NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Mucopolysaccharidosis VII: mucopolysaccharidosis characterized by excessive dermatan and heparan sulfates in the urine and hurler-like features. it is caused by a deficiency of beta-glucuronidase
Mucoproteins: conjugated proteins in which mucopolysaccharides are combined with proteins. the mucopolysaccharide moiety is the predominant group with the protein making up only a small percentage of the total weight
Mucor: a genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family mucoraceae, order mucorales. it is primarily saprophytic, but may cause mucormycosis in man from spores germinating in the lungs
Mucor: rod zygomycet (spájivých hub), čeledi mucoraceae (plísňovité), řádu mucorales (plísňotvaré). je primárně saprofytický, ale může způsobit mukormykózu orgánů a systémů u oslabeného člověka
Mucorales: an order of zygomycetous fungi, usually saprophytic, causing damage to food in storage, but which may cause respiratory infection or mucormycosis in persons suffering from other debilitating diseases
Mucorales: řád zygomycet (spájivých hub), obvykle saprofytických, způsobujících poškození potravin při skladování (plísně). mohou též způsobit infekce dýchacích cest nebo mukormykózu u osob trpících jinými oslabujícími chorobami
Mucormycosis: infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order mucorales (e.g., rhizopus; mucor; cunninghamella; apophysomyces; absidia; saksenaea and rhizomucor) there are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. in humans, it usually occurs as an opportunistic infection
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Translocation 1 Protein: a caspase-like cysteine endopeptidase that also exhibits ubiquitin ligase activity. it contains an n-terminal death domain, two immunoglobulin-like domains, and localizes to the perinuclear region of monocytes, where it functions in activation of nf-kappa b; it also binds to and activates traf6. chromosomal translocations involving the malt1 and birc2 genes are associated with malt lymphoma, and mutations in the malt1 gene are associated with type 12 immunodeficiency syndromes
Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells: a subset of t-lymphocytes that are present in large numbers at mucous membranes and respond to infections. they express a conserved invariant t-cell receptor alpha-chain that enables them to respond to infections by sensing riboflavin metabolites of pathogens
Mucositis: an inflammation of the mucosa with burning or tingling sensation. it is characterized by atrophy of the squamous epithelium, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. it usually occurs at the mucous lining of the mouth, the gastrointestinal tract or the airway due to chemical irritations, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy (radiotherapy)
Mucous Membrane: an epithelium with mucus-secreting cells, such as goblet cells. it forms the lining of many body cavities, such as the digestive tract, the respiratory tract, and the reproductive tract. mucosa, rich in blood and lymph vessels, comprises an inner epithelium, a middle layer (lamina propria) of loose connective tissue, and an outer layer (muscularis mucosae) of smooth muscle cells that separates the mucosa from submucosa
Mucuna: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that is the source of mucuna gum
Mucuna: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae. vyskytují se v tropech celého světa. některé druhy jsou v tropech pěstovány jako okrasné liány. mukuny se používají jako krmivo a ze semen se připravuje mouka. mají též význam v domorodé medicíně. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Mucus: the viscous secretion of mucous membranes. it contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells
Mud Therapy: the therapeutic use of mud in packs or baths taking advantage of the absorptive qualities of the mud. it has been used for rheumatism and skin problems
Muenke Syndrome: a hereditary autosomal dominant disorder characterized by uni- or bicoronal synostosis (craniosyostoses), macrocephaly, midfacial hypoplasia, and developmental disabilities. other more variable features include thimble-shaped middle phalanges, brachydactyly, carpal/tarsal fusion, and deafness. the phenotype is variable and can range from no detectable clinical manifestations to complex findings. this disorder is caused by a mutation (p250r) in the fgfr3 gene. omim: 602849
Muir-Torre Syndrome: a form of lynch syndrome ii associated with cutaneous sebaceous gland neoplasms. muir-torre syndrome is also associated with other visceral malignant diseases include colorectal, endometrial, urological, and upper gastrointestinal neoplasms
Mulibrey Nanism: growth failure from birth that is due to mutations in a gene (trim37) on chromosome 17q22-q23 which encodes a ring-b-box-coiled-coil protein
Mullerian Ducts: a pair of ducts near the wolffian ducts in a developing embryo. in the male embryo, they degenerate with the appearance of testicular anti-mullerian hormone. in the absence of anti-mullerian hormone, mullerian ducts give rise to the female reproductive tract, including the oviducts; uterus; cervix; and vagina
Mullerian aplasia: congenital abnormality characterized by mullerian duct aplasia, unilateral renal aplasia, and cervicothoracic somite dysplasia (murcs) in female patients; males may exhibit renal and genital abnormalities, as well as azoospermia. patients may also present with middle-ear abnormalities. molecular basis is unknown. omim: 601076
