NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Xenopsylla: a genus of fleas in the family pulicidae which includes the species that serves as the primary vector of bubonic plague, xenopsylla cheopis
Xenopsylla: rod blech čeledi pulicidae zahrnující blechu morovou (xenopsylla cheopis), která je primárním vektorem moru
Xenopus: an aquatic genus of the family, pipidae, occurring in africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes
Xenopus: vodní rod čeledi pipidae s výskytem v africe. příslušníci tohoto rodu mají na třech vnitřních prstech zadních nohou černě zbarvené rohovité drápky
Xenopus Proteins: proteins obtained from various species of xenopus. included here are proteins from the african clawed frog (xenopus laevis). many of these proteins have been the subject of scientific investigations in the area of morphogenesis and development
Xenopus laevis: nejrozšířenější druh drápatek v africe. často se používá pro výzkumné účely. významná populace těchto žab vznikla z uniklých laboratorních zvířat v kalifornii
Xenopus laevis: the commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed frog (xenopus) in africa. this species is used extensively in research. there is now a significant population in california derived from escaped laboratory animals
Xenorhabdus: a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped cells which are motile by peritrichous flagella. late in the growth cycle, spheroplasts or coccoid bodies occur, resulting from disintegration of the cell wall. the natural habitat is the intestinal lumen of certain nematodes. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Xenorhabdus: rod gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které se pohybují pomocí peritrichních bičíků. v pozdní fázi buněčného cyklu vznikají sféroplasty nebo kokoidní tělíska jako následek rozpadu buněčné stěny. přirozeným habitatem je střevo některých druhů hlístic
Xenotropic and Polytropic Retrovirus Receptor: a cell surface receptor involved in g-protein recruitment and g-protein-coupled signal transduction. the receptor also plays a role in phosphate homeostasis
Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus: an endogenous gammaretrovirus from the germ line of mice but isolated from humans. it has close similarity to xenotropic murine leukemia virus
Xerocytosis, hereditary: an autosomal dominant hemolytic anemia characterized by primary erythrocyte dehydration. patients typically exhibit mild to moderate compensated hemolytic anemia, with an increased erythrocyte mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and decreased osmotic fragility. hydrops fetalis and pseudohyperkalemia of erythrocytes may also be present, along with complications such as splenomegaly and cholelithiasis. mutations in the piezo1 gene have been identified. omim: 194380
Xeroderma Pigmentosum: a rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. it is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ultraviolet rays as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged dna
Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group A Protein: a zinc finger motif protein that recognizes and interacts with damaged dna. it is a dna-binding protein that plays an essential role in nucleotide excision repair. mutations in this protein are associated with the most severe form of xeroderma pigmentosum
Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein: a dna helicase that is a component of transcription factor tfiih. it plays an essential role in nucleotide excision repair, and mutations in this protein are associated with xeroderma pigmentosum
Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Complementation Group B: mutation in ercc3 excision repair gene, which is also found in cockayne syndrome
Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Complementation Group C: mutation in xpc gene
Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Complementation Group E: mutation in ddb2
Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Complementation Group G: mutation in ercc5
Xerophthalmia: dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. it may be associated with vitamin a deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely
Xeroradiography: a photoelectric method of recording an x-ray image on a coated metal plate, using low-energy photon beams, long exposure time and dry chemical developers
Xeros mouthwash: a mouthwash consisting of betaine, sodium fluoride, and hydroxyethylcellulose
Xestospongia: a genus of sponges in the family petrosiidae, characterized by an ectosomal skeleton consisting only of an isotropic reticulation of single spicules or spicule tracts
Xestospongia: rod živočišných hub čeledi petrosiidae s kostrou tvořenou izotropní sítí jehlic
Xipamide: a sulfamoylbenzamide analog of clopamide. it is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. it is bound to plasma proteins, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action
Xipapillomavirus: a genus of dna viruses in the family papillomaviridae, causing cutaneous or mucosal papillomas in cattle
Xipapillomavirus: rod dna virů čeledi papillomaviridae, které způsobují kožní nebo slizniční papilomy u skotu
Xiphoid Bone: the smallest and most inferior triangular protrusion of the sternum or breastbone that extends into the center of the ribcage
Xylan Endo-1,3-beta-Xylosidase: a xylosidase that catalyses the random hydrolysis of 1,3-beta-d-xylosidic linkages in 1,3-beta-d-xylans
Xylariales: an order of ascomycetous fungi which includes many economically important plant parasites as well as saprophytes
Xylariales: řád vřeckovýtrusných hub, do kterého patří řada hospodářsky významných parazitů rostlin a také saprofytů
Xylazine: an adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in veterinary medicine
Xylella: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria, in the family xanthomonadaceae. it is found in the xylem of plant tissue
Xylella: rod gramnegativních, aerobních bakterií čeledi xanthomonadaceae. žije v xylému rostlin
