NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Integrin alpha6beta4: this intrgrin is a key component of hemidesmosomes and is required for their formation and maintenance in epithelial cells. integrin alpha6beta4 is also found on thymocytes, fibroblasts, and schwann cells, where it functions as a laminin receptor (receptors, laminin) and is involved in wound healing, cell migration, and tumor invasiveness
Integrin alphaV: an alpha integrin with a molecular weight of 160-kda that is found in a variety of cell types. it undergoes posttranslational cleavage into a heavy and a light chain that are connected by disulfide bonds. integrin alphav can combine with several different beta subunits to form heterodimers that generally bind to rgd sequence-containing extracellular matrix proteins
Integrin alphaVbeta3: an integrin that binds to a variety of plasma and extracellular matrix proteins containing the conserved rgd amino acid sequence and modulates cell adhesion. integrin alphavbeta3 is highly expressed in osteoclasts where it may play role in bone resorption. it is also abundant in vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, and in some tumor cells, where it is involved in angiogenesis and cell migration. although often referred to as the vitronectin receptor there is more than one receptor for vitronectin (receptors, vitronectin)
Integrin alphaXbeta2: a major adhesion-associated heterodimer molecule expressed by monocytes; granulocytes; nk cells; and some lymphocytes. the alpha subunit is the cd11c antigen, a surface antigen expressed on some myeloid cells. the beta subunit is the cd18 antigen
Integrin beta Chains: integrin beta chains combine with integrin alpha chains to form heterodimeric cell surface receptors. integrins have traditionally been classified into functional groups based on the identity of one of three beta chains present in the heterodimer. the beta chain is necessary and sufficient for integrin-dependent signaling. its short cytoplasmic tail contains sequences critical for inside-out signaling
Integrin beta1: integrin beta chain expressed as a heterodimer that is non-covalently associated with specific alpha-chains of the cd49 family (cd49a-f). it is expressed on resting and activated leukocytes and is a marker for all of the very late activation antigens on cells. (from: barclay et al., the leukocyte antigen factsbook, 1993, p164)
Integrin beta3: an integrin beta subunit of approximately 85-kda in size which has been found in integrin alphaiib-containing and integrin alphav-containing heterodimers. integrin beta3 occurs as three alternatively spliced isoforms, designated beta3a-c
Integrin beta4: also known as cd104 antigen, this protein is distinguished from other beta integrins by its relatively long cytoplasmic domain (approximately 1000 amino acids vs. approximately 50). five alternatively spliced isoforms have been described
Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein: a highly glycosylated and sulfated phosphoprotein that is found almost exclusively in mineralized connective tissues. it is an extracellular matrix protein that binds to hydroxyapatite through polyglutamic acid sequences and mediates cell attachment through an rgd sequence
Integrins: a family of transmembrane glycoproteins (membrane glycoproteins) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. they interact with a wide variety of ligands including extracellular matrix proteins; complement, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the cytoskeleton. the integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors (receptors, cytoadhesin), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (receptors, leukocyte adhesion), and the very late antigen receptors. each family contains a common beta-subunit (integrin beta chains) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (integrin alpha chains). these receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; hemostasis; thrombosis; wound healing; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation
Integrons: dna elements that include the component genes and insertion site for a site-specific recombination system that enables them to capture mobile gene cassettes
Integumentary System: the outer covering of the body composed of the skin and the skin appendages, which are the hair, the nails; and the sebaceous glands and the sweat glands and their ducts
Integumentary System Physiological Phenomena: the properties and relationships and biological processes that characterize the nature and function of the skin and its appendages
Inteins: the internal fragments of precursor proteins (internal proteins) that are autocatalytically removed by protein splicing. the flanking fragments (exteins) are ligated forming mature proteins. the nucleic acid sequences coding for inteins are considered to be mobile genetic elements. inteins are composed of self-splicing domains and an endonuclease domain which plays a role in the spread of the intein's genomic sequence. mini-inteins are composed of the self-splicing domains only
Intellectual Disability: subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. this has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. intelligence quotient (iq) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. iq scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1992, ch55, p28)
Intellectual Property: property, such as patents, trademarks, and copyright, that results from creative effort. the patent and copyright clause (art. 1, sec. 8, cl. 8) of the united states constitution provides for promoting the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. (from black's law dictionary, 5th ed, p1014)
Intelligence: the ability to learn and to deal with new situations and to deal effectively with tasks involving abstractions
Intense Pulsed Light Therapy: treatment of the skin with flashlamps of prescribed wavelengths, fluence, and pulse durations which target specific chromophores to induce photothermolysis at specific locations in the skin such as at the hair follicle or spider veins
