NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Cnidaria: kmen vodních, převážně mořských bezobratlých. jejich tělní stavba je poměrně jednoduchá s radiální souměrností. jedním z významných společných znaků jsou žahavé buňky několika typů nazývané knidocyty či nematocyty. jsou převážně dravci. k lovu využívané toxiny produkované žahavými buňkami mohou citelně poranit, případně usmrtit i člověka. zahrnuje třídy anthozoa, cubozoa, hydrozoa, scyphozoa a polypodiozoa. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cnidarian Venoms: venoms from jellyfish; corals; sea anemones; etc. they contain hemo-, cardio-, dermo- , and neuro-toxic substances and probably enzymes. they include palytoxin, sarcophine, and anthopleurine
Cnidium: rod rostlin z čeledi apiaceae - miříkovité. zástupci obsahují osthol
Co-Repressor Proteins: a subclass of repressor proteins that do not directly bind dna. instead, co-repressors generally act via their interaction with dna-binding proteins such as a transcriptional silencing factors or nuclear receptors
CoA-transferasy: enzymy, které přenášejí koenzym a z acyl- nebo acetyl-coa na různé karboxylové akceptory za vzniku thiolesteru. enzymy této skupiny jsou důležité pro metabolismus ketolátek a využití acetoacetátu v mitochondriích. ec 2.8.3
Coagulase: enzymes that cause coagulation in plasma by forming a complex with human prothrombin. coagulases are produced by certain staphylococcus and yersinia pestis. staphylococci produce two types of coagulase: staphylocoagulase, a free coagulase that produces true clotting of plasma, and staphylococcal clumping factor, a bound coagulase in the cell wall that induces clumping of cells in the presence of fibrinogen
Coagulation Protein Disorders: hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders resulting from abnormalities or deficiencies of coagulation proteins
Coal Tar: a by-product of the destructive distillation of coal used as a topical antieczematic. it is an antipruritic and keratoplastic agent used also in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin conditions. occupational exposure to soots, tars, and certain mineral oils is known to be carcinogenic according to the fourth annual report on carcinogens (ntp 85-002, 1985) (merck index, 11th ed)
Coat Protein Complex I: a protein complex comprised of coatomer protein and adp ribosylation factor 1. it is involved in transport of vesicles between the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus
Coated Materials, Biocompatible: biocompatible materials usually used in dental and bone implants that enhance biologic fixation, thereby increasing the bond strength between the coated material and bone, and minimize possible biological effects that may result from the implant itself
Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane: specialized regions of the cell membrane composed of pits coated with a bristle covering made of the protein clathrin. these pits are the entry route for macromolecules bound by cell surface receptors. the pits are then internalized into the cytoplasm to form the coated vesicles
Coated Vesicles: vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits (coated pits, cell-membrane) invaginate and pinch off. the outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as clathrin, coat protein complex proteins, or caveolins
Coatomer Protein: a 700-kda cytosolic protein complex consisting of seven equimolar subunits (alpha, beta, beta', gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta). coatomer protein and adp-ribosylation factor 1 are principle components of coat protein complex i and are involved in vesicle transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus
Cobalt: a trace element that is a component of vitamin b12. it has the atomic symbol co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. it is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis
Cobalt Isotopes: stable cobalt atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cobalt, but differ in atomic weight. co-59 is a stable cobalt isotope
Cobalt Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of cobalt that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. co atoms with atomic weights of 54-64, except 59, are radioactive cobalt isotopes
Cobblestone Lissencephaly: the smooth pebbled appearance of the cerebral cortex with a thickened cortex and reduced and abnormal white matter, which results from migration of heterotopic neurons beyond the marginal zone into the leptomeninges through gaps in the external basement membrane. there is also enlarged ventricles, underdeveloped brainstem and cerebellum, and absence of the corpus callosum. these abnormalities occur as a syndrome without other birth defects (cobblestone complex) or in other syndromes associated with congenital muscular dystrophy, often involving the eye, such as the walker-warburg syndrome, fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy, and muscle-eye-brain disease
Cobicistat: a carbamate and thiazole derivative that functions as a cytochrome p450 cyp3a inhibitor to enhance the concentration of anti-hiv agents, with which it is used in combination, for the treatment of hiv infections
Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins: most abundant proteins in cobra venom; basic polypeptides of 57 to 62 amino acids with four disulfide bonds and a molecular weight of less than 7000; causes skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, interferes with neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission, depolarizes nerve, muscle and blood cell membranes, thus causing hemolysis
Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins: toxins, contained in cobra (naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, type i) and the large (long, type ii) which also exist in other elapid venoms
