NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
ITAM motiv: konzervovaná sekvence čtyř aminokyselin, která se dvakrát opakuje v intracelulárních částech nekatalytických receptorů, jejichž funkce je závislá na fosforylaci tyrosinu. tyto receptory se nejčastěji nachází na buňkách imunitního systému. jejich hlavní role je účast na spuštění celé řady signálních drah a následné aktivaci imunitní buňky. hrají také klíčovou roli při signalizaci v jiných buněčných typech, například při zrání osteoklastů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
ITIM motiv: konzervovaná sekvence aminokyselin, která se nachází intracelulárně v cytoplazmatických doménách mnoha inhibičních receptorů rodiny nekatalytických tyrosin-fosforylovaných receptorů nacházejících se na imunitních buňkách. receptory nesoucí itim mají důležitou roli v negativní regulaci na různých úrovních imunitní odpovědi. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
IVAD protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of ewing's sarcoma and dsrct (desmoplastic small round-cell tumor)
IVADIC regimen: chemotherapy regimen consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of advanced soft-tissue sarcoma
IVAM regimen: a chemotherapy regimen consisting of the above compounds; used as salvage chemotherapy for refractory or relapsed non-hodgkin's lymphoma
IVAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
IVEP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used for treatment of high grade non-hodgkin's lymphomas
Iatrogenic Disease: any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician, surgeon, or other health professional, especially infections acquired by a patient during the course of treatment
Ibandronic Acid: aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of bone resorption. it is used in the treatment of hypercalcemia associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
Ibogaine: one of several indole alkaloids extracted from tabernanthe iboga, baill. it has a complex pharmacological profile, and interacts with multiple systems of neurotransmission. ibogaine has psychoactive properties and appears to modulate tolerance to opiates
Ibotenic Acid: a neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to kainic acid and muscimol) found in amanita mushrooms. it causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist
Ibuprofen: a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties
Ice Cover: a thick mass of ice formed over large regions of land; rivers; lakes; ponds; or seawater
Ice Cream: a frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. frozen custard and french-type ice creams also contain eggs
Iceland: a country in northern europe, an island between the greenland sea and the north atlantic ocean, northwest of the united kingdom. the capital is reykjavik
Ichthyosiform Erythroderma, Congenital: designation for several severe forms of ichthyosis, present at birth, that are characterized by hyperkeratotic scaling. infants may be born encased in a collodion membrane which begins shedding within 24 hours. this is followed in about two weeks by persistent generalized scaling. the forms include bullous (hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic), non-bullous (ichthyosis, lamellar), wet type, and dry type
Ichthyosis: any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome
Ichthyosis Bullosa of Siemens: an autosomal dominant form of ichthyosis characterized by generalized reddening of the skin (erythema) and widespread blistering. the disease shows similar, but somewhat milder, clinical and histopathological findings to those in hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic and is associated with the gene that encodes keratin-2a
Ichthyosis Vulgaris: most common form of ichthyosis characterized by prominent scaling especially on the exterior surfaces of the extremities. it is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait
Ichthyosis follicularis atrichia photophobia syndrome: a rare x-linked recessive disorder characterized by the triad of ichthyosis follicularis, alopecia, and photophobia from birth and primarily affecting males; female carriers may develop some milder clinical features. some patients may also have intellectual disability, brain anomalies, hirschsprung disease; corneal opacity, kidney dysplasia, cryptorchidism; cleft palate, and skeletal malformations, particularly of the vertebrae, which constitutes brescheck syndrome. mutations in the mbtps2 gene have been identified. omim: 308205
Ichthyosis, Lamellar: a chronic, congenital ichthyosis inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. infants are usually born encased in a collodion membrane which sheds within a few weeks. scaling is generalized and marked with grayish-brown quadrilateral scales, adherent at their centers and free at the edges. in some cases, scales are so thick that they resemble armored plate
Ichthyosis, X-Linked: chronic form of ichthyosis that is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait carried on the x-chromosome and transmitted to the male offspring. it is characterized by severe scaling, especially on the extremities, and is associated with steroid sulfatase deficiency
Icodextrin: a glucan that is structurally related to maltodextrin, with more than 85% of its molecules having molecular weights between 1640 and 45 000 daltons (da), and a weight-average molecular weight of about 20 000 da; it is used in dialysis fluids as an alternative to glucose-based solutions, and to reduce adhesions after gynecological or abdominal surgery. it has also been used as a vehicle for drugs given via the peritoneal cavity
Ictaluridae: a family of north american freshwater catfishes. it consists of four genera (ameiurus, ictalurus, noturus, pylodictis,) comprising several species, two of which are eyeless
