NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Skin Manifestations: dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury
Skin Microbiome: all of the microbial organisms that naturally exist upon the epidermis
Skin Physiological Phenomena: the functions of the skin in the human and animal body. it includes the pigmentation of the skin
Skin Test End-Point Titration: a quantitative form of intradermal testing for the relative allergenicity of a substance. it is used to determine the amount of an allergen that will be tolerated in allergen immunotherapy
Skin Tests: epicutaneous or intradermal application of a sensitizer for demonstration of either delayed or immediate hypersensitivity. used in diagnosis of hypersensitivity or as a test for cellular immunity
Skin Transplantation: the grafting of skin in humans or animals from one site to another to replace a lost portion of the body surface skin
Skin Window Technique: a technique to study cell migration in the inflammation process or during immune reactions. after an area on the skin is abraded, the movement of cells in the area is followed via microscopic observation of the exudate through a coverslip or tissue culture chamber placed over the area
Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases: a collective term for diseases of the skin and its appendages and of connective tissue
Skin, Artificial: synthetic material used for the treatment of burns and other conditions involving large-scale loss of skin. it often consists of an outer (epidermal) layer of silicone and an inner (dermal) layer of collagen and chondroitin 6-sulfate. the dermal layer elicits new growth and vascular invasion and the outer layer is later removed and replaced by a graft
Skinfold Thickness: the measurement of subcutaneous fat located directly beneath the skin by grasping a fold of skin and subcutaneous fat between the thumb and forefinger and pulling it away from the underlying muscle tissue. the thickness of the double layer of skin and subcutaneous tissue is then read with a caliper. the five most frequently measured sites are the upper arm, below the scapula, above the hip bone, the abdomen, and the thigh. its application is the determination of relative fatness, of changes in physical conditioning programs, and of the percentage of body fat in desirable body weight. (from mcardle, et al., exercise physiology, 2d ed, p496-8)
Skotsko: skotsko je jednou ze čtyř zemí konstituční monarchie spojeného království velké británie a severního irska, která se nachází v severní části ostrova velká británie. jedinou suchozemskou hranici má s anglií, na východě je skotsko ohraničeno severním mořem, na severu a západě atlantským oceánem a na jihozápadě severním průlivem a irským mořem. mimo pevninu se skotsko rozkládá na více než 790 ostrovech, z nichž největší jsou orkneje, shetlandy a hebridy. hlavním a druhým největším městem skotska je edinburgh. největším skotským městem je glasgow. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Skull Base: the inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface
Skull Base Neoplasms: neoplasms of the base of the skull specifically, differentiated from neoplasms of unspecified sites or bones of the skull (skull neoplasms)
Skull Fracture, Basilar: fractures which extend through the base of the skull, usually involving the petrous bone. battle's sign (characterized by skin discoloration due to extravasation of blood into the subcutaneous tissue behind the ear and over the mastoid process), cranial neuropathies, traumatic; carotid-cavernous sinus fistula; and cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea are relatively frequent sequelae of this condition. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p876)
Skull Fracture, Depressed: a skull fracture characterized by inward depression of a fragment or section of cranial bone, often compressing the underlying dura mater and brain. depressed cranial fractures which feature open skin wounds that communicate with skull fragments are referred to as compound depressed skull fractures
Skull Fractures: fractures of the skull which may result from penetrating or nonpenetrating head injuries or rarely bone diseases (see also fractures, spontaneous). skull fractures may be classified by location (e.g., skull fracture, basilar), radiographic appearance (e.g., linear), or based upon cranial integrity (e.g., skull fracture, depressed)
Slavotinek Pike Mills Hurst syndrome: cataracts, motor system disorder, short stature, learning difficulties, and skeletal abnormalities
Sleep: a readily reversible suspension of sensorimotor interaction with the environment, usually associated with recumbency and immobility
Sleep Aids, Pharmaceutical: drugs used to induce sleep, prevent sleeplessness, or treat sleep initiation and maintenance disorders
Sleep Apnea Syndromes: disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see sleep apnea, central), obstructive (see sleep apnea, obstructive), and mixed central-obstructive types
Sleep Apnea, Central: a condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (sleep apnea, obstructive) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. this disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive: a disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. it is due to upper airway obstruction. the respiratory pauses may induce hypercapnia or hypoxia. cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative sleep deprivation and daytime tiredness. associated conditions include obesity; acromegaly; myxedema; micrognathia; myotonic dystrophy; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and neuromuscular diseases. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p395)
Sleep Arousal Disorders: sleep disorders characterized by impaired arousal from the deeper stages of sleep (generally stage iii or iv sleep)
Sleep Bruxism: a sleep disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth and forceful lateral or protrusive jaw movements. sleep bruxism may be associated with tooth injuries; temporomandibular joint disorders; sleep disturbances; and other conditions
Sleep Deprivation: the state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder
Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm: dyssomnias associated with disruption of the normal 24 hour sleep wake cycle secondary to travel (e.g., jet lag syndrome), shift work, or other causes
Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic: dyssomnias (i.e., insomnias or hypersomnias) associated with dysfunction of internal sleep mechanisms or secondary to a sleep-related medical disorder (e.g., sleep apnea, post-traumatic sleep disorders, etc.). (from thorpy, sleep disorders medicine, 1994, p187)
Sleep Hygiene: habits and practices conducive to getting the right amount and quality of sleep, and include responding to environmental factors that may influence one's sleep
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders: disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. this may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition
Sleep Latency: the time it takes to reach rem sleep. it is typically measured by polysomnography or eeg as a part of various sleep pattern tests (e.g., multiple sleep latency test)
Sleep Medicine Specialty: a medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of sleep wake disorders and their causes
Sleep Paralysis: a common condition characterized by transient partial or total paralysis of skeletal muscles and areflexia that occurs upon awakening from sleep or less often while falling asleep. stimuli such as touch or sound may terminate the episode, which usually has a duration of seconds to minutes. this condition may occur in normal subjects or be associated with narcolepsy; cataplexy; and hypnagogic hallucinations. the pathophysiology of this condition is closely related to the normal hypotonia that occur during rem sleep. (from adv neurol 1995;67:245-271)
Sleep Phase Chronotherapy: a progressive advance or delay of bedtime until the desired bedtime is achieved
Sleep Quality: satisfaction with the sleep experience, integrating aspects of sleep initiation, sleep maintenance, sleep quantity, and refreshment upon awakening
Sleep Stages: periods of sleep manifested by changes in eeg activity and certain behavioral correlates; they formerly included stage 1: sleep onset, drowsy sleep; stage 2: light sleep; stages 3 and 4: delta sleep, light sleep, deep sleep, telencephalic sleep. in 2007, sleep stages were redefined by the american academy of sleep medicine (aasm) as: n1-n2 (sleep onset - light sleep), n3 (slow-wave sleep), and rem sleep
Sleep Wake Disorders: abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the circadian rhythm which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle
Sleep, REM: a stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the eye and low voltage fast pattern eeg. it is usually associated with dreaming
Sleep, Slow-Wave: a stage of sleep characterized by synchronized wave activity as observed in the electroencephalogram; the waves exhibit a frequency of 0.5 to 2 hz, and a peak-to-peak amplitude greater than 75 microvolts
Sleep-Wake Transition Disorders: parasomnias characterized by behavioral abnormalities that occur during the transition between wakefulness and sleep (or between sleep and wakefulness)
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphyses: a developmental deformity in which the metaphysis of the femur moves proximally and anteriorly away from femur head (epiphysis) at the upper growth plate. it is most common in male adolescents and is associated with a greater risk of early osteoarthritis of the hip
Slit Homolog 2 Protein: a secreted protein containing four leucine-rich repeats, followed by six egf repeats, an alps domain, three additional egf repeats, and a cysteine-rich carboxy-terminal region. it functions in cell migration and neuron guidance during brain and nervous system development
Slit Lamp: a microscope with a light source that can be projected into a linear beam. it allows cross-sectional viewing of the aqueous humor; conjuncteiva; cornea; eyelids; iris; and lens (see lens, eye) of the eye
Slit Lamp Microscopy: a procedure that uses a slit lamp to examine structures in the front of the eye, such as the conjunctiva; cornea; iris; and aqueous humor
Slit Ventricle Syndrome: an intermittent and self-limiting headache disorder in individuals with cerebrospinal fluid shunts emplaced for the treatment of hydrocephalus. the symptoms of headache, vomiting, and cranial neuropathies are associated with intermittent obstruction of the shunt
Sloths: slow-moving exclusively arboreal mammals that inhabit the tropical forests of south and central america
Slovakia: created 1 january 1993 as a result of the division of czechoslovakia into the czech republic and slovakia
Slovenská republika: republika založena 1. ledna 1993 po rozdělení československa na českou republiku a slovensko
Slovinsko: 25. června 1991 vyhlásilo nezávislost jako první z nástupnických států po rozdělení jugoslávie. samostatnost slovinska byla mezinárodně uznána 15. ledna 1992. slovinsko se nachází v jihovýchodní evropě, má přístup ke středozemnímu moři, jeho pobřeží leží u jaderského moře a na podstatné části jeho severních hranic se nacházejí alpy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Slow Virus Diseases: diseases of viral origin, characterized by incubation periods of months to years, insidious onset of clinical manifestations, and protracted clinical course. though the disease process is protracted, viral multiplication may not be unusually slow. conventional viruses produce slow virus diseases such as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (leukoencephalopathy, progressive multifocal), and aids. diseases produced by unconventional agents were originally considered part of this group. they are now called prion diseases
Slowed Nerve Conduction Velocity, Autosomal Dominant: mutation in arhgef10
Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: defined by a constellation of caregiver-reported symptoms that includes daydreaming, difficulty initiating and sustaining effort, lethargy, and physical underactivity. these symptoms have been observed in both typically developing children and in some children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd), especially those with the predominantly inattentive presentation. (j abnormal child psychology; 46: jan 2018.127).