Coca: any of several south american shrubs of the erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for cns stimulation
Cocaine: an alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. it is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. it also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake
Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Protein: neuropeptide that functions with neuropeptide y and leptin in the regulation of appetite. it also plays a role in neural development and is involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and stress control
Coccidia: a subclass of protozoans commonly parasitic in the epithelial cells of the intestinal tract but also found in the liver and other organs. its organisms are found in both vertebrates and higher invertebrates and comprise two orders: eimeriida and eucoccidiida
Coccidia: podtřída prvoků obvykle parazitujících v epitelových buňkách střevního traktu, ale i v játrech a dalších orgánech těl obratlovců a vyšších bezobratlých. zahrnuje dva řády: eimeriida a eucoccidiida
Coccidioidal Meningitis: meningitis caused by a fungus of the genus coccidioides, endemic to the southwestern united states, south-central washington state, and parts of mexico and central and south america
Coccidioides: a mitosporic fungal genus which causes coccidioidomycosis
Coccidioides: rod mitosporických hub způsobujících kokcidioidomykózu
Coccidioidin: a sterile solution containing the by-products of growth products of coccidioides immitis, injected intracutaneously as a test for coccidioidomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis: infection with a fungus of the genus coccidioides, endemic to the southwestern united states. it is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with rift valley fever. infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of fungal spores. a primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. a secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. it can be detected by use of coccidioidin
Coccidiosis: protozoan infection found in animals and man. it is caused by several different genera of coccidia
Coccidiostats: agents useful in the treatment or prevention of coccidiosis in man or animals
Cocculus: a plant genus of the family menispermaceae. members contain sinococuline, coccuvine and other alkaloids
Cocculus: rod rostlin čeledi menispermaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují sinococculin, coccuvin a další alkaloidy
Coccyx: the last bone in the vertebral column in tailless primates considered to be a vestigial tail-bone consisting of three to five fused vertebrae
Cochlea: the part of the inner ear (labyrinth) that is concerned with hearing. it forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, as a snail-like structure that is situated almost horizontally anterior to the vestibular labyrinth
Cochlear Aqueduct: a fine channel that passes through the temporal bone near the scala tympani (the basilar turn of the cochlea). the cochlear aqueduct connects the perilymph-filled bony labyrinth to the subarachnoid space
Cochlear Diseases: pathological processes of the snail-like structure (cochlea) of the inner ear (labyrinth) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (endolymph)
Cochlear Duct: a spiral tube that is firmly suspended in the bony shell-shaped part of the cochlea. this endolymph-filled cochlear duct begins at the vestibule and makes 2.5 turns around a core of spongy bone (the modiolus) thus dividing the perilymph-filled spiral canal into two channels, the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani
Cochlear Implantation: surgical insertion of an electronic hearing device (cochlear implants) with electrodes to the cochlear nerve in the inner ear to create sound sensation in patients with residual nerve fibers
Cochlear Implants: electronic hearing devices typically used for patients with normal outer and middle ear function, but defective inner ear function. in the cochlea, the hair cells (hair cells, vestibular) may be absent or damaged but there are residual nerve fibers. the device electrically stimulates the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation
Cochlear Microphonic Potentials: the electric response of the cochlear hair cells to acoustic stimulation
Cochlear Nerve: the cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). the cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus) of the brain stem. they mediate the sense of hearing
Cochlear Nucleus: the brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. the cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. it is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex
Cockatoos: large crested birds in the family cacatuidae, found in australia, new guinea, and islands adjacent to the philippines. the cockatiel (species nymphicus hollandicus) is much smaller
Cockayne Syndrome: a syndrome characterized by multiple system abnormalities including dwarfism; photosensitivity disorders; premature aging; and hearing loss. it is caused by mutations of a number of autosomal recessive genes encoding proteins that involve transcriptional-coupled dna repair processes. cockayne syndrome is classified by the severity and age of onset. type i (classical; csa) is early childhood onset in the second year of life; type ii (congenital; csb) is early onset at birth with severe symptoms; type iii (xeroderma pigmentosum; xp) is late childhood onset with mild symptoms
Cockayneův syndrom: autozomálně recesivní dědičná porucha projevující se disproporčním trpaslictvím, mikrocefalií, vpadlýma očima, zobákovitým nosem, soudkovitým hrudníkem, dermatitidou s fotosenzitivitou, hluchotou, mentální retardací a řadou dalších poruch. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Cockroaches: insects of the order dictyoptera comprising several families including blaberidae, blattellidae, blattidae (containing the american cockroach periplaneta americana), cryptocercidae, and polyphagidae
