NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
NAV1.7 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel: a voltage-gated sodium channel subtype found widely expressed in nociceptive primary sensory neurons. defects in the scn9a gene, which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel, are associated with several pain sensation-related disorders
NAV1.8 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel: a voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that is expressed in nociceptors, including spinal and trigeminal sensory neurons. it plays a role in the transmission of pain signals induced by cold, heat, and mechanical stimuli
NAV1.9 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel: a voltage-gated sodium channel subtype found in the neurons of the nervous system and dorsal root ganglia. it may play a role in the generation of heat and mechanical pain hypersensitivity
NB-201 nanoemulsion: has antimicrobial activity; used for burn care; consists of soybean oil. tween 20, benzalkonium chloride, water, and an organic solvent
NB-402 nanoemulsion: has antimicrobial activity; used for burn care; consists of cetylpyridinium chloride, poloxamer 407, soybean oil, water, and an organic solvent
NCI PB 93-C-207 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds used in treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphomas
NCVB protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
NEDD8 Protein: a ubiquitin-like protein that functions in cell cycle regulation and embryogenesis. it is attached covalently to its substrates following activation by the ubiquitin-activating enzyme e1-uba3 enzyme complex. nedd8 attaches to cullins, activating their e3 ubiquitin ligase activity, to promote polyubiquitination and degradation of cyclins and regulatory proteins
NEO-MACOP-B protocol: a chemotherapy protocol which includes etoposide and mitoxantrone in addition to macop-b with half dose of methotrexate and half administration of doxorubicin; used for the treatment of advanced stage aggressive non-hodgkin's lymphoma; reduces severe mucositis, a major toxic effect of macop-b
NEVER-RIPE protein, Lycopersicon esculentum: putative ehtylene recpetor; a ripening-impaired tomato mutant; insensitive to the plant hormone ethylene; amino acid sequence given in first source; genbank u38666
NF 86II: isolated from the seeds of areca catechu; sulfated derivatives have anti-hiv activity
NF 86II sulfate: sulfated form of the 5'-nucleotidase inhibitor nf 86ii; inhibits cytopathic effect of hiv and hiv-specific antigen expression in mt-4 cells; nf-86ii-s-13.3 (13.3% sulfur content) has greater effect than nf-86ii-s-6.2 (6.2% sulfur content); rn given refers to sulfate ester with unspecified sulfur content; has no 5'-nucleotidase inhibitory activity
NF-E2 Transcription Factor: a basic-leucine zipper transcription factor that regulates globin gene expression and is related to transcription factor ap-1. nf-e2 consists of a small maf protein subunit and a tissue-restricted 45 kda subunit
NF-E2 Transcription Factor, p45 Subunit: a tissue-specific subunit of nf-e2 transcription factor that interacts with small maf proteins to regulate gene expression. p45 nf-e2 protein is expressed primarily in megakaryocytes; erythroid cells; and mast cells
NF-E2-Related Factor 1: a basic-leucine zipper transcription factor that is involved in regulating inflammatory responses, morphogenesis, and heme biosynthesis
NF-E2-Related Factor 2: a basic-leucine zipper transcription factor that was originally described as a transcriptional regulator controlling expression of the beta-globin gene. it may regulate the expression of a wide variety of genes that play a role in protecting cells from oxidative damage
NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha: an i-kappa b protein that inhibits the activity of dimeric nf-kappa b p50-rel complexes, sequesters transcription factor nf-kappab as an inactive complex in the cytoplasm; and prevents nf-kappab nuclear translocation and dna binding
NF-kappa B: ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. the nf-kappa b complex is a heterodimer composed of two dna-binding subunits: nf-kappa b1 and rela
NF-kappa B p50 Subunit: a component of nf-kappa b transcription factor. it is proteolytically processed from nf-kappa b p105 precursor protein and is capable of forming dimeric complexes with itself or with transcription factor rela. it regulates expression of genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses
NF-kappa B p52 Subunit: a component of nf-kappa b transcription factor. it is proteolytically processed from nf-kappa b p100 precursor protein and is important for maturation of b-lymphocytes and adaptive humoral immunity
NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase: a protein serine-threonine kinase that catalyzes the activation of canonical and non-canonical nf-kappab pathways
NFATC Transcription Factors: a family of transcription factors characterized by the presence of highly conserved calcineurin- and dna-binding domains. nfat proteins are activated in the cytoplasm by the calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin. they transduce calcium signals to the nucleus where they can interact with transcription factor ap-1 or nf-kappa b and initiate genetic transcription of genes involved in cell differentiation and development. nfat proteins stimulate t-cell activation through the induction of immediate-early genes such as interleukin-2
NFI Transcription Factors: transcription factors that were originally identified as site-specific dna-binding proteins essential for dna replication by adenoviruses. they play important roles in mammary gland function and development
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: a non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. it has been used experimentally to induce hypertension
