NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Pancreatic Juice: the fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum
Pancreatic Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the pancreas. depending on the types of islet cells present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: glucagon from pancreatic alpha cells; insulin from pancreatic beta cells; and somatostatin from the somatostatin-secreting cells. most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (insulinoma)
Pancreatic Polypeptide: a 36-amino acid pancreatic hormone that is secreted mainly by endocrine cells found at the periphery of the islets of langerhans and adjacent to cells containing somatostatin and glucagon. pancreatic polypeptide (pp), when administered peripherally, can suppress gastric secretion, gastric emptying, pancreatic enzyme secretion, and appetite. a lack of pancreatic polypeptide (pp) has been associated with obesity in rats and mice
Pancreatic Polypeptide-Secreting Cells: a group of islet cells (10-35%) which secrete pancreatic polypeptide, a hormone that regulates appetite and food intake
Pancreatic Pseudocyst: cyst-like space not lined by epithelium and contained within the pancreas. pancreatic pseudocysts account for most of the cystic collections in the pancreas and are often associated with chronic pancreatitis
Pancreatic Stellate Cells: star-shaped, myofibroblast-like cells located in the periacinar, perivascular, and periductal regions of the exocrine pancreas. they play a key role in the pathobiology of fibrosis; pancreatitis; and pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic adenoma: a benign tumor of the exocrine pancreas that consists of glycogen-rich secretory epithelial cells
Pancreatic alpha-Amylases: a subclass of alpha-amylase isoenzymes that are secreted into pancreatic juice
Pancreatic carcinoma, familial: familial susceptibility to pancreatic cancer is associated with mutations in several genes, including cdkn2a, brca1, brca2, and palld. omim: 260350
Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction: a group of anatomical variations in which the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct are joined outside the duodenal wall often with abnormally long common channel rather than at the sphincter of oddi
Pancreaticoduodenectomy: the excision of the head of the pancreas and the encircling loop of the duodenum to which it is connected
Pancreaticojejunostomy: surgical anastomosis of the pancreatic duct, or the divided end of the transected pancreas, with the jejunum. (dorland, 28th ed)
Pancreatin: a mammalian pancreatic extract composed of enzymes with protease, amylase and lipase activities. it is used as a digestant in pancreatic malfunction
Pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreas. pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of chronic pancreatitis (international symposium on acute pancreatitis, atlanta, 1992). the two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are alcoholic pancreatitis and gallstone pancreatitis
Pancreatitis, Acute Hemorrhagic: an acute inflammation of the pancreas in which the initial edematous pancreatitis evolved into necrosis accompanied by hemorrhage
Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing: a severe form of acute inflammation of the pancreas characterized by one or more areas of necrosis in the pancreas with varying degree of involvement of the surrounding tissues or organ systems. massive pancreatic necrosis may lead to diabetes mellitus, and malabsorption
Pancreatitis, Alcoholic: acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas due to excessive alcohol drinking. alcoholic pancreatitis usually presents as an acute episode but it is a chronic progressive disease in alcoholics
Pancreatitis, Calcific: chronic pancreatitis characterized by the presents of calcified structures ("stones") in the pancreatic ducts and acini. omim: 167800
Pancreatitis, Chronic: inflammation of the pancreas that is characterized by recurring or persistent abdominal pain with or without steatorrhea or diabetes mellitus. it is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse
Pancreatitis, Graft: an inflammatory disease and serious complication of pancreas transplantation. it is caused by a premature activation of pancreatic proenzymes leading to autodigestion of the gland and can be attributed to immunological or nonimmunological causes
Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins: c-type lectins that restrict growth of bacteria in the intestinal epithelia and have bactericidal activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. they also regulate proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes following injury. human pancreatitis-associated protein-1 (reg3a) is overexpressed by pancreatic acinar cells in patients with chronic pancreatitis. it is also highly expressed by pancreatic, bladder, and gastrointestinal cancer cells and may serve as a diagnostic biomarker
Pancreatoblastoma: a rare malignant epithelial neoplasm that originates in the pancreas and is characterized by acinar differentiation, the formation of squamoid corpuscles, and the formation of stromal bands. most cases occur in childhood
Pancrelipase: a preparation of hog pancreatic enzymes standardized for lipase content
Pancuronium: a bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. as a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than curare but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release
Pancytopenia: deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
Pandalidae: a family of crustacea, order decapoda, comprising the pandalid shrimp. they are protandric hermaphrodites and can breed in both male and female stages. many species are commercially harvested in the pacific northwest
