NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Dihydroergotamine: a 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ergotamine. it is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of migraine disorders
Dihydroergotoxine: a mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ergotamine: dihydroergocornine; dihydroergocristine; and dihydroergocryptine. dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. the mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. the methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ergoloid mesylates
Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase: a flavoprotein containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reduction of lipoamide by nadh to yield dihydrolipoamide and nad+. the enzyme is a component of several multienzyme complexes
Dihydrolipoyllysine-Residue Acetyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the acetyltransferase reaction using acetyl coa as an acetyl donor and dihydrolipoamide as acceptor to produce coenzyme a (coa) and s-acetyldihydrolipoamide. it forms the (e2) subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Dihydromorphine: a semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors
Dihydroorotase: an enzyme that, in the course of pyrimidine biosynthesis, catalyzes ring closure by removal of water from n-carbamoylaspartate to yield dihydro-orotic acid. ec 3.5.2.3
Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase: an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of dihydroorotate to orotate with quinone as an electron acceptor in the biosynthesis of pyrimidines
Dihydroorotate Oxidase: an enzyme that in the course of pyrimidine biosynthesis, catalyzes the oxidation of dihydro-orotic acid to orotic acid utilizing oxygen as the electron acceptor. this enzyme is a flavoprotein which contains both flavin-adenine dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide as well as iron-sulfur centers. ec 1.3.3.1
Dihydropteridine Reductase: an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of 6,7-dihydropteridine to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine in the presence of nadp+. defects in the enzyme are a cause of phenylketonuria ii. formerly listed as ec 1.6.99.7
Dihydropteroate Synthase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of dihydropteroate from p-aminobenzoic acid and dihydropteridine-hydroxymethyl-pyrophosphate. ec 2.5.1.15
Dihydropyridines: pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position
Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Deficiency: an autosomal recessive disorder affecting dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and causing familial pyrimidinemia. it is characterized by thymine-uraciluria in homozygous deficient patients. even a partial deficiency in the enzyme leaves individuals at risk for developing severe 5-fluorouracil-associated toxicity
Dihydrostilbenoids: organic compounds characterized by the functional group 1,2-dihydrostilbene
Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: a semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of tuberculosis
Dihydrotachysterol: a vitamin d that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin d2
Dihydrotestosterone: a potent androgenic metabolite of testosterone. it is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase
Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NAD+): an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 5,6-dihydrouracil to uracil using nad as a cofactor. this enzyme also plays a role in the catabolism of the antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil
Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP): an oxidoreductase involved in pyrimidine base degradation. it catalyzes the catabolism of thymine; uracil and the chemotherapeutic drug, 5-fluorouracil
Dihydroxyacetone: a ketotriose compound. its addition to blood preservation solutions results in better maintenance of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels during storage. it is readily phosphorylated to dihydroxyacetone phosphate by triokinase in erythrocytes. in combination with naphthoquinones it acts as a sunscreening agent
Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate: an important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis
Dihydroxycholecalciferols: cholecalciferols substituted with two hydroxy groups in any position
Dihydroxydihydrobenzopyrenes: benzopyrenes saturated in any two adjacent positions and substituted with two hydroxyl groups in any position. the majority of these compounds have carcinogenic or mutagenic activity
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: a beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. the d-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the l-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of levodopa are stereospecific
Dihydroxytryptamines: tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in any position. some are cytotoxic serotonin analogs that are preferentially taken up by serotonergic neurons and then destroy those neurons
Diiodothyronines: these metabolites of thyroxine are formed by the deiodination of t3 or reverse t3
Diiodotyrosine: a product from the iodination of monoiodotyrosine. in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form t4 or t3 thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine)
Dilatation and Curettage: dilatation of the cervix uteri followed by a scraping of the endometrium with a curette
Dilatation, Pathologic: the condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions
Dilleniaceae: a plant family of the order dilleniales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida
Dilleniaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu dilleniales, podtřídy dilleniidae, třídy magnoliopsida
Diltiazem: a benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of calcium ion on membrane functions
Dilution, Pigmentary: a form of oculocutaneous albinism characterized by hypopigmented hair and skin and punctate or diffuse depigmentation of the iris and fundus oculi without nystagmus; photophobia; or visual defects. omim: 126070
Dimac-SSD: topical drug delivery system composed of polyethylene glycol, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, & dimethylsufloxide, into which silver sulfadiazine is incorporated
Dimaprit: a histamine h2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors
Dimenhydrinate: a drug combination that contains diphenhydramine and theophylline. it is used for treating vertigo, motion sickness, and nausea associated with pregnancy
Dimensional Measurement Accuracy: the closeness of a determined value of a physical dimension to the actual value
Dimensionality Reduction: a machine learning process used to reduce the number of attributes or features of data (called dimensionality) thereby simplifying understanding of the dataset without a loss in data integrity
Dimercaprol: an anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as british anti-lewisite or bal. it acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning
Dimerization: the process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer
Dimethadione: an anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of trimethadione
Dimethindene: a histamine h1 antagonist. it is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies
Dimethisterone: a synthetic progestational hormone without significant estrogenic or androgenic properties. it was formerly used as the progestational component in sequential oral contraceptive agents
Dimethoate: an organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide
Dimethoxyphenylethylamine: a derivative of phenethylamine containing two substituent methoxy groups in the phenyl ring
Dimethyl Adipimidate: bifunctional cross-linking agent that links covalently free amino groups of proteins or polypeptides, including those in cell membranes. it is used as reagent or fixative in immunohistochemistry and is a proposed antisickling agent
Dimethyl Fumarate: a fumarate derivative that is used as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of psoriasis and skin diseases. it also may be used as an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of multiple sclerosis
Dimethyl Suberimidate: the methyl imidoester of suberic acid used to produce cross links in proteins. each end of the imidoester will react with an amino group in the protein molecule to form an amidine
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: a highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. it is also used to protect tissue during cryopreservation. dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation
Dimethylallyltranstransferase: an enzyme that, in the pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis, catalyzes the condensation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallylpyrophosphate to yield pyrophosphate and geranylpyrophosphate. the enzyme then catalyzes the condensation of the latter compound with another molecule of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to yield pyrophosphate and farnesylpyrophosphate. ec 2.5.1.1
Dimethylamines: derivatives of dimethylamine (the structural formula ch3nhch3)
Dimethyldithiocarbamate: a chemical that acts as a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. its salts are agricultural fungicides. it is inferior to diethyldithiocarbamate as a chelating agent
Dimethylformamide: a formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups
Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase: a flavoprotein enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative demethylation of dimethylglycine to sarcosine and formaldehyde
Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase Deficiency: mutation in dmgdh
Dimethylhydrazines: hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position
Dimethylnitrosamine: a nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. it causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: a selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. dmpp activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction
Dimethylpolysiloxanes: silicone polymers which consist of silicon atoms substituted with methyl groups and linked by oxygen atoms. they comprise a series of biocompatible materials used as liquids, gels or solids; as film for artificial membranes, gels for implants, and liquids for drug vehicles; and as antifoaming agents
Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine: a synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers for the study of biological membranes
Dinitrobenzenes: benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions
Dinitrochlorobenzene: a skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. contact sensitization with dncb has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. dncb is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds
Dinitrofluorobenzene: irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups
Dinitrogenase Reductase: a non-heme iron-sulfur protein isolated from clostridium pasteurianum and other bacteria. it is a component of nitrogenase along with molybdoferredoxin and is active in nitrogen fixation
Dinoflagellata: bičíkovci, kteří se vyskytují hlavně v oceánech. mají dva bičíky, pomocí nichž se pohybují vodním prostředím. dříve součást třídy phytomastigophorea