Ictaluridae: čeleď sladkovodních sumců s původním výskytem v severní a střední americe. v současnosti zahrnuje sedm rodů (ameiurus, ictalurus, noturus, prietella, pylodictis, satan, trogloglanis) s mnoha druhy
Ictalurivirus: an unassigned genus in the family herpesviridae, comprising one species ictalurid herpesvirus 1 (channel catfish virus)
Ictalurivirus: nezařazený rod čeledi herpesviridae, který obsahuje jeden druh - herpesvirus sumečkovitých typu 1
Id: the part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual
Ida-FLAG protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (aml)
Idaho: state bounded on the north by canada, on the east by montana and wyoming, on the south by nevada and utah, and on the west by oregon and washington
Idaho: stát na severozápadě spojených států amerických. idaho hraničí na severovýchodě s montanou, na jihovýchodě s wyomingem, na jihu s utahem a nevadou, na západě s oregonem a washingtonem a na severu s kanadskou provincií britská kolumbie. hlavním a největším městem je boise s 220 tisíci obyvateli. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Idarubicin: an orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. the compound has shown activity against breast neoplasms; lymphoma; and leukemia
Idazoxan: a benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity
Ideal Body Weight: expected weight of a healthy normal individual based on age, sex, and height. thus, a malnourished person would weigh less than their ideal body weight
Identification, Psychological: a process by which an individual unconsciously endeavors to pattern himself after another. this process is also important in the development of the personality, particularly the superego or conscience, which is modeled largely on the behavior of adult significant others
Identity Crisis: chaotic concept of self wherein one's role in life appears to be an insoluble dilemma often expressed by isolation, withdrawal, rebellion and extremism
Identity Recognition: ability to identify another individual by their facial, vocal, and other bodily features or distinguishing characteristics such as body height; eye color; a birth mark or tattoo; or gait
Identity Theft: all types of crime in which personal data is obtained wrongfully, typically for economic gain. (from www.justice.gov/criminal/fraud/websites/idtheft.html)
Idiopathic Hypersomnia: a sleep disorder of central nervous system origin characterized by prolonged nocturnal sleep and periods of daytime drowsiness. affected individuals experience difficulty with awakening in the morning and may have associated sleep drunkenness, automatic behaviors, and memory disturbances. this condition differs from narcolepsy in that daytime sleep periods are longer, there is no association with cataplexy, and the multiple sleep latency onset test does not record sleep-onset rapid eye movement sleep. (from chokroverty, sleep disorders medicine, 1994, pp319-20; psychiatry clin neurosci 1998 apr:52(2):125-129)
Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism: a hereditary autosomal recessive type of hypogonadism characterized by absent or incomplete sexual maturation by age 18 and low levels of circulating gonadotropins and testosterone and no other abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. nonreproductive phenotypes, such as anosmia; cleft palate, and sensorineural hearing loss may also occur. mutations in the gnrhr gene (gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor) have been identified for hh7. omim: 146110
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias: a group of interstitial lung diseases with no known etiology. there are several entities with varying patterns of inflammation and fibrosis. they are classified by their distinct clinical-radiological-pathological features and prognosis. they include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; cryptogenic organizing pneumonia; and others
Idiopathic Noncirrhotic Portal Hypertension: portal hypertension without known risk factors for hypertension, e.g., hepatic cirrhosis and schistosomiasis. idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension is most often associated with pathology in the portal system vasculature
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: a common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive dyspnea. pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change
Idiopathic dilation cardiomyopathy: dilated cardiomyopathy that is characterized by cardiac dilatation and reduced systolic function. it is the most frequent form of cardiomyopathy and accounts for more than half of all cardiac transplantations performed in children between 1 and 10 years of age. for cmd1a, 20 to 30% of cases are heritable and show an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. germline mutations in the lmna gene have been identified. omim: 115200
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, familial: variable symptoms usually include progressive muscle weakness. may present similarly to juvenile dermatomyositis, but progress to systemic involvement with death by 4 years of age. there may also be no systemic invlovement in adults , with progression similar to polymyositis. omim: 160750
Idiopathic orthostatic hypotension: orthostatic hypertension that occurs in cases of pure autonomic failure
Idoxuridine: an analog of deoxyuridine that inhibits viral dna synthesis. the drug is used as an antiviral agent
Iduronate Sulfatase: an enzyme that specifically cleaves the ester sulfate of iduronic acid. its deficiency has been demonstrated in hunter's syndrome, which is characterized by an excess of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate. ec 3.1.6.13