Cocos: a plant genus of the family arecaceae. it is a tropical palm tree that yields a large, edible hard-shelled fruit from which oil and fiber are also obtained
Cocos: rod rostlin z čeledi arecaceae - arekovité. je to tropická palma, která produkuje velké, jedlé plody s tvrdou skořápkou, ze kterých se získává také olej a vláknina
Coculture Techniques: a technique of culturing mixed cell types in vitro to allow their synergistic or antagonistic interactions, such as on cell differentiation or apoptosis. coculture can be of different types of cells, tissues, or organs from normal or disease states
Cod Liver Oil: oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, gadidae. it is a source of vitamin a and vitamin d
Codeine: an opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. it also acts centrally to suppress cough
Codependency, Psychological: a relational pattern in which a person attempts to derive a sense of purpose through relationships with others
Codes of Ethics: systematic statements of principles or rules of appropriate professional conduct, usually established by professional societies
Codon: a set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer rnas (rna, transfer) complementary to all codons. these codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense)
Codon Usage: the frequency of occurrence, in a specific organism's dna sequence, of one of several potential synonymous codons that code for a particular amino acid. frequently, there is a nonrandom pattern (bias) in the usage of a particular codon or codons over other synonymous codons
Codon, Initiator: a codon that directs initiation of protein translation (translation, genetic) by stimulating the binding of initiator trna (rna, transfer, met). in prokaryotes, the codons aug or gug can act as initiators while in eukaryotes, aug is the only initiator codon
Codon, Nonsense: an amino acid-specifying codon that has been converted to a stop codon (codon, terminator) by mutation. its occurance is abnormal causing premature termination of protein translation and results in production of truncated and non-functional proteins. a nonsense mutation is one that converts an amino acid-specific codon to a stop codon
Codon, Terminator: any codon that signals the termination of genetic translation (translation, genetic). peptide termination factors bind to the stop codon and trigger the hydrolysis of the aminoacyl bond connecting the completed polypeptide to the trna. terminator codons do not specify amino acids
Codonopsis: a plant genus of the family campanulaceae. the common name of bellflower may sometimes be confused with other plants in the family that have similar appearance
Coe Bond: an enamel-bonding agent based on a urethane dimethacrylate resin; differs from tripton in that tripton has a phosphate ester in addition to the urethane dimethacrylate resin
Coelomomyces: a genus of fungi in the phylum blastocladiomycota. they exhibit complex life cycles and are parasitic on the larvae of mosquitoes
Coelomomyces: rod hub kmene blastocladiomycota s komplexním životním cyklem. cizopasí na larvách dvojkřídlého hmyzu (možnost využití k redukci stavu komárů)
Coenzyme A Ligases: enzymes that catalyze the formation of acyl-coa derivatives. ec 6.2.1
Coenzyme A-Transferases: enzymes which transfer coenzyme a moieties from acyl- or acetyl-coa to various carboxylic acceptors forming a thiol ester. enzymes in this group are instrumental in ketone body metabolism and utilization of acetoacetate in mitochondria. ec 2.8.3
Coenzyme Q10 Deficiency: a rare, clinically heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutation in any of the genes encoding proteins directly involved in the synthesis of coenzyme q (ubiquinone). there are five major phenotypes: an encephalomyopathic form with seizures and ataxia ; a multisystem infantile form with encephalopathy, cardiomyopathy and renal failure; a predominantly cerebellar form with ataxia and cerebellar atrophy; leigh syndrome with growth retardation; and an isolated myopathic form. the molecular disease mechanism remains unknown, but mutations in a number of genes have been identified, omim: 607426
Coenzymes: small molecules that are required for the catalytic function of enzymes. many vitamins are coenzymes
Coffea: a plant genus of the family rubiaceae. it is best known for the coffee beverage prepared from the beans (seeds)
Coffea: rod rostlin čeledi rubiaceae. zahrnuje asi 100 druhů stromů a keřů pocházejících z afriky, madagaskaru a maskarénských ostrovů. z hlediska pěstování kávy jsou významné druhy kávovník arabský se svými odrůdami, kávovník statný a kávovník liberijský. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Coffee: a beverage made from ground coffea beans (seeds) infused in hot water. it generally contains caffeine and theophylline unless it is decaffeinated
Coffin-Lowry Syndrome: a rare, x-linked intellectual disability syndrome that results from mutations in the ribosomal protein s6 kinase gene. typical manifestations of the disease include an intelligence quotient of less than 50, facial anomalies, and other malformations
Coffin-Siris syndrome: a hereditary autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental syndrome with broad phenotypic and genetic variability. affected individuals generally have intellectual disability, coarse facial features, hypertrichosis, and hypoplastic or absent fifth fingernails or toenails. other abnormalities include ptosis; choanal atresia, cardiac defects, and genital anomalies. mutations in components of the swi/snf chromatin remodeling complex have been identified. omim: 135900