Xylem: plant tissue that carries water up the root and stem. xylem cell walls derive most of their strength from lignin. the vessels are similar to phloem sieve tubes but lack companion cells and do not have perforated sides and pores
Xylenes: a family of isomeric, colorless aromatic hydrocarbon liquids, that contain the general formula c6h4(ch3)2. they are produced by the destructive distillation of coal or by the catalytic reforming of petroleum naphthenic fractions. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 5th ed)
Xylitol: a five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group. it is as sweet as sucrose and used as a noncariogenic sweetener
Xylophilus: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic betaproteobacteria in the order burkholderiales that is a known cause of diseases in plants
Xylophilus: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, fytopatogenních betaproteobakterií řádu burkholderiales
Xylopia: rod rostlin čeledi annonaceae. zástupci obsahují diterpeny
Xylosidases: a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of alpha- or beta-xylosidic linkages. ec 3.2.1.8 catalyzes the endo-hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-d-xylosidic linkages; ec 3.2.1.32 catalyzes the endo-hydrolysis of 1,3-beta-d-xylosidic linkages; ec 3.2.1.37 catalyzes the exo-hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-d-linkages from the non-reducing termini of xylans; and ec 3.2.1.72 catalyzes the exo-hydrolysis of 1,3-beta-d-linkages from the non-reducing termini of xylans. other xylosidases have been identified that catalyze the hydrolysis of alpha-xylosidic bonds
Y Chromosome: the male sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and none of the female gametes in humans and in some other male-heterogametic species in which the homologue of the x chromosome has been retained
Y-Box-Binding Protein 1: a ccaat-enhancer-binding protein that was originally identified as interacting with y-box promoter regions of mhc class ii genes. it is a highly conserved transcription factor that regulates expression of a wide variety of genes
Y3N-C80PCBM: phenyl-c80-butyric acid methyl ester yttrium fulleroid
YAP-Signaling Proteins: signal transducing adaptor proteins that were initially identified by their association with yes proto-oncogene protein. they are downstream components of the hippo-signaling pathway, and act as transcriptional co-activators for tead transcription factors
YY1 Transcription Factor: a ubiquitously expressed zinc finger-containing protein that acts both as a repressor and activator of transcription. it interacts with key regulatory proteins such as tata-binding protein; tfiib; and adenovirus e1a proteins
YZ-50 extract: an antidepressive agent prepared from polygala tenuifolia
Yaba monkey tumor virus: the type species of yatapoxvirus, a tumor-producing dna virus discovered in monkeys in yaba, nigeria. it has been found to produce histiocytomas in monkeys and humans
Yang Deficiency: in the yin-yang system of philosophy and medicine, a lack of vital energy (called yangxu in chinese). it manifests itself in various systemic and organic diseases. (the pinyin chinese-english dictionary, 1979)
Yao syndrome: autoinflammatory syndrome characterized by periodic fever; dermatitis; arthritis, and swelling (edema) of distal extremities, as well as gastrointestinal and sicca syndrome like symptoms. it is associated with variants in the nod2 gene. blau syndrome is an allelic disorder to yao syndrome. omim: 617321
Yarrowia: a genus of ascomycetous yeast in the family dipodascaceae, order saccharomycetales
Yarrowia: rod vřeckovýtrusných kvasinek čeledi dipodascaceae, řádu saccharomycetales
Yatapoxvirus: a genus of the family poxviridae, subfamily chordopoxvirinae, causing tumors in primates. the type species is yaba monkey tumor virus
Yatapoxvirus: rod virů čeledi poxviridae, podčeledi chondropoxvirinae, které způsobují nádory u primátů. typovým druhem je virus yaba
Yawning: an involuntary deep inhalation with the mouth open, often accompanied by the act of stretching
Yaws: a systemic non-venereal infection of the tropics caused by treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue
Yeast, Dried: the dry cells of any suitable strain of saccharomyces cerevisiae or candida. it can be obtained as a by-product from the brewing of beer or by growing on media not suitable for beer production. dried yeast serves as a source of protein and vitamin b complex
Yeasts: a general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. brewers' and bakers' yeasts are saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is yeast, dried
Yellow Fever: an acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera aedes and haemagogus. the severe form is characterized by fever, hemolytic jaundice, and renal damage
Yellow Fever Vaccine: vaccine used to prevent yellow fever. it consists of a live attenuated 17d strain of the yellow fever virus
Yellow Nail Syndrome: a rare condition characterized by the presence of yellow nails, lymphedema, and/or pleural effusion with respiratory tract involvement. abnormal lymphatic network may play a role in its etiology. occasionally inherited, yellow nail syndrome mostly is sporadic without apparent family history
Yellow fever virus: the type species of the flavivirus genus. principal vector transmission to humans is by aedes spp. mosquitoes
Yemen: a country in the middle east, bordering the arabian sea, gulf of aden, and red sea, between oman and saudi arabia. the capital is sanaa
Yersinia: a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod- to coccobacillus-shaped bacteria that occurs in a broad spectrum of habitats
Yersinia: rod gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních bakterií tyčinkovitého až kokoidního tvaru. žijí v různorodém prostředí
Yersinia enterocolitica: a species of the genus yersinia, isolated from both man and animal. it is a frequent cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in children
Yersinia enterocolitica: druh bakterie rodu yersinia, izolované z člověka i z živočichů. je častým původcem bakteriální gastroenteritidy u dětí