Iduronic Acid: component of dermatan sulfate. differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the c-5 position
Iduronidase: an enzyme that hydrolyzes iduronosidic linkages in desulfated dermatan. deficiency of this enzyme produces hurler's syndrome. ec 3.2.1.76
Ifosfamide: positional isomer of cyclophosphamide which is active as an alkylating agent and an immunosuppressive agent
IgA Deficiency: a dysgammaglobulinemia characterized by a deficiency of immunoglobulin a
IgA Vasculitis: a systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by hypersensitivity vasculitis and deposition of iga-containing immune complexes within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (kidney glomerulus). clinical symptoms include urticaria; erythema; arthritis; gastrointestinal hemorrhage; and renal involvement. most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections
IgA nefropatie: onemocnění ledvin charakterizované hematurií, která v závislosti na interkurentní infekci může nabývat makroskopického rázu. proteinurie je obv. malá. postihuje častěji muže, obv. v mladším věku. v mezangiu jsou depozita iga a je patrná proliferace (mezangioproliferativní typ glomerulonefritidy). progrese je obv. pomalá a vývoj choroby nejistý (závažnější je průběh při vyšší proteinurii). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
IgA vaskulitida: onemocnění patřící k imunokomplexovým vaskulitidám, vyskytuje se často v dětství, ale může vzniknout v jakémkoli věku, je častější u mužského pohlaví. klinicky se projevuje výsevem purpury (způsobené narušením cévní stěny, často na dolních končetinách), mnohdy současně s bolestmi kloubů, břicha, zvracením, podkožními otoky (vč. edému skrota) a postižením ledvin typu glomerulonefritidy obdobným jako u iga nefropatie. v drobných cévách se ukládají imunokomplexy s iga, antigenem je např. beta-hemolytický streptokok, ebv, vzv, mykoplasma, možný je vliv potravin, hmyzího kousnutí, léků; přesná etiopatogeneze není známa. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
IgG Deficiency: a dysgammaglobulinemia characterized by a deficiency of immunoglobulin g
Ikaros Transcription Factor: a transcription factor that plays a role as a key regulator of hematopoiesis. aberrant ikaros expression has been associated with lymphoblastic leukemia
Ilarvirus: a genus of the family bromoviridae which infects mainly woody plants. species are divided into ten subgroups. tobacco streak virus is the type species
Ilarvirus: rod rostlinných virů čeledi bromoviridae, které napadají zejména dřeviny. druhy tohoto rodu se dělí do deseti podskupin. typovým druhem je virus pruhovitosti tabáku
Ileal Diseases: pathological development in the ileum including the ileocecal valve
Ileal Neoplasms: tumors or cancer in the ileum region of the small intestine (intestine, small)
Ileitis: inflammation of any segment of the ileum and the ileocecal valve
Ileocecal Valve: the valve, at the junction of the cecum with the colon, that guards the opening where the ileum enters the large intestine
Ileostomy: surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. this replacement for the rectum is usually created in patients with severe inflammatory bowel diseases. loop (continent) or tube (incontinent) procedures are most often employed
Ileum: the distal and narrowest portion of the small intestine, between the jejunum and the ileocecal valve of the large intestine
Ileus: a condition caused by the lack of intestinal peristalsis or intestinal motility without any mechanical obstruction. this interference of the flow of intestinal contents often leads to intestinal obstruction. ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced
Ilex: a plant genus of the family aquifoliaceae. the common name of 'holly' usually refers to this genus but may sometimes refer to similar looking plants of the mahonia or quercus genus
Ilex: rod zahrnuje asi 500 až 600 druhů a je zastoupen na všech kontinentech
Ilex guayusa: a plant species of the family aquifoliaceae known for ritual use by amazonian jivaro indians
Ilex guayusa: strom z rodu cesmína (ilex), který pochází z amazonského pralesa. z jeho listů se připravuje kofeinový nápoj zvaný wayusa, který má stimulační účinky. guayusa obsahuje xantiny, jako je kofein. kromě kofeinu obsahuje také theobromin, obvykle se vyskytující v čokoládě a l-theanin, který se jinak vyskytuje v zeleném čaji a který dokáže účinně redukovat stres a duševní napětí. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Ilex paraguariensis: a plant species of the family aquifoliaceae. an infusion of the leaves is commonly drunk in south america for stimulating effect in much the same manner as coffee is in other cultures
Ilex paraguariensis: rostlinný druh z čeledi cesmínovité (aquifoliaceae). nálev z jejích listů se v jižní americe běžně pije pro stimulační účinek podobně jako káva v jiných kulturách
Ilex vomitoria: a plant species of the family aquifoliaceae. it has been used to induce vomiting in purification rites
Ilex vomitoria: rostlinný druh z čeledi aquifoliaceae - cesmínovité. byl používán k vyvolání zvracení při očistných obřadech
Iliac Aneurysm: abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any one of the iliac arteries including the common, the internal, or the external iliac artery
Iliac Artery: either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs
Iliac Vein: a vein on either side of the body which is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins and passes upward to join with its fellow of the opposite side to form the inferior vena cava
Iliotibial Band Syndrome: an overuse injury causing lateral knee pain that results from repetitive friction of the iliotibial band over the lateral femoral epicondyle
Ilium: the largest of three bones that make up each half of the pelvic girdle
