NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Vocational Guidance: systematic efforts to assist individuals in selecting an occupation or suitable employment on the basis of aptitude, education, etc
Vogtův-Koyanagiho-Haradův syndrom: syndrom charakterizovaný bilaterální granulomatózní uveitidou s iritidou a sekundárním glaukomem, předčasnou alopecií, symetrickým vitiligem, poliosis circumscripta (vznik depigmentovaných pramenů vlasů), poruchami sluchu a meningeálními příznaky (ztuhlá šíje a bolest hlavy). nález v mozkomíšním moku je shodný s obrazem aseptické meningitidy
Vohwinkel syndrome: deafness, congenital, with keratopachydermia and constrictions of fingers and toes
Voice: the sounds produced by humans by the passage of air through the larynx and over the vocal cords, and then modified by the resonance organs, the nasopharynx, and the mouth
Voice Disorders: pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving vocal cords and the laryngeal mucosa. voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to dysphonia; aphonia; and defects in voice quality, loudness, and pitch
Voice Quality: that component of speech which gives the primary distinction to a given speaker's voice when pitch and loudness are excluded. it involves both phonatory and resonatory characteristics. some of the descriptions of voice quality are harshness, breathiness and nasality
Voice Training: a variety of techniques used to help individuals utilize their voice for various purposes and with minimal use of muscle energy
Volatilization: a phase transition from liquid state to gas state, which is affected by raoult's law. it can be accomplished by fractional distillation
Volcanic Eruptions: the ash, dust, gases, and lava released by volcanic explosion. the gases are volatile matter composed principally of about 90% water vapor, and carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen. the ash or dust is pyroclastic ejecta and lava is molten extrusive material consisting mainly of magnesium silicate. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Volcke Soekarman syndrome: macrocephaly, mental retardation, short stature, spastic paraplegia and cns malformations
Volleyball: a team sport in which two teams hit an inflated ball back and forth over a high net using their hands
Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 1: voltage-dependent anion channel 1 is the major pore-forming protein of the mitochondrial outer membrane. it also functions as a ferricyanide reductase in the plasma membrane
Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 2: voltage-dependent anion channel 2 is a low abundance mammalian isoform of vdac that interacts with the inactive form of bak protein
Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels: a family of voltage-gated eukaryotic porins that form aqueous channels. they play an essential role in mitochondrial cell membrane permeability, are often regulated by bcl-2 proto-oncogene proteins, and have been implicated in apoptosis
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Agonists: compounds that either stimulate the opening or prevent closure of voltage-gated sodium channels
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers: a class of drugs that inhibit the activation of voltage-gated sodium channels
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel beta Subunits: voltage-gated sodium channel subunits that play a role in the assembly, expression, and functional modulation of the sodium channel. they form a heterotrimeric complex with the pore-forming sodium channel alpha subunits
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel beta-1 Subunit: a voltage-gated sodium channel beta subunit abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle; heart; and brain. it non-covalently associates with voltage-gated alpha subunits. defects in the scn1b gene, which codes for this beta subunit, are associated with generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, type 1, and brugada syndrome 5
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel beta-2 Subunit: a voltage-gated sodium channel beta subunit that binds covalently to voltage-gated alpha subunits
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel beta-3 Subunit: a voltage-gated sodium channel beta subunit subtype that non-covalently associates with voltage-gated alpha subunits. defects in the scn3b gene which codes for this beta subunit are associated with brugada syndrome 7
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel beta-4 Subunit: a voltage-gated sodium channel beta subunit subtype that covalently associates with voltage-gated alpha subunits. defects in the scn4b gene, which codes for this beta subunit, are associated with long qt syndrome-10
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels: a family of membrane proteins that selectively conduct sodium ions due to changes in the transmembrane potential difference. they typically have a multimeric structure with a core alpha subunit that defines the sodium channel subtype and several beta subunits that modulate sodium channel activity
Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging: optical imaging techniques used for recording patterns of electrical activity in tissues by monitoring transmembrane potentials via fluorescence imaging with voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes
Volume Electron Microscopy: electron microscopy techniques designed to reconstruct 3-d images at micrometer volume scales at nanometer (nm) level resolutions. volume electron microscopy uses various techniques to render, segment and reconstruct 3-d images from stacked sequential 2-d images of incremental z-planes
Voluntary Health Agencies: non-profit organizations concerned with various aspects of health, e.g., education, promotion, treatment, services, etc
Volvariella: a genus of edible mushrooms in the family pluteaceae. they have pink gills and a volva at the stem base, and species can be confused with those of the poisonous genus amanita
Volvariella: rod jedlých stopkovýtrusých hub čeledi pluteaceae. lupeny jsou růžově zabarvené, třeň má na bázi pochvu. může být zaměňován za jedovaté houby rodu amanita