Yersinia pestis: etiologické agens moru lidí, krys, zemních veverek a dalších hlodavců
Yersinia pestis: the etiologic agent of plague in man, rats, ground squirrels, and other rodents
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis: a human and animal pathogen causing mesenteric lymphadenitis, diarrhea, and bacteremia
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis: patogen lidí i zvířat, způsobuje mezenteriální lymfadenitidu, průjem a bakteriemii
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infections: infections with bacteria of the species yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Yersinia ruckeri: a species of gram-negative bacteria responsible for red mouth disease in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the bacteria is a natural component of fresh water ecosystems in the united states and canada
Yersinia ruckeri: druh gramnegativní bakterie, která způsobuje bakteriální hemoragickou septikémii lososovitých ryb. bakterie je přirozenou součástí sladkovodních ekosystémů ve spojených státech amerických a v kanadě
Yin Deficiency: in the yin-yang system of philosophy and medicine, an insufficiency of body fluid (called yinxu), manifesting often as irritability, thirst, constipation, etc. (the pinyin chinese-english dictionary, 1979)
Yin-Yang: in chinese philosophy and religion, two principles, one negative, dark, and feminine (yin) and one positive, bright, and masculine (yang), from whose interaction all things are produced and all things are dissolved. as a concept the two polar elements referred originally to the shady and sunny sides of a valley or a hill but it developed into the relationship of any contrasting pair: those specified above (female-male, etc.) as well as cold-hot, wet-dry, weak-strong, etc. it is not a distinct system of thought by itself but permeates chinese life and thought. a balance of yin and yang is essential to health. a deficiency of either principle can manifest as disease. (encyclopedia americana)
Yoga: a major orthodox system of hindu philosophy based on sankhya (metaphysical dualism) but differing from it in being theistic and characterized by the teaching of raja-yoga as a practical method of liberating the self. it includes a system of exercises for attaining bodily or mental control and well-being with liberation of the self and union with the universal spirit. (from webster, 3d ed)
Yogurt: a slightly acid milk food produced by fermentation due to the combined action of lactobacillus acidophilus and streptococcus thermophilus
Yohimbine: a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of erectile dysfunction
Yolk Sac: the first of four extra-embryonic membranes to form during embryogenesis. in reptiles and birds, it arises from endoderm and mesoderm to incorporate the egg yolk into the digestive tract for nourishing the embryo. in placental mammals, its nutritional function is vestigial; however, it is the source of intestinal mucosa; blood cells; and germ cells. it is sometimes called the vitelline sac, which should not be confused with the vitelline membrane of the egg
Yorifuji Okuno syndrome: congenital pancreatic hypoplasia with diabetes mellitus and congenital heart disease
Ytterbium: an element of the rare earth family of metals. it has the atomic symbol yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source
Yttrium: an element of the rare earth family of metals. it has the atomic symbol y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. in conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (yag) lasers
Yttrium Isotopes: stable yttrium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element yttrium, but differ in atomic weight. y-89 is the only naturally occurring stable isotope of yttrium
Yttrium Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes
Yucca: a genus (and common name) in the asparagaceae family. it is known for saponins in the root that are used in soaps
Yucca: rod rostlin čeledi asparagaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují ve svých kořenech saponiny
Yugoslavia: created as the kingdom of serbs, croats, and slovenes in 1918. yugoslavia became the official name in 1929. bosnia-herzegovina; croatia; and slovenia formed independent countries 7 april 1992. macedonia became independent 8 february 1994 as the former yugoslav republic of macedonia (macedonia republic)
Yukon Territory: a territory of northwest canada, bounded on the north by the arctic ocean, on the south by british columbia, and on the west by alaska. its capital is whitehorse. it takes its name from the yukon river, the indian yu-kun-ah, meaning big river. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p1367 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p608)
Yukonské teritorium: teritorium na severozápadě kanady. na východě sousedí se severozápadními teritorii, na jihu s britskou kolumbií a na západě s aljaškou (usa). jeho hlavním městem je whitehorse. teritorium je pojmenováno po řece yukon. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Yusho Disease: dermal and ocular lesions, irregular menstrual cycles and altered immune responses
Z-DNA: levotočivá dvoušroubovice dna. je pojmenována podle své úzké klikaté struktury, která je nejméně točitou a nejtenčí formou dna. oblasti genomu tvořené z-dna mohou hrát důležitou úlohu v regulaci genové exprese
Z-RNA: levotočivá struktura dvouvláknové rna, která je svou strukturou podobná z-dna
Z100 composite resin: used in the restoration of smooth-surface enamel hypoplasia lesions
ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: a protein tyrosine kinase that is required for t-cell development and t-cell antigen receptor function
ZIP1 protein, Glycine max: a zinc transport protein expressed in the peribacteroid membrane of nitrogen-fixing root nodules; genbank ay029321
ZK61 magnesium alloy: containing 5.21% of zn and 0.34% of zr
Zakavkazsko: oblast evropy, která zahrnuje arménii, ázerbajdžán a gruzínskou republiku