Ilizarov Technique: a bone fixation technique using an external fixator (fixators, external) for lengthening limbs, correcting pseudarthroses and other deformities, and assisting the healing of otherwise hopeless traumatic or pathological fractures and infections, such as chronic osteomyelitis. the method was devised by the russian orthopedic surgeon gavriil abramovich ilizarov (1921-1992). (from bull hosp jt dis 1992 summer;52(1):1)
Ill-Housed Persons: persons without adequate housing or without permanent residence. the concept excludes nomadic peoples
Illegitimacy: the state of birth outside of wedlock. it may refer to the offspring or the parents
Illicit Drugs: drugs that are manufactured, obtained, or sold illegally. they include prescription drugs obtained or sold without prescription and non-prescription drugs. illicit drugs are widely distributed, tend to be grossly impure and may cause unexpected toxicity
Illicium: a plant genus of the family schisandraceae, order austrobaileyales, class magnoliopsida. they have evergreen, aromatic leaves and bisexual flowers. the female portion of the flower consists of 7 to 15 carpels
Illicium: rod rostlin čeledi schisandraceae, řádu austrobaileyales, třídy magnoliopsida. mají stálezelené, aromatické listy a oboupohlavné květy. gyneceum je apokarpní, složené z většího počtu volných pestíčků. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Illinois: state bounded on the north by wisconsin, on the east by lake michigan, indiana, and kentucky, on the west by missouri and iowa, and on the south by kentucky
Illinois: stát nacházející se na severu spojených států amerických. illinois hraničí na východě s indianou, na jihovýchodě s kentucky, na západě s missouri a iowou a na severu s wisconsinem. severovýchodní ohraničení tvoří michiganské jezero. hlavní město je springfield. největší město je chicago. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Illness Behavior: coordinate set of non-specific behavioral responses to non-psychiatric illness. these may include loss of appetite or libido; disinterest in activities of daily living; or withdrawal from social interaction
Iloprost: a stable analog of epoprostenol that is a platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator, and has cytoprotective properties
Iltovirus: a genus of the family herpesviridae, subfamily alphaherpesvirinae, with a single species: herpesvirus 1, gallid
Iltovirus: rod virů čeledi herpesviridae, podčeledi alphaherpesvirinae. typovým druhem je virus infekční laryngotracheitidy ptáků
Image Cytometry: a technique encompassing morphometry, densitometry, neural networks, and expert systems that has numerous clinical and research applications and is particularly useful in anatomic pathology for the study of malignant lesions. the most common current application of image cytometry is for dna analysis, followed by quantitation of immunohistochemical staining
Image Enhancement: improvement of the quality of a picture by various techniques, including computer processing, digital filtering, echocardiographic techniques, light and ultrastructural microscopy, fluorescence spectrometry and microscopy, scintigraphy, and in vitro image processing at the molecular level
Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted: methods developed to aid in the interpretation of ultrasound, radiographic images, etc., for diagnosis of disease
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted: a technique of inputting two-dimensional or three-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer
Image-Guided Biopsy: conducting a biopsy procedure with the aid of a medical imaging modality
Imagery, Psychotherapy: the use of mental images produced by the imagination as a form of psychotherapy. it can be classified by the modality of its content: visual, verbal, auditory, olfactory, tactile, gustatory, or kinesthetic. common themes derive from nature imagery (e.g., forests and mountains), water imagery (e.g., brooks and oceans), travel imagery, etc. imagery is used in the treatment of mental disorders and in helping patients cope with other diseases. imagery often forms a part of hypnosis, of autogenic training, of relaxation techniques, and of behavior therapy. (from encyclopedia of human behavior, vol. 4, pp29-30, 1994)
Imaginal Discs: hollow sacs of cells in larva that form adult structures in insects during biological metamorphosis
Imaging Genomics: the field of study investigating the relationship between imaging features, identified during various imaging procedures, and the presence of various genetic or molecular markers of particular disorders and diseases
Imaging, Three-Dimensional: the process of generating three-dimensional images by electronic, photographic, or other methods. for example, three-dimensional images can be generated by assembling multiple tomographic images with the aid of a computer, while photographic 3-d images (holography) can be made by exposing film to the interference pattern created when two laser light sources shine on an object
Imatinib Mesylate: a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and antineoplastic agent that inhibits the bcr-abl kinase created by chromosome rearrangements in chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, as well as pdg-derived tyrosine kinases that are overexpressed in gastrointestinal stromal tumors
Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome: an autosomal recessive congenital form of megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin b12 deficiency; proteinuria is also present. the disorder is caused by a defect in the vitamin b12/intrinsic factor receptor (cubn gene mutation). mutations in the amn gene have also been identified. omim: 261100
Imidazoles: compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. chemically reduced ones include imidazolines and imidazolidines. distinguish from 1,2-diazole (pyrazoles)
