NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Coprinus: rod stopkovýtrusých hub čeledi coprinaceae, řádu agaricales, s černými výtrusy. některé druhy jsou jedlé
Coproporphyria, Hereditary: an autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of coproporphyrinogen oxidase in the liver, the sixth enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of heme. clinical features include both neurological symptoms and cutaneous lesions. patients excrete increased levels of porphyrin precursors, 5-aminolevulinate and coproporphyrins
Coproporphyrinogen Oxidase: an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of coproporphyrinogen iii to protoporphyrinogen ix by the conversion of two propionate groups to two vinyl groups. it is the sixth enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of heme, and is encoded by cpo gene. mutations of cpo gene result in hereditary coproporphyria
Coproporphyrinogens: porphyrinogens which are intermediates in the heme biosynthesis. they have four methyl and four propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. coproporphyrinogens i and iii are formed in the presence of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase from the corresponding uroporphyrinogen. they can yield coproporphyrins by autooxidation or protoporphyrin by oxidative decarboxylation
Coproporphyrins: porphyrins with four methyl and four propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. elevated levels of coproporphyrin iii in the urine and feces are major findings in patients with hereditary coproporphyria
Coptidis rhizoma extract: a potent inhibitor of thymocyte apoptosis; prepared from rhizome of coptis chinensis
Coptis: a plant genus of the family ranunculaceae. members contain berberine and other isoquinoline alkaloids
Coptis: rod rostlin čeledi ranunculaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují berberin a další isochinolinové alkaloidy
Coptis chinensis: a plant species of the genus coptis and family ranunculaceae. dried rhizome (huang-lian) has been used in traditional chinese medicine. it contains isoquinoline alkaloids (e.g., berberine and coptisine)
Coptis chinensis: druh rostliny rodu coptis z čeledi ranunculaceae. sušený kořen (huang-lian) se používá v tradiční čínské medicíně. obsahuje izochinolinové alkaloidy (např. berberin a koptisin)
Copying Processes: reproduction of data in a new location or other destination, leaving the source data unchanged, although the physical form of the result may differ from that of the source
Copyright: it is a form of protection provided by law. in the united states this protection is granted to authors of original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. this protection is available to both published and unpublished works. (from circular of the united states copyright office, 6/30/2008)
Cor Triatriatum: a malformation of the heart in which the embryonic common pulmonary vein was not incorporated into the left atrium leaving behind a perforated fibromuscular membrane bisecting the left atrium, a three-atrium heart. the opening between the two left atrium sections determines the degree of obstruction to pulmonary venous return, pulmonary venous and pulmonary arterial hypertension
Coracoid Process: a beak-like bone projection located at the lateral end of the superior anterior border of the scapula
Coral Bleaching: the process whereby large extents of coral rapidly pale through loss of their algal endosymbionts via destabilization of the coral-algal symbiosis. (from https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15337, january 11, 2021)
Coral Reefs: marine ridges composed of living corals, coral skeletons, calcareous algae, and other organisms, mixed with minerals and organic matter. they are found most commonly in tropical waters and support other animal and plant life
Coral Snakes: elapid snakes indigenous to the southern united states, central, south america, east, south and southeast asia. they are generally less than 1 meter in length and have colored ring patterns
Corbicula: a genus of freshwater clams, in the family corbiculidae, class bivalvia. it originated in asia but was introduced in north america and is now found throughout the united states
Corbicula: rod sladkovodních mlžů čeledi corbiculidae, třídy bivalvia. původní výskyt je v asii, ale byl zavlečen do severní ameriky a vyskytuje se všude ve spojených státech amerických
Corchorus: a plant genus of the family tiliaceae. members contain cycloartane saponins and cardenolides
Corchorus: jednoletá rostlina z čeledi slézovitých (malvaceae), ve starších taxonomických systémech byl tento rod zařazen do čeledi lipovitých (tiliaceae). zástupci obsahují cykloartanové saponiny a kardenolidy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation: transplantation of stem cells collected from the fetal blood remaining in the umbilical cord and the placenta after delivery. included are the hematopoietic stem cells
Cord Factors: toxic glycolipids composed of trehalose dimycolate derivatives. they are produced by mycobacterium tuberculosis and other species of mycobacterium. they induce cellular dysfunction in animals
Cordia: a plant genus of the family boraginaceae. members contain triterpenes and naphthoxirene
Cordia: rod rostlin čeledi boraginaceae. zástupci obsahují triterpeny a naftoxiren
Cordocentesis: the collecting of fetal blood samples typically via endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration from the umbilical vein
Cordotomy: any operation on the spinal cord. (stedman, 26th ed)
Cordyceps: a genus of ascomycetous fungi (ascomycota), family clavicipitaceae, order hypocreales, that grows by infecting insect larvae or mature insects with spores that germinate often before the cocoon is formed