Zalcitabine: a dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. this modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. the compound is a potent inhibitor of hiv replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral dna by binding to reverse transcriptase. its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy
Zambia: a republic in southern africa, south of democratic republic of the congo and tanzania, and north of zimbabwe. its capital is lusaka. it was formerly called northern rhodesia
Zambie: vnitrozemský stát jižní afriky. jejími sousedy jsou demokratická republika kongo, tanzanie, malawi, mosambik, zimbabwe, botswana, namibie a angola. hlavním městem je lusaka. v koloniálním období patřila do britského protektorátu severní rhodésie. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Zamiaceae: a plant family of the order cycadales, class cycadopsida, division cycadophyta
Zamiaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu cycadales, třídy cycadopsida, oddělení cycadophyta
Zanamivir: a guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit neuraminidase
Zantedeschia: a plant genus of the family araceae. the common name of calla lily or callalily also refers to the calla genus (calla plant)
Zanthoxylum: a plant genus of the family rutaceae. some members of zanthoxylum are reclassified from eleutherococcus, melicope, and evodia. the twigs are used as dental brushing sticks (toothbrushing). most plants that are called fagara have been reclassified as zanthoxylum, however some fagara were reclassified to melicope (also in the rutacea family) or to gleditsia (a genus in the fabaceae family)
Zanthoxylum: rod rostlin čeledi rutaceae. některé druhy sem byly přeřazeny z čeledí eleutherococcus, melicope a evodia. větvičky se používají při čištění zubů. většina zástupců rodu fagara byla reklasifikovaná a spadá do rodu zanthoxylum, některé druhy byly ale přeřazeny do rodu melicope (čeleď rutacea) nebo gleditsia (čeleď fabaceae)
Zea mays: a plant species of the family poaceae. it is a tall grass grown for its edible grain, corn, used as food and animal fodder
Zearalenone: (s-(e))-3,4,5,6,8,10-hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1h-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8h)-dione. one of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus gibberella zeae (formerly fusarium graminearum). they have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes
Zeatin: an aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (grant & hackh's chemical dict, 5th ed)
Zeaxanthins: carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. zeaxanthin accumulates in the macula lutea
Zebrafish: an exotic species of the family cyprinidae, originally from asia, that has been introduced in north america. zebrafish is a model organism for drug assay and cancer research
Zebrafish Proteins: proteins obtained from the zebrafish. many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (embryology)
Zein: a group of alcohol-soluble seed storage proteins from the endosperm of corn
Zellweger Syndrome: an autosomal recessive disorder due to defects in peroxisome biogenesis which involves more than 13 genes encoding peroxin proteins of the peroxisomal membrane and matrix. zellweger syndrome is typically seen in the neonatal period with features such as dysmorphic skull; muscle hypotonia; sensorineural hearing loss; visual compromise; seizures; progressive degeneration of the kidneys and the liver. zellweger-like syndrome refers to phenotypes resembling the neonatal zellweger syndrome but seen in children or adults with apparently intact peroxisome biogenesis
Zellwegerův syndrom: vrozená progresivní encefalopatie s autozomálně recesivní dědičností, způsobená redukcí nebo deficitem peroxizomálních enzymů (peroxizomální nemoc s poruchou metabolismu velmi dlouhých řetězců mastných kyselin). incidence je 1:25-500000 narozených dětí. onemocnění je patrné již při narození (dysmorfie obličeje). projeví se těžkou hypotonií, hepatomegalií (spolu s prolongovanou novorozeneckou žloutenkou), bilaterální kataraktou, nystagmem a atrofií optiku, cystickou dysplazií ledvin. generalizované křeče se objeví v průběhu kojeneckého věku spolu se ztrátou sluchu. děti umírají kolem 1. roku života. syn. cerebrohepatorenální syndrom (zkr. chrs). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Země (planeta): třetí planeta sluneční soustavy se střední vzdáleností od slunce asi 1 au, zároveň největší terestrická planeta v soustavě. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Zendium Saliva: contains antimicrobial proteins from bovine colostrum and commercial products comprising such bovine lysozyme and lactoferrin; may also contain whey extract
Zenker Diverticulum: a diverticulum at the upper end of the esophagus through the cricopharyngeal muscle at the junction of the pharynx and the esophagus
Zenkerův divertikl: divertikl na zadní stěně hltanu v oblasti přechodu do jícnu (faryngoezofageální). je-li velký, způsobuje dysfagii a regurgitaci potravy. vzniká zřejmě v souvislosti s narušenou hybností svalů hltanu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2015 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Zeolites: zeolites. a group of crystalline, hydrated alkali-aluminum silicates. they occur naturally in sedimentary and volcanic rocks, altered basalts, ores, and clay deposits. some 40 known zeolite minerals and a great number of synthetic zeolites are available commercially. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Zerres Rietschel Majewski syndrome: postnatal short stature, microcephaly, severe syndactyly of hands and feet, dysmorphic face, and mental retardation
Zidovudine: a dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. this modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. the compound is a potent inhibitor of hiv replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral dna during reverse transcription. it improves immunologic function, partially reverses the hiv-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with aids. its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia
Zigadenus: a plant genus of the family melanthiaceae that is fatally toxic to grazing animals. the name is similar to another plant genus camassia