Coffinův-Lowryho syndrom: vzácný syndrom mentální retardace vázaný na chromozom x, který je způsobený mutacemi genu pro kinázu ribozomálního proteinu s6. k typickým příznakům nemoci patří iq menší než 50, abnormality obličeje a další malformace
Cofilin 1: cofilin 1 is a member of the cofilin family of proteins that is expressed in non-muscle cells. it has actin depolymerization activity that is dependent on hydrogen-ion concentration
Cofilin 2: a member of the cofilin family of proteins that is expressed in muscle cells. it has actin depolymerization activity that is dependent on hydrogen-ion concentration
Coformycin: a ribonucleoside antibiotic synergist and adenosine deaminase inhibitor isolated from nocardia interforma and streptomyces kaniharaensis. it is proposed as an antineoplastic synergist and immunosuppressant
Cogan Syndrome: a condition consisting of inflammatory eye disease usually presenting as interstitial keratitis, vestibuloauditory dysfunction, and large- to medium-vessel vasculitis
Coganův syndrom: vzácné onemocnění s recidivující intersticiální keratitidou a postižením vnitřního ucha (vertigo, tinnitus, progresivní oboustranná hluchota). příčina je neznámá, možný je autoimunitní mechanismus vzniku. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Cognition Disorders: disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: a directive form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. it is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. the therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior
Cognitive Dissonance: motivational state produced by inconsistencies between simultaneously held cognitions or between a cognition and behavior; e.g., smoking enjoyment and believing smoking is harmful are dissonant
Cognitive Flexibility: the ability to effectively adapt one's cognitive and behavioral strategies in response to changing task or environmental demands. (from clinical psychology review august 2021,102061)
Cognitive Neuroscience: field of study concerning mental processes; learning; and the brain regions associated with them
Cognitive Psychology: branch of psychology that explores the operation of mental processes related to perceiving, attending, thinking, language, and memory, mainly through inferences from behavior. (apa dictionary of psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/cognitive-psychology, accessed 3/22/2021)
Cognitive Reflection: deliberate and careful consideration of previous actions, events, experiences, or decisions and the thinking that accompanied these activities. (https://eric.ed.gov/?qt=reflection&ts=on&td=on&ti=reflection)
Cognitive Remediation: behavioral treatment that uses drill and practice, compensatory and adaptive strategies to facilitate improvement in targeted learning areas
Cognitive Reserve: capacity that enables an individual to cope with and/or recover from the impact of a neural injury or a psychotic episode
Cognitive Restructuring: a technique drawn from cognitive behavior therapy that helps an individual to identify, challenge and alter stress-inducing thought patterns and beliefs
Cognitive Science: the study of the precise nature of different mental tasks and the operations of the brain that enable them to be performed, engaging branches of psychology, computer science, philosophy, and linguistics. (random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Cognitive Training: a non-pharmacological form of treatment focusing on guided practice on tasks that target specific cognitive functions. these functions include memory, attention, and problem-solving. (from cochrane.org/cd013069/dementia_cognitive-training-people-mild-moderate-dementia)
Cohen syndrome: a rare autosomal recessive disorder that occurs primarily in the finnish population where it is characterized by non-progressive mild to severe psychomotor retardation, microcephaly, characteristic facial features (high-arched or wave-shaped eyelids, a short lip, thick hair, and low hairline), childhood hypotonia and joint laxity, progressive retinochoroidal dystrophy, myopia, intermittent isolated neutropenia, and a cheerful disposition. obesity, retinochoroidal dystrophy, and neutropenia are far less common in non-finnish patients. mutations in the vps13b gene have been identified. omim: 216550
Cohesins: protein complex constituents that bind chromosomes from late g1 until the metaphase - anaphase transition. the cohesin complex regulates sister chromatid cohesion, homologous recombination and dna looping
Cohort Effect: variation in health status arising from different causal factors to which each birth cohort in a population is exposed as environment and society change
Cohort Studies: studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. these groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics
Coiled Bodies: a distinct subnuclear domain enriched in splicesomal snrnps (ribonucleoproteins, small nuclear) and p80-coilin
Coinfection: simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. in virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses
Coitus Interruptus: a contraceptive method whereby coitus is purposely interrupted in order to prevent ejaculation of semen into the vagina
Coix: a plant genus of the family poaceae. the seed is used in folk medicine (drugs, chinese herbal)
Coke: a residue of coal, left after dry (destructive) distillation, used as a fuel
Cola: a plant genus of the family sterculiaceae. this is the source of the kola nut which contains caffeine and is used in popular beverages
Cola: rod rostlin čeledi malvaceae. kolovníková semena obsahují kofein. jejich výtažek se používá při výrobě osvěžujících nápojů a energetických přípravků
