NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Influenza A Virus, H5N6 Subtype: a subtype of influenza a virus comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 6. the h5n6 subtype, frequently referred to as the bird flu virus, is endemic in wild birds and very contagious among both domestic (poultry) and wild birds. h5n6 does not usually infect humans, but some cases have been reported with high mortality rate similar to another highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5) virus h5n1 avian influenza virus
Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype: a subtype of influenza a virus that is highly virulent in poultry and wild birds, but shows varying degrees of pathogenicity in mice. the h5n8 virus subtype has a polybasic amino acid motif at the ha cleavage site which explains its pathogenicity in birds, and expresses surface proteins hemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 8 which are typical of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses
Influenza A Virus, H7N1 Subtype: a subtype of influenza a virus comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 7 and neuraminidase 1. this subtype has demonstrated the ability to mutate from a low pathogenic form to a highly pathogenic form in birds. it was responsible for a 1999 outbreak in turkeys in italy
Influenza A Virus, H7N2 Subtype: a subtype of influenza a virus comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 7 and neuraminidase 2. it has been involved in a number of outbreaks in the 21st century on poultry farms and has been isolated a few times in humans
Influenza A Virus, H7N3 Subtype: a subtype of influenza a virus comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 7 and neuraminidase 3. it was first detected in turkeys in britain in 1963 and there have been several outbreaks on poultry farms since that time
Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype: a subtype of influenza a virus comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 7 and neuraminidase 7. the h7n7 subtype produced an epidemic in 2003 which was highly pathogenic among domestic birds (poultry). some infections in humans were reported
Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype: a subtype of influenza a virus with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 7 and neuraminidase 9. this avian origin virus was first identified in humans in 2013
Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype: a subtype of influenza a virus comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 9 and neuraminidase 2. the h9n2 subtype usually infects domestic birds (poultry) but there have been some human infections reported
Influenza A virus: the type species of the genus alphainfluenzavirus that causes influenza and other diseases in humans and animals. antigenic variation occurs frequently between strains, allowing classification into subtypes and variants. transmission is usually by aerosol (human and most non-aquatic hosts) or waterborne (ducks). infected birds shed the virus in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces
Influenza B virus: species of the genus betainfluenzavirus that cause human influenza and other diseases primarily in humans. antigenic variation is less extensive than in type a viruses (influenza a virus) and consequently there is no basis for distinct subtypes or variants. epidemics are less likely than with influenza a virus and there have been no pandemics. previously only found in humans, influenza b virus has been isolated from seals which may constitute the animal reservoir from which humans are exposed
Influenza B virus (B-Austria-1359417-2021): also known as influenza b virus (b/austria/1359417/2021)
Influenza B virus (B-Panama-45-1990): also known as influenza b virus (b/panama/45/1990)
Influenza B virus (B-Yamagata-16-1988): also known as influenza b virus (b/yamagata/16/1988)
Influenza B virus (STRAIN B-VICTORIA-87): also known as influenza b virus (strain b/victoria/87)
Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919: the influenza outbreaks of 1918 to 1919 also known as spanish flu pandemic. first reported in haskell county in kansas in march of 1918 the disease spread throughout the world and may have killed as many as 25 million people
Influenza Vaccines: vaccines used to prevent infection by viruses in the family orthomyxoviridae. it includes both killed and attenuated vaccines. the composition of the vaccines is changed each year in response to antigenic shifts and changes in prevalence of influenza virus strains. the flu vaccines may be mono- or multi-valent, which contains one or more alphainfluenzavirus and betainfluenzavirus strains
Influenza in Birds: infection of domestic and wild fowl and other birds with influenza a virus. avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic poultry
Influenza, Human: an acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. it is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa; the pharynx; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia
Influenzavirus C: rod virů čeledi orthomyxoviridae. jsou podobné typům a a b, ale jsou méně časté, jsou stabilnější, mají větší homogenitu a netvoří neuraminidázu. mohou vyvolat mírnou formu chřipky, ale ne epidemii. typovým druhem je virus chřipky c
Infodemic: typically refers to a rapid and far-reaching spread of both accurate and inaccurate information about something, such as a disease. as facts, rumors, and fears mix and disperse, it becomes difficult to learn essential information about an issue. (from merriam webster dictionary)
Infodemiology: the study of determinants and distribution of health information and misinformation in electronic media to inform public heath and public policy in the prevention, detection, and management of infodemics
Informal Sector: a component of the private sector characterized by ease of entry; reliance on indigenous resources; family ownership; small scale operations; skills acquired outside of the formal sector; and unregulated markets
