NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Whartonův rosol: měkká pojivová tkáň v pupeční šňůře sestávající z velkých fibroblastů a makrofágů obklopených homogenní rosolovitou mezibuněčnou substancí. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate: the lectin wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to the enzyme horseradish peroxidase. it is widely used for tracing neural pathways
Wheat Germ Agglutinins: lectins purified from the germinating seeds of common wheat (triticum vulgare); these bind to certain carbohydrate moieties on cell surface glycoproteins and are used to identify certain cell populations and inhibit or promote some immunological or physiological activities. there are at least two isoforms of this lectin
Wheat Hypersensitivity: allergic reaction to wheat that is triggered by the immune system
Wheelchairs: chairs or seating mounted on wheels and designed to be controlled or propelled by the occupant. medicare part b (medical insurance) covers power-operated vehicles (scooters), walkers, and wheelchairs as durable medical equipment
Whey: the liquid components of milk that remain after the casein, fat, and fat soluble components have been removed. it is also a byproduct of cheese production
Whiplash Injuries: hyperextension injury to the neck, often the result of being struck from behind by a fast-moving vehicle, in an automobile accident. (from segen, the dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Whipple Disease: a chronic systemic infection by a gram-positive bacterium, tropheryma whippelii, mainly affecting the small intestine but also the joints; cardiovascular system; and the central nervous system. the disease is characterized by fat deposits in the intestinal mucosa and lymph nodes, malabsorption, diarrhea with fatty stools, malnutrition, and arthritis
Whippleova nemoc: vzácné zánětlivé onemocnění střeva (původcem je grampozitivní bakterie tropheryma whippelii) projevující se malabsorpčním syndromem. je považována za systémové onemocnění, může být rovněž přítomna endokarditida, artritida, postižení očí, mozku, plic (nemusí být patrno klinicky). diagnostika spočívá v histologickém průkazu pas-pozitivních substancí v makrofázích, nověji v molekulárně biologické diagnostice t. whipplei. léčba spočívá v podávání antibiotik (penicilin, streptomycin, dlouhodobě cotrimoxazol). existuje možnost relapsu. neléčená nemoc se postupně zhoršuje a vede k smrti. dř. intestinální lipodystrofie [g. h. whipple]. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Whistleblowing: the reporting of observed or suspected professional misconduct or incompetence to appropriate authorities or to the public
White: a person having origins in any of the white racial groups of europe, the middle east and north africa (https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1997/10/30/97-28653/revisions-to-the-standards-for-the classification-of-federal-data-on-race-and-ethnicity). in the united states it is used for classification of federal government data on race and ethnicity. race and ethnicity terms are self-identified social construct and may include terms outdated and offensive in mesh to assist users who are interested in retrieving comprehensive search results for studies such as in longitudinal studies
White Coat Hypertension: phenomenon where blood pressure readings are elevated only when taken in clinical settings
White Coat tooth coating material: consists of self-etching primer, light-curing resin, and light-curing surface glazing material
White Dot Syndromes: a group of idiopathic multifocal posterior uveitis syndromes involving the choroid; retinal pigment epithelium; and retina. they are characterized by multiple lesions of hypoautofluorescent dots in the fundus oculi and reduced visual acuity. several entities including birdshot chorioretinopathy are hla-a antigens serotype a29 positive
White Heifer Disease: a congenital reproductive abnormality in white female offspring (heifers) in certain breeds of cattle, such as belgian blue and shorthorn. the white color is inherited as a recessive trait which is associated with defects in the female reproductive tract (muellerian system). these heifers are usually sterile
White Matter: the region of central nervous system that appears lighter in color than the other type, gray matter. it mainly consists of myelinated nerve fibers and contains few neuronal cell bodies or dendrites
White Muscle Disease: a myodegeneration most frequent in calves and lambs whose dams have been fed during gestation or longer on feeds, especially legumes (fabaceae), grown in certain areas where selenium is either deficient or unavailable in the soil. it has been recorded in many countries. it has been produced experimentally in several species of animals on low-selenium intake. a similar myopathy occurs naturally in goats, deer, foals, and dogs but proof of the etiology is lacking. (merck veterinary manual, 5th ed)
White People: persons having origins in any of the white racial groups of europe, the middle east, or north africa. note that omb category white is available for the united states population groups. race and ethnicity terms, as used in the federal government, are self-identified social construct and may include terms outdated and offensive in mesh to assist users who are interested in retrieving comprehensive search results for studies such as in longitudinal studies
White spot syndrome virus 1: a species of dna virus, in the genus whispovirus, infecting penaeid shrimp
Whole Blood Coagulation Time: the time required by whole blood to produce a visible clot
Whole Body Imaging: the creation of a visual display of the inside of the entire body of a human or animal for the purposes of diagnostic evaluation. this is most commonly achieved by using magnetic resonance imaging; or positron emission tomography
Whole Genome Sequencing: techniques to determine the entire sequence of the genome of an organism or individual
Whole Grains: edible seeds which contain all components of the seed - germ, bran, and endosperm