Dinoflagellida: flagellate eukaryotes, found mainly in the oceans. they are characterized by the presence of transverse and longitudinal flagella which propel the organisms in a rotating manner through the water. dinoflagellida were formerly members of the class phytomastigophorea under the old five kingdom paradigm
Dinoprost: a naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions
Dinoprostone: the most common and most biologically active of the mammalian prostaglandins. it exhibits most biological activities characteristic of prostaglandins and has been used extensively as an oxytocic agent. the compound also displays a protective effect on the intestinal mucosa
Dinosaurs: general name for two extinct orders of reptiles from the mesozoic era: saurischia and ornithischia
Dinucleoside Phosphates: a group of compounds which consist of a nucleotide molecule to which an additional nucleoside is attached through the phosphate molecule(s). the nucleotide can contain any number of phosphates
Dinucleotide Repeats: the most common of the microsatellite tandem repeats (microsatellite repeats) dispersed in the euchromatic arms of chromosomes. they consist of two nucleotides repeated in tandem; guanine and thymine, (gt)n, is the most frequently seen
Dioclea: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. members contain mannose-binding lectins and dioclein
Dioclea: rod rostlin z čeledi fabaceae (bobovité). zástupci obsahují lektiny vázající manózu a dioclein
Dioctophymatoidea: a superfamily of nematodes of the order enoplida. characteristics include a well developed cylindrical esophagus
Dioctophymatoidea: nadčeleď hlístic řádu enoplida. k charakteristickým znakům patří dobře vyvinutý válcovitý jícen
Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: all-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. it has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. it is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt
Dioncophyllaceae: a plant family of the order violales, subclass dilleniidae class magnoliopsida. members contain naphthylisoquinolines which inhibit plasmodium
Dioncophyllaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu violales, podtřídy dilleniidae, třídy magnoliopsida. zástupci obsahují naftylisochinoliny s antimalarickou aktivitou
Dioscorea: a plant genus best known for edible underground tubers. yam may also refer to a moist variety of sweet potato, ipomoea batatas
Dioscorea: rod jednoděložných rostlin z čeledi smldincovitých. některé druhy se pěstují pro jedlé škrobnaté hlízy, nazývané jamy. pěstují se hlavně v tropech všech kontinentů. hlízy obsahují jedovatý alkaloid dioscorin, který se však dá zničit teplem. proto se hlízy před konzumací vaří, nebo jinak tepelně upravují. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Dioscoreaceae: the yam plant family, of the order liliales, has thick roots or tubers and net-veined, heart-shaped leaves that sometimes are lobed
Dioscoreaceae: čeleď jednoděložných rostlin z řádu smldincotvaré (dioscoreales). jsou to byliny i polodřevnaté liány s dlouze řapíkatými, střídavými listy a drobnými květy. největší rody jsou smldinec a taka. některé druhy smldince jsou pěstovány pro jedlé škrobnaté hlízy, známé jako jamy. smldince jsou rovněž využívány v lékařství. některé druhy jsou v tropech pěstovány jako okrasné rostliny. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Diosgenin: a spirostan found in dioscorea and other plants. the 25s isomer is called yamogenin. solasodine is a natural derivative formed by replacing the spiro-ring with a nitrogen, which can rearrange to solanine
Diospyros: a plant genus of the family ebenaceae, order ebenales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood
Diospyros: rod subtropických a tropických rostlin z čeledi ebenovitých (ebenaceae). z rostlin tohoto rodu, převážně stromů, se již po tisíciletí používá dřevo (všeobecně nazývané eben) nebo plody (nazývané kaki). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Dioxins: a family of compounds that contain the 1,4-dioxin structure. many specific dioxin derivatives are listed as carcinogens; teratogens; or mutagens
Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds: a group of toxic chemical compounds that share chemical structures and biological characteristics that are related to the potent carcinogen 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Dioxygenases: non-heme iron-containing enzymes that incorporate two atoms of oxygen into the substrate. they are important in biosynthesis of flavonoids; gibberellins; and hyoscyamine; and for degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons
Dipeptidases: exopeptidases that specifically act on dipeptides. ec 3.4.13
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4: a serine protease that catalyses the release of an n-terminal dipeptide. several biologically-active peptides have been identified as dipeptidyl peptidase 4 substrates including incretins; neuropeptides; and chemokines. the protein is also found bound to adenosine deaminase on the t-cell surface and is believed to play a role in t-cell activation
Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors: compounds that suppress the degradation of incretins by blocking the action of dipeptidyl-peptidase iv. this helps to correct the defective insulin and glucagon secretion characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus by stimulating insulin secretion and suppressing glucagon release
Dipeptidyl-Peptidases and Tripeptidyl-Peptidases: a subclass of exopeptidases that includes enzymes which cleave either two or three amino acids from the end of a peptide chain
Dipetalonema: a filarial nematode parasite of mammalian blood with the vector being a tick or small fly
Dipetalonema: rod parazitických hlístic žijících v krvi savců. vektorem jsou klíšťata nebo malé mouchy
