NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Receptors, Cytoadhesin: a group of integrins that includes the platelet outer membrane glycoprotein gpiib-iiia (platelet glycoprotein gpiib-iiia complex) and the vitronectin receptor (receptors, vitronectin). they play a major role in cell adhesion and serve as receptors for fibronectin, von willebrand factor, and vitronectin
Receptors, Cytokine: cell surface proteins that bind cytokines and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells
Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear: intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. they bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the cell membrane. many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the cell nucleus upon ligand-binding where they signal via dna-binding and transcription regulation. also included in this category are receptors found on intracellular membranes that act via mechanisms similar to cell surface receptors
Receptors, Death Domain: a family of cell surface receptors that signal via a conserved domain that extends into the cell cytoplasm. the conserved domain is referred to as a death domain due to the fact that many of these receptors are involved in apoptosis signaling pathways. several death domain receptor signaling adaptor proteins can bind to the death domains of the activated receptors and through a complex series of interactions activate apoptotic mediators such as caspases
Receptors, Dopamine: cell-surface proteins that bind dopamine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells
Receptors, Dopamine D1: a subfamily of g-protein-coupled receptors that bind the neurotransmitter dopamine and modulate its effects. d1-class receptor genes lack introns, and the receptors stimulate adenylyl cyclases
Receptors, Dopamine D2: a subfamily of g-protein-coupled receptors that bind the neurotransmitter dopamine and modulate its effects. d2-class receptor genes contain introns, and the receptors inhibit adenylyl cyclases
Receptors, Dopamine D3: a subtype of dopamine d2 receptors that are highly expressed in the limbic system of the brain
Receptors, Dopamine D4: a subtype of dopamine d2 receptors that has high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine
Receptors, Dopamine D5: a subtype of dopamine d1 receptors that has higher affinity for dopamine and differentially couples to gtp-binding proteins
Receptors, Drug: proteins that bind specific drugs with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. drug receptors are generally thought to be receptors for some endogenous substance not otherwise specified
Receptors, Ectodysplasin: members of the tnf receptor family that are specific for ectodysplasin. at least two subtypes of the ectodysplasin receptor exist, each being specific for a ectodysplasin isoform. signaling through ectodysplasin receptors plays an essential role in the normal ectodermal development. genetic defects that result in loss of ectodysplasin receptor function results ectodermal dysplasia
Receptors, Eicosanoid: cell surface proteins that bind eicosanoids with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. among the eicosanoid receptors are receptors for the prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes
Receptors, Endothelin: cell surface proteins that bind endothelins with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells
Receptors, Enterotoxin: guanylate cyclase-coupled receptors that bind bacterial enterotoxins, as well as the endogenous peptides guanylin and uroguanylin. ligand binding stimulates production of cyclic gmp by epithelial cells of the intestinal lumen, altering barrier permeability and mucus secretion. mutations in the gene (gucy2c) encoding this receptor are associated with some cases of hereditary diarrhea (diarrhea 6) and meconium ileus
Receptors, Eph Family: a large family of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases that are structurally-related. the name of this family of proteins derives from original protein eph (now called the epha1 receptor), which was named after the cell line it was first discovered in: erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. members of this family have been implicated in regulation of cell-cell interactions involved in nervous system patterning and development
Receptors, Epoprostenol: cell surface receptors for epoprostenol. they are coupled to heterotrimeric g-proteins
Receptors, Erythropoietin: cell surface proteins that bind erythropoietin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells
Receptors, Estradiol: cytoplasmic proteins that bind estradiol, migrate to the nucleus, and regulate dna transcription
Receptors, Estrogen: cytoplasmic proteins that bind estrogens and migrate to the nucleus where they regulate dna transcription. evaluation of the state of estrogen receptors in breast cancer patients has become clinically important
Receptors, FSH: cell surface proteins that bind follicle stimulating hormone with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells
Receptors, Fc: molecules found on the surface of some, but not all, b-lymphocytes, t-lymphocytes, and macrophages, which recognize and combine with the fc (crystallizable) portion of immunoglobulin molecules
Receptors, Fibrinogen: receptors that bind fibrinogen through distinct adhesive sequences on the fibrinogen molecule. although macrophage-1 antigen is considered an important signaling molecule for fibrinogen interaction, a variety of integrins from all three major families, (beta1, beta2, and beta3) have been shown to bind fibrinogen
Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor: specific molecular sites or structures on cell membranes that react with fibroblast growth factors (both the basic and acidic forms), their analogs, or their antagonists to elicit or to inhibit the specific response of the cell to these factors. these receptors frequently possess tyrosine kinase activity
