NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Eriobotrya: rod dřevin čeledi rosaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují triterpeny. eriobotrya japonica (lokvát japonský) a eriobotrya deflexa se pěstují pro ovoce
Eriocaulaceae: a plant family of the order commelinales, subclass commelinidae, class liliopsida (monocotyledons)
Eriocaulaceae: čeleď jednoděložných rostlin z řádu lipnicotvaré (poales). starší taxonomické systémy ji často řadily do samostatného řádu eriocaulales. jsou to vytrvalé byliny s přízemními růžicemi listů. jsou to bahenní nebo terestrické rostliny. je známo asi 10 rodů a asi 1160 druhů, které jsou rozšířeny hlavně v tropech většiny světa, ale místy přesahují až do mírného pásu. v evropě roste ve velké británii a irsku vlnohlávka eriocaulon aquaticum. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Eriodictyon: a plant genus of the family hydrophyllaceae that has a characteristic strong smell
Eriodictyon: rod rostlin čeledi hydrophyllaceae obsahující silně aromatické látky
Eritrea: a country of eastern africa, west of the red sea, bordered west and northwest by sudan, and south by ethiopia. its capital is asmara
Eritrea: stát na pobřeží rudého moře v oblasti afrického rohu ve východní africe. na západě sousedí se súdánem, na jihu s etiopií a na východě s džibutskem. hlavním městem je asmara
Erlotinib Hydrochloride: a quinazoline derivative and antineoplastic agent that functions as a protein kinase inhibitor for egfr associated tyrosine kinase. it is used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer
ErmF protein, Bacteroides: amino acid sequence given in first source; an erythromycin resistance protein, has rrna rrna (adenine-n6,n6-)-dimethyltransferase activity
Erosive Adenomatosis of the Nipple: a rare benign neoplasm that arises in the area of the nipple; lesions resemble those of paget's disease, mammary. morphologically, there is proliferation of ducts lined with epithelial and myoepithelial cells and focal erosion of the epidermis
Erotica: literary or artistic items having an erotic theme. it refers especially to books treating sexual love in a sensuous or voluptuous manner. (webster, 3d ed)
Ertapenem: a carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase i than imipenem, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as cilastatin. it is used in the treatment of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. it is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery
Erucic Acids: cis-13-docosenoic acids. 22-carbon monounsaturated, monocarboxylic acids
Erwinia: a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are associated with plants as pathogens, saprophytes, or as constituents of the epiphytic flora
Erwinia: rod gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které jsou patogeny nebo saprofyty rostlin nebo jsou součástí epifytické flóry
Erwinia amylovora: a species of gram-negative bacteria, in the genus erwinia, causing a necrotic disease of plants
Erwinia amylovora: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu erwinia, která způsobuje bakteriální spálu růžovitých
Eryngium: rod rostlin z čeledi apiaceae - miříkovité. zástupci obsahují saponiny
Eryptosis: suicidal death of erythrocytes which results in features typical of apoptotic nucleated cells such as cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, and scrambling of cell membrane to expose membrane phosphatidylserines, which triggers engulfment and degradation by macrophages
Erysimum: a plant genus of the family brassicaceae. some members contain cardiac glycosides
Erysimum: rod rostlin čeledi brassicaceae. někteří zástupci obsahují srdeční glykosidy
Erysipelas: an acute infection of the skin caused by species of streptococcus. this disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. the commonest site of involvement is the face
Erysipeloid: an infection caused by erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae that is almost wholly restricted to persons who in their occupation handle infected fish, shellfish, poultry, or meat. three forms of this condition exist: a mild localized form manifested by local swelling and redness of the skin; a diffuse form that might present with fever; and a rare systemic form associated with endocarditis
Erysipelothrix: a genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that has a tendency to form long filaments. its organisms are widely distributed in nature and are found in mammals; birds; and fishes. erysipelothrix may appear gram-negative because they decolorize easily
Erysipelothrix: rod grampozitivních, fakultativně anaerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které mají tendenci vytvářet dlouhá vlákna. tyto bakterie jsou široce rozšířené v přírodě, vyskytují se u savců, ptáků a ryb. buňky tohoto rodu se při barvení dle grama snadno odbarvují a může dojít k chybnému zařazení do gramnegativní skupiny
Erysiphe: a genus of fungi in the family erysiphaceae, class leotiomycetes and phylum ascomycota. erysiphe fungi are plant pathogens associated with powdery mildew
Erysiphe: rod hub čeledi erysiphaceae, třídy leotiomycetes a kmene ascomycota. tyto houby jsou ektoparazity cévnatých rostlin, způsobují padlí
Erythema: redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. this condition may result from a variety of disease processes
Erythema Ab Igne: a cutaneous finding caused by prolonged heat exposure (e.g., space heater) and local heat injury (e.g., caused by laser therapy). it is characterized by epidermal atrophy, reticular hyperpigmentation, and telangiectatic dermatosis
