NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Parasitic Diseases: infections or infestations with parasites. they are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure
Parasitic Sensitivity Tests: tests that demonstrate the relative effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents against specific parasites
Parasomnias: movements or behaviors associated with sleep, sleep stages, or partial arousals from sleep that may impair sleep maintenance. parasomnias are generally divided into four groups: arousal disorders, sleep-wake transition disorders, parasomnias of rem sleep, and nonspecific parasomnias. (from thorpy, sleep disorders medicine, 1994, p191)
Paraspeckles: nuclear bodies in which architectural long ncrnas (e.g., neat1) sequester various regulatory proteins regulating gene expression including rna modification (e.g., a-to-i rna editing) and micrornas maturation
Paraspinal Muscles: deep muscles in the back whose function is to extend and rotate the spine and maintain posture. it consists splenius, semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores, interspinales, intertransversarii and sacrospinalis
Parasympathectomy: the removal or interruption of some part of the parasympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes
Parasympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic: nerve fibers which project from parasympathetic ganglia to synapses on target organs. parasympathetic postganglionic fibers use acetylcholine as transmitter. they may also release peptide cotransmitters
Parasympathetic Nervous System: the craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. the cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. they synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. the parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system
Parasympatholytics: agents that inhibit the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. the major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the muscarinic antagonists
Parasympathomimetics: drugs that mimic the effects of parasympathetic nervous system activity. included here are drugs that directly stimulate muscarinic receptors and drugs that potentiate cholinergic activity, usually by slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine (cholinesterase inhibitors). drugs that stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (ganglionic stimulants) are not included here
Parasystole: a cardiac arrhythmia that is caused by interaction of two independently initiated cardiac impulses of different rates from two separate foci. generally one focus is the sinoatrial node, the normal pacemaker. the ectopic focus is usually in the heart ventricle but can be in the heart atrium or the atrioventricular node. modulation of the parasystolic rhythm by the sinus rhythm depends on the completeness of entrance block surrounding the parasystolic focus
Parathion: a highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide
Parathyroid Diseases: pathological processes of the parathyroid glands. they usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone that regulates the balance of calcium; phosphorus; and magnesium in the body
Parathyroid Glands: two pairs of small oval-shaped glands located in the front and the base of the neck and adjacent to the two lobes of thyroid gland. they secrete parathyroid hormone that regulates the balance of calcium; phosphorus; and magnesium in the body
Parathyroid Hormone: a polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the parathyroid glands which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular calcium levels in the body. parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of calcium from bone, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein: a ubiquitously expressed, secreted protein with bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption activities that are similar to parathyroid hormone. it does not circulate in appreciable amounts in normal subjects, but rather exerts its biological actions locally. overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein by tumor cells results in humoral calcemia of malignancy
Parathyroid Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the parathyroid glands
Parathyroidectomy: excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands
Paratuberculosis: a chronic gastroenteritis in ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
Paratyphoid Fever: a prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several paratyphi serotypes of salmonella enterica. it is similar to typhoid fever but less severe
Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus: nucleus in the anterior part of the hypothalamus
Parechovirus: a genus in the family picornaviridae infecting humans and rodents. the type species is human parechovirus
Parechovirus: rod čeledi picornaviridae infikující lidi a hlodavce. druhem je lidský parechovirus
Parenchymal Tissue: the tissue that constitutes the essential or functional part of an organ (e.g., parenchyma of lung, parenchyma of liver, or parenchyma of kidney)
Parental Consent: informed consent given by a parent on behalf of a minor or otherwise incompetent child