Pandalidae: čeleď krevet třídy crustacea, řádu decapoda. jsou protandričtí hermafrodité - dospívají jako samci a později se mění v samičky. mnoho druhů je komerčně loveno v severozápadním tichém oceánu
Pandanaceae: a plant family of the order pandanales, subclass arecidae, class liliopsida (monocotyledons)
Pandanaceae: čeleď jednoděložných rostlin z řádu pandanales (pandánotvaré)
Pandemic Preparedness: various plans outlined for the care of casualties and the maintenance of services in a pandemic. pandemic preparedness plan includes capacity building in flexible infrastructure and sentinel surveillance
Pandemics: epidemics of infectious disease that have spread to many countries, often more than one continent, and usually affecting a large number of people
Paneth Cells: differentiated epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa, found in the basal part of the intestinal crypts of lieberkuhn. paneth cells secrete growth factors, digestive enzymes such as lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides such as cryptdins (alpha-defensins) into the crypt lumen
Panethovy buňky: diferencované epiteliální buňky střevní sliznice, které se nacházejí v bazální části lieberkühnových střevních krypt. panethovy buňky vylučují na povrch růstové faktory, trávicí enzymy jako např. lysozym a antimikrobiální peptidy - látky jako např. alfa-defensiny. - buňky na dně lieberkühnových krypt střeva; v apikální části obsahují četná eozinofilní granula, ovlivňují snad střevní imunitu (cit. velký lékařský slovník online 2012, http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Pangolins: solitary, chiefly burrowing and nocturnal mammals of the order pholidota. they have bodies, tails and heads encased in sharp scales, which protect them when rolled up into a ball when threatened. also called scaly anteaters, pangolins are myrmecophagous mainly eating ants and termites and are distributed in the warmer parts of the asia and the africa continents. chinese pangolins are a potential intermediate disease reservoir of covid-19 virus, sars-cov-2
Panic: a state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function
Panic Disorder: a type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. agoraphobia may also develop. similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait
Panicum: a plant genus of the family poaceae. the seed is one of the edible grains used in millet cereals and in feed for birds and livestock (animal feed). it contains diosgenin (saponins)
Panitumumab: recombinant human monoclonal antibody that binds to and inhibits the function of the epidermal growth factor receptor. it is used in the treatment of egfr-expressing metastatic colorectal cancer that expresses wild-type ras gene (see genes, ras)
Panniculitis: general term for inflammation of adipose tissue, usually of the skin, characterized by reddened subcutaneous nodules
Panniculitis, Lupus Erythematosus: a type of lupus erythematosus characterized by deep dermal or subcutaneous nodules, most often on the head, face, or upper arms. it is generally chronic and occurs most often in women between the ages of 20 and 45
Panniculitis, Nodular Nonsuppurative: a form of panniculitis characterized by recurrent episodes of fever accompanied by the eruption of single or multiple erythematous subcutaneous nodules on the lower extremities. they normally resolve, but tend to leave depressions in the skin. the condition is most often seen in women, alone or in association with other disorders
Panniculitis, Peritoneal: inflammation of the underlying layer of adipose tissue (panniculus) of the peritoneum, usually of the mesentery or the omentum. there are several forms with various names and are usually characterized by infiltration of lymphocytes and neutrophils, fat necrosis, and fibrosis
Pannus: a genus of cyanobacteria in the family synechococcaceae that is free-floating and occurs in various water environments attaching to algae and submersed plants
Pannus (Cyanobacteria): rod sinic čeledi synechococcaceae, které jsou součástí fytoplanktonu a vyskytují se v různých vodních prostředích, jsou přichycené na řasy a vodní rostliny
Panobinostat: an indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor. it is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma
Panophthalmitis: acute suppurative inflammation of the inner eye with necrosis of the sclera (and sometimes the cornea) and extension of the inflammation into the orbit. pain may be severe and the globe may rupture. in endophthalmitis the globe does not rupture
Panostotic fibrous dysplasia: unusual facial appearance, bone fragility, hyperphosphatasemia, and hypophosphatemia
Pansporablastina: a suborder of fungi in the phylum microsporidia, possessing a pansporoblastic membrane
Pansporoblastina: podřád mikrosporidií, u kterých se nachází parazitoforní membrána
Panstrongylus: a genus of cone-nosed bugs of the subfamily triatominae. its species are vectors of trypanosoma cruzi
Panstrongylus: rod hmyzu podčeledi triatominae. jeho zástupci jsou přenašeči parazitického prvoka trypanosoma cruzi, původce chagasovy choroby
Pantetheine: an intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme a formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms
Panthera: genus in the family felidae comprised of big felines including lions; tigers; jaguars; and the leopard