Cordyceps: rod vřeckovýtrusných hub (ascomycota), čeleď clavicipitaceae (paličkovicovité), řád hypocreales (masenkotvaré), která roste tak, že napadne larvy hmyzu nebo dospělý hmyz svými výtrusy, které často klíčí předtím, než se vytvoří kokon
Cordyline: a plant genus of the family asparagaceae that contains spirostanol & furostanol saponins
Cordyline: rod rostlin čeledi asparagaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují spirostanolové a furostanolové saponiny
Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit: a transcription factor that dimerizes with core binding factor beta subunit to form core binding factor. it contains a highly conserved dna-binding domain known as the runt domain and is involved in genetic regulation of skeletal development and cell differentiation
Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit: a transcription factor that dimerizes with the cofactor core binding factor beta subunit to form core binding factor. it contains a highly conserved dna-binding domain known as the runt domain. runx1 is frequently mutated in human leukemias
Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit: a transcription factor that dimerizes with the cofactor core binding factor beta subunit to form core binding factor. it contains a highly conserved dna-binding domain known as the runt domain
Core Binding Factor alpha Subunits: a family of transcription factors that bind to the cofactor core binding factor beta subunit to form core binding factor. family members contain a highly conserved dna-binding domain known as the runt domain. they can act as both activators and repressors of expression of genes involved in cell differentiation and cell cycle progression
Core Binding Factor beta Subunit: a non-dna binding transcription factor that is a subunit of core binding factor. it forms heterodimeric complexes with core binding factor alpha subunits, and regulates genetic transcription of a variety of genes involved primarily in cell differentiation and cell cycle progression
Core Binding Factors: heterodimeric transcription factors containing a dna-binding alpha subunits, (core binding factor alpha subunits), along with a non-dna-binding beta subunits, core binding factor beta subunit. core binding factor regulates genetic transcription of a variety of genes involved primarily in cell differentiation and cell cycle progression
Core Stability: a posture in which an ideal body mass distribution is achieved for the abdominal core. abdominal core stability and balance provides the body an ability to maintain equilibrium and control of the spine and pelvic region during movement
Coreopsis: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. zástupci obsahují fenylpropanoidy
Coriandrum: a plant genus of the family apiaceae. the leaves are the source of cilantro and the seeds are the source of coriander, both of which are used in spices
Coriolaceae: čeleď hub řádu polyporales. podílí se na rozkladu dřeva
Coriolis Force: the apparent deflection (coriolis acceleration) of a body in motion with respect to the earth, as seen by an observer on the earth, attributed to a fictitious force (coriolis force) but actually caused by the rotation of the earth. in a medical context it refers to the physiological effects (nausea, vertigo, dizziness, etc.) felt by a person moving radially in a rotating system, as a rotating space station. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed & mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Coriolisova síla: zdánlivá coriolisova síla je způsobena rotací (neinerciální) soustavy (nebo pozorovatele s ní spojeného) pokud se těleso volně pohybuje kolmo k ose rotace, tj. ve směru poloměru (rádiusu). pohyb tělesa je ve skutečnosti díky setrvačnosti přímočarý, z pohledu pozorovatele se však jeví, že na těleso působí zdánlivé zrychlení, nazývané coriolisovo zrychlení, například pohyb vzhledem k zemi pozorovaný ze země. v lékařství souvisí s fyziologickými stavy (nauzea, vertigo, závratě atd.) pociťovanými člověkem při radiálním pohybu (vzhledem k ose otáčení) v rotujícím systému, např. při některých leteckých manévrech nebo na rotujících atrakcích v lunaparku
Cornaceae: a plant family of the order cornales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida that is a loose grouping of woody ornamentals: 11 of its 14 genera have been placed in single families by some authorities. some botanists combine members of nyssaceae into this family
Cornaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu cornales, podtřídy rosidae, třídy magnoliopsida. čeleď zahrnuje v současném taxonomickém pojetí asi 85 druhů ve 2 rodech a je rozšířena na všech kontinentech. různé druhy dřínů a svíd jsou pěstovány jako okrasné dřeviny. někteří zástupci mají také využití v tradiční čínské medicíně. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cornea: the transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye consisting of five layers: stratified squamous corneal epithelium; bowman membrane; corneal stroma; descemet membrane; and mesenchymal corneal endothelium. it serves as the first refracting medium of the eye. it is structurally continuous with the sclera, avascular, receiving its nourishment by permeation through spaces between the lamellae, and is innervated by the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve via the ciliary nerves and those of the surrounding conjunctiva which together form plexuses. (cline et al., dictionary of visual science, 4th ed)