Intensive Care Units, Neonatal: hospital units providing continuing surveillance and care to acutely ill newborn infants
Intensive Care Units, Pediatric: hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill infants and children. neonates are excluded since intensive care units, neonatal is available
Intensive Care, Neonatal: continuous care and monitoring of newborn infants with life-threatening conditions, in any setting
Intention to Treat Analysis: strategy for the analysis of randomized controlled trials as topic that compares patients in the groups to which they were originally randomly assigned
Interactive Tutorial: video recordings or other files in which the progress of the instruction or content is determined by user response
Interactive Ventilatory Support: mechanical ventilation delivered to match the patient's efforts in breathing as detected by the interactive ventilation device
Interatrial Block: impaired or delayed impulse conduction between the right and left heart atria. advanced interatrial blocks are often associated with arrhythmias (e.g., atrial flutter; and atrial fibrillation), direct conduction block via the bachmann's bundle and concomitant left atrial enlargement. syndrome of advanced interatrial block associated with supraventricular tachycardia is referred to as bayes syndrome
Intercalating Agents: agents that are capable of inserting themselves between the successive bases in dna, thus kinking, uncoiling or otherwise deforming it and therefore preventing its proper functioning. they are used in the study of dna
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1: a cell-surface ligand involved in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. its production is induced by gamma-interferon and it is required for neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-3: a membrane glycoprotein and cell adhesion molecule expressed by leukocytes that contains multiple ig-like domains. it is a ligand for lfa-1 (integrin alphalbeta2) and integrin alpha-d/beta-2. its interaction with lfa-1 may play a role in the phagocytosis of neutrophils by macrophages following apoptosis
Intercellular Junctions: direct contact of a cell with a neighboring cell. most such junctions are too small to be resolved by light microscopy, but they can be visualized by conventional or freeze-fracture electron microscopy, both of which show that the interacting cell membrane and often the underlying cytoplasm and the intervening extracellular space are highly specialized in these regions. (from alberts et al., molecular biology of the cell, 2d ed, p792)
Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins: regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of paracrine communication. they are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. they are distinguished from hormones in that their actions are local rather than distal
Intercostal Muscles: respiratory muscles that arise from the lower border of one rib and insert into the upper border of the adjoining rib, and contract during inspiration or respiration. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Intercostal Nerves: the ventral rami of the thoracic nerves from segments t1 through t11. the intercostal nerves supply motor and sensory innervation to the thorax and abdomen. the skin and muscles supplied by a given pair are called, respectively, a dermatome and a myotome
Interdisciplinary Communication: communication, in the sense of cross-fertilization of ideas, involving two or more academic disciplines (such as the disciplines that comprise the cross-disciplinary field of bioethics, including the health and biological sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences and law). also includes differences in patterns of language usage in different academic or medical disciplines
Interdisciplinary Research: research combining mastery in distinct fields or disciplines that apply and exchange tools, concepts, ideas, data methods, or results around a common project
Interferometry: measurement of distances or movements by means of the phenomena caused by the interference of two rays of light (optical interferometry) or of sound (acoustic interferometry)
Interferon Inducers: agents that promote the production and release of interferons. they include mitogens, lipopolysaccharides, and the synthetic polymers poly a-u and poly i-c. viruses, bacteria, and protozoa have been also known to induce interferons
Interferon Lambda: a specific type of interferon that is similar to interferon type i. it primarily functions at barrier epithelial surface, such as the respiratory tract and blood brain barrier
Interferon Regulatory Factor-1: an interferon regulatory factor that binds upstream transcriptional regulatory elements in the genes for interferon-alpha and interferon-beta. it functions as a transcriptional activator for the interferon type i genes
Interferon Regulatory Factor-2: an interferon regulatory factor that represses transcription of type i interferons and activates transcription of histone h4
Interferon Regulatory Factor-3: an interferon regulatory factor that is expressed constitutively and undergoes post-translational modification following viral infection. phosphorylation of irf-3 causes the protein to be translocated from the cytoplasm to cell nucleus where it binds dna, and activates transcription
Interferon Regulatory Factor-7: an interferon regulatory factor that is induced by interferons as well as lmp-1 protein from epstein-barr virus. irf-7 undergoes phosphorylation prior to nuclear translocation and it activates genetic transcription of multiple interferon genes
Interferon Regulatory Factors: a family of transcription factors that share an n-terminal helix-turn-helix motif and bind interferon-inducible promoters to control gene expression. irf proteins bind specific dna sequences such as interferon-stimulated response elements, interferon regulatory elements, and the interferon consensus sequence
