NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Submandibular Gland: one of two salivary glands in the neck, located in the space bound by the two bellies of the digastric muscle and the angle of the mandible. it discharges through the submandibular duct. the secretory units are predominantly serous although a few mucous alveoli, some with serous demilunes, occur. (stedman, 25th ed)
Submandibular Gland Neoplasms: new abnormal growth of tissue in the submandibular gland
Submarine Medicine: the field of medicine concerned with conditions affecting the health of people in submarines or sealabs
Submitochondrial Particles: the various filaments, granules, tubules or other inclusions within mitochondria
Submucous Plexus: one of two ganglionated neural networks which together form the enteric nervous system. the submucous (meissner's) plexus is in the connective tissue of the submucosa. its neurons innervate the epithelium, blood vessels, endocrine cells, other submucosal ganglia, and myenteric ganglia, and play an important role in regulating ion and water transport. (from faseb j 1989;3:127-38)
Subphrenic Abscess: accumulation of purulent exudates beneath the diaphragm, also known as upper abdominal abscess. it is usually associated with peritonitis or postoperative infections
Subrenal Capsule Assay: in vivo method of screening investigative anticancer drugs and biologic response modifiers for individual cancer patients. fresh tumor tissue is implanted under the kidney capsule of immunocompetent mice or rats; gross and histological assessments follow several days after tumor treatment in situ
Subretinal Fluid: an exudate between the retina and choroid from various sources including the vitreous cavity, subarachnoid space, or abnormal vessels
Substance Abuse Detection: detection of drugs that have been abused, overused, or misused, including legal and illegal drugs. urine screening is the usual method of detection
Substance Abuse Treatment Centers: health facilities providing therapy and/or rehabilitation for substance-dependent individuals. methadone distribution centers are included
Substance Abuse, Intravenous: abuse, overuse, or misuse of a substance by its injection into a vein
Substance Abuse, Oral: abuse, overuse, or misuse of a substance by ingestion
Substance P: an eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. it is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome: physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. the concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug
Substantia Gelatinosa: gelatinous-appearing material in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, consisting chiefly of golgi type ii neurons and some larger nerve cells
Substantia Innominata: tissue in the basal forebrain inferior to the anterior perforated substance, and anterior to the globus pallidus and ansa lenticularis. it contains the basal nucleus of meynert
Substantia Nigra: the black substance in the ventral midbrain or the nucleus of cells containing the black substance. these cells produce dopamine, an important neurotransmitter in regulation of the sensorimotor system and mood. the dark colored melanin is a by-product of dopamine synthesis
Substrate Cycling: a set of opposing, nonequilibrium reactions catalyzed by different enzymes which act simultaneously, with at least one of the reactions driven by atp hydrolysis. the results of the cycle are that atp energy is depleted, heat is produced and no net substrate-to-product conversion is achieved. examples of substrate cycling are cycling of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways and cycling of the triglycerides and fatty acid pathways. rates of substrate cycling may be increased many-fold in association with hypermetabolic states resulting from severe burns, cold exposure, hyperthyroidism, or acute exercise
Substrate Specificity: a characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts
Subthalamic Nucleus: lens-shaped structure on the inner aspect of the internal capsule. the subthalamic nucleus and pathways traversing this region are concerned with the integration of somatic motor function
Subthalamus: a transition zone in the anterior part of the diencephalon interposed between the thalamus, hypothalamus, and tegmentum of the mesencephalon. components of the subthalamus include the subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, nucleus of field h, and the nucleus of ansa lenticularis. the latter contains the entopeduncular nucleus
Subtilisin: a serine endopeptidase isolated from bacillus subtilis. it hydrolyzes proteins with broad specificity for peptide bonds, and a preference for a large uncharged residue in p1. it also hydrolyzes peptide amides. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 3.4.21.62
Subtilisins: a family of serine endopeptidases isolated from bacillus subtilis. ec 3.4.21.-
Subtraction Technique: combination or superimposition of two images for demonstrating differences between them (e.g., radiograph with contrast vs. one without, radionuclide images using different radionuclides, radiograph vs. radionuclide image) and in the preparation of audiovisual materials (e.g., offsetting identical images, coloring of vessels in angiograms)
Subtractive Hybridization Techniques: methods of studying differential gene expression of especially low-abundance, tissue-specific gene transcripts
Subungual exostoses: a rare heterotopic ossification, especially of the great toe. the term 'exostosis' is a misnomer since there is no continuity within the underlying bone. this lesion is unrelated to osteochondroma, which is a true exostosis with continuity to the underlying bone, and is more similar to myositis ossificans. this subungual lesion usually presents as a painful dorsomedial mass, often associated with elevation and ultimately ulceration of the nail plate and bed. occurs most often in patients between 15 and 25 years of age. omim: 603656