Corneal Cross-Linking: an ophthalmic treatment used to prevent weakening or bulging of the cornea in corneal ectasia, e.g., post-lasik ectasia, keratoconus and pellucid marginal corneal degeneration. it uses uv-a and riboflavin to crosslink and strengthen collagen fibers within the cornea
Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary: bilateral hereditary disorders of the cornea, usually autosomal dominant, which may be present at birth but more frequently develop during adolescence and progress slowly throughout life. central macular dystrophy is transmitted as an autosomal recessive defect
Corneal Dystrophy, Band-Shaped: a hereditary band-shaped opacity of the cornea , affecting the pupil and palpebral fissure (space between eyelids). the central region is more dense and contains grey, grainy elements. omim: 217500
Corneal Dystrophy, Crystalline, of Schnyder: a hereditary corneal dystrophy characterized by abnormal deposition of cholesterol and phospholipids in the cornea, resulting in progressive and bilateral opacity. affected individuals experience glare and loss of vision due to light scattering. the opacity begins early in life as an oval shaped clouding in the center of the cornea; only half of patients have crystalline corneal cholesterol deposits. it is caused by a mutation in the transitional epithelia response (tere1/ubiad1) gene. omim: 121800
Corneal Dystrophy, Fuchs Endothelial, 4: mutations in slc4a11
Corneal Dystrophy, Fuchs Endothelial, 6: mutaitons in zeb1
Corneal Dystrophy, Juvenile Epithelial of Meesmann: an autosomal dominant form of hereditary corneal dystrophy due to a defect in cornea-specific keratin formation. mutations in the genes that encode keratin-3 and keratin-12 have been linked to this disorder
Corneal Dystrophy, Lattice Type IIIA: mutation in tgfbi
Corneal Dystrophy, Posterior Polymorphous, 1: hereditary corneal dystrophy characterized by metaplasia and overgrowth of corneal endothelial cells. symptoms can vary significantly, even within the same family. it is caused by a mutation in the ovol2 gene. omim: 122000
Corneal Edema: an excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity
Corneal Endothelial Cell Loss: loss of corneal endothelium usually following intraocular surgery (e.g., cataract surgery) or due to fuchs' endothelial dystrophy; angle-closure glaucoma; iritis; or aging
Corneal Keratocytes: fibroblasts which occur in the corneal stroma
Corneal Neovascularization: new blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent corneal stroma. neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as trachoma, viral interstitial keratitis, microbial keratoconjunctivitis, and the immune response elicited by corneal transplantation
Corneal Opacity: disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. the usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque
Corneal Perforation: a puncture or hole through the corneal stroma resulting from various diseases or trauma
Corneal Stroma: the lamellated connective tissue constituting the thickest layer of the cornea between the bowman and descemet membranes
Corneal Surgery, Laser: surgical techniques on the cornea employing lasers, especially for reshaping the cornea to correct refractive errors
Corneal Topography: the measurement of curvature and shape of the anterior surface of the cornea using techniques such as keratometry, keratoscopy, photokeratoscopy, profile photography, computer-assisted image processing and videokeratography. this measurement is often applied in the fitting of contact lenses and in diagnosing corneal diseases or corneal changes including keratoconus, which occur after keratotomy and keratoplasty
Corneal Transplantation: partial or total replacement of the cornea from one human or animal to another
Corneal Ulcer: loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection
Corneal Wavefront Aberration: asymmetries in the topography and refractive index of the corneal surface that affect visual acuity
Corneal dystrophy Avellino type: a hereditary autosomal dominant corneal dystrophy that is characterized by the development of small granules on the stromal layer of the cornea which later develop into lesions with a lattice-like appearance. the lesions increase in size with age and may lead to decreased visual acuity. mutations in the tgfbi gene have been identified. omim: 607541
Corneal dystrophy, Fuchs' endothelial, 1: hereditary fuch's endothelial corneal dystrophy that is caused by mutations in the collagen type viii alpha-2 gene (col8a2). omim: 136800
Corneal dystrophy, gelatinous drop-like: a hereditary autosomal recessive corneal dystrophy characterized by severe corneal amyloidosis leading to blindness. clinical manifestations, which appear in the first decade of life, include blurred vision, photophobia, and foreign-body sensation. by the third decade, raised, yellowish-gray, gelatinous masses severely impair visual acuity, and corneal transplantation is required for most patients. mutations in the tacstd2 gene have been identified. omim: 204870
Corneal endothelial dystrophy type 2: a hereditary autosomal recessive form of corneal dystrophy characterized by thickening and opacification of the cornea, altered morphology of the endothelium, and secretion of an abnormal collagenous layer at the descemet membrane. there are both autosomal dominant (omim: 121700) and autosomal recessive (ched2) forms, with the latter being more common and more severe. mutations in the slc4a11 gene have been identified. omim: 217700
Cornell Medical Index: self-administered health questionnaire developed to obtain details of the medical history as an adjunct to the medical interview. it consists of 195 questions divided into eighteen sections; the first twelve deal with somatic complaints and the last six with mood and feeling patterns. the index is used also as a personality inventory or in epidemiologic studies
