NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Taurocholic Acid: the product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. it acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. it is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic
Taurodeoxycholic Acid: a bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. it is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier
Taurodontism: a phenotype characterized by large dental pulp chambers in the molars, with the taurodont tooth situated deep in the alveolar process. it was a common trait in early humans, currently occurs in 2.5% of caucasians, and at a higher frequency in inuit populations. inheritance may be autosomal recessive or polygenic. omim: 272700
Taurolithocholic Acid: a bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. it solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. it is a cholagogue and choleretic
Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act: pl97-248. title ii of the act specifies provisions relating to savings in health and income security programs. this includes changes in payment for services, benefits and premiums of medicare as well as changes in provisions under medicaid and other specific programs covered by social security. title ii includes various revenue measures
Tax Exemption: status not subject to taxation; as the income of a philanthropic organization. tax-exempt organizations may also qualify to receive tax-deductible donations if they are considered to be nonprofit corporations under section 501(c)3 of the united states internal revenue code
Taxaceae: a plant family of the order pinales, class pinopsida, division tracheophyta
Taxis Response: a behavior in free-moving organism that results in motion or orientation toward or away from an external stimulus
Taxodium: a plant genus of the family cupressaceae. members contain taxodione and taxodone, which are diterpenoid quinone methide tumor inhibitors
Taxoids: a group of diterpenoid cyclodecanes named for the taxanes that were discovered in the taxus tree. the action on microtubules has made some of them useful as antineoplastic agents
Taxus: genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. notable is the pacific yew, taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (paclitaxel)
Tay-Sachs Disease: an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the onset in infancy of an exaggerated startle response, followed by paralysis, dementia, and blindness. it is caused by mutation in the alpha subunit of the hexosaminidase a resulting in lipid-laden ganglion cells. it is also known as the b variant (with increased hexosaminidase b but absence of hexosaminidase a) and is strongly associated with ashkenazic jewish ancestry
Tay-Sachs Disease, AB Variant: a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that begins with muscle weakness, then progresses to startle reaction, retardation and seizures. it is characterized by the accumulation of g(m2) ganglioside in neurons that is caused by a lack of g(m2) activator protein function. the ab variant designation refers to the increase of both hexosaminidase a and hexosaminidase b in tissues that lack of g(m2) activator protein
Tay-Sachs Disease, Juvenile: mutation in alpha subunit of hexosaminidase a
Tay-Sachsova nemoc: hereditární onemocnění postihující metabolismus lipidů, spočívající v deficitu lyzozomálního enzymu b-hexosaminidázy a. dědičnost je autozomálně recesivní (lokus 15q23-q24). incidence je 1:3500-4000, u židovské populace mnohonásobně vyšší (až 1:30). infantilní typ se manifestuje v průběhu kojeneckého života těžkou hypotonií, makrocefalií (nemá souvislost s hydrocefalem), hyperakuzií a slepotou. na makule jsou třešňové skvrny. generalizované křeče jsou časté. děti umírají v průběhu 2. až 4. roku života. juvenilní typ se manifestuje kolem 2. roku života ataxií, choreoatetózou, dysartrií. slepota a spasticita přichází až v terminálním stadiu nemoci, prognóza je nepříznivá. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Tay-Sachsova nemoc, varianta AB: progresivní neurodegenerativní porucha, která začíná svalovou slabostí, postupuje k náhlé reakci, retardaci a záchvatům. projevuje se akumulací g(m2) gangliosidů v neuronech, která je způsobena nedostatkem funkce g(m2) aktivátorového proteinu. označení varianty ab se týká zvýšení hexosaminidasy a a hexosaminidasy b v tkáních s nedostatkem g(m2) aktivátorového proteinu
Taylorella: a genus of chemoorganotrophic, gram negative rods, in the family alcaligenaceae. they are pathogenic parasites of horses
Taylorella: rod gramnegativních, chemoorganotrofních, tyčinkovitých bakterií třídy betaproteobacteria, čeledi alcaligenaceae. jsou patogenními parazity koní
Taylorella equigenitalis: a species of bacteria which is comprised of gram-negative rods which often approach a spherical shape. they are nonmotile and microaerophilic. they are considered parasites of horses and are pathogenic for mares. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Taylorella equigenitalis: druh gramnegativní bakterie tyčinkovitého až kulovitého tvaru. je nepohyblivá a mikroaerofilní, je parazitem koní a patogenní pro klisny
Tazobactam: a penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent beta-lactamase inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria
Tea: the infusion of leaves of camellia sinensis (formerly thea sinensis) as a beverage, the familiar asian tea, which contains catechin (especially epigallocatechin gallate) and caffeine
Tea Tree Oil: essential oil extracted from melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). it is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol
Teach-Back Communication: providing the patient, family or others information, and then allowing them to take an action or restate the information in their own words. the clinician prefaces communications with a statement framed to show the clinician has the burden of effective communication rather than the patient