Receptors, Fibronectin: specific cell surface receptors which bind to fibronectins. studies have shown that these receptors function in certain types of adhesive contact as well as playing a major role in matrix assembly. these receptors include the traditional fibronectin receptor, also called integrin alpha5beta1 and several other integrins
Receptors, Formyl Peptide: a family of g-protein-coupled receptors that was originally identified by its ability to bind n-formyl peptides such as n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine. since n-formyl peptides are found in mitochondria and bacteria, this class of receptors is believed to play a role in mediating cellular responses to cellular damage and bacterial invasion. however, non-formylated peptide ligands have also been found for this receptor class
Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled: the largest family of cell surface receptors involved in signal transduction. they share a common structure and signal through heterotrimeric g-proteins
Receptors, GABA: cell-surface proteins that bind gamma-aminobutyric acid with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. gaba-a receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. they are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. gaba-b receptors act through g-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for l-baclofen
Receptors, GABA-A: cell surface proteins which bind gamma-aminobutyric acid and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. the receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common cysteine loop
Receptors, GABA-B: a subset of gaba receptors that signal through their interaction with heterotrimeric g-proteins
Receptors, Galanin: a family of g-protein-coupled receptors that are specific for galanin and galanin peptides. they are generally considered to be coupled to the gi, inhibitory g-protein to meditate the neurological effects of galanin. several subtypes of galanin receptors occur with differing specificities for the full length galanin, galanin peptide fragments, and galanin-like peptide
Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone: cell surface proteins that bind gastrointestinal hormones with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. most gastrointestinal hormones also act as neurotransmitters so these receptors are also present in the central and peripheral nervous systems
Receptors, Ghrelin: transmembrane proteins that recognize and bind ghrelin, a potent stimulator of growth hormone secretion and food intake in mammals. ghrelin receptors are found in the pituitary and hypothalamus. they belong to the family of g-protein-coupled receptors
Receptors, Glucagon: cell surface receptors that bind glucagon with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. activation of glucagon receptors causes a variety of effects; the best understood is the initiation of a complex enzymatic cascade in the liver which ultimately increases the availability of glucose to body organs
Receptors, Glucocorticoid: cytoplasmic proteins that specifically bind glucocorticoids and mediate their cellular effects. the glucocorticoid receptor-glucocorticoid complex acts in the nucleus to induce transcription of dna. glucocorticoids were named for their actions on blood glucose concentration, but they have equally important effects on protein and fat metabolism. cortisol is the most important example
Receptors, Glutamate: cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (ampa, kainate, and n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. they have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases
Receptors, Glycine: cell surface receptors that bind glycine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. glycine receptors in the central nervous system have an intrinsic chloride channel. glya receptor is sensitive to strychnine and localized in the post-synaptic membrane of inhibitory glycinergic neurons. glyb receptor is insensitive to strychnine and associated with the excitatory nmda receptor
Receptors, Gonadotropin: those protein complexes or molecular sites on the surfaces of gonadal and other sensitive cells that bind gonadotropins and thereby modify the functions of those cells; hcg, lh, and follicle stimulating hormone are the major specific gonadotropins
Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor: receptors that bind and internalize granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. their mw is believed to be 150 kd. these receptors are found mainly on a subset of myelomonocytic cells
Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: receptors that bind and internalize the granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor. their mw is believed to be 84 kd. the most mature myelomonocytic cells, specifically human neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils, express the highest number of affinity receptors for this growth factor
Receptors, Growth Factor: cell surface receptors that bind growth or trophic factors with high affinity, triggering intracellular responses which influence the growth, differentiation, or survival of cells
Receptors, Guanylate Cyclase-Coupled: a class of cellular membrane receptors that either have an intrinsic guanylate cyclase activity or are closely coupled to specific guanylate cyclases within the cell
Receptors, HIV: cellular receptors that bind the human immunodeficiency virus that causes aids. included are cd4 antigens, found on t4 lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophages, which bind to the hiv envelope protein gp120
Receptors, Histamine: cell-surface proteins that bind histamine and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. histamine receptors are widespread in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues. three types have been recognized and designated h1, h2, and h3. they differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mode of action