Cornellův lékařský index: zdravotní dotazník, který byl vyvinut za účelem získání detailů o zdravotní historii a slouží coby doplněk k rozhovoru s lékařem. obsahuje 195 otázek rozdělených do 18 sekcí. prvních 12 sekcí se týká tělesných potíží a posledních šest sekcí se táže na náladu a pocitové tendence. tento index se také používá k rozlišní osobnostních typů nebo u epidemiologických studií
Cornified Envelope Proline-Rich Proteins: a family of low molcular-weight proteins that contain proline-rich protein domains. members of this family play a role in the formation of an insoluble cornified envelope beneath the plasma membrane of stratified squamous epithelial cells
Cornus: a plant genus of the family cornaceae. it is widely cultivated for the attractive flowers
Cornus: rod rostlin čeledi cornaceae. jsou to keře a stromy, výjimečně i byliny. dřín obecný (cornus mas) je v čr zákonem chráněnou dřevinou. některé druhy jsou využívány jako okrasné dřeviny a jsou dostupné v množství kultivarů. jsou mezi nimi také léčivé rostliny. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Coronal synostosis, syndactyly and jejunal atresia: asymmetrical coronal synostosis, cutaneous syndactyly of the fingers and toes, and jejunal atresia
Coronary Aneurysm: abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of coronary vessels. most coronary aneurysms are due to coronary atherosclerosis, and the rest are due to inflammatory diseases, such as kawasaki disease
Coronary Angiography: radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium
Coronary Artery Bypass: surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion
Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump: coronary artery bypass surgery on a beating heart without a cardiopulmonary bypass (diverting the flow of blood from the heart and lungs through an oxygenator)
Coronary Artery Disease: pathological processes of coronary arteries that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause
Coronary Artery Dissection, Spontaneous: a rare cause of myocardial infarction that occurs primarily in women with a mean age of 40 years, especially during the postpartum period. omim: 122455
Coronary Disease: an imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the coronary vessels to supply sufficient blood flow. it is a form of myocardial ischemia (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels
Coronary Occlusion: complete blockage of blood flow through one of the coronary arteries, usually from coronary atherosclerosis
Coronary Restenosis: recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction
Coronary Sinus: a short vein that collects about two thirds of the venous blood from the myocardium and drains into the right atrium. coronary sinus, normally located between the left atrium and left ventricle on the posterior surface of the heart, can serve as an anatomical reference for cardiac procedures
Coronary Thrombosis: coagulation of blood in any of the coronary vessels. the presence of a blood clot (thrombus) often leads to myocardial infarction
Coronary Vasospasm: spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries
Coronary Vessel Anomalies: malformations of coronary vessels, either arteries or veins. included are anomalous origins of coronary arteries; arteriovenous fistula; coronary aneurysm; myocardial bridging; and others
Coronary-Subclavian Steal Syndrome: a complication of internal mammary-coronary artery anastomosis whereby an occlusion or stenosis of the proximal subclavian artery causes a reversal of the blood flow away from the coronary circulation, through the grafted internal mammary artery (internal thoracic artery), and back to the distal subclavian distribution
Coronaviridae: sférické rna-viry řádu nidovirales, které infikují široké spektrum zvířat včetně člověka. k přenosu dochází fekálně-orální nebo respirační cestou, běžně také mechanicky. patří sem rody coronavirus a torovirus
Coronaviridae: spherical rna viruses, in the order nidovirales, infecting a wide range of animals including humans. transmission is by fecal-oral and respiratory routes. mechanical transmission is also common. there are two genera: coronavirus and torovirus
Coronavirus: a member of coronaviridae which causes respiratory or gastrointestinal disease in a variety of vertebrates
Coronavirus: rod virů čeledi coronaviridae, které způsobují respirační a gastrointestinální onemocnění u řady obratlovců
Coronavirus 229E, Human: a species in the genus coronavirus causing the common cold and possibly nervous system infections in humans. it lacks hemagglutinin-esterase
Coronavirus 3C Proteases: 3c proteases that occur in species of coronaviridae
Coronavirus Infections: virus diseases caused by the coronavirus genus. some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (enteritis, transmissible, of turkeys); feline infectious peritonitis; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (gastroenteritis, transmissible, of swine)
Coronavirus NL63, Human: a species in the genus coronavirus causing upper and lower respiratory tract infections. it shares the receptor used by the sars virus
Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins: nucleocapsid proteins from species of the coronaviridae virus family
Coronavirus OC43, Human: a species in the genus coronavirus causing the common cold and possibly nervous system infections in humans. it contains hemagglutinin-esterase
Coronavirus Papain-Like Proteases: papain-like proteases that occur in species of coronaviridae. some species have more than one papain-like protease gene
