NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Spojené státy americké: federativní republika v severní americe ležící mezi kanadou a mexikem. třetí největší země na světě
Společenství nezávislých států: regionální mezivládní organizace ve východní evropě a asii. byla založena po rozpadu sovětského svazu v roce 1991 a zahrnuje 9 z jeho 15 bývalých svazových republik. sídlem organizace je minsk. sns zahrnuje arménii, ázerbájdžán, bělorusko, kazachstán, kyrgyzstán, moldavsko, rusko, tádžikistán a uzbekistán. turkmenistán je pouze přidruženým členem, ukrajina nikdy smlouvu neratifikovala a odešla 2018 kvůli anexi krymu ruskem, gruzie ukončila členství 2009. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Spondylarthritis: inflammation of the joints of the spine, the intervertebral articulations
Spondylarthropathies: heterogeneous group of arthritic diseases sharing clinical and radiologic features. they are associated with the hla-b27 antigen and some with a triggering infection. most involve the axial joints in the spine, particularly the sacroiliac joint, but can also involve asymmetric peripheral joints. subsets include ankylosing spondylitis; reactive arthritis; psoriatic arthritis; and others
Spondylitis: inflammation of the spine. this includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions
Spondylitis, Ankylosing: a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the sacroiliac joint and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. it occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ankylosis) with inflammation at tendon insertions
Spondylo-Megaepiphyseal-Metaphyseal Dysplasia: mutations in nkx3-2
Spondylocheirodysplasia, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome-Like: mutation in slc39a13
Spondylodysplasia And Premature Pubarche: mutation in papss2
Spondyloepimetaphyseal Dysplasia, Matrilin-3 Related: mutation in matrilin-3
Spondyloepimetaphyseal Dysplasia, Pakistani Type: mutation in papss2
Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, sponastrime type: short-limb dwarfism with saddle nose, spinal alterations, and metaphyseal striation
Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, Omani type: mutations in chst3
Spondylolisthesis: forward displacement of a superior vertebral body over the vertebral body below
Spondylolysis: deficient development or degeneration of a portion of the vertebra, usually in the pars interarticularis (the bone bridge between the superior and inferior facet joints of the lumbar vertebrae) leading to spondylolisthesis
Spondylosis: a degenerative spinal disease that can involve any part of the vertebra, the intervertebral disk, and the surrounding soft tissue
Spongiform Encephalopathy with Neuropsychiatric Features: mutations in prnp
Spontaneous Combustion: a circumstance where a substance or organism takes fire and burns without an exogenous source. spontaneous human combustion differs from preternatural human combustibility in that in the latter, some spark or trivial flame sets the fire and the body tissues, which have a greatly enhanced inflammability, continue to undergo incineration without any external heat source or combustible materials. (bergman na. spontaneous human combustion: its role in literature and science. pharos 1988;fall;51(4):18-21)
Spontaneous Perforation: a pathological hole in an organ, blood vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force
Sporadotrichina: a suborder of ciliate protozoa having a body that is commonly oval to elliptical in shape. most species are free-living in widely diverse habitats
Sporadotrichina: podřád nálevníků, kteří mají oválná až eliptická těla. příslušníci většiny druhů volně žijí v různých typech prostředí
Sporangia: a structure found in plants, fungi, and algae, that produces and contains spores
Spores: the reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as bacteria; fungi; and cryptogamic plants
Spores, Bacterial: heat and stain resistant, metabolically inactive bodies formed within the vegetative cells of bacteria of the genera bacillus and clostridium
Spores, Protozoan: a vegetative stage in the life cycle of sporozoan protozoa. it is characteristic of members of the phyla apicomplexa and microsporidia
Sporidesmins: a group of related mycotoxins produced by the pasture fungus pithomyces chartarum (formerly sporidesmium bakeri); causes liver damage and facial eczema in cattle and sheep
Sporosarcina: a genus of endospore-forming bacteria in the family planococcaceae. the species are strict or facultative anerobes
Sporosarcina: rod endosporotvorných bakterií v čeledi planococcaceae. druhy jsou přísní nebo fakultativní anaerobové
Sporothrix: a mitosporic ophiostomataceae fungal genus, whose species sporothrix schenckii is a well-known animal pathogen. the conidia of this soil fungus may be inhaled causing a primary lung infection, or may infect independently via skin punctures
Sporothrix: rod mitosporických hub čeledi ophiostomataceae. druh sporothrix schenckii je známým patogenem zvířat. inhalace konidií této půdní houby může vyvolat primární plicní infekci, další možnou vstupní branou infekce jsou oděrky kůže
Sporotrichosis: the commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. it is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound with sporothrix
Sporozoites: the product of meiotic division of zygotes in parasitic protozoa comprising haploid cells. these infective cells invade the host and undergo asexual reproduction producing merozoites (or other forms) and ultimately gametocytes
Sports: activities or games, usually involving physical effort or skill. reasons for engagement in sports include pleasure, competition, and/or financial reward
Sports Equipment: equipment required for engaging in a sport (such as balls, bats, rackets, skis, skates, ropes, weights) and devices for the protection of athletes during their performance (such as masks, gloves, mouth pieces)