Receptors, Histamine H1: a class of histamine receptors discriminated by their pharmacology and mode of action. most histamine h1 receptors operate through the inositol phosphate/diacylglycerol second messenger system. among the many responses mediated by these receptors are smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, hormone release, and cerebral glyconeogenesis. (from biochem soc trans 1992 feb;20(1):122-5)
Receptors, Histamine H2: a class of histamine receptors discriminated by their pharmacology and mode of action. histamine h2 receptors act via g-proteins to stimulate adenylyl cyclases. among the many responses mediated by these receptors are gastric acid secretion, smooth muscle relaxation, inotropic and chronotropic effects on heart muscle, and inhibition of lymphocyte function. (from biochem soc trans 1992 feb;20(1):122-5)
Receptors, Histamine H3: a class of histamine receptors discriminated by their pharmacology and mode of action. histamine h3 receptors were first recognized as inhibitory autoreceptors on histamine-containing nerve terminals and have since been shown to regulate the release of several neurotransmitters in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (from biochem soc trans 1992 feb;20(1):122-5)
Receptors, Histamine H4: g-protein-coupled histamine receptors that are expressed primarily in bone marrow as well as in peripheral tissues and organs. they are expressed by immune cells that include eosinophils; t-cells; dendritic cells; and mast cells
Receptors, IgE: specific molecular sites on the surface of b- and t-lymphocytes which combine with iges. two subclasses exist: low affinity receptors (fc epsilon rii) and high affinity receptors (fc epsilon ri)
Receptors, IgG: specific molecular sites on the surface of various cells, including b-lymphocytes and macrophages, that combine with immunoglobulin gs. three subclasses exist: fc gamma ri (the cd64 antigen, a low affinity receptor), fc gamma rii (the cd32 antigen, a high affinity receptor), and fc gamma riii (the cd16 antigen, a low affinity receptor)
Receptors, Immunologic: cell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. although these receptors were first identified in the immune system, many have important functions elsewhere
Receptors, Interferon: specific molecular sites or structures on or in cells with which interferons react or to which they bind in order to modify the function of the cells. interferons exert their pleiotropic effects through two different receptors. alpha- and beta-interferon crossreact with common receptors, while gamma-interferon initiates its biological effects through its own specific receptor system
Receptors, Interleukin: cell surface proteins that bind interleukins and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells
Receptors, Interleukin-1: cell surface receptors that are specific for interleukin-1. included under this heading are signaling receptors, non-signaling receptors and accessory proteins required for receptor signaling. signaling from interleukin-1 receptors occurs via interaction with signal transducing adaptor proteins such as myeloid differentiation factor 88
Receptors, Interleukin-1 Type I: an interleukin-1 receptor subtype that is involved in signaling cellular responses to interleukin-1alpha and interleukin-1beta. the binding of this receptor to its ligand causes its favorable interaction with interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein and the formation of an activated receptor complex
Receptors, Interleukin-1 Type II: an interleukin-1 receptor subtype that competes with the interleukin-1 receptor type i for binding to interleukin-1alpha and interleukin-1beta. the interleukin-1 type ii receptor appears to lack signal transduction capability. therefore it may act as a decoy receptor that modulates the activity of its ligands. both membrane-bound and soluble forms of the receptor have been identified
Receptors, Interleukin-10: cell surface receptors for interleukin-10. they exist as a tetramer of two alpha chains (interleukin-10 receptor alpha chain) and two beta chains (interleukin-10 receptor, beta chain). signaling from interleukin-10 receptors occurs through their interaction with janus kinases
Receptors, Interleukin-11: cell surface receptors that are specific for interleukin-11. they consist of heterodimers of the interleukin-11 receptor alpha subunit and the cytokine receptor gp130
Receptors, Interleukin-12: cell surface receptors for interleukin-12. they exist as dimers of beta 1 and beta 2 subunits. signaling from interleukin-12 receptors occurs through their interaction with janus kinases
Receptors, Interleukin-13: cell surface receptors for interleukin-13. included under this heading are the interleukin-13 receptor alpha2 which is a monomeric receptor and the interleukin-4 receptor type ii which has specificity for both interleukin-4 and interleukin-13
Receptors, Interleukin-15: cell surface receptors for interleukin-15. they are widely-distributed heterotrimeric proteins consisting of the interleukin-15 receptor alpha subunit, the interleukin-2, 15 receptor beta subunit, and the interleukin receptor common gamma-chain
Receptors, Interleukin-16: cell surface receptors for interleukin-16. although initial studies have identified cd4 antigens as receptors for interleukin-16, the fact that cells from knockout mice which lack cd4 antigen are responsive to il-16 indicate that are at least 2 distinct receptors subtypes
Receptors, Interleukin-17: cell surface receptors for interleukin-17. several subtypes of receptors have been found, each with its own in specificity for interleukin-17 subtype