Coronavirus Protease Inhibitors: protease inhibitors that specifically inhibit one or more of the proteases that are produced by coronaviruses
Coronavirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase: rna-dependent rna polymerases found in species of coronaviridae
Coronavirus bovis: druh viru rodu betacoronavirus, který infikuje novorozená telata. vyvolává akutní průjem, který je často fatální
Coronavirus, Bovine: a species of coronavirus infecting neonatal calves, presenting as acute diarrhea, and frequently leading to death
Coronavirus, Canine: a species of coronavirus infecting dogs. onset of symptoms is usually sudden and includes vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration
Coronavirus, Feline: a species of coronavirus infecting cats of all ages and commonly found in catteries and zoos. cats are often found carrying the virus but only a small proportion develop disease. feline coronavirus and feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv) are virtually the same virus in genetic and antigenetic terms, and are morphologically indistinguishable. since they only differ in their disease potential (with fipv causing a more serious illness), they are considered biotypes of each other
Coronavirus, Rat: a species of coronavirus causing pneumonia in newborn rats but a clinically inapparent infection in adults. it is separate but antigenically related to murine hepatitis virus
Coroners and Medical Examiners: physicians appointed to investigate all cases of sudden or violent death
Corpora Allata: paired or fused ganglion-like bodies in the head of insects. the bodies secrete hormones important in the regulation of metamorphosis and the development of some adult tissues
Corpse Dismemberment: disjoining the limbs or other parts of a corpse, often in association with criminal acts
Corpus Callosum: broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. the corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure
Corpus Luteum: the yellow body derived from the ruptured ovarian follicle after ovulation. the process of corpus luteum formation, luteinization, is regulated by luteinizing hormone
Corpus Luteum Maintenance: process of maintaining the functions of corpora lutea, specifically progesterone production which is regulated primarily by pituitary luteinizing hormone in cycling females, and by placental hormones in pregnant females. the ability to maintain luteal functions is important in pregnancy maintenance
Corpus Striatum: striped gray matter and white matter consisting of the neostriatum and paleostriatum (globus pallidus). it is located in front of and lateral to the thalamus in each cerebral hemisphere. the gray substance is made up of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the globus pallidus and putamen). the white matter is the internal capsule
Corrected and Republished Article: work that is the republication of an article to correct, amplify, or restore text and data of the originally published article
Correctional Facilities: places for the confinement of persons in lawful detention, including both persons awaiting trial under local jurisdiction and those persons convicted of crimes
Correctional Facilities Personnel: persons who work at jails; prisons; or other correctional institutions
Correlation of Data: determination of whether or not two variables are correlated. this means to study whether an increase or decrease in one variable corresponds to an increase or decrease in the other variable
Corrosion: the gradual destruction of a metal or alloy due to oxidation or action of a chemical agent. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Corrosion Casting: a tissue preparation technique that involves the injecting of plastic (acrylates) into blood vessels or other hollow viscera and treating the tissue with a caustic substance. this results in a negative copy or a solid replica of the enclosed space of the tissue that is ready for viewing under a scanning electron microscope
Corsiaceae: a plant family of the order liliales (or by some as dioscoreales or burmanniales), subclass liliidae, class liliopsida (monocotyledons). they are perennial saprophytic plants obtaining their carbon from fungi
Corsiaceae: čeleď rostlin z řádu liliotvaré, třídy jednoděložných rostlin (liliopsida) s oddenky či hlízami. jde o vytrvalé nezelené byliny, které se vyživují heterotroficky. uhlík pro tvorbu vlastních uhlíkatých skeletů získávají z organické hmoty hub
Cortactin: a microfilament protein that interacts with f-actin and regulates cortical actin assembly and organization. it is also an sh3 domain containing phosphoprotein, and it mediates tyrosine phosphorylation based signal transduction by proto-oncogene protein pp60(c-src)
Corti-Dynexan: contains hydroxypolyethoxydodecane, prednisolone 21-acetate, dequalinium chloride, tyrothricin, pancreatin, aluminum formate; used in treatment of periodontal diseases
Cortical Bone: a type of osseous tissue which makes up the outer layer of bone. it is dense, rigid, strong, and forms concentric lamellar osteons
Cortical Excitability: measurable changes in activities in the cerebral cortex upon a stimulation. a change in cortical excitability as measured by various techniques (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation) is associated with brain disorders
Cortical Spreading Depression: the decrease in neuronal activity (related to a decrease in metabolic demand) extending from the site of cortical stimulation. it is believed to be responsible for the decrease in cerebral blood flow that accompanies the aura of migraine with aura. (campbell's psychiatric dictionary, 8th ed.)