Zigadenus: rod rostlin čeledi melanthiaceae (kýchavicovité), který je prudce jedovatý pro zvířata na pastvě
Zika Virus: an arbovirus in the flavivirus genus of the family flaviviridae. originally isolated in the zika forest of uganda it has been introduced to asia and the americas
Zika Virus Infection: a viral disease transmitted by the bite of aedes mosquitoes infected with zika virus. its mild dengue-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and arthralgia. the viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called congenital zika syndrome, including microcephaly and may also lead to guillain-barre syndrome
Zimbabwe: a republic in southern africa, east of zambia and botswana and west of mozambique. its capital is harare. it was formerly called rhodesia and southern rhodesia
Zimbabwe: vnitrozemský stát na jihovýchodě afriky. sousedí na severozápadě se zambií, na východě s mosambikem, na jihu s jihoafrickou republikou a na jihozápadě s botswanou. 18. dubna 1980 obyvatelé získali nezávislost na spojeném království. hlavním městem je harare. v koloniální minulosti byla tato země nazývána jižní rhodesie, nebo také republika rhodesie či zimbabwe rhodesie. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Zimeldine: one of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in september 1983 because of the risk of guillain-barre syndrome associated with its use. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)
Zimmerman Laband syndrome: fibromatosis gingival, with abnormal fingers, fingernails, nose and ears, and splenomegaly; fibromatosis gingival, hepatosplenomegaly other anomalies
Zinc: a metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. it is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. zinc deficiency is associated with anemia, short stature, hypogonadism, impaired wound healing, and geophagia. it is known by the symbol zn
Zinc Acetate: a salt produced by the reaction of zinc oxide with acetic acid and used as an astringent, styptic, and emetic
Zinc Finger E-box Binding Homeobox 2: a transcription factor that consists of 8 cys2-his2 zinc fingers flanking a central homeobox. it binds to the 5'-cacct-3' dna sequence located within e-box elements of many genes essential for embryonic growth and development and regulates their activity; it represses transcription of the e-cadherin gene. mutations in the zeb2 gene are associated with mowat-wilson syndrome
Zinc Finger E-box-Binding Homeobox 1: a transcription factor characterized by n-terminal and c-terminal cys2-his2 zinc fingers separated by a homeobox. it represses the expression of e-cadherin to induce the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. it also represses proto-oncogene proteins c-bcl-6; regulates the cell type-specific expression of sodium-potassium-exchanging atpase; and promotes neuronal differentiation
Zinc Finger Nucleases: genetically engineered nucleases that cleave dna at a defined distance from specific dna sequences recognized by zinc finger dna-binding domains. they are composed of a dna cleaving domain adapted from dna endonucleases fused to a zinc finger dna-binding domain
Zinc Finger Protein GLI1: a transcriptional activator and oncogene protein that contains two cys2-his2 zinc fingers. two isoforms are expressed; both regulate the expression of specific genes during development of craniofacial features, digits, the central nervous system; and the gastrointestinal tract. they also regulate sonic hedgehog protein signaling and cell proliferation
Zinc Finger Protein Gli2: a transcriptional activator that contains five adjacent cys2-his2 zinc fingers. it functions in the hedgehog signaling pathway and is required for normal embryonic development. mutations in the gli2 gene are associated with type 9 holoprosencephaly and type 2 pallister-hall syndrome
Zinc Finger Protein Gli3: a zinc finger transcription factor that contains five cys2-his2 zinc fingers and binds to the gli consensus sequence 5'-gggtggtc-3'. the full-length protein functions as a transcriptional activator whereas the truncated c-terminal form functions as a transcriptional repressor of the sonic hedgehog (shh) signaling pathway; a balance between these two forms is critical for limb and digit development. gli3 also plays a critical role in the differentiation and proliferation of chondrocytes
Zinc Fingers: motifs in dna- and rna-binding proteins whose amino acids are folded into a single structural unit around a zinc atom. in the classic zinc finger, one zinc atom is bound to two cysteines and two histidines. in between the cysteines and histidines are 12 residues which form a dna binding fingertip. by variations in the composition of the sequences in the fingertip and the number and spacing of tandem repeats of the motif, zinc fingers can form a large number of different sequence specific binding sites
Zinc Isotopes: stable zinc atoms that have the same atomic number as the element zinc, but differ in atomic weight. zn-66-68, and 70 are stable zinc isotopes
Zinc Oxide: a mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. it is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock
Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement: used as a dental cement this is mainly zinc oxide (with strengtheners and accelerators) and eugenol. (boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed, p50)
Zinc Phosphate Cement: a material used for cementation of inlays, crowns, bridges, and orthodontic appliances and occasionally as a temporary restoration. it is prepared by mixing zinc oxide and magnesium oxide powders with a liquid consisting principally of phosphoric acid, water, and buffers. (from bouchers' clinical dental terminology, 3d ed)
Zinc Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of zinc that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. zn atoms with atomic weights 60-63, 65, 69, 71, and 72 are radioactive zinc isotopes
Zinc Sulfate: a compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (reynolds jef(ed): martindale: the extra pharmacopoeia (electronic version). micromedex, inc, englewood, co, 1995)