Interferon Type I: interferon secreted by leukocytes, fibroblasts, or lymphoblasts in response to viruses or interferon inducers other than mitogens, antigens, or allo-antigens. they include alpha- and beta-interferons (interferon-alpha and interferon-beta)
Interferon alpha-2: alpha interferon encoded by the human ifna2 gene. recombinant forms are used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis b; chronic hepatitis c; kaposi sarcoma; melanoma; and hairy cell leukemia
Interferon beta-1a: an interferon beta-1 subtype that has a methionine at position 1, a cysteine at position 17, and is glycosylated at position 80. it functions as an anti-viral agent and immunomodulator and is used to manage the symptoms of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Interferon beta-1b: a non-glycosylated form of interferon beta-1 that has a serine at position 17. it is used in the treatment of both relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and chronic progressive multiple sclerosis
Interferon gamma Receptor: a heterodimeric receptor composed of two subunits ifngr1 and ifngr2. activated ifngr1 subunit is believed to form a docking site for signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (stat1). ifngr2 associates with ifngr1 to form a receptor for the cytokine interferon gamma (ifng)
Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1: a dead box rna helicase that contains two n-terminal caspase activation and recruitment domains. it functions as a sensor of viral nucleic acids such as double-stranded rna and activates the innate immune response by inducing the expression of interferon-alpha and interferon-beta. it may also regulate cell growth and apoptosis
Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3: a multimeric complex that functions as a ligand-dependent transcription factor. isgf3 is assembled in the cytoplasm and translocated to the cell nucleus in response to interferon signaling. it consists of isgf3-gamma and isgf3-alpha, and it regulates expression of many interferon-responsive genes
Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3, alpha Subunit: a heterodimeric complex of stat1 protein and stat2 protein that interacts with isgf3gamma and is a subunit of the isgf3 complex
Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3, gamma Subunit: an interferon regulatory factor that recruits stat1 protein and stat2 protein heterodimers to interferon-stimulated response elements and functions as an immediate-early protein
Interferon-alpha: one of the type i interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. in addition to antiviral activity, it activates natural killer cells and b-lymphocytes, and down-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression through pi-3 kinase and mapk kinases signaling pathways
Interferon-beta: one of the type i interferons produced by fibroblasts in response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus or by double-stranded rna. it is a cytokine with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulating activity
Interferon-gamma: the major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated lymphocytes. it is structurally different from type i interferon and its major activity is immunoregulation. it has been implicated in the expression of class ii histocompatibility antigens in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to autoimmune diseases
Interferon-gamma Release Tests: the assay of interferon-gamma released from lymphocytes after their exposure to a specific test antigen, to check for immunologic memory resulting from a previous exposure to the antigen. the amount of interferon-gamma released is usually assayed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Interferons: proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. they confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions
Intergenerational Relations: the interactions between individuals of different generations. these interactions include communication, caring, accountability, loyalty, and even conflict between related or non-related individuals
Interior Design and Furnishings: the planning of the furnishings and decorations of an architectural interior
Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein: a ligand that binds to but fails to activate the interleukin 1 receptor. it plays an inhibitory role in the regulation of inflammation and fever. several isoforms of the protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its mrna
Interleukin 2 Receptor, Alpha, Deficiency of: mutation in il2ra
Interleukin Inhibitors: immunosuppressive agents which inhibit the action of interleukins
Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit: an interleukin receptor subunit that was originally discovered as a component of the interleukin 2 receptor. it was subsequently found to be a component of several other receptors including the interleukin 4 receptor, the interleukin 7 receptor, the interleukin-9 receptor, the interleukin-15 receptor, and the interleukin-21 receptor. mutations in the gene for the interleukin receptor common gamma chain have been associated with x-linked combined immunodeficiency diseases
Interleukin-1: a soluble factor produced by monocytes; macrophages, and other cells which activates t-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. interleukin-1 is a general term refers to either of the two distinct proteins, interleukin-1alpha and interleukin-1beta. the biological effects of il-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for t-cell activation
Interleukin-1 Receptor Accessory Protein: a protein that takes part in the formation of active interleukin-1 receptor complex. it binds specifically to interleukin-1 and the interleukin-1 receptor type i at the cell surface to form a heterotrimeric complex that brings its cytoplasmic domain into contact with the cytoplasm domain of the type-i interleukin-1 receptor. activation of intracellular signal transduction pathways from the receptor is believed to be driven by this form of cytoplasmic interaction
Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases: a family of intracellular signaling kinases that were identified by their ability to signal from the activated interleukin-1 receptors. signaling from these kinases involves their interaction with signal transducing adaptor proteins such as myeloid differentiation factor 88 and tnf receptor-associated factor 6
Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein: a receptor for interleukin-33 that is related structurally to the interleukin-1 receptor. it contains three extracellular immunoglobulin-like domain regions and associates with interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein upon binding il-33 to initiate signaling. it may function in the response of helper t cells to inflammation
Interleukin-10: a cytokine produced by a variety of cell types, including t-lymphocytes; monocytes; dendritic cells; and epithelial cells that exerts a variety of effects on immunoregulation and inflammation. interleukin-10 combines with itself to form a homodimeric molecule that is the biologically active form of the protein
Interleukin-10 Receptor alpha Subunit: a subunit of the interleukin-10 receptor. it plays a role in receptor signaling by associating with janus kinase 1
Interleukin-10 Receptor beta Subunit: a subunit of the interleukin-10 receptor. it plays a role in receptor signaling by associating with tyk2 kinase
Interleukin-11: a lymphohematopoietic cytokine that plays a role in regulating the proliferation of erythroid precursor cells. it induces maturation of megakaryocytes which results in increased production of blood platelets. interleukin-11 was also initially described as an inhibitor of adipogenesis of cultured preadipocytes
Interleukin-11 Receptor alpha Subunit: a low affinity interleukin-11 receptor subunit that combines with the cytokine receptor gp130 to form a high affinity receptor for interleukin-11. multiple isoforms of this protein exist due to alternative splicing of its mrna
Interleukin-12: a heterodimeric cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. interleukin-12 is a 70 kda protein that is composed of covalently linked 40 kda and 35 kda subunits. it is produced by dendritic cells; macrophages and a variety of other immune cells and plays a role in the stimulation of interferon-gamma production by t-lymphocytes and natural killer cells
Interleukin-12 Receptor beta 1 Subunit: a subunit of the interleukin-12 receptor. it plays a role in receptor signaling by associating with tyk2 kinase 1
Interleukin-12 Receptor beta 2 Subunit: a subunit of the interleukin-12 receptor. it plays a role in receptor signaling by associating with janus kinase 2
Interleukin-12 Subunit p35: a subunit of interleukin-12. it binds to the interleukin-12 subunit p40 via a disulfide bond that results in the active cytokine
Interleukin-12 Subunit p40: a cytokine subunit that is a component of both interleukin-12 and interleukin-23. it binds to the interleukin-12 subunit p35 via a disulfide bond to form interleukin-12 and to interleukin-23 subunit p19 to form interleukin-23
Interleukin-13: a cytokine synthesized by t-lymphocytes that produces proliferation, immunoglobulin isotype switching, and immunoglobulin production by immature b-lymphocytes. it appears to play a role in regulating inflammatory and immune responses
Interleukin-13 Receptor alpha1 Subunit: an interleukin receptor subunit with specificity for interleukin-13. it dimerizes with the interleukin-4 receptor alpha subunit to form the type ii interleukin-4 receptor which has specificity for both interleukin-4 and interleukin-13. signaling of this receptor subunit occurs through the interaction of its cytoplasmic domain with janus kinases such as the tyk2 kinase
Interleukin-13 Receptor alpha2 Subunit: an interleukin-13 receptor subunit that is closely-related to the interleukin-13 receptor alpha1 subunit. the receptor is found as a monomeric protein and has been considered to be a decoy receptor for interleukin-13 due the fact that it lacks cytoplasmic signaling domains
Interleukin-15: cytokine that stimulates the proliferation of t-lymphocytes and shares biological activities with il-2. il-15 also can induce proliferation and differentiation of b-lymphocytes
Interleukin-15 Receptor alpha Subunit: a low affinity interleukin-15 receptor subunit that combines with the interleukin-2 receptor beta subunit and the interleukin receptor common gamma-chain to form a high affinity receptor for interleukin-15
Interleukin-16: a cytokine produced by activated t-lymphocytes that stimulates the migration of cd4-positive lymphocytes and monocytes. it has been reported to suppress hiv replication
Interleukin-17: a proinflammatory cytokine produced primarily by t-lymphocytes or their precursors. several subtypes of interleukin-17 have been identified, each of which is a product of a unique gene
Interleukin-18: a cytokine which resembles il-1 structurally and il-12 functionally. it enhances the cytotoxic activity of nk cells and cytotoxic t-lymphocytes, and appears to play a role both as neuroimmunomodulator and in the induction of mucosal immunity
Interleukin-18 Receptor alpha Subunit: a subunit of the interleukin-18 receptor that is responsible of extracellular binding of il-18
Interleukin-18 Receptor beta Subunit: a subunit of the interleukin-18 receptor that plays a role in receptor signaling by association of its cytoplasmic domain with signal transducing adaptor proteins such as myeloid differentiation factor 88
Interleukin-1alpha: an interleukin-1 subtype that occurs as a membrane-bound pro-protein form that is cleaved by proteases to form a secreted mature form. unlike interleukin-1beta both membrane-bound and secreted forms of interleukin-1alpha are biologically active