Cortical Synchronization: eeg phase synchronization of the cortical brain region (cerebral cortex)
Corticobasal Degeneration: rare progressive neurological disorder characterized by parkinsonism, cortical atrophy of multiple areas of the brain including the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia, cognitive dysfunction and eye movement abnormalities
Corticomedial Nuclear Complex: the rostral part of the amygdala with cortical-like layered structure. it receives major inputs from the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex
Corticosterone: an adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (from goodman and gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)
Corticotrophs: anterior pituitary cells that produce adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Corticotropin-Like Intermediate Lobe Peptide: a peptide derived from the cleavage of adrenocorticotropic hormone, found primarily in the intermediate lobe of pituitary but also in the arcuate nucleus of basal hypothalamus. its sequence is identical to the c-terminal 22-amino acids of acth or acth 18-39
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: a peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone. crh is synthesized by neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. after being released into the pituitary portal circulation, crh stimulates the release of acth from the pituitary gland. crh can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as placenta; adrenal medulla; and testis
Corticoviridae: a family of icosahedral, lipid-containing, non-enveloped bacteriophages containing one genus (corticovirus)
Corticoviridae: čeleď bakteriofágů, které sestávají z kapsidu a vnitřní lipidové membrány. virion není obalený. vnitřní lipidová membrána je uložena mezi vnější a vnitřní vrstvou z proteinů. kapsid má ikosaedrální symetrii. tato čeleď zahrnuje jediný rod - corticovirus
Cortiho orgán: struktura v hlemýždi vnitřního ucha sloužící k přeměně zvukových vln na nervové impulsy vedené viii. hlavovým nervem do mozku. uložen jako vyvýšenina na lamina basilaris, probíhá od baze až po vrchol kochley. kromě podpůrných buněk obsahuje buňky smyslové (vláskové). podpůrné buňky vytvářejí membrana reticularis, vlásky buněk smyslových jsou v kontaktu s membrana tectoria. v c. o. probíhá po celé délce tzv. cortiho trojúhelník vytvořený dvěma šikmo navzájem k sobě skloněnými cortiho pilíři. po obou stranách jsou vláskové buňky (vnitřní a zevní). kromě toho obsahuje c. o. řadu strukturně rozlišitelných podpůrných buněk (claudiusovy, deitersovy, hensenovy buňky). podráždění smyslových buněk v c. o. vzniká přenosem vibrací třmínku v oválném okénku na perilymfu a membrány ohraničující blanitý hlemýžď (ductus cochlearis). kmity vedou k posunu tektoriální membrány a ohybu cilií vláskových buněk, v nichž iontovými změnami (depolarizací vyvolanou průnikem kaliových kationtů) vzniká tzv. receptorový potenciál dále přenášený na vlákna sluchové části viii. hlavového nervu. frekvence (kmitočet) zvuku pak vedou k rozkmitání určitých oblastí c. o. v podélném směru v průběhu kochley. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Cortinarius: a genus of mushrooms in the family cortinariaceae. when ingested, species of cortinarius cause delayed acute renal failure
Cortinarius: rod stopkovýtrusých hub čeledi cortinariaceae. některé druhy mohou po požití způsobit pozdní akutní selhání ledvin
Cortisone: a naturally occurring glucocorticoid that has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. cortisone itself is inactive; it is converted in the liver to the active metabolite hydrocortisone. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p726)
Cortisone Reductase: an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of a ketone and hydroxy group at c-20 of cortisone and other 17,20,21-trihydroxy steroids. ec 1.1.1.53
Cortodoxone: 17,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. a 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities
Corydalis: a plant genus of the family fumariaceae (classified by some in papaveraceae) that contains isoquinoline alkaloids
Corydalis: rod rostlin čeledi papaveraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují isochinolin
Corynebacterium: a genus of asporogenous bacteria that is widely distributed in nature. its organisms appear as straight to slightly curved rods and are known to be human and animal parasites and pathogens
Corynebacterium: rod nesporulujících bakteríí, které jsou široce rozšířené v přírodě. jsou to rovné nebo mírně zahnuté tyčky. jsou známými parazity a patogeny lidí a zvířat
Corynebacterium diphtheriae: a species of gram-positive, asporogenous bacteria in which three cultural types are recognized. these types (gravis, intermedius, and mitis) were originally given in accordance with the clinical severity of the cases from which the different strains were most frequently isolated. this species is the causative agent of diphtheria
Corynebacterium diphtheriae: druh grampozitivní, nesporulující bakterie. je původcem diftérie, která má více klinických forem. podle vzhledu kolonií rozlišujeme tři typy: gravis, mitis a intermedius. jednotlivé typy se vyznačují různým klinickým průběhem onemocnění. (upraveno podle wikiskripta 2020 http://www.wikiskripta.eu/)
Corynebacterium glutamicum: a species of gram-positive, asporogenous, non-pathogenic, soil bacteria that produces glutamic acid
Corynebacterium glutamicum: druh grampozitivní, nesporulující, nepatogenní, půdní bakterie, která produkuje kyselinu glutamovou
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: a species of gram-positive, asporogenous bacteria that was originally isolated from necrotic areas in the kidney of a sheep. it may cause ulcerative lymphangitis, abscesses, and other chronic purulent infections in sheep, horses, and other warm-blooded animals. human disease may form from contact with infected animals
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: druh grampozitivní, nesporulující bakterie, byla původně izolována z nekrotických oblastí ovčí ledviny. může způsobovat ulcerózní lymfangitidu, abscesy a jiné chronické hnisavé infekce u ovcí, koní a dalších teplokrevných zvířat
Corynebacterium pyogenes: a species of corynebacterium isolated from abscesses of warm-blooded animals
Corynebacterium pyogenes: druh corynebacterium izolovaný z abscesů teplokrevných zvířat