Smad Proteins: a family of proteins that are involved in the translocation of signals from tgf-beta receptors; bone morphogenetic protein receptors; and other surface receptors to the cell nucleus. they were originally identified as a class of proteins that are related to the mothers against decapentaplegic protein, drosophila and sma proteins from caenorhabditis elegans
Smad Proteins, Inhibitory: a sub-family of smad proteins that inhibit cell signaling by receptor-regulated smad proteins. they form autoinhibitory feedback loops in the tgf-beta signaling pathway and mediate signaling cross-talk with other signaling pathways
Smad Proteins, Receptor-Regulated: a family of smad proteins that undergo phosphorylation by cell surface receptors in response to transforming growth factor beta; activin; or bone morphogenetic protein signaling
Smad1 Protein: a receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes phosphorylation by bone morphogenetic protein receptors. it regulates bone morphogenetic protein signaling and plays an essential role in embryonic development
Smad2 Protein: a receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes phosphorylation by activin receptors, type i. it regulates transforming growth factor beta and activin signaling
Smad3 Protein: a receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes phosphorylation by activin receptors, type i. activated smad3 can bind directly to dna, and it regulates transforming growth factor beta and activin signaling
Smad4 Protein: a signal transducing adaptor protein and tumor suppressor protein. it forms a complex with activated receptor-regulated smad proteins. the complex then translocates to the cell nucleus and regulates genetic transcription of target genes
Smad5 Protein: a receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes phosphorylation by bone morphogenetic protein receptors. it regulates bone morphogenetic protein signaling and is essential for physiological angiogenesis
Smad6 Protein: an inhibitory smad protein that negatively regulates the signal transduction pathways from bone morphogenetic protein receptors. smad6 inhibits phosphorylation of smad2 protein and smad3 protein
Smad7 Protein: an inhibitory smad protein that associates with transforming growth factor beta receptors and bone morphogenetic protein receptors. it negatively regulates signal transduction pathways by inhibiting phosphorylation of receptor-regulated smad proteins
Smad8 Protein: a receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes phosphorylation by bone morphogenetic protein receptors and regulates bone morphogenetic protein signaling
Small Business: for-profit enterprise with relatively few to moderate number of employees and low to moderate volume of sales
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: a form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (small cell carcinoma)
Small Fiber Neuropathy: disorder of the peripheral nerves that primarily impair small nerve fibers. the affected small nerve fibers include myelinated a-delta fibers (see a fibers) and unmyelinated c fibers. because these small fibers innervate skin and help control autonomic function, their neuropathy presents with neuropathic pain, reduced thermal and pain sensitivity, and autonomic dysfunction (e.g. abnormal sweating or facial flushing). small fiber neuropathy can be idiopathic or associated with underlying diseases (e.g., amyloidosis; diabetes mellitus; sarcoidosis; or vasculitis)
Small Leucine-Rich Proteoglycans: a proteoglycan family (slrps) that is defined by a central domain which consists of a variable number of repeats of the motif lxxlxlxxnxl, where l may be leucine; isoleucine; valine; or other hydrophobic amino acids. the n-terminal contains four conserved cysteine residues and may be modified depending on function. slrps provide structural support to the extracellular matrix and are critical for regulating its assembly and dynamics at cell-matrix junctions
Small Molecule Libraries: large collections of small molecules (molecular weight about 600 or less), of similar or diverse nature which are used for high-throughput screening analysis of the gene function, protein interaction, cellular processing, biochemical pathways, or other chemical interactions. it includes virtual libraries
Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins: a class of structurally related proteins of 12-20 kda in size. they covalently modify specific proteins in a manner analogous to ubiquitin
Small-Area Analysis: a method of analyzing the variation in utilization of health care in small geographic or demographic areas. it often studies, for example, the usage rates for a given service or procedure in several small areas, documenting the variation among the areas. by comparing high- and low-use areas, the analysis attempts to determine whether there is a pattern to such use and to identify variables that are associated with and contribute to the variation
Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels: a major class of calcium-activated potassium channels that are found primarily in excitable cells. they play important roles in the transmission of action potentials and generate a long-lasting hyperpolarization known as the slow afterhyperpolarization
Smallpox: an acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (dorland, 28th ed)
Smallpox Vaccine: a vaccinia virus vaccine used for immunization against smallpox. it is now recommended only for laboratory workers exposed to smallpox virus. certain countries continue to vaccinate those in the military service. rare complications most often associated with older generation smallpox vaccines include vaccinia, secondary bacterial infections, and encephalomyelitis. because monkeypox virus and smallpox virus are both orthopoxvirus and are closely related smallpox vaccines provide effective cross-protection against mpox, monkeypox (https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/smallpox-vaccine.html)
Smart Glasses: computerized eyewear with multiple technological applications for advanced computing and interoperability. smart glasses are optimized to facilitate information and data access, capture, display, transfer, and manipulation
Smart Materials: materials designed to change properties in response to changes in their environment adopting various predetermined shapes and/or functionalities
Smear Layer: adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. it is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. however, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin
Smegma: a foul-smelling accumulation of sebum and desquaminated epidermal cells, especially the cheesy substance found under the foreskin of the penis and at the base of the labia minor near the clitoris
Smegmamorpha: group of fish under the superorder acanthopterygii, separate from the perciformes, which includes swamp eels, mullets, sticklebacks, seahorses, spiny eels, rainbowfishes, and killifishes. the name is derived from the six taxa which comprise the group. (from http://www.nanfa.org/articles/elassoma/elassoma.htm, 8/4/2000)
Smegmamorpha: skupina ryb hyperřádu acanthopterygii, oddělená od perciformes, kam patří tyto podskupiny: synbranchiformes (synbranchoidei a mastacembeloidei), mugilomorpha (mugiloidei), elassomatidae (elassoma), gasterosteiformes a atherinomorpha
Smell: the ability to detect scents or odors, such as the function of olfactory receptor neurons
Smilacaceae: a plant family of the order liliales, subclass liliidae, class liliopsida (monocotyledon)
Smilacaceae: čeleď jednoděložných rostlin z řádu liliotvarých (liliales). jsou to převážně liány nebo keře, méně často byliny, zpravidla s oddenky. je známo asi 370 druhů, které jsou rozšířeny ve velké části světa, v tropech až subtropech s přesahem do teplejších částí mírného pásma, v evropě však poměrně málo. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Smilax: a plant genus of the family smilacaceae. members contain smiglasides (phenylpropanoid glycosides) and steroidal saponins. commercially it is sometimes adulterated with hemidesmus, which would affect experimental results. drinks called sarsaparilla and root beer have been prepared from the smilaz ornata (jamaican sarsaparilla) and sassafras
Smilax: rod rostlin z čeledi přestupovité (smilacaceae). zástupci obsahují smiglasidy (fenylpropanoidní glykosidy) a steroidní saponiny. nápoje nazývané sarsaparilla a kořenové pivo byly připraveny ze smilax ornata (jamajská sarsaparilla) a sassafrasu
Smiling: a facial expression which may denote feelings of pleasure, affection, amusement, etc
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome: an autosomal recessive disorder of cholesterol metabolism. it is caused by a deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme that converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, leading to an abnormally low plasma cholesterol. this syndrome is characterized by multiple congenital abnormalities, growth deficiency, and intellectual disability
Smith-Magenis Syndrome: complex neurobehavioral disorder characterized by distinctive facial features (facies), developmental delay and intellectual disability. behavioral phenotypes include sleep disturbance, maladaptive, self-injurious and attention-seeking behaviors. the sleep disturbance is linked to an abnormal circadian secretion pattern of melatonin. the syndrome is associated with de novo deletion or mutation and haploinsufficiency of the retinoic acid-induced 1 protein on chromosome 17p11.2
Smithův-Lemliho-Opitzův syndrom: vrozený, geneticky podmíněný syndrom s mutací enzymu nutného k syntéze cholesterolu (7-dehydrocholesterol-delta-7-reduktáza mění 7-dehydrocholesterol na cholesterol). dědičnost je autozomálně recesivní. chybění cholesterolu a nadbytek prekurzoru mají závažné důsledky. stav způsobující mnohočetné kongenitální anomálie a mentální retardaci (mca/mr). v nejtěžších formách (slos ii) může způsobit intrauterinní smrt či úmrtí v prvních dnech života. je poškozeno mnoho orgánů - srdeční selhání a srdeční vady, poruchy zraku, sluchu, trávicího systému vč. jater, různé vady (např. polydaktylie) aj. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Smithův-Magenisův syndrom: vzácně se vyskytující kombinace poruch zahrnující faciální dysmorfii, mírnou mentální retardaci, poruchy spánku. bývá také nízký vzrůst a porucha vnímání bolesti a teploty. důvodem je mikrodelece chromozomu 17p11.2. (cit. medicabáze.cz, 2018 http://www.medicabaze.cz)