Multi-Ingredient Cold, Flu, and Allergy Medications: a broad category of multi-ingredient preparations that are marketed for the relief of upper respiratory symptoms resulting from the common cold; allergies; or human influenza. while the majority of these medications are available as over-the-counter drugs some of them contain ingredients that require them to be sold as prescription drugs or as behind-the counter drugs
Multi-Institutional Systems: institutional systems consisting of more than one health facility which have cooperative administrative arrangements through merger, affiliation, shared services, or other collective ventures
Multi-centric Castleman's Disease: a rare systemic form of castleman's disease, in contrast to the unicentric form which is localized to a single lymph node. patients often present with nonspecific symptoms, such as fever, fatigue, weight loss, and enlarged lymph nodes. it is associated with increased expression of interleukin-6 and a tendency to develop lymphoma. omim: 148000
MultiCore Flow: consists of bis-gma, urethane dimethacrylate, triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, and ytterbium trifluoride
Multibond: a methyl methacrylate (mma)-based resin cement with self-etching primer
Multicenter Studies as Topic: works about controlled studies which are planned and carried out by several cooperating institutions to assess certain variables and outcomes in specific patient populations, for example, a multicenter study of congenital anomalies in children
Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney: a nongenetic defect due to malformation of the kidney which appears as a bunch of grapes with multiple renal cysts but lacking the normal renal bean shape, and the collection drainage system. this condition can be detected in-utero with ultrasonography
Multicystic renal dysplasia, bilateral: a lethal form of multicystic dysplastic kidney disease that usually presents before birth by ultrasound imaging of the fetus. both kidneys are large due to multiple cysts and non-functional. it is caused by mutations in the tbx18 gene. omim: 143400
Multidetector Computed Tomography: types of spiral computed tomography technology in which multiple slices of data are acquired simultaneously improving the resolution over single slice acquisition technology
Multidimensional Scaling Analysis: a method of providing a visual representation of similarities among a set of data by plotting a map of perceived similarities on a set of vectors in p-dimensional space such that distances among them correspond to a function of the input matrix
Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2: an atp-binding cassette transporters subfamily protein that is localized on the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes, as well as on the apical membrane of epithelial cells of the duodenum, jejunum and proximal renal tubule
Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins: a sequence-related subfamily of atp-binding cassette transporters that actively transport organic substrates. although considered organic anion transporters, a subset of proteins in this family have also been shown to convey drug resistance to neutral organic drugs. their cellular function may have clinical significance for chemotherapy in that they transport a variety of antineoplastic agents. overexpression of proteins in this class by neoplasms is considered a possible mechanism in the development of multidrug resistance (drug resistance, multiple). although similar in function to p-glycoproteins, the proteins in this class share little sequence homology to the atp binding cassette transporter, subfamily b, member 1 family of proteins
Multienzyme Complexes: systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. they may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as mitochondria or ribosomes
Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction: a statistical tool for detecting and modeling gene-gene interactions. it is a non-parametric and model-free approach
Multifactorial Inheritance: a pattern of inheritance of a trait that includes the contributions from more than one gene
Multifocal Choroiditis: a multifocal uveitis syndrome involving the retinal pigment epithelium and capillary layer of the choroid. it is characterized by chronic uveitis and multiple choroid lesions referred to as white dots, blurry vision, floaters, sensitivity to light, blind spots, and eye discomfort
Multifocal Intraocular Lenses: artificially implanted lenses that direct light toward distant and near focal points allowing clear vision for a range of distances
Multifunctional Enzymes: molecules that contain multiple active sites which are used to catalyze more than one enzymatic reaction. proteins in this class generally contain multiple active sites within a single peptide chain and may also contain more than one enzymatically active subunit. they are distinguished from multienzyme complexes in that their subunits are not found as distinct enzymes
Multifunctional Nanoparticles: nanoparticles that are engineered to have two or more physical properties
Multigene Family: a set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal rna, and transfer rna genes. the latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (king & stanfield, a dictionary of genetics, 4th ed)
Multilayer Perceptrons: a feedforward neural network with multiple layers, an input layer, at least three hidden layers, and an output layer, generally used for pattern recognition and classification
Multilevel Analysis: the statistical manipulation of hierarchically and non-hierarchically nested data. it includes clustered data, such as a sample of subjects within a group of schools. prevalent in the social, behavioral sciences, and biomedical sciences, both linear and nonlinear regression models are applied