Volvocida: order of chlorophyta commonly found in freshwater habitats. characteristics include the presence of a cellulose wall and two to four equal, smooth, apical flagella
Volvocida: řád zelených řas běžně se vyskytujících ve sladkovodních stanovištích. charakteristická je přítomnost celulózové stěny a dvou až čtyř stejných hladkých apikálních bičíků
Volvox: a genus of green algae in the family volvocaceae. they form spherical colonies of hundreds or thousands of bi-flagellated cells in a semi-transparent gelatinous ball
Volvox: rod zelených řas z čeledi volvocaceae. tvoří sférické kolonie stovek nebo tisíců dvoubičíkovitých buněk v poloprůhledné želatinové kouli (cenobiu)
Volvulus Of Midgut: a congenital intestinal volvulus that exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance. it is characterized by a midgut volvulus and may include a thick fibromuscular disc on the pyloric antrum. atresia of the ascending colon, intestinal malrotation, neonatal intestinal obstruction, abdominal distention and pain, constipation and facial abnormalities may also be present. omim: 193250
Vomer: an unpaired thin ploughshare-shaped facial bone. it is situated in the median plane of the skull. the vomer forms the posterior and inferior border of the nasal septum
Vomeronasal Organ: an accessory chemoreceptor organ that is separated from the main olfactory mucosa. it is situated at the base of nasal septum close to the vomer and nasal bones. it forwards chemical signals (such as pheromones) to the central nervous system, thus influencing reproductive and social behavior. in humans, most of its structures except the vomeronasal duct undergo regression after birth
Vomiting, Anticipatory: vomiting caused by expectation of discomfort or unpleasantness
Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein: a ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates oxygen-dependent polyubiquitination of hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit. it is inactivated in von hippel-lindau syndrome
Von Willebrand disease, platelet type: an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by abnormally enhanced binding of von willebrand factor by the platelet glycoprotein gpib-ix complex. mutations in the gp1ba gene have been identified. omim: 177820
Voriconazole: a triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits sterol 14-alpha-demethylase and cytochrome p-450 cyp3a
Vorinostat: a hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor. it is used in the treatment of cutaneous t-cell lymphoma and sezary syndrome
Vortioxetine: a piperazine derivative that acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, as a 5-ht3 receptor antagonist, and 5-ht1a receptor agonist. it is used for the treatment of anxiety and depression
Voting: method by which an individual or a group, such as in a meeting or an electorate, can engage for the purpose of making a collective decision or expressing an opinion
Voyeurism: a paraphilia characterized by repetitive looking at unsuspecting people, usually strangers, who are either naked, in the act of disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity, as the method for achieving sexual excitement
Vps52 protein, mouse: sacm21 gene is from the centromeric portion of the mhc; refseq xm_110209
Vps52 protein, rat: sacm21 gene is from the centromeric portion of the mhc; refseq nm_033097
Vulnerable Populations: groups of persons whose range of options is severely limited, who are frequently subjected to coercion in their decision making, or who may be compromised in their ability to give informed consent
Vulva: the external genitalia of the female. it includes the clitoris, the labia, the vestibule, and its glands
Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus: atrophy and shriveling of the skin of the vulva that is characterized by the whitish lichen sclerosus appearance, inflammation, and pruritus
Vulvar Vestibulitis: inflammation of the vulvar vestibular region at the entrance of the vagina, generally involving surface mucosa and submucosal vestibular glands. it is characterized by erythema and chronic recurrent pain in this area
Vulvitis: inflammation of the vulva. it is characterized by pruritus and painful urination
Vulvodynia: complex pain syndrome with unknown etiology, characterized by constant or intermittent generalized vulva pain (generalized vulvodynia) or localized burning sensations in the vestibule area when pressure is applied (vestibulodynia, or vulvar vestibulitis syndrome). typically, vulvar tissue with vulvodynia appears normal without infection or skin disease. vulvodynia impacts negatively on a woman's quality of life as it interferes with sexual and daily activities
Vulvovaginitis: inflammation of the vulva and the vagina, characterized by discharge, burning, and pruritus
Východní Timor: malý stát na východě ostrova timor v souostroví malé sundy. má přes milion obyvatel. hlavním městem je dili. ostrov timor se nachází v ostrovní části jihovýchodní asie, přes 400 km severně od severního pobřeží austrálie (odděluje ho timorské moře). jde o jeden z nejmladších států světa - samostatnost sice vyhlásil v roce 1975 (hned následovala invaze z indonésie - do 1999), ale naprostou většinou zemí byl uznán až v roce 2002 poté, kdy samostatnost potvrdilo referendum z roku 1999. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Východoafričané: lidé původem z východní afriky nebo obyvatelé této oblasti, kam patří burundi, džibutsko, eritrea, etiopie, keňa, rwanda, somálsko, jižní súdán, súdán, tanzanie, uganda, komorské ostrovy, madagaskar a seychely
Východoevropané: lidé původem z východní evropy nebo její obyvatelé, kam patří albánie, bosna a hercegovina, bulharsko, chorvatsko, česká republika, estonsko, maďarsko, kosovo, lotyšsko, litva, moldavsko, černá hora, polsko, republika severní makedonie, běloruská republika, rumunsko, rusko, srbsko, slovensko, slovinsko a ukrajina
WAGR Syndrome: a contiguous gene syndrome associated with hemizygous deletions of chromosome region 11p13. the condition is marked by the combination of wilms tumor; aniridia; genitourinary abnormalities; and intellectual disability