Informatics: the field of information science concerned with the analysis and dissemination of data through the application of computers
Information Avoidance: choosing to not obtain knowledge even if having the information could be to one's benefit
Information Centers: facilities for collecting and organizing information. they may be specialized by subject field, type of source material, persons served, location, or type of services
Information Literacy: the ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, and use the needed information effectively
Information Management: management of the acquisition, organization, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of information. (from thesaurus of eric descriptors, 1994)
Information Motivation Behavioral Skills Model: a model for understanding patient behaviors, recognizes three constructs-information, motivation, and behavioral skills-needed to engage in a given health behavior, as specific individual determinants of behavior and behavioral change (fisher & fisher; norton, 2009)
Information Science: the field of knowledge, theory, and technology dealing with the collection of facts and figures, and the processes and methods involved in their manipulation, storage, dissemination, publication, and retrieval. it includes the fields of communication; publishing; library science; and informatics
Information Seeking Behavior: how information is gathered in personal, academic or work environments and the resources used
Information Services: organized services to provide information on any questions an individual might have using databases and other sources. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Information Storage and Retrieval: organized activities related to the storage, location, search, and retrieval of information
Information Systems: integrated set of files, procedures, and equipment for the storage, manipulation, and retrieval of information
Information Technology: interconnected system that is used in the automatic acquisition, storage, manipulation, movement, control, display, interchange, transmission, routing or reception of data or information, including computers, ancillary equipment, system software, support services, and related resources. (nal agricultural thesaurus)
Information Theory: an interdisciplinary study dealing with the transmission of messages or signals, or the communication of information. information theory does not directly deal with meaning or content, but with physical representations that have meaning or content. it overlaps considerably with communication theory and cybernetics
Informed Consent: voluntary authorization, by a patient or research subject, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures, and for medical and surgical treatment
Informed Consent By Minors: voluntary authorization by a person not of usual legal age for diagnostic or investigative procedures, or for medical and surgical treatment. (from english a, shaw fe, mccauley mm, fishbein db pediatrics 121:suppl jan 2008 pp s85-7)
Infrared Rays: that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum usually sensed as heat. infrared wavelengths are longer than those of visible light, extending into the microwave frequencies. they are used therapeutically as heat, and also to warm food in restaurants
Infratemporal Fossa: the compartment that lies posterior to the maxilla and inferior to the side wall of the skull deep to the ramus of the mandible. it contains several facial nerves and the carotid arteries and the jugular veins
Infratentorial Neoplasms: intracranial tumors originating in the region of the brain inferior to the tentorium cerebelli, which contains the cerebellum, fourth ventricle; cerebellopontine angle; brain stem, and related structures. primary tumors of this region are more frequent in children, and may present with ataxia; cranial nerve diseases; vomiting; headache; hydrocephalus; or other signs of neurologic dysfunction. relatively frequent histologic subtypes include teratoma; medulloblastoma; glioblastoma; astrocytoma; ependymoma; craniopharyngioma; and choroid plexus papilloma (papilloma, choroid plexus)
Infusion Pumps: fluid propulsion systems driven mechanically, electrically, or osmotically that are used to inject (or infuse) over time agents into a patient or experimental animal; used routinely in hospitals to maintain a patent intravenous line, to administer antineoplastic agents and other drugs in thromboembolism, heart disease, diabetes mellitus (insulin infusion systems is also available), and other disorders
Infusion Pumps, Implantable: implanted fluid propulsion systems with self-contained power source for providing long-term controlled-rate delivery of drugs such as chemotherapeutic agents or analgesics. delivery rate may be externally controlled or osmotically or peristatically controlled with the aid of transcutaneous monitoring
Infusions, Intra-Arterial: regional infusion of drugs via an arterial catheter. often a pump is used to impel the drug through the catheter. used in therapy of cancer, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, infection, and peripheral vascular disease
Infusions, Intralesional: the administration of medication or fluid directly into localized lesions, by means of gravity flow or infusion pumps
Infusions, Intraosseous: the administration of medication or fluid through a needle directly into the bone marrow. the technique is especially useful in the management of pediatric emergencies when intravenous access to the systemic circulation is difficult
Infusions, Intravenous: the long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it
Infusions, Intraventricular: the delivery of a drug into a fluid-filled cavity of the brain
Infusions, Parenteral: the administration of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through some other route than the alimentary canal, usually over minutes or hours, either by gravity flow or often by infusion pumping