Smog: a mixture of smoke and fog polluting the atmosphere. (dorland, 27th ed)
Smoke Inhalation Injury: pulmonary injury following the breathing in of toxic smoke from burning materials such as plastics, synthetics, building materials, etc. this injury is the most frequent cause of death in burn patients
Smoking: willful or deliberate act of inhaling and exhaling smoke from burning substances or agents held by hand
Smoking Reduction: a decrease in the incidence and frequency of smoking. smoking reduction differs from smoking cessation in that the smoker continues to smoke albeit at a lesser frequency without quitting
Smoking Water Pipes: pipes for smoking tobacco, cannabis, and other substances, in which smoke is drawn through water. do not confuse with smoking pipes
Smoking, Non-Tobacco Products: smoking of non-tobacco (or nicotine-containing) substances
Smoldering Multiple Myeloma: an asymptomatic and slow-growing plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by presence of myeloma proteins and clonal bone marrow plasma cells without end-organ damage (e.g., renal impairment). it is distinguished from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance by a much higher risk of progression to symptomatic multiple myeloma
Smooth Muscle Myosins: myosin type ii isoforms found in smooth muscle
Smooth Muscle Tumor: a tumor composed of smooth muscle tissue, as opposed to leiomyoma, a tumor derived from smooth muscle
Smoothened Receptor: a frizzled-like, g-protein-coupled receptor that associates with patched receptors to transduce signals from hedgehog proteins and initiate hedgehog signaling to zinc finger protein gli1. it may normally inhibit signaling in the absence of sonic hedgehog protein binding to patched receptor-1
Snail Family Transcription Factors: a transcription factor family characterized by the presence of several c-terminal cys2-his2 zinc fingers. they function in many developmental processes including the induction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition; maintenance of embryonic mesoderm; growth arrest, cell survival; and cell migration
Snails: marine, freshwater, or terrestrial mollusks of the class gastropoda. most have an enclosing spiral shell, and several genera harbor parasites pathogenic to man
Snake Bites: bites by snakes. bite by a venomous snake is characterized by stinging pain at the wound puncture. the venom injected at the site of the bite is capable of producing a deleterious effect on the blood or on the nervous system. (webster's 3d ed; from dorland, 27th ed, at snake, venomous)
Snake Venoms: solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by snake (ophidia) salivary glands (duvernoy's gland) for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs. they usually contain enzymes, toxins, and other factors
Sneddon Syndrome: a systemic non-inflammatory arteriopathy primarily of middle-aged females characterized by the association of livedo reticularis, multiple thrombotic cerebral infarction; coronary disease, and hypertension. elevation of antiphospholipid antibody titers (see also antiphospholipid syndrome), cardiac valvulopathy, ischemic attack, transient; seizures; dementia; and chronic ischemia of the extremities may also occur. pathologic examination of affected arteries reveals non-inflammatory adventitial fibrosis, thrombosis, and changes in the media (from jablonski, dictionary of syndromes & eponymic diseases, 2d ed; adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p861; arch neurol 1997 jan;54(1):53-60). mutations in the cecr1 gene (ada2 protein, human) are associated with sneddon syndrome
Sneddonův syndrom: sneddonův syndrom - livedo reticularis v horní části dolních končetin a na hýždích u pacientů s cerebrovaskulárními poruchami, popř. s dalšími kožními projevy, někdy v těsném spojení s neurologickými epizodami. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Sneezing: the sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract
Snijders Blok-Campeau syndrome: caused by heterozygous mutation in the chd3 dna helicase; omim: 618205
Snoring: rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate
Snyder Robinson syndrome: an x-linked recessive intellectual disability syndrome that also affects other body structures. additional characteristics include facial asymmetry, marfanoid habitus, unsteady gait, thickened lower lip, nasal dysarthic speech (dysarthria), narrow or cleft palate, diminished muscle mass, osteoporosis: kyphosis, long great toes, short stature, pectus carinatum, and myopia. mutations in the sms gene have been identified. omim: 309583