Multilingualism: the ability to speak, read, or write several languages or many languages with some facility. bilingualism is the most common form. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Multilocus Sequence Typing: direct nucleotide sequencing of gene fragments from multiple housekeeping genes for the purpose of phylogenetic analysis, organism identification, and typing of species, strain, serovar, or other distinguishable phylogenetic level
Multimedia: materials, frequently computer applications, that combine some or all of text, sound, graphics, animation, and video into integrated packages. (thesaurus of eric descriptors, 1994)
Multimodal Imaging: the use of combination of imaging techniques or platforms (e.g., mri scan and pet scan) encompassing aspects of anatomical, functional, or molecular imaging methods
Multiomics: the study of a variety of data sets, such as transcriptome; proteome; metabolome; or microbiome, that are generated from the same biological source, like a cell type or organ, during normal versus diseased states, or other comparable instances
Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging: magnetic resonance imaging technique that combines functional imaging techniques such as diffusion-weighted imaging (dwi), dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging and magnetic spectroscopy. this technique is widely used for active surveillance in prostate cancer imaging
Multiphasic Screening: the simultaneous use of multiple laboratory procedures for the detection of various diseases. these are usually performed on groups of people
Multiple Acyl Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency: an autosomal recessive disorder of fatty acid oxidation, and branched chain amino acids (amino acids, branched-chain); lysine; and choline catabolism, that is due to defects in either subunit of electron transfer flavoprotein or its dehydrogenase, electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ec 1.5.5.1)
Multiple Amputations, Traumatic: the loss of part of, or all of, more than one limb, or other appendages of the body due to injury or disease
Multiple Birth Offspring: the offspring in multiple pregnancies (pregnancy, multiple): twins; triplets; quadruplets; quintuplets; etc
Multiple Carboxylase Deficiency: a deficiency in the activities of biotin-dependent enzymes (propionyl-coa carboxylase, methylcrotonyl-coa carboxylase, and pyruvate carboxylase) due to one of two defects in biotin metabolism. the neonatal form is due to holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency. the late-onset form is due to biotinidase deficiency
Multiple Carboxylase Deficiency, Juvenile-Onset: mutation in the holocarboxylase synthetase gene
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: an acquired disorder characterized by recurrent symptoms, referable to multiple organ systems, occurring in response to demonstrable exposure to many chemically unrelated compounds at doses below those established in the general population to cause harmful effects. (cullen mr. the worker with multiple chemical sensitivities: an overview. occup med 1987;2(4):655-61)
Multiple Chronic Conditions: two or more concurrent chronic physical, mental, or behavioral health problems in an individual
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia: a group of autosomal dominant diseases characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors involving two or more endocrine glands that secrete peptide hormones or amines. these neoplasias are often benign but can be malignant. they are classified by the endocrine glands involved and the degree of aggressiveness. the two major forms are men1 and men2 with gene mutations on chromosome 11 and chromosome 10, respectively
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1: a form of multiple endocrine neoplasia that is characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors in the parathyroid glands, the pituitary gland, and the pancreatic islets. the resulting clinical signs include hyperparathyroidism; hypercalcemia; hyperprolactinemia; cushing disease; gastrinoma; and zollinger-ellison syndrome. this disease is due to loss-of-function of the men1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene (genes, tumor suppressor) on chromosome 11 (locus: 11q13)
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a: a form of multiple endocrine neoplasia characterized by the presence of medullary carcinoma (carcinoma, medullary) of the thyroid gland, and usually with the co-occurrence of pheochromocytoma, producing calcitonin and adrenaline, respectively. less frequently, it can occur with hyperplasia or adenoma of the parathyroid glands. this disease is due to gain-of-function mutations of the men2 gene on chromosome 10 (locus: 10q11.2), also known as the ret proto-oncogene that encodes a receptor protein-tyrosine kinase. it is an autosomal dominant inherited disease
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2b: similar to men2a, it is also caused by mutations of the men2 gene, also known as the ret proto-oncogene. its clinical symptoms include medullary carcinoma (carcinoma, medullary) of thyroid gland and pheochromocytoma of adrenal medulla (50%). unlike men2a, men2b does not involve parathyroid neoplasms. it can be distinguished from men2a by its neural abnormalities such as mucosal neuromas on eyelids; lip; and tongue, and ganglioneuromatosis of gastrointestinal tract leading to megacolon. it is an autosomal dominant inherited disease
