NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
United Arab Emirates: a federation of seven states on the southeast portion of the arabian peninsula: abu dhabi, ajman, dubai, fujairah, ras al-khaimah, sharjah and umm al-qaiwain. in 1820 a treaty of peace was concluded between great britain and native rulers. during the 19th century the rulers agreed to suppression of the slave trade and restriction of foreign relations to great britain. the trucial council was established in 1952 and defense treaties with great britain terminated. in 1971 an independent six-member federation was formed, with ras al-khaimah joining the federation in 1972. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p1250)
United Kingdom: country in northwestern europe including great britain and the northern one-sixth of the island of ireland, located between the north sea and north atlantic ocean. the capital is london
United Nations: an international organization whose members include most of the sovereign nations of the world with headquarters in new york city. the primary objectives of the organization are to maintain peace and security and to achieve international cooperation in solving international economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian problems
United States Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: an agency of the public health service established in 1990 to provide indexing, abstracting, translating, publishing, and other services leading to a more effective and timely dissemination of information on research, demonstration projects, and evaluations with respect to health care to public and private entities and individuals engaged in the improvement of health care delivery... it supersedes the national center for health services research. the united states agency for health care policy and research was renamed agency for healthcare research and quality (ahrq) under the healthcare research and quality act of 1999
United States Agency for International Development: an independent federal agency established in 1961 as the focal point for economic matters affecting u.s. relations with developing countries
United States Department of Agriculture: a cabinet department in the executive branch of the united states government concerned with improving and maintaining farm income and developing and expanding markets for agricultural products. through inspection and grading services it safeguards and insures standards of quality in food supply and production
United States Department of Defense: a cabinet department in the executive branch of the united states government whose mission is to provide the military forces needed to deter warfare and to protect the security of our country
United States Department of Homeland Security: a cabinet department in the executive branch of the united states government concerned with administering those agencies and offices having programs pertaining to domestic national security
United States Department of Veterans Affairs: a cabinet department in the executive branch of the united states government concerned with overall planning, promoting, and administering programs pertaining to veterans. it was established march 15, 1989 as a cabinet-level position
United States Dept. of Health and Human Services: a cabinet department in the executive branch of the united states government concerned with administering those agencies and offices having programs pertaining to health and human services
United States Environmental Protection Agency: an agency in the executive branch of the federal government. it was created as an independent regulatory agency responsible for the implementation of federal laws designed to protect the environment. its mission is to protect human health and the environment
United States Federal Trade Commission: an independent administrative agency concerned with maintaining competitive free enterprise by prohibiting unfair methods of competition and unfair deceptive acts or practices
United States Food and Drug Administration: an agency of the public health service concerned with the overall planning, promoting, and administering of programs pertaining to maintaining standards of quality of foods, drugs, therapeutic devices, etc
United States Health Resources and Services Administration: a component of the public health service that provides leadership related to the delivery of health services and the requirements for and distribution of health resources, including manpower training
United States Indian Health Service: a division of the united states public health service that is responsible for the public health and the provision of medical services to native americans in the united states, primarily those residing on reservation lands
United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration: an independent federal agency established in 1958. it conducts research for the solution of problems of flight within and outside the earth's atmosphere and develops, constructs, tests, and operates aeronautical and space vehicles. (from u.s. government manual, 1993)
United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration: an office in the department of labor responsible for developing and establishing occupational safety and health standards
United States Office of Economic Opportunity: a division of the executive branch of the united states government concerned with overall planning, promoting, and administering programs relative to the provision of opportunities for economic advancement
United States Office of National Drug Control Policy: a component of the executive office of the president established by the anti-drug abuse act of 1988. the office establishes policies, priorities, and objectives for national drug and narcotic control. the goals of the program are to reduce illicit drug use, manufacturing, and trafficking, drug-related crime and violence, and drug-related health consequences