Parental Leave: the authorized absence from work of either parent prior to and after the birth of their child. it includes also absence because of the illness of a child or at the time of the adoption of a child. it does not include leave for care of siblings, parents, or other family members: for this family leave is available
Parental Notification: reporting to parents or guardians about care to be provided to a minor (minors)
Parenteral Nutrition: the administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously)
Parenteral Nutrition Solutions: specialized solutions for parenteral nutrition. they may contain a variety of micronutrients; vitamins; amino acids; carbohydrates; lipids; and salts
Parenteral Nutrition, Home: the at-home administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. nutrients are administered via a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously)
Parenteral Nutrition, Home Total: the at-home administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient whose sole source of nutrients is via solutions administered intravenously, subcutaneously or by some other non-alimentary route
Parenteral Nutrition, Total: the delivery of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient whose sole source of nutrients is via solutions administered intravenously, subcutaneously, or by some other non-alimentary route. the basic components of tpn solutions are protein hydrolysates or free amino acid mixtures, monosaccharides, and electrolytes. components are selected for their ability to reverse catabolism, promote anabolism, and build structural proteins
Parenting: performing the role of a parent by care-giving, nurturance, and protection of the child by a natural or substitute parent. the parent supports the child by exercising authority and through consistent, empathic, appropriate behavior in response to the child's needs. parenting differs from child rearing in that in child rearing the emphasis is on the act of training or bringing up the children and the interaction between the parent and child, while parenting emphasizes the responsibility and qualities of exemplary behavior of the parent
Parents: persons functioning as natural, adoptive, or substitute parents. the heading includes the concept of parenthood as well as preparation for becoming a parent
Paresis: a general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). in the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis (see neurosyphilis). general paresis and general paralysis may still carry that connotation. bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis
Paresthesia: subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation
Parietal Bone: one of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the frontal bone and occipital bone, which together form the sides of the cranium
Parietal Cells, Gastric: rounded or pyramidal cells of the gastric glands. they secrete hydrochloric acid and produce gastric intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein that binds vitamin b12
Parietal Foramina: abnormal, symmetric, oval openings in the parietal bone on each side of the sagittal suture and separated from each other by a narrow bridge of bone. their size decreases with age and considerable intrafamilial variability is observed. mutations in the msx2 and alx4 genes have been identified for some cases. omim: 168500
Parietal Lobe: upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. it is located posterior to central sulcus, anterior to the occipital lobe, and superior to the temporal lobes
Parietaria: a plant genus of the family urticaceae which is the most common cause of pollinosis in mediterranean countries. it is the source of 'allergen par o i' and of pollinex used for desensitization, immunologic
Parietaria: rod rostlin čeledi urticaceae. pyl jeho druhů je poměrně silným jarním alergenem a je součástí přípravků používaných pro imunoterapii (imunologickou desenzibilizaci), jako je např. pollinex
Parish Nursing: a nursing specialty involving programs designed to bring wholeness and healing to a particular faith community through addressing the health needs of body, mind, and spirit. they are coordinated by registered nurses and may involve health education and counseling, facilitation, referral, patient advocacy, and health care plan interpretation, as influenced and defined by the unique needs of the congregation
Parity: the number of offspring a female has borne. it is contrasted with gravidity, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome
Parkinson Disease: a progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a tremor that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. lewy bodies are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (lewy body disease, diffuse) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)
Parkinson Disease 4, Autosomal Dominant Lewy Body: aka park4; associated with mutations in snca
Parkinson Disease 6, Autosomal Recessive Early-Onset: aka park6; associated with collaborative mutations in pink1 and dj1
Parkinson Disease 7, Autosomal Recessive Early-Onset: aka park7; associated with mutation of dj1