NHO protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of picibanil, neocarzinostatin & 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil
NIACF regimen: a non-infusional chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma
NIH 3T3 Cells: a continuous cell line of high contact-inhibition established from nih swiss mouse embryo cultures. the cells are useful for dna transfection and transformation studies. (from atcc [internet]. virginia: american type culture collection; c2002 [cited 2002 sept 26]. available from http://www.atcc.org/)
NIMA-Interacting Peptidylprolyl Isomerase: a highly-conserved peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (ppiase) that binds to and isomerizes specific phosphorylated serine- or threonine-proline (pser/thr-pro) motifs and causes conformational changes in certain proteins associated with the cell cycle. it displays a preference for an acidic residue n-terminal to the isomerized proline bond and regulates mitosis, possibly by attenuating the mitosis-promoting activity of nima-related kinase 1
NIMA-Related Kinase 1: a nima-related kinase that functions in cell cycle regulation, the control of cilia assembly, and centrosome duplication. it is activated at g2 phase cell cycle checkpoints in response to dna damage
NIMA-Related Kinases: a highly conserved family of protein serine-threonine kinases that regulate the cell cycle; mitosis; and the response to dna damage. they are also involved in the assembly and function of microtubule-based structures such as cilia and centrioles
NIP regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the vinorelbine (vinblastine/aa) & above cpds; used in treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer
NK 110 resin: used in hemoperfusion to remove bilirubin; resin made of styrene divinyl benzene copolymer
NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A: an inhibitory subclass of nk cell lectin-like receptors that interacts with class i major histocompatibility antigens and prevents the activation of nk cells
NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B: a subclass of nk cell lectin-like receptors that includes both inhibitory and stimulatory members
NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C: a subclass of nk cell lectin-like receptors that associates with members of nk cell lectin-like receptor subfamily d to form heterodimeric receptors for hla-e antigen
NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D: a subclass of nk cell lectin-like receptors that associates with a variety of members of nk cell lectin-like receptor subfamily c to form heterodimeric receptors for hla-e antigen
NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K: an activating nk cell lectin-like receptor subfamily that regulates immune responses to infection and neoplasms. members of this subfamily generally occur as homodimers
NK911: a polymeric micelle carrier system for doxorubicin; the nk911 micelle carrier consists of polyethyleneglycol and conjugated doxorubicin-polyaspartic acid; it has high hydrophobic inner core, and therefore can entrap the sufficient amount of doxorubicin
NKT buňky: druh t-lymfocytů se znaky podobnými nk-buňkám, které zajišťují přirozenou imunitu. reagují na glykolipidy prezentované mhc glykoproteiny i. třídy, antigeny cd1d
NKTR-255: polyethylene glycol-conjugate of recombinant human interleukin-15
NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein: an nlr protein that contains an n-terminal pyrin domain and atp-binding site and 9 c-terminal leucine-rich repeats; it is expressed primarily by macrophages. it is a core component of the inflammasome and directs its assembly in response to pathogen infection and damage-associated stimuli. mutations in the nlrp3 gene are associated with familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome
NLR Proteins: intracellular signaling proteins that are defined by the presence of a nucleotide-binding region and leucine-rich repeats. their general structure consists of any of a variety of effector domains at their n-termini such as a caspase recruitment domain (card), a central nucleotide-binding domain, and a variable number of c-terminal leucine-rich repeats. they are important for pathogen recognition in the innate immune response of animals and plants. members of the nlr protein family include the nod signaling adaptor proteins
NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases: a family of nucleotide diphosphate kinases that play a role in a variety of cellular signaling pathways that effect cell differentiation; cell proliferation; and apoptosis. they are considered multifunctional proteins that interact with a variety of cellular proteins and have functions that are unrelated to their enzyme activity
NM23-nukleosiddifosfátkinasy: rodina nukleotiddifosfátkináz, které hrají roli v různých buněčných signálních drahách ovlivňujících buněčnou diferenciaci, proliferaci a apoptózu. jsou považovány za multifunkční proteiny, které interagují s řadou buněčných proteinů a mají funkce, které nesouvisejí s jejich enzymovou aktivitou
NMF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of mitoxantrone, methotrexate & 5-fluorouracil; used in chemotherapy of stage iv breast cancer
NNF1 protein, S cerevisiae: nnf1 is an essential yeast gene required for proper spindle orientation, nucleolar and nuclear envelope structure and mrna export; genbank x93350
NOAC protocol: chemotherapy protocol containing the above cpds; used in treatment of refractory non-hodgkin's lymphoma
NOG-Related-Symphalangism Spectrum Disorder: a hereditary condition characterized by fusion of the carpal bones, tarsal bones, and finger and toe bones (phalanges). stiffness of the interphalangeal joint of the fifth digit is evident at birth even without synostosis; the joints then progressively fuse over time on digit 5, and proceeds sequentially to digits 4,3, and 2. nog-related-symphalangism spectrum disorder (omim: 186570); brachydactyly, type b2 (omim: 611377); multiple synostoses syndrome 1 (omim: 186500); and stapes ankylosis with broad thumb and toes (omim: 184460) are caused by mutations in the noggin (nog) gene