Whole-Body Irradiation: irradiation of the whole body with ionizing or non-ionizing radiation. it is applicable to humans or animals but not to microorganisms
Whooping Cough: a respiratory infection caused by bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath
Whyte Murphy Fallon Sly syndrome: osteopetrosis, renal tubular acidosis and basal ganglia calcification
Whyte Murphy syndrome: osteopathia striata with pigmentary dermopathy including white forelock
Wiedemann Grosse Dibbern syndrome: a syndrome of abnormal facies, short stature, and psychomotor retardation
Wigglesworthia: a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria in the family enterobacteriaceae. they exist only as primary endosymbionts of five species of tsetse flies, found in specialized organelles called mycetomes. the bacteria supply crucial b vitamins (vitamin b complex) which the flies require for fertility
Wigglesworthia: rod gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých bakterií čeledi enterobacteriaceae. tyto organismy žijí pouze jako primární endosymbionti pěti druhů mouchy tse-tse, ve specializovaných orgánech (bakteriomech)
Wikstroemia: a plant genus of the family thymelaeaceae. members contain daphnoretin and wikstroelides and daphnane-type diterpenes
Wikstroemia: rod rostlin čeledi thymelaeaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují dafnoretin, wikstrelidy a diterpeny dafnanového typu
Wilderness Medicine: skills and knowledge required for assessment and treatment of traumatic, environmental, and medical emergencies in remote geographic or wilderness environments
Wildfires: fires that occur outdoors in the natural environment caused by natural forces or human activity
Wildlife Trade: commerce of non-domesticated wild animals or plants. wildlife trade, particularly illegal trades, threaten ecosystems and drives up species extinction. it also increases chance of emerging zoonoses
Williams Syndrome: a disorder caused by hemizygous microdeletion of about 28 genes on chromosome 7q11.23, including the elastin gene. clinical manifestations include supravalvular aortic stenosis; mental retardation; elfin facies; impaired visuospatial constructive abilities; and transient hypercalcemia in infancy. the condition affects both sexes, with onset at birth or in early infancy
Williamsův-Beurenův syndrom: porucha způsobená hemizygotní mikrodelecí asi 28 genů na chromozomu 7q11.23, včetně genu pro elastin. ke klinickým příznakům patří supravalvulární stenóza aorty, mentální retardace, elfí tvář, porucha vizuálně-konstrukčních schopností a přechodná hyperkalcémie u kojenců. vyskytuje se u obou pohlaví, se začátkem od narození nebo v časném kojeneckém věku
Williopsis: a genus of ascomycetous yeast in the family saccharomycetaceae, order saccharomycetales. many species show mycocinogenic activity against other yeasts
Williopsis: rod vřeckovýtrusných kvasinek čeledi saccharomycetaceae, řádu saccharomycetales. řada druhů produkuje mykociny (killer toxiny), pomocí nichž může ve svém okolí eliminovat jiné druhy či rody kvasinek
Wills: legal documents that are declarations of individuals' wishes regarding the disposal of their property or estate after death; esp: written instruments, legally executed, by which dispositions are made of estates. living wills are written declarations regarding prolongation of life by extraordinary means
Wilms Tumor: a malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (stromal cells), and epithelial (epithelial cells) elements. however, not all three are present in every case. several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or abdomen
Wilmsův nádor: zhoubný nádor ledviny vyskytující se v raném dětském věku (nejč. mezi 3. až 5. rokem), obv. jednostranný. histologicky má smíšený charakter (embryonální mezenchym, tkáň charakteru embryonální ledviny, svalovina aj.), jiným názvem je i adenomyosarkom ledviny. po počátečním ohraničeném růstu prorůstá do okolí a může metastazovat. projevuje se obv. zvětšením břicha a některými nespecifickými příznaky. cytogeneticky byla popsána delece lokusu 11p13 s tumor supresorovým genem wt1. delece v tomto lokusu je někdy spojena s dalšími anomáliemi wagr sydrom (wilmsův nádor, aniridie, anomálie genitálií, mentální retardace). nádor je dobře responzivní k cytostatické léčbě, která se provádí i před operací i k radioterapii. prognóza při včasné diagnóze je dobrá. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2015 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Winchester syndrome: short stature, severe joint contractures, peripheral corneal opacities, coarse facies, dissolution of carpal and tarsal bones, osteoporosis
Wine: fermented juice of fresh grapes or of other fruit or plant products used as a beverage
Winged-Helix Transcription Factors: a subfamily of helix-turn-helix dna-binding proteins that contain a variable length loop adjacent to the hth motif. the loop connects two anti-parallel strands and forms a wing when bound to dna
Wings, Animal: movable feathered or membranous paired appendages by means of which certain animals such as birds, bats, or insects are able to fly
Winteraceae: a plant family of the order magnoliales, subclass magnoliidae, class magnoliopsida. the wood lacks water-conducting cells but has acrid sap. the leaves are gland-dotted, leathery, and smooth-margined. the flowers are small, in clusters, with two to six sepals, petals in two or more series, several stamens, and one to several carpels
Winteraceae: čeleď nižších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu canellales (kanelotvaré). jsou to dřeviny s velkými, tuhými, střídavými listy a drobnějšími květy. květy mají některé znaky, které jsou považovány za starobylé. ve dřevě chybějí pravé cévy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Wireless Technology: techniques using energy such as radio frequency, infrared light, laser light, visible light, or acoustic energy to transfer information without the use of wires, over both short and long distances
Wisconsin: state bounded on the north by lake superior and michigan, on the east by lake michigan, on the south by illinois and iowa, and on the west by minnesota and iowa