Soaps: sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. these detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials
Soccer: a game in which a round inflated ball is advanced by kicking or propelling with any part of the body except the hands or arms. the object of the game is to place the ball in opposite goals
Social Adjustment: adaptation of the person to the social environment. adjustment may take place by adapting the self to the environment or by changing the environment. (from campbell, psychiatric dictionary, 1996)
Social Alienation: the state of estrangement individuals feel in cultural settings that they view as foreign, unpredictable, or unacceptable
Social Behavior Disorders: behaviors which are at variance with the expected social norm and which affect other individuals
Social Capital: resources of social trust, norms, and networks that people can draw upon to solve common problems. it includes families, schools, churches, neighborhood associations, clubs, and community organizations. (eric thesaurus accessed 6/8/2021)
Social Change: a shift, alteration, modification, or evolution of human behavior and culture, which over time, results in measurable consequences on societal values and norms
Social Class: a stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income
Social Cognition: perception, interpretation, and categorizing self judgement of one's own social behaviors and group position and those of others
Social Cohesion: strength of relationships and the sense of belongingness and solidarity among members of a community (https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-health/interventions-resources/social-cohesion)
Social Communication Disorder: persistent difficulties in the social uses of verbal and nonverbal communications. (dsm-v)
Social Comparison: perception of one's abilities and attitudes in relation to those of others in a process that plays a significant role in self-image and subjective well-being
Social Conditions: the state of society as it exists or in flux. while it usually refers to society as a whole in a specified geographical or political region, it is applicable also to restricted strata of a society
Social Control, Formal: control which is exerted by the more stable organizations of society, such as established institutions and the law. they are ordinarily embodied in definite codes, usually written
Social Control, Informal: those forms of control which are exerted in less concrete and tangible ways, as through folkways, mores, conventions, and public sentiment
Social Defeat: conflict between members of the same species that generates emotional and psychological stress and increased social distance
Social Deprivation: limited access to society's resources due to poverty. discrimination, or other disadvantage. conditions based on seven demographic characteristics collected in the american community survey (acs): often include percent living in poverty, percent with less than 12 years of education, percent of single parent households, percent living in rented housing unit, percent living in overcrowded housing unit, percent of households without a car, and percent of non-employed adults under the age of 65 years.(https://dictionary.apa.org/socialdeprivation)
Social Desirability: a personality trait rendering the individual acceptable in social or interpersonal relations. it is related to social acceptance, social approval, popularity, social status, leadership qualities, or any quality making him a socially desirable companion
Social Determinants of Health: the circumstances in which people are born, grow up, live, work, and age, as well as the systems put in place to deal with illness. these circumstances are in turn shaped by a wider set of forces: economics, social policies, and politics (http://www.cdc.gov/socialdeterminants/)
Social Dominance: social structure of a group as it relates to the relative social rank of dominance status of its members. (apa, thesaurus of psychological index terms, 8th ed.)
Social Environment: the aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community
Social Evolution: the process of cumulative change that arises over successive generations in social interactions, especially between individuals of the same species
Social Facilitation: any enhancement of a motivated behavior in which individuals do the same thing with some degree of mutual stimulation and consequent coordination
Social Genomics: field of genetics studying correlates between variations in sociological factors and differences in genome-wide gene expression regulation
Social Group: a collection of two or more people who share a common identity as defined by beliefs, codes of conduct, culture and social norms
Social Identification: the process by which an aspect of self image is developed based on in-group preference or ethnocentrism and a perception of belonging to a social or cultural group. (from apa, thesaurus of psychological index terms, 8th ed.)