Multiple Mitochondrial Dysfunctions Syndrome: severe autosomal recessive disorder of systemic energy metabolism, resulting in weakness, respiratory failure, lack of neurologic development, lactic acidosis, and early death
Multiple Myeloma: a malignancy of mature plasma cells engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. it is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess bence-jones proteins (free monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. other features include anemia; hypercalcemia; and renal insufficiency
Multiple Organ Failure: a progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative
Multiple Pulmonary Nodules: a number of small lung lesions characterized by small round masses of 2- to 3-mm in diameter. they are usually detected by chest ct scans (computed tomography, x-ray). such nodules can be associated with metastases of malignancies inside or outside the lung, benign granulomas, or other lesions
Multiple Sclerosis: an autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. the usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see multiple sclerosis, relapsing-remitting), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see multiple sclerosis, chronic progressive) also occur. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p903)
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive: a form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. if the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. when the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. the term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (from ann neurol 1994;36 suppl:s73-s79; adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting: the most common clinical variant of multiple sclerosis, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see optic neuritis), motor, sensory, or bladder function. acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)
Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency Disease: an inherited metabolic disorder characterized by the intralysosomal accumulation of sulfur-containing lipids (sulfatides) and mucopolysaccharides. excess levels of both substrates are present in urine. this is a disorder of multiple sulfatase (arylsulfatases a, b, and c) deficiency which is caused by the mutation of sulfatase-modifying factor-1. neurological deterioration is rapid
Multiple Synostoses Syndrome 3: aks syns3; associated with mutation in fgf9
Multiple System Atrophy: a syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: striatonigral degeneration; shy-drager syndrome; and the sporadic form of olivopontocerebellar atrophies. clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1076; baillieres clin neurol 1997 apr;6(1):187-204; med clin north am 1999 mar;83(2):381-92)
Multiple pterygium syndrome: multiple pterygium syndromes comprise a group of multiple autosomal recessive congenital anomaly disorders characterized by webbing (pterygia) of the neck, elbows, and/or knees and joint contractures (arthrogryposis). they are traditionally divided into prenatally lethal type (omim: 253290), caused by mutations in the chrna1, chrnd, and chrng genes and characterized by more severe anomalies, malignant hyperthermia, and death in utero or shortly after birth. the non-lethal (escobar) type is milder and caused by mutations in the chrng gene. omim: 265000
Multiple-Instance Learning Algorithms: weakly supervised learning algorithms where training set is arranged in a labeled bag of instances, and a single class label is assigned to a bag
Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction: methods for using more than one primer set in a polymerase chain reaction to amplify more than one segment of the target dna sequence in a single reaction
Multipotent Stem Cells: specialized stem cells that are committed to give rise to cells that have a particular function; examples are myoblasts; myeloid progenitor cells; and skin stem cells. (stem cells: a primer [internet]. bethesda (md): national institutes of health (us); 2000 may [cited 2002 apr 5]. available from: http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/primer.htm)
Multiprotein Complexes: macromolecular complexes formed from the association of defined protein subunits
Multitasking Behavior: simultaneous task performance, or switching between tasks in a concentrated period of time
Multivariate Analysis: a set of techniques used when variation in several variables are studied simultaneously. in statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables
Multivesicular Bodies: endosomes containing intraluminal vesicles which are formed by the inward budding of the endosome membrane. multivesicular bodies (mvbs) may fuse with other organelles such as lysosomes or fuse back with the plasma membrane releasing their contents by exocytosis. the mvb intraluminal vesicles released into the extracellular environment are known as exosomes
Mummies: bodies preserved either by the ancient egyptian technique or due to chance under favorable climatic conditions
Mumps: an acute infectious disease caused by rubulavirus, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Mumps Vaccine: vaccines used to prevent infection by mumps virus. best known is the live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had mumps or been immunized with live mumps vaccine. children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine
Mumps virus: the type species of rubulavirus that causes an acute infectious disease in humans, affecting mainly children. transmission occurs by droplet infection