Wisconsin: stát na severu spojených států amerických. wisconsin hraničí na severovýchodě s michiganem, na jihu s illinois, na jihozápadě s iowou a na západě s minnesotou. severní ohraničení tvoří hořejší jezero, východní ohraničení michiganské jezero. hlavní město je madison. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: a neuropsychological test designed to assess executive function typically assigned to the frontal lobe (e.g., abstract thinking, and strategic planning). the subjects are asked to sort numbered response cards according to different principles and to alter their approach during testing
Wisconsinský test třídění karet: důležitý neuropsychologický nástroj k měření exekutivních funkcí, je používaný při diagnostice schizofrenie a jiných poruch. wisconsinský test je sensitivní k poškození mozku v oblasti frontálních laloků. exekutivita je flexibilní reaktivita na novou, neznámou situaci. exekutivní funkce pak umožňují jedinci nezávislé, smysluplné a na vlastní prospěch zaměřené jednání. mezi schopnosti, které jsou potřeba pro úspěšné zvládnutí testu, patří například organizované hledání, využití zpětné vazby či plánování strategie a regulace impulzivních odpovědí. (cit. wikipedie, 2018 http://www.wikipedie.cz)
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome: a rare, x-linked immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by eczema; lymphopenia; and, recurrent pyogenic infection. it is seen exclusively in young boys. typically, immunoglobulin m levels are low and immunoglobulin a and immunoglobulin e levels are elevated. lymphoreticular malignancies are common
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein: wasp protein is mutated in wiskott-aldrich syndrome and is expressed primarily in hematopoietic cells. it is the founding member of the wasp protein family and interacts with cdc42 protein to help regulate actin polymerization
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein Family: a family of microfilament proteins whose name derives from the fact that mutations in members of this protein family have been associated with wiskott-aldrich syndrome. they are involved in actin polymerization and contain a polyproline-rich region that binds to profilin, and a verprolin homology domain that binds g-actin
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Neuronal: a member of the wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein family that is found at high levels in nerve cells. it interacts with grb2 adaptor protein and with cdc42 protein
Wiskottův-Aldrichův syndrom: syndrom charakterizovaný imunodeficiencí zejm. buněčného typu, trombocytopenií a ekzémem. je recesivně dědičný, vázaný na x chromozom (xp11.22-11.23). záhy po narození se vada manifestuje trombocytopenickou purpurou, hemoragickými průjmy. do 1 roku života je pravidlem atopický ekzém a rekurentní infekce (bakterie s polysacharidovým obalem, herpetické infekce). bývají krvácivé poruchy, odchylky megakaryocytů, infekce plic a středního ucha. v periferní krvi je výrazné snížení podílu t lymfocytů, nejč. je nízká hladina igm s elevací ige a iga. bez transplantace kostní dřeně je prognóza infaustní. vysoká je incidence malignit (lymfoproliferativních onemocnění). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/
Wissler's Syndrome: a rheumatic syndrome of possibly allergic origin, usually affecting children and adolescents, and characterized by high fever, exanthema, arthralgia, leukocytosis, and increased sedimentation rate
Wisslerův syndrom: revmatický syndrom pravděpodobně alergického původu, obvykle postihuje děti a dospívající. projevuje se vysokou horečkou, bolestmi kloubů, exantémem, leukocytózou a zvýšenou sedimentací
Wisteria: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. members contain wistarin, wisteria lectin and wistariasaponin
Wisteria: rod rostlin z čeledi bobovité (fabaceae). obsahuje bílkovinné jedy lektiny, toxické saponiny wisteriny
Wit and Humor as Topic: the comical expression of connections between ideas that awaken amusement and pleasure
Witchcraft: an act of employing sorcery (the use of power gained from the assistance or control of spirits), especially with malevolent intent, and the exercise of supernatural powers and alleged intercourse with the devil or a familiar. (from webster, 3d ed)
Withania: a plant genus of the family solanaceae. members contain withanolides. withania somnifera is the source of ashwagandha and aswal
Withania: rod rostlin z čeledi solanaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují withanolidy. kořen rostliny withanie snodárné (ashwagandha) je využíván v tradiční ájurvédské medicíně
Withanolides: ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at c1, c22, and c26 positions and the side chain cyclized. they are found in withania plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects
Withholding Treatment: withholding or withdrawal of a particular treatment or treatments, often (but not necessarily) life-prolonging treatment, from a patient or from a research subject as part of a research protocol. the concept is differentiated from refusal to treat, where the emphasis is on the health professional's or health facility's refusal to treat a patient or group of patients when the patient or the patient's representative requests treatment. withholding of life-prolonging treatment is usually indexed only with euthanasia, passive, unless the distinction between withholding and withdrawing treatment, or the issue of withholding palliative rather than curative treatment, is discussed
Witkop syndrome: autosomal dominant disorder characterized by nail dysplasia and congenitally missing permanent teeth; associated with mutations in the msx1 gene
Wittwer syndrome: prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, blindness, hearing loss, dysmorphic features, epilepsy, mental retardation and absence of speech