NOP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of multiple myeloma; see also nop-bolus regimen which uses prednisone instead of prednisolone
NOP-bolus regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 3 cpds; used in treatment of multiple myeloma; see also nop protocol which uses prednisolone instead of prednisone
NOPE protocol: combination of above cpds for relapsed aggressive diffuse non-hodgkin's lymphoma
NOPP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment against stage iv low-grade lymphoma
NOVP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of hodgkin's disease
NPH inzulin: střednědobě působící inzulinový přípravek s nástupem účinku za 2 hodiny a trváním 24 hodin. vyrábí se krystalizací protamin-zink-inzulinu při neutrálním ph 7. proto se podle vynálezce hanse christiana hagedorna nazývá neutrální protamin hagedorn
NPH inzulin lidský: lidský isofan inzulin, který se používá k úpravě hladiny krevní glukózy u pacientů s cukrovkou
NUDIX hydrolasy: skupina převážně mg2+/mn2+ -dependentních pyrofosfohydroláz, které hydrolyzují struktury nukleosiddifosfátu vázané k jiné části x na nukleosidmonofosfát a x-fosfát. nudix hydrolázy sdílejí konzervovaný nudix box (gx5ex7reuxeexgu) a degradují různé substráty včetně oxidovaných nukleotidů (např. mutt) a metabolických meziproduktů (např. thiaminpyrofosfatázu). u lidí se proteiny nadrodiny nudix (jako jsou proteiny mutt) podílejí na opravách poškození dna. mutace nudix hydrolázy nudt15 jsou spojeny s vrozenou poruchou metabolismu purinů a pyrimidinů thpm2 a mutace nudix hydrolázy nudt2 jsou spojeny s iddpn (vývojovou poruchou intelektu)
Na2O-K2O-MgO-CaO-B2O3-P2O5 glass: a bioactive glass
NaPIM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the vinorelbine (vinblastine/aa) & above cpds; used in treatment of breast cancer
Nablus mask-like facial syndrome: upswept frontal hairline, tight glistening facial skin, high-arched and sparse eyebrows, absent/scant eyelashes, hypertelorism, blepharophimosis
Nabumetone: a butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (cox2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Nacre: a biomineral consisting of layers of crystalized aragonite, separated by interlamellar layers of organic matrix containing beta-chitin, and surrounded by an intercrystalline organic membrane of silk fibroin. nacre is the iridescent substance better known as mother-of-pearl that is secreted by molluscs
Nadolol: a non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. nadolol is also used for migraine disorders and for tremor
Nadroparin: a heparin fraction with a mean molecular weight of 4500 daltons. it is isolated from porcine mucosal heparin and used as an antithrombotic agent. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Naegeli syndrome: reticular skin changes, dental anomalies, decreased function of sweat glands, strabismus, and optic atrophy
Naegleria: a free-living soil amoeba pathogenic to humans and animals. it occurs also in water and sewage. the most commonly found species in man is naegleria fowleri which is the pathogen for primary amebic meningoencephalitis in primates
Naegleria: volně žijící půdní améba patogenní pro člověka a zvířata. vyskytuje se také ve vodě a v odpadních vodách. u lidí se nejčastěji vyskytuje druh naegleria fowleri, který způsobuje primární amébovou meningoencefalitidu
Naegleria fowleri: a species of parasitic protozoa having both an ameboid and flagellate stage in its life cycle. infection with this pathogen produces primary amebic meningoencephalitis
Naegleria fowleri: volně žijící jednobuněčný organismus (améba), původce vzácné, větš. smrtelně probíhající meningoencefalitidy (viz naeglerióza, pame). vyskytuje se obv. v oteplených vodách vč. bazénů. infekční jsou cysty i trofozoity. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Nafarelin: a potent synthetic agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone with 3-(2-naphthyl)-d-alanine substitution at residue 6. nafarelin has been used in the treatments of central precocious puberty and endometriosis
Nafenopin: a peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. it has been used as an antihyperlipoproteinemic agent
Nafoxidine: an estrogen antagonist that has been used in the treatment of breast cancer
Nafronyl: a drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. it is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) it may also be an antagonist at 5ht-2 serotonin receptors
Nail Diseases: diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. the concept is limited to primates
Nail-Patella Syndrome: a syndrome of multiple abnormalities characterized by the absence or hypoplasia of the patella and congenital nail dystrophy. it is a genetically determined autosomal dominant trait
Nails: the thin, horny plates that cover the dorsal surfaces of the distal phalanges of the fingers and toes of primates
Nails, Ingrown: excessive lateral nail growth into the nail fold. because the lateral margin of the nail acts as a foreign body, inflammation and granulation may result. it is caused by improperly fitting shoes and by improper trimming of the nail
Nails, Malformed: deformities in nail structure or appearance, including hypertrophy, splitting, clubbing, furrowing, etc. genetic diseases such as pachyonychia congenita can result in malformed nails
Nairobi Sheep Disease: an arbovirus infection of sheep and goats transmitted by ticks. it is characterized by high fever and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
Nairobi sheep disease virus: a species of nairovirus, transmitted by the ixodid ticks and producing a lethal gastroenteritis in sheep and goats. though a major veterinary pathogen, its effect on humans has not been firmly established
