NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Renal Plasma Flow: the amount of plasma that perfuses the kidneys per unit time, approximately 10% greater than effective renal plasma flow (renal plasma flow, effective). it should be differentiated from the renal blood flow; (rbf), which refers to the total volume of blood flowing through the renal vasculature, while the renal plasma flow refers to the rate of plasma flow (rpf)
Renal Plasma Flow, Effective: the amount of plasma flowing to the parts of the kidney that function in the production of urine. it is the amount of plasma perfusing the kidney tubules per unit time, generally measured by p-aminohippurate clearance. it should be differentiated from renal plasma flow which is approximately 10% greater than the effective renal plasma flow
Renal Reabsorption: the reuptake of water, electrolytes, and other substances by the kidney to the blood supply
Renal Replacement Therapy: procedures which temporarily or permanently remedy insufficient cleansing of body fluids by the kidneys
Renal Tubular Acidosis, Distal, With Hemolytic Anemia: mutations in slc4a1
Renal Tubular Acidosis, Distal, With Normal Red Cell Morphology: mutations in slc4a1
Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors: genetic defects in the selective or non-selective transport functions of the kidney tubules
Renal Veins: short thick veins which return blood from the kidneys to the vena cava
Renal cysts and diabetes syndrome: an autosomal dominant disorder comprising (1) nondiabetic renal disease resulting from abnormal renal development, and (2) diabetes, which in some cases occurs earlier than age 25 years and is thus consistent with a diagnosis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (mody). the renal disease is highly variable and includes renal cysts, glomerular tufts, aberrant nephrogenesis, primitive tubules, irregular collecting systems, oligomeganephronia, enlarged renal pelvis, abnormal calyces, small kidney, single kidney, fused kidney, and hyperuricemic nephropathy. affected individuals may also have abnormalities of the genital tract, including vaginal aplasia, rudimentary uterus, bicornuate uterus, epididymal cysts, and atresia of the vas deferens. mutations in the hnf1b gene have been identified. omim: 137920
Renal hypouricemia: a hereditary disorder characterized by impaired uric acid reabsorption at the apical membrane of proximal renal tubule cells. it may be asymptomatic, but about 10% of patients experience nephrolithiasis and exercise-induced acute renal failure. a mutation in the slc22a12 gene has been identified. omim: 220150
Renal tubular acidosis, distal, autosomal recessive: rtadr not included
Renewable Energy: forms of energy that are constantly and rapidly renewed by natural processes such as solar, ocean wave, and wind energy. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Renibacterium: a genus of high gc-content, gram-positive actinobacteria in the family micrococcaceae. the type species of this genus, renibacterium salmoninarum, is known to cause bacterial kidney disease in salmonids
Renibacterium: rod grampozitivních aktinobakterií s vysokým obsahem gc bazí, z čeledi micrococcaceae. typovým druhem je bakterie renibacterium salmoninarum, která způsobuje bakteriální onemocnění ledvin u lososovitých ryb (salmonidae)
Renilla: a genus of bioluminescent marine invertebrates in the family renillidae, order pennatulacea, class anthozoa. it contains renilla luciferase which oxidizes coelenterazine resulting in luminescence
Renilla: rod světélkujících mořských bezobratlých čeledi renillidae, řádu pennatulacea, třídy anthozoa. obsahují enzym luciferázu, která oxiduje coelenterazin za vzniku světla
Renin: a highly specific (leu-leu) endopeptidase that generates angiotensin i from its precursor angiotensinogen, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate blood pressure and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the renin-angiotensin system. the enzyme was formerly listed as ec 3.4.99.19
Renin Inhibitors: agents that inhibit the activity of renin and cause vasodilation
Renin-Angiotensin System: a blood pressure regulating system of interacting components that include renin; angiotensinogen; angiotensin converting enzyme; angiotensin i; angiotensin ii; and angiotensinase. renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin i. angiotensin-converting enzyme, contained in the lung, acts on angiotensin i in the plasma converting it to angiotensin ii, an extremely powerful vasoconstrictor. angiotensin ii causes contraction of the arteriolar and renal vascular smooth muscle, leading to retention of salt and water in the kidney and increased arterial blood pressure. in addition, angiotensin ii stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, which in turn also increases salt and water retention in the kidney. angiotensin-converting enzyme also breaks down bradykinin, a powerful vasodilator and component of the kallikrein-kinin system
Renoprival hypertension: hypertension caused by the absence of kidneys or functional kidney tissue
Renshaw Cells: ipsilateral glycinergic inhibitory interneurons of the spinal cord ventral horn which modulate recurrent firing of motor neurons. they develop from embryonic progenitor domain v1.ia inhibitory interneurons which also originate from v1 are responsible for reciprocal inhibition of motoneurons
Renshawovy buňky: ipsilaterální glycinergní inhibiční interneurony předních rohů míšních, které regulují rekurentní spouštění motorických neuronů. vyvíjejí se z embryonální progenitorové domény v1. inhibiční interneurony ia pocházejí také z této oblasti a jsou zodpovědné za reciprokou inhibici motoneuronů
Reoperation: a repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient due to disease progression or recurrence, or as followup to failed previous surgery