Imidazolidines: compounds based on reduced imidazolines which contain no double bonds in the ring
Imidazoline Receptors: receptors of clonidine and other imidazolines. activity of the ligands was earlier attributed to adrenergic alpha-2 receptors. endogenous ligands include agmatine, imidazoleacetic acid ribotide, and harman
Imidocarb: one of antiprotozoal agents used especially against babesia in livestock. toxicity has been reported
Imidoesters: esters of the hypothetical imidic acids. they react with amines or amino acids to form amidines and are therefore used to modify protein structures and as cross-linking agents
Imines: organic compounds containing a carbon-nitrogen double bond where a nitrogen atom can be attached to hydrogen or an alkyl or aryl group
Imino Acids: carboxylic acids that contain an imino group (c=nh)
Imino Furanoses: five-carbon furanose sugars in which the oxygen is replaced by a nitrogen atom
Imino Pyranoses: six-carbon pyranose sugars in which the oxygen is replaced by a nitrogen atom
Imino Sugars: sugars in which the oxygen is replaced by a nitrogen atom. this substitution prevents normal metabolism resulting in inhibition of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases
Imipenem: semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. it is stable to beta-lactamases. clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with cilastatin, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor
Imipramine: the prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. it has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. it has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group
Imiquimod: a topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. it is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial carcinoma, basal cell; and actinic keratosis
Immediate Dental Implant Loading: endosseous dental implantation where implants are fitted with an abutment or where an implant with a transmucosal coronal portion is used immediately (within 1 week) after the initial extraction. conventionally, the implantation is performed in two stages with more than two months in between the stages
Immediate-Early Proteins: proteins that are coded by immediate-early genes, in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. the term was originally used exclusively for viral regulatory proteins that were synthesized just after viral integration into the host cell. it is also used to describe cellular proteins which are synthesized immediately after the resting cell is stimulated by extracellular signals
Immersion Foot: a condition of the feet produced by prolonged exposure of the feet to water. exposure for 48 hours or more to warm water causes tropical immersion foot or warm-water immersion foot common in vietnam where troops were exposed to prolonged or repeated wading in paddy fields or streams. trench foot results from prolonged exposure to cold, without actual freezing. it was common in trench warfare during world war i, when soldiers stood, sometimes for hours, in trenches with a few inches of cold water in them. (andrews' diseases of the skin, 8th ed, p27)
Immobility Response, Tonic: an induced response to threatening stimuli characterized by complete loss of muscle strength
Immobilization: the restriction of the movement of whole or part of the body by physical means (restraint, physical) or chemically by analgesia, or the use of tranquilizing agents or neuromuscular nondepolarizing agents. it includes experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility
Immobilized Nucleic Acids: dna or rna bound to a substrate thereby having fixed positions
Immobilized Proteins: proteins that are chemically bound to a substrate material which renders their location fixed. the immobilization of proteins allows their use in chemical reactions without being diluted by solvent
Immotile cilia syndrome, due to excessively long cilia: chronic rhinitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, severely decreased mucociliary clearance of the lungs, and nasal polyps
Immune Adherence Reaction: a method for the detection of very small quantities of antibody in which the antigen-antibody-complement complex adheres to indicator cells, usually primate erythrocytes or nonprimate blood platelets. the reaction is dependent on the number of bound c3 molecules on the c3b receptor sites of the indicator cell
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: drugs that block negative regulator immune checkpoint proteins (e.g., pd-1 receptor and ctla-4 antigen) thereby increasing suppressed immune activation in immunotherapies
Immune Checkpoint Proteins: immunomodulators that regulate immune system either in stimulatory or inhibitory fashion allowing immune tolerance. activation of suppressed immune system (immunosuppression (physiology)) in immunotherapy by immune checkpoint inhibitors often targets inhibitory checkpoint molecules
Immune Complex Diseases: group of diseases mediated by the deposition of large soluble complexes of antigen and antibody with resultant damage to tissue. besides serum sickness and the arthus reaction, evidence supports a pathogenic role for immune complexes in many other immune system diseases including glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus erythematosus, systemic) and polyarteritis nodosa
Immune Deficiency Disease: a deficiency of both humoral immunity and cellular immunity, with a severe deficiency of immunoglobulin m. patients cannot contain viral infections or bacterial infections, especially those caused by encapsulated extracellular pathogens such as streptococcus pneumoniae. sepsis frequently occurs and patients also exhibit a defective response to primary immunization. omim: 242850