Panthera: panthera je rod kočkovitých šelem (zlidověle panteři), sesterský k rodu neofelis (pardáli), do kterého se řadí nejznámější velké kočky - tygr, lev, levhart, jaguár a irbis. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Pantoea: a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, straight rods which are motile by peritrichous flagella. most strains produce a yellow pigment. this organism is isolated from plant surfaces, seeds, soil, and water, as well as from animals and human wounds, blood, and urine. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Pantoea: rod gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních, přímých tyčinek, které se pohybují pomocí peritrichních bičíků. většina druhů produkuje žlutý pigment. tyto bakterie jsou izolovány z povrchu rostlin, ze semen, z půdy a vody a také z ran, krve a moči zvířat a lidí
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux and peptic ulcer
Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration: a rare autosomal recessive degenerative disorder which usually presents in late childhood or adolescence. clinical manifestations include progressive muscle spasticity; hyperreflexia; muscle rigidity; dystonia; dysarthria; and intellectual deterioration which progresses to severe dementia over several years. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p972; davis & robertson, textbook of neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp972-929)
Pantothenic Acid: a butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with beta alanine. it is incorporated into coenzyme a and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of glutathione
Panuveitis: inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. it is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. the intermediate segment of the eye is not involved
Papain: a proteolytic enzyme obtained from carica papaya. it is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and chymopapain that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. ec 3.4.22.2
Papanicolaou Test: cytological preparation of cells collected from a mucosal surface and stained with papanicolaou stain
Papanicolaouův test: papanicolaouův test (zkr. pap) - metoda užívaná v gynekologii k hodnocení změn na děložním hrdle v rámci prevence nádorového onemocnění. p. t. je cytologickým vyšetřením (srov. cytodiagnostika obarveného stěru z děložního hrdla) (cit. velký lékařský slovník, http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ 2014)
Papaver: a genus of eurasian herbaceous plants, the poppies (family papaveraceae of the dicotyledon class magnoliopsida), that yield opium from the latex of the unripe seed pods
Papaver: rod rostlin čeledi papaveraceae. je rozšířen v evropě, asii, severní a jižní africe a severní americe. hospodářsky nejvýznamnějším druhem je mák setý. pěstuje se pro makové semeno, je zdrojem opia, lékařsky významných alkaloidů (zejména morfinu a kodeinu) a narkotik. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Papaveraceae: the poppy plant family of the order papaverales, subclass magnoliidae, class magnoliopsida. these have bisexual, regular, cup-shaped flowers with one superior pistil and many stamens; 2 or 3 conspicuous, separate sepals and a number of separate petals. the fruit is a capsule. leaves are usually deeply cut or divided into leaflets
Papaveraceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu pryskyřníkotvaré (ranunculales). jsou to byliny nebo řidčeji i dřeviny s jednoduchými, dělenými až zpeřenými listy a oboupohlavnými pravidelnými nebo souměrnými květy. květní obaly jsou rozlišené na kalich a korunu, vzácně zcela chybí. plodem je tobolka, šešule nebo šešulka, méně často oříšek. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Papaverine: an alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. it is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. the mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels
Paper: thin sheets made from wood pulp and other fibrous substances, used for writing, drawing, printing, image duplication or wrapping
Papillary Muscles: conical muscular projections from the walls of the cardiac ventricles, attached to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by the chordae tendineae
Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: a papillary carcinoma that occurs in the thyroid gland and measures 10 mm or less in diameter. omim: 603744
Papillary renal cell carcinoma, sporadic: renal cell carcinoma characterized by numerous, bilateral papillary tumors (carcinoma, papillary). familial cases are associated with mutations in the met receptor tyrosine kinase (met) gene. chromosomal translocations involving the prcc gene have also been identified. omim: 605074
Papilledema: swelling of the optic disk, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. chronic papilledema may cause optic atrophy and visual loss. (miller et al., clinical neuro-ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)
Papilloma: a circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (stedman, 25th ed)
Papilloma, Choroid Plexus: a usually benign neoplasm that arises from the cuboidal epithelium of the choroid plexus and takes the form of an enlarged choroid plexus, which may be associated with oversecretion of csf. the tumor usually presents in the first decade of life with signs of increased intracranial pressure including headaches; ataxia; diplopia; and alterations of mental status. in children it is most common in the lateral ventricles and in adults it tends to arise in the fourth ventricle. malignant transformation to choroid plexus carcinomas may rarely occur. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p667; devita et al., cancer: principles and practice of oncology, 5th ed, p2072)
Papilloma, Intraductal: a small, often impalpable benign papilloma arising in a lactiferous duct and frequently causing bleeding from the nipple. (stedman, 25th ed)
Papilloma, Inverted: a mucosal tumor of the urinary bladder or nasal cavity in which proliferating epithelium is invaginated beneath the surface and is more smoothly rounded than in other papillomas. (stedman, 25th ed)