Sports Medicine: the field of medicine concerned with physical fitness and the diagnosis and treatment of injuries sustained in exercise and sports activities
Sports Nutritional Sciences: the study of nutrition processes during exercise and athletic performance as well as specific nutritional requirements of athletes and the relationship between nutritional status and nutrition disorders in athletes
Sports and Recreational Facilities: places designed, built, or installed for leisure activities outside of the home
Sports for Persons with Disabilities: activities or games played by persons with disabilities, usually requiring physical effort or skill. the activities or games may be specifically created or based on existing sports, with or without modifications, to meet the needs of persons with physical or intellectual disabilities
Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis: a group of arthropod-borne diseases caused by spotted fever bio-group members of rickettsia. they are characterized by fever, headache, and petechial (spotted) rash
Spouses: married persons, i.e., husbands and wives, or partners. domestic partners, or spousal equivalents, are two adults who have chosen to share their lives in an intimate and committed relationship, reside together, and share a mutual obligation of support for the basic necessities of life
Sprains and Strains: a collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. a sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. a strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature
Spray Drying: method of drying liquids and liquid suspensions to prepare drugs in their final dehydrated powder form
Sprengel deformity: a congenital condition where one or both shoulder blades (scapula) are underdeveloped and abnormally high placed. there may also be anomalies of the bone and soft tissues in the shoulder girdle, as well as the ribs and spine. it is caused by the failure of descent of the shoulder blades during fetal development and is more common in females. the condition is usually sporadic; familial cases appear to be autosomal dominant. omim:184400
Sprue, Tropical: a chronic malabsorption syndrome, occurring mainly in residents of or visitors to the tropics or subtropics. the failed intestinal absorption of nutrients from the small intestine results in malnutrition and anemia that is due to folic acid deficiency
Spumavirus: genus of non-oncogenic retroviruses which establish persistent infections in many animal species but are considered non-pathogenic. its species have been isolated from primates (including humans), cattle, cats, hamsters, horses, and sea lions. spumaviruses have a foamy or lace-like appearance and are often accompanied by syncytium formation. simian foamy virus is the type species
Spumavirus: rod neonkogenních retrovirů, které způsobují perzistentní infekce u různých druhů zvířat, ale nepovažují se za patogenní. byly izolovány z primátů (včetně člověka), skotu, koček, křečků, koní a lachtanů. viriony mají krajkový vzhled. způsobují pěnovou degeneraci buněk pěstovaných in vitro. typovým druhem je foamy virus primátů
Sputum: material coughed up from the lungs and expectorated via the mouth. it contains mucus, cellular debris, and microorganisms. it may also contain blood or pus
Squalene Monooxygenase: the second enzyme in the committed pathway for cholesterol biosynthesis, this enzyme catalyzes the first oxygenation step in the biosynthesis of sterols and is thought to be a rate limiting enzyme in this pathway. specifically, this enzyme catalyzes the conversion of squalene to (s)-squalene-2,3-epoxide
Squalidae: žraloci čeledi squalidae (ostrounovití). patří sem nejméně 8 rodů s 44 druhy. olej z jejich jater se používá jako doplněk stravy a maso je často součástí hnojiv
Squalus: a genus of sharks in the family squalidae, comprised of many different species. they travel in large groups and are bottom dwellers that feed mostly on bony fishes
Squalus: rod žraloků čeledi squalidae (ostrounovití), který zahrnuje mnoho různých druhů. putují ve velkých hejnech, jsou to většinou bentičtí živočichové a živí se hlavně rybami
Squalus acanthias: a species of shark in the family squalidae, used for its oil (squalene) and as fish meal. it also figures heavily in biological research, especially with reference to its rectal gland in studies of water-electrolyte balance
Squalus acanthias: druh žraloků čeledi squalidae (ostrounovití). lovený pro olej z jater (skvalen) a pro maso. využívá se v biologickém výzkumu, zejména (vzhledem k přítomnosti solné žlázy) ve studiích vodní a elektrolytové rovnováhy
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck: the most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the nasal cavity; mouth; paranasal sinuses, salivary glands, and larynx. mutations in tnfrsf10b, pten, and ing1 genes are associated with this cancer
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions: a cytological test finding that shows abnormal lesions of squamous epithelial cells
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions of the Cervix: a cytological test finding often from pap smears that shows abnormal lesions of squamous epithelial cells of the cervix. it is a diagnostic criterion used in the bethesda system for uterine cervical neoplasms and represents the pap test result that is abnormal. although squamous intraepithelial lesions test result does not mean uterine cervical neoplasms it requires follow-ups (e.g., hpv dna tests; and colposcopy)
Srab2 protein, Glycine max: 76% homologous to rat rab2 protein; amino acid ; genbank u32185
Srbsko: republika v centru balkánského poloostrova. hlavním městem je bělehrad. jako samostatný stát vzniklo 5. června 2006 po rozpadu soustátí srbsko a černá hora, ještě předtím bylo součástí jugoslávie
Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1: an shc-signaling adaptor protein that transduces phosphotyrosine-dependent signals downstream of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases and non-receptor tyrosine kinases. it is required for tgf-beta-induced cell migration; neolpasm invasion; and metastasis of breast neoplasms; its sh2 domain is essential for tumor survival. it also functions in signaling downstream of angiopoietin receptor tie-2, regulating the migration of endothelial cells; and physiologic neovascularization
Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 2: an shc-signaling adaptor protein that links growth factor receptors to signal transduction pathways in neurons
Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 3: an shc-signaling adaptor protein that links growth factor receptors to signal transduction pathways in neurons, including neurotrophins signaling in the central nervous system
Sri Lanka: country in southern asia, an island in the indian ocean, south of india. the capital is colombo
Srí Lanka: ostrovní stát v jihovýchodní asii v indickém oceánu, nacházející se v blízkosti poloostrova přední indie na ostrově cejlon, což byl také do roku 1972 oficiální název státu. hlavní město je colombo
St Jude's regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used for treatment of pediatric non-hodgkin's lymphoma
Stachybotrys: a mitosporic fungal genus including one species which forms a toxin in moldy hay that may cause a serious illness in horses
Stachybotrys: rod mitosporických hub zahrnující druh, který roste na seně a jeho toxin může způsobit vážné onemocnění koní
Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigens: cell-surface molecules that exhibit lineage-restricted patterns of expression during embryonic development. the antigens are useful markers in the identification of embryonic stem cells
Staghorn Calculi: renal calculi with a characteristic shape like antlers of a deer, formed as it extends into multiple calices of the renal pelvis. a large number of staghorn calculi as well as other urinary calculi are composed of struvite
Staining and Labeling: the marking of biological material with a dye or other reagent for the purpose of identifying and quantitating components of tissues, cells or their extracts
Stainless Steel: stainless steel. a steel containing ni, cr, or both. it does not tarnish on exposure and is used in corrosive environments. (grant & hack's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Stakeholder Participation: a process between an entity and those groups or individuals potentially or actually impacted by the actions of that entity over a range of activities and approaches
Stalking: course of conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated (two or more occasions) visual or physical proximity, nonconsensual communication, or verbal, written, or implied threats, or a combination thereof, that would cause a reasonable person fear
Standard of Care: the minimum acceptable patient care, based on statutes, court decisions, policies, or professional guidelines
Standardized Nursing Terminology: standardized terms used in the nursing field (e.g., nursing informatics)
Standing Orders: medical procedures and prescriptions regarding treatment of a patient that can be exercised by other health care personnel when predetermined conditions have been met
Standing Position: human position in which the body is held in an upright orthostatic position and supported only by the feet
Stanford University protocol: chemotherapy regimen consisting of above cpds; used in the treatment of lymphoblastic lymphoma
Stanford V protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of bulky and advanced-stage hodgkin's disease
Stanford-Binet Test: an individual intelligence test designed primarily for school children to predict school performance and the ability to adjust to everyday demands
Stanford-NCOG protocol: chemotherapy regimen consisting of above cpds; used in the therapy of adult lymphoblastic lymphoma
Stanfordův-Binetův test: individuální test inteligence vytvořený především pro školní děti s cílem předpovědět školní výkon a schopnost přizpůsobit se každodenním nárokům
Stanozolol: a synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194)
Stapedius: a tiny muscle that arises from the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity of middle ear with its tendon inserted onto the neck of the stapes. stapedius pulls the stapes posteriorly and controls its movement
Stapes: one of the three ossicles of the middle ear. it transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the internal ear (ear, internal see labyrinth)
Stapes Mobilization: an operation to remobilize the footplate of the stapes to relieve conductive hearing impairment caused by its immobilization through otosclerosis or middle ear disease. (stedman, 26th ed)
Stapes Surgery: surgery performed in which part of the stapes, a bone in the middle ear, is removed and a prosthesis is placed to help transmit sound between the middle ear and inner ear
Staphylococcaceae: family of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria, in the order bacillales. genera include gemella, macrococcus, salinicoccus, and staphylococcus
Staphylococcaceae: čeleď grampozitivních, fakultativně anaerobních bakterií řádu bacillales. patří sem rody gemella, macrococcus, salinicoccus, jeotgalicocus, nosocomiicoccus a staphylococcus
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning: poisoning by staphylococcal toxins present in contaminated food
Staphylococcal Infections: infections with bacteria of the genus staphylococcus
Staphylococcal Protein A: a protein present in the cell wall of most staphylococcus aureus strains. the protein selectively binds to the fc region of human normal and myeloma-derived immunoglobulin g. it elicits antibody activity and may cause hypersensitivity reactions due to histamine release; has also been used as cell surface antigen marker and in the clinical assessment of b lymphocyte function
