NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Aquaporin 5: aquaporin 5 is a water-specific channel protein that is expressed primarily in alveolar, tracheal, and upper bronchial epithelium. it plays an important role in maintaining water homeostasis in the lungs and may also regulate release of saliva and tears in the salivary glands and the lacrimal gland
Aquaporin 6: aquaporin 6 is an aquaglyceroporin that is found primarily in kidney collecting ducts. aqp6 protein functions as an anion-selective channel
Aquaporins: a class of porins that allow the passage of water and other small molecules across cell membranes
Aquatic Therapy: physical therapy administered while the body is immersed in an aquatic environment
Aqueous Humor: the clear, watery fluid which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. it has a refractive index lower than the crystalline lens, which it surrounds, and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea and the crystalline lens. (cline et al., dictionary of visual science, 4th ed, p319)
Aquifex: a thermophilic, gram-negative genus of bacteria in the phylum aquificae and the family aquificaceae. rod-shaped and non-spore forming, this genus is known to grow near underwater volcanoes or hot springs
Aquifex: rod termofilních, gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých, nesporulujících bakterií kmene aquificae, čeledi aquificaceae. žijí v blízkosti podvodních sopek nebo horkých vřídel
Aquifoliaceae: the holly plant family of the order celastrales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida
Aquilegia: a plant genus of the family ranunculaceae that contains aquiledine, isoaquiledine and cycloartane-type glycosides
Aquilegia: rod rostlin čeledi ranunculaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují isochinolinové alkaloidy a kyanogenní glykosidy
AraC Transcription Factor: a transcription factor found in bacteria that positively and negatively regulates the expression of proteins required for the uptake and catabolism of l-arabinose
Arab World: a historical and cultural entity dispersed across a wide geographical area under the administrative, intellectual, social, and cultural domination of the arab empire. the arab world, under the impetus of islam, by the eighth century a.d., extended from arabia in the middle east to all of northern africa, southern spain, sardinia, and sicily. close contact was maintained with greek and jewish culture. while the principal service of the arabs to medicine was the preservation of greek culture, the arabs themselves were the originators of algebra, chemistry, geology, and many of the refinements of civilization. (from a. castiglioni, a history of medicine, 2d ed, p260; from f. h. garrison, an introduction to the history of medicine, 4th ed, p126)
Arabia: the great peninsula of southwest asia comprising most of the present countries of the middle east. it has been known since the first millennium b.c. in early times it was divided into arabia petraea, the northwest part, the only part ever conquered, becoming a roman province; arabia deserta, the northern part between syria and mesopotamia; and arabia felix, the main part of the peninsula but by some geographers restricted to modern yemen. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p63)
Arabidopsis: a plant genus of the family brassicaceae that contains arabidopsis proteins and mads domain proteins. the species a. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development
Arabidopsis: rod rostlin čeledi brassicaceae. nejznámější je téměř celosvětově rozšířený druh huseníček rolní, který se pro svůj drobný vzrůst, rychlý životní cyklus, dostupnost v mnoha mutacích a na rostliny poměrně malý genom stal významnou modelovou rostlinou napomáhající pochopit biologii rostlin na molekulární úrovni (proteiny arabidopsis, proteiny domény mads). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Arabidopsis Proteins: proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus arabidopsis. the most intensely studied species of arabidopsis, arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments
Arabinofuranosylcytosine Triphosphate: a triphosphate nucleotide analog which is the biologically active form of cytarabine. it inhibits nuclear dna synthesis
Arabinofuranosyluracil: a pyrimidine nucleoside formed in the body by the deamination of cytarabine
Arabinonucleosides: nucleosides containing arabinose as their sugar moiety
Arabinonucleotides: nucleotides containing arabinose as their sugar moiety
Arabis: a plant genus of the family brassicaceae. member species are ornamentals grown for their numerous small white, yellow, pink, or purplish flowers
Arabis: rod rostlin čeledi brassicaceae. zástupci se pěstují jako okrasné rostliny
Arabové: příslušníci semitského národa obývajícího arabský poloostrov nebo jiné země blízkého východu a severní afriky. termín může být použit s odkazem na starověké, středověké nebo moderní etnické nebo kulturní skupiny
Arabs: members of a semitic people inhabiting the arabian peninsula or other countries of the middle east and north africa. the term may be used with reference to ancient, medieval, or modern ethnic or cultural groups. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Araceae: a plant family of the order alismatales. many members contain oxalic acid and calcium oxalate (oxalates)
Araceae: čeleď rostlin z řádu alismatales (žabníkotvaré). mnoho zástupců obsahuje kyselinu oxalovou a šťavelan vápenatý (oxaláty)
Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-hpete) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-hete). the 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets
Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-hpete) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-hete). the 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes
Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase: an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 5-hydroperoxyarachidonate (5-hpete) which is rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoate (5-hete). the 5-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in leukocytes
Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates. these products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. the positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. the final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. ec 1.13.11.-
Arachidonic Acid: an unsaturated, essential fatty acid. it is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. it is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes
Arachis: rod rostlin z čeledi fabaceae (bobovité), který zahrnuje i podzemnici (burské oříšky)
Arachnid Vectors: members of the class arachnida, especially spiders; scorpions; mites; and ticks; which transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host
Arachnida: a class of arthropoda that includes spiders; ticks; mites; and scorpions
Arachnodactyly: an abnormal bone development that is characterized by extra long and slender hands and fingers, such that the clenched thumb extends beyond the ulnar side of the hand. arachnodactyly can include feet and toes. arachnodactyly has been associated with several gene mutations and syndromes
Arachnoid: a delicate membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord. it lies between the pia mater and the dura mater. it is separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid cavity which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Arachnoid Cysts: intracranial or spinal cavities containing a cerebrospinal-like fluid, the wall of which is composed of arachnoidal cells. they are most often developmental or related to trauma. intracranial arachnoid cysts usually occur adjacent to arachnoidal cistern and may present with hydrocephalus; headache; seizures; and focal neurologic signs. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1994, ch44, pp105-115)
Arachnoiditis: acute or chronic inflammation of the arachnoid membrane of the meninges most often involving the spinal cord or base of the brain. this term generally refers to a persistent inflammatory process characterized by thickening of the arachnoid membrane and dural adhesions. associated conditions include prior surgery, infections, trauma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and chemical irritation. clinical features vary with the site of inflammation, but include cranial neuropathies, radiculopathies, and myelopathies. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1997, ch48, p25)
Araliaceae: the ginseng plant family of the order apiales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida. leaves are generally alternate, large, and compound. flowers are five-parted and arranged in compound flat-topped umbels. the fruit is a berry or (rarely) a drupe (a one-seeded fruit). it is well known for plant preparations used as adaptogens (immune support and anti-fatigue)
Araucaria: a genus of evergreen conifer of the family araucariaceae, order pinales, that includes the monkey puzzle (araucaria araucana)
Araucaria araucana: an evergreen tree commonly known as the monkey-puzzle tree. it grows to 1-1.5 m in diameter and 30-40 m in height, and is native to central and southern chile, and western argentina. araucaria araucana is the hardiest among the conifers, and due to its longevity, is often described as a living fossil
Araucaria araucana: jehličnatý, vždyzelený strom z čeledi blahočetovitých. je endemitem z chilsko-argentinského pomezí. vyskytuje se v centrálním chile a na západě centrální argentiny, kde roste na svazích and v nadmořské výšce obvykle od 1000 do 1600 m. blahočet chilský je prastará nahosemenná rostlina, pochází stejně jako celá čeleď blahočetovitých z geologických období jury a křídy. to značí, že roste bez větších změn již po dobu okolo 150 milionu let, oprávněně se mu říká živoucí fosílie. je nejodolnější ze všech jehličnanů. stromy se mohou dožít vysokého stáří, dorůstají výšky 30 až 40 m, s průměrem kmene 1-1,5 m. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Araucariaceae: a family of dioecious or monoecious evergreen trees belonging to the order pinales, subclass pinidaes, with spirally arranged, narrow or broad leaves often with parallel veins
Araucariaceae: čeleď exotických jehličnatých stromů z řádu borovicotvarých (pinales). jsou to stálezelené, jednodomé nebo dvoudomé stromy, obvykle s jedním tlustým kmenem. bývají obvykle vysoké 60 m, větve mají uspořádány v pravidelných přeslenech. listy mají jehlicovité, kopinaté až širokého listovitého tvaru, spirálovitě uspořádané nebo křížaté. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Arbacia: a genus of sea urchins in the family arbaciidae. they have only one spheridium (stalked body) per ambulacral area (contains tube feet); most sea urchins have several spheridia per area
Arbacia: rod ježovek čeledi arbaciidae. vyskytují se v atlantickém a východním tichém oceánu
Arbaprostil: a synthetic prostaglandin e analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes healing of peptic ulcers. the protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. it is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and can inhibit the growth of experimental tumors
Arbovirus Infections: infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified
Arboviruses: arthropod-borne viruses. a non-taxonomic designation for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. included are some members of the following families: arenaviridae; bunyaviridae; reoviridae; togaviridae; and flaviviridae. (from dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology, 2nd ed)
Arcanobacterium: a genus of facultatively anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria in the family actinomycetaceae, order actinomycetales. they are obligate parasites of the pharynx in humans and farm animals
Arcanobacterium: rod fakultativně anaerobních, grampozitivních bakterií z čeledi actinomycetaceae, řádu actinomycetales. jsou obligátními parazity hltanu (farynx) u lidí a hospodářských zvířat. tato baktérie je původcem infekcí horních cest dýchacích, především u dětí a mladistvých, asi u poloviny nemocných je pozorována vyrážka podobná spálové. nejčastější klinický obraz je angina, někdy s exantémem. (uprav. podle www. biotox.cz)