WAP Four-Disulfide Core Domain Protein 2: a secreted 25-kda glycoprotein member of the whey-acidic-protein (wap) four-disulfide core (wfdc) domain family with tissue specific expression in the epididymis. it is also expressed in a limited number of other organs which include female reproductive tract, breast tissue, kidney, regions of the respiratory tract and nasopharynx. the protein is a biomarker for epithelial ovarian cancer
WD40 Repeats: protein interaction motifs of approximately 40 amino acids that usually terminate in tryptophan and aspartic acid. they form characteristic beta-propeller structures and occur in many eukaryotic proteins that function in a variety of cellular processes. proteins that contain wd40 repeats often function as assembly platforms for multiprotein complexes
WD40 repetice: proteinové interakční motivy o velikosti asi 40 aminokyselin, které obvykle končí tryptofanem a kyselinou aspartovou. tvoří charakteristické beta-šroubovicové struktury, vyskytují se v mnoha proteinech eukaryot a mají různé funkce v buněčných procesech. proteiny s wd40 repeticemi často fungují jako platformy pro sestavování multiproteinových komplexů
WHIM syndrome: a hereditary autosomal dominant immunologic deficiency syndrome characterized by neutropenia; agammaglobulinemia, and extensive human papillomavirus (hpv) infection. despite the peripheral neutropenia, bone marrow aspirates from affected individuals contain abundant mature myeloid cells (myelokathexis). the susceptibility to hpv is disproportionate compared with other immunodeficiency conditions. mutations in the cxcr4 gene have been identified. omim: 193670
WIN 22169: copolymer containing approximately 11 repeating units of polyoxyethylene and dtpa
WMSV: druh retroviru rodu gammaretrovirus, který vyvolává nádory u primátů. původně byl izolován z fibrosarkomu chápana (lagothrix). je to replikačně defektní virus nesoucí onkogen sis. pro své šíření potřebuje virus wmsv replikačně kompetentní pomocný virus
WNK Lysine-Deficient Protein Kinase 1: a serine-threonine kinase which plays an important role in the regulation of electrolyte homeostasis, cell signaling, survival, and proliferation. it functions as an activator and inhibitor of sodium-coupled chloride co-transporters and as an inhibitor of potassium-coupled chloride co-transporters. mutations in the wnk1 gene are associated with type 2c pseudohypoaldosteronism and type 2a hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies
WT1 Proteins: isoforms encoded by the wt1 wilms tumor suppressor gene (genes, wilms tumor) and produced by alternative splicings. they are zinc finger-containing transcription factors involved in both transactivation and repression, and are critical for normal development and function of the urogenital tract
WW Domain-Containing Oxidoreductase: a short chain oxidoreductase that contains two n-terminal ww domains and functions as a tumor suppressor and in apoptosis. it is also required for bone development
WW Domains: an approximately 40 amino acid protein domain that occurs in a variety of unrelated proteins and may be repeated up to four times in some proteins. it is characterized by two tryptophan residues (ww) about 20 amino acids apart and folds into a stable triple-stranded beta-sheet. it binds proline-rich protein domains and phosphoserine or phosphothreonine-containing protein domains that occur in many signal-transducing and cytoskeletal proteins such as dystrophin
WW domény: proteinová doména o délce přibližně 40 aminokyselin, která se objevuje v různých vzájemně nepříbuzných proteinech a v některých z nich se může vyskytovat až čtyřikrát. je charakterizována tryptofanovými zbytky (ww) ve vzájemné vzdálenosti asi 20 aminokyselin se strukturním uspořádáním do stabilního beta-skládaného listu složeného ze tří řetězců. váže se na proteinové domény bohaté na prolin a na domény obsahující fosfoserin a fosfothreonin, které se nachází v mnoha signálně transdukčních a cytoskeletálních proteinech (např. dystrofin)
Waaler Aarskog syndrome: hydrocephalus, costovertebral dysplasia and undescended scapula (sprengel anomaly)
Waardenburg Syndrome: rare, autosomal dominant disease with variable penetrance and several known clinical types. characteristics may include depigmentation of the hair and skin, congenital deafness, heterochromia iridis, medial eyebrow hyperplasia, hypertrophy of the nasal root, and especially dystopia canthorum. the underlying cause may be defective development of the neural crest (neurocristopathy). waardenburg's syndrome may be closely related to piebaldism. klein-waardenburg syndrome refers to a disorder that also includes upper limb abnormalities
Waardenburg syndrome type 2: a form of waardenburg syndrome that is caused by mutations in the sox10 gene. in addition to pigmentation and hearing abnormalities, affected individuals with type iie may also experience mental impairment, myelination defects, and ataxia. omim: 611584
Waardenburg syndrome, type 4: an autosomal dominant or recessive form of waardenburg syndrome characterized by pigmentary abnormalities of the hair, skin, and eyes, congenital sensorineural hearing loss, and hirschsprung disease. mutations in the ednrb gene have been identified. omim: 277580
Waardenburgův syndrom: vzácné, autozomálně dominantní onemocnění s různou penetrancí a několika známými klinickými typy. k příznakům může patřit depigmentace vlasů a kůže, vrozená hluchota, heterochromia iridis, husté obočí (často srostlé), široká základna nosu a zejména dystopia canthorum. příčinou může být defektní vývoj neurální lišty (neurokristopatie). tento syndrom může být blízce příbuzný s piebaldismem. kleinův-waardenburgův syndrom zahrnuje také abnormality horních končetin
Waikavirus: a genus of plant viruses in the family sequiviridae. transmission is by leafhoppers or aphids and depends on a self-encoded helper protein. the type species is rice tungro spherical virus
Waikavirus: rod rostlinných virů čeledi secoviridae. jsou přenášeny hmyzem čeledi cicadellidae (křískovití) nebo mšicemi. přenos závisí na přítomnosti pomocného proteinu kódovaného vlastním genem. typovým druhem je rice tungro spherical virus