Infusions, Spinal: the administration of medication by insertion of a tiny needle or catheter into the spinal sac or epidural cavity
Infusions, Subcutaneous: the administration of liquid medication or nutrients under the skin, usually over minutes or hours
Inguinal Canal: the tunnel in the lower anterior abdominal wall through which the spermatic cord, in the male; round ligament, in the female; nerves; and vessels pass. its internal end is at the deep inguinal ring and its external end is at the superficial inguinal ring
Inhalant Abuse: illicit use of chemicals and products whose vapors can be inhaled to produce a rapid mind-altering effect. inhalants include aerosols, gases, and volatile solvents that are often inhaled repeatedly to achieve the short-lived intoxicating effect
Inhalation Exposure: the exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents by inhaling them
Inhalation Spacers: a variety of devices used in conjunction with metered dose inhalers. their purpose is to hold the released medication for inhalation and make it easy for the patients to inhale the metered dose of medication into their lungs
Inhalation anthrax: respiratory tract infections caused by the inhalation of bacillus anthracis spores
Inheritance Patterns: the different ways genes and their alleles interact during the transmission of genetic traits that effect the outcome of gene expression
Inherited Peripheral Neuropathy: peripheral nervous system diseases such as charcot-marie-tooth disease that are caused by heritable genetic mutations
Inhibin-beta Subunits: they are glycopeptides and subunits in inhibins and activins. inhibins and activins belong to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily
Inhibins: glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary follicle stimulating hormone secretion. inhibins are secreted by the sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. inhibins and activins are modulators of follicle stimulating hormone secretions; both groups belong to the tgf-beta superfamily, as the transforming growth factor beta. inhibins consist of a disulfide-linked heterodimer with a unique alpha linked to either a beta a or a beta b subunit to form inhibin a or inhibin b, respectively
Inhibition, Psychological: the interference with or prevention of a behavioral or verbal response even though the stimulus for that response is present; in psychoanalysis the unconscious restraining of an instinctual process
Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins: a conserved class of proteins that control apoptosis in both vertebrates and invertebrates. iap proteins interact with and inhibit caspases, and they function as anti-apoptotic proteins. the protein class is defined by an approximately 80-amino acid motif called the baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat; some members have ubiquitin-protein ligase activity
Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1: a helix-loop-helix motif-containing negative regulator of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that blocks activation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16 and is de-regulated in a variety of neoplasms
Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2: a negative regulator of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. it plays a role in regulating immunoglobulin e expression
Inhibitor of Differentiation Proteins: inhibitor of differentiation proteins are negative regulators of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. they inhibit cell differentiation and induce cell proliferation by modulating different cell cycle regulators
Inhibitor of Growth Protein 1: a nuclear protein and tumor suppressor that contains a c-terminal phd zinc finger. it is expressed in different isoforms in various tissues and interacts with tumor suppressor protein p53 to negatively regulate cell growth. reduced expression and chromosomal rearrangements of the ing1 gene are associated with different cancers including head and neck neoplasms
Inhibitory Concentration 50: the concentration of a compound needed to reduce population growth of organisms, including eukaryotic cells, by 50% in vitro. though often expressed to denote in vitro antibacterial activity, it is also used as a benchmark for cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cells in culture
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials: hyperpolarization of membrane potentials at the synaptic membranes of target neurons during neurotransmission. they are local changes which diminish responsiveness to excitatory signals
Injection Site Reaction: adverse reactions that occur initially at the site of injection or infusion. milder type is confined to a local allergic flare reaction. a more severe reaction is caused by extravasation of vesicants from the blood vessel at the site of injection and can cause damage to the surrounding tissue. in tumor flare reaction symptoms involve well beyond the injection site such as an increase in the tumor size and tumor markers levels, bone pain, and hypercalcemia
Injection, Intratympanic: the administration of liquid substances into the tympanic cavity with a hypodermic syringe
Injections, Epidural: the injection of drugs, most often analgesics, into the spinal canal without puncturing the dura mater
Injections, Intradermal: the forcing into the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle, piercing the top skin layer
Injections, Intralymphatic: injections into the lymph nodes or the lymphatic system
Injections, Intramuscular: forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it
Injections, Intraocular: the administration of substances into the eye with a hypodermic syringe
Injections, Intraperitoneal: forceful administration into the peritoneal cavity of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the abdominal wall
Injections, Intravenous: injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes
Injections, Jet: the injection of solutions into the skin by compressed air devices so that only the solution pierces the skin