Diphenhydramine: a histamine h1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. it has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects
Diphenoxylate: a meperidine congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with atropine. at high doses, it acts like morphine. its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. it has little or no analgesic activity
Diphenyl Sulfone Compounds: compounds that include two phenyl groups joined by the sulfur atom of sulfur dioxide
Diphenylacetic Acids: monocarboxylic acid derivatives of acetic acids, where the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by two phenyl groups
Diphenylamine: in humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. in veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. an indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning
Diphenylcarbazide: used as an indicator in titrating iron and for the colorimetric determination of chromium and the detection of cadmium, mercury, magnesium, aldehydes, and emetine
Diphenylhexatriene: a fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. it is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids
Diphosphates: inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups
Diphosphoglyceric Acids: glyceric acids where two of the hydroxyl groups have been replaced by phosphates
Diphosphonates: organic compounds which contain p-c-p bonds, where p stands for phosphonates or phosphonic acids. these compounds affect calcium metabolism. they inhibit ectopic calcification and slow down bone resorption and bone turnover. technetium complexes of diphosphonates have been used successfully as bone scanning agents
Diphosphotransferases: a class of phosphotransferases that catalyzes the transfer of diphosphate-containing groups. ec 2.7.6
Diphtheria: a localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of corynebacterium diphtheriae. it is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. diphtheria toxin, produced by c. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects
Diphtheria Antitoxin: an antitoxin produced against the toxin of corynebacterium diphtheriae that is used for the treatment of diphtheria
Diphtheria Toxin: an adp-ribosylating polypeptide produced by corynebacterium diphtheriae that causes the signs and symptoms of diphtheria. it can be broken into two unequal domains: the smaller, catalytic a domain is the lethal moiety and contains mono(adp-ribose) transferases which transfers adp ribose to peptide elongation factor 2 thereby inhibiting protein synthesis; and the larger b domain that is needed for entry into cells
Diphtheria Toxoid: the formaldehyde-inactivated toxin of corynebacterium diphtheriae. it is generally used in mixtures with tetanus toxoid and pertussis vaccine; (dtp); or with tetanus toxoid alone (dt for pediatric use and td, which contains 5- to 10-fold less diphtheria toxoid, for other use). diphtheria toxoid is used for the prevention of diphtheria; diphtheria antitoxin is for treatment
Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine: a combined vaccine used to prevent infection with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid. this is used in place of dtp vaccine (diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine) when pertussis vaccine is contraindicated
Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine: a vaccine consisting of diphtheria toxoid; tetanus toxoid; and whole-cell pertussis vaccine. the vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough
Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines: combined vaccines consisting of diphtheria toxoid; tetanus toxoid; and an acellular form of pertussis vaccine. at least five different purified antigens of b. pertussis have been used in various combinations in these vaccines
Diphyllobothriasis: infection with tapeworms of the genus diphyllobothrium
Diphyllobothrium: a genus of tapeworm containing several species which occurs in the intestine of fish, birds, and mammals including man. infection in humans is usually by eating uncooked fish. the larval stage is known as sparganum
Diphyllobothrium: rod tasemnic s několika druhy, které se vyskytují ve střevech ryb, ptáků a savců včetně člověka. člověk se zpravidla nakazí konzumací tepelně nedostatečně upraveného rybího masa. larvální stadium se nazývá sparganum
Diploidy: the chromosomal constitution of cells, in which each type of chromosome is represented twice. symbol: 2n or 2x
Diplomacy: the art and practice of conducting negotiations between people, nations or other parties such as organizations
Diplomonadida: a group of flagellated, mostly symbiotic eukaryotes characterized by twofold symmetry associated with the presence of a pair of karyomastigont organellar systems. two nuclei are attached by fibers to the flagella and there are no mitochondria. diplomonadida were formerly members of the class zoomastigophora in the old five kingdom paradigm
Diplomonadida: řád jednobuněčných eukaryotických organismů z říše excavata. někdy se řadí do kmene fornicata, jindy do kmene metamonada. patří k němu asi 100 druhů v osmi rodech, z nichž čtyři (hexamita, spironucleus, octomitus, giardia) jsou parazitické. typickou vlastností buněk diplomonád je symetrie podle jedné osy (tzv. diplozoická stavba těla). obsahují díky tomu dvě sady organel, včetně páru jader. naopak se u nich nenacházejí mitochondrie, u rodu giardia však byl nalezen mitozom. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Diplopia: a visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. disorders associated with this condition include refractive errors; strabismus; oculomotor nerve diseases; trochlear nerve diseases; abducens nerve diseases; and diseases of the brain stem and occipital lobe
Dipodascus: a genus of ascomycetous yeast in the family dipodascaceae, order saccharomycetales. it is characterized by asci which have persistent walls and by smooth-walled ascospores. anamorphs are in the genus geotrichum
Dipodascus: rod vřeckovýtrusných kvasinek čeledi dipodascaceae, řádu saccharomycetales. vřecka jsou dlouhá, polysporická, askospory mají hladké stěny. jeho anamorfní formy patří do rodu geotrichum
Dipodomys: a genus of the family heteromyidae which contains 22 species. their physiology is adapted for the conservation of water, and they seldom drink water. they are found in arid or desert habitats and travel by hopping on their hind limbs
Dipodomys: rod hlodavců z čeledi pytloušovití (heteromyidae), který zahrnuje 22 druhů. jde o drobné noční živočichy podobné myším, se kterými však nejsou příbuzné. žijí v pouštních oblastech severní ameriky. pohybují se skákáním po zadních prodloužených nohách podobně jako klokan. tarbíkomyši pijí jen málo, jejich ledviny jsou 4× účinnější než lidské. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Diprenorphine: a narcotic antagonist similar in action to naloxone. it is used to remobilize animals after etorphine neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine
Diprim: russian chemical produced from grapes; the chemical composition includes catechins, leukoanthocyanidins, flavonols, procyanidins oligomer tannins and lignin
Dipsacaceae: a plant family of the order dipsacales, subclass asteridae, class magnoliopsida. it is sometimes called the teasel family
Dipsacaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin řádu dipsacales, třídy rosopsida
Dipsacales: an order of dicotyledonous flowering plants which includes six families. it is best known for its ornamental plants such as lonicera (honeysuckle), viburnum (arrowwood and guelder rose), and scabiosa (scabious, or pincushion flower)
Dipsacales: řád vyšších dvouděložných rostlin. v současném pojetí zahrnuje 2 čeledi: zimolezovité a pižmovkovité. ze známých rostlin sem náleží např. kozlík, bez, zimolez, chrastavec. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Diptera: an order of the class insecta. wings, when present, number two and distinguish diptera from other so-called flies, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. the order includes the families calliphoridae, oestridae, phoridae, sarcophagidae, scatophagidae, sciaridae, simuliidae, tabanidae, therevidae, trypetidae, ceratopogonidae; chironomidae; culicidae; drosophilidae; glossinidae; muscidae; tephritidae; and psychodidae. the larval form of diptera species are called maggots (see larva)
Diptera: početný řád hmyzu. značná část zástupců řádu se lidově nazývá mouchy. typickým znakem dvoukřídlých je, že mají pouze jeden pár blanitých křídel. druhý pár zakrněl v paličkovité útvary zvané halterae (kyvadélka) a slouží k vyvažování. dvoukřídlí se vyskytují po celém světě kromě polárních oblastí. počet druhů se odhaduje zhruba na 100 000. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Dipterocarpaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu slézotvaré (malvales). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Dipteryx: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují kumariny
Dipyridamole: a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1994, p752)
Dipyrone: a drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. it is the sodium sulfonate of aminopyrine
Diquat: a contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Direct-On II: consists of a methylmethacrylate system; used for bonding of orthodontic metal brackets
Direct-To-Consumer Screening and Testing: laboratory testing and diagnostic imaging services offered to consumers outside of the patient-physician relationship
Directed Molecular Evolution: the techniques used to produce molecules exhibiting properties that conform to the demands of the experimenter. these techniques combine methods of generating structural changes with methods of selection. they are also used to examine proposed mechanisms of evolution under in vitro selection conditions
Direction compound: used as orthodontic bonding material; contains methylmethacrylate & vinyl silane
Directive Counseling: counseling during which a professional plays an active role in a client's or patient's decision making by offering advice, guidance, and/or recommendations
Directly Observed Therapy: a treatment method in which patients are under direct observation when they take their medication or receive their treatment. this method is designed to reduce the risk of treatment interruption and to ensure patient compliance
Directories as Topic: works about lists of persons or organizations, systematically arranged, usually in alphabetic or classed order, giving address, affiliations, etc., for individuals, and giving address, officers, functions, and similar data for organizations
Directory: work consisting of an alphabetical or classified list of names, organizations, subjects, etc., giving usually titles, addresses, affiliations, and other professional data
Dirofilaria: a genus of filarial nematodes. various immature species have been found to infect the eyes or subcutaneous tissue in humans
Dirofilaria: rod parazitických hlístic. některé druhy způsobují infekci očí nebo podkožní tkáně člověka
Dirofilaria immitis: a filarial parasite primarily of dogs but occurring also in foxes, wolves, and humans. the parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes
Dirofilaria immitis: filárie parazitující primárně na psech, ale dalšími hostiteli mohou být lišky, vlci a lidé. vektorem jsou komáři
Dirofilaria repens: a filarial parasite primarily affecting dogs and cats, but causing an emerging zoonosis in humans involving subcutaneous lesions. it is transmitted by mosquitoes