Papillomaviridae: a family of small, non-enveloped dna viruses infecting birds and most mammals, especially humans. they are grouped into multiple genera, but the viruses are highly host-species specific and tissue-restricted. they are commonly divided into hundreds of papillomavirus types, each with specific gene function and gene control regions, despite sequence homology. human papillomaviruses are found in the genera alphapapillomavirus; betapapillomavirus; gammapapillomavirus; and mupapillomavirus
Papillomaviridae: čeleď malých, neobalených dna virů, které infikují ptáky a většinu savců, zejména člověka. patří sem mnoho rodů, tyto viry jsou však vysoce hostitelsky a tkáňově specifické. obvykle se člení na stovky typů, z nichž každý má (navzdory sekvenční homologii) specifické genové funkce a genové regulační oblasti. lidské papilomaviry jsou zařazeny v rodech alphapapillomavirus, betapapillomavirus, gammapapillomavirus a mupapillomavirus
Papillomavirus E7 Proteins: oncogene proteins from papillomavirus that deregulate the cell cycle of infected cells and lead to neoplastic cell transformation. papillomavirus e7 proteins have been shown to interact with various regulators of the cell cycle including retinoblastoma protein and certain cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors
Papillomavirus Infections: neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. they are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression
Papillomavirus Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent papillomavirus infections. human vaccines are intended to reduce the incidence of uterine cervical neoplasms, so they are sometimes considered a type of cancer vaccines. they are often composed of capsid proteins, especially l1 protein, from various types of alphapapillomavirus
Papillon-Lefevre Disease: rare, autosomal recessive disorder occurring between the first and fifth years of life. it is characterized by palmoplantar keratoderma with periodontitis followed by the premature shedding of both deciduous and permanent teeth. mutations in the gene for cathepsin c have been associated with this disease
Papillonův-Lefevreův syndrom: vzácné, autozomálně recesivní onemocnění, které se projevuje mezi prvním a pátým rokem života. je charakterizované palmoplantární hyperkeratózou a parodontitidou, kdy dochází k předčasnému vypadávání jak mléčných, tak trvalých zubů. nemoc souvisí s mutacemi genu pro kathepsin c
Papillorenal syndrome: a hereditary autosomal dominant disorder characterized by both ocular abnormalities including coloboma and renal anomalies such as renal hypoplasia, insufficiency and vesicoureteral reflux. less common findings include high frequency hearing loss, central nervous system anomalies, soft skin, ligamentous laxity, and/or genital anomalies. the disorder shows wide inter- and intrafamilial variability and is caused by mutations in the pax2 gene. omim: 120330
Papio: a genus of the subfamily cercopithecinae, family cercopithecidae, consisting of five named species: papio ursinus (chacma baboon), papio cynocephalus (yellow baboon), papio papio (western baboon), papio anubis (or olive baboon), and papio hamadryas (hamadryas baboon). members of the papio genus inhabit open woodland, savannahs, grassland, and rocky hill country. some authors consider mandrillus a subgenus of papio
Papio: rod opic z podčeledi cercopithecinae (kočkodani), čeledi cercopithecidae (kočkodanovití), zahrnující pět druhů: pavián čakma (p. ursinus), pavián babuin (p. cynocephalus), pavián guinejský (p. papio), pavián anubi (p. anubis) a pavián pláštíkový (p. hamadryas). žijí v savanách, lesích a skalnatých kopcích afriky. někdy jsou k paviánům přiřazováni i dril a mandril
Papio anubis: a species of baboon in the family cercopithecidae with a somewhat different social structure than papio hamadryas. they inhabit several areas in africa south of the sahara
Papio anubis: druh paviánů z čeledi kočkodanovitých (cercopithecidae), kteří žijí v několika oblastech jižně od sahary. sociální strukturou se odlišují od paviánů pláštíkových
Papio cynocephalus: a species of baboon in the family cercopithecidae found in southern equatorial and east africa. they are smaller than papio anubis and have a thinner mane
Papio cynocephalus: druh paviánů čeledi kočkodanovitých (cercopithecidae), kteří žijí ve střední a východní africe. jsou menší než paviáni anubi a mají řidší hřívu
Papio hamadryas: a species of baboon in the family cercopithecidae, which has a well-studied trilevel social structure consisting of troops, bands, and clans
Papio hamadryas: druh paviánů čeledi kočkodanovitých (cercopithecidae), kteří mají třístupňovou sociální strukturu zahrnující tlupy, skupiny a klany
Papio papio: a species of baboon in the family cercopithecidae, often used as an animal model for cognitive studies
Papio papio: druh paviánů čeledi kočkodanovitých (cercopithecidae), kteří se často používají jako zvířecí model pro kognitivní studie
Papio ursinus: a species of baboon in the family cercopithecidae found in southern africa. they are dark colored and have a variable social structure
Papio ursinus: druh paviánů čeledi kočkodanovitých (cercopithecidae), kteří žijí v jižní africe. jsou tmavě zbarvení a mají proměnlivou sociální strukturu
Papua New Guinea: a country consisting of the eastern half of the island of new guinea and adjacent islands, including new britain, new ireland, the admiralty islands, and new hanover in the bismarck archipelago; bougainville and buka in the northern solomon islands; the d'entrecasteaux and trobriand islands; woodlark (murua) island; and the louisiade archipelago. it became independent on september 16, 1975. formerly, the southern part was the australian territory of papua, and the northern part was the un trust territory of new guinea, administered by australia. they were administratively merged in 1949 and named papua and new guinea, and renamed papua new guinea in 1971