Colchicine: a major alkaloid from colchicum autumnale l. and found also in other colchicum species. its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial mediterranean fever (periodic disease)
Colchicum: a genus of poisonous, liliaceous plants. the roots (corms) of colchicum autumnale, the fall crocus or meadow saffron, yield colchicine, which is used as a biochemical tool and to treat gout. other members of this genus yield saffron dye, flavoring agents, and aromatics
Colchicum: rod jedovatých liliovitých rostlin. kořeny (hlízy) colchicum autumnale obsahují kolchicin, který se užívá jako biochemická látka a dále pro léčbu dny. další příslušníci tohoto rodu poskytují šafránové barvivo, ochucující a vonné látky
Cold Hypersensitivity: recurrent attacks of maculopapular rash arthralgias, myalgias, fever, chills, and swelling of the extremities after exposure to cold that are associated with familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome 1, which is caused by mutations in the nlrp3 gene. omim: 120100
Cold Injury: a physical injury caused by exposure of the body to extremely low ambient temperatures that may lead to loss of body parts, or in extreme cases, death. examples of cold injury are frostbite and chilblains
Cold Ischemia: the chilling of a tissue or organ during decreased blood perfusion or in the absence of blood supply. cold ischemia time during organ transplantation begins when the organ is cooled with a cold perfusion solution after organ procurement surgery, and ends after the tissue reaches physiological temperature during implantation procedures
Cold Shock Proteins and Peptides: cellular proteins and peptides that are induced in response to cold stress. they are found in a broad variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
Cold Urticaria: various skin flares developing after exposure to cold temperature. while most are characterized by a limited episodic cutaneous condition characterized by urticarial wheals, such as in allergic urticaria, other types are more severe and generalized and rarely familial, e.g., cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes
Cold-Shock Response: a sequence of responses that occur when an organism is exposed to excessive cold. in humans, a fall in skin temperature triggers gasping, hypertension, and hyperventilation
Cole Carpenter syndrome: bone fragility with craniosynostosis, ocular proptosis, hydrocephalus, and distinctive facial features
Coleoptera: order of winged insects also known as beetles comprising over 350,000 species in 150 families. they possess hard bodies with mouthparts adapted for chewing
Colesevelam Hydrochloride: an allylamine derivative that binds bile acids in the intestine and is used as an anticholesteremic agent in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemias
Colestipol: highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. it may also may reduce triglyceride levels
Coleus: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae. the species of coleus should be distinguished from plectranthus barbatus - which is also known as coleus forskohlii
Coleus: rod rostlin z čeledi hluchavkovitých (lamiaceae). druhy rodu coleus by se měly rozlišovat, např. plectranthus barbatus je též znám pod jménem coleus forskohlii
Colforsin: potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic amp. from the plant coleus forskohlii. has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland
Colic: a clinical syndrome with intermittent abdominal pain characterized by sudden onset and cessation that is commonly seen in infants. it is usually associated with obstruction of the intestines; of the cystic duct; or of the urinary tract
Colicins: bacteriocins elaborated by strains of escherichia coli and related species. they are proteins or protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes lethal to other strains of the same species
Colinus: a genus of quail, in the family odontophoridae, comprised of at least four different species of bobwhites
Colinus: rod ptáků čeledi křepelovití (odontophoridae)
Colipases: colipase i and ii, consisting of 94-95 and 84-85 amino acid residues, respectively, have been isolated from porcine pancreas. their role is to prevent the inhibitory effect of bile salts on the lipase-catalyzed intraduodenal hydrolysis of dietary long-chain triglycerides
Colistin: cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from bacillus colistinus. it is composed of polymyxins e1 and e2 (or colistins a, b, and c) which act as detergents on cell membranes. colistin is less toxic than polymyxin b, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally
Colitis: inflammation of the colon section of the large intestine (intestine, large), usually with symptoms such as diarrhea (often with blood and mucus), abdominal pain, and fever
Colitis, Collagenous: a subtype of microscopic colitis, characterized by chronic watery diarrhea of unknown origin, a normal colonoscopy but abnormal histopathology on biopsy. microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the colon show larger-than-normal band of subepithelial collagen
Colitis, Ischemic: inflammation of the colon due to colonic ischemia resulting from alterations in systemic circulation or local vasculature
Colitis, Lymphocytic: a subtype of microscopic colitis, characterized by chronic watery diarrhea of unknown origin, a normal colonoscopy but abnormal histopathology on biopsy. microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the colon show infiltration of lymphocytes in the superficial epithelium and the underlying connective tissue (lamina propria)
Colitis, Microscopic: a condition characterized by chronic watery diarrhea of unknown origin, a normal colonoscopy but abnormal histopathology on biopsy. this syndrome was first described in 1980 by read and associates. subtypes include collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis. both have similar clinical symptoms and are distinguishable only by histology