Waist Circumference: the measurement around the body at the level of the abdomen and just above the hip bone. the measurement is usually taken immediately after exhalation
Waist-Hip Ratio: the waist circumference measurement divided by the hip circumference measurement. for both men and women, a waist-to-hip ratio (whr) of 1.0 or higher is considered at risk for undesirable health consequences, such as heart disease and ailments associated with overweight. a healthy whr is 0.90 or less for men, and 0.80 or less for women. (national center for chronic disease prevention and health promotion, 2004)
Waiting Rooms: area for the use of persons such as clients, patients or visitors before an appointment or service
Wakefulness: a state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli
Wakefulness-Promoting Agents: a specific category of drugs that prevent sleepiness by specifically targeting sleep-mechanisms in the brain. they are used to treat disorders of excessive somnolence such as narcolepsy. note that this drug category does not include broadly-acting central nervous system stimulants such as amphetamines
Walbaum Titran Durieux Crepin syndrome: tetradactyly of both hands, hypoplasia of both fibulas and scapuloiliac hypoplasia
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia: a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic b-lymphocytes including plasma cells, with increased levels of monoclonal serum immunoglobulin m. there is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. clinical features include anemia; hemorrhages; and hyperviscosity
Waldenströmova makroglobulinemie: krevní onemocnění charakterizované přítomností monoklonálního makroglobulinu tj. igm produkovaného patologickou populací plasmatických buněk. patří k malignitám z plasmatických buněk, podobá se mnohočetnému myelomu (nezpůsobuje poškození kostí) a lymfoplasmocytárnímu lymfomu. je relativně vzácná, vyskytuje se obv. ve vyšším věku a jejím nápadným příznakem je zejm. hyperviskózní syndrom s poruchami zraku, nervovými příznaky, krvácením z nosu aj. k dalším příznakům patří hepatosplenomegalie, lymfadenopatie, anemie, krvácivé projevy. v léčbě se používají některá cytostatika, symptomatická terapie, plasmaferéza, nověji i ovlivnění markerů (anti-cd20 protilátky) na populaci nádorových buněk. doba přežití je značně variabilní, může dosahovat přes 10 let. asymptomatičtí pacienti se neléčí a sledují se. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Waldmann disease: a rare disorder characterized by dilated intestinal lacteals that cause lymph leakage into the small bowel lumen, resulting in protein-losing enteropathies and lower limb edema. onset is usually before 3 years of age but it may be diagnosed in older patients
Wales: země spojeného království velké británie a severního irska s omezenou autonomií, rozprostírající se západně od anglie na velkém poloostrově na západě ostrova velké británie. wales obývá původem keltský národ velšanů. hlavní město je cardiff. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Walk Test: a measure of endurance tests that show how far and fast an individual can walk without stopping within a certain period of time
Walker-Warburg Syndrome: rare autosomal recessive lissencephaly type 2 associated with congenital muscular dystrophy and eye anomalies (e.g., retinal detachment; cataract; microphthalmos). it is often associated with additional brain malformations such as hydrocephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia and is the most severe form of the group of related syndromes (alpha-dystroglycanopathies) with common congenital abnormalities in the brain, eye and muscle development
Walking: an activity in which the body advances at a slow to moderate pace by moving the feet in a coordinated fashion. this includes recreational walking, walking for fitness, and competitive race-walking
Wallerian Degeneration: degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. the process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its myelin sheath
Wallerova degenerace: degenerace nervových vláken (resp. degenerace nervu) distálně od místa poškození. dochází k dysfunkci periferních úseků (typicky při ischemickém nebo traumatickém přerušení axonálního toku) s následným odumřením axonu i myelinové pochvy. neurilema zůstane obv. intaktní, k regeneraci a návratu funkce však dochází pouze u periferních nervů. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Walruses: the family odobenidae, suborder pinnipedia, order carnivora. it is represented by a single species of large, nearly hairless mammal found on arctic shorelines, whose upper canines are modified into tusks
Wandering Behavior: moving oneself through space while confused or otherwise cognitively impaired. patterns include akathisia, exhibiting neuroleptic-induced pacing and restlessness; exit seekers who are often newly admitted institution residents who try to open locked exit doors; self-stimulators who perform other activities such as turning doorknobs, in addition to continuous pacing; and modelers who shadow other pacers
Wandering Spleen: a congenital or acquired condition in which the spleen is not in its normal anatomical position but moves about in the abdomen. this is due to laxity or absence of suspensory ligaments which normally provide peritoneal attachments to keep the spleen in a fixed position. clinical symptoms include abdominal pain, splenic torsion and ischemia
War Crimes: criminal acts committed during, or in connection with, war, e.g., maltreatment of prisoners, willful killing of civilians, etc
Warburg Effect, Oncologic: an observation in neoplastic cellular transformation, characterized by an increased glucose uptake via glycolytic activities resulting in an increased lactate production under aerobic microenvironment
Warburg Sjo Fledelius syndrome: a rare hereditary disorder characterized by microcephaly, microphthalmia, microcornea, congenital cataracts, optic atrophy, cortical dysplasia, corpus callosum hypoplasia, severe intellectual disability, spastic diplegia, and hypogonadism. it is caused by mutations in the rab3gap1 gene. omim: 600118