Injections, Spinal: introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe
Injections, Subcutaneous: forceful administration under the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the skin
Injury Severity Score: an anatomic severity scale based on the abbreviated injury scale (ais) and developed specifically to score multiple traumatic injuries. it has been used as a predictor of mortality
Ink: pigmented or colored fluid used for writing, staining, painting, drawing, printing, or copying images
Ink Blot Tests: projective tests utilizing ink blots to which a subject responds. they are used in personality diagnosis
Inlay Casting Wax: a mixture of several dental waxes, usually containing paraffin wax, ceresin, beeswax, resins, and other natural and synthetic waxes. it is used for making patterns to determine the shape of the metallic framework and other parts of removable partial dentures. (from jablonski's dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p868)
Inlays: restorations of metal, porcelain, or plastic made to fit a cavity preparation, then cemented into the tooth. onlays are restorations which fit into cavity preparations and overlay the occlusal surface of a tooth or teeth. onlays are retained by frictional or mechanical factors
Innate Immunity Recognition: innate immunity systems which recognize presence of pathogens either through detection of damages associated with pathogen effector, e.g., pathogenic toxins and pore formation (effector triggered immunity) or though detection of molecular patterns common to many types of microbes (pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules) through pattern recognition receptors
Inonotus: a genus of fungi in the family hymenochaetaceae, order hymenochaetales, and phylum basidiomycota. inonotus fungi are basidiomycetes and include medicinal mushrooms such as chaga mushroom (inonotus obliquus)
Inonotus: rod stopkovýtrusných hub čeledi hymenochaetaceae, řádu hymenochaetales. jsou to dřevokazné houby, některé se používají v lidovém léčitelství, např. rezavec šikmý (inonotus obliquus), známý také pod označením sibiřská čaga. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2021 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Inorganic Chemicals: a broad class of substances encompassing all those that do not include carbon and its derivatives as their principal elements. however, carbides, carbonates, cyanides, cyanates, and carbon disulfide are included in this class
Inorganic Pyrophosphatase: an enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of diphosphate (diphosphates) into inorganic phosphate. the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate is coupled to the transport of hydrogen ions across a membrane
Inosine: a purine nucleoside that has hypoxanthine linked by the n9 nitrogen to the c1 carbon of ribose. it is an intermediate in the degradation of purines and purine nucleosides to uric acid and in pathways of purine salvage. it also occurs in the anticodon of certain transfer rna molecules. (dorland, 28th ed)
Inosine Diphosphate: an inosine nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to c5 of the sugar moiety
Inosine Monophosphate: inosine 5'-monophosphate. a purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety
Inosine Pranobex: an alkylamino-alcohol complex of inosine used in the treatment of a variety of viral infections. unlike other antiviral agents, it acts by modifying or stimulating cell-mediated immune processes rather than acting on the virus directly
Inosine Triphosphatase: a pyrophosphatase that catalyzes the conversion of inosine triphosphate and deoxy-inosine triphosphate to inosine monophosphate and deoxy-inosine monophosphate, respectively
Inosine Triphosphate: inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). an inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. synonym: irppp
Inositol: an isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a b vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase c on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. these calcium ions stimulate the activity of b kinase or calmodulin
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors: intracellular receptors that bind to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and play an important role in its intracellular signaling. inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors are calcium channels that release calcium in response to increased levels of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in the cytoplasm
Inositol Oxygenase: a non-heme iron enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of myoinositol to d-glucuronic acid. the reaction is the first committed step in myoinositol catabolic pathway. this enzyme was formerly characterized as ec 1.13.1.11 and 1.99.2.6
Inositol Phosphates: phosphoric acid esters of inositol. they include mono- and polyphosphoric acid esters, with the exception of inositol hexaphosphate which is phytic acid
Inositol Polyphosphate 5-Phosphatases: phosphoinositide phosphatases that catalyze the removal of the 5' phosphate from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate or myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, resulting in inositol 1,4-bisphosphate and phosphate. they have important functions in the metabolism of inositol phosphates and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate signaling pathways such as calcium signaling
Inotuzumab Ozogamicin: immunotoxin that consists of anti-cd22 (cd22 antigen) humanized monoclonal antibody covalently linked to the antineoplastic antibiotic calicheamicin. it is used for the treatment of adults with relapsed or refractory b-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (leukemia, acute lymphoblastic)
Inoviridae: a family of rod-shaped or filamentous bacteriophages consisting of single-stranded dna. there are two genera: inovirus and plectrovirus