Wnt Proteins: wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in embryonic and fetal development, and tissue maintenance. they bind to frizzled receptors and act as paracrine protein factors to initiate a variety of signal transduction pathways. the canonical wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator beta catenin
Wnt Signaling Pathway: a complex signaling pathway whose name is derived from the drosophila wg gene, and the vertebrate int gene. the signaling pathway is initiated by the binding of wnt proteins to cell surface wnt receptors which interact with the axin signaling complex and an array of second messengers that influence the actions of beta catenin
Wnt-5a Protein: a wnt protein and ligand for frizzled receptors that may function as an inhibitor or activator of the wnt signaling pathway. for example, it activates signaling in the presence of frizzled-4 but is inhibitory when coupled with ror2 tyrosine kinase. it is required for axis formation during embryogenesis and inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasiveness of cancer cells
Wnt1 Protein: a proto-oncogene protein and member of the wnt family of proteins. it is expressed in the caudal midbrain and is essential for proper development of the entire mid-/hindbrain region
Wnt2 Protein: a proto-oncogene protein and member of the wnt family of proteins. it is frequently up-regulated in human gastric cancer and is a tumor marker (biomarkers, tumor) of gastric and colorectal cancer
Wnt3 Protein: a wnt protein subtype that plays a role in cell-cell signaling during embryonic development and the morphogenesis of the developing neural tube. defects in wnt3 protein are associated with autosomal recessive tetra-amelia in humans
Wnt3A Protein: a wnt protein subtype that plays a role in cell-cell signaling during embryonic development and the morphogenesis of the developing neural tube
Wnt4 Protein: a wnt protein that is involved in regulating multiple developmental processes such as the formation of the kidney; adrenal glands; mammary glands; the pituitary gland; and the female reproductive system. defects in wnt4 are a cause of rokitansky kuster hauser syndrome
Wolbachia: a genus of bacteria which comprises a heterogenous group of gram-negative small rods and coccoid forms associated with arthropods. (from bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, vol 1, 1984)
Wolbachia: rod intracelulárních bakterií obsahující heterogenní skupinu gramnegativních malých tyčinek a kokoidních forem. jsou to reprodukční parazité u členovců a některé druhy mají mutualistické vztahy s mnoha druhy hmyzu a s háďátky
Wolcott-Rallison syndrome: a rare hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by permanent neonatal or early infancy type 1 diabetes mellitus. epiphyseal dysplasia, osteoporosis, and growth retardation develop at a later age. affected individuals may also present with liver disease; kidney disease; intellectual disability, and cardiovascular abnormalities. mutations in the eif2ak3 gene have been identified. omim: 226980
Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome: a syndrome caused by large deletions of the telomereic end of the short arm of chromosome 4 (4p) in wolf-hirchhorn syndrome critial regions (whscrs). several candidate genes have been identified including whsc1 and whsch2 which appear to be responsible for the core phenotype and in combination with other linked and unlinked genes determine the severity and inclusion of rarer phenotypes. most cases have a characteristic cranio-facial defect often referred to as greek helmet face - a combined result of microcephaly, broad forehead, prominent glabella, hypertelorism, high arched eyebrows, short philtrum and micrognathia. in addition there is mental retardation, growth delays, epilepsy, and frequently a wide range of midline and skeletal defects, including hypospadias; congenital heart defects; cleft lip; cleft palate; colobomata; clubfoot; clinodactyly; scoliosis; and kyphosis
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: a form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short pr interval and a long qrs interval with a delta wave. in this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the heart ventricles via an accessory conducting pathway that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a bundle of kent. the inherited form can be caused by mutation of prkag2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of amp-activated protein kinase
Wolffian Ducts: a pair of excretory ducts of the middle kidneys (mesonephroi) of an embryo, also called mesonephric ducts. in higher vertebrates, wolffian ducts persist in the male forming vas deferens, but atrophy into vestigial structures in the female
Wolffian tumor: a rare, usually benign, neoplasm of the female reproductive system that originates from wolffian duct remnants. the tumors may occur anywhere between the ovaries and vagina
Wolffovy vývody: embryonální párová struktura, která slouží jako vývod základů močového ústrojí a z níž později vznikají některé struktury urogenitálního ústrojí. původně společný vývod pronefros a mesonefros, rostoucí podél plica urogenitalis a metanefrogenního blastému do kloaky. z w. v. vyrůstá ureterový pupen (základ vývodných cest močových), jeho kaudální oddíl se podílí na tvorbě močového měchýře. při vývoji mužského pohlavního systému (řízeného zejm. testosteronem) se z w. v. diferencuje ductus epididymidis (tělo a ocas nadvarlete), chámovod, semenné váčky, a ductus ejaculatorii. u žen w. v. zaniká, zbytkovou strukturou může být gartnerův kanálek. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2019 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Wolffův-Parkinsonův-Whiteův syndrom: typ arytmie s předčasnou aktivací srdeční komory cestou akcesorního kentova svazku. onemocnění je vrozené a projevuje se někdy paroxysmy či fibrilací síní, které mohou narušit funkci srdce. patří k typu arytmie zvanému preexcitace. na ekg se projevuje zkrácením intervalu pq, resp. pr (předčasná aktivace komor), popř. i vlnou delta (předčasné šíření vzruchu v komorách), která rozšiřuje komorový komplex. (cit.: velký lékařský slovník on-line, 2013, http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Wolfiporia: a genus of wood-decaying, edible fungi in the polyporaceae family. its type species is wolfiporia extensa