Nairovirus: a genus of the family bunyaviridae named after nairobi sheep disease, an acute, hemorrhagic, tick-borne, gastroenteritis affecting sheep and goats. the type species is dugbe virus. some viruses in this genus are capable of causing severe and fatal disease in humans
Nairovirus: rod virů čeledi bunyaviridae, který je pojmenovaný po nairobské nemoci ovcí. jedná se o akutní hemoragickou gastroenteritidu u ovcí a koz. vektorem jsou klíšťata. typovým druhem je virus dugbe. některé viry tohoto rodu mohou způsobovat těžké a fatální onemocnění člověka
Naja: a genus of elapid snakes, also known as cobras, that are indigenous to africa, central and southern asia, and adjacent islands such as taiwan and the philippines
Naja haje: a species of cobra (naja) that is indigenous primarily to northern africa
Naja naja: species of cobra (naja) indigenous to the indian subcontinent, southern asia, and adjacent islands
Nalbuphine: a narcotic used as a pain medication. it appears to be an agonist at kappa receptors and an antagonist or partial agonist at mu receptors
Naled: an organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide
Nalidixic Acid: a synthetic 1,8-naphthyridine antimicrobial agent with a limited bacteriocidal spectrum. it is an inhibitor of the a subunit of bacterial dna gyrase
Nalorphine: a narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. it is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete
Naloxone: a specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. it is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors
Naltrexone: derivative of noroxymorphone that is the n-cyclopropylmethyl congener of naloxone. it is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. the fda has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence
Names: personal names, given or surname, as cultural characteristics, as ethnological or religious patterns, as indications of the geographic distribution of families and inbreeding, etc. analysis of isonymy, the quality of having the same or similar names, is useful in the study of population genetics. names is used also for the history of names or name changes of corporate bodies, such as medical societies, universities, hospitals, government agencies, etc
Namibia: a republic in southern africa, south of angola and west of botswana. its capital is windhoek
Namibie: republika na západním pobřeží jižní afriky. na severu sousedí s angolou, na severovýchodě se zambií, na východě s botswanou a na jihu s jihoafrickou republikou. na západě ji omývají vody atlantského oceánu. hlavním městem země je windhoek. namibie (dříve německá jihozápadní afrika) získala nezávislost v roce 1990 jako jedna z posledních afrických zemí, a to od jihoafrické republiky, která ji pod názvem jihozápadní afrika přechodně spravovala. velká část země je pokryta pouštěmi. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Namilon: contains pmma polymer, benzoyl peroxide (initiator), plasticizer, pigment & opacifier
Nandiniidae: a family in the suborder feliformia, order carnivora, comprising one genus nandinia binotata
Nandiniidae: čeleď šelem podřádu feliformia (kočkotvární), která zahrnuje jen jeden druh - nandinii znamenanou (nandinia binotata)
Nandrolone: c18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. it is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of estradiol to resemble testosterone but less one carbon at the 19 position
Nandrolone Decanoate: decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat wasting syndrome associated with severe chronic illness or hiv infection (hiv wasting syndrome). it may also be used in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis
NanoFUSE DBM: consists of bioactive glass bone void filler and allogeneic demineralized bone matrix
Nanoarchaeota: a kingdom of hyperthermophilic archaea found in diverse environments
Nanoarchaeota: kmen hypertermofilních archeí žijících v rozmanitém prostředí
Nanocapsules: nanometer-sized, hollow, spherically-shaped objects that can be utilized to encapsulate small amounts of pharmaceuticals, enzymes, or other catalysts (glossary of biotechnology and nanobiotechnology, 4th ed)
Nanocomposites: nanometer-scale composite structures composed of organic molecules intimately incorporated with inorganic molecules. (glossary of biotechnology and nanobiotechology terms, 4th ed)
Nanoconjugates: tailored macromolecules harboring covalently-bound biologically active modules that target specific tissues and cells. the active modules or functional groups can include drugs, prodrugs, antibodies, and oligonucleotides, which can act synergistically and be multitargeting
Nanodiamonds: diamond nanoparticles that exhibit unique biological, thermal, mechanical, and optoelectronic properties. they have important nanomedicine applications including drug delivery systems; diagnostic imaging; protein separation; and biosensing techniques
Nanofibers: submicron-sized fibers with diameters typically between 50 and 500 nanometers. the very small dimension of these fibers can generate a high surface area to volume ratio, which makes them potential candidates for various biomedical and other applications
Nanog Homeobox Protein: a homeodomain protein and transcription regulator that functions in blastocyst inner cell mass and embryonic stem cell proliferation and cell self renewal. it confers pluripotency on embryonic stem cells and prevents their differentiation towards extraembryonic endoderm and trophectoderm (trophoblast) cell lineages
Nanogels: three-dimensional biocompatible materials formed by cross-linking a hydrophilic polymeric component (e.g., hydrogels). they are typically spherical particles in a size range of 20-250 nm when used for drug delivery applications
Nanomedicine: the branch of medicine concerned with the application of nanotechnology to the prevention and treatment of disease. it involves the monitoring, repair, construction, and control of human biological systems at the molecular level, using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures. (from freitas jr., nanomedicine, vol 1, 1999)
Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System: engineered nanoparticles with unique physiochemical properties which improve drug bioavailability and site specific drug delivery
Nanoparticles: nanometer-sized particles that are nanoscale in three dimensions. they include nanocrystaline materials; nanocapsules; metal nanoparticles; dendrimers, and quantum dots. the uses of nanoparticles include drug delivery systems and cancer targeting and imaging
Nanopore Sequencing: a sequencing protocol that drives nucleic acids (dna or rna) in an electric field through nanopores allowing single molecule sequence analysis
Nanopores: small holes of nanometer dimensions in a membrane, that can be used as single molecule detectors. the pores can be biological or synthetic
Nanoshells: nanometer range spherical cores of particular semiconductor compounds surrounded by an ultrathin metal shell that is commonly made of gold or silver. this configuration gives the nanoshells highly tunable optical properties. they have potential in biomedicine for diagnosis and therapy
Nanostructures: materials which have structured components with at least one dimension in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers. these include nanocomposites; nanoparticles; nanotubes; and nanowires
Nanotechnology: the development and use of techniques to study physical phenomena and construct structures in the nanoscale size range or smaller
Nanotubes: nanometer-sized tubes composed of various substances including carbon (carbon nanotubes), boron nitride, or nickel vanadate
Nanotubes, Carbon: nanometer-sized tubes composed mainly of carbon. such nanotubes are used as probes for high-resolution structural and chemical imaging of biomolecules with atomic force microscopy
Nanotubes, Peptide: nanotubes formed from cyclic peptides (peptides, cyclic). alternating d and l linkages create planar rings that self assemble by stacking into nanotubes. they can form pores through cell membrane causing damage to cells
Nanovaccines: vaccines that use nanoparticles as carriers and immunologic adjuvants
Nanoviridae: a family of dna viruses infecting plants and transmitted by aphids. genera include nanovirus and babuvirus
Nanoviridae: čeleď dna virů infikujících rostliny a přenášených mšicemi. patří sem rody nanovirus a babuvirus
Nanovirus: a genus in the family nanoviridae containing multiple circular single-stranded dna molecules. the type species is subterranean clover stunt virus
Nanovirus: rod virů čeledi nanoviridae, které obsahují více kruhových molekul jednořetězcové dna. typovým druhem je subterranean clover stunt virus
Nanowires: nanometer-scale wires made of materials that conduct electricity. they can be coated with molecules such as antibodies that will bind to proteins and other substances
Naphazoline: an adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant
Naphthacenes: polyacenes with four ortho-fused benzene rings in a straight linear arrangement. this group is best known for the subclass called tetracyclines
Naphthaleneacetic Acids: naphthalene derivatives containing the -ch2cco2h radical at the 1-position, the 2-position, or both. compounds are used as plant growth regulators to delay sprouting, exert weed control, thin fruit, etc
Naphthalenes: two-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. they are used as intermediates in chemical synthesis, as insect repellents, fungicides, lubricants, preservatives, and, formerly, as topical antiseptics
Naphthalenesulfonates: a class of organic compounds that contains a naphthalene moiety linked to a sulfonic acid salt or ester
Naphthalimides: compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with benzylisoquinolines which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). members are cytotoxins
Naphthol AS D Esterase: hydrolytic enzyme activity used as a histocytochemical test for the presence of esterases in tissue. substrate used is 3-hydroxy-4'-nitro-2-naphthanilide chloroacetate (naphthol as-d)
Naphthols: naphthalene derivatives carrying one or more hydroxyl (-oh) groups at any ring position. they are often used in dyes and pigments, as antioxidants for rubber, fats, and oils, as insecticides, in pharmaceuticals, and in numerous other applications
Naphthoquinones: naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. they can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups
Naphthylvinylpyridine: 4(1-naphthylvinyl)pyridine hydrochloride. cholinesterase inhibitor. synonym: yub 25
Naphthyridines: a group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a naphthalenes double ring in which two carbon atoms, one per each ring, are replaced with nitrogens
Naproxen: an anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout
Narcissistic Personality Disorder: a pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy. (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/nbk556001/)
Narcissus: a plant genus of the family amaryllidaceae. members contain ungiminorine and lectins
Narcissus: rod rostlin čeledi amaryllidaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují alkaloid ungiminorin a lektiny
Narcolepsy: a condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and amnesia. cataplexy; sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations frequently accompany narcolepsy. the pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (rem) sleep, which normally follows stage iii or iv sleep. (from neurology 1998 feb;50(2 suppl 1):s2-s7)
Narcotherapy: intravenous injections of sodium amytal or sodium pentothal to induce a state in which the patient is more relaxed and communicative. narcosuggestion, narcosynthesis, and narcoanalysis are therapeutic processes using these drug adjuncts
Narcotic Antagonists: agents inhibiting the effect of narcotics on the central nervous system
Narcotic-Related Disorders: disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of narcotics