Immune Dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-Linked Syndrome: an x-linked recessive immunologic disorder characterized by onset in infancy of severe diarrhea due to enteropathy, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and dermatitis. other features may include hypothyroidism; autoimmune hemolytic anemia; thrombocytopenia; lymphadenopathy; hepatitis, and nephritis. the disorder may be fatal before age 2 years if not aggressively treated. mutations in the foxp3 gene have been identified. omim: 304790
Immune Evasion: methods used by pathogenic organisms to evade a host's immune system
Immune Privilege: phenomenon which occurs in certain tissue sites and organs (e.g., the anterior chamber and cornea of the eye, brain parenchymal tissue and fetus) to tolerate a known antigen, thereby suppressing the inflammatory immune response. foreign tissue grafts survive for prolonged periods when placed within such immune privileged sites and organs
Immune Reconstitution: regeneration of normal immune function after immune depleting procedures or infections (e.g., hematopoietic stem cell transplantation). delayed and incomplete reconstitution of the adaptive immune system in particular involving t-cells is associated with increase or relapse of infection
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: exuberant inflammatory response towards a previously acquired or undiagnosed opportunistic infection. it is frequently seen in aids patients following antiretroviral treatment
Immune Sera: serum that contains antibodies. it is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen
Immune System: the body's defense mechanism against foreign organisms or substances and deviant native cells. it includes the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated response and consists of a complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, and genetic components
Immune System Diseases: disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both
Immune System Exhaustion: a spectrum of functional deterioration in various lymphocyte populations that is induced by continuous antigenic stimulation. there are overlapping similarities with cellular senescence; immunosenescence; t-cell senescence; and clonal anergy
Immune Tolerance: the specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. it results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc
Immunity: nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances
Immunity, Active: resistance to a disease agent resulting from the production of specific antibodies by the host, either after exposure to the disease or after vaccination
Immunity, Cellular: manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized t-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. this takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role
Immunity, Herd: the state of a community in which a significant proportion of its population becomes immune to an infectious disease, and the risk of person-to-person transmission decreases. individuals who are not immune and susceptible are indirectly protected because ongoing disease spread is very small
Immunity, Heterologous: the immunological phenomenon by which exposure to some organisms or vaccines can profoundly alter the host's response to subsequent exposure to unrelated (heterologous) organisms or vaccines
Immunity, Humoral: antibody-mediated immune response. humoral immunity is brought about by antibody formation, resulting from th2 cells activating b-lymphocytes, followed by complement activation
Immunity, Innate: the capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. it results from the presence of naturally occurring anti-infective agents, constitutional factors such as body temperature and immediate acting immune cells such as natural killer cells
Immunity, Maternally-Acquired: resistance to a disease-causing agent induced by the introduction of maternal immunity into the fetus by transplacental transfer or into the neonate through colostrum and milk
Immunity, Mucosal: nonsusceptibility to the pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or antigenic substances as a result of antibody secretions of the mucous membranes. mucosal epithelia in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts produce a form of iga (immunoglobulin a, secretory) that serves to protect these ports of entry into the body
Immunization: deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune rna) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow)
Immunization Programs: organized services to administer immunization procedures in the prevention of various diseases. the programs are made available over a wide range of sites: schools, hospitals, public health agencies, voluntary health agencies, etc. they are administered to an equally wide range of population groups or on various administrative levels: community, municipal, state, national, international
Immunization, Passive: transfer of immunity from immunized to non-immune host by administration of serum antibodies, or transplantation of lymphocytes (adoptive transfer)
Immunization, Secondary: any immunization following a primary immunization and involving exposure to the same or a closely related antigen
Immuno-hemolytic anemia: a hereditary recessive form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. it is characterized by a positive coombs test and abnormal immunoglobulin in heterozygous carriers. omim: 205700
Immunoassay: a technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance
Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy: a disorder characterized by proliferation of arborizing small vessels, prominent immunoblastic proliferations and amorphous acidophilic interstitial material. clinical manifestations include fever, sweats, weight loss, generalized lymphadenopathy and frequently hepatosplenomegaly