Inoviridae: čeleď tyčinkovitých nebo vláknitých bakteriofágů. jejich virion obsahuje jednořetězcovou dna. patří sem rody inovirus a plectrovirus
Inovirus: a genus of filamentous bacteriophages of the family inoviridae. organisms of this genus infect enterobacteria, pseudomonas; vibrio; and xanthomonas
Inovirus: rod vláknitých bakteriofágů čeledi inoviridae. tyto organismy infikují enterobakterie rodů pseudomonas, vibrio a xanthomonas
Inpatients: persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment
Insadol: extract of unsaponifiable fraction of zea mays l.; used for treatment of parodontopathies
Insanity Defense: a legal concept that an accused is not criminally responsible if, at the time of committing the act, the person was laboring under such a defect of reason from disease of the mind as not to know the nature and quality of the act done or if the act was known, to not have known that what was done was wrong. (from black's law dictionary, 6th ed)
Insect Control: the reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects through chemical, biological, or other means
Insect Hormones: hormones secreted by insects. they influence their growth and development. also synthetic substances that act like insect hormones
Insect Repellents: substances causing insects to turn away from them or reject them as food
Insect Vectors: insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host
Insect Viruses: viruses infecting insects, the largest family being baculoviridae
Insecta: members of the phylum arthropoda composed or organisms characterized by division into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. they are the dominant group of animals on earth with several hundred thousand different kinds. three orders, hemiptera; diptera; and siphonaptera; are of medical interest in that they cause disease in humans and animals. (from borror et al., an introduction to the study of insects, 4th ed, p1)
Insecticide-Treated Bednets: lightweight meshwork fabric made of cotton, silk, polyester, nylon (polyamides), or other material impregnated with insecticide, having openings too small to allow entry of mosquitoes or other insects, thereby offering protection against insect bite and insect-borne diseases
Insecticides: pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. the insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics
Insemination: the deposit of semen or spermatozoa into the vagina to facilitate fertilization
Insemination, Artificial: artificial introduction of semen or spermatozoa into the vagina to facilitate fertilization
Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous: human artificial insemination in which the semen used is that of a man other than the woman's husband
Insemination, Artificial, Homologous: human artificial insemination in which the husband's semen is used
Inservice Training: on the job training programs for personnel carried out within an institution or agency. it includes orientation programs
Insomnia, Fatal Familial: an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by degeneration of the thalamus and progressive insomnia. it is caused by a mutation in the prion protein (prions)
Inspiratory Capacity: the maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration. it is the sum of the tidal volume and the inspiratory reserve volume. common abbreviation is ic
Inspiratory Reserve Volume: the extra volume of air that can be inspired with maximal effort after reaching the end of a normal, quiet inspiration. common abbreviation is irv
Instillation, Drug: the administration of therapeutic agents drop by drop, as eye drops, ear drops, or nose drops. it is also administered into a body space or cavity through a catheter. it differs from therapeutic irrigation in that the irrigate is removed within minutes, but the instillate is left in place
Instinct: stereotyped patterns of response, characteristic of a given species, that have been phylogenetically adapted to a specific type of situation
Institutional Management Teams: administrator-selected management groups who are responsible for making decisions pertaining to the provision of integrated direction for various institutional functions
Institutionalization: the caring for individuals in institutions and their adaptation to routines characteristic of the institutional environment, and/or their loss of adaptation to life outside the institution
Instructional Film and Video: works consisting of nonfiction films and video designed to teach, instruct, or train. (from moving image materials: genre terms, 1988)
Insufflation: the act of blowing a powder, vapor, or gas into any body cavity for experimental, diagnostic, or therapeutic purposes
Insular Cortex: a pyramidal shaped region of cerebral cortex located deep below the lateral fissure in primates. it is surrounded by the superior temporal gyrus, the rostral parietal lobe, the inferior frontal gyrus and the orbital gyri. it is the primary gustatory cortex and is involved in sensorimotor and somatosensory as well as socioemotional functions
Insulator Elements: nucleic acid regulatory sequences that limit or oppose the action of enhancer elements and define the boundary between differentially regulated gene loci
Insulin: a 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (glycogenolysis; gluconeogenesis) and indirectly by suppressing glucagon secretion and lipolysis. native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. each insulin monomer containing two chains, a (21 residues) and b (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (diabetes mellitus, type 1)
Insulin Antagonists: compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or action of insulin
Insulin Aspart: insulin that has been modified to contain an aspartic acid instead of a proline at position 38 of the b-chain
Insulin Coma: severe hypoglycemia induced by a large dose of exogenous insulin resulting in a coma or profound state of unconsciousness from which the individual cannot be aroused