Munc18 Proteins: a family of proteins involved in intracellular membrane trafficking. they interact with syntaxins and play important roles in vesicular docking and fusion during exocytosis. their name derives from the fact that they are related to unc-18 protein, c elegans
Munchausen Syndrome: a factitious disorder characterized by habitual presentation for hospital treatment of an apparent acute illness, the patient giving a plausible and dramatic history, all of which is false
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: a phenomenon in which symptoms of a disease are fabricated by an individual other than the patient causing unnecessary, and often painful, physical examinations and treatments. this syndrome is considered a form of child abuse, since another individual, usually a parent, is the source of the fabrication of symptoms and presents the child for medical care
Muntjacs: a genus, muntiacus, of the deer family (cervidae) comprising six species living in china, tibet, nepal, india, the malay peninsula, and neighboring island countries. they are usually found in forests and areas of dense vegetation, usually not far from water. they emit a deep barklike sound which gives them the name barking deer. if they sense a predator they will bark for an hour or more. they are hunted for their meat and skins; they thrive in captivity and are found in many zoos. the indian muntjac is believed to have the lowest chromosome number in mammals and cell lines derived from them figure widely in chromosome and dna studies. (from walker's mammals of the world, 5th ed., p1366)
Mupapillomavirus: a genus of dna viruses in the family papillomaviridae, causing cutaneous lesions in humans
Mupapillomavirus: rod dna virů čeledi papillomaviridae, které způsobují kožní léze u člověka
Mupirocin: a topically used antibiotic from a strain of pseudomonas fluorescens. it has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. the antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing
Muramic Acids: compounds consisting of glucosamine and lactate joined by an ether linkage. they occur naturally as n-acetyl derivatives in peptidoglycan, the characteristic polysaccharide composing bacterial cell walls. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Muramidase: a basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. it functions as an antibacterial agent. the enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between n-acetylmuramic acid and n-acetyl-d-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between n-acetyl-d-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. ec 3.2.1.17
Muramoylpentapeptide Carboxypeptidase: enzyme which catalyzes the peptide cross-linking of nascent cell wall; peptidoglycan
Murexide: 5,5'-nitrilodibarbituric acid ammonium derivative. used as an indicator for complexometric titrations
Muridae: a family of the order rodentia containing 250 genera including the two genera mus (mice) and rattus (rats), from which the laboratory inbred strains are developed. the fifteen subfamilies are sigmodontinae (new world mice and rats), cricetinae, spalacinae, myospalacinae, lophiomyinae, arvicolinae, platacanthomyinae, nesomyinae, otomyinae, rhizomyinae, gerbillinae, dendromurinae, cricetomyinae, murinae (old world mice and rats), and hydromyinae
Muridae: velká čeleď hlodavců menší velikosti rozšířených po celém světě. tvoří hlavní část podřádu myšovců, kam kromě myšovitých patří i tarbíkovití (dipodidae), pytlonošovití (geomyidae) a plchovití (myoxidae). obvykle jde o všežravce, méně častěji o výlučné býložravce. u většiny z nich ale převažuje rostlinná potrava. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Murinae: podčeleď hlodavců starého světa čeledi muridae (myšovití)
Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs in mice infected with mouse leukemia viruses (mulv). the syndrome shows striking similarities with human aids and is characterized by lymphadenopathy, profound immunosuppression, enhanced susceptibility to opportunistic infections, and b-cell lymphomas
Murine hepatitis virus: a species of the coronavirus genus causing hepatitis in mice. four strains have been identified as mhv 1, mhv 2, mhv 3, and mhv 4 (also known as mhv-jhm, which is neurotropic and causes disseminated encephalomyelitis with demyelination as well as focal liver necrosis)
Muromegalovirus: a genus of the family herpesviridae, subfamily betaherpesvirinae, causing infection involving several organs in mice and rats. murid herpesvirus is the type species
Muromegalovirus: rod virů čeledi herpesviridae, podčeledi betaherpesvirinae. tyto viry infikují myši a krysy, napadají řadu orgánů jejich těla. typovým druhem je myší herpesvirus
Muromonab-CD3: anti-cd3 monoclonal antibody that exerts immunosuppressive effects by inducing peripheral t-cell depletion and modulation of the t-cell receptor complex (cd3/ti)
Murphy-Bowmann protocol: chemotherapy protocol containing above cpds; used to treat b-cell lymphoma
Murraya: a plant genus of the family rutaceae. members contain murrayanine, koenine, isomahanine, kwangsine, siamenol, murrayafoline a, murrayaquinone a and other cytotoxic carbazolequinones
Murraya: rod rostlin čeledi rutaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují murrayanin, koenin, isomahanin, kwangsin, siamenol, murrayafolin a, murrayachinon a a další cytotoxické karbazolchinony
Musa: a plant genus of the family musaceae, order zingiberales, subclass zingiberidae, class liliopsida
Musaceae: a plant family of the order zingiberales, subclass zingiberidae, class liliopsida best known for banana (musa). the slender false trunk, formed by leaf sheaths of the spirally arranged leaves, may rise to 15 meters (50 feet). there is a crown of large leaves at the top