Archaea: one of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and eukarya), formerly called archaebacteria under the taxon bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. they are characterized by: (1) the presence of characteristic trnas and ribosomal rnas; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; (3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and (4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. while archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. the domain contains at least four kingdoms: crenarchaeota; euryarchaeota; nanoarchaeota; and korarchaeota
Archaea: rozsáhlá skupina (doména) prokaryotických jednobuněčných organismů (ostatní domény živých organismů jsou bakterie a eukaryota). od bakterií a eukaryot se odlišují: (1) přítomností charakteristických trna a rrna; (2) absencí peptidoglykanu v buněčné stěně; (3) stavbou cytoplazmatické membrány, jejíž fosfolipidy jsou složeny z glycerol-etherlipidů s rozvětvenými řetězci a (4) schopností odolávat extrémním podmínkám prostředí. morfologií a organizací genomu se podobají bakteriím, ale způsobem replikace genomu zase připomínají eukaryota. patří sem kmeny crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, korarchaeota a nanoarchaeota
Archaeoglobales: an order of extremely thermophilic, sulfate-reducing archaea, in the kingdom euryarchaeota. the single family archaeoglobaceae contains one genus archaeoglobus
Archaeoglobales: řád extrémně termofilních archeí kmene euryarchaeota. obsahuje jedinou čeleď archaeoglobaceae s rody archaeoglobus, ferroglobus a geoglobus. zástupci redukují sírany
Archaeoglobus: a genus of extremely thermophilic, sulfate-reducing archaea, in the family archaeoglobaceae
Archaeoglobus: rod extrémně termofilních, sírany redukujících archeí čeledi archaeoglobaceae
Archaeoglobus fulgidus: a species of extremely thermophilic, sulfur-reducing archaea. it grows at a maximum temperature of 95 degrees c. in marine or deep-sea geothermal areas
Archaeoglobus fulgidus: druh extrémně termofilních, sírany redukujících archeí. maximální teplota růstu je 95 °c. vyskytuje se v mořských a hlubokomořských hydrotermálních systémech
Archaeology: study of the ancient and recent human or animal past through material remains. it analyzes the physical remains of the past in pursuit of a broad and comprehensive understanding of human culture
Archamoebae: a group (some say infraphylum) of amoebozoa that lack mitochondria
Archamoebae: skupina (podkmen) měňavkovců, kteří mají druhotně redukované mitochondrie
Architectural Drawing: work consisting of drawings of architecture and architectural projects, whether the project was executed or not. (art & architecture thesaurus, 1990, v.2)
Architecture: works on the art and science of designing buildings and structures, design of the total built environment, including town planning, urban design, and landscape architecture
Archives: a collection of historical documents or records providing information about places, institutions, or groups of people; also the place where such records are kept
Arcidae: a family of ark shell mollusks, in the class bivalvia. they have soft bodies with platelike gills enclosed within two shells hinged together
Arcidae: čeleď mlžů. měkká těla s lamelovitými žábrami jsou chráněná pevnou schránkou ze dvou lastur (misek) spojených pevným vazem
Arcobacter: a genus of gram-negative, aerotolerant, spiral-shaped bacteria isolated from water and associated with diarrhea in humans and animals
Arcobacter: rod gramnegativních, aerotolerantních, spirálovitých bakterií izolovaných z vody, je spojený s průjmem u lidí a zvířat. nejběžnější výskyt tohoto mikroorganismu je ve vodě a v mase (nejčastěji drůbežím), dále byl výskyt zaznamenán i v mléce
Arctic Regions: the arctic ocean and the lands in it and adjacent to it. it includes point barrow, alaska, most of the franklin district in canada, two thirds of greenland, svalbard, franz josef land, lapland, novaya zemlya, and northern siberia. (webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p66)
Arctium: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. arctiin (lignans) is in the seed
Arctium: rod rostlin z čeledi asteraceae, semena obsahují lignan arctiin
Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus: a nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma
Arcus Senilis: a corneal disease in which there is a deposition of phospholipid and cholesterol in the corneal stroma and anterior sclera
Ardisia: a plant genus of the family myrsinaceae. members contain ardisiacrispins (oleanane triterpenoid saponins), ardicrenin, and cyclamiretin
Ardisia: rod rostlin z čeledi prvosenkovité, jehož zástupci obsahují ardisiakrispiny (oleananové triterpenoidní saponiny), ardikrenin a cyklamiretin. rod byl v minulosti podobně jako řada dalších dřevnatých rodů prvosenkovitých řazen do čeledi myrsinaceae. jsou to keře a stromy s jednoduchými střídavými listy, často nahloučenými na koncích větví. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Area Health Education Centers: education centers authorized by the comprehensive health manpower training act, 1971, for the training of health personnel in areas where health needs are the greatest. may be used for centers other than those established by the united states act
Area Postrema: a small, rounded eminence on each side of the fourth ventricle, which receives nerve fibers from the solitary nucleus; spinal cord; and adjacent areas of the medulla oblongata. the area postrema lies outside the blood-brain barrier and its functions include acting as an emetic chemoreceptor