Teacher Training: a curriculum-centered process of equipping individuals with professional knowledge and skills required to become effective teachers
Tear Gases: gases that irritate the eyes, throat, or skin. severe lacrimation develops upon irritation of the eyes
Tears: the fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands. this fluid moistens the conjunctiva and cornea
Teas, Medicinal: beverages used in traditional medicine that are prepared from the infusion of plant tissue (herbal tea), and/or animal tissue or other organisms such as fungi
Technetium: the first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of uranium. technetium has the atomic symbol tc, and atomic number 43. all technetium isotopes are radioactive. technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years
Technetium Compounds: inorganic compounds that contain technetium as an integral part of the molecule. technetium 99m (m=metastable) is an isotope of technetium that has a half-life of about 6 hours. technetium 99, which has a half-life of 210,000 years, is a decay product of technetium 99m
Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin: a gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in cardiovascular and cerebral circulation
Technetium Tc 99m Diethyl-iminodiacetic Acid: a nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the clinical evaluation of hepatobiliary disorders in humans
Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: a nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex
Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin: a radiopharmaceutical used extensively in cholescintigraphy for the evaluation of hepatobiliary diseases. (from int jrnl rad appl inst 1992;43(9):1061-4)
Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: a gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and myocardial perfusion imaging. it has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of inflammatory bowel diseases
Technetium Tc 99m Lidofenin: a nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in radionuclide imaging for the clinical evaluation of hepatobiliary disorders in humans
Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: a gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms
Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide: a technetium diagnostic aid used in renal function determination
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: a technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents
Technetium Tc 99m Pyrophosphate: a radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in scintigraphy or tomography of the heart to evaluate the extent of the necrotic myocardial process. it has also been used in noninvasive tests for the distribution of organ involvement in different types of amyloidosis and for the evaluation of muscle necrosis in the extremities
Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: a technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack
Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid: a gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen
Technical Report: work consisting of a formal report giving details of the investigation and results of a medical or other scientific problem. when issued by a government agency or comparable official body, its contents may be classified, unclassified, or declassified with regard to security clearance. this publication type may also cover a scientific paper or article that records the current state or current position of scientific research and development. if so labeled by the editor or publisher, this publication type may be properly used for journal articles
Technology: the application of scientific knowledge to practical purposes in any field. it includes methods, techniques, and instrumentation
Technology Assessment, Biomedical: evaluation of biomedical technology in relation to cost, efficacy, utilization, etc., and its future impact on social, ethical, and legal systems
Technology Transfer: spread and adoption of inventions and techniques from one geographic area to another, from one discipline to another, or from one sector of the economy to another. for example, improvements in medical equipment may be transferred from industrial countries to developing countries, advances arising from aerospace engineering may be applied to equipment for persons with disabilities, and innovations in science arising from government research are made available to private enterprise
Technology, Dental: the field of dentistry involved in procedures for designing and constructing dental appliances. it includes also the application of any technology to the field of dentistry
Technology, High-Cost: advanced technology that is costly, requires highly skilled personnel, and is unique in its particular application. includes innovative, specialized medical/surgical procedures as well as advanced diagnostic and therapeutic equipment
Technology, Industry, and Agriculture: the science and application of techniques for the extraction of raw materials, provision of services, manufacture of goods, cultivation of crops, and raising of livestock
Technology, Pharmaceutical: the application of scientific knowledge or technology to pharmacy and the pharmaceutical industry. it includes methods, techniques, and instrumentation in the manufacture, preparation, compounding, dispensing, packaging, and storing of drugs and other preparations used in diagnostic and determinative procedures, and in the treatment of patients
Technology, Radiologic: the application of scientific knowledge or technology to the field of radiology. the applications center mostly around x-ray or radioisotopes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes but the technological applications of any radiation or radiologic procedure is within the scope of radiologic technology