United States Office of Research Integrity: an office of the united states public health service organized in june 1992 to promote research integrity and investigate misconduct in research supported by the public health service. it consolidates the office of scientific integrity of the national institutes of health and the office of scientific integrity review in the office of the assistant secretary for health
United States Office of Technology Assessment: an office established to help congress participate and plan for the consequences of uses of technology. it provided information on both the beneficial and adverse effects of technological applications. the office of technology assessment closed on september 29, 1995
United States Public Health Service: a constituent organization of the department of health and human services concerned with protecting and improving the health of the nation
United States Social Security Administration: an independent agency within the executive branch of the united states government. it administers a national social insurance program whereby employees, employers, and the self-employed pay contributions into pooled trust funds. part of the contributions go into a separate hospital insurance trust fund for workers at age 65 to provide help with medical expenses. other programs include the supplemental social security income program for the aged, blind, and disabled and the old age survivors and disability insurance program. it became an independent agency march 31, 1995. it had previously been part of the department of health, education, and welfare, later the department of health and human services. (from united states government manual, 1994-95)
United States Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: an agency of the public health service concerned with the overall planning, promoting, and administering of programs pertaining to substance abuse and mental health. it is commonly referred to by the acronym samhsa. on 1 october 1992, the united states alcohol, drug abuse, and mental health administration (adamha) became samhsa
United States Virgin Islands: a group of islands in the lesser antilles in the west indies, the three main islands being st. croix, st. thomas, and st. john. the capital is charlotte amalie. before 1917 the u.s. virgin islands were held by the danish and called the danish west indies but the name was changed when the united states acquired them by purchase
Univentricular Heart: rare congenital heart malformation with a single ventricle (heart ventricles) instead of the usual two
Universal Design: the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaption or specialized design
Universal Health Care: access for all people to needed health services (including prevention, promotion, treatment, rehabilitation and palliation) of sufficient quality to be effective while also ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship. (from https://www.who.int/healthsystems/universal_health_coverage/en/)
Universal Health Insurance: health insurance coverage for all persons in a state or country, rather than for some subset of the population. it may extend to the unemployed as well as to the employed; to aliens as well as to citizens; for pre-existing conditions as well as for current illnesses; for mental as well as for physical conditions
Universal Precautions: prudent standard preventive measures to be taken by professional and other health personnel in contact with persons afflicted with a communicable disease, to avoid contracting the disease by contagion or infection. precautions are especially applicable in the diagnosis and care of aids patients
Universal Restorative 200: consists of bis-gma, udma, bis-ema, and other ingredients
Unmanned Aerial Devices: powered, aerial vehicles that do not carry a human operator, use aerodynamic forces to provide vehicle lift, can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely, can be expendable or recoverable, and can carry a lethal or nonlethal payload. (https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ada467807 pdf accessed 12/27/2020)
Unnecessary Procedures: diagnostic, therapeutic, and investigative procedures prescribed and performed by health professionals, the results of which do not justify the benefits or hazards and costs to the patient
Unsafe Sex: sexual behaviors which are high-risk for contracting sexually transmitted diseases or for producing pregnancy
Unsupervised Machine Learning: a machine learning paradigm used to make predictions about future instances based on a given set of unlabeled paired input-output training (sample) data
Untranslated Regions: the parts of the messenger rna sequence that do not code for product, i.e. the 5' untranslated regions and 3' untranslated regions
Unverricht-Lundborg Syndrome: an autosomal recessive condition characterized by recurrent myoclonic and generalized seizures, ataxia, slowly progressive intellectual deterioration, dysarthria, and intention tremor. myoclonic seizures are severe and continuous, and tend to be triggered by movement, stress, and sensory stimuli. the age of onset is between 8 and 13 years, and the condition is relatively frequent in the baltic region, especially finland. (from menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, pp109-110)
Unverrichtův-Lundborgův syndrom: progresivní familiární (autozomálně recesivní) myoklonická epilepsie se záchvaty a křečemi počínajícími v dětství či pubertě, s postupným vývojem ataxie a dysartrie, popř. i demence a rozpadem osobnosti. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Up-Regulation: a positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. at the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (gene expression regulation), mrnas (rna, messenger), and proteins
Upper Extremity: the region of the upper limb in animals, extending from the deltoid region to the hand, and including the arm; axilla; and shoulder
Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis: deep vein thrombosis of an upper extremity vein (e.g., axillary vein; subclavian vein; and jugular veins). it is associated with mechanical factors (upper extremity deep vein thrombosis, primary) secondary to other anatomic factors (upper extremity deep vein thrombosis, secondary). symptoms may include sudden onset of pain, warmth, redness, blueness, and swelling in the arm
Upper Extremity Deformities, Congenital: congenital structural abnormalities of the upper extremity
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract: the segment of gastrointestinal tract that includes the esophagus; the stomach; and the duodenum
Upstream Stimulatory Factors: ubiquitously expressed basic helix-loop-helix motif transcription factors. they bind canntg sequences in the promoters of a variety of genes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Urachal Cyst: cyst occurring in a persistent portion of the urachus, presenting as an extraperitoneal mass in the umbilical region. it is characterized by abdominal pain, and fever if infected. it may rupture, leading to peritonitis, or it may drain through the umbilicus
Urachal adenocarcinoma: a rare adenocarcinoma of the bladder that originates in the urachus or its remnants
Urachal cancer: a rare type of bladder carcinoma that originates in the urachus
Urachus: an embryonic structure originating from the allantois. it is a canal connecting the fetal urinary bladder and the umbilicus. it is normally converted into a fibrous cord postnatally. when the canal fails to be filled and remains open (patent urachus), urine leaks through the umbilicus
Uracil Mustard: nitrogen mustard derivative of uracil. it is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage
Uracil Nucleotides: a group of pyrimidine nucleotides which contain uracil
Uracil-DNA Glycosidase: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the n-glycosidic bond between sugar phosphate backbone and uracil residue during dna synthesis
Uran (planeta): sedmá planeta od slunce, třetí největší a čtvrtá nejhmotnější planeta ve sluneční soustavě. řadí se mezi plynné obry a společně s neptunem i mezi tzv. ledové obry. uran má planetární prstence, magnetosféru a 27 známých měsíců. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Uranium: a radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. it has an atomic symbol u, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. u-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors
Uranus: the seventh planet in order from the sun. it is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. it has five known natural satellites
Uranyl Nitrate: bis(nitrato-o)dioxouranium. a compound used in photography and the porcelain industry. it causes severe renal insufficiency and renal tubular necrosis in mammals and is an effective lymphocyte mitogen
Urate Oxidase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urate and unidentified products. it is a copper protein. the initial products decompose to form allantoin. ec 1.7.3.3
Urbachova-Wietheova nemoc: autozomálně recesivně dědičné onemocnění projevující se od raného dětství na kůži (žlutavé papuly), sliznicích (chrapot) i na dalších orgánech. podstatou je ukládání glykolipoproteinů v postižených orgánech. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Urban Health Services: health services, public or private, in urban areas. the services include the promotion of health and the delivery of health care
Urban Renewal: the planned upgrading of a deteriorating urban area, involving rebuilding, renovation, or restoration. it frequently refers to programs of major demolition and rebuilding of blighted areas
Urbanization: the process whereby a society changes from a rural to an urban way of life. it refers also to the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas
Urea: a compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. it is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids
Urea Cycle Disorders, Inborn: rare congenital metabolism disorders of the urea cycle. the disorders are due to mutations that result in complete (neonatal onset) or partial (childhood or adult onset) inactivity of an enzyme, involved in the urea cycle. neonatal onset results in clinical features that include irritability, vomiting, lethargy, seizures, neonatal hypotonia; respiratory alkalosis; hyperammonemia; coma, and death. survivors of the neonatal onset and childhood/adult onset disorders share common risks for encephalopathies, metabolic, inborn; and respiratory alkalosis due to hyperammonemia
Urea Transporters: transmembrane carrier proteins responsible for urea movement across the cell membrane. urea transporters are divided into renal tubular/testicular type (urea transporter 2 consisting of (ut) a1 to a5, encoded by slc14a2 gene) and erythrocyte type (urea transporter 2 or ut-b1 encoded by the slc14a1 gene). in humans mutations on the slc14a1 gene determines kidd blood-group system
Ureaplasma: a genus of gram-negative, nonmotile bacteria which are common parasitic inhabitants of the urogenital tracts of humans, cattle, dogs, and monkeys
Ureaplasma: rod gramnegativních, nepohyblivých bakterií, které jsou běžnými parazitními obyvateli urogenitálního traktu člověka, skotu, psů a opic
Ureaplasma urealyticum: a species of gram-negative bacteria found in the human genitourinary tract (urogenital system), oropharynx, and anal canal. serovars 1, 3, 6, and 14 have been reclassed into a separate species ureaplasma parvum
Ureaplasma urealyticum: druh gramnegativní bakterie, která se vyskytuje v lidském urogenitálním systému, v orofaryngu a v análním kanálu. sérovary 1, 3, 6 a 14 byly reklasifikovány do druhu ureaplasma parvum
Urease: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. ec 3.5.1.5
Uremia: a clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. it is usually the result of renal insufficiency. most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen catabolism, such as urea or creatinine. severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms
Uremic Toxins: biological solutes retained and accumulated due to kidney impairment that contribute to uremia/chronic kidney disease
Ureter: one of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder
Ureteral Calculi: stones in the ureter that are formed in the kidney. they are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. they are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic
Ureteral Neoplasms: cancer or tumors of the ureter which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, hydronephrosis, and pyelonephritis. hematuria is a common symptom
Ureteral Obstruction: blockage in any part of the ureter causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the urinary bladder. the obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as hydronephrosis and obstructive nephropathy
Ureterocele: a cystic dilatation of the end of a ureter as it enters into the urinary bladder. it is characterized by the ballooning of the ureteral orifice into the lumen of the bladder and may obstruct urine flow
Ureterostomy: surgical formation of an opening in the ureter for external drainage of the urine; cutaneous route utilizes a ureteral orifice emerging through the skin
Urethane: antineoplastic agent that is also used as a veterinary anesthetic. it has also been used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. urethane is suspected to be a carcinogen
Urethra: a tube that transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body in both the sexes. it also has a reproductive function in the male by providing a passage for sperm
Urethral Neoplasms: cancer or tumors of the urethra. benign epithelial tumors of the urethra usually consist of squamous and transitional cells. primary urethral carcinomas are rare and typically of squamous cells. urethral carcinoma is the only urological malignancy that is more common in females than in males
Urethral Obstruction: partial or complete blockage in any part of the urethra that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the urinary bladder. it is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void
Urethral Stricture: narrowing of any part of the urethra. it is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms
Urethral obstruction sequence: renal dysplasia or hydronephrosis, oligohydramnios and subsequent lung hypoplasia due to urethral obstruction
Urethritis: inflammation involving the urethra. similar to cystitis, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (dysuria), urethral discharge, or both
Uric Acid: an oxidation product, via xanthine oxidase, of oxypurines such as xanthine and hypoxanthine. it is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals urate oxidase further oxidizes it to allantoin
Uricosuric Agents: gout suppressants that act directly on the renal tubule to increase the excretion of uric acid, thus reducing its concentrations in plasma
Uridine: a ribonucleoside in which ribose is linked to uracil
Uridine 5-Prime Monophosphate Hydrolase Deficiency, Hemolytic Anemia due to: mutation in umph1
Uridine Diphosphate: a uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to c5 of the sugar moiety
Uridine Diphosphate Galactose: a nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into udpglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. serves as a source of galactose in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, cerebrosides, and lactose
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: a key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into udpgalactose and udpglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose Dehydrogenase: an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of udpglucose to udpglucuronate in the presence of nad+. ec 1.1.1.22
Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: a nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. it may also be epimerized to udp iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. in animals, udp glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones
Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylgalactosamine: a nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of n-acetylgalactosamine for glycoproteins, sulfatides and cerebrosides
Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine: serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins
Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylmuramic Acid: a nucleoside diphosphate sugar which is formed from udp-n-acetylglucosamine and phosphoenolpyruvate. it serves as the building block upon which peptidoglycan is formed
Uridine Diphosphate Sugars: nucleotide-sugars such as uridine-diphosphate glucose or udp-glucose
Uridine Diphosphate Xylose: the decarboxylation product of udpglucuronic acid, which is used for formation of the xylosides of seryl hydroxyl groups in mucoprotein synthesis. also forms plant xylans
Uridine Kinase: an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of uridine and cytidine to uridine 5'-phosphate and cytidine 5'-phosphate, respectively. atp, dutp, dgtp, and datp are effective phosphate donors. ec 2.7.1.48
Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-uridylic acid. a uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position
Uridine Phosphorylase: an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of ribose from uridine to orthophosphate, forming uracil and ribose 1-phosphate
Uridine Triphosphate: uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). a uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety
Uridylate-Specific Endoribonucleases: endoribonucleases that cleave rna at 5'-polyuridine locations within the rna strand
Urinalysis: examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically
Urinary Bladder: a musculomembranous sac along the urinary tract. urine flows from the kidneys into the bladder via the ureters (ureter), and is held there until urination