Immunoblotting: immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. the substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies
Immunochemistry: field of chemistry that pertains to immunological phenomena and the study of chemical reactions related to antigen stimulation of tissues. it includes physicochemical interactions between antigens and antibodies
Immunocompetence: the ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen
Immunocompromised Host: a human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation
Immunoconglutinins: autoantibodies directed against newly-formed epitopes created as the complement cascade is activated and the proteins involved change their conformations
Immunoconjugates: combinations of diagnostic or therapeutic substances linked with specific immune substances such as immunoglobulins; monoclonal antibodies; or antigens. often the diagnostic or therapeutic substance is a radionuclide. these conjugates are useful tools for specific targeting of drugs and radioisotopes in the chemotherapy and radioimmunotherapy of certain cancers
Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine: the type species of lentivirus, subgenus bovine lentiviruses (lentiviruses, bovine), found in cattle and causing lymphadenopathy, lymphocytosis, central nervous system lesions, progressive weakness, and emaciation. it has immunological cross-reactivity with other lentiviruses including hiv
Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline: a species of lentivirus, subgenus feline lentiviruses (lentiviruses, feline) isolated from cats with a chronic wasting syndrome, presumed to be immune deficiency. there are 3 strains: petaluma (fip-p), oma (fip-o) and puma lentivirus (plv). there is no antigenic relationship between fiv and hiv, nor does fiv grow in human t-cells
Immunodeficiency due to Defect in CD3-Zeta: mutation in cd247 gene
Immunodeficiency syndrome, variable: a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by facial abnormalities, immunoglobulin deficiency, and branching of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 after phytohemagglutinin stimulation of lymphocytes. hypomethylation of dna of a small fraction of the genome is an unusual feature of icf patients that is explained by mutations in the dnmt3b gene in some, but not all,cases. omim: 242860
Immunodeficiency, Hypogammaglobulinemia, and Reduced B Cells: mutation in cd79b
Immunodiffusion: technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction
Immunodominant Epitopes: subunits of the antigenic determinant that are most easily recognized by the immune system and thus most influence the specificity of the induced antibody
Immunoelectrophoresis: a technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. in this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. a distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera
Immunoelectrophoresis, Two-Dimensional: immunoelectrophoresis in which a second electrophoretic transport is performed on the initially separated antigen fragments into an antibody-containing medium in a direction perpendicular to the first electrophoresis
Immunoenzyme Techniques: immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. these are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens
Immunogenetics: a subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic basis of the immune response (immunity)
Immunogenic Cell Death: a form of regulated cell death that results in release of specific damage associated molecular pattern molecules which activate an adaptive immune response. it can be initiated in any type of cell by a restricted set of stimuli, including viral infection, some chemotherapeutics or immunogenic radiation therapy
Immunogenicity, Vaccine: the capacity of vaccines to stimulate the adaptive immune response to produce antibodies and antigen-specific t-cell responses. it is typically measured in vaccinated individuals in observational studies setting
Immunoglobulin A: represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. secretory iga (immunoglobulin a, secretory) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions
Immunoglobulin A, Secretory: the principle immunoglobulin in exocrine secretions such as milk, respiratory and intestinal mucin, saliva and tears. the complete molecule (around 400 kd) is composed of two four-chain units of immunoglobulin a, one secretory component and one j chain (immunoglobulin j-chains)
Immunoglobulin Allotypes: allelic variants of the immunoglobulin light chains (immunoglobulin light chains) or heavy chains (immunoglobulin heavy chains) encoded by alleles of immunoglobulin genes
Immunoglobulin Class Switching: gene rearrangement of the b-lymphocyte which results in a substitution in the type of heavy-chain constant region that is expressed. this allows the effector response to change while the antigen binding specificity (variable region) remains the same. the majority of class switching occurs by a dna recombination event but it also can take place at the level of rna processing
Immunoglobulin Constant Regions: the domains of the immunoglobulin molecules that are invariable in their amino acid sequence within any class or subclass of immunoglobulin. they confer biological as well as structural functions to immunoglobulins. one each on both the light chains and the heavy chains comprises the c-terminus half of the immunoglobulin fab fragment and two or three of them make up the rest of the heavy chains (all of the immunoglobulin fc fragment)
Immunoglobulin D: an immunoglobulin which accounts for less than 1% of plasma immunoglobulin. it is found on the membrane of many circulating b lymphocytes