Reoviridae: a family of unenveloped rna viruses with cubic symmetry. the twelve genera include orthoreovirus; orbivirus; coltivirus; rotavirus; aquareovirus, cypovirus, phytoreovirus, fijivirus, seadornavirus, idnoreovirus, mycoreovirus, and oryzavirus
Reoviridae: čeleď neobalených rna-virů s kubickou symetrií. patří sem dvanáct rodů: orthoreovirus, orbivirus, coltivirus, rotavirus, aquareovirus, cypovirus, phytoreovirus, fijivirus, seadornavirus, idnoreovirus, mycoreovirus a oryzavirus
Reoviridae Infections: infections produced by reoviruses, general or unspecified
Reperfusion: restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. the decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. it is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. however, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury
Reperfusion Injury: adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (reperfusion) following ischemia
Repetition Priming: a type of procedural memory manifested as a change in the ability to identify an item as a result of a previous encounter with the item or stimuli
Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid: a sequential pattern of amino acids occurring more than once in the same protein sequence. there often is some sequence variation between the repeated segments. many protein domains are constituted from repeats
Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid: sequences of dna or rna that occur in multiple copies. there are several types: interspersed repetitive sequences are copies of transposable elements (dna transposable elements or retroelements) dispersed throughout the genome. terminal repeat sequences flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (ltrs) on retroviruses. variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. tandem repeat sequences are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (inverted repeat sequences)
Repithel: a liposome hydrogel with polyvinyl-pyrrolidone iodine in the local treatment of partial-thickness burn wounds
Replica Techniques: methods of preparing tissue specimens for visualization using an electron microscope, usually a scanning electron microscope. the methods involve the creation of exact copies of the specimens by making a mold or cast (i.e., replica) of the specimen
Replication Origin: a unique dna sequence of a replicon at which dna replication is initiated and proceeds bidirectionally or unidirectionally. it contains the sites where the first separation of the complementary strands occurs, a primer rna is synthesized, and the switch from primer rna to dna synthesis takes place. (rieger et al., glossary of genetics: classical and molecular, 5th ed)
Replication Protein A: a single-stranded dna-binding protein that is found in eukaryotic cells. it is required for dna replication; dna repair; and genetic recombination
Replication Protein C: a dna-binding protein and aaa atpase that consists of 5 polypeptides and plays an essential role in dna replication in eukaryotes. it binds dna primer-template junctions and recruits proliferating cell nuclear antigen and dna polymerases to the site of dna synthesis
Replicon: any dna sequence capable of independent replication or a molecule that possesses a replication origin and which is therefore potentially capable of being replicated in a suitable cell. (singleton & sainsbury, dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology, 2d ed)
Representation Machine Learning: a class of machine learning approaches that allow a system to discover the representations required for feature detection or classification from raw data. the requirement for manual feature engineering is reduced by allowing a machine to learn the features and apply them to a given activity
Repression, Psychology: the active mental process of keeping out and ejecting, banishing from consciousness, ideas or impulses that are unacceptable to it
Repression-Sensitization: defense mechanisms involving approach and avoidance responses to threatening stimuli. the sensitizing process involves intellectualization in approaching or controlling the stimulus whereas repression involves unconscious denial in avoiding the stimulus
Repressor Proteins: proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific genes or operons. classical repressor proteins are dna-binding proteins that are normally bound to the operator region of an operon, or the enhancer sequences of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release
Reproducibility of Results: the statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. the concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results
Reproduction: the total process by which organisms produce offspring. (stedman, 25th ed)
Reproduction, Asexual: reproduction without fusion of two types of cells, mostly found in algae; fungi; and plants. asexual reproduction occurs in several ways, such as budding, fission, or splitting from parent cells. only few groups of animals reproduce asexually or unisexually (parthenogenesis)
Reproductive Health: the state of the reproductive system when functioning optimally without evidence of disease, disorders, or deficiencies
Reproductive Health Services: health care services related to human reproduction and diseases of the reproductive system. services are provided to both sexes and usually by physicians in the medical or the surgical specialties such as reproductive medicine; andrology; gynecology; obstetrics; and perinatology
Reproductive History: an important aggregate factor in epidemiological studies of women's health. the concept usually includes the number and timing of pregnancies and their outcomes, the incidence of breast feeding, and may include age of menarche and menopause, regularity of menstruation, fertility, gynecological or obstetric problems, or contraceptive usage
Reproductive Isolation: mechanisms that prevent different populations from exchanging genes (gene flow), resulting in or maintaining genetic speciation. it can either prevent mating to take place or ensure that any offspring produced is either inviable or sterile, thereby preventing further reproduction