Warburgův efekt: nádorové buňky v metabolismu glukózy preferují glykolýzu před aerobní částí buněčného dýchání, a to i v aerobních podmínkách. konečným produktem metabolismu glukózy u nádorových buněk je kyselina mléčná. tím se významným způsobem odlišují od zdravých buněk, u kterých ve většině případů převažuje aerobní glykolýza. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: engaging in any type of conflict including war or military conflict against another nation or organized group
Warfarin: an anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin k-dependent coagulation factors. warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. it is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. warfarin is also used as a rodenticide
Warm Ischemia: a tissue or organ remaining at physiological temperature during decreased blood perfusion or in the absence of blood supply. during organ transplantation it begins when the organ reaches physiological temperature before the completion of surgical anastomosis and ends with reestablishment of the blood circulation through the tissue
Warts: benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin
Wasabia: a plant genus of the family brassicaceae used for its hot peppery root
Wasabia: rod rostlin čeledi brassicaceae. ze všech rodů eutremy je nejznámější východoasijský druh eutrema japonská, která se používá jako významná přísada v japonské, jinak chuťově nepestré kuchyni. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Washington: state bounded by on the north by canada, on the east by idaho, on the south by oregon, and on the west by the pacific ocean
Washington: stát na západním pobřeží spojených států amerických, nejzápadnější stát kontinentálních usa, hraničí na jihu s oregonem, na východě s idahem a na severu s kanadskou provincií britská kolumbie. západní ohraničení státu tvoří tichý oceán. hlavním městem je olympia s 50 tisíci obyvatel. největším městem je seattle. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Wasp Venoms: venoms produced by the wasp (vespid) family of stinging insects, including hornets; the venoms contain enzymes, biogenic amines, histamine releasing factors, kinins, toxic polypeptides, etc., and are similar to bee venoms
Wasps: any of numerous winged hymenopterous insects of social as well as solitary habits and having formidable stings
Waste Disposal Facilities: sites that receive and store waste products. some facilities also sort, process, and recycle specific waste products
Waste Disposal, Fluid: the discarding or destroying of liquid waste products or their transformation into something useful or innocuous
Waste Management: disposal, processing, controlling, recycling, and reusing the solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes of plants, animals, humans, and other organisms. it includes control within a closed ecological system to maintain a habitable environment
Waste Products: debris resulting from a process that is of no further use to the system producing it. the concept includes materials discharged from or stored in a system in inert form as a by-product of vital activities. (from webster's new collegiate dictionary, 1981)
Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring: sampling of the liquids generated from industrial processes, sanitary fixtures and appliances, food handling, etc., to collect and analyze epidemiological information (such as pathogen levels, or concentrations of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, or other substances) from metabolic excretion products, household liquid wastes, and industrial wastes
Wasting Disease, Chronic: a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (prion disease) of deer and elk characterized by chronic weight loss leading to death. it is thought to spread by direct contact between animals or through environmental contamination with the prion protein (prions)
Wasting Syndrome: a condition of involuntary weight loss of greater then 10% of baseline body weight. it is characterized by atrophy of muscles and depletion of lean body mass. wasting is a sign of malnutrition as a result of inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption, or hypermetabolism
Watchful Waiting: clinical management approach wherein immediate therapy is not provided but there is a period of observation during which periodic tests monitor patient and the progression of the illness. (driffield t, smith pc med decis making. 2007 mar-apr;27(2):178-88)
Water: a clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. the chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (h2o). (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Water Cycle: circulation of water among various ecological systems, in various states, on, above, and below the surface of the earth
Water Decolorization: the removal of dyes; stains; or other coloring agents, natural or synthetic, from water sources by various processes such as adsorption; bioremediation; enzymatic digestion; and electrolysis
Water Insecurity: the lack of reliable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods, human and well-being. (from https://www.unwater.org/publications accessed3/34/2020)
Water Loss, Insensible: loss of water by diffusion through the skin and by evaporation from the respiratory tract
Water Microbiology: the presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. this term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms
Water Movements: the flow of water in enviromental bodies of water such as rivers, oceans, water supplies, aquariums, etc. it includes currents, tides, and waves
Water Pipe Smoking: a process by which smoke produced from burning substance is mixed with flavor-altering substances and drawn through water or other liquid into the mouth
Water Pollutants: substances or organisms which pollute the water or bodies of water. use for water pollutants in general or those for which there is no specific heading
Water Pollutants, Chemical: chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water
Water Pollutants, Radioactive: pollutants, present in water or bodies of water, which exhibit radioactivity
Water Pollution: contamination of bodies of water (such as lakes; rivers; seas; and groundwater.)