Suburban Health Services: health services, public or private, in suburban areas. the services include the promotion of health and the delivery of health care
Suburethral Slings: support structures, made from natural or synthetic materials, that are implanted below the urethra to treat urinary stress incontinence
Succimer: a mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them
Succinate Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase: an electron transport chain complex that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from succinate to cytochrome c. it includes electron transport complex ii and electron transport complex iii
Succinate Dehydrogenase: a flavoprotein containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of succinate to fumarate. in most eukaryotic organisms this enzyme is a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex ii
Succinate-CoA Ligases: enzymes that catalyze the first step leading to the oxidation of succinic acid by the reversible formation of succinyl-coa from succinate and coa with the concomitant cleavage of atp to adp (ec 6.2.1.5) or gtp to gdp (ec 6.2.1.4) and orthophosphate. itaconate can act instead of succinate and itp instead of gtp.ec 6.2.1.-
Succinate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase: an enzyme that plays a role in the glutamate and butanoate metabolism pathways by catalyzing the oxidation of succinate semialdehyde to succinate using nad+ as a coenzyme. deficiency of this enzyme, causes 4-hydroxybutyricaciduria, a rare inborn error in the metabolism of the neurotransmitter 4-aminobutyric acid (gaba)
Succinate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase (NADP+): an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of succinate semialdehyde to succinic acid. it plays a role in the metabolism of glutamate; tyrosine; and butanoate
Succinates: derivatives of succinic acid. included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure
Succinic Acid: a water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. it is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (hawley's condensed chemical dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed, p1851)
Succinic Anhydrides: a subclass of anhydrides with the general structure of dihydrofurandione. they can be substituted on any carbon atom. they modify and inhibit proteins and enzymes and are used in the acylation of amino- and hydroxyl groups
Succinimides: a subclass of imides with the general structure of pyrrolidinedione. they are prepared by the distillation of ammonium succinate. they are sweet-tasting compounds that are used as chemical intermediates and plant growth stimulants
Succinivibrionaceae: a family of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the rumen of sheep and cattle and from human feces. they are chemoorganotrophic and strictly anaerobic
Succinivibrionaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých bakterií izolovaných z bachoru ovcí a skotu a z lidské stolice. jsou chemoorganotrofní a striktně anaerobní
Succinylcholine: a quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. it is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for
Succinyldiaminopimelate Transaminase: a pyridoxal phosphate containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer amino group from n-succinyl-l-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate to 2-oxoglutarate in order to generate n-succinyl-2-l-amino-6-oxoheptanedioate and l-glutamate, respectively
Sucking Behavior: any suction exerted by the mouth; response of the mammalian infant to draw milk from the breast. includes sucking on inanimate objects. not to be used for thumb sucking, which is indexed under fingersucking
Sucrase: digestive enzyme secreted in the intestines. it catalyzes hydrolysis of sucrose to fructose and glucose
Sucrase-Isomaltase Complex: an enzyme complex found in the brush border membranes of the small intestine. it is believed to be an enzyme complex with different catalytic sites. its absence is manifested by an inherited disease called sucrase-isomaltase deficiency
Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, congenital: autosomal recessive mutations in the si gene that cause a deficiency of sucrase-isomaltase. this disrupts the hydrolysis of dietary sucrose and some of the products of starch digestion, which causes osmotic diarrhea when the disaccharide is ingested, because absorption cannot occur until after hydrolysis produces the component monosaccharides. omim: 222900
Sucrose: a nonreducing disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose linked via their anomeric carbons. it is obtained commercially from sugarcane, sugar beet (beta vulgaris), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener
Suction: the removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure
Sudden Infant Death: the abrupt and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant under one year of age, remaining unexplained after a thorough case investigation, including performance of a complete autopsy, examination of the death scene, and review of the clinical history. (pediatr pathol 1991 sep-oct;11(5):677-84)
Sudden Infant Death with Dysgenesis of the Testes Syndrome: mutation in tspyl1
Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy: sudden death in a patient with epilepsy associated with seizures and seizure-related symptoms (e.g., apnea; hypoxemia) without other identifiable accidental causes (e.g., drowning; wounds and injuries)