Cosmetic Techniques: procedures for the improvement or enhancement of the appearance of the visible parts of the body
Cosmetics: substances intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions. included in this definition are skin creams, lotions, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail polishes, eye and facial makeup preparations, permanent waves, hair colors, toothpastes, and deodorants, as well as any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. (u.s. food & drug administration center for food safety & applied nutrition office of cosmetics fact sheet (web page) feb 1995)
Cosmic Dust: finely divided solid matter with particle sizes smaller than a micrometeorite, thus with diameters much smaller than a millimeter, moving in interplanetary space. (nasa thesaurus, 1994)
Cosmic Radiation: high-energy radiation or particles from extraterrestrial space that strike the earth, its atmosphere, or spacecraft and may create secondary radiation as a result of collisions with the atmosphere or spacecraft
Cosmids: plasmids containing at least one cos (cohesive-end site) of phage lambda. they are used as cloning vehicles
Cost Allocation: the assignment, to each of several particular cost-centers, of an equitable proportion of the costs of activities that serve all of them. cost-center usually refers to institutional departments or services
Cost Control: the containment, regulation, or restraint of costs. costs are said to be contained when the value of resources committed to an activity is not considered excessive. this determination is frequently subjective and dependent upon the specific geographic area of the activity being measured. (from dictionary of health services management, 2d ed)
Cost Savings: reductions in all or any portion of the costs of providing goods or services. savings may be incurred by the provider or the consumer
Cost Sharing: provisions of an insurance policy that require the insured to pay some portion of covered expenses. several forms of sharing are in use, e.g., deductibles, coinsurance, and copayments. cost sharing does not refer to or include amounts paid in premiums for the coverage. (from dictionary of health services management, 2d ed)
Cost of Illness: the personal cost of disease which may be economic, social, or psychological. the cost of illness may be reflected in absenteeism, productivity, response to treatment, peace of mind, or quality of life. it differs from health care costs, the societal cost of providing services related to the delivery of health care
Cost-Benefit Analysis: a method of comparing the cost of a program with its expected benefits in dollars (or other currency). the benefit-to-cost ratio is a measure of total return expected per unit of money spent. this analysis generally excludes consideration of factors that are not measured ultimately in economic terms. in contrast a cost effectiveness in general compares cost with qualitative outcomes
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: a method of comparing the cost of a program with its expected outcomes that are qualitative in nature. cost effectiveness compares alternative ways to achieve a specific set of results
Costa Rica: a country in central america, bordering both the caribbean sea and the north pacific ocean, between nicaragua and panama
Costal Cartilage: bars of hyaline cartilage extending from the anterior ends of the upper ribs. they attach to the sternum directly or indirectly by connecting to upper costal cartilage that attaches to the sternum. costal cartilages extend the ribs anteriorly and contribute to the enhanced elasticity of the thoracic wall
Costameres: striated muscle cell components which anchor the myofibrils from the z-bands to the sarcolemma and extracellular matrix. costameric proteins include the proteins of focal adhesions
Costello Syndrome: rare congenital disorder with multiple anomalies including: characteristic dysmorphic craniofacial features, musculoskeletal abnormalities, neurocognitive delay, and high prevalence of cancer. germline mutations in h-ras protein can cause costello syndrome. costello syndrome shows early phenotypic overlap with other disorders that involve map kinase signaling system (e.g., noonan syndrome and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome)
Costellův syndrom: vzácná vrozená porucha s různými anomáliemi, která se projevuje charakteristickou dysmorfií kraniofaciálních rysů, abnormalitami pohybového ústrojí, neurokognitivním opožděním a vysokou prevalencí rakoviny. onemocnění může být způsobeno zárodečnou mutací h-ras proteinu. costellův syndrom vykazuje časné fenotypové překrývání s jinými poruchami s map kinázovým signálním systémem (např. noonanové syndrom a kardiofaciokutánní syndrom)
Costimulatory and Inhibitory T-Cell Receptors: a family of receptors that modulate the activation of t-lymphocytes by the t-cell antigen receptor. the receptors are responsive to one or more b7 antigens found on antigen-presenting cells and, depending upon the specific ligand-receptor combination, modulate a variety of t-cell functions such as the rate of clonal expansion, cell survival and cytokine production. although commonly referred to as costimulatory receptors, some of the receptors have inhibitory effects such as inducing peripheral tolerance
Costocoracoid ligament congenitally short: fixation of the scapula to the first rib by a congenitally short costocoracoid ligament
Costs and Cost Analysis: absolute, comparative, or differential costs pertaining to services, institutions, resources, etc., or the analysis and study of these costs
Costus: a plant genus of the family costaceae (sometimes classified in zingiberaceae), order zingiberales, subclass zingiberidae, class liliopsida (monocotyledons). it is a source of saponins and furostanol glycosides
Costus: rod jednoděložných rostlin z čeledi costaceae, řád zingiberales (zázvorotvaré). je zdrojem saponinů a furostanolových glykosidů
Cosyntropin: a synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the n-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone. acth (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex
Cote d'Ivoire: a republic in western africa, south of mali and burkina faso, bordered by ghana on the east. its administrative capital is abidjan and yamoussoukro has been the official capital since 1983. the country was formerly called ivory coast