Water Pollution, Chemical: adverse effect upon bodies of water (lakes; rivers; seas; groundwater etc.) caused by chemical water pollutants
Water Purification: any of several processes in which undesirable impurities in water are removed or neutralized; for example, chlorination, filtration, primary treatment, ion exchange, and distillation. it includes treatment of wastewater to provide potable and hygienic water in a controlled or closed environment as well as provision of public drinking water supplies
Water Quality: a rating of a body of water based on measurable physical, chemical, and biological characteristics
Water Resources: environmental reservoirs of water related to natural water cycle by which water is obtained for various purposes. this includes but is not limited to watersheds, aquifers and springs
Water Softening: processes by which minerals such as calcium, magnesium, and certain metal cations are removed from hard water, making it more compatible with soap and safer on appliances and plumbing
Water Supply: means or process of supplying water (as for a community) usually including reservoirs, tunnels, and pipelines and often the watershed from which the water is ultimately drawn. (webster, 3d ed)
Water-Electrolyte Balance: the balance of fluid in the body fluid compartments; total body water; blood volume; extracellular space; intracellular space, maintained by processes in the body that regulate the intake and excretion of water and electrolytes, particularly sodium and potassium
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance: disturbances in the body's water-electrolyte balance
Waterborne Diseases: illnesses due to micro-organisms and chemicals in drinking water, those caused by organisms having part of their lifecycle in water or those with water-related vectors, and others spread by aerosols containing pathogens
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome: a condition of hemorrhage and necrosis of the adrenal gland. it is characterized by rapidly developing adrenal insufficiency; hypotension; and widespread cutaneous purpura
Waterhouseův-Friderichsenův syndrom: závažný stav s celkovým krvácením dic (diseminovaná intravaskulární koagulace), s akutně vzniklým selháním nadledvin v důsledku krvácení do tohoto orgánu, hypoglykemií a šokovým stavem. vzniká jako komplikace infekce meningokoky. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2014 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Wavelet Analysis: signal and data processing method that uses decomposition of wavelets to approximate, estimate, or compress signals with finite time and frequency domains. it represents a signal or data in terms of a fast decaying wavelet series from the original prototype wavelet, called the mother wavelet. this mathematical algorithm has been adopted widely in biomedical disciplines for data and signal processing in noise removal and audio/image compression (e.g., eeg and mri)
Waxes: a plastic substance deposited by insects or obtained from plants. waxes are esters of various fatty acids with higher, usually monohydric alcohols. the wax of pharmacy is principally yellow wax (beeswax), the material of which honeycomb is made. it consists chiefly of cerotic acid and myricin and is used in making ointments, cerates, etc. (dorland, 27th ed)
Weaning: permanent deprivation of breast milk and commencement of nourishment with other food. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Weapons of Mass Destruction: weapons that are capable of a high order of destruction and/or of being used to destroy large numbers of people. it includes nuclear weapons, and biological, chemical, and radiation weapons
Wearable Electronic Devices: electronic implements worn on the body as an implant or as an accessory. examples include wearable diagnostic devices, wearable activity trackers, wearable infusion pumps, wearable computing devices, sensory aids, and electronic pest repellents
Weaver syndrome: overgrowth syndrome with accelerated skeletal maturation, unusual facies, and camptodactyly
Webcast: content from transmission of live or pre-recorded audio or video via connection or download from the internet
Webcasts as Topic: works about transmission of live or pre-recorded audio or video content via connection or download from the internet
Wechsler Memory Scale: a neuropsychological test designed to assess different memory functions. it may incorporate an optional cognitive exam (brief cognitive status exam) that helps to assess memory related cognitive function
Wechslerova paměťová škála: neuropsychologický test určený k posouzení různých paměťových funkcí. může zahrnovat volitelnou kognitivní zkoušku (brief cognitive status exam), která pomáhá při hodnocení kognitivních funkcí souvisejících s pamětí
Wechslerovy škály: neuropsychologické diagnostické metody používané k vyšetřování intelektu a paměti. mají složku verbální a výkonovou, umožňují hodnotit různé složky inteligence. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2015 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Wedelia: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain wedelolactone and wedeloside
Wedelia: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují wedelolakton a wedelosid
Wedge Argument: an assertion that an action apparently unobjectionable in itself would set in motion a train of events leading ultimately to an undesirable outcome. (from cambridge dictionary of philosophy, 1995)
Weevils: beetles in the family curculionidae and the largest family in the order coleoptera. they have a markedly convex shape and many are considered pests
Weibel-Palade Bodies: rod-shaped storage granules for von willebrand factor specific to endothelial cells
Weibel-Paladeho granula: tyčkovitá zásobní granula obsahující von willebrandův faktor. jsou specifická pro endoteliální buňky
Weight Prejudice: negative attitudes towards and beliefs about others because of their weight. these negative attitudes are manifested by stereotypes and/or prejudice towards people with weight over or under a cultural norm