Zinc Transporter 8: a zinc efflux transporter highly expressed by islet cells of the pancreas. it functions in the accumulation of zinc in intracellular vesicles and may be involved in insulin maturation and storage processes. variations in the slc30a8 gene are associated with susceptibility to diabetes mellitus, type 2
Zineb: an agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. it has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure
Zingiber officinale: deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). it is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically
Zingiberaceae: a plant family of the order zingiberales, subclass zingiberidae, class liliopsida. it includes plants which have both flavoring and medicinal properties such as ginger; turmeric (curcuma), and cardamom (elettaria)
Zingiberales: an order of herbaceous tropical perennials which include the banana (musaceae) and ginger (zingiberaceae) family
Zinostatin: an enediyne that alkylates dna and rna like mitomycin does, so it is cytotoxic
Ziram: an industrial fungicide with low mammalian toxicity, although it does possess an irritant capacity for skin and mucous membranes
Zirconium: a rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol zr
Ziziphus: a plant genus of the family rhamnaceae. members contain nummularogenin (a spirostane) and is the source of an edible fruit
Ziziphus: rod rostlin čeledi rhamnaceae (řešetlákovité). zástupci obsahují spirostan nummularogenin a jsou zdrojem jedlých plodů (jujuba)
Zn-Alpha-2-Glycoprotein: a soluble protein that stimulates lipolysis in adipocytes and causes the extensive fat losses associated with some advanced cancers
Zn-alfa-2-glykoprotein: rozpustný protein, který stimuluje lipolýzu v adipocytech a způsobuje značný úbytek tuku v souvislosti s pokročilým stadiem určitých typů nádorů
Zolazepam: a pyrazolodiazepinone with pharmacological actions similar to anti-anxiety agents. it is commonly used in combination with tiletamine to obtain immobilization and anesthesia in animals
Zoledronic Acid: an imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of bone resorption that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related hypercalcemia; osteitis deformans; and osteoporosis
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome: a syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe peptic ulcer, hypersecretion of gastric acid, and gastrin-producing tumors of the pancreas or other tissue (gastrinoma). this syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
Zollingerův-Ellisonův syndrom: onemocnění způsobené nadměrnou produkcí gastrinu obv. z nádoru (gastrinomu) ve slinivce břišní. způsobuje hyperaciditu žaludku s opakovanou tvorbou peptických vředů zejm. v oblasti duodena, s průjmy a s poruchami trávení. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Zolpidem: an imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting gaba-a receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of insomnia
Zona Fasciculata: the wide middle zone of the adrenal cortex. this zone produces a series of enzymes that convert pregnenolone to cortisol (hydrocortisone) via 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
Zona Glomerulosa: the narrow subcapsular outer zone of the adrenal cortex. this zone produces a series of enzymes that convert pregnenolone to aldosterone. the final steps involve three successive oxidations by cytochrome p-450 cyp11b2
Zona Incerta: a region of the subthalamus located ventral to the thalamus and dorsal to the subthalamic nucleus
Zona Pellucida: a tough transparent membrane surrounding the ovum. it is penetrated by the sperm during fertilization
Zona Pellucida Glycoproteins: membrane glycoproteins that constitute the zona pellucida in mammals and function in the recognition and binding of spermatozoa
Zona Reticularis: the inner zone of the adrenal cortex. this zone produces the enzymes that convert pregnenolone, a 21-carbon steroid, to 19-carbon steroids (dehydroepiandrosterone; and androstenedione) via 17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone
Zonisamide: a benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a calcium channel blocker. it is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of partial seizures, with or without secondary generalization
Zonula Occludens Proteins: a family of proteins that play a role in tight junction formation by binding to and anchoring proteins to the actin cytoskeleton
Zonula Occludens-1 Protein: a 195-kda zonula occludens protein with similarity to membrane-associated guanylate kinases. it is distinguished by the presence of a zu5 domain at the c-terminal of the molecule
Zonula Occludens-2 Protein: a zonula occludens protein subtype found in epithelial cell junctions. several isoforms of zonula occludens-2 protein exist due to use of alternative promoter regions and alternative mrna splicings
Zoogloea: a genus of rhodocyclaceae occurring as rod-shaped cells embedded in a gelatinous matrix. it includes z. filipendula
Zoogloea: rod tyčinkovitých bakterií čeledi rhodocyclaceae. na želatinových matricích vytváří charakteristické útvary připomínající tvar stromů nebo prstů. patří sem z. filipendula
Zoology: the study of animals - their morphology, growth, distribution, classification, and behavior
Zoonoses: diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to humans or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals
Zori Stalker Williams syndrome: familial short stature, developmental delay, pectus abnormalities, distinctive facies, and dysplastic nails
Zoster Sine Herpete: herpes zoster but without eruption of vesicles. patients exhibit the characteristic pain minus the skin rash, sometimes making diagnosis difficult
Zosteraceae: a plant family of the order najadales, subclass alismatidae, class liliopsida (monocotyledons). this is a group of perennial aquatic herbs with basal leaves
Zosteraceae: čeleď jednoděložných rostlin z řádu alismatales - žabníkotvaré. jedná se o vytrvalé (vzácně jednoleté) mořské rostliny (tzv. "mořské trávy") s oddenky, koření ve dně a rostou celé pod vodou. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Zoxazolamine: a uricosuric and muscle relaxant. zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood
Zuclomiphene: the cis or (z)-isomer of clomiphene
Zygapophyseal Joint: the joint that occurs between facets of the interior and superior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae
Zygnematales: an order of freshwater algae possessing unbranched filaments. sexual reproduction takes place via conjugation
Zygnematales: řád sladkovodních řas. parafyletická skupina zahrnující jednobuněčné i mnohobuněčné vláknité zástupce. pohlavní rozmnožování probíhá procesem konjugace (spájení)
Zygoma: either of a pair of bones that form the prominent part of the cheek and contribute to the orbit on each side of the skull
Zygomycosis: infection in humans and animals caused by fungi in the class zygomycetes. it includes mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis. the latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order entomophthorales. phycomycosis, closely related to zygomycosis, describes infection with members of phycomycetes, an obsolete classification
Zygophyllaceae: a plant family of the order sapindales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida which is a small family of small trees and shrubs growing in arid and warm regions
Zygophyllaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu zygophyllales (kacibotvaré). jsou to byliny i dřeviny, vesměs se vstřícnými složenými listy a pravidelnými nebo lehce dvoustranně souměrnými květy. čeleď je rozšířena po celém světě, od tropů po teplé oblasti mírného pásu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Zygophyllum: a plant genus of the family zygophyllaceae. members contain saponins
Zygophyllum: rod rostlin čeledi zygophyllaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují saponiny
Zygosaccharomyces: a genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family saccharomycetaceae, order saccharomycetales
Zygosaccharomyces: rod vřeckovýtrusných hub čeledi saccharomycetaceae, řádu saccharomycetales
Zygote: the fertilized ovum resulting from the fusion of a male and a female gamete
Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer: a technique in assisted reproduction (reproductive techniques, assisted) consisting of hormonal stimulation of the ovaries, follicular aspiration of preovulatory oocytes, in-vitro fertilization, and intrafallopian transfer of zygotes at the pronuclear stage (before cleavage)
Zymomonas: a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is not known to be pathogenic for man, animals, or plants. its organisms are spoilers for beers and ciders and in sweet english ciders they are the causative agents of a secondary fermentation known as cider sickness. the species z. mobilis is used for experiments in molecular genetic studies
Zymomonas: rod gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií. patogenita pro člověka, zvířata nebo rostliny není známa. tyto organismy jsou původci kažení piva a moštů, u sladkých anglických moštů způsobují sekundární fermentaci. druh z. mobilis se používá pro experimenty v oblasti molekulární genetiky
Zyxin: a zinc-binding phosphoprotein that concentrates at focal adhesions and along the actin cytoskeleton. zyxin has an n-terminal proline-rich domain and three lim domains in its c-terminal half
Západní Austrálie: největší australský spolkový stát, rozkládající se v západní třetině austrálie. stát hraničí na východě s jižní austrálií a severním teritoriem, na jihu, západě a severu je omýván vodami indického oceánu. metropolí západní austrálie je perth (v roce 1829 založený jako trestanecká kolonie). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Západní Virginie: hraničí na východě a jihovýchodě s virginií, na jihozápadě s kentucky, na severozápadě s ohiem a na severu a severovýchodě s pensylvánií a marylandem. hlavní měsro je charleston
Západoafričané: lidé původem ze západní afriky (západní části subsaharské afriky) nebo obyvatelé této oblasti, kam patří benin, burkina faso, kapverdy, pobřeží slonoviny, gambie, ghana, guinea, guinea-bissau, libérie, mali, mauretánie, niger, nigérie, senegal, sierra leone a togo
Západoindické souostroví: západní indie je subregion severní ameriky, obklopený severním atlantickým oceánem a karibským mořem, který zahrnuje 13 nezávislých ostrovních zemí a 18 závislých území a další území ve třech hlavních souostrovích: velké antily, malé antily a lucayské souostroví (někdy též bahamské souostroví). subregion zahrnuje všechny ostrovy v antilách plus bahamy a ostrovy turks a caicos, které se nacházejí v severním atlantském oceánu. v současné době je termín západní indie často zaměnitelný s pojmem karibik, i když ten může také zahrnovat některé středoamerické a jihoamerické pevninské země s karibským pobřežím, jako je belize, guyana, surinam a francouzská guyana a atlantické ostrovní státy trinidad a tobago a bermudy, z nichž oba jsou geograficky odlišné od tří hlavních ostrovních skupin, ale kulturně příbuzné. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
abatacept: abatacept je molekula ctla4 fúzovaná s částí fc imunoglobulinu igg1. blokuje kostimulační signál mezi antigen prezentující buňkou a t-lymfocytem a zabraňuje aktivaci, proliferaci, diferenciaci a přežívání t-lymfocytů, čímž tlumí zánětlivý pochod u onemocnění, ve kterých t-lymfocyty hrají důležitou úlohu, jako je např. revmatoidní artritida
abciximab: abciximab je jeden z intravenózních inhibitorů gp iib/iiia. je to fragment monoklonální protilátky s vysokou vazebnou kapacitou na gp iib/iiia receptor (v aktivním i inaktivním stavu receptoru), váže se také na receptor pro vitronectin (αvβ3) a mac-1. pokles antitrombotického efektu začíná v období 24-48 hodin po podání. kromě přímého protidestičkového působení má abciximab také efekt antikoagulační, pravděpodobně útlumem tvorby trombinu. (cit. aschermann, m., linhart, a., řezníček, v., nováčková, k.: použití inhibitorů destičkových glykoproteinových receptorů iib/iiia v kardiologii. interní medicína pro praxi 2001, 6, s. 250-254.)