Narcotics: agents that induce narcosis. narcotics include agents that cause somnolence or induced sleep (stupor); natural or synthetic derivatives of opium or morphine or any substance that has such effects. they are potent inducers of analgesia and opioid-related disorders
Nardostachys: a plant genus of the family valerianaceae. nardostachysin, nardostachin, nardosinone, valeranone, and patchoulene have been found in this genus. nardostachys jatamansi is classified by some as valeriana jatamansi
Nardostachys: rod rostlin čeledi caprifoliaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují nardostachysin, nardostachin, nardosinon, valeranon a pačulen. nardostachys jatamansi je někdy klasifikovaný jako valeriana jatamansi
Narration: the act, process, or an instance of narrating, i.e., telling a story. in the context of medicine or ethics, narration includes relating the particular and the personal in the life story of an individual
Narrative Medicine: narration as a tool to collect and interpret information on a patient's experience of illness
Narrative Therapy: a form of psychotherapy that centers on the individuals as the experts in their own lives and views problems as separate from people. it is assumed that people have many skills, competencies, beliefs, values, commitments, and abilities that will assist them to reduce the influence of problems in their lives
Narrow Band Imaging: imaging techniques that use illumination created with several optical interference filters by which the frequency ranges are spectrally narrowed and light scatter is greatly reduced. thus the reflected photons reconstituting the images are from distinct depths (the surface and deeper layers) of the object being imaged
Nasal Bone: either one of the two small elongated rectangular bones that together form the bridge of the nose
Nasal Cartilages: hyaline cartilages in the nose. there are five major nasal cartilages including two lateral, two alar, and one septal
Nasal Cavity: the proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum. nasal cavities, extending from the nares to the nasopharynx, are lined with ciliated nasal mucosa
Nasal Decongestants: drugs designed to treat inflammation of the nasal passages, generally the result of an infection (more often than not the common cold) or an allergy related condition, e.g., hay fever. the inflammation involves swelling of the mucous membrane that lines the nasal passages and results in inordinate mucus production. the primary class of nasal decongestants are vasoconstrictor agents. (from pharmassist, the family guide to health and medicine, 1993)
Nasal Lavage: irrigation of the nose with saline or irrigation solutions for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. it is used to remove irritants, allergens, or microorganisms from the nose
Nasal Lavage Fluid: fluid obtained by therapeutic irrigation or washout of the nasal cavity and nasal mucosa. the resulting fluid is used in cytologic and immunologic assays of the nasal mucosa such as with the nasal provocation test in the diagnosis of nasal hypersensitivity
Nasal Mucosa: the mucous lining of the nasal cavity, including lining of the nostril (vestibule) and the olfactory mucosa. nasal mucosa consists of ciliated cells, goblet cells, brush cells, small granule cells, basal cells (stem cells) and glands containing both mucous and serous cells
Nasal Obstruction: any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. the obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the nasal cavity
Nasal Polyps: focal accumulations of edema fluid in the nasal mucosa accompanied by hyperplasia of the associated submucosal connective tissue. polyps may be neoplasms, foci of inflammation, degenerative lesions, or malformations
Nasal Provocation Tests: application of allergens to the nasal mucosa. interpretation includes observation of nasal symptoms, rhinoscopy, and rhinomanometry. nasal provocation tests are used in the diagnosis of nasal hypersensitivity, including rhinitis, allergic, seasonal
Nasal Septal Perforation: an opening or hole in the nasal septum that is caused by trauma, injury, drug use, or pathological process
Nasal Septum: the partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane. it is formed by the septal nasal cartilage, parts of skull bones (ethmoid bone; vomer), and membranous parts
Nasal Sprays: pharmacologic agents delivered into the nostrils in the form of a mist or spray
Nasoalveolar Molding: a presurgical facial orthotic treatment for patients with bilateral and unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate. the treatment uses nasoalveolar molding devices designed to reduce the cleft gap, reposition the alveolar segments to improve nasal symmetry, shaping and lessening the severity of the cleft deformity before primary palatoplasty, cheiloplasty, and rhinoplasty
Nasolabial Fold: a skin crease on each side of the face that runs from the outer corners of the nose to the corner of the mouth. it is a common site of plastic surgery
Nasolacrimal Duct: a tubular duct that conveys tears from the lacrimal gland to the nose
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: a carcinoma that originates in the epithelium of the nasopharynx and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and papillary adenocarcinoma. it is most prevalent in southeast asian populations and is associated with epstein-barr virus infections. somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in npcr, bap1, ubap1, erbb2, erbb3, mll2, pik3ca, kras, nras, and arid1a genes
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the nasopharynx
Nasopharyngeal teratoma with Dandy Walker diaphragmatic hernia: nasopharyngeal teratoma ('hairy polyp'), dandy-walker malformation, diaphragmatic hernia
Nasopharyngitis: inflammation of the nasopharynx, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands
Nasopharynx: the top portion of the pharynx situated posterior to the nose and superior to the soft palate. the nasopharynx is the posterior extension of the nasal cavities and has a respiratory function