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome: a disease of infants due to group 2 phage type 17 staphylococci that produce an epidermolytic exotoxin. superficial fine vesicles and bullae form and rupture easily, resulting in loss of large sheets of epidermis
Staphylococcal Skin Infections: infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus staphylococcus
Staphylococcus: a genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. natural populations of staphylococcus are found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals
Staphylococcus: rod grampozitivních, fakultativně anaerobních, kokoidních bakterií. vyskytují se jednotlivě, v párech, tetrádách a řetízcích. charakteristicky se dělí ve více rovinách a vytváří tak nepravidelné shluky. přirozeně se vyskytují na kůži a sliznicích teplokrevných živočichů. některé druhy jsou oportunními patogeny lidí a zvířat
Staphylococcus Phages: viruses whose host is staphylococcus
Staphylococcus aureus: potenciálně patogenní bakterie nalézaná na sliznicích nosu, na kůži, ve vlasových folikulech a v oblasti perinea teplokrevných živočichů. může způsobovat široké spektrum infekcí a intoxikací
Staphylococcus aureus: potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. they may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications
Staphylococcus capitis: a coagulase-negative species of staphylococcus found on the skin and mucous membrane of warm-blooded animals. similar to staphylococcus epidermidis and staphylococcus haemolyticus, it is a nosocomial pathogen in nicu settings. subspecies include generally antibiotic susceptible and biofilm negative capitis and antibiotic resistant and biofilm positive urealyticus isolates
Staphylococcus capitis: koaguláza negativní stafylokok, který se vyskytuje na kůži a sliznicích teplokrevných živočichů. spolu s druhy staphylococcus epidermidis a staphylococcus haemolyticus je nozokomiálním patogenem v jednotkách intenzivní péče o novorozence. zahrnuje poddruhy staphylococcus capitis subsp. capitis (zpravidla citlivý k antibiotikům a biofilm negativní) a staphylococcus capitis subsp. urealyticus (rezistentní k antibiotikům a biofilm pozitivní)
Staphylococcus epidermidis: a species of staphylococcus that is a spherical, non-motile, gram-positive, chemoorganotrophic, facultative anaerobe. mainly found on the skin and mucous membrane of warm-blooded animals, it can be primary pathogen or secondary invader
Staphylococcus epidermidis: druh bakterie rodu staphylococcus, která je grampozitivní, kulovitá, nepohyblivá, chemoorganotrofní a fakultativně anaerobní. vyskytuje se hlavně na kůži a sliznicích teplokrevných živočichů. je oportunním patogenem, často v souvislosti s cizím tělesem, včetně předmětů používaných v medicíně k invazivnímu vyšetřování či léčbě. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Staphylococcus haemolyticus: a species of staphylococcus found on the skin of humans (and non-human primates), often causing hospital-acquired infections (cross infection)
Staphylococcus haemolyticus: druh bakterie rodu staphylococcus, která se vyskytuje na kůži lidí (a subhumánních primátů). často způsobuje nozokomiální infekce
Staphylococcus hominis: a species of staphylococcus similar to staphylococcus haemolyticus, but containing different esterases. the subspecies staphylococcus hominis novobiosepticus is highly virulent and novobiocin resistant
Staphylococcus hominis: druh bakterie rodu staphylococcus, která se podobá druhu staphylococcus haemolyticus, ale tvoří odlišné esterázy. poddruh staphylococcus hominis novobiosepticus je vysoce nakažlivý a novobiocin rezistentní
Staphylococcus hyicus: a species of gram-positive bacteria in the family staphylococcaceae. it is an important opportunistic pathogen in swine
Staphylococcus hyicus: druh grampozitivní bakterie čeledi staphylococcaceae. je významným oportunním patogenem prasat
Staphylococcus intermedius: a species of gram-positive bacteria in the family staphylococcaceae. it is a zoonotic organism and common commensal in dogs, but can cause disease in dogs and other animals. it also can be associated with human disease
Staphylococcus intermedius: druh grampozitivní bakterie čeledi staphylococcaceae. původce infekcí u zvířat - pyodermie a otitidy u psů, možný přenos na člověka. pozitivní plazmakoagulázový test. (upraveno podle wikiskripta 2020 http://www.wikiskripta.eu/)
Staphylococcus lugdunensis: a species of gram-positive bacteria in the family staphylococcaceae. it is responsible for skin and soft-tissue infections among others, and is part of the normal human skin flora
Staphylococcus lugdunensis: druh grampozitivní bakterie čeledi staphylococcaceae. je součástí normální kožní flóry u člověka. je oportunní patogen, který mimo jiné způsobuje infekce kůže a měkkých tkání
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: a species of gram-positive bacteria in the family staphylococcaceae. it commonly causes urinary tract infections in humans
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: druh grampozitivní bakterie čeledi staphylococcaceae. příležitostně žije na kůži lidí a zvířat. způsobuje cystitidy, uretritidy, septikémie, infekce ran. u mladých žen je příčinou až 20 % všech infekcí močových cest. (upraveno podle wikiskripta 2020 http://www.wikiskripta.eu/)
Starch: any of a group of polysaccharides of the general formula (c6-h10-o5)n, composed of a long-chain polymer of glucose in the form of amylose and amylopectin. it is the chief storage form of energy reserve (carbohydrates) in plants
Starch Phosphorylase: an enzyme of the phosphorylases family that catalyzes the degradation of starch, a mixture of unbranched amylose and branched amylopectin compounds. this phosphorylase from plants is the counterpart of glycogen phosphorylase in animals that catalyzes the reaction of inorganic phosphate on the terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of glucans resulting in the release of glucose-1-phosphate