Muscarine: a toxic alkaloid found in amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the inocybe species. it is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. the specific antidote is atropine
Muscarinic Agonists: drugs that bind to and activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors (receptors, muscarinic). muscarinic agonists are most commonly used when it is desirable to increase smooth muscle tone, especially in the gi tract, urinary bladder and the eye. they may also be used to reduce heart rate
Muscarinic Antagonists: drugs that bind to but do not activate muscarinic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous acetylcholine or exogenous agonists. muscarinic antagonists have widespread effects including actions on the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye, the heart and blood vessels, secretions of the respiratory tract, gi system, and salivary glands, gi motility, urinary bladder tone, and the central nervous system
Muscidae: a family of the order diptera with over 700 species. important species that may be mechanical vectors of disease include musca domesticus (houseflies), musca autumnalis (face fly), stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly), haematobia irritans (horn fly) and fannia spp
Muscidae: čeleď hmyzu řádu diptera zahrnující přes 700 druhů. k významným druhům, které mohou přenášet zárodky nemocí patří moucha domácí (musca domesticus), moucha dobytčí (musca autumnalis), bodalka stájová (stomoxys calcitrans) a bodalka malá (haematobia irritans)
Muscimol: a neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of amanita. it is obtained by decarboxylation of ibotenic acid. muscimol is a potent agonist of gaba-a receptors and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies
Muscle Cells: mature contractile cells, commonly known as myocytes, that form one of three kinds of muscle. the three types of muscle cells are skeletal (muscle fibers, skeletal), cardiac (myocytes, cardiac), and smooth (myocytes, smooth muscle). they are derived from embryonic (precursor) muscle cells called myoblasts
Muscle Contraction: a process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments
Muscle Cramp: a sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. this may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., uremia; hypothyroidism; motor neuron disease; etc.). (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1398)
Muscle Denervation: the resection or removal of the innervation of a muscle or muscle tissue
Muscle Development: developmental events leading to the formation of adult muscular system, which includes differentiation of the various types of muscle cell precursors, migration of myoblasts, activation of myogenesis and development of muscle anchorage
Muscle Fatigue: a state arrived at through prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle. studies in athletes during prolonged submaximal exercise have shown that muscle fatigue increases in almost direct proportion to the rate of muscle glycogen depletion. muscle fatigue in short-term maximal exercise is associated with oxygen lack and an increased level of blood and muscle lactic acid, and an accompanying increase in hydrogen-ion concentration in the exercised muscle
Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch: skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the type ii myosin heavy chain isoforms which have high atpase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment. several fast types have been identified
Muscle Fibers, Skeletal: large, multinucleate single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of skeletal muscle. they consist of myofibrils enclosed within and attached to the sarcolemma. they are derived from the fusion of skeletal myoblasts (myoblasts, skeletal) into a syncytium, followed by differentiation
Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch: skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the type i myosin heavy chain isoforms which have low atpase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment
Muscle Hypertonia: abnormal increase in skeletal or smooth muscle tone. skeletal muscle hypertonicity may be associated with pyramidal tract lesions or basal ganglia diseases
Muscle Hypotonia: a diminution of the skeletal muscle tone marked by a diminished resistance to passive stretching
Muscle Neoplasms: tumors or cancer located in muscle tissue or specific muscles. they are differentiated from neoplasms, muscle tissue which are neoplasms composed of skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscle tissue, such as myosarcoma or leiomyoma
Muscle Proteins: the protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being actins and myosins. more than a dozen accessory proteins exist including troponin; tropomyosin; and dystrophin
Muscle Relaxants, Central: a heterogeneous group of drugs used to produce muscle relaxation, excepting the neuromuscular blocking agents. they have their primary clinical and therapeutic uses in the treatment of muscle spasm and immobility associated with strains, sprains, and injuries of the back and, to a lesser degree, injuries to the neck. they have been used also for the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions that have in common only the presence of skeletal muscle hyperactivity, for example, the muscle spasms that can occur in multiple sclerosis. (from smith and reynard, textbook of pharmacology, 1991, p358)