Area Under Curve: a statistical means of summarizing information from a series of measurements on one individual. it is frequently used in clinical pharmacology where the auc from serum levels can be interpreted as the total uptake of whatever has been administered. as a plot of the concentration of a drug against time, after a single dose of medicine, producing a standard shape curve, it is a means of comparing the bioavailability of the same drug made by different companies. (from winslade, dictionary of clinical research, 1992)
Areca: a plant genus of the family arecaceae. members contain arecoline and catechin. the leaves and nuts have been used as masticatories, stimulants, and astringents in traditional medicine. the common name of betel is also used for piper betle. the common name of catechu is sometimes used for acacia catechu
Arecaceae: the palm family of order arecales, subclass arecidae, class liliopsida
Arecaceae: čeleď rostlin z řádu arecales - arekotvaré, podtřídy arecidae, třídy liliopsida - rostliny jednoděložné
Arecoline: an alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. it is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. it is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. it has been used as a euphoriant in the pacific islands
Areka: rod rostlin z čeledi arecaceae. rostliny obsahují arekolin and katechin. listy a ořechy se užívají jako žvýkací guma, stimulancia a adstringencia v tradiční medicíně. název betel se také užívá pro piper betle. pro acacia catechu se někdy používá název katechu
Arenaria (rostlina): rostlinný rod čeledi caryophyllaceae - hvozdíkovité. nezaměňujte s ptákem arenaria (kamenáček) nebo s jinými rody používajícími arenaria jako název druhu, jako je mya arenaria (rozchlipka písečná) nebo meloidogyne arenaria (druh háďátka) nebo ammophila arenaria (kamýš písečný)
Arenaria Plant: a plant genus of the family caryophyllaceae. the common name of sandwort is used with other plants. do not confuse with arenaria bird or with other genera which use arenaria as the species name such as mya arenaria (softshell clam) or meloidogyne arenaria, or ammophila arenaria (marram grass)
Arenaviridae: a family of rna viruses naturally infecting rodents and consisting of one genus (arenavirus) with two groups: old world arenaviruses (arenaviruses, old world) and new world arenaviruses (arenaviruses, new world). infection in rodents is persistent and silent. vertical transmission is through milk-, saliva-, or urine-borne routes. horizontal transmission to humans, monkeys, and other animals is important
Arenaviridae: rodina rna virů přirozeně infikujících hlodavce a skládající se z jednoho rodu (arenavirus) se dvěma skupinami: arenaviry starého světa a arenaviry nového světa. u hlodavců je infekce trvalá a tichá. vertikální přenos probíhá prostřednictvím mléka, slin nebo moči. důležitý je horizontální přenos na člověka, opice a další zvířata
Arenavirus: jediný rod virů čeledi arenaviridae. podle zeměpisného rozšíření a antigenní příbuznosti se dělí na dvě skupiny: arenaviry starého světa a arenaviry nového světa
Arenavirus: the only genus in the family arenaviridae. it contains two groups arenaviruses, old world and arenaviruses, new world, which are distinguished by antigenic relationships and geographic distribution
Arenaviruses, New World: one of two groups of viruses in the arenavirus genus and considered part of the new world complex. it includes junin virus; pichinde virus; amapari virus, and machupo virus among others. they are the cause of human hemorrhagic fevers mostly in central and south america
Arenaviruses, Old World: one of two groups of viruses in the arenavirus genus and considered part of the old world complex. it includes lassa virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, although the latter has worldwide distribution now
Argas: a genus of softbacked ticks in the family argasidae. most infect birds or bats but a few parasitize terrestrial mammals
Argas: rod klíšťáků z čeledi argasidae (klíšťákovití). většinou cizopasí na ptácích nebo netopýrech, ale některé druhy napadají suchozemské savce, plazy a někdy i člověka
Argasidae: a family of softbacked ticks, in the subclass acari. genera include argas and ornithodoros among others
Argasidae: čeleď ektoparazitických klíšťat. živí se krví obratlovců, převážně ptáků, ale hostitelem bývá i člověk. jejich jméno vzniklo díky absenci hřbetního štítku. patří sem např. rody argas a ornithodoros. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Argemone: a plant genus of the family papaveraceae that contains isoquinoline alkaloids
Argemone: rod rostlin čeledi papaveraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují isochinolinové alkaloidy
Argentina: stát ležící na jihu jižní ameriky na pobřeží atlantiku. na severu hraničí s bolívií a paraguayí, na východě s brazílií a uruguayí a na západě s chile. hlavním městem je buenos aires
Arginase: a ureahydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine or canavanine to yield l-ornithine (ornithine) and urea. deficiency of this enzyme causes hyperargininemia. ec 3.5.3.1
Arginine Kinase: an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of the guanidine nitrogen of arginine in the presence of atp and a divalent cation with formation of phosphorylarginine and adp. ec 2.7.3.3
Arginine Vasopressin: the predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. it is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. arg-vasopressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus or to improve vasomotor tone and blood pressure
Arginine-Glycine Amidinotransferase Deficiency: mutation in gatm
Arginine-tRNA Ligase: an enzyme that activates arginine with its specific transfer rna. ec 6.1.1.19
Argininosuccinate Lyase: an enzyme of the urea cycle which splits argininosuccinate to fumarate plus arginine. its absence leads to the metabolic disease argininosuccinic aciduria in man. ec 4.3.2.1
Argininosuccinate Synthase: an enzyme of the urea cycle that catalyzes the formation of argininosuccinic acid from citrulline and aspartic acid in the presence of atp. absence or deficiency of this enzyme causes the metabolic disease citrullinemia in humans. ec 6.3.4.5