Tectiviridae: a family of lipid-containing bacteriophages with double capsids which infect both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. it has one genus, tectivirus
Tectiviridae: čeleď bakteriofágů, které obsahují lipidy, mají dvojitý kapsid a infikují gramnegativní i grampozitivní bakterie. tato čeleď má jeden rod - tectivirus
Tectorial Membrane: a membrane, attached to the bony spiral lamina, overlying and coupling with the hair cells of the organ of corti in the inner ear. it is a glycoprotein-rich keratin-like layer containing fibrils embedded in a dense amorphous substance
Tectospinal Fibers: a neural tract which connects the tectum mesencephali and the spinal cord and is involved in head and eye movement coordination
Tectum Mesencephali: the dorsal portion or roof of the midbrain which is composed of two pairs of bumps, the inferior colliculi and the superior colliculi. these four colliculi are also called the quadrigeminal bodies (tectum mesencephali). they are centers for sensorimotor integration
Teebi Kaurah syndrome: total anonychia congenita and microcephaly with normal intelligence
Teeth noneruption of with maxillary hypoplasia and genu valgum: multiple none-erupting teeth, maxillo-zygomatical hypoplasia and other congenital defects
Tegafur: congener of fluorouracil with comparable antineoplastic action. it has been suggested especially for the treatment of breast neoplasms
Tegmentum Mesencephali: portion of midbrain situated under the dorsal tectum mesencephali. the two ventrolateral cylindrical masses or peduncles are large nerve fiber bundles providing a tract of passage between the forebrain with the hindbrain. ventral midbrain also contains three colorful structures: the gray matter (periaqueductal gray), the black substance (substantia nigra), and the red nucleus
Tego Diocto S: blend of dioctyl-trioctyl-diethylenetriamine, alcohol, acetic acid, and polyoxyethylene glycol
Teichoic Acids: bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. they are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria
Teicoplanin: lipoglycopeptide antibiotic from actinoplanes teichomyceticus active against gram-positive bacteria. it consists of five major components each with a different fatty acid moiety
Tel Hashomer camptodactyly syndrome: camptodactyly with muscular hypoplasia, skeletal dysplasia, and abnormal palmar creases
Telangiectasia macularis eruptiva perstans: a very rare skin disease. some researchers consider it a rare subtype of cutaneous mastocytosis. the lesions of tmep typically appear as small, irregular red spots and brown widened blood vessels on the skin (telangiectasia) mostly located on the trunk, legs, and arms in a symmetrical pattern. the palms, soles and face are spared in most cases. in most cases, the lesions are not itchy and do not form blisters
Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic: an autosomal dominant vascular anomaly characterized by telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes and by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. this disorder is caused by mutations of a gene (on chromosome 9q3) which encodes endoglin, a membrane glycoprotein that binds transforming growth factor beta
Telangiectasis: permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (capillaries; arterioles; venules) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. it is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders
Telbivudine: a thymidine derivative and antiviral agent that inhibits dna synthesis by hepatitis b virus and is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis b
Telefacsimile: a telecommunication system combining the transmission of a document scanned at a transmitter, its reconstruction at a receiving station, and its duplication there by a copier
Telemedicine: delivery of health services via remote telecommunications. this includes interactive consultative and diagnostic services
Telemetry: transmission of the readings of instruments to a remote location by means of wires, radio waves, or other means. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Telencephalic Commissures: set of nerve fibers that cross the midline of the telencephalon. they include the anterior commissure; the corpus callosum; and the hippocampal commissure of the fornix
Telencephalon: the anterior subdivision of the embryonic prosencephalon or the corresponding part of the adult prosencephalon that includes the cerebrum and associated structures
Telepathology: transmission and interpretation of tissue specimens via remote telecommunication, generally for the purpose of diagnosis or consultation but may also be used for continuing education
Telepathy: the knowledge or communication by one person with the mental processes of another through channels other than known physical or perceptual processes
Telephone: an instrument for reproducing sounds especially articulate speech at a distance. (webster, 3rd ed)
Teleradiology: the electronic transmission of radiological images from one location to another for the purposes of interpretation and/or consultation. users in different locations may simultaneously view images with greater access to secondary consultations and improved continuing education. (from american college of radiology, acr standard for teleradiology, 1994, p3)
Television: the transmission and reproduction of transient images of fixed or moving objects. an electronic system of transmitting such images together with sound over a wire or through space by apparatus that converts light and sound into electrical waves and reconverts them into visible light rays and audible sound. (from webster, 3rd ed)