Insulin Detemir: a recombinant long-acting insulin and hypoglycemic agent in which a myristic acid is conjugated to a lysine at position b29. it is used to manage blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus
Insulin Glargine: a recombinant long acting insulin and hypoglycemic agent that is used to manage blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus
Insulin Infusion Systems: portable or implantable devices for infusion of insulin. includes open-loop systems which may be patient-operated or controlled by a pre-set program and are designed for constant delivery of small quantities of insulin, increased during food ingestion, and closed-loop systems which deliver quantities of insulin automatically based on an electronic glucose sensor
Insulin Lispro: insulin that has been modified so that the b-chain contains a lysine at position 28 instead of a proline and a proline at position 29 instead of a lysine. it is used to manage blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes
Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins: a structurally-related group of signaling proteins that are phosphorylated by the insulin receptor protein-tyrosine kinase. the proteins share an n-terminal pleckstrin homology domain, a phosphotyrosine-binding domain that interacts with the phosphorylated insulin receptor, and a c-terminal tyrosine-rich domain. upon tyrosine phosphorylation, insulin receptor substrate proteins interact with specific sh2 domain containing proteins that are involved in insulin receptor signaling
Insulin Resistance: diminished effectiveness of insulin in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent hyperglycemia or ketosis
Insulin Secretagogues: hypoglycemic agents that stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta cell to decrease postprandial blood glucose
Insulin Secretion: production and release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells that primarily occurs in response to elevated blood glucose levels
Insulin, Isophane: an intermediate-acting insulin preparation with onset time of 2 hours and duration of 24 hours. it is produced by crystallizing zinc-insulin-protamines at neutral ph 7. thus it is called neutral protamine hagedorn for inventor hans christian hagedorn
Insulin, Lente: an insulin, zinc chloride preparation in the form of a suspension of crystals and amorphous material in a ratio of approximately 7:3. typically, lente insulin has a duration of activity that lasts between 13-20 hours after dosage
Insulin, Long-Acting: insulin formulations that contain substances that retard absorption thus extending the time period of action
Insulin, Regular, Pork: regular insulin preparations that contain the sus scrofa insulin peptide sequence
Insulin, Short-Acting: insulin derivatives and preparations that are designed to induce a rapid hypoglycemic effect
Insulin, Ultralente: a preparation of insulin and zinc chloride in the form of a crystalline suspension. typically the duration of ultralente insulin activity lasts between 18-30 hours after dosage
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1: one of the six homologous proteins that specifically bind insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins) and modulate their mitogenic and metabolic actions. the function of this protein is not completely defined. however, several studies demonstrate that it inhibits igf binding to cell surface receptors and thereby inhibits igf-mediated mitogenic and cell metabolic actions. (proc soc exp biol med 1993;204(1):4-29)
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2: one of the six homologous soluble proteins that bind insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins) and modulate their mitogenic and metabolic actions at the cellular level
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3: one of the six homologous soluble proteins that bind insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins) and modulate their mitogenic and metabolic actions at the cellular level
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4: one of the six homologous soluble proteins that bind insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins) and modulate their mitogenic and metabolic actions at the cellular level
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5: one of the six homologous soluble proteins that bind insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins) and modulate their mitogenic and metabolic actions at the cellular level
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 6: one of the six homologous soluble proteins that bind insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins) and modulate their mitogenic and metabolic actions at the cellular level
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins: a family of soluble proteins that bind insulin-like growth factors and modulate their biological actions at the cellular level. (int j gynaecol obstet 1992;39(1):3-9)
Insulin-Like Growth Factor I: a well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. it has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. this growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on growth hormone. it is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to insulin-like growth factor ii, which is a major fetal growth factor
Insulin-Like Growth Factor II: a well-characterized neutral peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. it has growth-regulating, insulin-like and mitogenic activities. the growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on somatotropin. it is believed to be a major fetal growth factor in contrast to insulin-like growth factor i, which is a major growth factor in adults
Insulin-Like Peptides: peptides that include insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf1), and igf2. they influence brain development through their effects on cell proliferation; cell survival; and neurogenesis. they also influence post-embryonic development by serving as hormones; neurotransmitters, and growth factors