Reproductive Medicine: a medical-surgical specialty concerned with the morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and pathology of reproduction in man and other animals, and on the biological, medical, and veterinary problems of fertility and lactation. it includes ovulation induction, diagnosis of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss, and assisted reproductive technologies such as embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, and intrafallopian transfer of zygotes. (from infertility and reproductive medicine clinics of north america, foreword 1990; journal of reproduction and fertility, notice to contributors, jan 1979)
Reproductive Physiological Phenomena: physiological processes, factors, properties and characteristics pertaining to reproduction
Reproductive Rights: reproductive rights rest on the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health. they also include the right of all to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence
Reproductive Techniques: methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals, including techniques used in selective breeding, cloning (cloning, organism), and assisted reproduction (reproductive techniques, assisted)
Reproductive Tract Infections: infections of the genital tract in females or males. they can be caused by endogenous, iatrogenic, or sexually transmitted organisms
Reproductive and Urinary Physiological Phenomena: physiology of the human and animal body, male or female, in the processes and characteristics of reproduction and the urinary tract
Reptiles: cold-blooded, air-breathing vertebrates belonging to the class reptilia, usually covered with external scales or bony plates
Republic of Korea: the capital is seoul. the country, established september 9, 1948, is located on the southern part of the korean peninsula. its northern border is shared with the democratic people's republic of korea
Republic of North Macedonia: country in europe, east of albania and north of greece. the capital is skopje. in june, 2018 agreement was reached to establish the new name republic of north macedonia.which became effective february 2019
Republika Severní Makedonie: stát na balkánském poloostrově. vznikl v roce 1991 jako jeden z nástupnických států bývalé jugoslávie. je to vnitrozemský stát, hraničí s kosovem na severozápadě, se srbskem na severu, s bulharskem na východě, s řeckem na jihu a s albánií na západě. jde přibližně o severní (resp. severozápadní) třetinu větší zeměpisné a historické oblasti makedonie. hlavní a největší město je skopje. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Rescue Work: activities devoted to freeing persons or animals from danger to life or well-being in accidents, fires, bombings, floods, earthquakes, other disasters and life-threatening conditions. while usually performed by team efforts, rescue work is not restricted to organized services
Research: critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or the practical application of such new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws. (webster, 3d ed)
Research Design: a plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly
Research Support, American Recovery and Reinvestment Act: acknowledgement that funding support is from the american recovery and reinvestment act
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural: a designation for publications of research resulting from extramural research funded by the national institutes of health
Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural: a designation for publications of research resulting from intramural research at the national institutes of health
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't: acknowledgement that funding support is from any non-us government agency, for example state and local governments, foreign governments, and private organizations
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.: acknowledgment that funding support is from any us government agency other than the public health service, such as the national science foundation, nasa, department of energy, etc
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.: acknowledgement that funding support is from any component of the public health service
Resedaceae: a plant family of the order capparales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida. it is a small family of herbs and shrubs. some produce glucosinolates
Resedaceae: čeleď mesofytních a xerofytních, bylinných nebo keřovitých rostlin z řádu brukvotvarých (brassicales), nejvíce druhů se vyskytuje ve středozemí. některé druhy produkují glukosinoláty (hořčičné glykosidy) sloužící k jejich ochraně proti škůdcům (jako přírodní pesticidy). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Reserpine: an alkaloid found in the roots of rauwolfia serpentina and r. vomitoria. reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. it has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use
Residence Characteristics: elements of residence that characterize a population. they are applicable in determining need for and utilization of health services
Residential Facilities: long-term care facilities which provide supervision and assistance in activities of daily living with medical and nursing services when required
Residential Segregation: spatial separation of housing within a geographic area based on racial, ethnic, nationality and other socioeconomic factors
Residential Treatment: a specialized residential treatment program for behavior disorders including substance abuse. it may include therapeutically planned group living and learning situations including teaching of adaptive skills to help patient functioning in the community. (from kahn, a. p. and fawcett, j. encyclopedia of mental health, 1993, p320.)