Erythema Chronicum Migrans: a deep type of gyrate erythema that follows a bite by an ixodid tick; it is a stage-1 manifestation of lyme disease. the site of the bite is characterized by a red papule that expands peripherally as a nonscaling, palpable band that clears centrally. this condition is often associated with systemic symptoms such as chills, fever, headache, malaise, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, backache, and stiff neck
Erythema Induratum: a type of panniculitis characterized histologically by the presence of granulomas, vasculitis, and necrosis. it is traditionally considered to be the tuberculous counterpart of nodular vasculitis, but is now known to occur without tuberculous precedent. it is seen most commonly in adolescent and menopausal women, is initiated or exacerbated by cold weather, and typically presents as one or more recurrent erythrocyanotic nodules or plaques on the calves. the nodules may progress to form indurations, ulcerations, and scars
Erythema Infectiosum: contagious infection with human b19 parvovirus most commonly seen in school age children and characterized by fever, headache, and rashes of the face, trunk, and extremities. it is often confused with rubella
Erythema Multiforme: a skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms
Erythema Nodosum: an erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. these nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. they undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. this condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy
Erythema elevatum diutinum: a rare type of leukocytoclastic vasculitis characterized by red, purple, brown, or yellow papules, plaques, or nodules usually on the extensor surfaces of the body. it is often associated with streptococcal infections; hiv infections; and hepatitis b
Erythrasma: a chronic bacterial infection of major folds of the skin, caused by corynebacterium minutissimum
Erythrina: a genus of leguminous shrubs or trees, mainly tropical, yielding useful compounds such as alkaloids and plant lectins
Erythrina: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují alkaloidy a lektiny. jsou to většinou tropické keře a stromy
Erythritol: a four-carbon sugar that is found in algae, fungi, and lichens. it is twice as sweet as sucrose and can be used as a coronary vasodilator
Erythrityl Tetranitrate: a vasodilator with general properties similar to nitroglycerin. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1020)
Erythroblastosis, Fetal: a condition characterized by the abnormal presence of erythroblasts in the circulation of the fetus or newborns. it is a disorder due to blood group incompatibility, such as the maternal alloimmunization by fetal antigen rh factors leading to hemolysis of erythrocytes, hemolytic anemia (anemia, hemolytic), general edema (hydrops fetalis), and severe jaundice in newborn
Erythroblasts: immature, nucleated erythrocytes occupying the stage of erythropoiesis that follows formation of erythroid precursor cells and precedes formation of reticulocytes. the normal series is called normoblasts. cells called megaloblasts are a pathologic series of erythroblasts
Erythrocebus: a genus of old world monkeys of the family cercopithecinae that inhabit the forests and savannas of africa. it contains only one species, erythrocebus patas, also known as the patas monkey or red monkey
Erythrocebus: rod kočkodanů žijících v pralesích a savanách afriky. patří sem dva druhy: erythrocebus patas (kočkodan husarský) a erythrocebus poliophaeus
Erythrocebus patas: a species of the genus erythrocebus, subfamily cercopithecinae, family cercopithecidae. it inhabits the flat open arid country of africa. it is also known as the patas monkey or the red monkey
Erythrocebus patas: druh kočkodana rodu erythrocebus z podčeledi cercopithecinae (kočkodani), čeledi cercopithecidae (kočkodanovití). žije v travnatých stepích afriky
Erythrocruorins: high molecular weight (1,500,000 to 3,000,000) hemoglobins found in the plasma of many polychete and oligochete annelid worms, crustaceans, insects, and mollusks. they bind one mole of oxygen per heme and function as oxygen carriers
Erythrocyte Aggregation: the formation of clumps of red blood cells under low or non-flow conditions, resulting from the attraction forces between the red blood cells. the cells adhere to each other in rouleaux aggregates. slight mechanical force, such as occurs in the circulation, is enough to disperse these aggregates. stronger or weaker than normal aggregation may result from a variety of effects in the erythrocyte membrane or in blood plasma. the degree of aggregation is affected by erythrocyte deformability, erythrocyte membrane sialylation, masking of negative surface charge by plasma proteins, etc. blood viscosity and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate are affected by the amount of erythrocyte aggregation and are parameters used to measure the aggregation
Erythrocyte Aging: the senescence of red blood cells. lacking the organelles that make protein synthesis possible, the mature erythrocyte is incapable of self-repair, reproduction, and carrying out certain functions performed by other cells. this limits the average life span of an erythrocyte to 120 days
Erythrocyte Count: the number of red blood cells per unit volume in a sample of venous blood
Erythrocyte Deformability: ability of erythrocytes to change shape as they pass through narrow spaces, such as the microvasculature
Erythrocyte Indices: erythrocyte size and hemoglobin content or concentration, usually derived from erythrocyte count; blood hemoglobin concentration; and hematocrit. the indices include the mean corpuscular volume (mcv), the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (mch), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (mchc)
Erythrocyte Lactate Transporter Defect: mutation in slc16a1