Receptors, Interleukin-18: cell surface receptors for interleukin-18 found on a variety of cell types including macrophages; neutrophils; nk cells; endothelial cells; and smooth muscle cells. they are formed as a heterodimer of alpha and beta subunits
Receptors, Interleukin-2: receptors present on activated t-lymphocytes and b-lymphocytes that are specific for interleukin-2 and play an important role in lymphocyte activation. they are heterotrimeric proteins consisting of the interleukin-2 receptor alpha subunit, the interleukin-2 receptor beta subunit, and the interleukin receptor common gamma-chain
Receptors, Interleukin-21: cell surface receptors for interleukin 21. they are heterodimeric proteins found on dendritic cells and lymphocytes that consist of the interleukin-21 receptor alpha subunit and the cytokine receptor common beta subunit
Receptors, Interleukin-3: high affinity receptors for interleukin-3. they are found on early hematopoietic progenitor cells; progenitors of myeloid cells; eosinophils; and basophils. interleukin-3 receptors are formed by the dimerization of the interleukin-3 receptor alpha subunit and the cytokine receptor common beta subunit
Receptors, Interleukin-4: receptors present on a wide variety of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cell types that are specific for interleukin-4. they are involved in signaling a variety of immunological responses related to allergic inflammation including the differentiation of th2 cells and the regulation of immunoglobulin e production. two subtypes of receptors exist and are referred to as the type i interleukin-4 receptor and the type ii interleukin-4 receptor. each receptor subtype is defined by its unique subunit composition
Receptors, Interleukin-4, Type I: an interleukin-4 receptor subtype that is found predominantly on hematopoietic cells. it is a heterodimer of the interleukin-4 receptor alpha subunit and the interleukin receptor common gamma-chain
Receptors, Interleukin-4, Type II: an interleukin receptor subtype found on both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. it is a membrane-bound heterodimer that contains the interleukin-4 receptor alpha subunit and the interleukin-13 receptor alpha1 subunit. although commonly referred to as the interleukin-4 type-ii receptor this receptor has specificity for both interleukin-4 and interleukin-13
Receptors, Interleukin-5: cell surface receptors that are specific for interleukin-5. they are heterodimeric proteins consisting of the interleukin-5 receptor alpha subunit and the cytokine receptor common beta subunit. signaling from interleukin-5 receptors can occur through interaction of their cytoplasmic domains with syntenins
Receptors, Interleukin-6: cell surface receptors that are specific for interleukin-6. they are present on t-lymphocytes, mitogen-activated b-lymphocytes, and peripheral monocytes. the receptors are heterodimers of the interleukin-6 receptor alpha subunit and the cytokine receptor gp130
Receptors, Interleukin-7: cell surface receptors that are specific for interleukin-7. they are present on t-lymphocytes and b-lymphocyte precursors. the receptors are heterodimeric proteins consisting of the interleukin-5 receptor alpha subunit and the cytokine receptor common beta subunit
Receptors, Interleukin-8: cell surface receptors that are specific for interleukin-8. two specific receptor subtypes (type a and b) have been found and bind il-8 with high affinity
Receptors, Interleukin-8A: high-affinity g-protein-coupled receptors for interleukin-8 present on neutrophils; monocytes; and basophils
Receptors, Interleukin-8B: high-affinity g-protein-coupled receptors for interleukin-8 present on neutrophils; monocytes; and t-lymphocytes. these receptors also bind several other cxc chemokines
Receptors, Interleukin-9: a cell surface receptor that specifically mediates the biological effects of interleukin-9. the functional il9 receptor signals through interaction of its cytoplasm domain with janus kinases and requires the interleukin receptor common gamma subunit for activity
Receptors, Invertebrate Peptide: cell surface receptors for invertebrate peptide hormones or neuropeptides
Receptors, Ionotropic Glutamate: a class of ligand-gated ion channel receptors that have specificity for glutamate. they are distinct from metabotropic glutamate receptors which act through a g-protein-coupled mechanism
Receptors, Islet Amyloid Polypeptide: g-protein coupled receptors that are formed through the dimerization of the calcitonin receptor with a receptor activity-modifying protein. their affinity for islet amyloid polypeptide is dependent upon which of several receptor activity-modifying protein subtypes they are bound to
Receptors, KIR: a family of receptors found on nk cells that have specificity for a variety of hla antigens. kir receptors contain up to three different extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains referred to as d0, d1, and d2 and play an important role in blocking nk cell activation against cells expressing the appropriate hla antigens thus preventing cell lysis. although they are often referred to as being inhibitory receptors, a subset of kir receptors may also play an activating role in nk cells
Receptors, KIR2DL1: a kir receptor that has specificity for hla-c antigens. it is an inhibitory receptor that contains d1 and d2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. it is similar in structure and function to the kir2dl2 receptor and the kir2dl3 receptors
Receptors, KIR2DL2: a kir receptor that has specificity for hla-c antigens. it is an inhibitory receptor that contains d1 and d2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. it is similar in structure and function to the kir2dl1 receptors and the kir2dl3 receptors
Receptors, KIR2DL3: a kir receptor that has specificity for hla-c antigen. it is an inhibitory receptor that contains d1 and d2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. it is similar in structure and function to the kir2dl2 receptors and the kir2dl3 receptors