Teleworking: arrangement under which an employee performs the duties and responsibilities of such employee's position, and other authorized activities, from an approved worksite other than the location from which the employee would otherwise work. (from https://www.opm.gov/faqs/qa.aspx?fid=b48bf83b-440c-4f1e-a88c-3cdc9d802ac8&pid=75346675-3b92-4aec-831d-58cf5b0e86d2 accessed 3/26/2020)
Tellurium: an element that is a member of the chalcogen family. it has the atomic symbol te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. it has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and cns depression
Telmisartan: a biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin ii type 1 receptor antagonist. it is used in the management of hypertension
Telocytes: a type of interstitial cells that have very long and thin cell surface extensions called telopodes
Telomerase: an essential ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric dna to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes
Telomere: a terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs
Telomere Homeostasis: maintenance of telomere length. during dna replication, chromosome ends loose some of their telomere sequence (telomere shortening.) various cellular mechanism are involved in repairing, extending, and recapping the telomere ends
Telomere Shortening: the loss of some telomere sequence during dna replication of the first several base pairs of a linear dna molecule; or from dna damage. cells have various mechanisms to restore length (telomere homeostasis.) telomere shortening is involved in the progression of cell aging
Telomere-Binding Proteins: proteins that specifically bind to telomeres. proteins in this class include those that perform functions such as telomere capping, telomere maintenance and telomere stabilization
Telomeric 22q13 Monosomy Syndrome: a developmental disorder caused by heterozygous deletion of the portion of chromosome 22 that includes the shank3 gene, or by mutations in shank3. it is characterized by neonatal hypotonia, normal to accelerated growth, language development disorders, autistic behavior, and minor dysmorphic features. omim: 606232
Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 1: a ubiquitously expressed telomere-binding protein that is present at telomeres throughout the cell cycle. it is a suppressor of telomere elongation and may be involved in stabilization of telomere length. it is structurally different from telomeric repeat binding protein 2 in that it contains acidic n-terminal amino acid residues
Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 2: a ubiquitously expressed telomere-binding protein that is present at telomeres throughout the cell cycle. it is a suppressor of telomere elongation and may be involved in stabilization of telomere length. it is structurally different from telomeric repeat binding protein 1 in that it contains basic n-terminal amino acid residues
Telophase: the final phase of cell nucleus division following anaphase, in which two daughter nuclei are formed, the cytoplasm completes division, and the chromosomes lose their distinctness and are transformed into chromatin threads
Telopodes: the very long and thin extensions of telocytes' cell surface, that have alternating thick and thin sections called podoms and podomers
Temazepam: a benzodiazepine that acts as a gamma-aminobutyric acid modulator and anti-anxiety agent
Temozolomide: a dacarbazine derivative that is used as an alkylating antineoplastic agent for the treatment of malignant glioma and malignant melanoma
Temperament: predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes
Temperance: habitual moderation in the indulgence of a natural appetite, especially but not exclusively the consumption of alcohol
Temperance Movement: social effort most active in the 19th and early 20th centuries dedicated to promoting moderation or complete abstinence in the use of alcoholic beverages
Temperature: the property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. the temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms
Tempit: a single-paste injectable interim restorative endodontic material; no further information available 4/95
Templates, Genetic: macromolecular molds for the synthesis of complementary macromolecules, as in dna replication; genetic transcription of dna to rna, and genetic translation of rna into polypeptides
Temporal Arteries: arteries arising from the external carotid or the maxillary artery and distributing to the temporal region
Temporal Bone: either of a pair of compound bones forming the lateral (left and right) surfaces and base of the skull which contains the organs of hearing. it is a large bone formed by the fusion of parts: the squamous (the flattened anterior-superior part), the tympanic (the curved anterior-inferior part), the mastoid (the irregular posterior portion), and the petrous (the part at the base of the skull)
Temporal Lobe: lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. it is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the occipital lobe
Temporal Muscle: a masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws; its posterior portion retracts the mandible
Temporomandibular Joint: an articulation between the condyle of the mandible and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone
Temporomandibular Joint Disc: a plate of fibrous tissue that divides the temporomandibular joint into an upper and lower cavity. the disc is attached to the articular capsule and moves forward with the condyle in free opening and protrusion. (boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed, p92)
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: a variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (from thoma's oral pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)
Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome: a symptom complex consisting of pain, muscle tenderness, clicking in the joint, and limitation or alteration of mandibular movement. the symptoms are subjective and manifested primarily in the masticatory muscles rather than the temporomandibular joint itself. etiologic factors are uncertain but include occlusal dysharmony and psychophysiologic factors
Temporomandibular ankylosis: a condition that occurs when the temporomandibular joint becomes fused by bony or fibrous tissue. it can interfere with speech, nutrition, oral hygiene and the normal growth of the face and/or jaw. it generally occurs during the first and second decades of life, and may be caused by trauma or infection. it is also associated with certain inflammation conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis; rheumatoid arthritis; or psoriasis
Temtamy preaxial brachydactyly syndrome: mental retardation syndrome with preaxial brachydactyly, hyperphalangism, deafness and orodental anomalies
Tenacibaculum: a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria in the family flavobacteriaceae. tenacibaculum adheres to surfaces of marine organisms and is pathogenic to fish
Tenacibaculum: rod gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých bakterií čeledi flavobacteriaceae. tenacibaculum ulpívá na povrchu mořských organismů a je patogenní pro ryby. r
Tenascin: hexameric extracellular matrix glycoprotein transiently expressed in many developing organs and often re-expressed in tumors. it is present in the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as in smooth muscle and tendons. (from kreis & vale, guidebook to the extracellular matrix and adhesion proteins, 1993, p93)
Tendinopathy: clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of pain, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance
Tendon Entrapment: narrowing or stenosis of a tendon's retinacular sheath. it occurs most often in the hand or wrist but can also be found in the foot or ankle. the most common types are de quervain disease and trigger finger disorder
Tendon Injuries: injuries to the fibrous cords of connective tissue which attach muscles to bones or other structures
Tendon Transfer: surgical procedure by which a tendon is incised at its insertion and placed at an anatomical site distant from the original insertion. the tendon remains attached at the point of origin and takes over the function of a muscle inactivated by trauma or disease
Tendons: fibrous bands or cords of connective tissue at the ends of skeletal muscle fibers that serve to attach the muscles to bones and other structures
Tenebrio: a genus of beetles which infests grain products. its larva is called mealworm
Tenebrio: rod brouků, kteří škodí obilninám. larválnímu stadiu potemníka moučného (tenebrio molitor) se říká moučný červ
Tenecteplase: a tissue plasminogen activator enzyme that acts as a fibrinolytic agent; it is used for the dissolution of blood clots, such as those that occur in acute myocardial infarction
Tenericutes: a phylum of gram-negative bacteria consisting of cells bounded by a plasma membrane. its organisms differ from other bacteria in that they are devoid of cell walls. this phylum was formerly the class mollicutes. mollicutes is now the sole class in the phylum tenericutes
Tenericutes: kmen gramnegativních bakterií, které postrádají peptidoglykanovou buněčnou stěnu. patří k nejmenším prokaryotickým organismům. souhrnně se jim často říká mykoplazmy. tento kmen byl dříve třídou mollicutes. mollicutes je v současnosti jedinou třídou kmene tenericutes. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Teniposide: a semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. teniposide inhibits dna synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase ii and dna. this complex induces breaks in double stranded dna and prevents repair by topoisomerase ii binding. accumulated breaks in dna prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. teniposide acts primarily in the g2 and s phases of the cycle
Tennessee: state bounded on the north by kentucky and virginia, on the east by north carolina, on the south by georgia, alabama and mississippi, and on the west by arkansas and missouri
Tennessee: stát ohraničený na severu kentucky a virginií, na východě severní karolínou, na jihu georgií, alabamou a mississippi a na západě arkansasem a missouri. hlavní město je nashville
Tennis: a game played by two or four players with rackets and an elastic ball on a level court divided by a low net
Tennis Elbow: a condition characterized by pain in or near the lateral humeral epicondyle or in the forearm extensor muscle mass as a result of unusual strain. it occurs due repetitive stresses on the elbow from activities such as tennis playing
Tenocytes: elongated fibroblasts and fibrocytes that lie between the collagen fibers and form the tendon proper
Tenodesis: fixation of the end of a tendon to a bone, often by suturing
Tenofovir: an adenine analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor with antiviral activity against hiv-1 and hepatitis b. it is used to treat hiv infections and chronic hepatitis b, in combination with other antiviral agents, due to the emergence of antiviral drug resistance when it is used alone
Tenon Capsule: sheath of the eyeball consisting of fascia extending from the optic nerve to the corneal limbus
Tenonovo pouzdro: vagina (fascia) bulbi (capsula tenoni) je vazivové pouzdro očního bulbu. nejdůležitější fixační zařízení bulbu, které jej obklopuje s výjimkou rohovky, a vytváří pro bulbus obdobu kloubní jamky umožňující pohyb všemi směry. v oblasti výstupu zrakového nervu srůstá se sklérou a přechází do obalu nervu. mezi v.b. a bulbem je řídké vazivo - spatium episclerale. zevně od v.b. je tuková tkáň orbity.(cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Tenosynovitis: inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath. causes include trauma, tendon stress, bacterial disease (gonorrhea, tuberculosis), rheumatic disease, and gout. common sites are the hand, wrist, shoulder capsule, hip capsule, hamstring muscles, and achilles tendon. the tendon sheaths become inflamed and painful, and accumulate fluid. joint mobility is usually reduced