Parkinson Disease Associated Proteins: proteins associated with sporadic or familial cases of parkinson disease
Parkinson Disease, Familial, Type 1: a severe hereditary autosomal dominant form of parkinson disease with onset in mid to late adulthood. it is characterized by the presence of lewy bodies in the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus, cell loss and gliosis in the brainstem, and tissue vacuolization in the medial temporal regions. mutations in the snca gene have been identified. omim: 168601
Parkinson Disease, Postencephalitic: parkinsonism following encephalitis, historically seen as a sequella of encephalitis lethargica (von economo encephalitis). the early age of onset, the rapid progression of symptoms followed by stabilization, and the presence of a variety of other neurological disorders (e.g., sociopathic behavior; tics; muscle spasms; oculogyric crises; hyperphagia; and bizarre movements) distinguish this condition from primary parkinson disease. pathologic features include neuronal loss and gliosis concentrated in the mesencephalon; subthalamus; and hypothalamus. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p754)
Parkinson Disease, Secondary: conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. in general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1998, ch38, pp39-42)
Parkinsonian Disorders: a group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, muscle rigidity; tremor; and postural instability. parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see parkinson disease), secondary parkinsonism (see parkinson disease, secondary) and inherited forms. these conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the basal ganglia
Parkinsonism-Dystonia, Infantile: associated with mutation in slc6a3
Parkinsonova nemoc: onemocnění nervového systému bazálních ganglií mozku, jehož nápadným příznakem je převážně klidový třes (tremor). současně je zvýšená svalová ztuhlost (rigidita), pohybová chudost (hypokineze), maskovitý obličej, změněná řeč a chůze (s nebezpečím pádu). často bývají rovněž vegetativní příznaky (zácpa, poruchy spánku) či psychické obtíže. kromě neurologického postižení může být přítomna podkorová demence, zpomalení psychických procesů, deprese. úbytek kognitivních funkcí je spíše pomalý. morfologicky lze nalézt zejm. lewyho tělíska, bývají rovněž depigmentace substantia nigra. příčina není známa, na vzniku se podílí např. oxidační poškození buněk. podstatou je porucha metabolismu některých látek v mozku (nedostatek dopaminu v bazálních gangliích a relativní převaha acetylcholinu). v léčbě se používají antiparkinsonika. ochranný vliv na zbylé buňky produkující dopamin se někdy připisuje selegilinu. zkouší se transplantace nervových buněk lidského zárodku, které by nahradily nedostatečnou tvorbu dopaminu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Parkinsonova nemoc postencefalitická: parkinsonismus po encefalitidě, historicky považovaný za pokračování encephalitis lethargica (von economova encefalitida). raný věk nástupu, rychlý vývoj symptomů následovaný stabilizací a přítomnost řady dalších neurologických poruch (např. sociopatické chování, tiky, svalový spasmus, okulogyrické krize, hyperfagie a bizarní pohyby) odlišují tento stav od primární parkinsonovy nemoci. patologické vlastnosti zahrnují úbytek neuronů a gliózu v mezencefalonu, subthalamu a hypothalamu
Parkinsonova nemoc sekundární: stavy, které vykazují klinické projevy připomínající primární parkinsonovu chorobu, ale jsou způsobeny známým nebo tušeným jevem. příklady zahrnují parkinsonismus způsobený vaskulárním poškozením, léky, traumatem, nádory, toxiny, infekcí a degenerativními nebo dědičnými stavy. klinické znaky mohou zahrnovat bradykinezi, rigiditu, parkinsonskou chůzi. obecně je třes u sekundárního parkinsonismu méně výrazný než v primární formě
Paromomycin: an aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of streptomyces
Paronychia: an inflammatory reaction involving the folds of the skin surrounding the fingernail. it is characterized by acute or chronic purulent, tender, and painful swellings of the tissues around the nail, caused by an abscess of the nail fold. the pathogenic yeast causing paronychia is most frequently candida albicans. saprophytic fungi may also be involved. the causative bacteria are usually staphylococcus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, or streptococcus. (andrews' diseases of the skin, 8th ed, p271)
Parotid Gland: the largest of the three pairs of salivary glands. they lie on the sides of the face immediately below and in front of the ear
Parotid Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the parotid gland
Parotid Region: the region of the face on either side, around the parotid gland
Parotitis, Juvenile Recurrent: recurrent episodes of parotitis beginning in childhood that usually cease by adolescence. omim: 603588
Parovarian Cyst: a cyst (cysts) near the ovary, derived from anomalies of the fallopian tubes or the broad ligament. the paramesonephric type consists of ciliated cells similar to the oviduct epithelium. the mesonephric type consisted of an epithelium with minimally surface structures. they can be found on the thin oviduct (paratubal cysts) or near its fimbriated end (hydatid of morgagni)