Nasturtium: a plant genus of the family brassicaceae. nasturtium is also used as a common name for tropaeolum. the common name of watercress is also used for rorippa & tropaeolum. this is the most popular of the edible cresses, is a hardy creeping perennial plant, native to europe but extensively naturalized elsewhere in moist places
Nasturtium: rod mokřadních až vodních rostlin z čeledě brukvovitých vyskytujících se s výjimkou severských a aridních oblastí ve všech světadílech. mladé rostliny jsou občas používány jako salátová zelenina. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Natal Teeth: predeciduous teeth present at birth. they may be well formed and normal or may represent hornified epithelial structures without roots. they are found on the gingivae over the crest of the ridge and arise from accessory buds of the dental lamina ahead of the deciduous buds or from buds of the accessory dental lamina. (from jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992)
Natalizumab: a humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin g4 antibody to human integrin alpha4 that binds to the alpha4 subunit of integrin alpha4beta1 and integrin alpha4beta7. it is used as an immunologic factor in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and crohn's disease
Natamycin: amphoteric macrolide antifungal antibiotic from streptomyces natalensis or s. chattanoogensis. it is used for a variety of fungal infections, mainly topically
Nateglinide: a phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Nathalie syndrome: deafness, cataract, muscular atrophy, skeletal abnormalities, growth retardation, underdeveloped secondary sexual characteristics
National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, U.S., Health and Medicine Division: an organization that initiates and conducts studies of national policy and planning for health care and health-related education and research; it also responds to requests from the federal government and other agencies for studies and advice. was founded as the institute of medicine in 1970 and changed in 2016 to a division of the academies
National Academy of Sciences, U.S.: a united states organization of distinguished scientists and engineers established for the purpose of investigating and reporting upon any subject of art or science as requested by any department of government. the national research council organized by nas serves as the principal operating agency to stimulate and support research
National Cancer Institute (U.S.): component of the national institutes of health. through basic and clinical biomedical research and training, it conducts and supports research with the objective of cancer prevention, early stage identification and elimination. this institute was established in 1937
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (U.S.): a unit of the national institutes of health that seeks to catalyze the generation of innovative methods and technologies that will enhance the development, testing, and implementation of diagnostics and therapeutics across a wide range of human diseases and conditions. the center was established in 2011
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (U.S.): the mission of nccih is to define, through rigorous scientific investigation, the usefulness and safety of complementary and integrative health interventions and their roles in improving health and health care. the center was established in 1999 and was known as nccam national center of complementary and alternative medicine until 2015
National Center for Health Care Technology, U.S.: a center in the public health service which coordinates and administers a program of research, demonstrations, and evaluations of medical technologies and assessments of health care technology
National Center for Health Statistics, U.S.: a unit of the centers for disease control and prevention. it is primarily concerned with the collection, analysis, and dissemination of health statistics on vital events and health activities to reflect the health status of people, health needs, and health resources
National Eye Institute (U.S.): component of the national institutes of health. it conducts and supports research on the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the eye and visual system. it was originally part of the national institute of neurological diseases and blindness. the national eye institute was established in 1968
National Health Planning Information Center, U.S.: a center in the health resources administration division of planning methods and technology which provides access to current information on health planning and resources development
National Health Programs: components of a national health care system which administer specific services, e.g., national health insurance
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U.S.): component of the national institutes of health. it conducts and supports research program related to diseases of the heart, blood vessels, lung, and blood; blood resources; and sleep wake disorders. from 1948 until october 10, 1969, it was known as the national heart institute. from june 25, 1976, it was the national heart and lung institute. since october 1997, the nhlbi has also had administrative responsibility for the nih woman's health initiative
National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.): component of the national institutes of health. it conducts and supports research into the mapping of the human genome and other organism genomes. the national center for human genome research was established in 1989 and re-named the national human genome research institute in 1997
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S.: an institute of the centers for disease control and prevention which is responsible for assuring safe and healthful working conditions and for developing standards of safety and health. research activities are carried out pertinent to these goals