Urinary Bladder Calculi: stones in the urinary bladder; also known as vesical calculi, bladder stones, or cystoliths
Urinary Bladder Fistula: an abnormal passage in the urinary bladder or between the bladder and any surrounding organ
Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction: blocked urine flow through the bladder neck, the narrow internal urethral opening at the base of the urinary bladder. narrowing or strictures of the urethra can be congenital or acquired. it is often observed in males with enlarged prostate glands
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the urinary bladder
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic: dysfunction of the urinary bladder due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of urination. this is often associated with spinal cord diseases, but may also be caused by brain diseases or peripheral nerve diseases
Urinary Bladder, Overactive: symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. urinary incontinence may or may not be present
Urinary Bladder, Underactive: symptom of underactive detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder that contracts with abnormally reduced strength or duration resulting in an incomplete and/or prolonged bladder emptying
Urinary Calculi: low-density crystals or stones in any part of the urinary tract. their chemical compositions often include calcium oxalate, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), cystine, or uric acid
Urinary Catheterization: passage of a catheter into the urinary bladder or kidney
Urinary Catheters: catheters inserted into the urinary bladder or kidney for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes
Urinary Diversion: temporary or permanent diversion of the flow of urine through the ureter away from the urinary bladder in the presence of a bladder disease or after cystectomy. there is a variety of techniques: direct anastomosis of ureter and bowel, cutaneous ureterostomy, ileal, jejunal or colon conduit, ureterosigmoidostomy, etc. (from campbell's urology, 6th ed, p2654)
Urinary Fistula: an abnormal passage in any part of the urinary tract between itself or with other organs
Urinary Incontinence: involuntary loss of urine, such as leaking of urine. it is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. major types of incontinence include urinary urge incontinence and urinary stress incontinence
Urinary Incontinence, Stress: involuntary discharge of urine as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the urinary bladder without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. the subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and urethra without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency
Urinary Incontinence, Urge: involuntary discharge of urine that is associated with an abrupt and strong desire to void. it is usually related to the involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle of the bladder (detrusor hyperreflexia or detrusor instability)
Urinary Reservoirs, Continent: structures which collect and store urine and are emptied by catheterization of a cutaneous stoma or internal diversion to the urethra. the reservoirs are surgically created during procedures for urinary diversion
Urinary Retention: inability to empty the urinary bladder with voiding (urination)
Urinary Sediment Analysis: microscopic visualization and/or chemical analysis of the sediments in urine
Urinary Sphincter, Artificial: an artifical implanted device, usually in the form of an inflatable silicone cuff, inserted in or around the bladder neck in the surgical treatment of urinary incontinence caused by sphincter weakness. often it is placed around the bulbous urethra in adult males. the artificial urinary sphincter is considered an alternative to urinary diversion
Urinary Tract: the duct which coveys urine from the pelvis of the kidney through the ureters, bladder, and urethra
Urinary Tract Infections: inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the urinary tract to microbial invasions. they are often bacterial infections with associated bacteriuria and pyuria
Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomena: properties, functions, and processes of the urinary tract as a whole or of any of its parts
Urination Disorders: abnormalities in the process of urine voiding, including bladder control, frequency of urination, as well as the volume and composition of urine
Urine: liquid by-product of excretion produced in the kidneys, temporarily stored in the bladder until discharge through the urethra
Urinoma: an encapsulated accumulation of urine in the retroperitoneal area. it has the appearance of a cyst (cysts). urinoma is usually caused by ureteral obstruction, renal trauma or perforation of the renal collecting system
Urioste Martinez-Frias syndrome: persistence of mullerian derivatives, with lymphangiectasia and postaxial polydactyly; renal and craniofacial anomalies with persistence of mullerian derivatives, lymphangiectasis, hepatic failure, postaxial polydactyly; mullerian derivatives, persistence of, with lymphangiectasia and postaxial polydactyly
Urobilinogen: a colorless compound formed in the intestines by the reduction of bilirubin. some is excreted in the feces where it is oxidized to urobilin. some is reabsorbed and re-excreted in the bile as bilirubin. at times, it is re-excreted in the urine, where it may be later oxidized to urobilin
Urocanate Hydratase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 4,5-dihydro-4-oxo-5-imidazolepropanoate to urocanate and water. ec 4.2.1.49
Urochordata: a subphylum of chordates intermediate between the invertebrates and the true vertebrates. it includes the ascidians
Urochordata: podkmen strunatců, který tvoří přechod mezi bezobratlými a pravými obratlovci. patří sem třídy sumky, vršenky a salpy