Papua Nová Guinea: stát na východě ostrova nová guinea a na ostrovech v melanésii. na západě sousedí pozemní hranicí s indonésií, na východě přes mořský průliv u ostrova bougainville se šalomounovými ostrovy a na jihu přes torresův průliv s austrálií. v roce 1949 austrálie spojila obě teritoria (britské - papua a německé - nová guinea) v jeden celek. 16. září 1975 byla vyhlášena nezávislost země. 80% rozlohy země leží na ostrově nová guinea. zbylých 20 % zaujímá asi 600 dalších ostrovů (bismarckovo souostroví, d'entrecasteauxovy ostrovy, louisiady, bougainville). hlavní město je port moresby. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Papular urticaria: a form of urticaria that is most common in children ages 2 to 7. it is characterized by large numbers of small pruritic papules between 0.2 cm and 2 cm in diameter, some of which may develop into blisters. it is usually a result of allergic reaction to insect stings, drugs, or environmental factors and may occur with angioedema
Para-Aortic Bodies: small masses of chromaffin cells found near the sympathetic ganglia along the abdominal aorta, beginning cranial to the superior mesenteric artery (mesenteric artery, superior) or renal arteries and extending to the level of the aortic bifurcation or just beyond. they are also called the organs of zuckerkandl and sometimes called aortic bodies (not to be confused with aortic bodies in the thorax). the para-aortic bodies are the dominant source of catecholamines in the fetus and normally regress after birth
Para-Athletes: physically disabled individuals who have developed skills, physical stamina and strength to participate in sports or other physical activities
ParaPost Cement: composition: bis-gma, bis-ema, tegdma, bpo, silanized barium glass, amorphous silica
Parabasalidea: a group (or phylum) of flagellated, anaerobic eukaryotes that are endosymbionts of animals. they lack mitochondria but contain small energy-producing hydrogenosomes. the group is comprised of two major classes: hypermastigia and trichomonadida
Parabasalidea: monofyletická, ale značně diverzifikovaná skupina z říše excavata, řazená buď jako podkmen do kmene metamonada nebo jako samostatný kmen exkavát. převážně se jedná o endobiotické anaerobní jednobuněčné organismy, které se vyznačují hydrogenozomy namísto mitochondrií, speciálně utvářenými cytoskeletárními útvary a výrazným golgiho aparátem navázaným na bázi buňky. tato skupina je tvořena dvěma hlavními třídami: hypermastigia a trichomonadida. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Parabens: methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. they have been approved by the fda as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (from hawley's condensed chemical dictionary, 11th ed, p872)
Parabiosis: the experimental joining of two individuals for the purpose of studying the effects of one on the other
Parabrachial Nucleus: a cell group in the pontine tegmentum surrounding the surfaces of the superior cerebral peduncle of the pons
Paracentesis: a procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from a body cavity or organ via a trocar and cannula, needle, or other hollow instrument
Paracentrotus: a genus of sea urchins in the family echinidae found primarily on the western coasts of ireland
Paracentrotus: rod ježovek čeledi echinidae žijící původně ve vodách u západního pobřeží irska
Paracoccidioides: a mitosporic fungal genus. p. brasiliensis (previously blastomyces brasiliensis) is the etiologic agent of paracoccidioidomycosis
Paracoccidioides: rod mitosporických hub. p. brasiliensis (dříve blastomyces brasiliensis) je původcem parakokcidiodomykózy
Paracoccidioidomycosis: a mycosis affecting the skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and internal organs. it is caused most often by paracoccidioides brasiliensis. it is also called paracoccidioidal granuloma
Paracoccus: rod gramnegativních, nepohyblivých bakterií, které se vyskytují v půdě nebo v solných roztocích
Paracoccus denitrificans: druh bakterie izolované z půdy
Paracoccus pantotrophus: a species of gram-negative, coccoid, mostly chemolithoautotrophic bacteria, in the family rhodobacteraceae. some strains can grow anaerobically
Paracoccus pantotrophus: druh gramnegativní, kokoidní, většinou chemolitoautotrofní bakterie čeledi rhodobacteraceae. některé kmeny mohou růst anaerobně
Paracrine Communication: cellular signaling in which a factor secreted by a cell affects other cells in the local environment. this term is often used to denote the action of intercellular signaling peptides and proteins on surrounding cells
Paraduodenal Hernia: a protrusion of the small intestine through an opening in the mesentery
Paraffin: a mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. it has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. it is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology
Paraffin Embedding: the infiltrating of tissue specimens with paraffin, as a supporting substance, to prepare for sectioning with a microtome
Paraganglia, Chromaffin: small bodies containing chromaffin cells occurring outside of the adrenal medulla, most commonly near the sympathetic ganglia and in organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads
Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin: several clusters of chemoreceptive and supporting cells associated with blood vessels and nerves (especially the glossopharyngeal and vagus). the nonchromaffin paraganglia sense ph, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and participate in respiratory, and perhaps circulatory, control. they include the carotid body; aortic bodies; the glomus jugulare; and the glomus tympanicum