Residual Volume: the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration. common abbreviation is rv
Resiguard: combination disinfectant containing picloxydine, benzalkonium chloride & octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol
Resilience, Psychological: the human ability to adapt in the face of tragedy, trauma, adversity, hardship, and ongoing significant life stressors
Resin Cements: dental cements composed either of polymethyl methacrylate or dimethacrylate, produced by mixing an acrylic monomer liquid with acrylic polymers and mineral fillers. the cement is insoluble in water and is thus resistant to fluids in the mouth, but is also irritating to the dental pulp. it is used chiefly as a luting agent for fabricated and temporary restorations. (jablonski's dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p159)
Resins, Plant: flammable, amorphous, vegetable products of secretion or disintegration, usually formed in special cavities of plants. they are generally insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, ether, or volatile oils. they are fusible and have a conchoidal fracture. they are the oxidation or polymerization products of the terpenes, and are mixtures of aromatic acids and esters. most are soft and sticky, but harden after exposure to cold. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed & dorland, 28th ed)
Resins, Synthetic: polymers of high molecular weight which at some stage are capable of being molded and then harden to form useful components
Resistance Training: a type of strength-building exercise program that requires the body muscle to exert a force against some form of resistance, such as weight, stretch bands, water, or immovable objects. resistance exercise is a combination of static and dynamic contractions involving shortening and lengthening of skeletal muscles
Resistant Starch: dietary starch and related high-molecular carbohydrate incapable of enzymatic hydrolysis in the small intestine and instead ferments in the colon, producing short-chain fatty acids by-products
Resistin: a 12-kda cysteine-rich polypeptide hormone secreted by fat cells in the adipose tissue. it is the founding member of the resistin-like molecule (relm) hormone family. resistin suppresses the ability of insulin to stimulate cellular glucose uptake
Resolut: tradename; a biodegradable membrane; made of pure lactide and glycolide polymers
Resonance Frequency Analysis: a non-invasive assessment of the stability of tissue-embedded prosthetic devices such as dental implants
Resorcinols: a water-soluble crystalline benzene-1,3-diol (resorcinol) and its derivatives
Resource Guide: work listing and describing various sources of information, from multiple media or in different formats, on a given subject
Resource-Limited Settings: environments with barriers to quality critical care characterized by lack of epidemiological data and context-specific evidence for medical decision-making, deficiencies in health systems organization and resources, and institutional obstacles to implementation of life-saving interventions
Respect: a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities, or achievements and regard for the feelings, wishes, or rights of others
Respiration: the act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inhalation, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of exhalation, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (blakiston's gould medical dictionary, 4th ed.). this does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration)
Respiration Disorders: diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available
Respiration, Artificial: any method of artificial breathing that employs mechanical or non-mechanical means to force the air into and out of the lungs. artificial respiration or ventilation is used in individuals who have stopped breathing or have respiratory insufficiency to increase their intake of oxygen (o2) and excretion of carbon dioxide (co2)
Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets: physiological aerosols and droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, speaking and exhalation. depending on the size, aerodynamic distribution or concentration they may play a role in transmission of infectious respiratory diseases
Respiratory Aspiration: inhaling liquid or solids, such as stomach contents, or other foreign objects, into the respiratory tract. when this causes severe lung damage, it is called aspiration pneumonia
Respiratory Aspiration of Gastric Contents: inhaling refluxed gastric or duodenal contents
Respiratory Burst: a large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an nadph-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (granulomatous disease, chronic) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections
Respiratory Care Units: the hospital unit in which patients with respiratory conditions requiring special attention receive intensive medical care and surveillance
Respiratory Center: part of the brain located in the medulla oblongata and pons. it receives neural, chemical and hormonal signals, and controls the rate and depth of respiratory movements of the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles
Respiratory Dead Space: that part of the respiratory tract or the air within the respiratory tract that does not exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with pulmonary capillary blood