Wolfiporia: rod jedlých dřevokazných hub čeledi polyporaceae. typovým druhem je wolfiporia extensa
Wolfram Syndrome: a hereditary condition characterized by multiple symptoms including those of diabetes insipidus; diabetes mellitus; optic atrophy; and deafness. this syndrome is also known as didmoad (first letter of each word) and is usually associated with vasopressin deficiency. it is caused by mutations in gene wfs1 encoding wolframin, a 100-kda transmembrane protein
Wolframův syndrom: autozomálně recesivní spojení diabetes mellitus a diabetes insipidus, s atrofií optiku a hluchotou; občas se připojuje atonie měchýře a močovodu. onemocnění začíná ve školním věku větš. cukrovkou. též didmoad syndrom (diabetes insipidus diabetes mellitus optic atrophy deafness). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Wolfův-Hirschhornův syndrom: strukturní chromozomová aberace, konkrétně delece subtelomerického úseku na p raménku 4. chromozomu. oblast zodpovědná za wolfův-hirschhornův syndrom se nachází na 4p16.3. delece může mít různý rozsah. delece menší než 3,5 mbp má za následek lehčí formu tohoto syndromu, zvanou též pitt-rogers-danksův syndrom. pacienti jsou těžce psychomotoricky retardovaní. běžná jsou záchvatovitá onemocnění (epilepsie). nejtypičtější fenotypové projevy jsou v patrné v obličeji. jde o mikrocefalii, široký zobákovitý nos, hypertelorismus, zvláštní utváření úst (tzv. kapří ústa), prominující glabelu, epikantus, rozštěp rtu a/nebo patra. patrná je také růstová retardace a to již v prenatálním období. po porodu je nápadná hypotonie. mezi časté orgánové malformace patří vady srdce, ledviny, kosterního systému. u chlapců je časté vyústění močové trubice na spodině penisu (hypospadie) a nesestup varlat (kryptorchismus). (cit. podle wikiskripta 2018 http://www.wikiskripta.eu/)
Wolinella: a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the bovine rumen, the human gingival sulcus, and dental pulpitis infections
Wolinella: rod gramnegativních, anaerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií. tyto organismy byly izolované z bachoru skotu, dále z lidského dásňového žlábku (sulcus gingivalis) a z klinického materiálu pacientů s pulpitidou
Wolman Disease: the severe infantile form of inherited lysosomal lipid storage diseases due to deficiency of acid lipase (sterol esterase). it is characterized by the accumulation of neutral lipids, particularly cholesterol esters in leukocytes, fibroblasts, and hepatocytes. it is also known as wolman's xanthomatosis and is an allelic variant of cholesterol ester storage disease
Wolmanova nemoc: hereditární onemocnění metabolismu lipidů s autozomálně recesivní dědičností (lokus 10q23.2-q23.3) spočívající v deficitu lyzozomální lipázy (kyselé lipázy). cholesterol- a cholesterylesterázy se akumulují v parenchymatózních orgánech. typickým příznakem je kalcifikace nadledvin. onemocnění se manifestuje v prvních týdnech života neprospíváním, hepatosplenomegalií, opakovaným zvracením, abdominální distenzí, končí letálně do 6 měsíců v důsledku těžké kachexie. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Wolves: any of several large carnivorous mammals of the family canidae that usually hunt in packs
Women's Health Services: organized services to provide health care to women. it excludes maternal care services for which maternal health services is available
Women's Rights: the rights of women to equal status pertaining to social, economic, and educational opportunities afforded by society
Wood: a product of hard secondary xylem composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignans, that is under the bark of trees and shrubs. it is used in construction and as a source of charcoal and many other products
Woodfordia: a plant genus of the family lythraceae. members contain woodfordins
Woodfordia: rod rostlin čeledi lythraceae. v zemích jihovýchodní asie jsou především květy důležitou součástí tradičních léčivých přípravků. (upraveno podle botany.cz 2020 https://botany.cz/)
Woodhouse Sakati syndrome: hypogonadism, diabetes mellitus, alopecia, mental retardation, extrapyramidal syndrome, and electrocardiographic abnormalities
Word Association Tests: lists of words to which individuals are asked to respond ascertaining the conceptual meaning held by the individual
Work Capacity Evaluation: assessment of physiological capacities in relation to job requirements. it is usually done by measuring certain physiological (e.g., circulatory and respiratory) variables during a gradually increasing workload until specific limitations occur with respect to those variables
Work Engagement: extent to which members of a workplace perceive their emotional commitment to and involvement in the organization and its goals
Work Schedule Tolerance: physiological or psychological effects of periods of work which may be fixed or flexible such as flexitime, work shifts, and rotating shifts
Work Simplification: the construction or arrangement of a task so that it may be done with the greatest possible efficiency
Work of Breathing: respiratory muscle contraction during inhalation. the work is accomplished in three phases: lung compliance work, that required to expand the lungs against its elastic forces; tissue resistance work, that required to overcome the viscosity of the lung and chest wall structures; and airway resistance work, that required to overcome airway resistance during the movement of air into the lungs. work of breathing does not refer to expiration, which is entirely a passive process caused by elastic recoil of the lung and chest cage. (guyton, textbook of medical physiology, 8th ed, p406)
Workers' Compensation: insurance coverage providing compensation and medical benefits to individuals because of work-connected injuries or disease
Workflow: description of pattern of recurrent functions or procedures frequently found in organizational processes, such as notification, decision, and action