Urocortins: neuropeptides of about 40 amino acids which are structurally similar to corticotropin-releasing factor. unlike crf acting primarily through type 1 crf receptors, urocortins signal preferentially through type 2 crf receptors. urocortins have wide tissue distribution from fish to mammals, and diverse functions. in mammals, urocortins can suppress food intake, delays gastric emptying, and decreases heat-induced edema
Urodela: mloci (ocasatí) mají plochou hlavu, dlouhé tělo s ocasem. přední končetiny mají čtyři, zadní pět prstů. před vlastním pářením je zajímavé pozorovat jejich svatební hry. k vnějšímu oplození dochází jen u mála druhů. většinou samice sbírá spermatofory ze dna nebo jí je samec předává přímo do kloaky. patří k nim surýni, velemloci, macaráti, úhoříci, axolotli, mločíci a mloci. (cit. biolib.cz 2019 https://www.biolib.cz/)
Urofacial syndrome: a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by a severe and early-onset form of dysfunctional urinary voiding. affected individuals usually present prenatally or in early childhood with dysmorphic bladders and dilatation of the ureter and renal pelvis. they are at high risk of vesico-ureteral reflux and may also experience constipation or encopresis. in addition, affected individuals have a characteristic facial grimace when trying to smile. mutations in the hpse2 gene have been identified. omim: 236730
Urofollitropin: a protein extract of human menopausal urine in which luteinizing hormone has been partially or completely removed. urofollitropin represents follicle stimulating hormone from the urine
Urogenital Abnormalities: congenital structural abnormalities of the urogenital system in either the male or the female
Urogenital Diseases: pathological processes of the urinary tract and the reproductive system (genitalia)
Urogenital Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the urogenital system in either the male or the female
Urogenital Surgical Procedures: surgery performed on the urinary tract or its organs and on the male or female genitalia
Urogenital System: all the organs involved in reproduction and the formation and release of urine. it includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder; urethra, and the organs of reproduction - ovaries, uterus; fallopian tubes; vagina; and clitoris in women and the testes; seminal vesicles; prostate; seminal ducts; and penis in men
Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator: a proteolytic enzyme that converts plasminogen to fibrinolysin where the preferential cleavage is between arginine and valine. it was isolated originally from human urine, but is found in most tissues of most vertebrates
Urolithiasis: formation of stones in any part of the urinary tract, usually in the kidney; urinary bladder; or the ureter
Urologic Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the urinary tract in either the male or the female
Urologic Surgical Procedures: surgery performed on the urinary tract or its parts in the male or female. for surgery of the male genitalia, urologic surgical procedures, male is available
Urological Agents: drugs used in the treatment of urological conditions and diseases such as urinary incontinence and urinary tract infections
Urologists: physicians specializing in the diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes, and the genital tract in the male
Urology: a surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes, and the genital tract in the male. common urological problems include urinary obstruction, urinary incontinence, infections, and urogenital neoplasms
Urology Department, Hospital: hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of diagnostic and therapeutic services for the urologic patient
Uromodulin: a glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (gpi) - anchored membrane protein found on the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle. the cleaved form of the protein is found abundantly in urine
Uronic Acids: acids derived from monosaccharides by the oxidation of the terminal (-ch2oh) group farthest removed from the carbonyl group to a (-cooh) group. (from stedmans, 26th ed)
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli: strains of escherichia coli that preferentially grow and persist within the urinary tract. they exhibit certain virulence factors and infection pathways that cause urinary tract infections
Uroplakin II: a uroplakin subtype that heterodimerizes with uroplakin ia to form a component of the asymmetric unit membrane found in urothelial cells
Uroplakin III: a uroplakin subtype that heterodimerizes with uroplakin ib to form a component of the asymmetric unit membrane found in urothelial cells
Uroplakin Ia: a tetraspanin domain-containing uroplakin subtype. it heterodimerizes with uroplakin ii to form a component of the asymmetric unit membrane found in urothelial cells
Uroplakin Ib: a tetraspanin domain-containing uroplakin subtype. it heterodimerizes with uroplakin iii to form a component of the asymmetric unit membrane found in urothelial cells
Uroplakins: specialized membrane glycoproteins that are found on urothelium cells. they associate into a hexagonal array of 16-nm cell surface particles which form the asymmetric unit membrane of urothelial plaques
Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase: an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of uroporphyrinogen iii to coproporphyrinogen iii by the conversion of four acetate groups to four methyl groups. it is the fifth enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of heme. several forms of cutaneous porphyrias are results of this enzyme deficiency as in porphyria cutanea tarda; and hepatoerythropoietic porphyria
Uroporphyrinogen III Synthetase: an enzyme that catalyzes the cyclization of hydroxymethylbilane to yield uroporphyrinogen iii and water. it is the fourth enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of heme, and is encoded by uros gene. mutations of uros gene result in congenital erythropoietic porphyria