Sudden unexpected nocturnal death syndrome: right bundle branch block, st segment elevation, and sudden death syndrome
Sudeckův syndrom: sudeckův syndrom, algodystrofický syndrom, syndrom rameno-ruka - komplikace některých úrazů horní končetiny, které se léčí znehybněním. v některých případech se příčina neprokáže. projevuje se bolestmi a zánětlivým postižením ramena (periartritidou) a ruky. v počátcích jsou silné klidové bolesti, omezená pohyblivost, otok, zarudnutí, zvýšené pocení i růst nehtů, později dochází k tuhnutí kloubů a k vzniku kontraktur, atrofií, zkrácení šlach, bolesti postupně mizí, zůstává však výrazné funkční omezení a strukturální změny. na kostech vzniká osteoporóza. léčba by měla začít co nejrychleji, spočívá v rehabilitaci, fyzikální terapii, podávají se protizánětlivé léky, kalcitonin, důležitá je prevence. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Sufentanil: an opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent
Sugammadex: a gamma-cyclodextrin that functions as a reversal agent for the neuromuscular blocker rocuronium bromide
Sugar Acids: monosaccharides and other sugars that contain one or more carboxylic acid moieties
Sugar Alcohol Dehydrogenases: reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of a hydroxyl group of sugar alcohols to form a keto sugar, aldehyde or lactone. any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. includes ec 1.1.1.; ec 1.1.2. and ec 1.1.99
Sugar Alcohols: polyhydric alcohols having no more than one hydroxy group attached to each carbon atom. they are formed by the reduction of the carbonyl group of a sugar to a hydroxyl group. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: liquids or drinks sweetened with added sugars of various forms
Sugars: short chain carbohydrate molecules that have hydroxyl groups attached to each carbon atom unit with the exception of one carbon that has a doubly-bond aldehyde or ketone oxygen. cyclical sugar molecules are formed when the aldehyde or ketone groups respectively form a hemiacetal or hemiketal bond with one of the hydroxyl carbons. the three dimensional structure of the sugar molecule occurs in a vast array of biological and synthetic classes of specialized compounds including amino sugars; carbasugars; deoxy sugars; sugar acids; sugar alcohols; and sugar phosphates
Suicidal Ideation: a risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm
Suicide Prevention: specific strategies for averting suicides. these include mental health promotion and monitoring psychological well-being and other intervention programs targeting susceptible individuals
Suicide, Assisted: provision (by a physician or other health professional, or by a family member or friend) of support and/or means that gives a patient the power to terminate his or her own life. (from apa, thesaurus of psychological index terms, 8th ed)
Suipoxvirus: a genus of the family poxviridae, subfamily chordopoxvirinae, containing one species, swinepox virus
Suipoxvirus: rod poxvirů vyvolávající některá onemocnění u prasat, na člověka se nepřenáší. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2021 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Sulbactam: a beta-lactamase inhibitor with very weak antibacterial action. the compound prevents antibiotic destruction of beta-lactam antibiotics by inhibiting beta-lactamases, thus extending their spectrum activity. combinations of sulbactam with beta-lactam antibiotics have been used successfully for the therapy of infections caused by organisms resistant to the antibiotic alone
Sulfacetamide: an anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections
Sulfachlorpyridazine: a sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine
Sulfadiazine: one of the short-acting sulfonamides used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections
Sulfadimethoxine: a sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent
Sulfadoxine: a long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections
Sulfaguanidine: a sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections
Sulfalene: long-acting plasma-bound sulfonamide used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and also for malaria
Sulfameter: long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections
Sulfamethazine: a sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. it has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides
Sulfamethoxazole: a bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208)
Sulfanilamide: a short-acting sulfonamide used as an anti-infective agent. it has lower anti-bacterial activity than sulfamethoxazole
Sulfanilamides: compounds based on 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide. the '-anil-' part of the name refers to aniline
Sulfanilic Acids: aminobenzenesulfonic acids. organic acids that are used in the manufacture of dyes and organic chemicals and as reagents
Sulfaquinoxaline: an antiprotozoal agent used to combat coccidial infections of swine, cattle, fowl, and other veterinary animals. also used in controlling outbreaks of fowl typhoid and fowl cholera and in treatment of infectious enteritis
Sulfasalazine: a drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see mesalamine) released in the colon. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907)
Sulfatases: a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate esters
Sulfate Adenylyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the activation of sulfate ions by atp to form adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate and pyrophosphate. this reaction constitutes the first enzymatic step in sulfate utilization following the uptake of sulfate. ec 2.7.7.4