Workforce Diversity: diversity encompasses the range of similarities and differences each individual brings to the workplace, including but not limited to national origin, language, race, color, disability, ethnicity, gender, age, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, socioeconomic status, veteran status, and family structures. (hud.gov/program_offices/administration/admabout/diversity_inclusion/definitions#diversity)
Workhouses: an establishment offering relief for the destitute poor in an area, funded from the local poor tax, which provided some combination of communal accommodation and a requirement for inmates, particularly the able-bodies, to perform work. (from workhouses.org.uk accessed 12/11/2019)
Working Conditions: conditions of a workplace such as weather (e.g., indoor or outdoor), safety (e.g., exposure to hazardous materials), environment and workplace culture and management style
Working Poor: people who are in the labor force either working or looking for work for 27 weeks or more in a year, but whose income fall below a given poverty line
Workload: the total amount of work to be performed by an individual, a department, or other group of workers in a period of time
World Health Organization: a specialized agency of the united nations designed as a coordinating authority on international health work; its aim is to promote the attainment of the highest possible level of health by all peoples
World War I: global conflict primarily fought on european continent, that occurred between 1914 and 1918
World War II: global conflict involving countries of europe, africa, asia, and north america that occurred between 1939 and 1945
Wortmannin: an androstadiene metabolite produced by the fungi penicillium funiculosum that inhibits phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases and alloantigen-specific activation of t-lymphocytes in human tumor cell lines. it is widely used in cell biology research and has broad therapeutic potential
Wound Closure Techniques: methods to repair breaks in tissue caused by trauma or to close surgical incisions
Wounds and Injuries: damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity
Wounds, Gunshot: disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms
Wounds, Nonpenetrating: injuries caused by impact with a blunt object where there is no penetration of the skin
Wrestling: a sport consisting of hand-to-hand combat between two unarmed contestants seeking to pin or press each other's shoulders to the ground
Wrist Fractures: fractures of the carpal bones, the distal ulna and/or radius at the wrist
Wrist Joint: the joint that is formed by the distal end of the radius, the articular disc of the distal radioulnar joint, and the proximal row of carpal bones; (scaphoid bone; lunate bone; triquetral bone)
Writing: the act or practice of literary composition, the occupation of writer, or producing or engaging in literary work as a profession
Wrongful Life: in civil law a cause of action which alleges that a defendant has wrongfully caused a child to be born
Wuchereria bancrofti: a white threadlike worm which causes elephantiasis, lymphangitis, and chyluria by interfering with the lymphatic circulation. the microfilaria are found in the circulating blood and are carried by mosquitoes
Wuchereria bancrofti: velmi tenká parazitická hlístice patřící mezi filárie z čeledi onchocercidae. je to cizopasník člověka a některých dalších primátů. přenašečem vlasovce ve stadiu mikrofilárií jsou krevsající komáři. dospělci žijí v lymfatických cévách a mohou způsobit jejich ucpání a vznik otoků - elefantiázu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Wyburn Mason's syndrome: congenital arteriovenous fistulas of the retina and parts of the brain. some affected individuals have no symptoms, others may experience headaches, visual defects, seizures, or partial paralysis
Wyoming: state bounded on the north by montana, on the east by south dakota and nebraska, on the south by utah and colorado, and on the west by idaho and utah
Wyoming: stát na severu spojených států amerických. wyoming hraničí na severozápadě a severu s montanou, na východě s jižní dakotou a nebraskou, na jihu s coloradem, na jihozápadě s utahem a na západě s idahem. hlavním a největším městem je cheyenne se 60 tisíci obyvateli. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
X Chromosome: the female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species
X Chromosome Inactivation: a dosage compensation process occurring at an early embryonic stage in mammalian development whereby, at random, one x chromosome of the pair is repressed in the somatic cells of females
X-Box Binding Protein 1: a basic leucine zipper transcription factor that regulates expression of mhc class ii genes through its binding to a conserved x-box dna sequence in the promoter region. it regulates the expression of genes involved in the unfolded protein response
X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases: forms of combined immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the gene for interleukin receptor common gamma subunit. both severe and non-severe subtypes of the disease have been identified
X-Linked Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy: emery-dreifuss muscular dystrophy associated with mutations on emerin (emd gene) or four and a half lim domains 1 (fhl1 gene) both located on x chromosome
X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein: an inhibitor of apoptosis protein that is translated by a rare cap-independent mechanism. it blocks caspase-mediated cellular destruction by inhibiting caspase 3; caspase 7; and caspase 9
X-Linked Intellectual Disability: a class of genetic disorders resulting in intellectual disability that is associated either with mutations of genes located on the x chromosome or aberrations in the structure of the x chromosome (sex chromosome aberrations)
X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy: analysis of the energy absorbed across a spectrum of x-ray energies/wavelengths to determine the chemical structure and electronic states of the absorbing medium