Erythrocyte Membrane: the semi-permeable outer structure of a red blood cell. it is known as a red cell 'ghost' after hemolysis
Erythrocyte Transfusion: the transfer of erythrocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor
Erythrocyte Volume: volume of circulating erythrocytes . it is usually measured by radioisotope dilution technique
Erythrocytes: red blood cells. mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen
Erythrocytes, Abnormal: oxygen-carrying red blood cells in mammalian blood that are abnormal in structure or function
Erythroid Cells: the series of cells in the red blood cell lineage at various stages of differentiation
Erythroid Precursor Cells: the cells in the erythroid series derived from myeloid progenitor cells or from the bi-potential megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cells which eventually give rise to mature red blood cells. the erythroid progenitor cells develop in two phases: erythroid burst-forming units (bfu-e) followed by erythroid colony-forming units (cfu-e); bfu-e differentiate into cfu-e on stimulation by erythropoietin, and then further differentiate into erythroblasts when stimulated by other factors
Erythroid-Specific DNA-Binding Factors: a group of transcription factors that were originally described as being specific to erythroid cells
Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis: an autosomal dominant skin disease characterized by transient and variable noninflammatory erythema and hyperkeratosis. it has been associated with mutations in the genes that code for connexins. erythrokeratodermia variabilis inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion has also been reported. affected individuals often develop palmoplantar keratoderma
Erythromelalgia: a peripheral arterial disease that is characterized by the triad of erythema, burning pain, and increased skin temperature of the extremities (or red, painful extremities). erythromelalgia may be classified as primary or idiopathic, familial or non-familial. secondary erythromelalgia is associated with other diseases, the most common being myeloproliferative disorders
Erythromycin: a bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by streptomyces erythreus. erythromycin a is considered its major active component. in sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50s ribosomal subunits. this binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins
Erythromycin Estolate: a macrolide antibiotic, produced by streptomyces erythreus. it is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. this erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. in sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50s ribosomal subunits. this binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: a macrolide antibiotic, produced by streptomyces erythreus. this compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. it acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. in sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50s ribosomal subunits. this binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins
Erythroplasia: a condition of the mucous membrane characterized by erythematous papular lesions
Erythropoiesis: the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes). in humans, erythrocytes are produced by the yolk sac in the first trimester; by the liver in the second trimester; by the bone marrow in the third trimester and after birth. in normal individuals, the erythrocyte count in the peripheral blood remains relatively constant implying a balance between the rate of erythrocyte production and rate of destruction
Erythropoietin: glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation
Erythrosine: a tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of dental plaque, and as a stain of some cell types. it has structural similarity to thyroxine
Erythrovirus: a genus of the family parvoviridae, subfamily parvovirinae, and containing the type species parvovirus b19, human
Erythrovirus: rod čeledi parvoviridae, podčeledi parvovirinae, který obsahuje typový druh lidský parvovirus b19
Erythroxylaceae: a plant family of the order linales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida best known for the coca plant
Erythroxylaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu malpígiotvaré (malpighiales). v dřívějších systémech byla čeleď nejčastěji řazena do řádu inotvaré (linales). nejznámějším a hospodářsky nejvýznamnějším druhem je rudodřev koka z jižní ameriky, který je zdrojem kokainu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Escape Reaction: innate response elicited by sensory stimuli associated with a threatening situation, or actual confrontation with an enemy
Escherichia: a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms occur in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. the species are either nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens
Escherichia: rod gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které žijí v dolní části střev teplokrevných živočichů. druhy tohoto rodu jsou buď nepatogenní nebo oportunní patogeny
Escherichia coli: a species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (gram-negative facultatively anaerobic rods) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. it is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce diarrhea and pyogenic infections. pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (enterotoxigenic escherichia coli), etc
Escherichia coli: druh gramnegativní, fakultativně anaerobní, tyčinkovité bakterie, která se běžně vyskytuje v dolní části střev teplokrevných živočichů. obvykle není patogenní, ale některé kmeny způsobují průjmy a pyogenní infekce. patogenní kmeny (virotypy) se klasifikují podle jejich specifických patogenních mechanismů