Insulin-Secreting Cells: a type of pancreatic cell representing about 50-80% of the islet cells. beta cells secrete insulin
Insulinoma: a benign tumor of the pancreatic beta cells. insulinoma secretes excess insulin resulting in hypoglycemia
Insulins: peptide hormones that cause an increase in the absorption of glucose by cells within organs such as liver; muscle and adipose tissue. during normal metabolism insulins are produced by the pancreatic beta cells in response to increased glucose. natural and chemically-modified forms of insulin are also used in the treatment of glucose metabolism disorders such as diabetes mellitus
Insulysin: an enzyme the catalyzes the degradation of insulin, glucagon and other polypeptides. it is inhibited by bacitracin, chelating agents edta and 1,10-phenanthroline, and by thiol-blocking reagents such as n-ethylmaleimide, but not phosphoramidon. (eur j biochem 1994;223:1-5) ec 3.4.24.56
Insurance: coverage by contract whereby one part indemnifies or guarantees another against loss by a specified contingency
Insurance Benefits: payments or services provided under stated circumstances under the terms of an insurance policy. in prepayment programs, benefits are the services the programs will provide at defined locations and to the extent needed
Insurance Claim Review: review of claims by insurance companies to determine liability and amount of payment for various services. the review may also include determination of eligibility of the claimant or beneficiary or of the provider of the benefit; determination that the benefit is covered or not payable under another policy; or determination that the service was necessary and of reasonable cost and quality
Insurance Coverage: generally refers to the amount of protection available and the kind of loss which would be paid for under an insurance contract with an insurer. (slee & slee, health care terms, 2d ed)
Insurance Pools: an organization of insurers or reinsurers through which particular types of risk are shared or pooled. the risk of high loss by a particular insurance company is transferred to the group as a whole (the insurance pool) with premiums, losses, and expenses shared in agreed amounts
Insurance Selection Bias: adverse or favorable selection bias exhibited by insurers or enrollees resulting in disproportionate enrollment of certain groups of people
Insurance, Disability: insurance designed to compensate persons who lose wages because of illness or injury; insurance providing periodic payments that partially replace lost wages, salary, or other income when the insured is unable to work because of illness, injury, or disease. individual and group disability insurance are two types of such coverage. (from facts on file dictionary of health care management, 1988, p207)
Insurance, Health: insurance providing coverage of medical, surgical, or hospital care in general or for which there is no specific heading
Insurance, Health, Reimbursement: payment by a third-party payer in a sum equal to the amount expended by a health care provider or facility for health services rendered to an insured or program beneficiary. (from facts on file dictionary of health care management, 1988)
Insurance, Liability: insurance against loss resulting from liability for injury or damage to the persons or property of others
Insurance, Life: insurance providing for payment of a stipulated sum to a designated beneficiary upon death of the insured
Insurance, Long-Term Care: health insurance to provide full or partial coverage for long-term home care services or for long-term nursing care provided in a residential facility such as a nursing home
Insurance, Major Medical: insurance providing a broad range of medical services and supplies, when prescribed by a physician, whether or not the patient is hospitalized. it frequently is an extension of a basic policy and benefits will not begin until the basic policy is exhausted
Insurance, Medigap: a supplemental health insurance policy sold by private insurance companies and designed to pay for health care costs and services that are not paid for either by medicare alone or by a combination of medicare and existing private health insurance benefits. (from facts on file dictionary of health care management, 1988)
Insurance, Nursing Services: insurance providing benefits for the costs of care provided by nurses, especially nurse practitioners and nurse clinicians
Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services: insurance providing for payment of services rendered by the pharmacist. services include the preparation and distribution of medical products
Insurance, Physician Services: insurance providing benefits for the costs of care by a physician which can be comprehensive or limited to surgical expenses or for care provided only in the hospital. it is frequently called regular medical expense or surgical expense
Insurance, Surgical: a specific type of health insurance which provides surgeons' fees for specified amounts according to the type of surgery listed in the policy
Insure Cement: a dual-cured resin luting agent; a composite based on bis-gma (bisphenol a-glycidylmethacrylate) with tegdma (triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate) as matrix and ba glass filler
Integrase Inhibitors: compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of integrase
Integrases: recombinases that insert exogenous dna into the host genome. examples include proteins encoded by the pol gene of retroviridae and also by temperate bacteriophages, the best known being bacteriophage lambda
Integrated Advanced Information Management Systems: a concept, developed in 1983 under the aegis of and supported by the national library of medicine under the name of integrated academic information management systems, to provide professionals in academic health sciences centers and health sciences institutions with convenient access to an integrated and comprehensive network of knowledge. it addresses a wide cross-section of users from administrators and faculty to students and clinicians and has applications to planning, clinical and managerial decision-making, teaching, and research. it provides access to various types of clinical, management, educational, etc., databases, as well as to research and bibliographic databases. in august 1992 the name was changed from integrated academic information management systems to integrated advanced information management systems to reflect use beyond the academic milieu