Social Inclusion: the process of improving the basis on which individuals and groups take part in society by improving the ability, opportunity, and dignity of those disadvantaged
Social Integration: a dynamic and principled process where all members participate in dialogue to achieve and maintain peaceful social relations. it does not include coerced assimilation or forced integration. (from https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/sib/peacedialogue/soc_integration.htm)
Social Interaction: process involving reciprocal response between two or more individuals. this includes the development of cooperation and competition, the influence of status and social roles, and the dynamics of group behavior, leadership, and conformity. persistent social interaction between specific individuals leads to the formation of social relationships
Social Isolation: the separation of individuals or groups resulting in the lack of or minimizing of social contact and/or communication. this separation may be accomplished by physical separation, by social barriers and by psychological mechanisms. in the latter, there may be interaction but no real communication
Social Marginalization: individuals or groups, excluded from participation in the economic, social, and political activities of membership in a community
Social Marketing: use of marketing principles also used to sell products to consumers to promote ideas, attitudes and behaviors. design and use of programs seeking to increase the acceptance of a social idea or practice by target groups, not for the benefit of the marketer, but to benefit the target audience and the general society
Social Media: platforms that provide the ability and tools to create and publish information accessed via the internet. generally these platforms have three characteristics with content user generated, high degree of interaction between creator and viewer, and easily integrated with other sites
Social Medicine: a branch of medicine concerned with the role of socio-environmental factors in the occurrence, prevention and treatment of disease
Social Network Analysis: a set of methods that identify the ties or relationships linking each member of a group to every other member
Social Networking: individuals connected by family, work or other interests. it also includes connectivity facilitated by computer-based communications
Social Norms: customary standards that govern behavior in groups, cultures, or societies. they reflect what a group deems acceptable in a social context in terms of appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors
Social Perception: the perceiving of attributes, characteristics, and behaviors of one's associates or social groups
Social Planning: a systematic process for evaluating and identifying specific needs in the community and the implementation of practical steps for meeting those needs and improving quality of life
Social Prescribing: a way of referring people to non-clinical local services (for example, sports activities, arts, group learning, community-based activities, cookery and gardening), with the sole aim of ensuring human contact, followed by support and care
Social Problems: situations affecting a significant number of people, that are believed to be sources of difficulty or threaten the stability of the community, and that require programs of amelioration
Social Sciences: disciplines concerned with the interrelationships of individuals in a social environment including social organizations and institutions. includes sociology and anthropology
Social Skills: the personal set of abilities required to successfully interact and communicate with others, both verbally and non-verbally through gestures, body language and personal appearance
Social Stigma: a perceived attribute that is deeply discrediting and is considered to be a violation of social norms
Social Structure: the complex of relationships and systems that organize and regulate interpersonal phenomena in a group or society. the social structure of a group includes its norms and roles and the status, attraction, and communication relations that link one member to another (see group structure). the social structure of a society includes the complex of relations among its constituent individuals, groups, institutions, customs, and mores. (https://dictionary.apa.org/social-structure)
Social Support: support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance such as community support is provided by churches, groups, etc
Social Validity, Research: evaluation of the degree of acceptance for the immediate variables associated with a procedure or program designed to change behavior. this includes the social significance of the goals of treatment, the social appropriateness of the treatment procedures, and the social importance of the effects of treatments
Social Values: abstract standards or empirical variables in social life which are believed to be important and/or desirable
Social Vulnerability: the characteristics of a person or community that affect their capacity to anticipate, confront, repair, and recover from the effects of a natural or human-caused disaster.(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc71 79070/)
Social Welfare: organized institutions which provide services to ameliorate conditions of need or social pathology in the community
Social Work: the use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. it includes social service agencies
Social Work Department, Hospital: hospital department responsible for administering and providing social services to patients and their families
Social Work, Psychiatric: use of all social work processes in the treatment of patients in a psychiatric or mental health setting
Social Workers: professionals who work with persons affected by social disadvantages such as poverty; mental and physical illness or disability, and social injustice. their focus is on both the individual and his or her environment, including violations of their civil liberties and human rights
Socialism: a system of government in which means of production and distribution of goods are controlled by the state
Socialization: the training or molding of an individual through various relationships, educational agencies, and social controls, which enables him to become a member of a particular society
Sociobiology: the comparative study of social organization in animals including humans, especially with regard to its genetic basis and evolutionary history. (merriam-webster's collegiate dictionary, 10th ed)