Paroxetine: a serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression
Paroxysmal Hemicrania: a primary headache disorder that is similar to the cluster headache with unilateral head pain, but differs by its multiple short severe attacks. it is usually seen in females, and may be responsive to non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids)
Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia: a hereditary autosomal dominant disorder characterized by episodes of involuntary movements involving the extremities, neck, trunk, or face. onset is usually in infancy or childhood and episodes may be precipitated by alcohol, caffeine, fatigue, or stress. mutations in the pnkd gene have been identified. omim: 118800
Paroxysmal ventricular fibrillation: rare episodic form of ventricular fibrillation that often occur with syncope and may be triggered by stressful or emotional events
Parrots: birds of the large family psittacidae, widely distributed in tropical regions and having a distinctive stout, curved hooked bill. the family includes lovebirds; amazon parrots; conures; parakeets; and many other kinds of parrots
Pars Compacta: a region in the substantia nigra located dorsal to the pars reticulata
Pars Planitis: form of granulomatous uveitis occurring in the region of the pars plana. this disorder is a common condition with no detectable focal pathology. it causes fibrovascular proliferation at the inferior ora serrata
Pars Reticulata: a region in the substantia nigra located ventral and lateral to the pars compacta
Parthanatos: a type of regulated cell death initiated by hyperactivation of poly (adp-ribose) polymerase-1 (parp-1) as a consequence of dna damage; oxidative stress; hypoxia; hypoglycemia; or inflammation. this leads to dna fragmentation and chromatin condensation
Parthenium hysterophorus: an annual species in the family asteracea, genus parthenium which sometimes is referred to as feverfew, not to be confused with the medicinal herb often cultivated in the garden, tanacetum parthenium. parthenium hysterophorus is an invasive allelopathic weed indigenous to the caribbean, central and south america and has similar rosette stage structures as common ragweed. it contains sesquiterpene lactones including parthenin which is poisonous to grazing animals and allergenic and irritant, causing parthenium dermatitis in humans
Parthenium hysterophorus: jednoletý druh rostlin čeledi asteracea, rodu parthenium; nezaměňovat s léčivou bylinou často pěstovanou na zahradě, tanacetum parthenium (řimbaba obecná). parthenium hysterophorus je invazivní alelopatický plevel pocházející z karibiku, střední a jižní ameriky. má podobnou strukturu listové růžice jako rostliny rodu ambrosia. obsahuje seskviterpenové laktony včetně partheninu, který je jedovatý, alergenní a dráždivý pro pasoucí se zvířata, u lidí způsobuje alergickou dermatitidu a respirační poruchu
Parthenogenesis: a unisexual reproduction without the fusion of a male and a female gamete (fertilization). in parthenogenesis, an individual is formed from an unfertilized ovum that did not complete meiosis. parthenogenesis occurs in nature and can be artificially induced
Partial Pressure: the pressure that would be exerted by one component of a mixture of gases if it were present alone in a container. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Partial Thromboplastin Time: the time required for the appearance of fibrin strands following the mixing of plasma with phospholipid platelet substitute (e.g., crude cephalins, soybean phosphatides). it is a test of the intrinsic pathway (factors viii, ix, xi, and xii) and the common pathway (fibrinogen, prothrombin, factors v and x) of blood coagulation. it is used as a screening test and to monitor heparin therapy
Partial atrioventricular canal: a congenital heart defect characterized by a cleft in the mitral valve leaflets combined with an atrial septal defect in the lower part of the atrial septum (ostium primum type defect)
Particle Accelerators: devices which accelerate electrically charged atomic or subatomic particles, such as electrons, protons or ions, to high velocities so they have high kinetic energy
Particle Swarm Optimization: a heuristic computational algorithm designed to find optimal solutions in a random search space. particle swarm optimization measures swarm intelligence which is a computation measurement inspired by behaviors of self-organized swarming animals
Particulate Matter: particles of any solid substance, generally under 30 microns in size, often noted as pm30. there is special concern with pm1 which can get down to pulmonary alveoli and induce macrophage activation and phagocytosis leading to foreign body reaction and lung diseases
Partington Anderson syndrome: mild growth retardation and developmental delay, microcephaly, and a distinctive facial appearance
Partnership Practice: a voluntary contract between two or more doctors who may or may not share responsibility for the care of patients, with proportional sharing of profits and losses