Interleukin-1beta: an interleukin-1 subtype that is synthesized as an inactive membrane-bound pro-protein. proteolytic processing of the precursor form by caspase 1 results in release of the active form of interleukin-1beta from the membrane
Interleukin-2: a soluble substance elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated t-lymphocytes which induces dna synthesis in naive lymphocytes
Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit: a low affinity interleukin-2 receptor subunit that combines with the interleukin-2 receptor beta subunit and the interleukin receptor common gamma-chain to form a high affinity receptor for interleukin-2
Interleukin-2 Receptor beta Subunit: a receptor subunit that is a shared component of the interleukin 2 receptor and the interleukin-15 receptor. high affinity receptor complexes are formed with each of these receptors when their respective alpha subunits are combined with this beta subunit and the interleukin receptor common gamma-chain
Interleukin-21: interleukins that affect the differentiation and function of lymphocytes and myeloid cells and regulate both immunity, innate and adaptive immunity. they are also involved in the expansion of nk cells
Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit: an interleukin-21 receptor subunit that combines with the interleukin receptor common gamma subunit to form a high affinity receptor for interleukin-21. it signals via interaction of its cytoplasmic domain with janus kinases such as janus kinase 1 and janus kinase 3
Interleukin-22: an interleukin that plays a critical role in modulating tissue responses during inflammation, and in wound healing
Interleukin-23: a heterodimeric cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. interleukin-23 is comprised of a unique 19 kda subunit and 40 kda subunit that is shared with interleukin-12. it is produced by dendritic cells; macrophages and a variety of other immune cells
Interleukin-23 Subunit p19: a subunit of interleukin-23. it combines with interleukin-12 subunit p40, which is shared between the two cytokines, to form in the active interleukin-23 cytokine
Interleukin-27: a heterodimeric cytokine composed of the il-27p28 and ebi3 subunits. it is produced primarily by antigen-presenting cells after stimulation by microbial products or inflammatory mediators
Interleukin-3: a multilineage cell growth factor secreted by lymphocytes; epithelial cells; and astrocytes which stimulates clonal proliferation and differentiation of various types of blood and tissue cells
Interleukin-3 Receptor alpha Subunit: a low affinity interleukin-3 receptor subunit that combines with the cytokine receptor common beta subunit to form a high affinity receptor for interleukin-3
Interleukin-33: a member of the interleukin-1 protein family involved in the maturation of th2 cells and the activation of mast cells; basophils; eosinophils and nk cells. it is also produced by endothelial cells; epithelial cells and fibroblasts; where it can function as an alarmin to modulate immune and inflammatory responses to tissue damage
Interleukin-4: a soluble factor produced by activated t-lymphocytes that induces the expression of mhc class ii genes and fc receptors on b-lymphocytes and causes their proliferation and differentiation. it also acts on t-lymphocytes, mast cells, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells
Interleukin-4 Receptor alpha Subunit: a receptor subunit that is a component of the type i interleukin-4 receptor and the type ii interleukin-4 receptor. it signals through interaction of its cytoplasmic domain with janus kinases such as janus kinase 1
Interleukin-5: a cytokine that promotes differentiation and activation of eosinophils. it also triggers activated b-lymphocytes to differentiate into immunoglobulin-secreting cells
Interleukin-5 Receptor alpha Subunit: a low affinity interleukin-5 receptor subunit that combines with the cytokine receptor common beta subunit to form a high affinity receptor for interleukin-5. several isoforms of the interleukin-5 receptor alpha subunit exist due to multiple alternative splicing
Interleukin-6: a cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of b-lymphocytes and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. it is produced by many different cells including t-lymphocytes; monocytes; and fibroblasts
Interleukin-6 Inhibitors: immunosuppressive agents which inhibit the action of interleukin-6
Interleukin-6 Receptor alpha Subunit: a low affinity interleukin-6 receptor subunit that combines with the cytokine receptor gp130 to form a high affinity receptor for interleukin-6
Interleukin-7: a cytokine produced by bone marrow stromal cells that promotes the growth of b-lymphocyte precursors and is co-mitogenic with interleukin-2 for mature t-lymphocyte activation
Interleukin-7 Receptor alpha Subunit: a low affinity interleukin-7 receptor subunit that combines with the interleukin receptor common gamma subunit to form a high affinity receptor for interleukin-7
Interleukin-8: a member of the cxc chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. it is secreted by variety of cell types and induces chemotaxis of neutrophils and other inflammatory cells
Interleukin-9: a multifunctional cytokine secreted by primarily by activated th2 cells that may play a role as a regulator of allergic inflammation. it has been shown to enhance the growth and cell differentiation of mast cells, and can act on a variety of other immune cells
Interleukins: soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. they enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, dna synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli
Intermediate Back Muscles: two muscles, the serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior, located in between the deep and the superficial back muscle layers. their function is to control thorax movement