Sociodemographic Factors: indicators used to describe individuals in terms of age, race/ethnicity, sex, gender, primary language educational attainment, employment status, income, profession, marital status, total number of persons living in the house and living arrangements, and similar factors
Socioeconomic Disparities in Health: differences in health based on socioeconomic status. socioeconomic-based health disparities often begins early in life due to various socioeconomic factors, e.g. social, economic and educational statuses that limit potential or realized access to resources for maintaining health
Socioeconomic Factors: social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure
Socioenvironmental Therapy: therapy whose primary emphasis is on the physical and social structuring of the environment to promote interpersonal relationships which will be influential in reducing behavioral disturbances of patients
Sociological Factors: attributes and experiences that influence an individual's personality, attitudes, and lifestyle, which are derived from the social values and/or behavior of the groups to which an individual belongs, or aspires to belong
Sociology, Medical: the study of the social determinants and social effects of health and disease, and of the social structure of medical institutions or professions
Sociometric Techniques: methods for quantitatively assessing and measuring interpersonal and group relationships
Sodium: a member of the alkali group of metals. it has the atomic symbol na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23
Sodium Acetate: the trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant
Sodium Azide: a cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (from merck index, 12th ed)
Sodium Benzoate: the sodium salt of benzoic acid. it is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. it may also be used as a test for liver function
Sodium Bicarbonate: a white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a ph buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions
Sodium Channel Agonists: a class of drugs that stimulate sodium influx through cell membrane channels
Sodium Channel Blockers: a class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity
Sodium Channels: ion channels that specifically allow the passage of sodium ions. a variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, cardiac muscle contraction, and kidney function
Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors: agents that inhibit sodium chloride symporters. they act as diuretics. excess use is associated with hypokalemia
Sodium Chloride Symporters: a subclass of symporters found in kidney tubules, distal that are the major pathway for salt resorption. inhibition of these symporters by benzothiadiazines is the basis of action of some diuretics
Sodium Cholate: a trihydroxy bile salt that is used as a digestive aid in dietary supplements. it is used in culture media and in conjunction with papain and pancreatin
Sodium Citrate: sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. they are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of kidney stones
Sodium Cyanide: a highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. it is also used in many industrial processes
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: an anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry
Sodium Fluoride: a source of inorganic fluoride which is used topically to prevent dental caries
Sodium Glutamate: one of the flavoring agents used to impart a meat-like flavor
Sodium Hydroxide: a highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Sodium Hypochlorite: it is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Sodium Iodide: a compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (i-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests
Sodium Ionophores: chemical agents that increase the permeability of cell membranes to sodium ions
Sodium Isotopes: stable sodium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element sodium, but differ in atomic weight. na-23 is a stable sodium isotope
Sodium Lactate: the sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. it is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer
Sodium Morrhuate: the sodium salts of the fatty acids in cod liver oil; an irritant and sclerosing agent used to treat varicose veins and arthritic joints
Sodium Nitrite: nitrous acid sodium salt. used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in analytical chemistry techniques. it is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. the compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines
Sodium Oxybate: the sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. it is used for both induction and maintenance of anesthesia
Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: a gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints
Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors: agents that inhibit sodium-potassium-chloride symporters which are concentrated in the thick ascending limb at the junction of the loop of henle and kidney tubules, distal. they act as diuretics. excess use is associated with hypokalemia and hyperglycemia
Sodium Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of sodium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. na atoms with atomic weights 20-22 and 24-26 are radioactive sodium isotopes
Sodium Salicylate: a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is less effective than equal doses of aspirin in relieving pain and reducing fever. however, individuals who are hypersensitive to aspirin may tolerate sodium salicylate. in general, this salicylate produces the same adverse reactions as aspirin, but there is less occult gastrointestinal bleeding. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1992, p120)
Sodium Selenite: the disodium salt of selenious acid. it is used therapeutically to supply the trace element selenium and is prepared by the reaction of selenium dioxide with sodium hydroxide
Sodium Sulfate Cotransporter: a multi-pass protein that consists of 13 transmembrane helices. it is expressed primarily by renal epithelial cells and functions as a co-transporter of sodium and sulfate, to mediate sulfate reabsorption in the kidney
Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate: an anionic surface-active agent used for its wetting properties in industry and used in medicine as an irritant and sclerosing agent for hemorrhoids and varicose veins
Sodium, Dietary: sodium or sodium compounds used in foods or as a food. the most frequently used compounds are sodium chloride or sodium glutamate
Sodium-Bicarbonate Symporters: proteins that cotransport sodium ions and bicarbonate ions across cellular membranes