X-Ray Diffraction: the scattering of x-rays by matter, especially crystals, with accompanying variation in intensity due to interference effects. analysis of the crystal structure of materials is performed by passing x-rays through them and registering the diffraction image of the rays (crystallography, x-ray). (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
X-Ray Film: a film base coated with an emulsion designed for use with x-rays
X-Ray Intensifying Screens: screens which absorb the energy in the x-ray beam that has penetrated the patient and convert this energy into a light pattern which has as nearly as possible the same information as the original x-ray beam. the more light a screen produces for a given input of x-radiation, the less x-ray exposure and thus shorter exposure time are needed to expose the film. in most film-screen systems, the film is sandwiched between two screens in a cassette so that the emulsion on each side is exposed to the light from its contiguous screen
X-Ray Microtomography: x-ray computerized tomography with resolution in the micrometer range
X-Rays: penetrating electromagnetic radiation emitted when the inner orbital electrons of an atom are excited and release radiant energy. x-ray wavelengths range from 1 pm to 10 nm. hard x-rays are the higher energy, shorter wavelength x-rays. soft x-rays or grenz rays are less energetic and longer in wavelength. the short wavelength end of the x-ray spectrum overlaps the gamma rays wavelength range. the distinction between gamma rays and x-rays is based on their radiation source
X-linked Nuclear Protein: atp-dependent dna helicase that contains two n-terminal zinc fingers and c-terminal atp-binding and helicase domains. it functions in the regulation of gene transcription and chromatin remodeling. atrx undergoes cell-cycle dependent phosphorylation, which causes it to translocate from the nuclear matrix to chromatin; thus, it may change its role from gene regulation during interphase to ensuring proper chromosome segregation at mitosis. mutations in the atrx gene are associated with cases of x-linked mental retardation co-morbid with alpha-thalassemia (atrx syndrome)
X-linked sideroblastic anemia: a hereditary x-linked recessive sideroblastic anemia with variable age of onset and severity. it is characterized by (1) hypochromic microcytic anemia with microcytic and normocytic populations of red blood cells, (2) marrow ringed sideroblasts, particularly prominent in the late erythroid precursors, (3) a variable hematologic response to pharmacologic doses of pyridoxine, and (4) systemic iron overload secondary to chronic ineffective erythropoiesis. mutations in the alas2 gene have been identified. omim: 300751
X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1: a poly(adp)-ribose-binding protein that functions in the rejoining of dna single-strand breaks that arise following treatment with alkylating agents or ionizing radiation. it interacts with dna ligase iii and poly adp ribose polymerase in base excision repair, and may also function in dna processing and chromosome recombination in germ cells
X-vázaná muskulární dystrofie typu Emery-Dreifuss: emeryova-dreifussova svalová dystrofie spojená s mutacemi genu pro emerin (gen emd) nebo genu fhl1, které se nachází na chromozomu x
X-vázaný inhibitor apoptózy: protein inhibující apoptózu, který je překládán pomocí neobvyklého mechanismu nezávislého na čepičce. inhibicí kaspázy 3, kaspázy 7 a kaspázy 9 blokuje buněčnou destrukci zprostředkovanou kaspázou
XAD-4 resin: stable copolymer of polystyrene and divinylbenzene used for hemoperfusin detoxification; has affinity for lipid-soluble materials
XELOX: chemotherapy protocol of oxaliplatin and capecitabine for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer
XM-50 Amicon: used for study of mammalian pituitary cell in vivo and in vitro; consists of a thin anisotropic diaflo membrane with controlled pore size & a thicker spongy layer of the same polymer (polyvinyl chloride-acrylic copolymer) with increasingly larger openings
XP-828l: used to treat mild to moderate psoriasis; in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study sep-oct 2006
XYY karyotyp: abnormální genetická konstituce u mužů, charakterizovaná nadbytečným chromozomem y
Xamoterol: a phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist
Xanthenes: compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an oxygen in the center ring
Xanthine: a purine base found in most body tissues and fluids, certain plants, and some urinary calculi. it is an intermediate in the degradation of adenosine monophosphate to uric acid, being formed by oxidation of hypoxanthine. the methylated xanthine compounds caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline and their derivatives are used in medicine for their bronchodilator effects. (dorland, 28th ed)
Xanthine Dehydrogenase: an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine in the presence of nad+ to form uric acid and nadh. it acts also on a variety of other purines and aldehydes
Xanthine Oxidase: an iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing flavin-adenine dinucleotide that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria
Xanthinol Niacinate: a vasodilator used in peripheral vascular disorders and insufficiency. it may cause gastric discomfort and hypotension
Xanthinuria, Type I: mutation in xanthine dehydrogenase (xdh)
Xanthium: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. the name prickly burweed is sometimes used but causes confusion with amsinckia
Xanthobacter: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in wet soil containing decaying organic material and in water. cells tend to be pleomorphic if grown on media containing succinate or coccoid if grown in the presence of an alcohol as the sole carbon source. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Xanthobacter: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií. vyskytují se ve vlhké půdě s obsahem tlející organické hmoty a také ve vodě. při kultivaci na půdě se sukcinátem jsou buňky pleomorfní, v médiu s alkoholem jako jediným zdrojem uhlíku mají kokoidní tvar