Paraganglioma: a neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). it is more common in women than in men. (stedman, 25th ed; from segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Paraganglioma, Extra-Adrenal: a relatively rare, usually benign neoplasm originating in the chemoreceptor tissue of the carotid body; glomus jugulare; glomus tympanicum; aortic bodies; and the female genital tract. it consists histologically of rounded or ovoid hyperchromatic cells that tend to be grouped in an alveolus-like pattern within a scant to moderate amount of fibrous stroma and a few large thin-walled vascular channels. (from stedman, 27th ed)
Paragonimus: a genus of lung flukes of the family troglotrematidae infecting humans and animals. this genus consists of several species one of which is paragonimus westermani, a common lung fluke in humans
Paragonimus: rod plicních motolic čeledi troglotrematidae, které způsobují infekci člověka i zvířat. patří sem několik druhů, nejvýznamnější je motolice plicní (p. westermani), častá u lidí
Paragonimus westermani: a species of lung fluke infecting humans and other animals, and found chiefly in asia and the asia, eastern
Paragonimus westermani: druh plicních motolic, který je parazitem člověka, masožravců a prasat. vývoj probíhá přes 2 mezihostitele. způsobuje závažné plicní onemocnění člověka a zvířat zvané paragonimóza. je rozšířený hlavně v asii
Paraguay: a country in central south america, northeast of argentina, southwest of brazil. the capital is asuncion
Paraguay: vnitrozemský stát v jižní americe. leží na obou březích řeky paraguay, hraničí s argentinou na jihu a jihozápadě, brazílií na severovýchodě a bolívií na severozápadě. hlavní město je asunción
Parahippocampal Gyrus: a convolution on the inferior surface of each cerebral hemisphere, lying between the hippocampal and collateral sulci
Parainfluenza Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with parainfluenza viruses in humans and animals
Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human: a species of respirovirus also called hemadsorption virus 2 (ha2), which causes laryngotracheitis in humans, especially children
Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human: a species of rubulavirus associated particularly with acute laryngotracheitis (croup) in children aged 6 months to 3 years
Parainfluenza Virus 3, Bovine: a species of respirovirus, subfamily paramyxovirinae, most often seen in conjunction with a secondary infection of mannheimia haemolytica resulting in pneumonic pasteurellosis (pasteurellosis, pneumonic)
Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human: a species of respirovirus frequently isolated from small children with pharyngitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia
Parainfluenza Virus 4, Human: a species of rubulavirus causing endemic upper respiratory infections in children. it produces only a mild clinical disease and often goes undetected
Parainfluenza Virus 5: a species of rubulavirus originally isolated from cultured primary monkey cells. its natural host is the dog in which it causes kennel cough, but it can also infect humans
Parakeets: common name for one of five species of small parrots, containing long tails
Parakeratosis: persistence of the nuclei of the keratinocytes into the stratum corneum of the skin. this is a normal state only in the epithelium of true mucous membranes in the mouth and vagina. (dorland, 27th ed)
Paraldehyde: a hypnotic and sedative with anticonvulsant effects. however, because of the hazards associated with its administration, its tendency to react with plastic, and the risks associated with its deterioration, it has largely been superseded by other agents. it is still occasionally used to control status epilepticus resistant to conventional treatment. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p608-9)
Parallel Algorithms: algorithms that can execute several instructions simultaneously on different processing devices and then combine all the individual outputs to produce the final result
Paralyses, Familial Periodic: a heterogenous group of inherited disorders characterized by recurring attacks of rapidly progressive flaccid paralysis or myotonia. these conditions have in common a mutation of the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the sodium channel in skeletal muscle. they are frequently associated with fluctuations in serum potassium levels. periodic paralysis may also occur as a non-familial process secondary to thyrotoxicosis and other conditions. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1481)
Paralysis: a general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. this term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p45)
Paralysis, Hyperkalemic Periodic: an autosomal dominant familial disorder which presents in infancy or childhood and is characterized by episodes of weakness associated with hyperkalemia. during attacks, muscles of the lower extremities are initially affected, followed by the lower trunk and arms. episodes last from 15-60 minutes and typically occur after a period of rest following exercise. a defect in skeletal muscle sodium channels has been identified as the cause of this condition. normokalemic periodic paralysis is a closely related disorder marked by a lack of alterations in potassium levels during attacks of weakness. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1481)
Paralysis, Obstetric: paralysis of an infant resulting from injury received at birth. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Paramecium: a genus of ciliate protozoa that is often large enough to be seen by the naked eye. paramecia are commonly used in genetic, cytological, and other research
Paramecium: rod nálevníků, kteří jsou často viditelní pouhým okem. trepky se běžně používají pro genetický, cytologický aj. výzkum