Sulfate Transporters: highly conserved families of transmembrane anion transporters that occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. in humans, they are expressed by epithelial cells in a variety of tissues and participate in diverse physiologic functions such as cell motility and regulating the composition and acidity of body fluids. some slc13 family proteins function as sodium ion-coupled co-transporters of sulfate and other anions
Sulfathiazole: a sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. it is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine
Sulfathiazoles: sulfanilamides consisting of a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position of 1,3-thiazole. they are often used as anti-infective agents
Sulfatidosis: a group of inherited metabolic disorders characterized by the intralysosomal accumulation of sulfur-containing lipids (sulfatides), including sulfoglycosphingolipids normally found in the myelin sheath of the brain. these disorders are caused by defective degradative enzymes leading to substrate accumulation (or storage)
Sulfenic Acids: oxy acids of sulfur with the general formula rsoh, where r is an alkyl or aryl group such as ch3. they are often encountered as esters and halides. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Sulfhemoglobinemia: a morbid condition due to the presence of sulfmethemoglobin in the blood. it is marked by persistent cyanosis, but the blood count does not reveal any special abnormality in the blood. it is thought to be caused by the action of hydrogen sulfide absorbed from the intestine. (stedman, 25th ed)
Sulfhydryl Reagents: chemical agents that react with sh groups. this is a chemically diverse group that is used for a variety of purposes. among these are enzyme inhibition, enzyme reactivation or protection, and labelling
Sulfides: chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -s-. the sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties
Sulfinic Acids: any of the monobasic inorganic or organic acids of sulfur with the general formula rso(oh). (from mcgraw hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Sulfinpyrazone: a uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. it lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties
Sulfisoxazole: a short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms
Sulfite Dehydrogenase: an enzyme that catalyzes oxidation of sulfite to sulfate along with the reduction of ferrocytochrome c to ferricytochrome c
Sulfite Oxidase: a molybdenum requiring enzyme that catalyzes the terminal reaction in the oxidative degradation of sulfur amino acids with the formation of a sulfate. a deficiency of sulfite oxidase results in sulfocysteinuria
Sulfite Reductase (Ferredoxin): a ferredoxin-dependent oxidoreductase that is primarily found in plants where it plays an important role in the assimilation of sulfur atoms for the production of cysteine and methionine
Sulfite Reductase (NADPH): a nadph-dependent oxidase that reduces hydrogen sulfite to hydrogen sulfide. it is found in many microoganisms
Sulfite oxidase deficiency: an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the suox gene (sulfite oxidase). findings may include ectopia lentis; eczema; hemiplegia; muscle hypotonia or muscle hypertonia; seizures; ataxia and developmental disabilities. it is characterized by increased urinary sulfite and decreased urinary sulfate and may be lethal in infancy. omim: 272300
Sulfix-60: methacrylate-based bone cement used for the fixation of joint prostheses; contains polymethylmethacrylate, poly(butylmethacrylate, methylmethacrylate); zirconium oxide; barium sulfate & benzoyl peroxide
Sulfobromophthalein: a phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination
Sulfoglycosphingolipids: glycosphingolipids with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups
Sulfolobaceae: a family of sulfolobales consisting of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic chemolithotrophic cocci, usually occurring singly. they grow best at a ph of about 2
Sulfolobaceae: čeleď archeí řádu sulfolobales. patří sem aerobní nebo fakultativně anaerobní chemolitotrofní koky, které se obvykle vyskytují jednotlivě. žijí optimálně při ph 2-3
Sulfolobales: an order of crenarchaeota consisting of aerobic or facultatively aerobic, chemolithotrophic cocci which are extreme thermoacidophiles. they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls
Sulfolobales: řád archeí kmene crenarchaeota. patří sem aerobní nebo fakultativně aerobní koky, které jsou chemolitotrofní a extrémně termoacidofilní. buněčná stěna není tvořena peptidoglykany
Sulfolobus: a genus of aerobic, chemolithotrophic, coccoid archaea whose organisms are thermoacidophilic. its cells are highly irregular in shape, often lobed, but occasionally spherical. it has worldwide distribution with organisms isolated from hot acidic soils and water. sulfur is used as an energy source
Sulfolobus: rod aerobních, chemolitotrofních, termoacidofilních, kokoidních archeí. buňky mají nepravidelný tvar, často laločnatý, někdy kulatý. žijí v kyselých horkých půdách a vodách celého světa. zdrojem energie je síra
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius: a species of aerobic, chemolithotrophic archaea consisting of coccoid cells that utilize sulfur as an energy source. the optimum temperature for growth is 70-75 degrees c. they are isolated from acidic fields
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius: druh aerobních, chemolitotrofních, kokoidních archeí. zdrojem energie je síra. optimální teplota růstu je 70-75 °c. byl izolován z kyselých sirných polí
Sulfolobus solfataricus: a species of thermoacidophilic archaea in the family sulfolobaceae, found in volcanic areas where the temperature is about 80 degrees c and sulfur is present