Weight Reduction Programs: services providing counseling and activities that help overweight individuals to attain a more healthy body weight
Weight-Bearing: the physical state of supporting an applied load. this often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot
Weightlessness: condition in which no acceleration, whether due to gravity or any other force, can be detected by an observer within a system. it also means the absence of weight or the absence of the force of gravity acting on a body. microgravity, gravitational force between 0 and 10 -6 g, is included here. (from nasa thesaurus, 1988)
Weightlessness Countermeasures: techniques and routines designed to prevent or reverse unwanted effects of weightlessness experienced during actual and simulated space flight, including physiologic changes related to removal of gravitational loading. specific measures include creation of artificial gravity, exercise, low-level lower body negative pressure, and use of anti-deconditioning devices. (from nicogossian, space physiology and medicine, 2d ed, pp294-297)
Weightlessness Simulation: condition under normal earth gravity where the force of gravity itself is not actually altered but its influence or effect may be modified and studied. (from asgsb bull 1992;5(2):27)
Weil Disease: a severe form of leptospirosis, usually caused by leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae and occasionally other serovars. it is transmitted to humans by the rat and is characterized by hemorrhagic and renal symptoms with accompanying jaundice
Weill-Marchesani Syndrome: rare congenital disorder of connective tissue characterized by brachydactyly, joint stiffness, childhood onset of ocular abnormalities (e.g., microspherophakia, ectopia lentis; glaucoma), and proportionate short stature. cardiovascular anomalies are occasionally seen
Weillův-Marchesaniho syndrom: vrozený, recesivně dědičný syndrom s narušeným vývojem mezodermu. bývají poruchy vzrůstu, krátké končetiny, brachycefalie, anomálie oční čočky (mikrofakie, sférofakie, sekundární glaukom). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Weilova nemoc: závažná leptospiróza (leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae). bývají vysoké horečky, někdy až s poruchami vědomí a pozitivními meningeálními příznaky. rozvíjí se poškození ledvin s možným akutním selháním, krvácivé poruchy při poškození kapilár, možné trombocytopenii či postižení jater. jaterní postižení má cholestatický ráz s ikterem. léčí se vysokými dávkami antibiotik (penicilin, ampicilin, cefalosporiny, tetracyklin a erythromycin, kortikoidy), při renálním selhávání se provádí hemodialýza. někdy se používá označení weilův syndrom. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2014 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome: primary testicular insufficiency with normal virilization, blindness, deafness and metabolic abnormalities
Weismann Netter syndrome: bowed diaphysis ,cortical anomaly , tibia absent/abnormal , fibula absent/abnormal; wns not included
Weissella: a genus of gram-positive, asporogenous, lactic acid bacteria, in the family leuconostocaceae
Weissella: rod grampozitivních, asporogenních bakterií mléčného kvašení z čeledi leuconostocaceae
Welding: joining metal pieces or parts together by melting the adjoining surfaces with heat, using a heat source such as a blowtorch or electric arc. the melted surfaces are then pressed together by hammering
Wells syndrome: a rare type of eosinophilia that primarily affects the skin. it is characterized by a skin rash that is often proceeded by an itching or burning sensation. the rash may persist for 4 to 8 weeks and can recur years later
Werner Syndrome: an autosomal recessive disorder that causes premature aging in adults, characterized by sclerodermal skin changes, cataracts, subcutaneous calcification, muscular atrophy, a tendency to diabetes mellitus, aged appearance of the face, baldness, and a high incidence of neoplastic disease
Werner Syndrome Helicase: a dna-dependent helicase and 3'-5' exonuclease. it has 3'->5' exonuclease activity towards double-stranded dna with a 5'-overhang and binds preferentially to dna substrates containing alternate secondary structures, such as replication forks and holliday junctions. mutations in the wrn gene are associated with werner syndrome
Wernerův syndrom: autozomálně recesivní porucha, která způsobuje předčasné stárnutí dospělých. mezi příznaky patří sklerodermie kůže, katarakta, podkožní kalcifikace, svalová atrofie, sklon k diabetes mellitus, stařecký vzhled obličeje, plešatost a vysoký výskyt nádorových onemocnění
Wernicke Area: functional region comprising posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant cerebral hemisphere (see cerebral dominance) and often portions of the parietal lobe. along with broca area it is important in speech and language processes. a lesion in the area is associated with wernicke aphasia and conduction aphasia
Wernicke Encephalopathy: an acute neurological disorder characterized by the triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and disturbances of mental activity or consciousness. eye movement abnormalities include nystagmus, external rectus palsies, and reduced conjugate gaze. thiamine deficiency and chronic alcoholism are associated conditions. pathologic features include periventricular petechial hemorrhages and neuropil breakdown in the diencephalon and brainstem. chronic thiamine deficiency may lead to korsakoff syndrome. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp1139-42; davis & robertson, textbook of neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp452-3)
Wernickeho afázie: porucha porozumění řeči a významu slov (mluvených i psaných) a vět. příčinou vzniku této afázie jsou léze v zadní perisylvické oblasti temporálního laloku dominantní hemisféry (wernickeova area)