Escherichia coli K12: a species of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria belonging to the k serogroup of escherichia coli. it lives as a harmless inhabitant of the human large intestine and is widely used in medical and genetic research
Escherichia coli K12: kmen gramnegativní, tyčinkovité bakterie escherichia coli, séroskupiny k. nepatogenní kmen žijící v tlustém střevě člověka, který je široce používaný v lékařském a genetickém výzkumu
Escherichia coli O104: an enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli of the o subfamily that can cause severe foodborne disease. the h4 serotype strain produces shiga toxins and has been linked to human disease outbreaks, including some cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome, resulting from contamination of foods by feces containing e. coli o104
Escherichia coli O104: enterohemoragická e. coli z podskupiny o, která může způsobit těžkou alimentární infekci. sérotyp h4 produkuje shiga toxiny a je spojován se závažnými infekcemi, včetně hemolyticko-uremického syndromu. příčinou je kontaminace potravy stolicí obsahující e. coli o104
Escherichia coli O157: a verocytotoxin-producing serogroup belonging to the o subfamily of escherichia coli which has been shown to cause severe food-borne disease. a strain from this serogroup, serotype h7, which produces shiga toxins, has been linked to human disease outbreaks resulting from contamination of foods by e. coli o157 from bovine origin
Escherichia coli O157: séroskupina escherichia coli, která patří do podrodiny o a produkuje verocytotoxin. způsobuje těžkou alimentární infekci. sérotyp h7 produkuje shiga toxiny a je spojován se závažnými infekcemi. ty jsou způsobené kontaminací potravy bakteriemi e. coli o157, jejichž hlavním rezervoárem je střevní trakt zvířat, především skotu
Escherichia coli Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat both enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic escherichia coli infections
Eschscholzia: a plant genus of the family papaveraceae that contains benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids
Eschscholzia: rod rostlin čeledi papaveraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují benzo[c]fenanthridinové alkaloidy
Escin: pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of aesculus. it inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility
Escitalopram: s-enantiomer of citalopram. belongs to a class of drugs known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder
Esocidae: a family of freshwater fish of the order esociformes, comprising the pikes, inhabiting the waters of the northern hemisphere. there is one genus, esox, with five species: northern pike, grass pickerel, chain pickerel, muskellunge, and amur pike
Esocidae: čeleď sladkovodních dravých ryb řádu esociformes, kam patří jeden rod - esox (štika) - s pěti druhy. štiky žijí ve vodách severní polokoule
Esociformes: an order of fishes native to north america and northern eurasia, consisting of two families: esocidae (pikes) and umbridae (mudminnows)
Esociformes: řád ryb původem ze severní eurasie a severní ameriky zahrnující dvě čeledi: esocidae (štikovití) a umbridae (blatňákovití)
Esophageal Achalasia: a motility disorder of the esophagus in which the lower esophageal sphincter (near the cardia) fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and dysphagia. achalasia is characterized by a grossly contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus)
Esophageal Atresia: congenital abnormality characterized by the lack of full development of the esophagus that commonly occurs with tracheoesophageal fistula. symptoms include excessive salivation; gagging; cyanosis; and dyspnea
Esophageal Cyst: any fluid-filled closed cavity or sac (cysts) that is lined by an epithelium and found in the esophagus region
Esophageal Fistula: abnormal passage communicating with the esophagus. the most common type is tracheoesophageal fistula between the esophagus and the trachea
Esophageal Motility Disorders: disorders affecting the motor function of the upper esophageal sphincter; lower esophageal sphincter; the esophagus body, or a combination of these parts. the failure of the sphincters to maintain a tonic pressure may result in gastric reflux of food and acid into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux). other disorders include hypermotility (spastic disorders) and markedly increased amplitude in contraction (nutcracker esophagus)
Esophageal Mucosa: circular innermost layer of the esophagus wall that mediates esophageal peristalsis which pushes ingested food bolus toward the stomach
Esophageal Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the esophagus
Esophageal Perforation: an opening or hole in the esophagus that is caused by trauma, injury, or pathological process
Esophageal Ring, Lower: a congenital narrowing of the lower esophagus that can cause dysphagia and hiatal hernia. omim: 133240
Esophageal Spasm, Diffuse: a hypermotility disorder of the esophagus that is characterized by spastic non-peristaltic responses to swallowing; chest pain; and dysphagia
Esophageal Sphincter, Lower: the physiologic or functional barrier to gastroesophageal reflux at the esophagogastric junction. sphincteric muscles remain tonically contracted during the resting state and form the high-pressure zone separating the lumen of the esophagus from that of the stomach. (haubrich et al, bockus gastroenterology, 5th ed., pp399, 415)
Esophageal Sphincter, Upper: the structure at the pharyngoesophageal junction consisting chiefly of the cricopharyngeus muscle. it normally occludes the lumen of the esophagus, except during swallowing