Intermediate Care Facilities: institutions which provide health-related care and services to individuals who do not require the degree of care which hospitals or skilled nursing facilities provide, but because of their physical or mental condition require care and services above the level of room and board
Intermediate Filament Proteins: filaments 7-11 nm in diameter found in the cytoplasm of all cells. many specific proteins belong to this group, e.g., desmin, vimentin, prekeratin, decamin, skeletin, neurofilin, neurofilament protein, and glial fibrillary acid protein
Intermediate Filaments: cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments and the microtubules. they may be composed of any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus
Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels: a major class of calcium-activated potassium channels that were originally discovered in erythrocytes. they are found primarily in non-excitable cells and set up electrical gradients for passive ion transport
Intermittent Claudication: a symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in skeletal muscle group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial stenosis; muscle ischemia; and accumulation of lactate
Intermittent Fasting: alternating between fasting for an extended period of time during the day and eating during a restricted time for the day
Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Devices: instruments that generate intermittent forces, uniformed or graduated, to facilitate the emptying of veins. these devices are used to reduce limb edema and prevent venous thromboembolism, such as deep vein thrombosis in the legs
Intermittent Positive-Pressure Breathing: application of positive pressure to the inspiratory phase of spontaneous respiration
Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation: application of positive pressure to the inspiratory phase when the patient has an artificial airway in place and is connected to a ventilator
Intermittent Renal Replacement Therapy: procedures with non-continuous blood purification (e.g., dialysis, filtration and/or perfusion) via vascular access by increasing blood flow rate compared to continuous rrt
Intermittent Urethral Catheterization: insertion of a catheter into the urethra to drain the urine from the bladder at intervals as needed
Internal Capsule: white matter pathway, flanked by nuclear masses, consisting of both afferent and efferent fibers projecting between the white matter and the brainstem. it consists of three distinct parts: an anterior limb, posterior limb, and genu
Internal Fixators: internal devices used in osteosynthesis to hold the position of the fracture in proper alignment. by applying the principles of biomedical engineering, the surgeon uses metal plates, nails, rods, etc., for the correction of skeletal defects
Internal Hernia: a protrusion of an internal abdominal organ through a hole in an anatomical structure such as a muscle or a membrane. for instance, in paraduodenal hernia the small intestine herniates through an opening in the mesenteries. it includes intra-abdominal and diaphragmatic hernias. in abdominal hernia a protrusion occurs through a weak spot in the muscle of the abdominal wall
Internal Mammary-Coronary Artery Anastomosis: direct myocardial revascularization in which the internal mammary artery is anastomosed to the right coronary artery, circumflex artery, or anterior descending coronary artery. the internal mammary artery is the most frequent choice, especially for a single graft, for coronary artery bypass surgery
Internal Medicine: a medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults
Internal Ribosome Entry Sites: sequences within messenger rna that enable protein translation initiation independent of 5' capped rna
Internal-External Control: personality construct referring to an individual's perception of the locus of events as determined internally by his or her own behavior versus fate, luck, or external forces. (eric thesaurus, 1996)
International Classification of Diseases: a system of categories to which morbid entries are assigned according to established criteria. included is the entire range of conditions in a manageable number of categories, grouped to facilitate mortality reporting. it is produced by the world health organization (from icd-10, p1). the clinical modifications, produced by the united states dept. of health and human services, are larger extensions used for morbidity and general epidemiological purposes, primarily in the u.s
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: the world health organization's classification categories of health and health-related domains. the international classification of functioning, disability and health (icf) consists of two lists: a list of body functions and structure, and a list of domains of activity and participation. the icf also includes a list of environmental factors
International Cooperation: the interaction of persons or groups of persons representing various nations in the pursuit of a common goal or interest
International Council of Nurses: an international professional organization composed of one association per country for the purpose of improving and developing nursing's contribution to the promotion of health and care of the sick
International Educational Exchange: the exchange of students or professional personnel between countries done under the auspices of an organization for the purpose of further education
International Health Regulations: regulations to prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks. (www.who.int/features/qa/39/en)
International Normalized Ratio: system established by the world health organization and the international committee on thrombosis and hemostasis for monitoring and reporting blood coagulation tests. under this system, results are standardized using the international sensitivity index for the particular test reagent/instrument combination used