Colitis, Ulcerative: inflammation of the colon that is predominantly confined to the mucosa. its major symptoms include diarrhea, rectal bleeding, the passage of mucus, and abdominal pain
Colitis-Associated Neoplasms: colonic neoplasms associated with chronic inflammation conditions such as ulcerative colitis and crohn disease
Collaborative Cross Mice: recombinant inbred strains of mice derived from an eight-way cross of eight genetically diverse, founder inbred strains, as a reference population for analyzing multifactorial inheritance
Collagen: a polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. it is the main constituent of skin; connective tissue; and the organic substance of bones (bone and bones) and teeth (tooth)
Collagen Diseases: historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. this classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (from cecil textbook of medicine, 19th ed, p1494)
Collagen Type I: the most common form of fibrillar collagen. it is a major constituent of bone (bone and bones) and skin and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(i) and one alpha2(i) chains
Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain: a fibrillar collagen found predominantly in bone and skin
Collagen Type II: a fibrillar collagen found predominantly in cartilage and vitreous humor. it consists of three identical alpha1(ii) chains
Collagen Type III: a fibrillar collagen consisting of three identical alpha1(iii) chains that is widely distributed in many tissues containing collagen type i. it is particularly abundant in blood vessels and may play a role in tissues with elastic characteristics
Collagen Type IV: a non-fibrillar collagen found in the structure of basement membrane. collagen type iv molecules assemble to form a sheet-like network which is involved in maintaining the structural integrity of basement membranes. the predominant form of the protein is comprised of two alpha1(iv) subunits and one alpha2(iv) subunit, however, at least six different alpha subunits can be incorporated into the heterotrimer
Collagen Type IX: a fibril-associated collagen usually found crosslinked to the surface of collagen type ii fibrils. it is a heterotrimer containing alpha1(ix), alpha2(ix) and alpha3(ix) subunits
Collagen Type V: a fibrillar collagen found widely distributed as a minor component in tissues that contain collagen type i and collagen type iii. it is a heterotrimeric molecule composed of alpha1(v), alpha2(v) and alpha3(v) subunits. several forms of collagen type v exist depending upon the composition of the subunits that form the trimer
Collagen Type VI: a non-fibrillar collagen that forms a network of microfibrils within the extracellular matrix of connective tissue. the alpha subunits of collagen type vi assemble into antiparallel, overlapping dimers which then align to form tetramers
Collagen Type VII: a non-fibrillar collagen involved in anchoring the epidermal basement membrane to underlying tissue. it is a homotrimer comprised of c-terminal and n-terminal globular domains connected by a central triple-helical region
Collagen Type VIII: a non-fibrillar collagen originally found in descemet membrane. it is expressed in endothelial cell layers and in tissues undergoing active remodeling. it is heterotrimer comprised of alpha1(viii) and alpha2(viii) chains
Collagen Type X: a non-fibrillar collagen found primarily in terminally differentiated hypertrophic chondrocytes. it is a homotrimer of three identical alpha1(x) subunits
Collagen Type XI: a fibrillar collagen found primarily in interstitial cartilage. collagen type xi is heterotrimer containing alpha1(xi), alpha2(xi) and alpha3(xi) subunits
Collagen Type XII: a fibril-associated collagen found in many tissues bearing high tensile stress, such as tendons and ligaments. it is comprised of a trimer of three identical alpha1(xii) chains
Collagen Type XIII: a non-fibrillar collagen found as a ubiquitously expressed membrane- associated protein. type xiii collagen contains both collagenous and non-collagenous domains along with a transmembrane domain within its n-terminal region
Collagen Type XVII: a 220 kda non-fibrillar collagen and basement membrane component. it is involved in healing wounds of the epithelium, corneal
Collagen Type XVIII: a non-fibrillar collagen found in basement membrane. the c-terminal end of the alpha1 chain of collagen type xviii contains the endostatin peptide, which can be released by proteolytic cleavage
Collagenases: enzymes that catalyze the degradation of collagen by acting on the peptide bonds
Collagenous Sprue: a malabsorption syndrome characterized by collagenous mucosal lesions of the small intestine, atrophy of microvilli, severe malabsorption, diarrhea, and malnutrition often refractory to a gluten-free diet
Collapse Therapy: surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis whereby the lung is totally or partially, temporarily or permanently, immobilized. the procedure was based on the popular concept that collapsing the affected portion of a tuberculous lung allowed the infected area to rest and thereby recover. at the beginning of the 20th century artificially induced pneumothorax (pneumothorax, artificial) was popular. later a variety of other techniques was used to encourage collapse of the infected portion of the lung: unilateral phrenic nerve division, pneumonolysis, pneumoperitoneum (pneumoperitoneum, artificial), and thoracoplasty. collapse therapy has declined since the advent of antitubercular chemotherapy. (stedman, 25th ed; from sabiston jr, textbook of surgery, 14th ed, p1733-4)