Receptors, KIR2DL4: a kir receptor that has specificity for hla-g antigen. it contains d0 and d2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail
Receptors, KIR2DL5: an inhibitory kir receptor that contains d0 and d1 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail
Receptors, KIR3DL1: a kir receptor that has specificity for hla-b antigens. it is an inhibitory receptor that contains d0, d1, and d2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail
Receptors, KIR3DL2: a kir receptor that has specificity for hla-a3 antigen. it is an inhibitory receptor that contains d0, d1, and d2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail
Receptors, KIR3DS1: an activating kir receptor that contains d0, d1, and d2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a short cytoplasmic tail
Receptors, Kainic Acid: a class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for kainic acid
Receptors, Kisspeptin-1: g protein coupled receptors for the c-terminally amidated peptide of kisspeptin-1. kiss1r plays an essential role in sexual development during puberty through its regulation of gonadotropin-released hormones
Receptors, LDL: receptors on the plasma membrane of nonhepatic cells that specifically bind ldl. the receptors are localized in specialized regions called coated pits. hypercholesteremia is caused by an allelic genetic defect of three types: 1, receptors do not bind to ldl; 2, there is reduced binding of ldl; and 3, there is normal binding but no internalization of ldl. in consequence, entry of cholesterol esters into the cell is impaired and the intracellular feedback by cholesterol on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coa reductase is lacking
Receptors, LH: those protein complexes or molecular sites on the surfaces and cytoplasm of gonadal cells that bind luteinizing or chorionic gonadotropic hormones and thereby cause the gonadal cells to synthesize and secrete sex steroids. the hormone-receptor complex is internalized from the plasma membrane and initiates steroid synthesis
Receptors, LHRH: receptors with a 6-kda protein on the surfaces of cells that secrete luteinizing hormone or follicle stimulating hormone, usually in the adenohypophysis. luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone binds to these receptors, is endocytosed with the receptor and, in the cell, triggers the release of luteinizing hormone or follicle stimulating hormone by the cell. these receptors are also found in rat gonads. inhibins prevent the binding of gnrh to its receptors
Receptors, Laminin: glycoprotein molecules on the surface of cells that react with or bind to laminin whose function allows the binding of epithelial cells to the basement membrane. the molecular weight of this high-affinity receptor is 67 kd
Receptors, Leptin: cell surface receptors for obesity factor (leptin), a hormone secreted by the white adipocytes. upon leptin-receptor interaction, the signal is mediated through the jak2/stat3 pathway to regulate food intake, energy balance and fat storage
Receptors, Leukocyte-Adhesion: family of proteins associated with the capacity of leukocytes to adhere to each other and to certain substrata, e.g., the c3bi component of complement. members of this family are the lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1; (lfa-1), the macrophage-1 antigen; (mac-1), and the integrin alphaxbeta2 or p150,95 leukocyte adhesion protein. they all share a common beta-subunit which is the cd18 antigen. all three of the above antigens are absent in inherited leukocyte-adhesion deficiency syndrome, which is characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, impaired pus formation, and wound healing as well as abnormalities in a wide spectrum of adherence-dependent functions of granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphoid cells
Receptors, Leukotriene: cell-surface receptors that bind leukotrienes with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. the leukotriene receptor subtypes have been tentatively named according to their affinities for the endogenous leukotrienes ltb4; ltc4; ltd4; and lte4
Receptors, Leukotriene B4: a class of cell surface leukotriene receptors with a preference for leukotriene b4. leukotriene b4 receptor activation influences chemotaxis, chemokinesis, adherence, enzyme release, oxidative bursts, and degranulation in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. there are at least two subtypes of these receptors. some actions are mediated through the inositol phosphate and diacylglycerol second messenger systems
Receptors, Lipoprotein: cell surface proteins that bind lipoproteins with high affinity. lipoprotein receptors in the liver and peripheral tissues mediate the regulation of plasma and cellular cholesterol metabolism and concentration. the receptors generally recognize the apolipoproteins of the lipoprotein complex, and binding is often a trigger for endocytosis
Receptors, Lipoxin: cell surface proteins that bind lipoxins with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells
Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing: cell surface glycoproteins on lymphocytes and other leukocytes that mediate adhesion to specialized blood vessels called high endothelial venules. several different classes of lymphocyte homing receptors have been identified, and they appear to target different surface molecules (addressins) on high endothelial venules in different tissues. the adhesion plays a crucial role in the trafficking of lymphocytes
Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid: a subfamily of lysophospholipid receptors with specificity for lysophosphatidic acids
Receptors, Lysophospholipid: a family of g-protein-coupled receptors that bind to specific lysophospholipids such as lysophosphatidic acid and lysosphinglipids such as sphingosine-1-phosphate. they play an important role in the formation and function of the cardiovascular system