Integration Host Factors: bacterial proteins that are used by bacteriophages to incorporate their dna into the dna of the host bacteria. they are dna-binding proteins that function in genetic recombination as well as in transcriptional and translational regulation
Integrative Medicine: the discipline concerned with using the combination of conventional allopathic medicine and alternative medicine to address the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects of health and illness
Integrative Oncology: these evidence-based therapies to reduce symptoms associated with treatment of cancer
Integrin alpha Chains: the alpha subunits of integrin heterodimers (integrins), which mediate ligand specificity. there are approximately 18 different alpha chains, exhibiting great sequence diversity; several chains are also spliced into alternative isoforms. they possess a long extracellular portion (1200 amino acids) containing a midas (metal ion-dependent adhesion site) motif, and seven 60-amino acid tandem repeats, the last 4 of which form ef hand motifs. the intracellular portion is short with the exception of integrin alpha4
Integrin alpha1: an integrin alpha subunit that binds collagen and laminin though its i domain. it combines with integrin beta1 to form the heterodimer integrin alpha1beta1
Integrin alpha1beta1: integrin alpha1beta1 functions as a receptor for laminin and collagen. it is widely expressed during development, but in the adult is the predominant laminin receptor (receptors, laminin) in mature smooth muscle cells, where it is important for maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of these cells. integrin alpha1beta1 is also found in lymphocytes and microvascular endothelial cells, and may play a role in angiogenesis. in schwann cells and neural crest cells, it is involved in cell migration. integrin alpha1beta1 is also known as vla-1 and cd49a-cd29
Integrin alpha2: an integrin alpha subunit that primarily combines with integrin beta1 to form the integrin alpha2beta1 heterodimer. it contains a domain which has homology to collagen-binding domains found in von willebrand factor
Integrin alpha2beta1: an integrin found on fibroblasts, platelets, endothelial and epithelial cells, and lymphocytes where it functions as a receptor for collagen and laminin. although originally referred to as the collagen receptor, it is one of several receptors for collagen. ligand binding to integrin alpha2beta1 triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling, including activation of p38 map kinase
Integrin alpha3: an integrin alpha subunit that occurs as alternatively spliced isoforms. the isoforms are differentially expressed in specific cell types and at specific developmental stages. integrin alpha3 combines with integrin beta1 to form integrin alpha3beta1 which is a heterodimer found primarily in epithelial cells
Integrin alpha3beta1: cell surface receptor for laminin, epiligrin, fibronectins, entactin, and collagen. integrin alpha3beta1 is the major integrin present in epithelial cells, where it plays a role in the assembly of basement membrane as well as in cell migration, and may regulate the functions of other integrins. two alternatively spliced isoforms of the alpha subunit (integrin alpha3), are differentially expressed in different cell types
Integrin alpha4: an integrin alpha subunit that is unique in that it does not contain an i-domain, and its proteolytic cleavage site is near the middle of the extracellular portion of the polypeptide rather than close to the membrane, as in other integrin alpha subunits
Integrin alpha4beta1: integrin alpha4beta1 is a fibronectin and vcam-1 receptor present on lymphocytes; monocytes; eosinophils; nk cells and thymocytes. it is involved in both cell-cell and cell- extracellular matrix adhesion and plays a role in inflammation, hematopoietic cell homing and immune function, and has been implicated in skeletal myogenesis; neural crest migration and proliferation, lymphocyte maturation and morphogenesis of the placenta and heart
Integrin alpha5: this integrin alpha subunit combines with integrin beta1 to form a receptor (integrin alpha5beta1) that binds fibronectin and laminin. it undergoes posttranslational cleavage into a heavy and a light chain that are connected by disulfide bonds
Integrin alpha5beta1: an integrin found in fibroblasts; platelets; monocytes, and lymphocytes. integrin alpha5beta1 is the classical receptor for fibronectin, but it also functions as a receptor for laminin and several other extracellular matrix proteins
Integrin alpha6: an integrin alpha subunit that primarily associates with integrin beta1 or integrin beta4 to form laminin-binding heterodimers. integrin alpha6 has two alternatively spliced isoforms: integrin alpha6a and integrin alpha6b, which differ in their cytoplasmic domains and are regulated in a tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific manner
Integrin alpha6beta1: a cell surface receptor mediating cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and to other cells via binding to laminin. it is involved in cell migration, embryonic development, leukocyte activation and tumor cell invasiveness. integrin alpha6beta1 is the major laminin receptor on platelets; leukocytes; and many epithelial cells, and ligand binding may activate a number of signal transduction pathways. alternative splicing of the cytoplasmic domain of the alpha6 subunit (integrin alpha6) results in the formation of a and b isoforms of the heterodimer, which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner