NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Gender-Based Violence: violence based on gender that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life. (from www.who.int/topics/gender_based_violence/en/)
Gender-Nonconforming Persons: individuals whose external manifestation of their gender identity does not conform to society's expectations of gender roles. persons whose gender expression differs from conventional expectations of masculinity and femininity
Gene Amplification: a selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. it occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an rna transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal rna followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original dna sequence. laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of dna from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication
Gene Conversion: the asymmetrical segregation of genes during replication which leads to the production of non-reciprocal recombinant strands and the apparent conversion of one allele into another. thus, e.g., the meiotic products of an aa individual may be aaaa or aaaa instead of aaaa, i.e., the a allele has been converted into the a allele or vice versa
Gene Deletion: a genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of dna or rna, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. this deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus
Gene Dosage: the number of copies of a given gene present in the cell of an organism. an increase in gene dosage (by gene duplication for example) can result in higher levels of gene product formation. gene dosage compensation mechanisms result in adjustments to the level gene expression when there are changes or differences in gene dosage
Gene Drive Technology: the techniques involved in creating and inserting synthetic selfish genetic elements called gene drives. gene drives carry a payload gene and are designed to increase in frequency in the population over time, eventually to all members of the population
Gene Duplication: processes occurring in various organisms by which new genes are copied. gene duplication may result in a multigene family; supergenes or pseudogenes
Gene Editing: genetic engineering or molecular biology techniques that involve dna repair mechanisms for incorporating site-specific modifications into a cell's genome
Gene Expression: the phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of genetic transcription and genetic translation
Gene Expression Profiling: the determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of genetic transcription, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell
Gene Expression Regulation: any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation
Gene Expression Regulation, Archaeal: any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in archaea
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial: any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic: any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis
Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal: any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi
Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic: any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in leukemia
Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic: any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant: any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants
Gene Expression Regulation, Viral: any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses
Gene Flow: the change in gene frequency in a population due to migration of gametes or individuals (animal migration) across population barriers. in contrast, in genetic drift the cause of gene frequency changes are not a result of population or gamete movement
Gene Frequency: the proportion of one particular in the total of all alleles for one genetic locus in a breeding population
Gene Fusion: the genetic recombination of the parts of two or more genes resulting in a gene with different or additional regulatory regions, or a new chimeric gene product. oncogene fusion includes an oncogene as at least one of the fusion partners and such gene fusions are often detected in neoplastic cells and are transcribed into oncogene fusion proteins. artificial gene fusion is carried out in vitro by recombinant dna technology
Gene Knock-In Techniques: techniques used to add in exogenous gene sequence such as mutated genes; reporter genes, to study mechanisms of gene expression; or regulatory control sequences, to study effects of temporal changes to gene expression
Gene Knockdown Techniques: the artificial induction of gene silencing by the use of rna interference to reduce the expression of a specific gene. it includes the use of double-stranded rna, such as small interfering rna and rna containing hairpin loop sequence, and anti-sense oligonucleotides
Gene Knockout Techniques: techniques to alter a gene sequence that result in an inactivated gene, or one in which the expression can be inactivated at a chosen time during development to study the loss of function of a gene
Gene Library: a large collection of dna fragments cloned (cloning, molecular) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. it may contain complete genomic sequences (genomic library) or complementary dna sequences, the latter being formed from messenger rna and lacking intron sequences
Gene Ontology: sets of structured vocabularies used for describing and categorizing genes, and gene products by their molecular function, involvement in biological processes, and cellular location. these vocabularies and their associations to genes and gene products (gene ontology annotations) are generated and curated by the gene ontology consortium
Gene Products, env: retroviral proteins, often glycosylated, coded by the envelope (env) gene. they are usually synthesized as protein precursors (polyproteins) and later cleaved into the final viral envelope glycoproteins by a viral protease
Gene Products, gag: proteins coded by the retroviral gag gene. the products are usually synthesized as protein precursors or polyproteins, which are then cleaved by viral proteases to yield the final products. many of the final products are associated with the nucleoprotein core of the virion. gag is short for group-specific antigen
Gene Products, nef: products of the retroviral nef gene. they play a role as accessory proteins that influence the rate of viral infectivity and the destruction of the host immune system. nef gene products were originally found as factors that trans-suppress viral replication and function as negative regulators of transcription. nef stands for negative factor
Gene Products, pol: retroviral proteins coded by the pol gene. they are usually synthesized as a protein precursor (polyproteins) and later cleaved into final products that include reverse transcriptase, endonuclease/integrase, and viral protease. sometimes they are synthesized as a gag-pol fusion protein (fusion proteins, gag-pol). pol is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase
Gene Products, rev: trans-acting nuclear proteins whose functional expression are required for retroviral replication. specifically, the rev gene products are required for processing and translation of the gag and env mrnas, and thus rev regulates the expression of the viral structural proteins. rev can also regulate viral regulatory proteins. a cis-acting antirepression sequence (car) in env, also known as the rev-responsive element (rre), is responsive to the rev gene product. rev is short for regulator of virion
Gene Products, rex: post-transcriptional regulatory proteins required for the accumulation of mrnas that encode the gag and env gene products in human t-lymphotropic virus 1 and human t-lymphotropic virus 2. the rex (regulator x; x is undefined) products act by binding to elements in the long terminal repeat
Gene Products, tat: trans-acting transcription factors produced by retroviruses such as hiv. they are nuclear proteins whose expression is required for viral replication. the tat protein stimulates long terminal repeat-driven rna synthesis for both viral regulatory and viral structural proteins. tat stands for trans-activation of transcription
Gene Products, tax: transcriptional trans-acting proteins of the promoter elements found in the long terminal repeats (ltr) of human t-lymphotropic virus 1 and human t-lymphotropic virus 2. the tax (trans-activator x; x is undefined) proteins act by binding to enhancer elements in the ltr
Gene Products, vif: retrovirally encoded accessary proteins that play an essential role virus replication. they are found in the cytoplasm of host cells and associate with a variety of host cell proteins. vif stands for virion infectivity factor
Gene Products, vpr: trans-acting proteins which accelerate retroviral virus replication. the vpr proteins act in trans to increase the levels of specified proteins. vpr is short for viral protein r, where r is undefined
Gene Rearrangement: the ordered rearrangement of gene regions by dna recombination such as that which occurs normally during development
Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte: ordered rearrangement of b-lymphocyte variable gene regions coding for the immunoglobulin chains, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. it occurs during the differentiation of the immature b-lymphocytes
Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain: ordered rearrangement of b-lymphocyte variable gene regions of the immunoglobulin heavy chains, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. it occurs during the first stage of differentiation of the immature b-lymphocytes
Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain: ordered rearrangement of b-lymphocyte variable gene regions coding for the kappa or lambda immunoglobulin light chains, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. it occurs during the second stage of differentiation of the immature b-lymphocytes
Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte: ordered rearrangement of t-cell variable gene regions coding for the antigen receptors
Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor: ordered rearrangement of t-cell variable gene regions coding for the alpha-chain of antigen receptors
Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor: ordered rearrangement of t-cell variable gene regions coding for the beta-chain of antigen receptors
Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor: ordered rearrangement of t-cell variable gene regions coding for the delta-chain of antigen receptors
Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor: ordered rearrangement of t-cell variable gene regions coding for the gamma-chain of antigen receptors
Gene Regulatory Networks: interacting dna-encoded regulatory subsystems in the genome that coordinate input from activator and repressor transcription factors during development, cell differentiation, or in response to environmental cues. the networks function to ultimately specify expression of particular sets of genes for specific conditions, times, or locations
Gene Silencing: interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels
Gene Targeting: the integration of exogenous dna into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. this integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination
Gene Therapy Agents: a functional gene designed for targeted delivery to specific tissues within the body for correcting or repairing a gene that may be defective
Gene Transfer Techniques: the introduction of functional (usually cloned) genes into cells. a variety of techniques and naturally occurring processes are used for the gene transfer such as cell hybridization, liposomes or microcell-mediated gene transfer, electroporation, chromosome-mediated gene transfer, transfection, and genetic transduction. gene transfer may result in genetically transformed cells and individual organisms
Gene Transfer, Horizontal: the naturally occurring transmission of genetic information between organisms, related or unrelated, circumventing parent-to-offspring transmission. horizontal gene transfer may occur via a variety of naturally occurring processes such as genetic conjugation; genetic transduction; and transfection. it may result in a change of the recipient organism's genetic composition (transformation, genetic)
Gene-Environment Interaction: the combined effects of genotypes and environmental factors together on phenotypic characteristics
Genealogy and Heraldry: descent of a person, family, or group from an ancestor and coats of arms and other armorial bearings associated with an ancestor
Genee-Wiedemann syndrome: a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized clinically by severe micrognathia, cleft lip or cleft palate, hypoplasia or aplasia of the postaxial elements of the limbs, coloboma of the eyelids, and supernumerary nipples. mutations in the dhodh gene have been identified. omim: 263750
General Adaptation Syndrome: the sum of all nonspecific systemic reactions of the body to long-continued exposure to systemic stress
General Practice, Dental: nonspecialized dental practice which is concerned with providing primary and continuing dental care
General Surgery: a specialty in which manual or operative procedures are used in the treatment of disease, injuries, or deformities
Generalization, Psychological: the phenomenon of an organism's responding to all situations similar to one in which it has been conditioned
Generalization, Response: the principle that after an organism learns to respond in a particular manner to a stimulus, that stimulus is effective in eliciting similar responses
Generalization, Stimulus: the tendency to react to stimuli that are different from, but somewhat similar to, the stimulus used as a conditioned stimulus
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: uncontrolled anxiety or excessive worry that exceeds the realistic scope of life situations and endures for at least a month or longer
Generalized Epilepsy With Febrile Seizures Plus, 7: mutation in scn9a
Generalized Epilepsy With Febrile Seizures Plus, Type 1: mutation in scn1b
Generalized Epilepsy With Febrile Seizures Plus, Type 2: mutation in scn1a
Generalized Epilepsy With Febrile Seizures Plus, Type 3: mutation in gabrg2
Generalized Epilepsy With Febrile Seizures Plus, Type 4: mutation in scn1b
Generalized Epilepsy With Febrile Seizures Plus, Type 5: mutation in gabrd
Generative Adversarial Networks: an unsupervised learning network which is composed of two separate networks, a generator which produces content and a discriminator which works to identify real content from the generated content. over time, generative adversarial networks create data that increasingly resembles the input data
Generative Artificial Intelligence: an artificial intelligence (ai) technique that generates synthetic artifacts by analyzing training examples; learning their patterns and distribution; and then creating realistic facsimiles. it uses generative modeling and advances in deep learning to produce diverse content at scale by utilizing existing media such as text, graphics, audio, and video. (from association for computing machinery, https://doi.org/10.1145/3626110)
Genes: a category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms
Genes, APC: tumor suppressor genes located in the 5q21 region on the long arm of human chromosome 5. the mutation of these genes is associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (adenomatous polyposis coli) and gardner syndrome, as well as some sporadic colorectal cancers
Genes, BRCA1: a tumor suppressor gene (genes, tumor suppressor) located on human chromosome 17 at locus 17q21. mutations of this gene are associated with the formation of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. it encodes a large nuclear protein that is a component of dna repair pathways
Genes, BRCA2: a tumor suppressor gene (genes, tumor suppressor) located on human chromosome 13 at locus 13q12.3. mutations in this gene predispose humans to breast and ovarian cancer. it encodes a large, nuclear protein that is an essential component of dna repair pathways, suppressing the formation of gross chromosomal rearrangements. (from genes dev 2000;14(11):1400-6)
Genes, Chloroplast: those nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity which are located within the chloroplast dna
Genes, DCC: tumor suppressor genes located in the 18q21-qter region of human chromosome 18. the absence of these genes is associated with the formation of colorectal cancer (dcc stands for deleted in colorectal cancer). the products of these genes show significant homology to neural cell adhesion molecules and other related cell surface glycoproteins
Genes, Developmental: genes that determine the fate of a cell or cells in a region of the embryo during embryonic development
Genes, Dominant: genes that influence the phenotype both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state
Genes, Duplicate: two identical genes showing the same phenotypic action but localized in different regions of a chromosome or on different chromosomes. (from rieger et al., glossary of genetics: classical and molecular, 5th ed)
Genes, Essential: those genes found in an organism which are necessary for its viability and normal function
Genes, Homeobox: genes that encode highly conserved transcription factors that control positional identity of cells (body patterning) and morphogenesis throughout development. their sequences contain a 180 nucleotide sequence designated the homeobox, so called because mutations of these genes often results in homeotic transformations, in which one body structure replaces another. the proteins encoded by homeobox genes are called homeodomain proteins
Genes, Immediate-Early: genes that show rapid and transient expression in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. the term was originally used exclusively for viral genes where immediate-early referred to transcription immediately following virus integration into the host cell. it is also used to describe cellular genes which are expressed immediately after resting cells are stimulated by extracellular signals such as growth factors and neurotransmitters
Genes, Immunoglobulin: genes encoding the different subunits of the immunoglobulins, for example the immunoglobulin light chain genes and the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. the heavy and light immunoglobulin genes are present as gene segments in the germline cells. the completed genes are created when the segments are shuffled and assembled (b-lymphocyte gene rearrangement) during b-lymphocyte maturation. the gene segments of the human light and heavy chain germline genes are symbolized v (variable), j (joining) and c (constant). the heavy chain germline genes have an additional segment d (diversity)
Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain: genes and gene segments encoding the immunoglobulin heavy chains. gene segments of the heavy chain genes are symbolized v (variable), d (diversity), j (joining), and c (constant)
Genes, Immunoglobulin Light Chain: genes and gene segments encoding the immunoglobulin light chains. gene segments of the light chain genes are designated as v (variable), j (joining), and c (constant)
Genes, Intracisternal A-Particle: genes of iap elements (a family of retrovirus-like genetic elements) which code for virus-like particles (iaps) found regularly in rodent early embryos. (intracisternal refers to the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum.) under certain circumstances, such as dna hypomethylation they are transcribed. their transcripts are found in a variety of neoplasms, including plasmacytomas, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcomas, teratocarcinomas, and colon carcinomas
Genes, Lethal: genes whose loss of function or gain of function mutation leads to the death of the carrier prior to maturity. they may be essential genes (genes, essential) required for viability, or genes which cause a block of function of an essential gene at a time when the essential gene function is required for viability
Genes, MCC: tumor suppressor genes located in the 5q21 region on the long arm of human chromosome 5. the mutation of these genes is associated with the formation of colorectal cancer (mcc stands for mutated in colorectal cancer)
Genes, MDR: genes for membrane transport proteins that confer resistance to toxic compounds. several superfamilies of these multidrug export proteins are known and found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Genes, MHC Class I: genetic loci in the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex which encode polymorphic characteristics not related to immune responsiveness or complement activity, e.g., b loci (chicken), dla (dog), gpla (guinea pig), h-2 (mouse), rt-1 (rat), hla-a, -b, and -c class i genes of man
Genes, MHC Class II: genetic loci in the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex that encode polymorphic products which control the immune response to specific antigens. the genes are found in the hla-d region in humans and include h-2m, i-a, and i-e loci in mice
Genes, Mating Type, Fungal: fungal genes that mostly encode transcription factors. in some fungi they also encode pheromones and pheromone receptors. the transcription factors control expression of specific proteins that give a cell its mating identity. opposite mating type identities are required for mating
Genes, Mitochondrial: genes that are located on the mitochondrial dna. mitochondrial inheritance is often referred to as maternal inheritance but should be differentiated from maternal inheritance that is transmitted chromosomally
Genes, Modifier: genes with alleles that affect the phenotype associated with a nonallelic gene
Genes, Neoplasm: genes whose abnormal expression, or mutation are associated with the development, growth, or progression of neoplasms
Genes, Neurofibromatosis 1: tumor suppressor genes located on the long arm of human chromosome 17 in the region 17q11.2. mutation of these genes is thought to cause neurofibromatosis 1, watson syndrome, and leopard syndrome
Genes, Neurofibromatosis 2: tumor suppressor genes located on the long arm of human chromosome 22. mutation or loss of these genes causes neurofibromatosis 2
Genes, Overlapping: genes whose nucleotide sequences overlap to some degree. the overlapped sequences may involve structural or regulatory genes of eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells
Genes, RAG-1: genes involved in activating the enzyme vdj recombinase. rag-1 is located on chromosome 11 in humans (chromosome 2 in mice) and is expressed exclusively in maturing lymphocytes
Genes, Recessive: genes that influence the phenotype only in the homozygous state
Genes, Regulator: genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for proteins or rnas which have gene expression regulation functions
Genes, Reporter: genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. in recombinant dna technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest
Genes, Retinoblastoma: tumor suppressor genes located on human chromosome 13 in the region 13q14 and coding for a family of phosphoproteins with molecular weights ranging from 104 kda to 115 kda. one copy of the wild-type rb gene is necessary for normal retinal development. loss or inactivation of both alleles at this locus results in retinoblastoma
Genes, Suppressor: genes that have a suppressor allele or suppressor mutation (suppression, genetic) which cancels the effect of a previous mutation, enabling the wild-type phenotype to be maintained or partially restored. for example, amber suppressors cancel the effect of an amber nonsense mutation
Genes, Switch: genes that cause the epigenotype (i.e., the interrelated developmental pathways through which the adult organism is realized) to switch to an alternate cell lineage-related pathway. switch complexes control the expression of normal functional development as well as oncogenic transformation
Genes, T-Cell Receptor: dna sequences, in cells of the t-lymphocyte lineage, that code for t-cell receptors. the tcr genes are formed by somatic rearrangement (see gene rearrangement, t-lymphocyte and its children) of germline gene segments, and resemble ig genes in their mechanisms of diversity generation and expression
Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha: dna sequences encoding the alpha chain of the t-cell receptor. the genomic organization of the tcr alpha genes is essentially the same in all species and is similar to the organization of ig genes
Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta: dna sequences encoding the beta chain of the t-cell receptor. the genomic organization of the tcr beta genes is essentially the same in all species and is similar to the organization of ig genes
Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta: dna sequences encoding the delta chain of the t-cell receptor. the delta-chain locus is located entirely within the alpha-chain locus
Genes, T-Cell Receptor gamma: dna sequences encoding the gamma chain of the t-cell receptor. the human gamma-chain locus is organized similarly to the tcr beta-chain locus
Genes, Transgenic, Suicide: genes that are used transgenically, i.e., via gene transfer techniques to induce cell death
Genes, Tumor Suppressor: genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. they are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. when tumor suppressor genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and unregulated growth is possible
Genes, Wilms Tumor: genes at loci that are involved in the development of wilms tumor. included are human wt1 at 11p13 and human wt2 (mtacr1) at 11p15
Genes, abl: retrovirus-associated dna sequences (abl) originally isolated from the abelson murine leukemia virus (ab-mulv). the proto-oncogene abl (c-abl) codes for a protein that is a member of the tyrosine kinase family. the human c-abl gene is located at 9q34.1 on the long arm of chromosome 9. it is activated by translocation to bcr on chromosome 22 in chronic myelogenous leukemia
Genes, araC: regulatory genes which encode a cyclic amp receptor protein required for l-arabinose utilization in e. coli. it is an example of positive control or regulation of gene expression in the bacterial operon
Genes, bcl-1: the b-cell leukemia/lymphoma-1 genes, associated with various neoplasms when overexpressed. overexpression results from the t(11;14) translocation, which is characteristic of mantle zone-derived b-cell lymphomas. the human c-bcl-1 gene is located at 11q13 on the long arm of chromosome 11
Genes, bcl-2: the b-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 genes, responsible for blocking apoptosis in normal cells, and associated with follicular lymphoma when overexpressed. overexpression results from the t(14;18) translocation. the human c-bcl-2 gene is located at 18q24 on the long arm of chromosome 18
Genes, cdc: genes that code for proteins that regulate the cell division cycle. these genes form a regulatory network that culminates in the onset of mitosis by activating the p34cdc2 protein (protein p34cdc2)
Genes, env: dna sequences that form the coding region for the viral envelope (env) proteins in retroviruses. the env genes contain a cis-acting rna target sequence for the rev protein (= gene products, rev), termed the rev-responsive element (rre)
Genes, erbA: genes related to the erba dna sequence that was first isolated from the avian erythroblastosis virus (erythroblastosis virus, avian), v-erba. in cells, erba genes encode thyroid hormone receptors (receptors, thyroid hormone). two distinct c-erba genes have been identified: erba-alpha located at 17q21; and erba-beta located at 3p24. truncations at the n- and c-terminals of erba result in products resembling v-erba. truncations affect hormone responsiveness but not dna binding capacity
Genes, erbB: retrovirus-associated dna sequences (erbb) originally isolated from, or related to, the avian erythroblastosis virus (aev). these genes code for the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) family of receptors which is important in the control of normal cell proliferation and in the pathogenesis of human cancer. the genes include erbb-1 (genes, erbb-1), erbb-2 (genes, erbb-2), and erbb-3, all of which show abnormalities of expression in various human neoplasms
Genes, erbB-1: the proto-oncogene c-erbb-1 codes for the epidermal growth factor receptor. its name originates from the viral homolog v-erbb which was isolated from an avian erythroblastosis virus (aev) where it was contained as a fragment of the chicken c-erbb-1 gene lacking the amino-terminal ligand-binding domain. overexpression of erbb-1 genes occurs in a wide range of tumors, commonly squamous carcinomas of various sites and less commonly adenocarcinomas. the human c-erbb-1 gene is located in the chromosomal region 7p14 and 7p12
Genes, erbB-2: the erbb-2 gene is a proto-oncogene that codes for the erbb-2 receptor (receptor, erbb-2), a protein with structural features similar to the epidermal growth factor receptor. its name originates from the viral oncogene homolog (v-erbb) which is a truncated form of the chicken erbb gene found in the avian erythroblastosis virus. overexpression and amplification of the gene is associated with a significant number of adenocarcinomas. the human c-erbb-2 gene is located at 17q21.2
Genes, fms: family of genes originally isolated from the susan mcdonough strain of feline sarcoma virus (sarcoma viruses, feline). the proto-oncogene fms (c-fms) codes for the mcsf receptor (receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor). the oncogene fms (v-fms) codes for oncogene protein gp140(v-fms) which is a mutated form of the mcsf. the human c-fms gene is located between 5q33.2 and 5q33.3
Genes, fos: retrovirus-associated dna sequences (fos) originally isolated from the finkel-biskis-jinkins (fbj-msv) and finkel-biskis-reilly (fbr-msv) murine sarcoma viruses. the proto-oncogene protein c-fos codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in growth-related transcriptional control. the insertion of c-fos into fbj-msv or fbr-msv induces osteogenic sarcomas in mice. the human c-fos gene is located at 14q21-31 on the long arm of chromosome 14
Genes, gag: dna sequences that form the coding region for proteins associated with the viral core in retroviruses. gag is short for group-specific antigen
Genes, jun: retrovirus-associated dna sequences (jun) originally isolated from the avian sarcoma virus 17 (asv 17). the proto-oncogene jun (c-jun) codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in growth-related transcriptional control. insertion of c-jun into asv-17 or the constitutive expression of the c-jun protein produces tumorgenicity. the human c-jun gene is located at 1p31-32 on the short arm of chromosome 1
Genes, mos: retrovirus-associated dna sequences (mos) originally isolated from the moloney murine sarcoma virus (mo-msv). the proto-oncogene mos (c-mos) codes for a protein which is a member of the serine kinase family. there is no evidence as yet that human c-mos can become transformed or has a role in human cancer. however, in mice, activation can occur when the retrovirus-like intracisternal a-particle inserts itself near the c-mos sequence. the human c-mos gene is located at 8q22 on the long arm of chromosome 8
Genes, myb: retrovirus-associated dna sequences (v-myb) originally isolated from the avian myeloblastosis and e26 leukemia viruses. the proto-oncogene c-myb codes for a nuclear protein involved in transcriptional regulation and appears to be essential for hematopoietic cell proliferation. the human myb gene is located at 6q22-23 on the short arm of chromosome 6. this is the point of break in translocations involved in t-cell acute lymphatic leukemia and in some ovarian cancers and melanomas. (from ibelgaufts, dictionary of cytokines, 1995)
Genes, myc: family of retrovirus-associated dna sequences (myc) originally isolated from an avian myelocytomatosis virus. the proto-oncogene myc (c-myc) codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. truncation of the first exon, which appears to regulate c-myc expression, is crucial for tumorigenicity. the human c-myc gene is located at 8q24 on the long arm of chromosome 8
Genes, nef: dna sequences that form the coding region for a protein that down-regulates the expression of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). nef is short for negative factor
Genes, p16: tumor suppressor genes located on human chromosome 9 in the region 9p21. this gene is either deleted or mutated in a wide range of malignancies. (from segen, current med talk, 1995) two alternatively spliced gene products are encoded by p16: cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16 and tumor suppressor protein p14arf
Genes, p53: tumor suppressor genes located on the short arm of human chromosome 17 and coding for the phosphoprotein p53
Genes, pX: dna sequences that form the coding region for at least three proteins which regulate the expression of human t-lymphotropic virus 1 and human t-lymphotropic virus 2. the proteins are p21(x), p27(rex), and p40(tax). the tax (trans-activator x) and rex (regulator x) genes are part of px but are in overlapping reading frames. x was the original designation for the sequences or region (at that time of unknown function) in the long open reading frame (lor) which is now called px
Genes, pol: dna sequences that form the coding region for retroviral enzymes including reverse transcriptase, protease, and endonuclease/integrase. pol is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase
Genes, rRNA: genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the rna which is incorporated into ribosomes. prokaryotic rrna genes are usually found in operons dispersed throughout the genome, whereas eukaryotic rrna genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units
Genes, ras: family of retrovirus-associated dna sequences (ras) originally isolated from harvey (h-ras, ha-ras, rash) and kirsten (k-ras, ki-ras, rask) murine sarcoma viruses. ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both h-ras and k-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. the closely related n-ras gene has been detected in human neuroblastoma and sarcoma cell lines. all genes of the family have a similar exon-intron structure and each encodes a p21 protein
Genes, rel: family of retrovirus-associated dna sequences (v-rel) originally isolated from an avian reticuloendotheliosis virus strain. the proto-oncogene rel (c-rel) codes for a subcellular (nuclear and cytoplasmic) transcription factor that has a role in lymphocyte differentiation. translocation or overexpression of c-rel or competition from v-rel causes oncogenesis. the human rel gene is located at 2p12-13 on the short arm of chromosome 2
Genes, rev: dna sequences that form the coding region for a protein that regulates the expression of the viral structural and regulatory proteins in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). rev is short for regulator of virion
Genes, sis: retrovirus-associated dna sequences (v-sis) originally isolated from the simian sarcoma virus (ssv). the proto-oncogene c-sis codes for a growth factor which is the b chain of platelet-derived growth factor. v-sis or overexpression of c-sis causes tumorigenesis. the human sis gene is located at 22q12.3-13.1 on the long arm of chromosome 22
Genes, src: retrovirus-associated dna sequences (src) originally isolated from the rous sarcoma virus (rsv). the proto-oncogene src (c-src) codes for a protein that is a member of the tyrosine kinase family and was the first proto-oncogene identified in the human genome. the human c-src gene is located at 20q12-13 on the long arm of chromosome 20
Genes, sry: the primary testis-determining gene in mammalians, located on the y chromosome. it codes for a high mobility group box transcription factor (transcription factors) which initiates the development of the testes from the embryonic gonads
Genes, tat: dna sequences that form the coding region for the protein responsible for trans-activation of transcription (tat) in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)
Genes, vif: dna sequences that form the coding region for the vif (virion infectivity factor) protein that is important for the generation of infectious virions in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the former name of this gene was sor (short open reading frame)
Genes, vpr: dna sequences that form the coding region for a trans-activator protein that specifies rapid growth in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). vpr is short for viral protein r, where r is undefined
Genes, vpu: dna sequences that form the coding region for the hiv-1 regulatory protein vpu (viral protein u) that greatly increases the export of virus particles from infected cells. the vpu genes are not present in hiv-2 or simian immunodeficiency virus
Genetic Algorithms: heuristic search algorithms which direct the random searches to the area of better performance or fitness function by computationally creating the conditions inspired by natural selection. they are commonly used to generate solutions for optimization problems
Genetic Association Studies: the analysis of a sequence such as a region of a chromosome, a haplotype, a gene, or an allele for its involvement in controlling the phenotype of a specific trait, metabolic pathway, or disease
Genetic Background: the entire genetic composition of a strain or individual that interacts with a gene of interest
Genetic Carrier Screening: identification of individuals who are heterozygous at a genetic locus for a recessive phenotype
Genetic Code: the meaning ascribed to the base sequence with respect to how it is translated into amino acid sequence. the start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon)
Genetic Complementation Test: a test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell
Genetic Counseling: an educational process that provides information and advice to individuals or families about a genetic condition that may affect them. the purpose is to help individuals make informed decisions about marriage, reproduction, and other health management issues based on information about the genetic disease, the available diagnostic tests, and management programs. psychosocial support is usually offered
Genetic Determinism: the theory that human character and behavior are shaped by the genes that comprise the individual's genotype rather than by culture; environment; and individual choice
Genetic Diseases, Inborn: diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. the mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero
Genetic Diseases, X-Linked: genetic diseases that are linked to gene mutations on the x chromosome in humans (x chromosome, human) or the x chromosome in other species. included here are animal models of human x-linked diseases
Genetic Diseases, Y-Linked: genetic diseases that are linked to mutant alleles on the y chromosome in humans (y chromosome, human) or the y chromosome in other species. included here are animal models of human y-linked diseases
Genetic Engineering: directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the dna, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc
Genetic Enhancement: the use of genetic methodologies to improve functional capacities of an organism rather than to treat disease
Genetic Fitness: the capability of an organism to survive and reproduce. the phenotypic expression of the genotype in a particular environment determines how genetically fit an organism will be
Genetic Heterogeneity: the presence of apparently similar characters for which the genetic evidence indicates that different genes or different genetic mechanisms are involved in different pedigrees. in clinical settings genetic heterogeneity refers to the presence of a variety of genetic defects which cause the same disease, often due to mutations at different loci on the same gene, a finding common to many human diseases including alzheimer disease; cystic fibrosis; lipoprotein lipase deficiency, familial; and polycystic kidney diseases. (rieger, et al., glossary of genetics: classical and molecular, 5th ed; segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Genetic Introgression: the transfer of genetic material from one species to another by inter-species hybridization and repeated backcrossing
Genetic Linkage: the co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic genes due to their being located more or less closely on the same chromosome
Genetic Load: the relative amount by which the average fitness of a population is lowered, due to the presence of genes that decrease survival, compared to the genotype with maximum or optimal fitness. (from rieger et al., glossary of genetics: classical and molecular, 5th ed)
Genetic Loci: specific regions that are mapped within a genome. genetic loci are usually identified with a shorthand notation that indicates the chromosome number and the position of a specific band along the p or q arm of the chromosome where they are found. for example the locus 6p21 is found within band 21 of the p-arm of chromosome 6. many well known genetic loci are also known by common names that are associated with a genetic function or hereditary disease
Genetic Markers: a phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event
Genetic Phenomena: the biological processes, properties, and objects that are involved in maintaining, expressing, and transmitting from one organism to another, genetically encoded traits
Genetic Pleiotropy: a phenomenon in which multiple and diverse phenotypic outcomes are influenced by a single gene (or single gene product.)
Genetic Predisposition to Disease: a latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions
Genetic Privacy: the protection of genetic information about an individual, family, or population group, from unauthorized disclosure
Genetic Profile: a set of characteristics unique to the dna of an individual organism or population obtained by analyzing small samples of biological material such as body tissues or fluids, used especially in the context of predicting susceptibility to a particular disease. for example, some populations have identifiable genetic profiles which put them at higher risk for cancer. distinguish from genetic background and genetic variation
Genetic Research: research into the cause, transmission, amelioration, elimination, or enhancement of inherited disorders and traits
Genetic Risk Score: estimate of an individual's genetic liability to a trait or disease, calculated according to their genotype profile and relevant genome-wide association study data. (from tutorial: a guide to performing polygenic risk score analyses. nat protoc. 2020 sep;15(9):2759.)
Genetic Speciation: the splitting of an ancestral species into daughter species that coexist in time (king, dictionary of genetics, 6th ed). causal factors may include geographic isolation, habitat geometry, migration, reproductive isolation, random genetic drift and mutation
Genetic Structures: the biological objects that contain genetic information and that are involved in transmitting genetically encoded traits from one organism to another
Genetic Techniques: chromosomal, biochemical, intracellular, and other methods used in the study of genetics
Genetic Testing: detection of a mutation; genotype; karyotype; or specific alleles associated with genetic traits, heritable diseases, or predisposition to a disease, or that may lead to the disease in descendants. it includes prenatal genetic testing
Genetic Therapy: techniques and strategies which include the use of coding sequences and other conventional or radical means to transform or modify cells for the purpose of treating or reversing disease conditions
Genetic Vectors: dna molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other dna sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. many are derived from plasmids; bacteriophages; or viruses. they are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain genetic markers to facilitate their selective recognition
Genetics: the branch of science concerned with the means and consequences of transmission and generation of the components of biological inheritance. (stedman, 26th ed)
Genetics, Behavioral: the experimental study of the relationship between the genotype of an organism and its behavior. the scope includes the effects of genes on simple sensory processes to complex organization of the nervous system
Genetics, Medical: a subdiscipline of human genetics which entails the reliable prediction of certain human disorders as a function of the lineage and/or genetic makeup of an individual or of any two parents or potential parents
Genetics, Microbial: a subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic mechanisms and processes of microorganisms
Genetics, Population: the discipline studying genetic composition of populations and effects of factors such as genetic selection, population size, mutation, migration, and genetic drift on the frequencies of various genotypes and phenotypes using a variety of genetic techniques
Gengiflex: a non-reabsorbable membrane developed from biofill through a biotechnological process; used to cover tial6v4 implants; composed of layers of crystalline cellulose microfibrils randomly extruded by bacteria; its external surfaces are of alkali-cellulose
Geniculate Bodies: part of the diencephalon inferior to the caudal end of the dorsal thalamus. includes the lateral geniculate body which relays visual impulses from the optic tract to the calcarine cortex, and the medial geniculate body which relays auditory impulses from the lateral lemniscus to the auditory cortex
Geniculate Ganglion: the sensory ganglion of the facial (7th cranial) nerve. the geniculate ganglion cells send central processes to the brain stem and peripheral processes to the taste buds in the anterior tongue, the soft palate, and the skin of the external auditory meatus and the mastoid process
Genie: used as orthodontic bonding material; contains mono- & dimethacrylates & polymeric filler
Genioplasty: a surgical procedure done largely for cosmetic reasons to correct receding chins, chin misalignment, or chin excess
Genista: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. the common name of broom may be confused with scotch broom (cytisus) or butcher's broom (ruscus) or desert broom (baccharis) or spanish broom (spartium) or brome (bromus)