Respiratory Distress Syndrome: a syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening respiratory insufficiency in the absence of known lung diseases, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major trauma
Respiratory Distress Syndrome In Premature Infants: respiratory distress syndrome due to a developmental deficiency in pulmonary surfactants. there may be an inherited susceptibility associated with polymorphisms in surfactant protein genes: sftpa1, sftpb, and sftpc. omim: 267450
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn: a condition of the newborn marked by dyspnea with cyanosis, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause
Respiratory Function Tests: measurement of the various processes involved in the act of respiration: inspiration, expiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, lung volume and compliance, etc
Respiratory Hypersensitivity: a form of hypersensitivity affecting the respiratory tract. it includes asthma and rhinitis, allergic, seasonal
Respiratory Insufficiency: failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (stedman, 25th ed)
Respiratory Mechanics: the physical or mechanical action of the lungs; diaphragm; ribs; and chest wall during respiration. it includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc
Respiratory Mucosa: the mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract, including the nasal cavity; the larynx; the trachea; and the bronchi tree. the respiratory mucosa consists of various types of epithelial cells ranging from ciliated columnar to simple squamous, mucous goblet cells, and glands containing both mucous and serous cells
Respiratory Muscles: these include the muscles of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles
Respiratory Paralysis: complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. this condition may be associated with motor neuron diseases; peripheral nerve diseases; neuromuscular junction diseases; spinal cord diseases; injury to the phrenic nerve; and other disorders
Respiratory Physiological Phenomena: physiological processes and properties of the respiratory system as a whole or of any of its parts
Respiratory Protective Devices: respirators to protect individuals from breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or vapors
Respiratory Rate: the number of times an organism breathes with the lungs (respiration) per unit time, usually per minute
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia: a naturally occurring variation in heart rate that occurs during a breathing cycle, where the time between heartbeats is shortened during inspiration and prolonged during expiration. it is not the same as sinus arrhythmia, the disorder
Respiratory Sounds: noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the respiratory tract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections: pneumovirus infections caused by the respiratory syncytial viruses. humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with respiratory syncytial viruses
Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine: a species of pneumovirus causing an important respiratory infection in cattle. symptoms include fever, conjunctivitis, and respiratory distress
Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human: the type species of pneumovirus and an important cause of lower respiratory disease in infants and young children. it frequently presents with bronchitis and bronchopneumonia and is further characterized by fever, cough, dyspnea, wheezing, and pallor
Respiratory Syncytial Viruses: a group of viruses in the pneumovirus genus causing respiratory infections in various mammals. humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have also been reported
Respiratory System: the tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about
Respiratory Therapy: care of patients with deficiencies and abnormalities associated with the cardiopulmonary system. it includes the therapeutic use of medical gases and their administrative apparatus, environmental control systems, humidification, aerosols, ventilatory support, bronchopulmonary drainage and exercise, respiratory rehabilitation, assistance with cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and maintenance of natural, artificial, and mechanical airways
Respiratory Therapy Department, Hospital: hospital department which is responsible for the administration of diagnostic pulmonary function tests and of procedures to restore optimum pulmonary ventilation
Respiratory Tract Fistula: an abnormal passage communicating between any component of the respiratory tract or between any part of the respiratory system and surrounding organs
Respiratory Tract Infections: invasion of the host respiratory system by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases
Respiratory Transport: the processes of diffusion across the blood-air barrier, and the chemical reactions coupled with diffusion that effect the rate of pulmonary gas exchange, generally at the alveolar level
Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques: timing the acquisition of imaging data to specific points in the breathing cycle to minimize image blurring and other motion artifacts. the images are used diagnostically and also interventionally to coordinate radiation treatment beam on/off cycles to protect healthy tissues when they move into the beam field during different times in the breathing cycle