abdominoplastika: plastická operace prováděná k odstranění povislé kůže břicha a povolené břišní stěny (nejč. po těhotenství nebo výrazném zhubnutí), popř. abdominální panikulitidy. a. je operací nejenom estetickou, ale řeší i funkční nedostatky břišní stěny, tj. diastázu přímých břišních svalů. operační řez je veden těsně nad pubickým ochlupením v celé šíři mezi oběma kyčelními kostmi. operace zahrnuje odstranění přebytečné povislé kůže, přesazení pupku do nové pozice, zpevnění břišní stěny sešitím rozestouplých přímých břišních svalů a je-li to nutné, i zeslabení podkožní tukové vrstvy. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2019 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
abdominální fibromatóza: poměrně velké množství neobvykle pevné pojivové tkáně vznikající aktivním zapojením fibroblastů. vyskytuje se nejčastěji v břišních svalech žen po porodu. fibroblasty infiltrují do okolních svalů a vazivové tkáně
abdominální hernie: vytlačení některého z břišních orgánů z jeho přirozeného místa v břišní dutině, výchlipka nástěnné pobřišnice štěrbinou či otvorem (kýlní branka). výchlipka peritonea tvoří kýlní vak, obsahující břišní orgán(y). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2015 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
abdominální obezita: stav nadbytku tuku v oblasti břicha. abdominální obezita je definovaná jako obvod pasu 80 cm a více pro ženy a 94 cm a více pro muže. abdominální obezita zvyšuje riziko vzniku onemocnění jako je např. diabetes, hypertenze a metabolický syndrom
aberace pohlavních chromozomů: abnormální počet nebo struktura pohlavních chromozomů. některé z těchto aberací souvisí s poruchami pohlavních chromozomů a poruchami pohlavního vývoje spojenými s poruchami pohlavních chromozomů
aberantní krypty: shluky střevních krypt, které se po obarvení jeví odlišně od okolní sliznice při vizualizici. jedná se o domnělé prekurzory kolorektálního adenomu a potenciální biomarkery kolorektálního karcinomu
aberantní motorické chování u demence: aberantní (odchylné) pohybové chování vedoucí k nevhodným nebo bezúčelným činnostem u lidí s demencí. aberantní motorické chování u lidí s demencí zahrnuje agresi, agitovanost, odmítání péče a bloudění
aberometrie: použití aberometru za účelem změření nedokonalostí oční tkáně nebo abnormalit. metoda je založená na tom, jak světlo prochází okem, což ovlivňuje schopnost oka normálně zaostřit
abetalipoproteinemie: autozomálně recesivní porucha metabolismu lipidů. je způsobená mutací genu pro mikrozomální transportní protein, který katalyzuje transport lipidů (triglyceridů, esterů cholesterolu, fosfolipidů) a je nutný pro sekreci beta-lipoproteinů (ldl). k význačným projevům nemoci patří malabsorpce tuků střevy, velmi nízká hladina sérového cholesterolu a téměř chybějící ldl
abirateron: derivát androstenu, který inhibuje steroid 17-alfa-hydroxylázu a je používán jako antitumorózní látka při léčbě metastatického kastračně rezistentního karcinomu prostaty
abisib: extract from coniferous needles of siberian fir, abies siberica
ablace: 1. snesení, odnětí. odstranění části těla či tkáně. druh chirurgického výkonu. a. nehtu, a. prsu (mastektomie). kromě chirurgické a. se provádí a. nehtu chemická (např. 40%ní močovinou). srov. amputace 2. řidč. ubývání hmoty (zejm. z povrchu tělesa) způsobené různými (zejm. fyzikálními) procesy. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
ablace vodní párou: neinvazivní technika ablace zbytnělé prostatické tkáně používaná k léčbě benigní hyperplazie prostaty. technologie spočívá v aplikaci sterilní vodní páry do určité (tzv. přechodové) zóny prostaty, kde dojde k destrukci hyperplastické (zbytnělé) tkáně a eliminaci jejích buněk
abnormalities: used with organs for congenital defects producing changes in the morphology of the organ. it is used also for abnormalities in animals
abnormality: užij u orgánů pro vrozené defekty způsobující změny v morfologii orgánu; užij také pro abnormality u zvířat
abnormality dýchací soustavy: vrozené strukturální abnormality dýchacího systému
abnormality lymfatického systému: vrozené nebo získané strukturní abnormality lymfatického systému (lymfoidní tkáně) včetně lymfatických cév
abnormality očí: vrozené absence nebo defekty očních struktur; mohou být též dědičné
abnormality trávicího systému: vrozené strukturální abnormality trávicího systému
abnormality vyvolané léky: vrozené vady způsobené léčivými látkami nebo drogami, které užívala matka nebo kterým byla nechtěně vystavena během jejich výroby. nepatří sem abnormality vyvolané expozicí neléčivým chemikáliím z prostředí
abnormality vyvolané zářením: vrozené změny v morfologii orgánů vzniklé po expozici ionizujícímu nebo neionizujícímu záření
abnormality zubů: vrozená absence zubů nebo vady struktur zubů
abnormality ústního a čelistního systému: vrozené strukturální abnormality úst a čelistí, včetně chrupu
abnormality čelisti: vrozená absence nebo defekty ve strukturách čelisti
abnormální erytrocyty: červené krvinky v krvi savců, které jsou abnormální svojí strukturou nebo funkcí
abnormální karyotyp: odchylka od normálního souboru chromozomů, který je charakteristický pro daný druh
abnormální reflex: abnormální reakce na stimul působící na smyslová čidla nervového systému. může mít formu zvýšených či snížených reflexů nebo jejich absence