Wernickeova encefalopatie: neurologická porucha vznikající při těžkém nedostatku vitaminu b1, např. u alkoholiků nebo po resekci žaludku. projevuje se poruchami vědomí (deliriem), obrnou okohybných svalů (s diplopií), poruchami chůze, ataxií, demencí aj. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Wernickeovo centrum: oblast mozkové kůry, v níž je senzorické centrum řeči, tj. oblast odpovědná za porozumění mluvené řeči. u praváků je obv. umístěno v levé části mozku. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2014 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Wescodyne: antiplaque agents; contain polyethoxy polypropoxy polyethoxyethanol-iodine & nonylphenoxypoly(ethylenoxy)ethanol-iodine
West African People: people native to or inhabitants of west africa (western part of the sub-saharan africa) including benin; burkina faso; cabo verde; ivory coast; gambia; ghana; guinea; guinea-bissau; liberia; mali; mauritania; niger; nigeria; senegal; sierra leone; togo and cape verde islands
West Asian People: people native to or inhabitants of western asia including bangladesh; bhutan; india; iran; iraq; israel; jordan; kuwait; lebanon; maldives; nepal; oman; palestinian territories; pakistan; qatar; saudi arabia; sri lanka; syria; turkey; united arab emirates and yemen
West Indies: islands lying between southeastern north america and northern south america, enclosing the caribbean sea. they comprise the greater antilles (cuba; dominican republic; haiti; jamaica; and puerto rico), the lesser antilles (antigua and barbuda and the other leeward islands, barbados; martinique and the other windward islands, netherlands antilles; virgin islands of the united states, british virgini islands, and the islands north of venezuela which include trinidad and tobago), and the bahamas. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p1330)
West Nile Fever: a mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the west nile virus, a flavivirus and endemic to regions of africa, asia, and europe. common clinical features include headache; fever; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. meningitis; encephalitis; and myelitis may also occur. the disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1996, ch26, p13; lancet 1998 sep 5;352(9130):767-71)
West Nile Virus Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with west nile virus
West Nile virus: a species of flavivirus, one of the japanese encephalitis virus group (encephalitis viruses, japanese). it can infect birds and mammals. in humans, it is seen most frequently in africa, asia, and europe presenting as a silent infection or undifferentiated fever (west nile fever). the virus appeared in north america for the first time in 1999. it is transmitted mainly by culex spp mosquitoes which feed primarily on birds, but it can also be carried by the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, which feeds mainly on mammals
West Virginia: state bounded on the north by ohio, maryland, and pennsylvania, bounded on the west by ohio and kentucky, on the east and south by virginia
Western Australia: a state in western australia. its capital is perth. it was first visited by the dutch in 1616 but the english took possession in 1791 and permanent colonization began in 1829. it was a penal settlement 1850-1888, became part of the colonial government in 1886, and was granted self government in 1890. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p1329)
Western World: a historical and cultural entity dispersed across the wide geographical area of europe, as opposed to the east, asia, and africa. the term was used by scholars through the late medieval period. thereafter, with the impact of colonialism and the transmission of cultures, western world was sometimes expanded to include the americas. (dr. james h. cassedy, nlm history of medicine division)
Wet Macular Degeneration: a form of retinal degeneration in which abnormal choroidal neovascularization occurs under the retina and macula lutea, causing bleeding and leaking of fluid. this leads to bulging and or lifting of the macula and the distortion or destruction of central vision
Wetlands: environments or habitats at the interface between truly terrestrial ecosystems and truly aquatic systems making them different from each yet highly dependent on both. adaptations to low soil oxygen characterize many wetland species
Wettability: the quality or state of being wettable or the degree to which something can be wet. this is also the ability of any solid surface to be wetted when in contact with a liquid whose surface tension is reduced so that the liquid spreads over the surface of the solid
Wetting Agents: a surfactant that renders a surface wettable by water or enhances the spreading of water over the surface
Weyers acrofacial dysostosis: a congenital disorder characterized by dental anomalies, nail dystrophy, postaxial polydactyly, and mild short stature. it is caused by mutations in the limbin (lbn/evc2) gene. mutations in this gene are also associated with ellis-van creveld syndrome, which is phenotypically similar. omim: 193530
Whale, Killer: the species orcinus orca, in the family delphinidae, characterized by its black and white coloration, and huge triangular dorsal fin. it is the largest member of the dolphins and derives its name from the fact that it is a fearsome predator
Whales: large marine mammals of the order cetacea. in the past, they were commercially valued for whale oil, for their flesh as human food and in animal feed and fertilizers, and for baleen. today, there is a moratorium on most commercial whaling, as all species are either listed as endangered or threatened
Whales, Pilot: the genus globicephala, in the family delphinidae, consisting of two species of dolphins. they are mostly black with a stocky shape and bulbous foreheads
Wharton Jelly: jelly-like connective tissue of the umbilical cord that contains mesenchymal stem cells