Uroporphyrinogens: porphyrinogens which are intermediates in heme biosynthesis. they have four acetic acid and four propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. uroporphyrinogen i and iii are formed from polypyrryl methane in the presence of uroporphyrinogen iii cosynthetase and uroporphyrin i synthetase, respectively. they can yield uroporphyrins by autooxidation or coproporphyrinogens by decarboxylation
Uroporphyrins: porphyrins with four acetic acid and four propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings
Urotensins: teleost hormones. a family of small peptides isolated from urophyses of bony fishes. they have many different physiological effects, including long-lasting hypotensive activity and have been proposed as antihypertensives. there are at least four different compounds: urotensin i, urotensin ii, urotensin iii, and urotensin iv
Ursidae: the family of carnivorous or omnivorous bears, having massive bodies, coarse heavy fur, relatively short limbs, and almost rudimentary tails
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: an epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. it is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. it is used as a cholagogue and choleretic
Ursolic Acid: a pentacyclic triterpene that co-occurs with its isomer oleanolic acid in several plant species, and occurs in large amounts in fruits (such as cranberries; pears; plums; and olives), medicinal herbs, and other plants
Urtica dioica: a plant species of the genus urtica, family urticaceae. roots have been used to treat prostatic hyperplasia. leaves are edible after the stinging quality is eliminated by brief heating
Urtica dioica: druh rostliny rodu urtica, čeledi urticaceae. kopřiva dvoudomá je sbírána jako léčivá rostlina, její použití v léčitelství je velmi rozmanité. jako doplněk mezi kořením a zeleninou je doporučována ke konzumaci lidem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Urticaceae: the nettles plant family of the order rosales, superorder rosanae, and class magnoliopsida. many have stinging hairs on stems and leaves with flowers that are small and greenish in leaf axils. the fruit is dry and one-seeded
Urticaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu růžotvaré (rosales). jsou to byliny i dřeviny s jednoduchými vstřícnými nebo střídavými listy. u některých rodů jsou přítomny žahavé chlupy. květy jsou drobné a nenápadné, s nerozlišeným, často zelenavým okvětím nebo bezobalné. plodem je nažka. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Urticaria: a vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. the causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress
Urticaria Pigmentosa: the most common form of cutaneous mastocytosis (mastocytosis, cutaneous) that occurs primarily in children. it is characterized by the multiple small reddish-brown pigmented pruritic macules and papules
Urticaria, Solar: chromophore-dependent photodermatosis triggered by uv and visible light
Uruguay: a country in southern south america, bordering the south atlantic ocean, located between argentina and brazil
Uruguay: stát v jižní americe na pobřeží atlantského oceánu. jeho sousedy jsou na severovýchodě brazílie a na západě argentina, oddělená řekou uruguay, podle níž se tato země jmenuje. hlavním městem je montevideo
User-Computer Interface: the portion of an interactive computer program that issues messages to and receives commands from a user
Usher Syndrome, Type IC: aka ush1c; associated with mutation in ush1c encoding harmonin
Usher Syndrome, Type ID-F: digenic mutation in the cdh23 and pcdh15 genes
Usher Syndrome, Type IF: aka ush1f; associated with mutation in pcdh15
Usher Syndrome, Type IG: also known as ush1g; associated with mutation in sans gene
Usher Syndromes: autosomal recessive hereditary disorders characterized by congenital sensorineural hearing loss and retinitis pigmentosa. genetically and symptomatically heterogeneous, clinical classes include type i, type ii, and type iii. their severity, age of onset of retinitis pigmentosa and the degree of vestibular dysfunction are variable
Usher syndrome, type 1B: a form of usher syndrome type i characterized by severe hearing loss due to vestibular dysfunction. it is caused by mutations in the myosin viia (myo7a) gene. omim: 276900
Usher syndrome, type 2A: a type of usher syndrome characterized by moderate to severe sensorineural hearing loss with normal vestibular response and progressive retinitis pigmentosa. it is the most common form of usher syndrome, accounting for 70% of cases and is associated with mutations in the ush2a and pdzd7 genes. omim: 276901
Usherovy syndromy: autozomálně recesivně dědičná porucha projevující se současným výskytem hluchoty a slepoty retinopathia pigmentosa; začíná zúžením zorného pole a noční slepotou, vyvíjí se úplná slepota. onemocnění je geneticky a symptomaticky heterogenní. podle závažnosti, doby nástupu příznaků retinitis pigmentosa a stupně vestibulární dysfunkce se rozlišují 3 typy tohoto syndromu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Usnea: a genus of lichen-forming fungi containing usnic acid and mucilage. usnea barbata is used in herbal medicine
Usnea: rod hub tvořících lišejníky. provazovky obsahují kyselinu usnovou a slizové látky. provazovka vousatá se používá v herbálním lékařství
Ustekinumab: a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to il-12 and il-23 and is used as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of patients with plaque psoriasis who have not responded to other therapies
Ustilaginales: an order of basidiomycetous fungi; some species are parasitic on grasses (poaceae) and maize
Ustilaginales: řád stopkovýtrusých hub. některé druhy parazitují na trávách (poaceae, lipnicovité) a kukuřici
Ustilago: a genus of basidiomycetous smut fungi comprising the loose smuts
Utah: state bounded on the north by idaho and wyoming, on the east by wyoming and colorado, on the south by arizona, and on the west by nevada