Xanthogranuloma, Juvenile: benign disorder of infants and children caused by proliferation of histiocytes, macrophages found in tissues. these histiocytes, usually lipid-laden non-langerhans cells, form multiple yellow-red nodules most often in the skin, the eye, and sometimes in the viscera. patients appear to have normal lipid metabolism and are classified as a normolipemic non-langerhans cell histiocytosis
Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: a rare form of cholecystitis which mimics malignancy, both on imaging and pathologically. it generally occurs in elderly women and is characterized by the presence of multiple intramural nodules that infiltrate the gallbladder wall and occasionally adjacent soft tissues and organs, such as the liver, colon, and duodenum
Xanthomatosis: a condition marked by the development of widespread xanthomas, yellow tumor-like structures filled with lipid deposits. xanthomas can be found in a variety of tissues including the skin; tendons; joints of knees and elbows. xanthomatosis is associated with disturbance of lipid metabolism and formation of foam cells
Xanthomatosis, Cerebrotendinous: an autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder due to mutation of the gene cyp27a1 encoding a cholestanetriol 26-monooxygenase. it is characterized by large deposits of cholesterol and cholestanol in various tissues resulting in xanthomatous swelling of tendons, early cataract, and progressive neurological symptoms
Xanthomonadaceae: a family of gram-negative bacteria, in the order xanthomonadales, pathogenic to plants
Xanthomonadaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, fytopatogenních bakterií řádu xanthomonadales
Xanthomonas: a genus in the family xanthomonadaceae whose cells produce a yellow pigment (gr. xanthos - yellow). it is pathogenic to plants
Xanthomonas: rod fytopatogenních bakterií čeledi xanthomonadaceae. buňky produkují žlutý pigment xanthomonadin (xanthos je řecky žlutý)
Xanthomonas axonopodis: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus xanthomonas, which causes citrus cankers and black rot in plants
Xanthomonas axonopodis: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu xanthomonas, která způsobuje rakovinu citrusů a bakteriální skvrnitost a hnilobu rostlin
Xanthomonas campestris: a species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is pathogenic for plants
Xanthomonas campestris: druh gramnegativní, aerobní, fytopatogenní bakterie
Xanthomonas vesicatoria: a species of gram-negative bacteria, in the genus xanthomonas, causing disease in tomato and pepper crops
Xanthomonas vesicatoria: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu xanthomonas, která způsobuje onemocnění rajčat a paprik
Xanthophylls: oxygenated forms of carotenoids. they are usually derived from alpha and beta carotene
Xanthopterin: 2-amino-1,5-dihydro-4,6-pteridinedione. pigment first discovered in butterfly wings and widely distributed in plants and animals
Xanthorhiza: a plant genus of the family ranunculaceae. members contain isoquinoline alkaloids
Xanthorhiza: rod rostlin čeledi ranunculaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují isochinolinové alkaloidy
Xanthosoma: a plant genus of the family araceae. the common names of 'coco yam' (cocoyam) or 'elephant's ear' may be confused with colocasia and other araceae or with common yam (dioscorea). it contains lectins
Xanthosoma: rod rostlin čeledi araceae, jehož zástupci obsahují lektiny
Xedar Receptor: an ectodysplasin receptor subtype that is specific for ectodysplasin a2. unlike the edar receptor the xedar receptor signals through direct association with tnf receptor-associated factors. the protein name derives from the fact that gene that encodes it resides on the x chromosome
Xenarthra: a superorder of new world mammals characterized by the absence of incisors and canines from among their teeth, and comprising the armadillos and the sloths. the superorder is distinguished from all others by what are known as xenarthrous vertebrae (xenos, strange; arthron, joint): there are secondary, and sometimes even more, articulations between the vertebrae of the lumbar series. the superorder in part was formerly called edentata. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed; walker's mammals of the world, 5th ed, vol. i, p515)
Xeno compomer: contains aluminium silicate glass, hema, bis-gma, 2.6e, pyrophosphoric ether, polyacrylic acid, pl
Xenobiotics: chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. they include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc
Xenodiagnosis: a method for diagnosing a disease in one organism by inoculating the putative causative organism in a second animal of a different species. it has been used for the detection of parasites (trypanosoma cruzi and trichinella spiralis) when peripheral blood smears are negative. (segen, current med talk, 1995)
Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays: in vivo methods of screening investigative anticancer drugs, biologic response modifiers or radiotherapies. human tumor tissue or cells are transplanted into mice or rats followed by tumor treatment regimens. a variety of outcomes are monitored to assess antitumor effectiveness
Xenon: a noble gas with the atomic symbol xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. it is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic
Xenon Isotopes: stable xenon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element xenon, but differ in atomic weight. xe-124, 126, 128-131, 134, and 136 are stable xenon isotopes
Xenon Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes
Xenophobia: intense or irrational dislike or fear of anything that is strange or foreign, particularly of people who are strangers or foreigners. it is an attitudinal orientation of hostility against non-natives in a given population that includes attitudes, prejudices and behavior that reject, exclude or vilify persons, based on the perception that they are outsiders or foreigners to the community, society or national identity