Argininosuccinic Acid: this amino acid is formed during the urea cycle from citrulline, aspartate and atp. this reaction is catalyzed by argininosuccinic acid synthetase
Argininosuccinic Aciduria: rare autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle which leads to the accumulation of argininosuccinic acid in body fluids and severe hyperammonemia. clinical features of the neonatal onset of the disorder include poor feeding, vomiting, lethargy, seizures, tachypnea, coma, and death. later onset results in milder set of clinical features including vomiting, failure to thrive, irritability, behavioral problems, or psychomotor retardation. mutations in the argininosuccinate lyase gene cause the disorder
Argon: a noble gas with the atomic symbol ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. it is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used
Argon Plasma Coagulation: a method of tissue ablation and bleeding control that uses argon plasma (ionized argon gas) to deliver a current of thermocoagulating energy to the area of tissue to be coagulated
Argonaut proteiny: rodina rna-vazebných proteinů, které jsou specifické pro molekuly mikro-rna a malých interferujících rna. tyto proteiny se v komplexu risc účastní úprav rna
Argonaute Proteins: a family of rna-binding proteins that has specificity for micrornas and small interfering rna molecules. the proteins take part in rna processing events as core components of rna-induced silencing complex
Arguloida: řád korýšů, kteří parazitují na sladkovodních rybách
Argyria: a permanent ashen-gray discoloration of the skin, conjunctiva, and internal organs resulting from long-continued use of silver salts. (dorland, 27th ed)
Aripiprazole: a piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. it is a partial agonist of serotonin receptor, 5-ht1a and dopamine d2 receptors, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of serotonin receptor, 5-ht2a. it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression
Arisaema: a plant genus of the family araceae. it has a stemless, tuberous root
Arisaema: rod rostlin z čeledi araceae. rostliny mají hlízovitý kořen
Aristolochia: a plant genus of the family aristolochiaceae. species of this genus have been used in traditional medicine but they contain aristolochic acid which is associated with nephropathy. these are sometimes called 'snakeroot' but that name is also used with a number of other plants such as polygala; sanicula; asarum; aristolochia; ageratina; and others
Aristolochia: velký rod rostlin s více než 500 druhy, náležící do čeledě podražcovité (aristolochiaceae). podražec křovištní (aristolochia clematitis) byl považován za léčivku, používali ho staří egypťané, řekové a římané, a byl užíván až do raného novověku. také hraje menší roli v tradiční čínské medicíně. obsažená toxická kyselina aristolochová je pro člověka smrtelně jedovatá, rostlina obsahuje karcinogenní a genotoxické látky. zdá se, že znečištění obilí touto rostlinou je příčinou tzv. balkánské nefropatie, těžkého onemocnění ledvin vyskytující se v jihovýchodní části evropy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Aristolochiaceae: a plant family of the order aristolochiales subclass magnoliidae class magnoliopsida. they are mostly tropical woody vines and a few temperate-zone species. the flowers are 3-parted; some species lack petals while others are large and foul smelling
Aristolochic Acids: nitro-phenanthrenes occurring in aristolochiaceae and other plants. they derive from stephanine (aporphines) by oxidative ring cleavage. the nitro group is a reactive alkylator (alkylating agents) that binds to biological macromolecules. ingestion by humans is associated with nephropathy (nephritis). there is no relationship to the similar named aristolochene (sesquiterpenes)
Arizona: state of the united states of america bounded on the east by new mexico, on the north by utah, on the west by nevada and california, and on the south by mexico
Arizona: stát na jihozápadě spojených států amerických. hraničí na východě s novým mexikem, na severu s utahem, na západě s nevadou a kalifornií a na jihu s mexickými státy baja california a sonora. hlavní město je phoenix. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Arkansas: arkansas hraničí na severu s missouri, na severovýchodě s tennessee, na východě s mississippi, na jihu s louisianou, na jihozápadě s texasem a na západě s oklahomou. hlavní město je little rock
Arkansas: state of the united states of america bounded on the north by missouri, on the east by tennessee and mississippi, on the south by louisiana, and on the west by oklahoma and texas
Arktida: polární oblast okolo severního pólu. oblast je tvořená severním ledovým oceánem pokrytým mořským ledem, který každoročně částečně roztává a rozpadá se na plovoucí kry, a severními oblastmi a ostrovy ruska, kanady, usa a skandinávských zemí (včetně grónska), kde jsou oblasti ledovců, věčně zmrzlé půdy a tundry. na rozdíl od antarktidy v okolí jižního pólu není arktida světadílem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Arm Bones: the bones of the free part of the upper extremity including the humerus; radius; and ulna
Armadillo Domain Proteins: a family of proteins that contain several 42-amino acid repeat domains and are homologous to the drosophila armadillo protein. they bind to other proteins through their armadillo domains and play a variety of roles in the cell including signal transduction, regulation of desmosome assembly, and cell adhesion
Armadillos: burrowing, chiefly nocturnal mammals of the family dasypodidae having bodies and heads encased in small bony plates. they are widely distributed in the warmer parts of the americas
Armenia: an ancient country in western asia, by the twentieth century divided among the former ussr, turkey, and iran. it was attacked at various times from before the 7th century b.c. to 69 b.c. by assyrians, medes, persians, the greeks under alexander, and the romans. it changed hands frequently in wars between neo-persian and roman empires from the 3d to 7th centuries and later under arabs, seljuks, byzantines, and mongols. in the 19th century armenian nationalism arose but suffered during russo-turkish hostilities. it became part of the soviet republic in 1921, with part remaining under turkey. (webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988)