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: a carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the esophagus. tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. mutations in rnf6, lzts1, tgfbr2, dec1, and wwox1 genes are associated with this cancer
Esophageal Stenosis: a stricture of the esophagus. most are acquired but can be congenital
Esophageal and Gastric Varices: dilated blood vessels in the esophagus or gastric fundus that shunt blood from the portal circulation (portal system) to the systemic venous circulation. often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (hypertension, portal)
Esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula: esophageal atresia and trachea and/or esophageal fistual occur in about 1 in 3,500 births. the molecular cause is unknown and may involve multiple genes. a deletion in chromosome 17 has been reported in one affected child. omim: 189960
Esophageal pH Monitoring: analysis of the hydrogen ion concentration in the lumen of the esophagus. it is used to record the pattern, frequency, and duration of gastroesophageal reflux
Esophagectomy: excision of part (partial) or all (total) of the esophagus. (dorland, 28th ed)
Esophagitis: inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma
Esophagitis, Peptic: inflammation of the esophagus that is caused by the reflux of gastric juice with contents of the stomach and duodenum
Esophagogastric Junction: the area covering the terminal portion of esophagus and the beginning of stomach at the cardiac orifice
Esophagoplasty: a plastic operation on the esophagus. (dorland, 28th ed)
Esophagoscopy: endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the esophagus
Esophagostomy: surgical formation of an external opening (stoma) into the esophagus
Esophagus: the muscular membranous segment between the pharynx and the stomach in the upper gastrointestinal tract
Esotropia: a form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a cross-eye appearance. an example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze
Essential Hypertension: hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including agt, gnb3, and ece1. omim: 145500
Essential Tremor: a relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. the tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (mov disord 1988;13(1):5-10)
Estazolam: a benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. it has been shown in some cases to be more potent than diazepam or nitrazepam
Esterases: any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of an ester bond and result in the addition of water to the resulting molecules
Esterification: the process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes
Esters: compounds derived from organic or inorganic acids in which at least one hydroxyl group is replaced by an -o-alkyl or another organic group. they can be represented by the structure formula rcoor' and are usually formed by the reaction between an acid and an alcohol with elimination of water
Estetrol: a metabolite of estriol with a 15-alpha-hydroxyl group. estetrol can be converted from estriol sulfate or dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate by the fetal-placental unit
Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory: a malignant olfactory neuroblastoma arising from the olfactory epithelium of the superior nasal cavity and cribriform plate. it is uncommon (3% of nasal tumors) and rarely is associated with the production of excess hormones (e.g., siadh, cushing syndrome). it has a high propensity for multiple local recurrences and bony metastases. (from holland et al., cancer medicine, 3rd ed, p1245; j laryngol otol 1998 jul;112(7):628-33)
Esthetics: the branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of the beautiful. it includes beauty, esthetic experience, esthetic judgment, esthetic aspects of medicine, etc
Esthetics, Dental: skills, techniques, standards, and principles used to improve the art and symmetry of the teeth and face to improve the appearance as well as the function of the teeth, mouth, and face. (from boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed, p108)
Estivation: in certain living species, a period of dormancy during the summer months marked by decreased metabolism
Estonia: a country in eastern europe, bordering the baltic sea and gulf of finland, between latvia and russia. the capital is tallinn
Estonsko: stát v severní evropě, nejsevernější z pobaltských zemí. jde o přímořský stát, jehož hranici tvoří z větší části baltské moře. 80 km široký finský záliv na severu jej odděluje od finska, přibližně 300 km moře na západě od švédska. na východě sousedí estonsko s ruskem (převážná část této hranice prochází rozlehlým čudským jezerem) a na jihu s lotyšskem (nejdelší suchozemská hranice). území estonska se skládá z pevniny a 2 222 ostrovů v baltském moři. hlavním městem je tallinn ležící na severním pobřeží. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Estradiol: the 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized c18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids
Estradiol Congeners: steroidal compounds related to estradiol, the major mammalian female sex hormone. estradiol congeners include important estradiol precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with estrogenic activities
Estradiol Dehydrogenases: enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of estradiol at the 17-hydroxyl group in the presence of nad+ or nadp+ to yield estrone and nadh or nadph. the 17-hydroxyl group can be in the alpha- or beta-configuration. ec 1.1.1.62
Estramustine: a nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties
Estrenes: unsaturated derivatives of the estranes with methyl groups at carbon-13, with no carbon at carbon-10, and with no more than one carbon at carbon-17. they must contain one or more double bonds
Estriol: a hydroxylated metabolite of estradiol or estrone that has a hydroxyl group at c3, 16-alpha, and 17-beta position. estriol is a major urinary estrogen. during pregnancy, a large amount of estriol is produced by the placenta. isomers with inversion of the hydroxyl group or groups are called epiestriol
Estrogen Antagonists: compounds which inhibit or antagonize the action or biosynthesis of estrogenic compounds
Estrogen Receptor Antagonists: compounds and drugs that bind to and block or inhibit the activation of estrogen receptors
Estrogen Receptor Modulators: substances that possess antiestrogenic actions but can also produce estrogenic effects as well. they act as complete or partial agonist or as antagonist. they can be either steroidal or nonsteroidal in structure
Estrogen Receptor alpha: one of the estrogen receptors that has marked affinity for estradiol. its expression and function differs from, and in some ways opposes, estrogen receptor beta
Estrogen Receptor beta: one of the estrogen receptors that has greater affinity for isoflavones than estrogen receptor alpha does. there is great sequence homology with er alpha in the dna-binding domain but not in the ligand binding and hinge domains
Estrogen Replacement Therapy: the use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, dyspareunia, and progressive development of osteoporosis. this may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy
Estrogenic Steroids, Alkylated: estrogenic steroids with aliphatic hydrocarbon chain substitution on c17 or other position. 17-alpha-alkylation renders the molecule more stable, resistant to metabolic degradation, and improves oral efficacy. examples of synthetic alkyl estrogens include ethinyl estradiol and mestranol. substitutions at other sites generates antiestrogenic and cytotoxic properties
Estrogens: compounds that interact with estrogen receptors in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of estradiol. estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female sex characteristics. estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds
Estrogens, Catechol: 2- or 4-hydroxyestrogens. substances that are physiologically active in mammals, especially in the control of gonadotropin secretion. physiological activity can be ascribed to either an estrogenic action or interaction with the catecholaminergic system
Estrogens, Conjugated (USP): a pharmaceutical preparation containing a mixture of water-soluble, conjugated estrogens derived wholly or in part from urine of pregnant mares or synthetically from estrone and equilin. it contains a sodium-salt mixture of estrone sulfate (52-62%) and equilin sulfate (22-30%) with a total of the two between 80-88%. other concomitant conjugates include 17-alpha-dihydroequilin, 17-alpha-estradiol, and 17-beta-dihydroequilin. the potency of the preparation is expressed in terms of an equivalent quantity of sodium estrone sulfate
Estrogens, Esterified (USP): a pharmaceutical preparation containing a mixture of esterified estrogens derived from estrogen sulfates, principally from estrone sulfate. esterified estrogen content should be 75-85% of the estrone sulfate and 6-15% of the equilin sulfate
Estrogens, Non-Steroidal: non-steroidal compounds with estrogenic activity
Estrone: an aromatized c18 steroid with a 3-hydroxyl group and a 17-ketone, a major mammalian estrogen. it is converted from androstenedione directly, or from testosterone via estradiol. in humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries, placenta, and the adipose tissue of men and postmenopausal women
Estrous Cycle: the period of cyclic physiological and behavior changes in non-primate female mammals that exhibit estrus. the estrous cycle generally consists of 4 or 5 distinct periods corresponding to the endocrine status (proestrus; estrus; metestrus; diestrus; and anestrus)
Estrus: the period in the estrous cycle associated with maximum sexual receptivity and fertility in non-primate female mammals
Estrus Synchronization: occurrence or induction of estrus in all of the females in a group at the same time, applies only to non-primate mammals with estrous cycle
Estuaries: a partially enclosed body of water, and its surrounding coastal habitats, where saltwater from the ocean mixes with fresh water from rivers or streams. the resulting mixture of seawater and fresh water is called brackish water and its salinity can range from 0.5 to 35 ppt. (accessed http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/estuaries01_whatis.html)
Eswatini: a kingdom in southern africa, west of mozambique. its capital is mbabane. it became independent from britain in 1968. the former country name swaziland was changed in 2018. (from cia world factbook, 2019)
Eswatini: království v jižní africe. jeho sousedy jsou jihoafrická republika a mosambik. jde o jednu z posledních diarchií (forma vlády v níž hlavou státu jsou dvě osoby). hlavním a zároveň největším městem v zemi je mbabane. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Eszopiclone: a pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a hypnotic and sedative in the treatment of insomnia
Etanercept: a recombinant version of soluble human tnf receptor fused to an igg fc fragment that binds specifically to tumor necrosis factor and inhibits its binding with endogenous tnf receptors. it prevents the inflammatory effect of tnf and is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis; psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis
Etanidazole: a nitroimidazole that sensitizes hypoxic tumor cells that are normally resistant to radiation therapy
Etazolate: a potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor proposed as an antipsychotic agent