Respirovirus: a genus of the family paramyxoviridae (subfamily paramyxovirinae) where all the virions have both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities and encode a non-structural c protein. sendai virus is the type species
Respirovirus: rod virů podčeledi paramyxovirinae, čeledi paramyxoviridae. viriony všech zástupců mají hemaglutininovou aktivitu i neuraminidázovou aktivitu a kódují nestrukturální protein c. typovým druhem je virus sendai
Respirovirus Infections: infections with viruses of the genus respirovirus, family paramyxoviridae. host cell infection occurs by adsorption, via hemagglutinin, to the cell surface
Respite Care: patient care provided in the home or institution intermittently in order to provide temporary relief to the family home care giver
Response Elements: nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. these elements may be found in both promoter and enhancer regions
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors: an internationally recognized set of published rules used for evaluation of cancer treatment that define when tumors found in cancer patients improve, worsen, or remain stable during treatment. these criteria are based specifically on the response of the tumor(s) to treatment, and not on the overall health status of the patient resulting from treatment
Resting Phase, Cell Cycle: a quiescent state of cells during g1 phase
Restless Legs Syndrome: a disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep
Restodent: contains bis-gma, triethyleneglycoldimethacrylate & glass filler; used as orthodontic direct bonding material
Restolux SP 4: a fiber-reinforced composite resin which contains glass ceramic fibers embedded in resin matrix
Restraint, Physical: use of a device for the purpose of controlling movement of all or part of the body. splinting and casting are fracture fixation
Restriction Mapping: use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of dna
Resuscitation: the restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead. (dorland, 27th ed)
Resuscitation Orders: instructions issued by a physician pertaining to the institution, continuation, or withdrawal of life support measures. the concept includes policies, laws, statutes, decisions, guidelines, and discussions that may affect the issuance of such orders
Resveratrol: a stilbene and non-flavonoid polyphenol produced by various plants including grapes and blueberries. it has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, anti-mutagenic, and anti-carcinogenic properties. it also inhibits platelet aggregation and the activity of several dna helicases in vitro
Rete Testis: the network of channels formed at the termination of the straight seminiferous tubules in the mediastinum testis. rete testis channels drain into the efferent ductules that pass into the caput epididymis
Retention, Psychology: the persistence to perform a learned behavior (facts or experiences) after an interval has elapsed in which there has been no performance or practice of the behavior
Reticular Formation: a region extending from the pons & medulla oblongata through the mesencephalon, characterized by a diversity of neurons of various sizes and shapes, arranged in different aggregations and enmeshed in a complicated fiber network
Reticular dysgenesis: an extremely rare and severe form of combined immunodeficiency characterized by congenital agranulocytosis, lymphopenia, lymphoid and thymic hypoplasia, and an absence of cellular and humoral immunity. affected individuals often die from infections in the neonatal period or early infancy. it is caused by mutations in the adenylate kinase-2 (ak2) gene. omim: 267500
Reticulin: a scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type iii collagen. reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. they are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs
Reticulocyte Count: the number of reticulocytes per unit volume of blood. the values are expressed as a percentage of the erythrocyte count or in the form of an index (corrected reticulocyte index), which attempts to account for the number of circulating erythrocytes
Reticulocytes: immature erythrocytes. in humans, these are erythroid cells that have just undergone extrusion of their cell nucleus. they still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. ribosomes are last to disappear. certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic reticulum (not the same as the endoplasmic reticulum), hence the name reticulocytes
Reticulocytosis: an increase in circulating reticulocytes, which is among the simplest and most reliable signs of accelerated erythrocyte production. reticulocytosis occurs during active blood regeneration (stimulation of red bone marrow) and in certain types of anemia, particularly congenital hemolytic anemia
Reticuloendotheliosis Viruses, Avian: a group of viruses in the genus gammaretrovirus comprising a few isolates from birds, with no known corresponding endogenous relatives
Reticuloendotheliosis virus: a species in the group reticuloendotheliosis viruses, avian of the genus gammaretrovirus that causes a chronic neoplastic and a more acute immunosuppressive disease in fowl
Reticuloendotheliosis, Avian: a group of pathologic syndromes found in avian species caused by reticuloendotheliosis virus. the distinct syndromes include non-neoplastic runting, acute neoplastic disease, and chronic neoplastic disease. humans and mammals appear resistant