Tenotomy: surgical division of a tendon for relief of a deformity that is caused by congenital or acquired shortening of a muscle (stedman, 27th ed). tenotomy is performed in order to lengthen a muscle that has developed improperly, or become shortened and is resistant to stretching
Tenrecidae: čeleď placentálních savců nadřádu afrotheria
Tensile Strength: the maximum stress a material subjected to a stretching load can withstand without tearing. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 5th ed, p2001)
Tensins: a family of multidomain microfilament proteins that bind actin filaments and integrins at focal adhesions. they generally consist of an n-terminal domain with homology to phosphotyrosine phosphatase, a c2 domain; unique central regions rich in proline; alanine; glycine; and serine; an sh2 domain; and a c-terminal phosphotyrosine-binding region. they are involved in cell migration; cell adhesion; signal transduction; and reorganization of the cytoskeleton
Tension-Type Headache: a common primary headache disorder, characterized by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band-like (or vice-like) pain of mild to moderate intensity in the head; scalp; or neck. the subtypes are classified by frequency and severity of symptoms. there is no clear cause even though it has been associated with muscle contraction and stress. (international classification of headache disorders, 2nd ed. cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)
Tensor Tympani: a short muscle that arises from the pharyngotympanic tube (eustachian tube) and inserts into the handle of the malleus. this muscle pulls the handle medially thus controlling the tension and movement of tympanic membrane
Tentagel resin: used as a support for solid phase synthesis of peptidosulfonamides; better than merrifield resin
Tenuazonic Acid: 3-acetyl-5-sec-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one. a metabolite found in a strain of the fungus alternaria tenuis auct. which functions as an antibiotic with antiviral and antineoplastic properties, and may also act as a mycotoxin
Tenuivirus: a genus of rna plant viruses as yet unassigned to any family. plant hosts are all in the family poaceae. each species is transmitted by a particular species of planthopper. the type species is rice stripe virus
Tenuivirus: rod rostlinných rna-virů čeledi phenuiviridae. napadají lipnicovité (poaceae). každý druh tohoto rodu je přenášen určitým druhem členovců z čeledí cicadellidae nebo delphacidae. typovým druhem je virus proužkovitosti rýže
Tephritidae: a large family of fruit flies in the order diptera, comprising over 4,500 species in about 100 genera. they have patterned wings and brightly colored bodies and are found predominantly in the tropical latitudes
Tephritidae: velká čeleď mušek řádu diptera zahrnující přes 4 500 druhů v asi 100 rodech. mají výrazně zbarvená těla a kresbu na křídlech. vyskytují se především v tropech
Tephrosia: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that contains tephrorin, tephrosone, and c-prenylflavonoids
Tephrosia: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují tefrorin, tefroson a c-prenylflavonoidy
Teprotide: a synthetic nonapeptide (pyr-trp-pro-arg-pro-gln-ile-pro-pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, bothrops jararaca. it inhibits kininase ii and angiotensin i and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent
Terahertz Radiation: non-ionizing electromagnetic energy in the frequency range of 100 gigahertz to 10 terahertz which spans from the mid-infrared rays frequency to the high-frequency edge of the microwaves band
Terahertz Spectroscopy: spectrum analysis of absorbed or emitted terahertz radiation
Teratocarcinoma: a malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. it occurs most often in the testis. (dorland, 27th ed)
Teratogens: an agent that causes the production of physical defects in the developing embryo
Teratology: a branch of embryology for the study of congenital malformations and developmental abnormalities
Teratoma: a true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. it is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. they are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (from devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 3d ed, p1642)
Teratoma, Ovarian: usually benign, non-seminomatous germ cell tumors that originate from the ovary and are characterized by the presence of tissues which correspond to the different germ layers. mature teratomas are composed of well differentiated, adult-type tissues. immature teratomas are composed of immature, fetal type-tissues. they arise through failure of extrusion of the second polar body or refusion of it with the ovum. omim: 166950
Teratoma, Testicular: a non-seminomatous germ cell tumor arising from the testis and characterized by the presence of various tissues which correspond to the different germinal layers (endoderm; mesoderm, and ectoderm). mature teratomas consist of adult tissues whereas immature teratomas consist of fetal tissues. the prognosis for pediatric patients is generally good, however, teratomas may metastasize in adolescent and adult patients. may be hereditary or caused by somatic mutations. omim: 273300
Terbinafine: a naphthalene derivative that inhibits fungal squalene epoxidase and is used to treat dermatomycoses of the skin and nails
Terbium: an element of the rare earth family of metals. it has the atomic symbol tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92
Terbutaline: a selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic
Terfenadine: a selective histamine h1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. the drug was used for allergy but withdrawn due to causing long qt syndrome
Teriparatide: a polypeptide that consists of the 1-34 amino-acid fragment of human parathyroid hormone, the biologically active n-terminal region. the acetate form is given by intravenous infusion in the differential diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism. (reynolds jef(ed): martindale: the extra pharmacopoeia (electronic version). micromedex, inc, englewood, co, 1995)
Terlipressin: an inactive peptide prodrug that is slowly converted in the body to lypressin. it is used to control bleeding of esophageal varices and for the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome
Term Birth: childbirth at the end of a normal duration of pregnancy, between 37 to 40 weeks of gestation or about 280 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period
Terminal Repeat Sequences: nucleotide sequences repeated on both the 5' and 3' ends of a sequence under consideration. for example, the hallmarks of a transposon are that it is flanked by inverted repeats on each end and the inverted repeats are flanked by direct repeats. the delta element of ty retrotransposons and ltrs (long terminal repeats) are examples of this concept
Terminalia: a plant genus of the family combretaceae. members contain arjunin, an ellagitannin (tannins)
Terminalia: rod rostlin čeledi combretaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují sloučeninu arjunin patřící mezi ellagitaniny (taniny)
Terminally Ill: persons with an incurable or irreversible illness at the end stage that will result in death within a short time. (from o'leary et al., lexikon: dictionary of health care terms, organizations, and acronyms for the era of reform, 1994, p780)
Terminology: work consisting of lists of the technical terms or expressions used in a specific field. these lists may or may not be formally adopted or sanctioned by usage
Terminology as Topic: works about the terms, expressions, designations, or symbols used in a particular science, discipline, or specialized subject area
Termitomyces: a paleotropical genus of fungi in the family tricholomataceae. they are obligate symbionts of termites
Termitomyces: rod paleotropických stopkovýtrusých hub čeledi tricholomataceae. jsou obligátními symbionty termitů
Ternary Complex Factors: a subclass of c-ets proto-oncogene proteins that were first described by their property of binding to dna when associated with other regulatory proteins such as serum response factor. they contain an amino-terminal ets domain that binds to dna along with centrally located serum response factor interacting domain, and carboxy-terminal map kinase activation domains. they play an important role in transcriptional regulation by intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
Terpenes: a class of compounds composed of repeating 5-carbon units of hemiterpenes
Terphenyl Compounds: compounds consisting of benzene rings linked to each other in either ortho, meta or para positions. permitted are any substitutions, but ring fusion to any of the benzene rings is not allowed
Territoriality: behavior in defense of an area against another individual or individuals primarily of the same species
Terrorism: the use or threatened use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of criminal laws for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom, in support of political or social objectives
Tertiary Care Centers: a medical facility which provides a high degree of subspecialty expertise for patients from centers where they received secondary care
Tertiary Healthcare: care of a highly technical and specialized nature, provided in a medical center, usually one affiliated with a university, for patients with unusually severe, complex, or uncommon health problems
Tertiary Lymphoid Structures: aggregates of immune cells formed near the sites of chronically inflamed, infected, or tumorous tissues
Tertiary Prevention: measures aimed at providing appropriate supportive and rehabilitative services to minimize morbidity and maximize quality of life after a long-term disease or injury is present
Teschovirus: a genus in the family picornaviridae that can cause polioencephalomyelitis in pigs. the type species porcine teschovirus is comprised of multiple strains
Teschovirus: rod čeledi picornaviridae, který může způsobovat polioencefalomyelitidu u prasat. druh porcine teschovirus zahrnuje několik kmenů
Test Anxiety Scale: a self-reporting test consisting of items concerning fear and worry about taking tests and physiological activity, such as heart rate, sweating, etc., before, during, and after tests
Test Taking Skills: skills and strategies, unrelated to the traits a test is intended to measure, that may increase test takers' scores -- may include the effects of coaching or experience in taking tests. (eric thesaurus)
Testicular Germ Cell Tumor: a germ cell tumor that originates from the testis and inlcudes teratomas; seminomas; embryonal carcinomas; and yolk sac tumors. genetic contribution is likely from multiple independent mutations in different genes that each confer moderate risk. germline and somatic mutations in the bcl10 gene, and somatic mutations in kit, braf, hras, kras, and stk11 have been identified. omim: 273300
Testicular Hydrocele: accumulation of serous fluid between the layers of membrane (tunica vaginalis) covering the testis in the scrotum
Testicular Microlithiasis: the deposition of calcium phosphate calculi within the seminiferous tubules. it has a population prevalence of 0.6 to 9%, is associated with a majority of primary testicular neoplasms, and is present in 1% of idiopathic cases of male infertility. may be associated with mutations in the slc34a2 gene. omim: 610441