Starch Synthase: an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of glucose from adpglucose to glucose-containing polysaccharides in 1,4-alpha-linkages. ec 2.4.1.21
Starfish: echinoderms having bodies of usually five radially disposed arms coalescing at the center
Stargardt Disease: a juvenile-onset macular dystrophy characterized by progressive loss of visual acuity with normal acuity in peripheral visual fields. other associated clinical features may include lipofuscin fundus autofluorescence, atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, loss of color vision, photophobia and paracentral scotoma. germline mutations in the abca4 gene have been identified in recessive and dominant diseases
Stargardtova nemoc: autozomálně recesivní onemocnění sítnice charakterizované pozvolnou degenerací makuly a úbytkem visu. diagnostikuje se nejč. mezi 8. a 14. rokem. na makule nebo v těsné blízkosti se obv. vyvíjejí skvrny, mizí foveální reflex, může se rozvinout chorioretinální atrofie. na periferii nebo za makulou mají někteří pacienti bílé až žluté skvrny. centrální visus je oslaben na 20/200, avšak onemocnění neprogreduje v slepotu. s. n. není spojena s jinými vrozenými vývojovými vadami. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2019 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz
Starlings: the family sturnidae, in the order passeriformes. the starling family also includes mynahs and oxpeckers
Stars, Celestial: large bodies consisting of self-luminous gas held together by their own gravity. (from mcgraw hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Starvation: lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (stedman, 25th ed)
State Dentistry: control, direction and financing of the total dental care of the population by a national government
State Health Planning and Development Agencies: agencies established under pl93-641 to coordinate, conduct, and implement state health planning activities. two primary responsibilities are the preparation of an annual state health plan and giving assistance to the statewide health coordinating council
State Health Plans: state plans prepared by the state health planning and development agencies which are made up from plans submitted by the health systems agencies and subject to review and revision by the statewide health coordinating council
State Medicine: a system of medical care regulated, controlled and financed by the government, in which the government assumes responsibility for the health needs of the population
Stathmin: a ubiquitous phosphoprotein that serves as an intracellular substrate for a variety of signal transduction pathways. phosphorylation of stathmin occurs during cell cycle progression, and stathmin functions as a microtubule-destabilizing protein that promotes microtubule depolymerization during interphase and late mitosis. stathmin is expressed at very high levels in a variety of human cancers
Statistical Distributions: the complete summaries of the frequencies of the values or categories of a measurement made on a group of items, a population, or other collection of data. the distribution tells either how many or what proportion of the group was found to have each value (or each range of values) out of all the possible values that the quantitative measure can have
Statistics as Topic: works about the science and art of collecting, summarizing, and analyzing data that are subject to random variation
Statistics, Nonparametric: a class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. in most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. an important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed, p1284; corsini, concise encyclopedia of psychology, 1987, p764-5)
Status Asthmaticus: a sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts
Status Epilepticus: a prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. the most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also epilepsia partialis continua). subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (from n engl j med 1998 apr 2;338(14):970-6; neurologia 1997 dec;12 suppl 6:25-30)
Staurosporine: an indolocarbazole that is a potent protein kinase c inhibitor which enhances camp-mediated responses in human neuroblastoma cells. (biochem biophys res commun 1995;214(3):1114-20)
Stavudine: a dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against hiv
Steam: water in its gaseous state. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Stearates: salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid
Stearic Acids: a group of compounds that are derivatives of octadecanoic acid which is one of the most abundant fatty acids found in animal lipids. (stedman, 25th ed)
Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of oleoyl-coa, a, and water from stearoyl-coa, ah2, and oxygen where ah2 is an unspecified hydrogen donor
Steatitis: a disease of cats and mink characterized by a marked inflammation of adipose tissue and the deposition of ceroid pigment in the interstices of the adipose cells. it is believed to be caused by feeding diets containing too much unsaturated fatty acid and too little vitamin e. (merck veterinary manual, 5th ed; stedman, 25th ed)
Steatocystoma Multiplex: a disorder characterized by multiple, wide spread cutaneous cysts that often become inflamed and rupture. it is caused by the same mutations in the gene coding for krt-17 that are causative mutations for pachyonychia congenita, type 2. natal teeth involvement is sometimes associated with steatocystoma multiplex
Steatorrhea: a condition that is characterized by chronic fatty diarrhea, a result of abnormal digestion and/or intestinal absorption of fats
Sted-eze: ethanol antagonist; contains vitamin b1, vitamin b2, niacin, yeast & ammonium chloride