Receptors, Lysosphingolipid: a subfamily of lysophospholipid receptors with specificity for lysosphingolipids such as sphingosine-1-phosphate and sphingosine phosphorylcholine
Receptors, Mating Factor: a family of pheromone receptors that were initially discovered in saccharomyces cerevisiae as proteins necessary for fungal conjugation. each mating factor receptor is expressed in haploid cells of a single mating type
Receptors, Melanocortin: a family of g-protein-coupled receptors that have specificity for melanocyte-stimulating hormones and adrenocorticotropic hormone. there are several subtypes of melanocortin receptors, each having a distinct ligand specificity profile and tissue localization
Receptors, Melatonin: a family of g-protein-coupled receptors that are specific for and mediate the effects of melatonin. activation of melatonin receptors has been associated with decreased intracellular cyclic amp and increased hydrolysis of phosphoinositides
Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate: cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and act through g-proteins to influence second messenger systems. several types of metabotropic glutamate receptors have been cloned. they differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mechanisms of action
Receptors, Mineralocorticoid: cytoplasmic proteins that specifically bind mineralocorticoids and mediate their cellular effects. the receptor with its bound ligand acts in the nucleus to induce transcription of specific segments of dna
Receptors, Mitogen: glycoprotein molecules on the surface of b- and t-lymphocytes, that react with molecules of antilymphocyte sera, lectins, and other agents which induce blast transformation of lymphocytes
Receptors, Muscarinic: one of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. muscarinic receptors were originally defined by their preference for muscarine over nicotine. there are several subtypes (usually m1, m2, m3....) that are characterized by their cellular actions, pharmacology, and molecular biology
Receptors, N-Acetylglucosamine: cell surface receptors that bind to acetylglucosamine
Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate: a class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for n-methyl-d-aspartate. nmda receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. the positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity
Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like: structurally-related receptors that are typically found on natural killer cells. they are considered lectin-like proteins in that they share sequence homology with the carbohydrate binding domains of c-type lectins. they differ from classical c-type lectins, however, in that they appear to lack calcium-binding domains
Receptors, Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering: a subclass of natural killer cell receptors that perform an important role in the recognition of tumor cells by nk cells
Receptors, Natural Killer Cell: receptors that are specifically found on the surface of natural killer cells. they play an important role in regulating the cellular component of innate immunity
Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor: cell surface receptors that bind nerve growth factor; (ngf) and a ngf-related family of neurotrophic factors that includes neurotrophins, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor
Receptors, Neurokinin-1: a class of cell surface receptors for tachykinins with a preference for substance p. neurokinin-1 (nk-1) receptors have been cloned and are members of the g protein coupled receptor superfamily. they are found on many cell types including central and peripheral neurons, smooth muscle cells, acinar cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells
Receptors, Neurokinin-2: a class of cell surface receptors for tachykinins that prefers neurokinin a; (nka, substance k, neurokinin alpha, neuromedin l), neuropeptide k; (npk); or neuropeptide gamma over other tachykinins. neurokinin-2 (nk-2) receptors have been cloned and are similar to other g-protein coupled receptors
Receptors, Neurokinin-3: a class of cell surface receptors for tachykinins that prefers neurokinin b (neurokinin beta, neuromedin k) over other tachykinins. neurokinin-3 (nk-3) receptors have been cloned and are members of the g-protein coupled receptor superfamily. they have been found in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues
Receptors, Neuropeptide: cell surface receptors that bind specific neuropeptides with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. many neuropeptides are also hormones outside of the nervous system
Receptors, Neuropeptide Y: cell surface proteins that bind neuropeptide y with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells
Receptors, Neurotensin: cell surface proteins that bind neurotensin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. neurotensin and neurotensin receptors are found in the central nervous system and in the periphery
Receptors, Neurotransmitter: cell surface receptors that bind signalling molecules released by neurons and convert these signals into intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act to regulate ion channels, but also those which act on second messenger systems and those which may act at a distance from their release sites. included are receptors for neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not located at synapses
Receptors, Nicotinic: one of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for nicotine over muscarine. they are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors
Receptors, Notch: a family of conserved cell surface receptors that contain epidermal growth factor repeats in their extracellular domain and ankyrin repeats in their cytoplasmic domains. the cytoplasmic domains are released upon ligand binding and translocate to the cell nucleus, where they act as transcription factors
Receptors, OSM-LIF: cell surface receptors formed from the dimerization of lif receptor alpha subunit with cytokine receptor gp130. although originally described as receptors for leukemia inhibitory factor these receptors also bind the closely-related protein oncostatin m and are referred to as both lif receptors and type i oncostatin m receptors
Receptors, OX40: a tumor necrosis family receptor with specificity for ox40 ligand. it is found on the surface of activated t-lymphocytes where it plays a role in enhancing cytokine production and proliferation of cd4-positive t-lymphocytes. signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with tnf receptor-associated factors
Receptors, Odorant: proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons. the large number of different odorant receptors appears to arise from several gene families or subfamilies rather than from dna rearrangement
Receptors, Oncostatin M: cell surface receptors with specificity for oncostatin m. two subtypes of receptors have been identified and are defined by their subunit composition
Receptors, Oncostatin M, Type II: a subtype of oncostatin receptors that are formed by dimerization of oncostatin m receptor beta subunit and cytokine receptor gp130. they are activated specifically by oncostatin m and signal through interaction of their cytoplasmic domains with janus kinases
Receptors, Opioid: cell membrane proteins that bind opioids and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. the endogenous ligands for opioid receptors in mammals include three families of peptides, the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. the receptor classes include mu, delta, and kappa receptors. sigma receptors bind several psychoactive substances, including certain opioids, but their endogenous ligands are not known
Receptors, Opioid, delta: a class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. delta opioid receptors bind endorphins and enkephalins with approximately equal affinity and have less affinity for dynorphins
Receptors, Opioid, kappa: a class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. kappa opioid receptors bind dynorphins with a higher affinity than endorphins which are themselves preferred to enkephalins
Receptors, Opioid, mu: a class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. mu opioid receptors bind, in decreasing order of affinity, endorphins, dynorphins, met-enkephalin, and leu-enkephalin. they have also been shown to be molecular receptors for morphine
Receptors, Oxidized LDL: a group of cell-surface receptors for oxidatively modified low-density lipoproteins. the group includes certain scavenger receptors that contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by uptake of oxidized ldl
Receptors, Oxytocin: cell surface proteins that bind oxytocin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. oxytocin receptors in the uterus and the mammary glands mediate the hormone's stimulation of contraction and milk ejection. the presence of oxytocin and oxytocin receptors in neurons of the brain probably reflects an additional role as a neurotransmitter
Receptors, Pancreatic Hormone: cell surface proteins that bind pancreatic hormones with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. these include receptors for glucagon (secreted by alpha cells), insulin (secreted by beta cells), somatostatin (secreted by delta cells), and pancreatic peptide (secreted by pp cells). some of these hormones and receptors also support neurotransmission
Receptors, Parathyroid Hormone: cell surface proteins that bind parathyroid hormone with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. parathyroid hormone receptors on bone; kidney; and gastrointestinal cells mediate the hormone's role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis
Receptors, Pattern Recognition: a large family of cell surface receptors that bind conserved molecular structures (pamps) present in pathogens. they play important roles in host defense by mediating cellular responses to pathogens
Receptors, Peptide: cell surface receptors that bind peptide messengers with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells
Receptors, Phencyclidine: specific sites or molecular structures on cell membranes or in cells with which phencyclidine reacts or to which it binds to elicit the specific response of the cell to phencyclidine. studies have demonstrated the presence of multiple receptor sites for pcp. these are the pcp/sigma site, which binds both pcp and psychotomimetic opiates but not certain antipsychotics, and the pcp site, which selectively binds pcp analogs
Receptors, Pheromone: cell surface receptors that respond to pheromones
Receptors, Phospholipase A2: cell surface receptors that bind to and internalize secreted phospholipases a2. although primarily acting as scavenger receptors, these proteins may also play a role in intracellular signaling. soluble forms of phospholipase a2 receptors occur through the action of proteases and may a play a role in the inhibition of extracellular phospholipase activity
Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide: a family of g-protein-coupled receptors that share significant homology with glucagon receptors. they bind pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes that influence the behavior of cells
Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I: a pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor subtype that is found in the hypothalamus; brain stem; pituitary gland; adrenal gland; pancreas; and testes and has a high affinity only for pacap