Testicular Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the testis. germ cell tumors (germinoma) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms
Testis: the male gonad containing two functional parts: the seminiferous tubules for the production and transport of male germ cells (spermatogenesis) and the interstitial compartment containing leydig cells that produce androgens
Testolactone: an antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer
Testosterone: a potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the leydig cells of the testis. its production is stimulated by luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland. in turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary lh and fsh secretion. depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to dihydrotestosterone or estradiol
Testosterone Congeners: steroidal compounds related to testosterone, the major mammalian male sex hormone. testosterone congeners include important testosterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with androgenic activities
Testosterone Propionate: an ester of testosterone with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position
Tetanus: a disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by clostridium tetani. tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. it may progress to the generalized form
Tetanus Antitoxin: an antitoxin used for the treatment of tetanus
Tetanus Toxin: protein synthesized by clostridium tetani as a single chain of ~150 kda with 35% sequence identity to botulinum toxin that is cleaved to a light and a heavy chain that are linked by a single disulfide bond. tetanolysin is the hemolytic and tetanospasmin is the neurotoxic principle. the toxin causes disruption of the inhibitory mechanisms of the cns, thus permitting uncontrolled nervous activity, leading to fatal convulsions
Tetany: a disorder characterized by muscle twitches, cramps, and carpopedal spasm, and when severe, laryngospasm and seizures. this condition is associated with unstable depolarization of axonal membranes, primarily in the peripheral nervous system. tetany usually results from hypocalcemia or reduced serum levels of magnesium that may be associated with hyperventilation; hypoparathyroidism; rickets; uremia; or other conditions. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1490)
Tetrabenazine: a drug formerly used as an antipsychotic and treatment of various movement disorders. tetrabenazine blocks neurotransmitter uptake into adrenergic storage vesicles and has been used as a high affinity label for the vesicle transport system
Tetracaine: a potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia
Tetrachloroethylene: a chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. it is a potential carcinogen
Tetrachlorvinphos: an organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide. it has low mammalian toxicity. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Tetraclean: antibiotic-based product for root canal irrigation to remove both the microorganisms and the smear layer present in the root canals; contains cetrimide (cetrimonium compounds)
Tetracycline: a naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits amino acyl trna binding during protein synthesis
Tetracycline Resistance: nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of tetracycline which inhibits aminoacyl-trna binding to the 30s ribosomal subunit during protein synthesis
Tetracyclines: closely congeneric derivatives of the polycyclic naphthacenecarboxamide. (gilman et al., goodman and gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 8th ed, p1117)
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: a phorbol ester found in croton oil with very effective tumor promoting activity. it stimulates the synthesis of both dna and rna
Tetraethyl Lead: a highly toxic compound used as a gasoline additive. it causes acute toxic psychosis or chronic poisoning if inhaled or absorbed through the skin
Tetraethylammonium: a potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (from j gen phys 1994;104(1):173-90)
Tetraethylammonium Compounds: quaternary ammonium compounds that consist of an ammonium cation where the central nitrogen atom is bonded to four ethyl groups
Tetragastrin: l-tryptophyl-l-methionyl-l-aspartyl-l-phenylalaninamide. the c-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. it is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin
Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase: an enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction 7,8-dihyrofolate and nadph to yield 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate and nadph+, producing reduced folate for amino acid metabolism, purine ring synthesis, and the formation of deoxythymidine monophosphate. methotrexate and other folic acid antagonists used as chemotherapeutic drugs act by inhibiting this enzyme. (dorland, 27th ed) ec 1.5.1.3
Tetrahydrofolates: compounds based on 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate
Tetrahydroisoquinolines: a group of isoquinolines in which the nitrogen containing ring is protonated. they derive from the non-enzymatic pictet-spengler condensation of catecholamines with aldehydes
Tetrahydronaphthalenes: partially saturated 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene compounds
Tetrahydropapaveroline: a leukomaine (animal alkaloid) formed in brain and liver from dopamine and l-dopa; it may be implicated in psychiatric problems
Tetrahymena: a genus of ciliate protozoa commonly used in genetic, cytological, and other research
Tetrahymena: rod nálevníků, který se běžně používá v genetickém, cytologickém aj. výzkumu
Tetrahymena pyriformis: a species of ciliate protozoa used extensively in genetic research
Tetrahymena pyriformis: druh nálevníků široce používaných v genetickém výzkumu