Muscle Relaxation: that phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position
Muscle Rigidity: continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. when an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. this feature helps to distinguish rigidity from muscle spasticity. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p73)
Muscle Spasticity: a form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper motor neuron disease. resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. spasticity is usually accompanied by hyperreflexia and variable degrees of muscle weakness. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p54)
Muscle Spindles: skeletal muscle structures that function as the mechanoreceptors responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex (reflex, stretch). they are composed of a bundle of encapsulated skeletal muscle fibers, i.e., the intrafusal fibers (nuclear bag 1 fibers, nuclear bag 2 fibers, and nuclear chain fibers) innervated by sensory neurons
Muscle Strength: the amount of force generated by muscle contraction. muscle strength can be measured during isometric, isotonic, or isokinetic contraction, either manually or using a device such as a muscle strength dynamometer
Muscle Strength Dynamometer: a device that measures muscle strength during muscle contraction, such as gripping, pushing, and pulling. it is used to evaluate the health status of muscle in sports medicine or physical therapy
Muscle Stretching Exercises: exercises that stretch the muscle fibers with the aim to increase muscle-tendon flexibility, improve range of motion or musculoskeletal function, and prevent injuries. there are various types of stretching techniques including active, passive (relaxed), static, dynamic (gentle), ballistic (forced), isometric, and others
Muscle Tonus: the state of activity or tension of a muscle beyond that related to its physical properties, that is, its active resistance to stretch. in skeletal muscle, tonus is dependent upon efferent innervation. (stedman, 25th ed)
Muscle Weakness: a vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. the weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (from wyngaarden et al., cecil textbook of medicine, 19th ed, p2251)
Muscle, Skeletal: a subtype of striated muscle, attached by tendons to the skeleton. skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. they are also called voluntary muscles
Muscle, Smooth: unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Muscle, Smooth, Vascular: the nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels
Muscle, Striated: one of two types of muscle in the body, characterized by the array of bands observed under microscope. striated muscles can be divided into two subtypes: the cardiac muscle and the skeletal muscle
Muscular Atrophy: derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal: a group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. diseases in this category include werdnig-hoffmann disease and later onset spinal muscular atrophies of childhood, most of which are hereditary. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1089)
Muscular Diseases: acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle
Muscular Disorders, Atrophic: disorders characterized by an abnormal reduction in muscle volume due to a decrease in the size or number of muscle fibers. atrophy may result from diseases intrinsic to muscle tissue (e.g., muscular dystrophy) or secondary to peripheral nervous system diseases that impair innervation to muscle tissue (e.g., muscular atrophy, spinal)
Muscular Dystrophies: a heterogeneous group of inherited myopathies, characterized by wasting and weakness of the skeletal muscle. they are categorized by the sites of muscle weakness; age of onset; and inheritance patterns
Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle: a heterogenous group of inherited muscular dystrophy that can be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. there are many forms (called lgmds) involving genes encoding muscle membrane proteins such as the sarcoglycan (sarcoglycans) complex that interacts with dystrophin. the disease is characterized by progressing wasting and weakness of the proximal muscles of arms and legs around the hips and shoulders (the pelvic and shoulder girdles)
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal: muscular dystrophy that occurs in vertebrate animals
Muscular Dystrophy, Congenital, 1C: mutation in fkrp
Muscular Dystrophy, Congenital, Due To Integrin Alpha-7 Deficiency: mutations in itga7
Muscular Dystrophy, Congenital, Lmna-Related: mutations in lmna
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne: an x-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize dystrophin, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see myocardial diseases), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1415)
Muscular Dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss: a heterogenous group of inherited muscular dystrophy without the involvement of nervous system. the disease is characterized by muscular atrophy; muscle weakness; contracture of the elbows; achilles tendon; and posterior cervical muscles; with or without cardiac features. there are several inheritance patterns including x-linked (x chromosome), autosomal dominant (for lmna-associated type see autosomal emery-dreifuss muscular dystrophy), and autosomal recessive gene mutations
Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral: an autosomal dominant degenerative muscle disease characterized by slowly progressive weakness of the muscles of the face, upper-arm, and shoulder girdle. the onset of symptoms usually occurs in the first or second decade of life. affected individuals usually present with impairment of upper extremity elevation. this tends to be followed by facial weakness, primarily involving the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi muscles. (neuromuscul disord 1997;7(1):55-62; adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1420)
Muscular Dystrophy, Limb-Girdle, Type 1C: mutation in cav3
Muscular Dystrophy, Limb-Girdle, Type 1D: mutation in dnajb6
Muscular Dystrophy, Limb-Girdle, Type 1E: mutation in dnajb6
Muscular Dystrophy, Limb-Girdle, Type 2I: mutation in fkrp
Muscular Dystrophy, Limb-Girdle, Type 2J: mutation in titin (ttn)
Muscular Dystrophy, Limb-Girdle, Type 2L: mutation in ano5
Muscular Dystrophy, Limb-Girdle, Type 2M: mutation in fktn
Muscular Dystrophy, Oculopharyngeal: an autosomal dominant hereditary disease that presents in late in life and is characterized by dysphagia and progressive ptosis of the eyelids. mutations in the gene for poly(a)-binding protein ii have been associated with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy
Muscular dystrophy congenital, merosin negative: a hereditary, autosomal recessive form of muscular dystrophy characterized by muscle weakness apparent at birth or in the first 6 months of life. patients show hypotonia, poor suck and cry, and delayed motor development; most can never walk independently. most patients also have periventricular white matter abnormalities on neuroimaging, but intellectual disability and/or seizures occur only rarely. mutations in the lama2 gene have been identified. omim: 607855
Musculocutaneous Nerve: a major nerve of the upper extremity. the fibers of the musculocutaneous nerve originate in the lower cervical spinal cord (usually c5 to c7), travel via the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to the upper arm, elbow, and forearm
Musculoskeletal Abnormalities: congenital structural abnormalities and deformities of the musculoskeletal system
Musculoskeletal Development: the morphologic and physiological changes of the muscles, bones (bone and bones), and cartilage of the body, i.e., musculoskeletal system, during the prenatal and postnatal stages of development
Musculoskeletal Diseases: diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively
Musculoskeletal Manipulations: various manipulations of body tissues, muscles and bones by hands or equipment to improve health and circulation, relieve fatigue, promote healing
Musculoskeletal Pain: discomfort stemming from muscles, ligaments, tendons, and bones
Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena: processes and properties of the musculoskeletal system
Musculoskeletal System: the muscles, bones (bone and bones), and cartilage of the body
Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena: properties, and processes of the musculoskeletal system and the nervous system or their parts
Mushroom Bodies: prominent lobed neuropils found in annelida and all arthropods except crustaceans. they are thought to be involved in olfactory learning and memory
Mushroom Poisoning: poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties
Music Therapy: the use of music as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of neurological, mental, or behavioral disorders
Mustard Compounds: strong alkylating and immunosuppressive agents whose biological activity is based on the presence of bis(2-chloroethyl)- groups. although otherwise structurally diverse, the compounds have in common the capacity to contribute alkyl groups to dna. they are generally highly toxic but include among their number many widely used and effective antineoplastic agents
Mustard Gas: severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. it may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. the substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the fourth annual report on carcinogens (ntp-85-002, 1985) (merck, 11th ed)
Mustard Plant: any of several brassica species that are commonly called mustard. brassica juncea is brown or chinese mustard, and brassica nigra is black, brown, or red mustard. the plant is grown both for mustard seed from which oil is extracted or used as spices, and for its greens used as vegetables or animal feed. there is no relationship to mustard compounds. a species from a related genus sinapis alba is white mustard
Mustelidae: a family of terrestrial carnivores with long, slender bodies, long tails, and anal scent glands. they include badgers, weasels, martens, ferrets; minks; wolverines, polecats, and otters
Mustelidae: čeleď suchozemských šelem. mají protáhlé, štíhlé tělo, dlouhý ocas a anální pachové žlázy. patří sem jezevec, lasice, kuna, fretka, norek, rosomák, tchoř a vydra
MutL Protein Homolog 1: eukaryotic homolog of the bacterial mutl dna mismatch repair protein. it heterodimerizes with mismatch repair endonuclease pms2 to form mutl alpha, which is recruited to dna mismatch sites by the muts dna mismatch-binding protein. mutations in the human mlh1 gene are associated with colorectal neoplasms, hereditary nonpolyposis
MutL Proteins: dna repair proteins that include the bacterial mutl protein and its eukaryotic homologs. they consist of a conserved n-terminal region with weak atpase activity, an endonuclease motif, and a c-terminal domain that forms mutl homodimers or heterodimers between mlh1 and the pms1, mismatch repair endonuclease pms2; or mlh3 proteins. these complexes function in dna repair pathways, primarily dna mismatch repair, where mutl/mlh1 and the muts dna mismatch-binding protein are targeted to damaged dna