Steel: a tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. it is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation
Stellate Ganglion: a paravertebral sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia
Stem Cell Factor: a hematopoietic growth factor and the ligand of the cell surface c-kit protein (proto-oncogene proteins c-kit). it is expressed during embryogenesis and is a growth factor for a number of cell types including the mast cells and the melanocytes in addition to the hematopoietic stem cells
Stem Cell Niche: a particular zone of tissue composed of a specialized microenvironment where stem cells are retained in a undifferentiated, self-renewable state
Stem Cell Transplantation: the transfer of stem cells from one individual to another within the same species (transplantation, homologous) or between species (xenotransplantation), or transfer within the same individual (transplantation, autologous). the source and location of the stem cells determines their potency or pluripotency to differentiate into various cell types
Stem Cells: relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells
Stemona Alkaloids: structurally related alkaloids derived from the plants of the monocotyledonous family stemonaceae, characterized by the presence of a pyrrolo(1,2-a)azepine or a pyrido(1,2-a)azepine nucleus
Stemonaceae: a small plant family of the order liliales, subclass liliidae, class liliopsida (monocotyledons)
Stemonaceae: čeleď jednoděložných rostlin z řádu pandánotvaré (pandanales). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Stenella: a genus comprised of spinner, spotted, and striped dolphins, in the family delphinidae. schools of stenella, that may number in the thousands, often associate with schools of tuna, and are thus vulnerable to accidental harvesting
Stenosis, Pulmonary Artery: narrowing of the pulmonary arteries
Stenosis, Pulmonary Vein: narrowing of the pulmonary vein
Stenotrophomonas: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacteria formerly classified as part of the genus xanthomonas
Stenotrophomonas: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, pohyblivých, tyčinkovitých bakterií. dříve byly přiřazovány k rodu xanthomonas
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: a species of stenotrophomonas, formerly called xanthomonas maltophilia, which reduces nitrate. it is a cause of hospital-acquired ocular and lung infections, especially in those patients with cystic fibrosis and those who are immunosuppressed
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: druh bakterie rodu stenotrophomonas, dříve označované jako xanthomonas maltophilia, která redukuje dusitany. je původce nozokomiálních infekcí očí a plic, zejména u pacientů s cystickou fibrózou nebo s imunodeficiencí
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia: bacteremia caused by stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection that usually occurs in immunocompromised patients
Stents: devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting
Stephania: rod rostlin čeledi menispermaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují cycleanin
Stephania cephalantha: chief source of cepharanthine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid
Stephania tetrandra: a plant species of the genus stephania, family menispermaceae, that contains tetrandrine and bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids
Stephania tetrandra: druh rostlin rodu stephania, čeledi menispermaceae, který obsahuje tetrandrin a bisbenzylisochinolinové alkaloidy
Sterculia: a plant genus of the family sterculiaceae. s. urens is the source of karaya gum which is sometimes called indian tragacanth, which is different from the true tragacanth which comes from astragalus gummifer
Sterculia: rod rostlin podčeledi sterculioideae, čeledi malvaceae. lejnice pálivá (s. urens) je zdrojem gumy karaya
Stereocilia: mechanosensing organelles of hair cells which respond to fluid motion or fluid pressure changes. they have various functions in many different animals, but are primarily used in hearing
Stereognosis: perception of shape and form of objects by touch and kinesthesis, via tactile stimuli
Stereoisomerism: the phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 5th ed)
Stereolithography: a 3d printing technology where a computer-controlled moving laser beam is used to build up the required structure, layer by layer, from liquid polymers that harden on contact with laser light (photopolymerization)
Stereotaxic Techniques: techniques used mostly during brain surgery which use a system of three-dimensional coordinates to locate the site to be operated on
Stereotyped Behavior: relatively invariant mode of behavior elicited or determined by a particular situation; may be verbal, postural, or expressive
Stereotypic Movement Disorder: motor behavior that is repetitive, often seemingly driven, and nonfunctional. this behavior markedly interferes with normal activities or results in severe bodily self-injury. the behavior is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition. (dsm-iv, 1994)
Stereotyping: an oversimplified perception or conception especially of persons, social groups, etc
Sterigmatocystin: a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced in high yields by strains of the common molds, aspergillus versicolor, a. nidulans, and an unidentified species of bipolaris. it causes necrosis of the liver and kidney and has an inhibitory effect on orotic acid incorporation into nuclear rna
Sterile Alpha Motif: a putative protein interaction module, approximately 70 amino acids long, that forms a small five-helix bundle with two large interfaces which may homo- and hetero-oligomerize, or bind non-sterile-alpha motif targets. the sterile alpha motif is present in a wide variety of eukaryotic proteins that function in diverse biological processes