Dirofilaria repens: vlasovcovitý parazit napadající především psy a kočky, ale způsobuje i zoonózy objevující se u lidí včetně podkožních lézí. je přenášen moskyty (culicidae)
Dirofilariasis: infection with nematodes of the genus dirofilaria, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man
Disability Evaluation: determination of the degree of a physical, mental, or emotional handicap. the diagnosis is applied to legal qualification for benefits and income under disability insurance and to eligibility for social security and workmen's compensation benefits
Disability Studies: interdisciplinary programs of academic study that de-stigmatize disease, illness, and impairment
Disability-Adjusted Life Years: it is the sum of years of life lost due to premature mortality and the number of years lived with disability, due to disease or health condition in a population. this is a measurement of burden of disease
Disaccharidases: enzymes belonging to the class of glycoside hydrolases which break down disaccharides into simpler sugars, monosaccharides
Disaccharides: oligosaccharides containing two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond
Disarticulation: amputation, surgical or separation at a joint. (dorland, 28th ed)
Disaster Medicine: branch of medicine involved with management and organization of public health response to disasters and major events including the special health and medical needs of a community in a disaster
Disaster Nursing: the specialty or practice of nursing in the care of patients at the site of a disaster
Disaster Victims: persons adversely effected by disasters, occurrences that result in property damage, deaths, and/or injuries to a community
Disasters: calamities producing great damage, loss of life, and distress. they include results of natural phenomena and man-made phenomena. normal conditions of existence are disrupted and the level of impact exceeds the capacity of the hazard-affected community
Discitis: inflammation of an intervertebral disc or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). however, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others
Discoidin Domain: a protein domain originally identified in discoidins. it occurs in a variety of unrelated proteins in multicellular organisms, where it recognizes different ligands with distinct biological functions. structurally, it consists of two antiparallel beta sheets that form a jellyroll configuration stabilized by two intramolecular disulfide bonds. sequence differences within this module determine ligand specificity; in discoidin domain receptors, it binds to fibrillar collagens and non-fibrillar collagens
Discoidin Domain Receptor 1: a discoidin domain receptor for fibrillar collagen that functions in a variety of cellular processes. for example, it regulates cell attachment to the extracellular matrix, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, cell migration; cell differentiation; cell proliferation; and cell survival
Discoidin Domain Receptor 2: a discoidin domain receptor for fibrillar collagen and non-fibrillar collagen type x. it functions in many cellular and developmental processes that include remodeling of the extracellular matrix; cell migration; cell differentiation; and cell proliferation; as well as osteogenesis and the maturation of chondrocytes
Discoidin Domain Receptors: receptor tyrosine kinases that bind collagens. they are characterized by the presence of extracellular discoidin domains that activate signal transduction pathways in response to collagen binding. they may also be cleaved by matrix metalloproteinases to mediate cell interactions with the extracellular matrix
Discoidins: lectins that were identified in dictyostelium discoideum. they bind to galactose and are involved in cell-substratum adhesion, maintenance of morphology during aggregation, and spore formation
Discrete Subaortic Stenosis: a type of constriction that is caused by the presence of a fibrous ring (discrete type) below the aortic valve, anywhere between the aortic valve and the mitral valve. it is characterized by restricted outflow from the left ventricle into the aorta
Discriminant Analysis: a statistical analytic technique used with discrete dependent variables, concerned with separating sets of observed values and allocating new values. it is sometimes used instead of regression analysis
Discs Large Homolog 1 Protein: a signaling adaptor protein that contains three pdz domains; an sh3 domain; and a guanylate kinase-like c-terminal region. it has an essential role in animal development and recruits ion channels, receptors, and signaling molecules to discrete plasma membrane regions of polarized cells in the heart atria myocardium. it functions in the assembly of adherens junctions and regulation of cell proliferation; synaptogenesis, lymphocyte activation; and controls expression of kv4 potassium channels to regulate excitability of cardiac myocytes
Disease: a definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. it may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown
Disease Eradication: termination of all transmission of infection by global extermination of the infectious agent through surveillance and containment (from porta, a dictionary of epidemiology, 5th ed)
Disease Hotspot: areas of increased disease risk, prevalence, incidence or higher efficiency of transmission
Disease Management: a broad approach to appropriate coordination of the entire disease treatment process that often involves shifting away from more expensive inpatient and acute care to areas such as preventive medicine, patient counseling and education, and outpatient care. this concept includes implications of appropriate versus inappropriate therapy on the overall cost and clinical outcome of a particular disease. (from hosp pharm 1995 jul;30(7):596)