International Planned Parenthood Federation: a non-profit organization concerned with providing access to sexual and reproductive health information and services
International System of Units: a system of physical units in which the fundamental quantities are length, time, mass, electric current, temperature, luminous intensity, and amount of substance, and the corresponding units are the meter, second, kilogram, ampere, kelvin, candela, and mole. the system has been given official status and recommended for universal use by the general conference on weights and measures
Internationality: the quality or state of relating to or affecting two or more nations. (after merriam-webster collegiate dictionary, 10th ed)
Internet: a loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. the networks that make up the internet are connected through several backbone networks. the internet grew out of the us government arpanet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange
Internet Addiction Disorder: problematic, compulsive internet use that results in significant impairment of person's function in daily life
Internet-Based Intervention: use of the internet to facilitate the dissemination of health-related information and to connect patients to support
Interneurons: most generally any neurons which are not motor or sensory. interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions
Internship and Residency: programs of education, medical, graduate training to meet the requirements established by accrediting authorities
Internship, Nonmedical: advanced programs of training to meet certain professional requirements in fields other than medicine or dentistry, e.g., pharmacology, nutrition, nursing, etc
Interoception: the perception of and sensitivity to stimuli originating inside of the body. it is a sense of the physiological condition of the entire body
Interosseous Membrane: a sheet of fibrous connective tissue rich in collagen often linking two parallel bony structures forming a syndesmosis type joint. it provides longitudinal stability, tensile strength, and weight distribution/transfer and may allow limited movement in syndesmoses
Interpeduncular Nucleus: a nucleus located at the midline of the ventral midbrain tegmentum with primarily gabaergic projections to the median and dorsal raphe nuclei and the midbrain central gray
Interpersonal Psychotherapy: interpersonal modification of psychodynamic psychotherapy. therapy is present-focused and seeks to resolve problems in interpersonal relations. aspects of attachment theory are used to analyze how past relationships affect current relationships
Interphase: the interval between two successive cell divisions during which the chromosomes are not individually distinguishable. it is composed of the g phases (g1 phase; g0 phase; g2 phase) and s phase (when dna replication occurs)
Interpleural Analgesia: injection of analgesics; local anesthetics; or narcotics into the pleural cavity between the two pleural membranes
Interprofessional Education: education which encourages health professionals to learn their teammates' roles and responsibilities, making them better able to provide patient-centered care
Interrenal Gland: structures in fishes homologous to the cortical tissue of the mammalian adrenal gland; they are in close proximity to or imbedded in the kidney
Interrupted Time Series Analysis: a study that uses observations at multiple time points before and after an intervention (the interruption), in an attempt to detect whether the intervention has had an effect significantly greater than any underlying trend over time
Intersectional Framework: interconnections of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender, creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage
Intersectoral Collaboration: cooperative actions and ventures among health and health-related groups and organizations intended to improve health outcomes
Intersex Persons: those individuals with intersex conditions, with or without a desire to undergo gender-affirming procedures
Interspersed Repetitive Sequences: copies of transposable elements interspersed throughout the genome, some of which are still active and often referred to as jumping genes. there are two classes of interspersed repetitive elements. class i elements (or retroelements - such as retrotransposons, retroviruses, long interspersed nucleotide elements and short interspersed nucleotide elements) transpose via reverse transcription of an rna intermediate. class ii elements (or dna transposable elements - such as transposons, tn elements, insertion sequence elements and mobile gene cassettes of bacterial integrons) transpose directly from one site in the dna to another
Interstitial Cells of Cajal: c-kit positive cells related to smooth muscle cells that are intercalated between the autonomic nerves and the effector smooth muscle cells of the gastrointestinal tract. different phenotypic classes play roles as pacemakers, mediators of neural inputs, and mechanosensors
Intertrigo: a superficial dermatitis occurring on skin surfaces in contact with each other, such as the axillae, neck creases, intergluteal fold, between the toes, etc. obesity is a predisposing factor. the condition is caused by moisture and friction and is characterized by erythema, maceration, burning, and exudation
Intervertebral Disc: any of the 23 plates of fibrocartilage found between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae
Intervertebral Disc Chemolysis: the dissolving of the nucleus pulposus, the semi-gelatinous tissue of a displaced intervertebral disc. it is usually achieved by the direct injection of a proteolytic enzyme, especially chymopapain, into the herniated disc
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: degenerative changes in the intervertebral disc due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates
Intervertebral Disc Displacement: an intervertebral disc in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding annulus fibrosus. this occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region
