvirus a begomovirus
Gemtuzumab: immunotoxin that consists of an anti-cd33 (cd33 antigen) monoclonal antibody conjugated to calicheamicin. it is used for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia
Gender Dysphoria: a marked difference between the individual's expressed/experienced gender and the gender others would assign to the individual, and it must continue for at least six months. (from dsm-5)
Gender Equity: fairness of treatment for men and women according to their respective needs. this may include equal treatment or treatment that is different but which is considered equivalent in terms of rights, benefits, obligations, and opportunities. (united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization)
Gender Identity: a person's concept of self as being male and masculine or female and feminine, or ambivalent, based in part on physical characteristics, parental responses, and psychological and social pressures. it is the internal experience of gender role
Gender Role: social role encompassing a range of behaviors and attitudes that are considered acceptable based on person's biological sex
Gender-Affirming Care: a supportive healthcare, consisting of medical, surgical, mental health, and non-medical services for transgender persons and gender-nonconforming persons. medical and psychosocial gender affirming healthcare practices may lower rates of adverse mental health outcomes, build self esteem, and improve overall quality of life for transgender and gender diverse youth (https://opa.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/2022-03/gender-affirming-care-young-people-march-2022.pdf)
Gender-Affirming Procedures: clinical treatments used to change the physiological sexual characteristics of an individual
Gender-Affirming Surgery: surgical procedure(s) by which a person's physical appearance and functional abilities are changed to align with their identified gender