Ethacrynic Acid: a compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. this pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. this compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic
Ethambutol: an antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. it may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. the action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (from smith and reynard, textbook of pharmacology, 1992, p863)
Ethanol: a clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. it has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. it is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages
Ethanolamine: a viscous, hygroscopic amino alcohol with an ammoniacal odor. it is widely distributed in biological tissue and is a component of lecithin. it is used as a surfactant, fluorimetric reagent, and to remove co2 and h2s from natural gas and other gases
Ethanolamine Ammonia-Lyase: an enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of ethanolamine to acetaldehyde. ec 4.3.1.7
Ethanolaminephosphotransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the transfer of phosphoethanolamine from cdp-ethanolamine to diacylglycerol to yield phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin) and cmp. the enzyme is found in the endoplasmic reticulum. ec 2.7.8.1
Ethanolamines: amino alcohols containing the ethanolamine; (-nh2ch2choh) group and its derivatives
Ethchlorvynol: a sedative and hypnotic that has been used in the short-term management of insomnia. its use has been superseded by other drugs
Ethenoadenosine Triphosphate: 1,n-6-ethenoadenosine triphosphate. a fluorescent analog of adenosine triphosphate
Ether: a mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. it is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes
Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels: a family of voltage-gated potassium channels that are characterized by long n-terminal and c-terminal intracellular tails. they are named from the drosophila protein whose mutation causes abnormal leg shaking under ether anesthesia. their activation kinetics are dependent on extracellular magnesium and proton concentration
Ethers: organic compounds having two alkyl or aryl groups bonded to an oxygen atom, as in the formula r1-o-r2
Ethers, Cyclic: compounds of the general formula r-o-r arranged in a ring or crown formation
Ethibond: braided strands of polyethylene terephthalate coated with polybutyrate; used as suture material
Ethical Analysis: the use of systematic methods of ethical examination, such as casuistry or ethical theory, in reasoning about moral problems
Ethical Dilemmas: situations in which two moral principles conflict with one another. fictional or hypothetical dilemmas of this kind are used to assess the moral beliefs or moral reasoning skills of individuals. (from apa dictionary of psychology, https://dictionary.apa.org/)
Ethical Relativism: the philosophical view that conceptions of truth and moral values are not absolute but are relative to the persons or groups holding them. (from american heritage dictionary of the english language, 4th ed)
Ethical Review: a formal process of examination of patient care or research proposals for conformity with ethical standards. the review is usually conducted by an organized clinical or research ethics committee (clinical ethics committees or research ethics committees), sometimes by a subset of such a committee, an ad hoc group, or an individual ethicist (ethicists)
Ethical Theory: a philosophically coherent set of propositions (for example, utilitarianism) which attempts to provide general norms for the guidance and evaluation of moral conduct. (from beauchamp and childress, principles of biomedical ethics, 4th ed)
Ethicists: persons trained in philosophical or theological ethics who work in clinical, research, public policy, or other settings where they bring their expertise to bear on the analysis of ethical dilemmas in policies or cases. (bioethics thesaurus)
Ethics: the philosophy or code pertaining to what is ideal in human character and conduct. also, the field of study dealing with the principles of morality
Ethics Committees: committees established by professional societies, health facilities, or other institutions to consider decisions that have bioethical implications. the role of these committees may include consultation, education, mediation, and/or review of policies and practices. committees that consider the ethical dimensions of patient care are ethics committees, clinical; committees established to protect the welfare of research subjects are ethics committees, research
Ethics Committees, Clinical: hospital or other institutional ethics committees established to consider the ethical dimensions of patient care. distinguish from ethics committees, research, which are established to monitor the welfare of patients or healthy volunteers participating in research studies
Ethics Committees, Research: hospital or other institutional committees established to protect the welfare of research subjects. federal regulations (the common rule (45 cfr 46)) mandate the use of these committees to monitor federally-funded biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects
Ethics Consultation: services provided by an individual ethicist (ethicists) or an ethics team or committee (ethics committees, clinical) to address the ethical issues involved in a specific clinical case. the central purpose is to improve the process and outcomes of patients' care by helping to identify, analyze, and resolve ethical problems
Ethics, Clinical: the identification, analysis, and resolution of moral problems that arise in the care of patients. (bioethics thesaurus)