Intervertebral disc disease: degeneration of intervertebral discs of the lumbar spine. it is among the most common of musculoskeletal disorders and has strong genetic determinants. germline mutations have been identified in the aspn, col9a2, col9a3, col11a1, and mmp9 genes. omim: 603932
Interview: work consisting of a conversation with an individual regarding his or her background and other personal and professional details, opinions on specific subjects posed by the interviewer, etc
Interview, Psychological: a directed conversation aimed at eliciting information for psychiatric diagnosis, evaluation, treatment planning, etc. the interview may be conducted by a social worker or psychologist
Interviews as Topic: works about conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. it includes works about school admission or job interviews
Intestinal Atresia: congenital obliteration of the lumen of the intestine, with the ileum involved in 50% of the cases and the jejunum and duodenum following in frequency. it is the most frequent cause of intestinal obstruction in newborns. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Intestinal Barrier Function: the role of the intestinal wall as a selective barrier defending against infiltration of bacteria and toxic molecules while allowing the passage or transport of nutrients, electrolytes, and water
Intestinal Diseases: pathological processes in any segment of the intestine from duodenum to rectum
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic: infections of the intestines with parasites, commonly involving parasitic worms. infections with roundworms (nematode infections) and tapeworms (cestode infections) are also known as helminthiasis
Intestinal Elimination: the discharge of substances from the blood supply into the intestinal lumen for excretion by defecation
Intestinal Failure: various intestinal diseases functionally defined as having reduced intestine function requiring parenteral nutrition
Intestinal Fistula: an abnormal anatomical passage between the intestine, and another segment of the intestine or other organs. external intestinal fistula is connected to the skin (enterocutaneous fistula). internal intestinal fistula can be connected to a number of organs, such as stomach (gastrocolic fistula), the biliary tract (cholecystoduodenal fistula), or the urinary bladder of the urinary tract (colovesical fistula). risk factors include inflammatory processes, cancer, radiation treatment, and surgical misadventures (medical errors)
Intestinal Mucosa: lining of the intestines, consisting of an inner epithelium, a middle lamina propria, and an outer muscularis mucosae. in the small intestine, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (enterocytes) with microvilli
Intestinal Obstruction: any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of intestinal contents toward the anal canal
Intestinal Polyposis: the growth of intestinal polyps. growth processes include neoplastic (adenoma and carcinoma) and non-neoplastic (hyperplastic, mucosal, inflammatory, and other polyps)
Intestinal Polyps: discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the intestine. a polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction: a type of ileus, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the intestines. this syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (muscle, smooth) or the nervous system
Intestinal Reabsorption: the re-uptake of substances in the intestines after their prior absorption from the intestines into the portal system and reintroduction into the intestines as substances accumulated in the bile
Intestinal Secretions: fluids originating from the epithelial lining of the intestines, adjoining exocrine glands and from organs such as the liver, which empty into the cavity of the intestines
Intestinal Volvulus: a twisting in the intestine (intestines) that can cause intestinal obstruction
Intestine, Large: a segment of the lower gastrointestinal tract that includes the cecum; the colon; and the rectum
Intestine, Small: the portion of the gastrointestinal tract between the pylorus of the stomach and the ileocecal valve of the large intestine. it is divisible into three portions: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum
Intestines: the section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anal canal. it includes the large intestine and small intestine
Intimate Partner Violence: abuse that occurs between two people in a close relationship, including current and former spouses, and dating partners. a pattern of assault and coercive behavior by an individual against their partner or spouse that may include physical injury, psychological abuse, sexual assault, progressive isolation, stalking, deprivation, intimidation, and reproductive coercion
Intra-Abdominal Fat: fatty tissue inside the abdominal cavity, including visceral fat and retroperitoneal fat. it is the most metabolically active fat in the body and easily accessible for lipolysis. increased visceral fat is associated with metabolic complications of obesity
Intra-Abdominal Hypertension: pathological elevation of intra-abdominal pressure (>12 mm hg). it may develop as a result of sepsis; pancreatitis; capillary leaks, burns, or surgery. when the pressure is higher than 20 mm hg, often with end-organ dysfunction, it is referred to as abdominal compartment syndrome
Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping: counterpulsation in which a pumping unit synchronized with the patient's electrocardiogram rapidly fills a balloon in the aorta with helium or carbon dioxide in early diastole and evacuates the balloon at the onset of systole. as the balloon inflates, it raises aortic diastolic pressure, and as it deflates, it lowers aortic systolic pressure. the result is a decrease in left ventricular work and increased myocardial and peripheral perfusion