Paramecium aurelia: a species of ciliated paramecium possessing two micronuclei
Paramecium aurelia: druh trepek obsahujících dvě mikrojádra
Paramecium caudatum: nejrozšířenější druh trepek. má asymetrický tvar připomínající botu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Paramecium caudatum: the most widely distributed species of paramecium. it is elongated and possesses a bluntly pointed posterior
Paramecium tetraurelia: a species of ciliate protozoa. it is used in biomedical research
Paramecium tetraurelia: druh nálevníků. používá se v biomedicínském výzkumu
Paramedicine: a domain of practice and health profession that specialises across a range of settings including, but not limited to, emergency and primary care. paramedics work in a variety of clinical settings such as emergency medical services, ambulance services, hospitals and clinics as well as non-clinical roles, such as education, leadership, public health and research. paramedics possess complex knowledge and skills, a broad scope of practice and are an essential part of the healthcare system. depending on location, paramedics may practice under medical direction or independently, often in unscheduled, unpredictable or dynamic settings. (from j multidiscip healthc 2021 dec 30;14:3561-3570)
Paramedics: health care workers who perform tasks which must otherwise be performed by a physician or other health professional, in a variety of clinical settings such as emergency medical services, ambulance services, hospitals and clinics as well as non-clinical roles, such as education, leadership, public health and research. paramedics may practice under medical direction or independently, often in unscheduled, unpredictable or dynamic settings
Paramethasone: a glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. it has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than hydrocortisone with supplementary fludrocortisone. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)
Parametritis: inflammation of the parametrium, the connective tissue of the pelvic floor, extending from the subserous coat of the uterus laterally between the layers of the broad ligament
Paramphistomatidae: a family of flukes of the class trematoda found in the intestinal tract and liver of animals and man. some of the genera are homalagaster, gastrodiscus, paramphistomum, watsonius, nilocotyle, gigantocotyle, gastrothylax, macropotrema, ceylonocotyle, zygocotyle, cotylophoron, and calicophoron
Paramphistomatidae: čeleď motolic třídy trematoda parazitujících v trávicím traktu a játrech zvířat a člověka. patří sem např. rody homalagaster, gastrodiscus, paramphistomum, watsonius, nilocotyle, gigantocotyle, gastrothylax, macropotrema, ceylonocotyle, zygocotyle, cotylophoron a calicophoron
Paramyxoviridae: a family of spherical viruses, of the order mononegavirales, somewhat larger than the orthomyxoviruses, and containing single-stranded rna. subfamilies include paramyxovirinae and pneumovirinae
Paramyxoviridae: čeleď sférických virů řádu mononegavirales, o něco větších než orthomyxoviry. obsahují jednovláknovou rna. patří sem podčeledi paramyxovirinae a pneumovirinae
Paramyxoviridae Infections: infections with viruses of the family paramyxoviridae. this includes morbillivirus infections; respirovirus infections; pneumovirus infections; henipavirus infections; avulavirus infections; and rubulavirus infections
Paramyxovirinae: a subfamily of paramyxoviridae. genera include rubulavirus; respirovirus; morbillivirus; henipavirus; and avulavirus
Paramyxovirinae: podčeleď virů čeledi paramyxoviridae. patří sem rody rubulavirus, respirovirus, morbillivirus, henipavirus a avulavirus
Paranasal Sinus Diseases: diseases affecting or involving the paranasal sinuses and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the paranasal sinuses
Paranasal Sinuses: air-filled spaces located within the bones around the nasal cavity. they are extensions of the nasal cavity and lined by the ciliated nasal mucosa. each sinus is named for the cranial bone in which it is located, such as the ethmoid sinus; the frontal sinus; the maxillary sinus; and the sphenoid sinus
Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration: cerebellar degeneration associated with a remote neoplasm. clinical manifestations include progressive limb and gait ataxia; dysarthria; and nystagmus, pathologic. the histologic type of the associated neoplasm is usually carcinoma or lymphoma. pathologically the cerebellar cortex and subcortical nuclei demonstrate diffuse degenerative changes. anti-purkinje cell antibodies (anti-yo) are found in the serum of approximately 50% of affected individuals. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p686)
Paraneoplastic Endocrine Syndromes: syndromes resulting from inappropriate production of hormones or hormone-like materials by neoplasms in non-endocrine tissues or not by the usual endocrine glands. such hormone outputs are called ectopic hormone (hormones, ectopic) secretion
Paraneoplastic Polyneuropathy: a diffuse or multifocal peripheral neuropathy related to the remote effects of a neoplasm, most often carcinoma or lymphoma. pathologically, there are inflammatory changes in peripheral nerves. the most common clinical presentation is a symmetric distal mixed sensorimotor polyneuropathy. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1334)
Paraneoplastic Syndromes: in patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products
Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Nervous System: degenerative or inflammatory conditions affecting the central or peripheral nervous system that develop in association with a systemic neoplasm without direct invasion by tumor. they may be associated with circulating antibodies that react with the affected neural tissue. (intern med 1996 dec;35(12):925-9)
Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Ocular: ocular manifestations secondary to various neoplasms in which antibodies to antigens of the primary tumor cross-react with ocular antigens. this autoimmune response often leads to visual loss and other ocular dysfunctions
Paranoid Behavior: behavior exhibited by individuals who are overly suspicious, but without the constellation of symptoms characteristic of paranoid personality disorder or paranoid type of schizophrenia
Paranoid Disorders: chronic mental disorders in which there has been an insidious development of a permanent and unshakeable delusional system (persecutory delusions or delusions of jealousy), accompanied by preservation of clear and orderly thinking. emotional responses and behavior are consistent with the delusional state
Paranoid Personality Disorder: a personality disorder characterized by the avoidance of accepting deserved blame and an unwarranted view of others as malevolent. the latter is expressed as suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, and mistrust
Paraoxon: an organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a pesticide
Paraparesis: mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; muscular diseases; intracranial hypertension; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions
Paraparesis, Spastic: mild or moderate loss of motor function accompanied by spasticity in the lower extremities. this condition is a manifestation of central nervous system diseases that cause injury to the motor cortex or descending motor pathways
Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic: a subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the caribbean, colombia, india, and africa, as well as in the southwestern region of japan; associated with infection by human t-cell leukemia virus i. clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. on pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1239)
Parapharyngeal Space: the deep neck space near the pharynx located anterior to the ptyergomandibular raphe, posterior to the prevertebral fascia, inferior to the skull base, and superior to the hyoid bone. prestyloid parapharyngeal space contains cranial nerves ix, x, xi, xii and internal jugular vein and internal carotid artery. poststyloid parapharyngeal space contains auriculartemporal nerve and maxillary artery and ascending pharyngeal artery
Paraphilic Disorders: disorders that include recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors generally involving nonhuman objects, suffering of oneself or partners, or children or other nonconsenting partners. (from dsm-v)
Paraphimosis: a condition in which the foreskin, once retracted, cannot return to its original position. if this condition persists, it can lead to painful constriction of glans penis, swelling, and impaired blood flow to the penis
Paraplegia: severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. this condition is most often associated with spinal cord diseases, although brain diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; neuromuscular diseases; and muscular diseases may also cause bilateral leg weakness
Parapoxvirus: a genus of the family poxviridae, subfamily chordopoxvirinae, which infect ungulates and may infect humans. orf virus is the type species
Parapoxvirus: rod virů čeledi poxviridae, podčeledi chordopoxvirinae, který infikuje kopytníky a může infikovat člověka. typovým druhem je virus orf
Paraproteinemias: a group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. these cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (m-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin
Paraproteins: abnormal immunoglobulins synthesized by atypical cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. paraproteins containing only light chains lead to bence jones paraproteinemia, while the presence of only atypical heavy chains leads to heavy chain disease. most of the paraproteins show themselves as an m-component (monoclonal gammopathy) in electrophoresis. diclonal and polyclonal paraproteins are much less frequently encountered
Parapsoriasis: the term applied to a group of relatively uncommon inflammatory, maculopapular, scaly eruptions of unknown etiology and resistant to conventional treatment. eruptions are both psoriatic and lichenoid in appearance, but the diseases are distinct from psoriasis, lichen planus, or other recognized dermatoses. proposed nomenclature divides parapsoriasis into two distinct subgroups, pityriasis lichenoides and parapsoriasis en plaques (small- and large-plaque parapsoriasis)
Parapsychology: branch of psychology that deals with paranormal behavior and events such as telepathy, precognition, and clairvoyance, which are not explicable by present day natural laws
Paraptosis: a type of programmed cell death resembling necrosis, with mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum swelling and accumulation of cytoplasmic vacuoles. distinctive morphological changes to the cell nucleus are absent
Paraquat: a poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds
Paraquat lung: lung diseases such as pulmonary edema or pulmonary fibrosis caused by ingestion or skin absorption of paraquat
Parasite Encystment: process by which certain parasites such as giardia and entamoeba convert from the trophozoite to schizont when exposed to stress
Parasitemia: the presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (dorland, 27th ed)
Parasites: invertebrate organisms that live on or in another organism (the host), and benefit at the expense of the other. traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic bacteria; fungi; viruses; and plants; though they may live parasitically