Sulfolobus solfataricus: druh termoacidofilních archeí čeledi sulfolobaceae. vyskytují se v sirných sopečných oblastech při teplotách okolo 80 °c
Sulfones: organosulfur compounds that contain a sulfonyl functional group attached to two carbon atoms
Sulfonic Acids: inorganic or organic oxy acids of sulfur which contain the rso2(oh) radical
Sulfonium Compounds: sulfur compounds in which the sulfur atom is attached to three organic radicals and an electronegative element or radical
Sulfonylurea Compounds: a class of compounds in which a sulfone functional group is attached to urea
Sulfonylurea Receptors: atp-binding cassette proteins that are highly conserved and widely expressed in nature. they form an integral part of the atp-sensitive potassium channel complex which has two intracellular nucleotide folds that bind to sulfonylureas and their analogs
Sulfotransferases: enzymes which transfer sulfate groups to various acceptor molecules. they are involved in posttranslational sulfation of proteins and sulfate conjugation of exogenous chemicals and bile acids. ec 2.8.2
Sulfoxides: organic compounds that have the general formula r-so-r. they are obtained by oxidation of mercaptans (analogous to the ketones). (from hackh's chemical dictionary, 4th ed)
Sulfur: an element that is a member of the chalcogen family. it has an atomic symbol s, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. it is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine
Sulfur Acids: inorganic or organic acids that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule
Sulfur Compounds: inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule
Sulfur Dioxide: a highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. it is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. it is also an environmental air pollutant
Sulfur Group Transferases: enzymes that catalyze the transfer of sulfur atoms (2.8.1), sulfur groups (2.8.2) or coenzyme a (2.8.3). ec 2.8
Sulfur Hexafluoride: sulfur hexafluoride. an inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants
Sulfur Isotopes: stable sulfur atoms that have the same atomic number as the element sulfur, but differ in atomic weight. s-33, 34, and 36 are stable sulfur isotopes
Sulfur Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of sulfur that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. s 29-31, 35, 37, and 38 are radioactive sulfur isotopes
Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria: a group of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that is able to oxidize acetate completely to carbon dioxide using elemental sulfur as the electron acceptor
Sulfur-Sulfur Bond Isomerases: enzymes that catalyze the transposition of a sulfur-sulfur bond. ec 5.3.4
Sulfuric Acids: inorganic and organic derivatives of sulfuric acid (h2so4). the salts and esters of sulfuric acid are known as sulfates and sulfuric acid esters respectively
Sulfurtransferases: enzymes which transfer sulfur atoms to various acceptor molecules. ec 2.8.1
Sulindac: a sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active nsaid analgesic. specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. this helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects
Suloctidil: a peripheral vasodilator that was formerly used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. it is hepatotoxic and fatalities have occurred. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)
Sulpiride: a dopamine d2-receptor antagonist. it has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Sumatriptan: a serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5ht1 receptors. it is used in the treatment of migraine disorders
Sumikagel: primarily composed of polysodium acrylate; rn given refers to cpd with unknown molecular formula
Sumoylation: a type of post-translational protein modification by small ubiquitin-related modifier proteins (also known as sumo proteins)
Sun Protection Factor: a measure of relative protection provided by sunscreening agents against burns due to ultraviolet (uv) radiation from a light source
Sunburn: an injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. the reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight
Sunflower Oil: oil derived from the seeds of sunflower plant, helianthus
Sunitinib: an indole and pyrrole derivative that inhibits vegfr-2 and pdgfr beta receptor tyrosine kinases. it is used as an antineoplastic agent for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and for treatment of advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Sunscreening Agents: chemical or physical agents that protect the skin from sunburn and erythema by absorbing or blocking ultraviolet radiation
Sunstroke: heat stroke caused by exposure to the sun. it is characterized by dangerously high body temperature; red, hot skin; delusions; convulsions; or coma. it can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly
Suntan: an induced skin pigment (melanin) darkening after exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet rays. the degree of tanning depends on the intensity and duration of uv exposure, and genetic factors
Super Bonder Instant Adhesive: a quick-setting cyanoacrylate ester adhesive for splinting of replanted teeth
Super Corega: contains carboxymethylcellulose, alpha-hydroxy-gamma-hydroxy-poly(oxyethylenes), sodium monophosphate and dicalcium phosphate; a mint-flavored dental adhesive
Super EBA: an endodontic retrofilling material; rn given refers to stailine super eba
Super Enhancers: large clusters of transcriptional enhancers which drive expression of genes that define cell identity
Super Poli-Grip: contains carboxymethylcellulose and high molecular weight synthetic polymer