Armillaria: a genus of root and butt rot fungi in the family tricholomataceae that produce rhizomorphs and are facultatively parasitic. many species are pathogenic to trees causing armillaria root disease
Armillaria: rod stopkovýtrusých hub čeledi tricholomataceae. parazitují na stromech (smrky a jiné) a rozkládají i mrtvou dřevní hmotu. kromě destrukce dřevní hmoty způsobují václavky kořenovou hnilobu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Armin: a reversible organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. it also affects the presynaptic membrane and inhibits membrane postsynaptic cholinergic receptors. the compound had former use as a miotic
Armoracia: a plant genus of the family brassicaceae known for the root used in hot spices. it is also the source of horseradish peroxidase which is widely used in laboratories
Armoracia: rod rostlin čeledi brassicaceae. křen selský je pěstovaný pro svůj silně aromatický kořen, který se používá jako koření, zelenina či léčivý prostředek. obsahuje také peroxidázu, enzym často používaný v laboratořích. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Arménie: vnitrozemský stát ležící v zakavkazsku. na severu hraničí s gruzií, na východě s ázerbájdžánem, na jihu s íránem a na západě s ázerbájdžánskou exklávou nachičevan a tureckem. arménie je unitární národní stát s velmi starým kulturním dědictvím. nejstarší arménské království zvané urartu vzniklo již v 9. století př. n. l. od roku 1936 existovala arménská sovětská socialistická republika. po rozpadu sovětského svazu vznikl současný stát. hlavním městem arménie je jerevan. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Arnica: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. the dried flower heads of arnica montana are used externally as a counterirritant and tincture for sprains and bruises, either as crude extract or in homeopathic dilution (homeopathy). arnica contains volatile oils (oils, volatile), arnicin, arnisterol, flavonoids; tannins; and resin. the common name of wolf's bane is similar to the common name for aconitum
Arnicae flos extract: extract from flowerheads of arnica, e.g., a. montana
Arnold-Chiari Malformation: a group of congenital malformations involving the brainstem, cerebellum, upper spinal cord, and surrounding bony structures. type ii is the most common, and features compression of the medulla and cerebellar tonsils into the upper cervical spinal canal and an associated meningomyelocele. type i features similar, but less severe malformations and is without an associated meningomyelocele. type iii has the features of type ii with an additional herniation of the entire cerebellum through the bony defect involving the foramen magnum, forming an encephalocele. type iv is a form a cerebellar hypoplasia. clinical manifestations of types i-iii include torticollis; opisthotonus; headache; vertigo; vocal cord paralysis; apnea; nystagmus, congenital; swallowing difficulties; and ataxia. (from menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, p261; davis, textbook of neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp236-46)
Arnoldův-Chiariho syndrom: malformace mozku s posunem cerebella a prodloužené míchy do páteřního kanálu. je způsobena chybným utvářením polohy flexury pontu v průběhu embryogeneze, která elonguje do iv. komory mozkové. malformace se sdružuje s meningomyelokélou. vyvíjí se hydrocefalus, dráždění mozkového kmene může vyvolat chiariho krize - obtížné polykání, hromadění sekretu v dutině ústní, dušení se stridorem, apnoické pauzy a spasticitu horních končetin. bez adekvátní léčby krize končí smrtí, která je způsobena mozkovou herniací; je nutná včasná dekomprese neurochirurgickým zákrokem. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Aroclors: industrial chemicals which have become widespread environmental pollutants. each aroclor is a mixture of chlorinated biphenyls (1200 series) or chlorinated terphenyls (5400 series) or a combination of both (4400 series)
Aromatase: an enzyme that catalyzes the desaturation (aromatization) of the ring a of c19 androgens and converts them to c18 estrogens. in this process, the 19-methyl is removed. this enzyme is membrane-bound, located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogen-producing cells of ovaries, placenta, testes, adipose, and brain tissues. aromatase is encoded by the cyp19 gene, and functions in complex with nadph-ferrihemoprotein reductase in the cytochrome p-450 system
Aromatase Inhibitors: compounds that inhibit aromatase in order to reduce production of estrogenic steroid hormones
Aromatase deficiency: a rare autosomal recessive disorder in which individuals cannot synthesize endogenous estrogens. in utero, this results in virilization of both the fetus and mother, since the placenta converts the precursor, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, to testosterone. affected mothers exhibit hisutism and acne, which resolve following delivery. affected female infants exhibit pseudohermaphroditism at birth followed by cystic ovaries, delays in sexual development, and hirsutism at adolescence. males may be asymptomatic at birth but can later exhibit tall stature, bone growth abnormalities and obesity, infertility and gynecomastia. mutations in the cyp19a1 gene have been identified. omim: 613546
Aromatherapy: the use of fragrances and essences from plants to affect or alter a person's mood or behavior and to facilitate physical, mental, and emotional well-being. the chemicals comprising essential oils in plants has a host of therapeutic properties and has been used historically in africa, asia, and india. its greatest application is in the field of alternative medicine. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed; from dr. atiba vheir, dove center, washington, d.c.)
Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase Inhibitors: compounds and drugs that block or inhibit the enzymatic action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylases. pharmaceutical agents in this category are used in conjunction with levodopa in order to slow its metabolism
Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: an autosomal recessive inborn error in neurotransmitter metabolism that leads to combined serotonin and catecholamine deficiency and is clinically characterized by vegetative symptoms, oculogyric crises, dystonia, and severe neurologic dysfunction, usually beginning in infancy or childhood. caused by mutations in the ddc gene. omim: 107930
Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases: an enzyme group with broad specificity. the enzymes decarboxylate a range of aromatic amino acids including dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa decarboxylase); tryptophan; and hydroxytryptophan
Arosurf: forms biodegradable monolayer film on water surface; used in mosquito control
Arousal: cortical vigilance or readiness of tone, presumed to be in response to sensory stimulation via the reticular activating system
Arrestin: a 48-kd protein of the outer segment of the retinal rods and a component of the phototransduction cascade. arrestin quenches g-protein activation by binding to phosphorylated photolyzed rhodopsin. arrestin causes experimental autoimmune uveitis when injected into laboratory animals
Arrestins: regulatory proteins that down-regulate phosphorylated g-protein membrane receptors, including rod and cone photoreceptors and adrenergic receptors
Arrhenoblastoma--Thyroid Adenoma: associated with dicer1 mutations
Arrhythmia, Sinus: irregular heart rate caused by abnormal function of the sinoatrial node. it is characterized by a greater than 10% change between the maximum and the minimum sinus cycle length or 120 milliseconds
Arrhythmias, Cardiac: any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or myocardial contraction. cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in heart rate, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia: a congenital cardiomyopathy that is characterized by infiltration of adipose and fibrous tissue into the right ventricle wall and loss of myocardial cells. primary injuries usually are at the free wall of right ventricular and right atria resulting in ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia, Familial, 8: mutation in desmoplakin
Arsanilic Acid: an arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. it causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals
Arsenate Reductases: oxidoreductases that specifically reduce arsenate ion to arsenite ion. reduction of arsenate is a critical step for its biotransformation into a form that can be transported by arsenite transporting atpases or complexed by specific sulfhydryl-containing proteins for the purpose of detoxification (metabolic detoxification, drug). arsenate reductases require reducing equivalents such as glutaredoxin or azurin
Arsenazo III: metallochrome indicator that changes color when complexed to the calcium ion under physiological conditions. it is used to measure local calcium ion concentrations in vivo
Arsenic: a shiny gray element with atomic symbol as, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. it occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. most forms are toxic. according to the fourth annual report on carcinogens (ntp 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Arsenic Poisoning: disorders associated with acute or chronic exposure to compounds containing arsenic (arsenicals) which may be fatal. acute oral ingestion is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms and an encephalopathy which may manifest as seizures, mental status changes, and coma. chronic exposure is associated with mucosal irritation, desquamating rash, myalgias, peripheral neuropathy, and white transverse (mees) lines in the fingernails. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1212)
Arsenic Trioxide: an inorganic compound with the chemical formula as2o3 that is used for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy
Arsenite Transporting ATPases: efflux pumps that use the energy of atp hydrolysis to pump arsenite across a membrane. they are primarily found in prokaryotic organisms, where they play a role in protection against excess intracellular levels of arsenite ions
Arsphenamine: an organoarsenic compound that was commonly used for treating syphilis and other diseases
Art Therapy: the use of art as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of neurological, mental, or behavioral disorders
ArteFill: is a newly develped third-generation polymethylmethacrylate product (pmma)with bovine collagen
Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination: drug combination of artemether and lumefantrine that is used to treat plasmodium falciparum malaria
Artemia: a genus of crustacea of the order anostraca, found in briny pools and lakes and often cultured for fish food. it has 168 chromosomes and differs from most crustaceans in that its blood contains hemoglobin
Artemia: rod vodních korýšů z čeledi artemiidae (žábronožkovití), z řádu anostraca (žábronožky). vyskytují se výhradně ve vnitrozemských slaných jezerech, ne však v mořích. tito korýši mají 168 chromozomů a jejich krev obsahuje hemoglobin. používají se často jako krmivo pro ryby. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Artemisia: a plant genus of the family asteraceae with strong-smelling foliage. it is a source of santonin and other cytotoxic terpenes