Immunoglobulin Domains: compact globular protein domains of about 80 to 110 amino acids.they are characterized by two antiparallel beta sheets stabilized by hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonds between opposing strands. three major subtypes of ig domains are recognized: variable (v), intermediate (i), and constant (c1 or c2). members of the immunoglobulin superfamily include antigen receptors; cytokine receptors; and cell adhesion molecules which possess immunoglobulin domains
Immunoglobulin E: an immunoglobulin associated with mast cells. overexpression has been associated with allergic hypersensitivity (hypersensitivity, immediate)
Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments: univalent antigen-binding fragments composed of one entire immunoglobulin light chain and the amino terminal end of one of the immunoglobulin heavy chains from the hinge region, linked to each other by disulfide bonds. fab contains the immunoglobulin variable regions, which are part of the antigen-binding site, and the first immunoglobulin constant regions. this fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme papain
Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments: crystallizable fragments composed of the carboxy-terminal halves of both immunoglobulin heavy chains linked to each other by disulfide bonds. fc fragments contain the carboxy-terminal parts of the heavy chain constant regions that are responsible for the effector functions of an immunoglobulin (complement fixation, binding to the cell membrane via fc receptors, and placental transport). this fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme papain
Immunoglobulin Fragments: partial immunoglobulin molecules resulting from selective cleavage by proteolytic enzymes or generated through protein engineering techniques
Immunoglobulin G: the major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. there are several isotype subclasses of igg, for example, igg1, igg2a, and igg2b
Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease: a spectrum of systemic autoimmune diseases in which immunoglobulin g4 plays a pathophysiologic role. it can affect multiple organs in highly variable presentations, characterized by inflammatory lesions composed of igg4-positive plasma cells, further infiltrated by t helper cells (t-lymphocytes, helper-inducer) when linked to progressive fibrosis and eventual organ damage
Immunoglobulin Gm Allotypes: allelic variants of the gamma-immunoglobulin heavy chain (immunoglobulin gamma-chains) encoded by alleles of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes
Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains: the largest of polypeptide chains comprising immunoglobulins. they contain 450 to 600 amino acid residues per chain, and have molecular weights of 51-72 kda
Immunoglobulin Idiotypes: unique genetically-controlled determinants present on antibodies whose specificity is limited to a single group of proteins (e.g., another antibody molecule or an individual myeloma protein). the idiotype appears to represent the antigenicity of the antigen-binding site of the antibody and to be genetically codetermined with it. the idiotypic determinants have been precisely located to the immunoglobulin variable region of both immunoglobin polypeptide chains
Immunoglobulin Isotypes: the classes of immunoglobulins found in any species of animal. in man there are nine classes that migrate in five different groups in electrophoresis; they each consist of two light and two heavy protein chains, and each group has distinguishing structural and functional properties
Immunoglobulin J Recombination Signal Sequence-Binding Protein: a ubiquitously expressed sequence-specific transcriptional repressor that is normally the target of signaling by notch proteins
Immunoglobulin J-Chains: a 15 kda joining peptide that forms one of the linkages between monomers of immunoglobulin a or immunoglobulin m in the formation of polymeric immunoglobulins. there is one j chain per one iga dimer or one igm pentamer. it is also involved in binding the polymeric immunoglobulins to polymeric immunoglobulin receptor which is necessary for their transcytosis to the lumen. it is distinguished from the immunoglobulin joining region which is part of the immunoglobulin variable region of the immunoglobulin light and heavy chains
Immunoglobulin Joining Region: a segment of the immunoglobulin heavy chains, encoded by the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in the j segment where, during the maturation of b-lymphocytes; the gene segment for the variable region upstream is joined to a constant region gene segment downstream. the exact position of joining of the two gene segments is variable and contributes to antibody diversity. it is distinguished from the immunoglobulin j chains; a separate polypeptide that serves as a linkage piece in polymeric iga or igm
Immunoglobulin Km Allotypes: allelic variants of the kappa light chains (immunoglobulin kappa-chains) encoded by alleles of immunoglobulin light chain genes
Immunoglobulin Light Chains: polypeptide chains, consisting of 211 to 217 amino acid residues and having a molecular weight of approximately 22 kda. there are two major types of light chains, kappa and lambda. two ig light chains and two ig heavy chains (immunoglobulin heavy chains) make one immunoglobulin molecule
Immunoglobulin Light Chains, Surrogate: an immunolglobulin light chain-like protein composed of an immunoglobulin variable region-like peptide (such as light chain like lambda5 peptide) and an immunoglobulin constant region-like peptide (such as vpreb1 peptide). surrogate light chains associate with mu immunoglobulin heavy chains in place of a conventional immunoglobulin light chains to form pre-b cell receptors