Reticuloendotheliosis, X-linked: an x-linked disease where cells of the reticuloendothelial system exhibit abnormal growth and proliferation. onset occurs in infancy and is characterized by fever, jaundice; lymphadenopathy; and enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly). omim: 312500
Reticulum: the second stomach of ruminants. it lies almost in the midline in the front of the abdomen, in contact with the liver and diaphragm and communicates freely with the rumen via the ruminoreticular orifice. the lining of the reticulum is raised into folds forming a honeycomb pattern over the surface. (from concise veterinary dictionary, 1988)
Retina: the ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. it is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. the outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent
Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm: an acquired dilation of the retinal artery often associated with systemic hypertension
Retinal Artery: central retinal artery and its branches. it arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina
Retinal Artery Occlusion: sudden ischemia in the retina due to blocked blood flow through the central retinal artery or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye
Retinal Bipolar Cells: interneurons of the vertebrate retina containing two processes. they receive inputs from the retinal photoreceptor cells and send outputs to the retinal ganglion cells. the bipolar cells also make lateral connections in the retina with the retinal horizontal cells and with the amacrine cells
Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells: photosensitive afferent neurons located primarily within the fovea centralis of the macula lutea. there are three major types of cone cells (red, blue, and green) whose photopigments have different spectral sensitivity curves. retinal cone cells operate in daylight vision (at photopic intensities) providing color recognition and central visual acuity
Retinal Degeneration: a retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is macular degeneration. (newell, ophthalmology: principles and concepts, 7th ed, p304)
Retinal Dehydrogenase: a metalloflavoprotein enzyme involved the metabolism of vitamin a, this enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of retinal to retinoic acid, using both nad+ and fad coenzymes. it also acts on both the 11-trans- and 13-cis-forms of retinal
Retinal Detachment: separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. it may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (dorland, 27th ed; newell, ophthalmology: principles and concepts, 7th ed, p310-12)
Retinal Drusen: colloid or hyaline bodies lying beneath the retinal pigment epithelium. they may occur either secondary to changes in the choroid that affect the pigment epithelium or as an autosomal dominant disorder of the retinal pigment epithelium
Retinal Dysplasia: congenital, often bilateral, retinal abnormality characterized by the arrangement of outer nuclear retinal cells in a palisading or radiating pattern surrounding a central ocular space. this disorder is sometimes hereditary
Retinal Dystrophies: a group of disorders involving predominantly the posterior portion of the ocular fundus, due to degeneration in the sensory layer of the retina; retinal pigment epithelium; bruch membrane; choroid; or a combination of these tissues
Retinal Ganglion Cells: neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. they are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the optic nerve to the brain. a small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the center for regulating circadian rhythm
Retinal Horizontal Cells: neurons in the inner nuclear layer of the retina that synapse with both the retinal photoreceptor cells and the retinal bipolar cells, as well as other horizontal cells. the horizontal cells modulate the sensory signal
Retinal Necrosis Syndrome, Acute: mild to fulminant necrotizing vaso-occlusive retinitis associated with a high incidence of retinal detachment and poor vision outcome
Retinal Neovascularization: formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina
Retinal Neurons: nerve cells of the retina in the pathway of transmitting light signals to the central nervous system. they include the outer layer of photoreceptor cells, the intermediate layer of retinal bipolar cells and amacrine cells, and the internal layer of retinal ganglion cells
Retinal Perforations: perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. the concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes
Retinal Photoreceptor Cell Inner Segment: the inner portion of a retinal rod or a cone photoreceptor cell, situated between the photoreceptor connecting cilium and the synapse with the adjacent neurons (retinal bipolar cells; retinal horizontal cells). the inner segment contains the cell body, the nucleus, the mitochondria, and apparatus for protein synthesis
Retinal Photoreceptor Cell Outer Segment: the light sensitive outer portion of a retinal rod or a cone photoreceptor cell. the outer segment contains a stack of disk membranes laden with photoreceptive pigments (retinal pigments). the outer segment is connected to the inner segment by a photoreceptor connecting cilium