Artemisia absinthium: a plant species of the genus artemisia, family asteraceae that has been used in absinthe. the oil contains neurotoxic 1-thujone and d-isothujone
Artemisia absinthium: druh rostlin rodu artemisia, čeledi asteraceae, který je užíván ve farmacii jako stomachicum a digestivum. pelyněk pravý se používá při přípravě mnoha hořkých či nahořklých alkoholických (likér absint a víno vermut) i nealkoholických (tonic) nápojů. dále také slouží jako koření. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Artemisia annua: a plant species of the genus artemisia, family asteraceae. it is the source of the antimalarial artemisinin (antimalarials)
Artemisia annua: druh rostlin rodu artemisia, čeledi asteraceae. je zdrojem artemisininu, látky s antimalarickým účinkem
Artemisinins: a group of sesquiterpenes and their analogs that contain a peroxide group (peroxides) within an oxepin ring (oxepins)
Arterial Occlusive Diseases: pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of arteries. they are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. they are also known as arterial insufficiency
Arterial Pressure: the blood pressure in the arteries. it is commonly measured with a sphygmomanometer on the upper arm which represents the arterial pressure in the brachial artery
Arterial Switch Operation: surgical procedure for anatomical correction of transposed great arteries (e.g., double outlet right ventricle)
Arterial Tortuosity Syndrome: a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by abnormal twists and turns (tortuosity) of the arteries due to excessive elongation. affected individuals are susceptible to aneurysm and arterial stenosis and may also have respiratory, eye, facial, skin, and joint abnormalities. mutations in the slc2a10 gene have been identified. omim: 208050
Arterial calcification of infancy: a severe hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by calcification of the internal elastic lamina of muscular arteries and stenosis due to myointimal proliferation. it is often fatal within the first 6 months of life because of myocardial ischemia resulting in refractory heart failure. mutations in the enpp1 gene have been identified. omim: 208000
Arterio-Arterial Fistula: abnormal communication between two arteries that may result from injury or occur as a congenital abnormality
Arterioles: the smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries
Arteriolosclerosis: thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition
Arteriosclerosis: thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries of all sizes. there are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as atherosclerosis with fatty lesions in the arterial intima of medium and large muscular arteries
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans: common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by atherosclerosis. it is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (arterial intima) of arteries including the aorta and its branches to the extremities. risk factors include smoking, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension
Arteriovenous Anastomosis: a vessel that directly interconnects an artery and a vein, and that acts as a shunt to bypass the capillary beds. not to be confused with surgical anastomosis or arteriovenous fistula
Arteriovenous Fistula: an abnormal direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the capillaries. an a-v fistula usually leads to the formation of a dilated sac-like connection, arteriovenous aneurysm. the locations and size of the shunts determine the degree of effects on the cardiovascular functions such as blood pressure and heart rate
Arteriovenous Malformations: abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the capillaries. they usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. a common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. the lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas
Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical: surgical shunt allowing direct passage of blood from an artery to a vein. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Arteriviridae: a family of viruses, of the order nidovirales, containing spherical virions. in contrast to coronaviridae, no protruding spikes are obvious on the surface
Arteriviridae: čeleď virů řádu nidovirales s viriony sférického tvaru. na rozdíl od koronavirů nejsou na jejich povrchu výběžky
Arterivirus: a genus of the family arteriviridae, in the order nidovirales. the type species is equartevirus
Arterivirus: rod virů čeledi arteriviridae, řádu nidovirales. typovým druhem je equartevirus
Artesunate: a water-soluble, semi-synthetic derivative of the sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin with anti-malarial, anti-schistosomiasis, antiviral, and potential anti-neoplastic activities
Artglass (dental composite): a resin composite; artglass (scr c111282) is a glass ionomer cement
Arthritis, Experimental: arthritis that is induced in experimental animals. immunological methods and infectious agents can be used to develop experimental arthritis models. these methods include injections of stimulators of the immune response, such as an adjuvant (adjuvants, immunologic) or collagen
Arthritis, Gouty: arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. the initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of monosodium urate in and around affected joints
Arthritis, Infectious: arthritis caused by bacteria; rickettsia; mycoplasma; viruses; fungi; or parasites