Ethics, Dental: the principles of proper professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the dentist, relations with patients and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the dentist in patient care and interpersonal relations with patient families. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Ethics, Medical: the principles of professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the physician, relations with patients and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the physician in patient care and interpersonal relations with patient families
Ethics, Nursing: the principles of proper professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of nurses themselves, their patients, and their fellow practitioners, as well as their actions in the care of patients and in relations with their families
Ethics, Pharmacy: the principles of proper professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the pharmacist, relations with patients and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the pharmacist in health care and interpersonal relations with patient families. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Ethics, Professional: the principles of proper conduct concerning the rights and duties of the professional, relations with patients or consumers and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the professional and interpersonal relations with patient or consumer families. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Ethics, Research: the moral obligations governing the conduct of research. used for discussions of research ethics as a general topic
Ethidium: a trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. it is most commonly used as the bromide
Ethinyl Estradiol: a semisynthetic alkylated estradiol with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. it has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in oral contraceptives
Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ethinyl estradiol and norgestrel given in fixed proportions
Ethiodized Oil: ethyl ester of iodinated fatty acid of poppyseed oil. it contains 37% organically bound iodine and has been used as a diagnostic aid (radiopaque medium) and as an antineoplastic agent when part of the iodine is 131-i. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Ethionamide: a second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
Ethionine: 2-amino-4-(ethylthio)butyric acid. an antimetabolite and methionine antagonist that interferes with amino acid incorporation into proteins and with cellular atp utilization. it also produces liver neoplasms
Ethiopia: an independent state in eastern africa. ethiopia is located in the horn of africa and is bordered on the north and northeast by eritrea, on the east by djibouti and somalia, on the south by kenya, and on the west and southwest by sudan. its capital is addis ababa
Ethisorb: a non-woven resorbable material consisting of polyglycolic acid & poly-l-lactide acid in a 90:10 ratio; also contains small amounts of poly-p-dioxanone
Ethisterone: 17 alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. a synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects
Ethmoid Bone: a light and spongy (pneumatized) bone that lies between the orbital part of frontal bone and the anterior of sphenoid bone. ethmoid bone separates the orbit from the ethmoid sinus. it consists of a horizontal plate, a perpendicular plate, and two lateral labyrinths
Ethmoid Sinus: the numerous (6-12) small thin-walled spaces or air cells in the ethmoid bone located between the eyes. these air cells form an ethmoidal labyrinth
Ethmoid Sinusitis: inflammation of the nasal mucosa in the ethmoid sinus. it may present itself as an acute (infectious) or chronic (allergic) condition
Ethnic Cleansing: expulsion of a population from a given territory due to religious or ethnic discrimination, political, strategic or ideological considerations, or a combination of these
Ethnic Violence: violence or other hostile behavior arising when an ethnic group either feels itself under threat, or where it seeks to assert its superiority or dominance over other groups
Ethnic and Racial Minorities: socially constructed groups of people who differ in race, color or national, religious, or cultural origin from the dominant group and is often the majority population of the country in which they live. ethnic minority groups generally share a common sense of identity and common characteristics such as language, religion, tribe, nationality, race, or a combination thereof
Ethnicity: a group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships
Ethnobotany: the study of plant lore and agricultural customs of a people. in the fields of ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology, the emphasis is on traditional medicine and the existence and medicinal uses of plants and plant extracts and their constituents, both historically and in modern times
Ethnopharmacology: the study of the actions and properties of medicinal agents, often derived from plants, indigenous to populations or ethnicity
Ethoglucid: alkylating antineoplastic agent used especially in bladder neoplasms. it is toxic to hair follicles, gastro-intestinal tract, and vasculature
Ethopabate: an inhibitor of folate metabolism. it is used as a coccidiostat in poultry
Ethosuximide: an anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures
Ethoxyquin: antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears
Ethoxzolamide: a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. it may cause hypokalemia
Ethyl Biscoumacetate: a coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. it has actions similar to those of warfarin. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p226)