Retinal Pigment Epithelium: the single layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the retina, situated closely to the tips (outer segments) of the retinal photoreceptor cells. these epithelial cells are macroglia that perform essential functions for the photoreceptor cells, such as in nutrient transport, phagocytosis of the shed photoreceptor membranes, and ensuring retinal attachment
Retinal Pigments: photosensitive protein complexes of varied light absorption properties which are expressed in the photoreceptor cells. they are opsins conjugated with vitamin a-based chromophores. chromophores capture photons of light, leading to the activation of opsins and a biochemical cascade that ultimately excites the photoreceptor cells
Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells: photosensitive afferent neurons located in the peripheral retina, with their density increases radially away from the fovea centralis. being much more sensitive to light than the retinal cone cells, the rod cells are responsible for twilight vision (at scotopic intensities) as well as peripheral vision, but provide no color discrimination
Retinal Telangiectasis: a group of rare, idiopathic, congenital retinal vascular anomalies affecting the retinal capillaries. it is characterized by dilation and tortuosity of retinal vessels and formation of multiple aneurysms, with different degrees of leakage and exudates emanating from the blood vessels
Retinal Vasculitis: inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; lupus erythematosus, systemic; multiple sclerosis; behcet syndrome; and chorioretinitis
Retinal Vein: central retinal vein and its tributaries. it runs a short course within the optic nerve and then leaves and empties into the superior ophthalmic vein or cavernous sinus
Retinal Vein Occlusion: blockage of the retinal vein. those at high risk for this condition include patients with hypertension; diabetes mellitus; atherosclerosis; and other cardiovascular diseases
Retinaldehyde: a diterpene derived from the carotenoid vitamin a which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. it is the prosthetic group of rhodopsin (i.e., covalently bonded to rod opsin as 11-cis-retinal). when stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). this transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. a series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer
Retinitis: inflammation of the retina. it is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic disk (neuroretinitis)
Retinitis Pigmentosa: hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of rod photoreceptors initially and subsequent death of cone photoreceptors. it is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina
Retinitis Pigmentosa 19: aka rp19; mutations in abca4
Retinitis Pigmentosa 20: aka rp20; mutations in rpe65
Retinitis Pigmentosa 37: aka rp37; mutations in nr2e3
Retinitis Pigmentosa 41: mutations in prom1; aka rp41
Retinitis Pigmentosa 42: aka rp42; associated with mtuation in klhl7
Retinitis Pigmentosa 46: mutations in idh3b; aka rp46
Retinitis Pigmentosa 7 With Bull'S-Eye Maculopathy: mutations in prph2 (rds)
Retinitis Pigmentosa 7, Digenic: digenic mutations in prph2 (rds) and rom1
Retinitis Pigmentosa 9: aka rp9; mutations in rp9
Retinitis Pigmentosa, Deafness, Mental Retardation, and Hypogonadism: omim term: insulin-resistant diabetes with acanthosis nigricans, hypogonadism, pigmentary retinopathy, deafness, and mental retardation
Retinitis Pigmentosa, X-Linked, And Sinorespiratory Infections, With Or Without Deafness: mutations in rpgr
Retinoblastoma: a malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. the tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. the majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. an abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); nystagmus, pathologic; strabismus; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (from devita et al., cancer: principles and practice of oncology, 5th ed, p2104)
Retinoblastoma Binding Proteins: a family of endogenous regulatory proteins that associate with retinoblastoma protein via a specific high-affinity binding domain. members of this family of proteins are often found associated with histone-modifying enzymes and protein complexes that regulate gene expression
Retinoblastoma Protein: product of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene. it is a nuclear phosphoprotein hypothesized to normally act as an inhibitor of cell proliferation. rb protein is absent in retinoblastoma cell lines. it also has been shown to form complexes with the adenovirus e1a protein, the sv40 t antigen, and the human papilloma virus e7 protein
Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1: a ubiquitously expressed regulatory protein that contains a retinoblastoma protein binding domain and an at-rich interactive domain. the protein may play a role in recruiting histone deacetylases to the site of retinoblastoma protein-containing transcriptional repressor complexes
Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 2: a retinoblastoma binding protein that is also a member of the jumonji-domain histone demethylases. it has demethylation activity towards specific lysine residues found on histone h3
Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 4: a retinoblastoma-binding protein that is involved in chromatin remodeling, histone deacetylation, and repression of genetic transcription. although initially discovered as a retinoblastoma binding protein it has an affinity for core histones and is a subunit of chromatin assembly factor-1 and polycomb repressive complex 2