Sterilization: the destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means
Sterilization Reversal: procedures to reverse the effect of reproductive sterilization and to regain fertility. reversal procedures include those used to restore the flow in the fallopian tube or the vas deferens
Sterilization, Involuntary: interference of a person's reproductive ability without the consent of the person or guardian
Sterilization, Reproductive: procedures to block or remove all or part of the genital tract for the purpose of rendering individuals sterile, incapable of reproduction. surgical sterilization procedures are the most commonly used. there are also sterilization procedures involving chemical or physical means
Sterilization, Tubal: procedures that render the female sterile by interrupting the flow in the fallopian tube. these procedures generally are surgical, and may also use chemicals or physical means
Sterilizing Immunity: a type of immunity involving neutralizing antibodies that completely prevents a disease-causing pathogen from establishing an infection, including asymtomatic infections
Stern Lubinsky Durrie syndrome: corneal changes, hyperkeratosis, short stature, brachydactyly, and premature birth
Sternal cleft: a congenital abnormality characterized by a partial or complete cleft or a groove in the sternum
Sternoclavicular Joint: a double gliding joint formed by the clavicle, superior and lateral parts of the manubrium sterni at the clavicular notch, and the cartilage of the first rib
Sternocostal Joints: an articulation where the costal cartilage of each rib fit with slight concavities along the lateral borders of the sternum
Sternum: a long, narrow, and flat bone commonly known as breastbone occurring in the midsection of the anterior thoracic segment or chest region, which stabilizes the rib cage and serves as the point of origin for several muscles that move the arms, head, and neck
Steroid 11-beta-Hydroxylase: a mitochondrial cytochrome p450 enzyme that catalyzes the 11-beta-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and nadph-ferrihemoprotein reductase. this enzyme, encoded by cyp11b1 gene, is important in the synthesis of corticosterone and hydrocortisone. defects in cyp11b1 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (adrenal hyperplasia, congenital)
Steroid 12-alpha-Hydroxylase: a liver microsomal cytochrome p450 enzyme that catalyzes the 12-alpha-hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of sterols in the presence of molecular oxygen and nadph-ferrihemoprotein reductase. this enzyme, encoded by cyp8b1gene, converts 7-alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one to 7-alpha-12-alpha-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and is required in the synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol
Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase: a liver microsomal cytochrome p450 enzyme that catalyzes the 16-alpha-hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics in the presence of molecular oxygen and nadph-ferrihemoprotein reductase. this enzyme is encoded by a number of genes from several cyp2 subfamilies
Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase: a microsomal cytochrome p450 enzyme that catalyzes the 17-alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone or pregnenolone and subsequent cleavage of the residual two carbons at c17 in the presence of molecular oxygen and nadph-ferrihemoprotein reductase. this enzyme, encoded by cyp17 gene, generates precursors for glucocorticoid, androgen, and estrogen synthesis. defects in cyp17 gene cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (adrenal hyperplasia, congenital) and abnormal sexual differentiation
Steroid 21-Hydroxylase: an adrenal microsomal cytochrome p450 enzyme that catalyzes the 21-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and nadph-ferrihemoprotein reductase. this enzyme, encoded by cyp21 gene, converts progesterones to precursors of adrenal steroid hormones (corticosterone; hydrocortisone). defects in cyp21 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (adrenal hyperplasia, congenital)
Steroid Hydroxylases: cytochrome p-450 monooxygenases (mixed function oxygenases) that are important in steroid biosynthesis and metabolism
Steroid Isomerases: enzymes that catalyze the transposition of double bond(s) in a steroid molecule. ec 5.3.3
Steroid Metabolism, Inborn Errors: errors in metabolic processing of steroids resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero
Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors: compounds that bind to and inhibit enzymes involved in the synthesis of steroids
Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein: a mitochondrial protein found in the adrenal glands and gonads. it plays an important role in the transfer of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane
Steroidogenic Factor 1: a transcription factor and member of the nuclear receptor family nr5 that is expressed throughout the adrenal and reproductive axes during development. it plays an important role in sexual differentiation, formation of primary steroidogenic tissues, and their functions in post-natal and adult life. it regulates the expression of key steroidogenic enzymes
Steroids: a group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to terpenes. they include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (sterols), and certain natural drugs and poisons. steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (from hawley's condensed chemical dictionary, 11th ed)
Steroids, Brominated: steroids which are substituted with one or more bromine atoms in any position
Steroids, Chlorinated: steroids which are substituted with one or more chlorine atoms in any position
Steroids, Fluorinated: steroids which are substituted with one or more fluorine atoms in any position