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U.S.): component of the national institutes of health. it conducts and supports basic and applied research to better understand, treat, and ultimately prevent infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases. it was established in 1948
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (U.S.): component of the national institutes of health. it supports research into the causes, treatment, and prevention of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases; the training of basic and clinical scientists to carry out this research; and the dissemination of information on research progress. it was established in 1986
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U.S.): component of the national institutes of health. its mission is to improve health by leading the development and accelerating the application of biomedical technologies, and integrating the physical and engineering sciences with the life sciences to advance basic research and medical care. it was established in 2000
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U.S.): component of the national institutes of health. it was initially established to investigate the broad aspects of human development as a means of understanding developmental disabilities, including mental retardation, and the events that occur during pregnancy. it now conducts and supports research on all stages of human development. it was established in 1962
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (U.S.): component of the national institutes of health. it seeks to improve oral, dental and craniofacial health through research, research training, and the dissemination of health information by conducting and supporting basic and clinical research. it was established in 1948 as the national institute of dental research and re-named in 1998 as the national institute of dental and craniofacial research
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U.S.): component of the national institutes of health. it conducts and supports basic and applied research for a national program in diabetes, endocrinology, and metabolic diseases; digestive diseases and nutrition; and kidney, urologic, and hematologic diseases. it was established in 1948
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (U.S.): component of the national institutes of health. it conducts and supports basic and applied research to reduce the burden of human illness and dysfunction from environmental causes by, defining how environmental exposures, genetic susceptibility, and age interact to affect an individual's health. it was established in 1969
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (U.S.): component of the national institutes of health. it conducts and supports basic biomedical research that is not targeted to specific diseases and funds studies on genes, proteins, and cells, as well as on fundamental processes like communication within and between cells and metabolism. it was established in 1962
National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.): a component of the national institutes of health concerned with research, overall planning, promoting, and administering mental health programs and research. it was established in 1949
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U.S.): component of the national institutes of health. it supports and conducts research, both basic and clinical, on the normal and diseases nervous system. it was established in 1950
National Institute of Nursing Research (U.S.): component of the national institutes of health. it conducts and supports clinical and basic research to establish a scientific basis for the care of individuals across the life span, from the management of patients during illness and recovery to the reduction of risks for disease and disability; the promotion of healthy lifestyles; the promotion of quality of life in those with chronic illness; and the care for individuals at the end of life. it was established in 1986
National Institute on Aging (U.S.): component of the national institutes of health. through basic and clinical biomedical research and training, it conducts and supports research into the nature of the aging process and diseases associated with the later stages of life. the institute was established in 1974
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U.S.): component of the national institutes of health. it conducts research focused on improving the treatment and prevention of alcoholism and alcohol-related problems to reduce the health, social, and economic consequences of this disease. niaaa, nimh, and nida were created as coequal institutes within the alcohol, drug abuse and mental health administration in 1974. it was established within the national institutes of health in 1992
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (U.S.): component of the national institutes of health. it conducts and supports biomedical research and research training on normal mechanisms as well as diseases and disorders of hearing, balance, smell, taste, voice, speech, and language. it was established in 1988
National Institute on Drug Abuse (U.S.): component of the national institutes of health. it supports a comprehensive research portfolio that focuses on the biological, social, behavioral and neuroscientific bases of drug abuse on the body and brain as well as its causes, prevention, and treatment. nida, niaaa, and nimh were created as coequal institutes within the alcohol, drug abuse and mental health administration in 1974. it was established within the national institutes of health in 1992
National Institutes of Health (U.S.): an operating division of the us department of health and human services. it is concerned with the overall planning, promoting, and administering of programs pertaining to health and medical research