Super Wernet's: contains carboxymethylcellulose, dicalcium phosphate, sodium phosphate & high molecular weight synthetic polymer
Super-bond: an adhesive resin composed of 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic anhydride (4-meta), methylmethacrylates (mma) and tri-n-butylborane (tbb)
Superantigens: microbial antigens that have in common an extremely potent activating effect on t-cells that bear a specific variable region. superantigens cross-link the variable region with class ii mhc proteins regardless of the peptide binding in the t-cell receptor's pocket. the result is a transient expansion and subsequent death and anergy of the t-cells with the appropriate variable regions
Superconductivity: the ability of an element or metallic alloy to allow the passage of electrons without electrical resistance and expel magnetic fields below a certain threshold temperature called superconducting transition temperature
Superego: the component of the personality associated with ethics, standards, and self-criticism - the conscience. it is derived mainly from identification with parents and parent substitutes
Superfetation: the fertilization of an ovum that takes place when a fetus is already present in the uterus. superfetation results in an unusual pregnancy with fetuses of different ages and sizes developing in utero simultaneously
Superficial Back Muscles: the top layer of the back muscles whose function is to move the scapula. this group of muscles consists of the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor and levator scapulae
Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System: layer between the superficial fat compartment and superficial facial muscles in the head and the neck
Superinfection: a frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. it may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies
Superior Cervical Ganglion: the largest and uppermost of the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia
Superior Colliculi: the anterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies which coordinate the general behavioral orienting responses to visual stimuli, such as whole-body turning, and reaching
Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome: duodenal obstruction by the superior mesenteric artery (mesenteric artery, superior) which travels in the root of the mesentery and crosses over the duodenum. the syndrome is characterized by the dilated proximal duodenum and stomach, bloating, abdominal cramps, and vomiting. often it is observed in patient with body casts after spinal surgery
Superior Olivary Complex: an auditory brainstem structure in the pontine tegmentum and a part of the olivary nucleus complex. it contains several nuclei associated with auditory localization and is a component of ascending and descending auditory pathways
Superior Sagittal Sinus: the long large endothelium-lined venous channel on the top outer surface of the brain. it receives blood from a vein in the nasal cavity, runs backwards, and gradually increases in size as blood drains from veins of the brain and the dura mater. near the lower back of the cranium, the superior sagittal sinus deviates to one side (usually the right) and continues on as one of the transverse sinuses
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: a condition that occurs when the obstruction of the thin-walled superior vena cava interrupts blood flow from the head, upper extremities, and thorax to the right atrium. obstruction can be caused by neoplasms; thrombosis; aneurysm; or external compression. the syndrome is characterized by swelling and/or cyanosis of the face, neck, and upper arms which is called pemberton's sign. classification of svc obstruction is often based on collateral circulation
Supermarkets: self-service retail markets selling groceries, fresh produce, meats and other foods
Superovulation: occurrence or induction of release of more ova than are normally released at the same time in a given species. the term applies to both animals and humans
Superoxide Dismutase: an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxides and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. the enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide
Superoxide Dismutase-1: a superoxide dismutase (sod1) that requires copper and zinc ions for its activity to destroy superoxide free radicals within the cytoplasm. mutations in the sod1 gene are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-1
Superoxides: highly reactive compounds produced when oxygen is reduced by a single electron. in biological systems, they may be generated during the normal catalytic function of a number of enzymes and during the oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin. in living organisms, superoxide dismutase protects the cell from the deleterious effects of superoxides
Superstitions: a belief or practice which lacks adequate basis for proof; an embodiment of fear of the unknown, magic, and ignorance
Supervised Machine Learning: a machine learning paradigm used to make predictions about future instances based on a given set of labeled paired input-output training (sample) data
Supination: applies to movements of the forearm in turning the palm forward or upward. when referring to the foot, a combination of adduction and inversion movements of the foot
Support Vector Machine: supervised machine learning algorithm which learns to assign labels to objects from a set of training examples. examples are learning to recognize fraudulent credit card activity by examining hundreds or thousands of fraudulent and non-fraudulent credit card activity, or learning to make disease diagnosis or prognosis based on automatic classification of microarray gene expression profiles drawn from hundreds or thousands of samples
Suppositories: medicated dosage forms that are designed to be inserted into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body for absorption. generally, the active ingredients are packaged in dosage forms containing fatty bases such as cocoa butter, hydrogenated oil, or glycerogelatin that are solid at room temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature
Suppression, Genetic: mutation process that restores the wild-type phenotype in an organism possessing a mutationally altered genotype. the second suppressor mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (extrachromosomal inheritance)
Suppressor Factors, Immunologic: proteins, protein complexes, or glycoproteins secreted by suppressor t-cells that inhibit either subsequent t-cells, b-cells, or other immunologic phenomena. some of these factors have both histocompatibility (i-j) and antigen-specific domains which may be linked by disulfide bridges. they can be elicited by haptens or other antigens and may be mass-produced by hybridomas or monoclones in the laboratory
Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein: a suppressor of cytokine signaling protein that consists of an n-terminal kinase-inhibitory region, a central sh2 domain, a characteristic c-terminal socs box (a 40-amino acid motif, which functions to recruit e3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes). socs1 functions as a negative regulator of cytokines that signal through the janus kinases-stat 3 transcription factor (jak/stat3) pathway by inhibiting the activity of janus kinases
Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein: a suppressor of cytokine signaling protein that consists of an n-terminal kinase-inhibitory region, a central sh2 domain, a characteristic c-terminal socs box (a 40-amino acid motif, which functions to recruit e3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes). socs3 inhibits cytokine signaling by binding to receptor protein-tyrosine kinases as well as cytokine receptor gp130; erythropoietin receptors; insulin receptor; and the leptin receptor. its functions include suppression of erythropoiesis in the fetal liver
Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins: a family of structurally related proteins that are induced by cytokines and negatively regulate cytokine-mediated signal transduction pathways. socs proteins contain a central sh2 domain and a c-terminal region of homology known as the socs box
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: an ovoid densely packed collection of small cells of the anterior hypothalamus lying close to the midline in a shallow impression of the optic chiasm
Supraglottitis: inflammation of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures including the pharynx; uvula; base of tongue; and aryepiglottic folds. it is usually caused by haemophilus influenzae in children but often by different organisms in adults
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive: a degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; ocular motility disorders (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); dysarthria; swallowing difficulties; and axial dystonia. onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal mesencephalon; subthalamic nucleus; red nucleus; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)
Supraoptic Nucleus: hypothalamic nucleus overlying the beginning of the optic tract
Supratentorial Neoplasms: primary and metastatic (secondary) tumors of the brain located above the tentorium cerebelli, a fold of dura mater separating the cerebellum and brain stem from the cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon (i.e., thalamus and hypothalamus and related structures). in adults, primary neoplasms tend to arise in the supratentorial compartment, whereas in children they occur more frequently in the infratentorial space. clinical manifestations vary with the location of the lesion, but seizures; aphasia; hemianopsia; hemiparesis; and sensory deficits are relatively common features. metastatic supratentorial neoplasms are frequently multiple at the time of presentation
Suprofen: an ibuprofen-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. it inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic
Sural Nerve: a branch of the tibial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to parts of the lower leg and foot
Suramin: a polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. it is used parenterally in the treatment of african trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult onchocerca. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1992, p1643) it has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties
SureFil packable composite: surefil is tradename; contains a mixture of different size particles made from fluoride-infused glass
Surefil SDR Flow: low viscosity time saver used in conjuction with matrix band or the walls of the cavity preparation
Suregada: a plant genus of the family euphorbiaceae that contains gelonin, a ribosome-inactivating protein
Suregada: rod rostlin čeledi euphorbiaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují gelonin (protein inaktivující ribozomy)
Surface Plasmon Resonance: a biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. the refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. when the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. the technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding
Surface Tension: the force acting on the surface of a liquid, tending to minimize the area of the surface. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Surface-Active Agents: agents that modify interfacial tension of water; usually substances that have one lipophilic and one hydrophilic group in the molecule; includes soaps, detergents, emulsifiers, dispersing and wetting agents, and several groups of antiseptics
Surfactant Metabolism Dysfunction, Pulmonary, 1: aka smdp1; mutations in sftpb
Surfactant Metabolism Dysfunction, Pulmonary, 2: aka smdp2; mutations in sftpc
Surfactant Metabolism Dysfunction, Pulmonary, 3: aka smdp3; mutations in abca3
Surfactant Metabolism Dysfunction, Pulmonary, 4: mutation in csf2ra
Surge Capacity: a health care system's ability to rapidly mobilize to meet an increased demand, to rapidly expand beyond normal services levels to meet the increased demand in the event of large-scale disasters or public health emergencies
Surgery Department, Hospital: hospital department which administers all departmental functions and the provision of surgical diagnostic and therapeutic services
Surgery, Computer-Assisted: surgical procedures conducted with the aid of computers. used in various types of surgery for implant placement and instrument guidance. image-guided surgery interactively combines prior ct scans or mri images with real-time video
Surgery, Oral: a dental specialty concerned with the diagnosis and surgical treatment of disease, injuries, and defects of the human oral and maxillofacial region
Surgery, Plastic: the branch of surgery concerned with restoration, reconstruction, or improvement of defective, damaged, or missing structures
Surgery, Veterinary: a board-certified specialty of veterinary medicine, requiring at least four years of special education, training, and practice of veterinary surgery after graduation from veterinary school. in the written, oral, and practical examinations candidates may choose either large or small animal surgery. (from avma directory, 43d ed, p278)
Surgical Attire: sterile clothing worn during surgical procedures to protect the surgical site from sources of contamination
Surgical Clearance: process of evaluating the health of a patient and determining if they are healthy enough for surgery
Surgical Drapes: sterile fabric or fabric-like material used to isolate the surgical site from the rest of the body and other possible sources of contamination
Surgical Equipment: nonexpendable apparatus used during surgical procedures. they are differentiated from surgical instruments, usually hand-held and used in the immediate operative field
Surgical Fixation Devices: devices used to hold tissue structures together for repair, reconstruction or to close wounds. they may consist of adsorbable or non-adsorbable, natural or synthetic materials. they include tissue adhesives, skin tape, sutures, buttons, staples, clips, screws, etc., each designed to conform to various tissue geometries
Surgical Flaps: tongues of skin and subcutaneous tissue, sometimes including muscle, cut away from the underlying parts but often still attached at one end. they retain their own microvasculature which is also transferred to the new site. they are often used in plastic surgery for filling a defect in a neighboring region
Surgical Instruments: hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks
Surgical Mesh: any woven or knit material of open texture used in surgery for the repair, reconstruction, or substitution of tissue. the mesh is usually a synthetic fabric made of various polymers. it is occasionally made of metal
Surgical Navigation Systems: hardware and software tools that coordinate the use of imaging data (image interpretation, computer assisted) to provide measurements for the planning of surgery and guidance of instruments during operating procedures in computer-assisted surgery
Surgical Procedures, Colorectal: surgeries on the the colon; rectum; and anal canal
Surgical Procedures, Operative: operations carried out for the correction of deformities and defects, repair of injuries, and diagnosis and cure of certain diseases. (taber, 18th ed.)
Surgical Sponges: gauze material used to absorb body fluids during surgery. referred to as gossypiboma if accidentally retained in the body following surgery
Surgical Staplers: fastening devices composed of steel-tantalum alloys used to close operative wounds, especially of the skin, which minimizes infection by not introducing a foreign body that would connect external and internal regions of the body. (from segen, current med talk, 1995)
Surgical Stapling: a technique of closing incisions and wounds, or of joining and connecting tissues, in which staples are used as sutures
Surgical Stomas: artificial openings created by a surgeon for therapeutic reasons. most often this refers to openings from the gastrointestinal tract through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body. it can also refer to the two ends of a surgical anastomosis
Surgical Tape: a flat, flexible strip of material used to cover or fasten together damaged tissue
Surgical Wound Dehiscence: pathologic process consisting of a partial or complete disruption of the layers of a surgical wound
Surgically-Created Structures: organs or parts of organs surgically formed from nearby tissue to function as substitutes for diseased or surgically removed tissue
Surgicenters: facilities designed to serve patients who require surgical treatment exceeding the capabilities of usual physician's office yet not of such proportion as to require hospitalization
Surinam: přímořský stát v jižní americe při pobřeží atlantského oceánu. jeho sousedy jsou brazílie, francouzská guyana a guyana. téměř polovina obyvatelstva země žije v hlavním městě paramaribu. převážnou část vnitrozemí vyplňují pralesy a savany. jde o nejmenší suverénní stát v jižní americe. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)