Steroids, Heterocyclic: steroidal compounds in which one or more carbon atoms in the steroid ring system have been substituted with non-carbon atoms
Sterol 14-Demethylase: an nadph-dependent p450 enzyme that plays an essential role in the sterol biosynthetic pathway by catalyzing the demethylation of 14-methyl sterols such as lanosterol. the enzyme acts via the repeated hydroxylation of the 14-methyl group, resulting in its stepwise conversion into an alcohol, an aldehyde and then a carboxylate, which is removed as formic acid. sterol 14-demethylase is an unusual cytochrome p450 enzyme in that it is found in a broad variety of organisms including animals; plants; fungi; and protozoa
Sterol Esterase: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cholesterol esters and some other sterol esters, to liberate cholesterol plus a fatty acid anion
Sterol O-Acyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cholesterol esters by the direct transfer of the fatty acid group from a fatty acyl coa derivative. this enzyme has been found in the adrenal gland, gonads, liver, intestinal mucosa, and aorta of many mammalian species. ec 2.3.1.26
Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2: a sterol o-acyltransferase that catalyzes reaction of acyl-coa and cholesterol into coa and cholesterol ester. it is a distinct enzyme from acetyl-coa c-acetyltransferase 2, which is also referred to as acat2
Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1: a sterol regulatory element binding protein that regulates expression of genes involved in fatty acids metabolism and lipogenesis. two major isoforms of the protein exist due to alternative splicing
Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2: a sterol regulatory element binding protein that regulates genes involved in cholesterol synthesis and uptake
Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Proteins: sterol regulatory element binding proteins are basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factors that bind the sterol regulatory element tcacnccac. they are synthesized as precursors that are threaded into the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum
Sterols: steroids with a hydroxyl group at c-3 and most of the skeleton of cholestane. additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain. (iupac steroid nomenclature, 1987)
Steryl-Sulfatase: an arylsulfatase with high specificity towards sulfated steroids. defects in this enzyme are the cause of ichthyosis, x-linked
Stethoscopes: instruments intended to detect and study sound produced by the heart, lungs, or other parts of the body. (from umdns, 1999)
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome: rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive keratinocyte apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. it is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with pneumonia, mycoplasma. it is considered a continuum of toxic epidermal necrolysis
Stevensův-Johnsonův syndrom: vážnější forma erythema exsudativum multiforme postihující navíc i mukokutánní přechody (spojivky, rty a dutina ústní, genitál, konečník), se systémovými projevy. jedná se o imunopatologickou reakci na některé léky nebo na některé infekční či zánětlivé nemoci. dochází k edému, nekróze epidermis a zánětlivé infliltraci cév. makroskopicky se projeví makulo-papulózním exantémem irisovitého tvaru (soustředné kruhy) a puchýřky. (cit. wikiskripta 2015 http://www.wikiskripta.eu/)
Stevia: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain stevioside and other sweet diterpene glycosides. the leaf is used for sweetening (sweetening agents)
Stevia: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují steviosid a další sladké diterpenové glykosidy. stévie sladká se používá jako sladidlo a jako léčivka v tradičním lékařství
Stewart Treves syndrome: lymphangiosarcoma that results from chronic lymphedema due to mastectomy with axilliary lymph node dissection and adjuvant therapies. however, it is not directly related to breast cancer
Stichopus: a genus of very large, epibenthic sea cucumbers in the family stichopodidae, commercially harvested in southeast asia for food
Stichopus: rod poměrně velkých, epibentických sumýšů čeledi stichopodidae, lovených v jihovýchodní asii pro potravu
Stickler Syndrome, Type I, Nonsyndromic Ocular: mutation in col2a1
Stickler syndrome, type 1: stickler syndrome is a clinically variable and genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by ocular, auditory, skeletal, and orofacial abnormalities. stickler syndrome type i is an autosomal dominant condition and mutations in the col2a1 gene have been identified. omim: 108300
Stiff-Person Syndrome: a condition characterized by persistent spasms (spasm) involving multiple muscles, primarily in the lower limbs and trunk. the illness tends to occur in the fourth to sixth decade of life, presenting with intermittent spasms that become continuous. minor sensory stimuli, such as noise and light touch, precipitate severe spasms. spasms do not occur during sleep and only rarely involve cranial muscles. respiration may become impaired in advanced cases. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1492; neurology 1998 jul;51(1):85-93)
Stifle: in horses, cattle, and other quadrupeds, the joint between the femur and the tibia, corresponding to the human knee
Stigmatella: a genus of the myxococcales having vegetative cells which are straight rods with tapered ends and myxospores which are short and somewhat crooked. fruiting bodies consist of spherical, ovoid, or club-shaped sporangioles on stalks. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Stigmatella: rod bakterií řádu myxococcales. vegetativní buňky mají tvar rovných tyčinek se zúženými konci, myxospory jsou krátké a trochu zahnuté. plodničky jsou tvořené ze sporangiol na stopkách, sporangiola jsou kulovitá, ovoidní nebo mají tvar tyče