Receptors, Pituitary Hormone: cell surface proteins that bind pituitary hormones with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. since many pituitary hormones are also released by neurons as neurotransmitters, these receptors are also found in the nervous system
Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone: cell surface receptors that bind the hypothalamic hormones regulating pituitary cell differentiation, proliferation, and hormone synthesis and release, including the pituitary-releasing and release-inhibiting hormones. the pituitary hormone-regulating hormones are also released by cells other than hypothalamic neurons, and their receptors also occur on non-pituitary cells, especially brain neurons, where their role is less well understood. receptors for dopamine, which is a prolactin release-inhibiting hormone as well as a common neurotransmitter, are not included here
Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor: specific receptors on cell membranes that react with platelet-derived growth factor, its analogs, or antagonists. the alpha pdgf receptor (receptor, platelet-derived growth factor alpha) and the beta pdgf receptor (receptor, platelet-derived growth factor beta) are the two principle types of pdgf receptors. activation of the protein-tyrosine kinase activity of the receptors occurs by ligand-induced dimerization or heterodimerization of pdgf receptor types
Receptors, Polymeric Immunoglobulin: specialized fc receptors (receptors, fc) for polymeric immunoglobulins, which mediate transcytosis of polymeric immunoglobulin a and immunoglobulin m into external secretions. they are found on the surfaces of epithelial cells and hepatocytes. after binding to immunoglobulin a, the receptor-ligand complex undergoes endocytosis, transport by vesicle, and secretion into the lumen by exocytosis. before release, the part of the receptor (secretory component) that is bound to immunoglobulin a is proteolytically cleaved from its transmembrane tail. (from rosen et al., the dictionary of immunology, 1989)
Receptors, Presynaptic: neurotransmitter receptors located on or near presynaptic terminals or varicosities. presynaptic receptors which bind transmitter molecules released by the terminal itself are termed autoreceptors
Receptors, Progesterone: specific proteins found in or on cells of progesterone target tissues that specifically combine with progesterone. the cytosol progesterone-receptor complex then associates with the nucleic acids to initiate protein synthesis. there are two kinds of progesterone receptors, a and b. both are induced by estrogen and have short half-lives
Receptors, Prolactin: labile proteins on or in prolactin-sensitive cells that bind prolactin initiating the cells' physiological response to that hormone. mammary casein synthesis is one of the responses. the receptors are also found in placenta, liver, testes, kidneys, ovaries, and other organs and bind and respond to certain other hormones and their analogs and antagonists. this receptor is related to the growth hormone receptor
Receptors, Prostaglandin: cell surface receptors that bind prostaglandins with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. prostaglandin receptor subtypes have been tentatively named according to their relative affinities for the endogenous prostaglandins. they include those which prefer prostaglandin d2 (dp receptors), prostaglandin e2 (ep1, ep2, and ep3 receptors), prostaglandin f2-alpha (fp receptors), and prostacyclin (ip receptors)
Receptors, Prostaglandin E: cell surface receptors which bind prostaglandins with a high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. prostaglandin e receptors prefer prostaglandin e2 to other endogenous prostaglandins. they are subdivided into ep1, ep2, and ep3 types based on their effects and their pharmacology
Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype: a subtype of prostaglandin e receptors that specifically couples to gtp-binding protein alpha subunit, gq and the subsequently activates type c phospholipases. additional evidence has shown that the receptor can act through a calcium-dependent signaling pathway
Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype: a subtype of prostaglandin e receptors that specifically couples to gs alpha gtp-binding protein subunits and subsequently activates adenylyl cyclases
Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype: a subtype of prostaglandin e receptors that specifically couples to gtp-binding protein alpha subunit, gi and subsequently inhibits adenylyl cyclases
Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype: a subtype of prostaglandin e receptors that specifically couples to gs alpha gtp-binding protein subunits and subsequently activates adenylyl cyclases. the receptor may also signal through the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
Receptors, Proteinase-Activated: a class of receptors that are activated by the action of proteinases. the most notable examples are the thrombin receptors. the receptors contain cryptic ligands that are exposed upon the selective proteolysis of specific n-terminal cleavage sites
Receptors, Purinergic: cell surface proteins that bind purines with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. the best characterized classes of purinergic receptors in mammals are the p1 receptors, which prefer adenosine, and the p2 receptors, which prefer atp or adp
Receptors, Purinergic P1: a class of cell surface receptors that prefer adenosine to other endogenous purines. purinergic p1 receptors are widespread in the body including the cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, and nervous systems. there are at least two pharmacologically distinguishable types (a1 and a2, or ri and ra)
Receptors, Purinergic P2: a class of cell surface receptors for purines that prefer atp or adp over adenosine. p2 purinergic receptors are widespread in the periphery and in the central and peripheral nervous system