Utah: stát na západě spojených států amerických. hraničí na severu s idahem, na severovýchodě s wyomingem, na východě s coloradem, na jihu s arizonou a na západě s nevadou. hlavní město je salt lake city. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Uterine Anomalies: congenital abnormalities of the uterus that include uterus arcuatus and uterus bicornis unicollis. it appears to be a familial disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance. omim: 192000
Uterine Artery: a branch arising from the internal iliac artery in females, that supplies blood to the uterus
Uterine Artery Embolization: the use of embolizing agents to block the arterial blood supply to parts or all of the uterus. the procedures are done to control bleeding or to cause destruction of uterine tissues
Uterine Balloon Tamponade: inflation of a balloon catheter within the uterine cavity to control uterine hemorrhage
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia: abnormal development of immature squamous epithelial cells of the uterine cervix, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical epithelium. these atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial basement membrane
Uterine Cervical Erosion: loss or destruction of the epithelial lining of the uterine cervix
Uterine Cervical Incompetence: incompetent uterine cervix is usually diagnosed in the second trimester of pregnancy. it is characterized by passive painless cervical dilation in the absence of uterine contraction; bleeding; infection; and sometimes with the amniotic sac (amniotic membrane) bulging through the partially dilated cervix. left untreated, this condition may lead to premature pregnancy loss, such as habitual abortion
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the uterine cervix
Uterine Didelphys: an abnormality in which the mullarian ducts do not properly join to form a single uterus during embryological development instead resulting in complete duplication of uterine horns and duplication of the cervix. double uterus is associated with double cervix and vagina and sometimes renal agenesis
Uterine Duplication Anomalies: a group of anomalies in which the uterus is duplicated due to abnormal fusion of the mullerian duct during embryonic development
Uterine Hemorrhage: bleeding from blood vessels in the uterus, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding
Uterine Inertia: failure of the uterus to contract with normal strength, duration, and intervals during childbirth (labor, obstetric). it is also called uterine atony
Uterine Inversion: a complication of obstetric labor in which the corpus of the uterus is forced completely or partially through the uterine cervix. this can occur during the late stages of labor and is associated with immediate postpartum hemorrhage
Uterine Monitoring: measurement or recording of contraction activity of the uterine muscle. it is used to determine progress of labor, obstetric and assess status of pregnancy. it is also used in conjunction with fetal monitoring to determine fetal response to stress of maternal uterine contractions
Uterine Myomectomy: surgical removal of a leiomyoma of the uterus
Uterine Perforation: a hole or break through the wall of the uterus, usually made by the placement of an instrument or intrauterine devices
Uterine Prolapse: downward displacement of the uterus. it is classified in various degrees: in the first degree the uterine cervix is within the vaginal orifice; in the second degree the cervix is outside the orifice; in the third degree the entire uterus is outside the orifice
Uterine Retroversion: a condition in which the uterus is found tilted backward toward the spine. the uterus is more commonly found in a straight vertical or anteverted (tipped forward) position. although retroverted uterus is a normal variant position without symptoms, it is sometimes associated with pain, discomfort and other pregnancy complications
Uterine Rupture: a complete separation or tear in the wall of the uterus with or without expulsion of the fetus. it may be due to injuries, multiple pregnancies, large fetus, previous scarring, or obstruction
Uteroglobin: a steroid-inducible protein that was originally identified in uterine fluid. it is a secreted homodimeric protein with identical 70-amino acid subunits that are joined in an antiparallel orientation by two disulfide bridges. a variety of activities are associated with uteroglobin including the sequestering of hydrophobic ligands and the inhibition of secretory phospholipase a2
Uterus: the hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female pelvis. it consists of the fundus which is the site of embryo implantation and fetal development. beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is cervix uteri (the neck) opening into vagina. beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the fallopian tubes
Utilization Review: an organized procedure carried out through committees to review admissions, duration of stay, professional services furnished, and to evaluate the medical necessity of those services and promote their most efficient use
Utrophin: an autosomally-encoded 376-kda cytoskeletal protein that is similar in structure and function to dystrophin. it is a ubiquitously-expressed protein that plays a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane
Uukuniemi virus: a species in the genus phlebovirus of the family bunyaviridae, infecting vertebrates and vectored by ticks. it has not been associated with human disease though antibodies have been isolated from human sera
Uvaria: a plant genus of the family annonaceae. members contain uvarigrin, uvarigrandin, chamuvaritin and other acetogenins and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids
Uvaria: rod rostlin čeledi annonaceae. zástupci obsahují uvarigrin, uvarigrandin, chamuvaritin a další acetogeniny a benzylisochinolinové alkaloidy