Collapsin Response Mediator Protein 1: nerve tissue protein which is necessary for signaling by class 3 semaphorins and subsequent remodeling of the cytoskeleton. it plays a role in axon guidance during development of the nervous system
Collateral Circulation: maintenance of blood flow to an organ despite obstruction of a principal vessel. blood flow is maintained through small vessels
Collateral Ligament, Ulnar: the internal lateral ligament that travels from the medial aspect of the elbow uniting the distal aspect of the humerus to the proximal aspect of the ulna
Collateral Ligaments: a number of ligaments on either side of, and serving as a radius of movement of, a joint having a hingelike movement. they occur at the elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints of the hands and feet. (stedman, 25th ed)
Collectins: a class of c-type lectins that target the carbohydrate structures found on invading pathogens. binding of collectins to microorganisms results in their agglutination and enhanced clearance. collectins form trimers that may assemble into larger oligomers. each collectin polypeptide chain consists of four regions: a relatively short n-terminal region, a collagen-like region, an alpha-helical coiled-coil region, and carbohydrate-binding region
Collective Bargaining: the process of negotiation between representatives of an employee organization, association or union, and representatives of the employer
Collective Efficacy: a group belief and perception in its ability to complete a task successfully. it includes shared belief it can control deviant behavior of a member
College Fraternities and Sororities: local or national organizations of college students, primarily for social purposes, usually with secret initiations and rites and a name composed of two or three greek letters
Colles' Fracture: fracture of the lower end of the radius in which the lower fragment is displaced posteriorly
Collesova fraktura: typická zlomenina vřetenní kosti (viz radius) v oblasti zápěstí, která vzniká při pádu na nataženou ruku (extenční zlomenina). častější je při prořídnutí kostí (osteoporóze). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2015 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Colletotrichum: a genus of mitosporic phyllachoraceae fungi which contains at least 40 species of plant parasites. they have teleomorphs in the genus glomerella (see phyllachorales)
Colletotrichum: rod mitosporických hub zahrnující nejméně 40 fytopatogenních druhů. teleomorfním rodem je glomerella
Collodion: a nitrocellulose solution in ether and alcohol. collodion has a wide range of uses in industry including applications in the manufacture of photographic film, in fibers, in lacquers, and in engraving and lithography. in medicine it is used as a drug solvent and a wound sealant
Colloid Cysts: benign, congenital, neuroepithelial cysts that are typically filled with a viscous mucus. they usually arise in the anterior portion of the third ventricle between the fornices
Colloid cysts of third ventricle: colloid cysts that occur in the third ventricle with middle age onset. they may cause no symptoms and be discovered incidentally upon examination or autopsy, however, most cases cause chronic hydrocephalus resulting in headaches; ataxia; nausea and vomiting; depression and memory loss; severe cases may cause coma and death. familial cases appear to exhibit an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. omim: 609363
Colloids: two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. the dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. all three states of matter can form colloids among each other
Colobinae: a subfamily of the old world monkeys, cercopithecidae, that inhabits the forests of africa and asia. the genera colobus, piliocolobus and procolobus under tribe colobini and nasalis (proboscis monkey), presbytis, pygathrix, rhinopithecus (snub-nosed monkey), semnopithecus (indian langurs), simias (pig-tailed langur) and trachypithecus under tribe presbytini (asian colobines) belong to this subfamily
Colobinae: podčeleď opic z čeledi cercopithecidae (kočkodanovití), žijící v pralesích afriky a asie. rody colobus (gueréza), piliocolobus a procolobus se řadí do tribu colobini, rody nasalis (kahau), presbytis, pygathrix, rhinopithecus, semnopithecus, simias (kahau rodu simias) a trachypithecus vytvářejí tribus presbytini
Coloboma: congenital anomaly in which some of the structures of the eye are absent due to incomplete fusion of the fetal intraocular fissure during gestation
Coloboma of optic nerve: a coloboma similar to autosomal dominant ocular coloboma (omim: 120200) both eyes are usually affected and it is frequently associated with detachment of the macula lutea and retina. mutations in the pax6 gene have been identified in some cases. omim: 120430
Colobus: a genus of old world monkeys, subfamily colobinae, family cercopithecidae, that inhabits the forests of africa. it includes c. angolensis (angolan colobus), c. guereza (guereza or eastern black-and-white colobus), c. polykomos (king colobus or western black-and-white colobus), c. satanas (black colobus) and c. vellerosus
Colobus: rod starosvětských opic z podčeledi colobinae (hulmani), čeledi cercopithecidae (kočkodanovití), žijících v pralesích afriky. patří sem druhy c. angolensis (gueréza angolská), c. guereza (gueréza pláštíková), c. vellerosus (gueréza bělovousá), c. polykomos (gueréza běloramenná), c. satanas (gueréza černá). gueréza červená, gueréza červenohlavá, gueréza zelená a gueréza zanzibarská jsou v současné době zařazeny do rodu procolobus (piliocolobus). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Colocasia: a plant genus of the family araceae. members contain acrid calcium oxalate and lectins. polynesians prepare the root into poi. common names of taro and coco yam (cocoyam) may be confused with other araceae; xanthosoma; or with common yam (dioscorea)
Colocasia: rod rostlin čeledi araceae, jehož zástupci obsahují škodlivý šťavelan vápenatý a lektiny. polynésané z jejich kořenů připravují pokrm poi
Colombia: a country in northern south america, bordering the caribbean sea, between panama and venezuela, and bordering the north pacific ocean, between ecuador and panama. the capital is bogota
Colon: the segment of large intestine between the cecum and the rectum. it includes the ascending colon; the transverse colon; the descending colon; and the sigmoid colon
Colon, Ascending: the segment of large intestine between the cecum and the transverse colon. it passes cephalad from the cecum to the caudal surface of the right lobe of the liver where it bends sharply to the left, forming the right colic flexure
Colon, Descending: the segment of large intestine between transverse colon and the sigmoid colon
Colon, Sigmoid: a segment of the colon between the rectum and the descending colon
Colon, Transverse: the segment of large intestine between ascending colon and descending colon. it passes from the right colic flexure across the abdomen, then turns sharply at the left colonic flexure into the descending colon
Colonialism: the aggregate of various economic, political, and social policies by which an imperial power maintains or extends its control over other areas or peoples. it includes the practice of or belief in acquiring and retaining colonies. the emphasis is less on its identity as an ideological political system than on its designation in a period of history. (webster, 3d ed; from dr. j. cassedy, nlm history of medicine division)
Colonic Diseases: pathological processes in the colon region of the large intestine (intestine, large)
Colonic Diseases, Functional: chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. the widely recognized irritable bowel syndrome falls into this category
Colonic Polyps: discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the colon. these polyps are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base
Colonic Pouches: sacs or reservoirs created to function in place of the colon and/or rectum in patients who have undergone restorative proctocolectomy (proctocolectomy, restorative)
Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction: functional obstruction of the colon leading to megacolon in the absence of obvious colonic diseases or mechanical obstruction. when this condition is acquired, acute, and coexisting with another medical condition (trauma, surgery, serious injuries or illness, or medication), it is called ogilvie's syndrome
Colonography, Computed Tomographic: a non-invasive imaging method that uses computed tomographic data combined with specialized imaging software to examine the colon
Colonoscopy: endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon
Colony Count, Microbial: enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal cells or spores capable of growth on solid culture media. the method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in air; food; and water; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing
Colony-Forming Units Assay: a cytologic technique for measuring the functional capacity of stem cells by assaying their activity
Colony-Stimulating Factors: glycoproteins found in a subfraction of normal mammalian plasma and urine. they stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow cells in agar cultures and the formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages. the factors include interleukin-3; (il-3); granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; (g-csf); macrophage colony-stimulating factor; (m-csf); and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; (gm-csf)
Color: the visually perceived property of objects created by absorption or reflection of specific wavelengths of light
Color Perception: mental processing of chromatic signals (color vision) from the eye by the visual cortex where they are converted into symbolic representations. color perception involves numerous neurons, and is influenced not only by the distribution of wavelengths from the viewed object, but also by its background color and brightness contrast at its boundary
Color Therapy: a form of phototherapy using color to influence health and to treat various physical or mental disorders. the color rays may be in the visible or invisible spectrum and can be administered through colored lights or applied mentally through suggestion
Color Vision: function of the human eye that is used in bright illumination or in daylight (at photopic intensities). photopic vision is performed by the three types of retinal cone photoreceptors with varied peak absorption wavelengths in the color spectrum (from violet to red, 400 - 700 nm)
Color Vision Defects: defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the cones (retina). severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the rod opsins genes (on x chromosome and chromosome 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue
Colorado: state bounded on the north by wyoming and nebraska, on the east by kansas and nebraska, on the south by new mexico and oklahoma, and on the west by utah
Colorado: stát nacházející se v centrální části spojených států amerických. hraničí na severu s wyomingem, na severovýchodě s nebraskou, na východě s kansasem, na jihovýchodě s oklahomou, na jihu s novým mexikem a na západě s utahem. hlavní město je denver. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Colorado Tick Fever: a febrile illness characterized by chills, aches, vomiting, leukopenia, and sometimes encephalitis. it is caused by the colorado tick fever virus, a reovirus transmitted by the tick dermacentor andersoni