Disease Models, Animal: naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases
Disease Notification: notification or reporting by a physician or other health care provider of the occurrence of specified contagious diseases such as tuberculosis and hiv infections to designated public health agencies. the united states system of reporting notifiable diseases evolved from the quarantine act of 1878, which authorized the us public health service to collect morbidity data on cholera, smallpox, and yellow fever; each state in the us has its own list of notifiable diseases and depends largely on reporting by the individual health care provider. (from segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Disease Outbreaks: sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. the concept includes epidemics and pandemics
Disease Progression: the worsening and general progression of a disease over time. this concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis
Disease Reservoirs: animate or inanimate sources which normally harbor disease-causing organisms and thus serve as potential sources of disease outbreaks. reservoirs are distinguished from vectors (disease vectors) and carriers, which are agents of disease transmission rather than continuing sources of potential disease outbreaks. humans may serve both as disease reservoirs and carriers
Disease Resistance: the capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. this most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. the term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants
Disease Susceptibility: a constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases
Disease Transmission, Infectious: the transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. when transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal or vertical (infectious disease transmission, vertical)
Disease Vectors: invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another
Disease-Free Survival: period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease
Disenfranchised Grief: expression of grief that society limits or may not allow a person to express. examples include the grief of parents for stillborn babies, of teachers for the death of students, of nurses for the death of patients, or for the loss of an animal companion. (from apa dictionary of psychology, 2nd ed.)
Disgust: a feeling of revulsion or strong disapproval aroused by something unpleasant or offensive
Dishevelled Proteins: a family of proteins that are key components of the wnt signaling pathway, where they function downstream of frizzled receptors. they contain an n-terminal dishevelled-axin protein (dix) domain, which mediates oligomerization; a central pdz domain which binds to the frizzled receptor; and a c-terminal dep domain which facilitates binding to the cell membrane. dishevelled proteins have important functions in cell differentiation and establishing cell polarity
Disinfectants: substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying spores as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms. they are distinguished from antiseptics, which are local anti-infective agents used on humans and other animals. (from hawley's condensed chemical dictionary, 11th ed)
Disinfection: rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc
Disinformation: false information deliberately and often covertly spread in order to influence public opinion or obscure the truth. (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/disinformation)
Disintegrins: a family of polypeptides purified from snake venoms, which contain the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (rgd) sequence. the rgd tripeptide binds to integrin receptors and thus competitively inhibits normal integrin-ligand interactions. disintegrins thus block adhesive functions and act as platelet aggregation inhibitors
Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests: a method where a culturing surface inoculated with microbe is exposed to small disks containing known amounts of a chemical agent resulting in a zone of inhibition (usually in millimeters) of growth of the microbe corresponding to the susceptibility of the strain to the agent
Diskectomy: excision, in part or whole, of an intervertebral disc. the most common indication is disk displacement or herniation. in addition to standard surgical removal, it can be performed by percutaneous diskectomy (diskectomy, percutaneous) or by laparoscopic diskectomy, the former being the more common
Diskectomy, Percutaneous: percutaneous excision of a herniated or displaced intervertebral disc by posterolateral approach, always remaining outside the spinal canal. percutaneous nucleotomy was first described by hijikata in japan in 1975. in 1985 onik introduced automated percutaneous nucleotomy which consists in percutaneous aspiration of the nucleus pulposus. it is carried out under local anesthesia, thus reducing the surgical insult and requiring brief hospitalization, often performed on an outpatient basis. it appears to be a well-tolerated alternative to surgical diskectomy and chymopapain nucleolysis
Disks Large Homolog 4 Protein: a neuronal protein consisting of three pdz domains, an sh3 domain, and a c-terminal guanylate kinase-like region (see maguk proteins). it localizes to the post-synaptic density and associates with the cytoplasmic tail of nmda receptors and shaker potassium channels, playing a critical role in nmda receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity
Disopyramide: a class i anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. it also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties
Disorder of Sex Development, 46,XY: congenital conditions in individuals with a male karyotype, in which the development of the gonadal or anatomical sex is atypical
Disordered Eating Behavior: eating behaviors that are subclinical or milder forms of eating disorders such as unhealthy dieting, binge eating, and purging
Disorders of Environmental Origin: disorders caused by external forces rather than by physiologic dysfunction or by pathogens
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence: disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., idiopathic hypersomnolence; narcolepsy; and kleine-levin syndrome) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, mental disorders, and sleep apnea syndrome). (from j neurol sci 1998 jan 8;153(2):192-202; thorpy, principles and practice of sleep medicine, 2nd ed, p320)
Disorders of Sex Development: in gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. effects from exposure to abnormal levels of gonadal hormones in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by endocrine disruptors are included
Dispensatories as Topic: works about systematic description of the drugs and preparations used generally or in a specific setting
Dispersalloy: silver alloy containing also cu, sn & zn; mercury based; used for posterior dental restorations
Displacement, Psychological: the process by which an emotional or behavioral response that is appropriate for one situation appears in another situation for which it is inappropriate
Disruptive Technology: a process by which a product or service takes root initially in simple applications at the bottom of a market and then relentlessly moves up market, eventually displacing established competitors. (http://www.claytonchristensen.com/key-concepts)
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders: disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act
Dissection: the separation and isolation of tissues for surgical purposes, or for the analysis or study of their structures
Dissection, Abdominal Aorta: dissection or a tear of the abdominal aorta. it includes thoracoabdominal aortic dissection at the aortic hiatus
Dissection, Blood Vessel: a tear or separation of the layers by a blood vessel typically involving vessels under pressure, i.e., arteries, e.g., aorta. tearing of the tunica intima layer of a blood vessel may lead to interstitial hemorrhage. dissection between the tunica intima and tunica media causes luminal occlusion. dissection at the media, or between the media and the outer adventitia causes aneurismal dilation
Dissection, Thoracic Aorta: dissection or a tear of the thoracic aorta. it includes aortic root dissection, ascending aortic dissection, aortic arch dissection and descending thoracic aortic dissection
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: a disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. the activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. a majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to purpura fulminans
Dissent and Disputes: differences of opinion or disagreements that may arise, for example, between health professionals and patients or their families, or against a political regime
Dissociative Identity Disorder: a dissociative disorder in which the individual adopts two or more distinct personalities. each personality is a fully integrated and complex unit with memories, behavior patterns and social friendships. transition from one personality to another is sudden
Dissolved Organic Matter: a heterogeneous class of water-soluble compounds containing covalently bound carbon that are derived from a variety of biological and geological sources during the biogeochemical cycling of carbon (carbon cycle)
Distal Myopathies: a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive muscular atrophy and muscle weakness beginning in the hands, the legs, or the feet. most are adult-onset autosomal dominant forms. others are autosomal recessive
Distal myopathy, Nonaka type: a hereditary autosomal recessive muscular disorder with early adult onset that is characterized by weakness of the anterior compartment of the lower limbs, however the quadriceps muscles are spared. numerous rimmed vacuoles are present in muscle biopsy, but there appear to be no inflammatory cells. mutations in the gne gene have been identified; inclusion body myopathy 2 (omim: 600737) is an allelic disorder. omim: 605820
Distamycins: oligopeptide antibiotics from streptomyces distallicus. their binding to dna inhibits synthesis of nucleic acids
Distance Perception: the act of knowing or the recognition of a distance by recollective thought, or by means of a sensory process which is under the influence of a set of prior experiences
Distemper: a name for several highly contagious viral diseases of animals, especially canine distemper. in dogs, it is caused by the canine distemper virus (distemper virus, canine). it is characterized by a diphasic fever, leukopenia, gastrointestinal and respiratory inflammation and sometimes, neurologic complications. in cats it is known as feline panleukopenia
Distemper Virus, Canine: a species of morbillivirus causing distemper in dogs, wolves, foxes, raccoons, and ferrets. pinnipeds have also been known to contract canine distemper virus from contact with domestic dogs
Distemper Virus, Phocine: a species of morbillivirus causing distemper in seals
Distillation: a chemical process for separating the components of a liquid mixture by boiling and collecting condensed vapors
District of Columbia: a federal area located between maryland and virginia on the potomac river; it is coextensive with washington, d.c., which is the capital of the united states