Cotinine: the n-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of nicotine. it thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco smoking. it has cns stimulating properties
Cotton Fiber: a textile fiber obtained from the pappus (outside the seeds) of cotton plant (gossypium)
Cottonseed Oil: oil obtained from the seeds of gossypium herbaceum l., the cotton plant. it is used in dietary products such as oleomargarine and many cooking oils. cottonseed oil is commonly used in soaps and cosmetics
Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus: the type species of kappapapillomavirus. it is reported to occur naturally in cottontail rabbits in north america
Coturnix: a genus of birds in the family phasianidae, order galliformes, containing the common european and other old world quail
Coturnix: rod ptáků čeledi phasianidae, řádu galliformes. křepelky se vyskytují v různých částech starého světa
Cotyledon: a part of the embryo in a seed plant. the number of cotyledons is an important feature in classifying plants. in seeds without an endosperm, they store food which is used in germination. in some plants, they emerge above the soil surface and become the first photosynthetic leaves. (from concise dictionary of biology, 1990)
Cough: a sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. it is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs
Cough-Variant Asthma: asthma which is characterized by chronic cough that is nonproductive without other asthmatic symptoms, e.g., wheezing, and paroxysmal dyspnea. cough-variant asthma is accompanied by airway hypersensitivity and may progress to classical asthma without treatment
Coumaphos: a organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide
Coumaric Acids: hydroxycinnamic acid and its derivatives. act as activators of the indoleacetic acid oxidizing system, thereby producing a decrease in the endogenous level of bound indoleacetic acid in plants
Coumarins: synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the delta-lactone of coumarinic acid
Coumestrol: a daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity
Counselors: professionals trained in providing information, guidance, and recommendations to individual clients or families to support their decision making and development of coping skills
Countercurrent Distribution: a method of separation of two or more substances by repeated distribution between two immiscible liquid phases that move past each other in opposite directions. it is a form of liquid-liquid chromatography. (stedman, 25th ed)
Counterfeit Drugs: fake medicine that may be contaminated or contain the wrong or no active ingredient, or the correct active ingredient at the wrong dose. counterfeit drugs are illegal and may be harmful to health
Counterimmunoelectrophoresis: immunoelectrophoresis in which immunoprecipitation occurs when antigen at the cathode is caused to migrate in an electric field through a suitable medium of diffusion against a stream of antibody migrating from the anode as a result of endosmotic flow
Counterpulsation: a technique for assisting the circulation by decreasing the afterload of the left ventricle and augmenting the diastolic pressure. it may be achieved by intra-aortic balloon, or by implanting a special pumping device in the chest, or externally by applying a negative pressure to the lower extremities during cardiac systole
Countertransference: conscious or unconscious emotional reaction of the therapist to the patient which may interfere with treatment. (apa, thesaurus of psychological index terms, 8th ed.)
Couples Therapy: psychotherapy used for either unmarried couples or married couples, of mixed or same sex
Courage: state of mind or spirit that enables one to act in the face of perceived danger, difficulty, or pain
Cowpox: a mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. human infection may occur while milking an infected animal
Cowpox virus: a species of orthopoxvirus that is the etiologic agent of cowpox. it is closely related to but antigenically different from vaccinia virus
Coxa Magna: deformity of the hip characterized by enlargement and deformation of the femur head and femur neck, often with associated changes in the acetabulum. these changes may be secondary to other diseases (e.g. legg-perthes disease; arthritis; hip dislocation, congenital) or trauma
Coxa Valga: hip deformity in which the angle between the femoral neck and its shaft is increased. it may be congenital, acquired, or developmental
Coxa Vara: hip deformity in which the femoral neck leans forward resulting in a decrease in the angle between femoral neck and its shaft. it may be congenital often syndromic, acquired, or developmental
Coxiella: a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that is widely distributed in ticks and various mammals throughout the world. infection with this genus is particularly prevalent in cattle; sheep; and goats
Coxiella: rod gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, který je široce rozšířený u klíšťat a různých savců celého světa. způsobuje zejména infekce skotu, ovcí a koz
Coxiella burnetii: a species of gram-negative bacteria that grows preferentially in the vacuoles of the host cell. it is the etiological agent of q fever
Coxiella burnetii: druh gramnegativní bakterie, která přednostně roste ve vakuolách hostitelských buněk. je etiologickým agens q-horečky
Coxiellaceae: a family of gram-negative bacteria in the order legionellales. it includes genera coxiella and rickettsiella
Coxiellaceae: čeleď gramnegativních bakterií řádu legionellales. zahrnuje rody coxiella a rickettsiella
Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor-Like Membrane Protein: an ig superfamily transmembrane protein that localizes to junctional complexes that occur between endothelial cells and epthelial cells. the protein may play a role in cell-cell adhesion and is the primary site for the attachment of adenoviruses during infection
Coxsackievirus Infections: a heterogeneous group of infections produced by coxsackieviruses, including herpangina, aseptic meningitis (meningitis, aseptic), a common-cold-like syndrome, a non-paralytic poliomyelitis-like syndrome, epidemic pleurodynia (pleurodynia, epidemic) and a serious myocarditis
Coyotes: the species canis latrans in the family canidae, a smaller relative of wolves. it is found in the western hemisphere from costa rica to alaska