Partnership Practice, Dental: a voluntary contract between two or more dentists who may or may not share responsibility for the care of patients, with proportional sharing of profits and losses
Parturient Paresis: a disease of pregnant and lactating cows and ewes leading to generalized paresis and death. the disease, which is characterized by hypocalcemia, occurs at or shortly after parturition in cows and within weeks before or after parturition in ewes
Parvalbumins: low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. their physiological function is possibly related to the contractile process
Parvoviridae: a family of very small dna viruses containing a single molecule of single-stranded dna and consisting of two subfamilies: parvovirinae and densovirinae. they infect both vertebrates and invertebrates
Parvoviridae: čeleď malých neobalených virů, které nejsou schopné samostatné reprodukce - buď musí mít pomocný virus nebo speciální buněčnou mitózu. má dvě podčeledi - densovirinae, které jsou patogenní pro hmyz a parvovirinae pro obratlovce
Parvovirinae: a subfamily of dna vertebrate viruses, in the family parvoviridae. there are three genera: parvovirus; erythrovirus; and dependovirus
Parvovirinae: podčeleď dna virů čeledi parvoviridae, které infikují obratlovce. zahrnuje rody parvovirus, erythrovirus a dependovirus
Parvovirus: a genus of the family parvoviridae, subfamily parvovirinae, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. the type species is minute virus of mice
Parvovirus: rod virů čeledi parvoviridae, podčeledi parvovirinae, které infikují různé obratlovce včetně člověka. parvoviry jsou zodpovědné za řadu významných onemocnění, ale pro určité hostitele nejsou patogenní. typový druhem je myší minute virus
Parvovirus B19, Human: the type species of erythrovirus and the etiological agent of erythema infectiosum, a disease most commonly seen in school-age children
Parvovirus antenatal infection: a disease affecting fetuses whose mothers are infected with parvovirus b19. the virus infects erythroid precursor cells causing aplastic anemia, which may result in fetal hydrops and cardiac failure
Parvovirus, Canine: a species of the genus parvovirus and a host range variant of feline panleukopenia virus. it causes a highly infectious fulminating enteritis in dogs producing high mortality. it is distinct from canine minute virus, a species in the genus bocavirus. this virus can also infect cats and mink
Parvovirus, Porcine: a species of parvovirus causing reproductive failure in pigs
Paspalum: rod rostlin čeledi poaceae pěstovaný jako krmivo
Passeriformes: a widely distributed order of perching birds, including more than half of all bird species
Passeriformes: řád pěvců charakterizuje typicky utvářená noha, která má tři prsty postavené dopředu, jeden dozadu. všechny druhy spojuje podobné utváření hlasového ústrojí. ne všichni však vyluzují líbivý zpěv. například krkavcovití, kteří mezi ně také patří, vydávají pouze charakteristické skřeky. většinou velmi dobře létají. patří k nim ptáci spíše menší až střední velikosti. adaptováni jsou na suchozemské prostředí. (upraveno podle: biolib, 2019 https://www.biolib.cz)
Passiflora: a plant genus of the family passifloraceae, order violales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida. they are vines with ornamental flowers and edible fruit
Passiflora: rod rostlin z čeledi passifloraceae - mučenkovité. jsou to popínavé rostliny s ozdobnými květy a jedlými plody
Passifloraceae: a plant family of the order violales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida that are herbaceous or woody vines, shrubs, and trees, mostly of warm regions. many have tendrils in leaf axils. leaves are alternate. flowers have 3-5 sepals, petals and stamens. nearly all species have seeds that bear a fleshy appendage called an aril
Passifloraceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu malpígiotvaré (malpighiales). je rozšířena v tropech celého světa, místy přesahuje i do mírného pásu. jsou to byliny i dřeviny, obvykle s jednoduchými listy a pravidelnými květy. různé druhy rodu mučenka (passiflora) poskytují ovoce, pro nápadné květy jsou některé z mučenek pěstovány pro okrasu, nejznámější je passiflora caerulea. několik druhů je také využíváno místně v lidové medicíně. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis: an evanescent cutaneous reaction occurring when antibody is injected into a local area on the skin and antigen is subsequently injected intravenously along with a dye. the dye makes the rapidly occurring capillary dilatation and increased vascular permeability readily visible by leakage into the reaction site. pca is a sensitive reaction for detecting very small quantities of antibodies and is also a method for studying the mechanisms of immediate hypersensitivity
Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder: a personality disorder characterized by an indirect resistance to demands for adequate social and occupational performance; anger and opposition to authority and the expectations of others that is expressed covertly by obstructionism, procrastination, stubbornness, dawdling, forgetfulness, and intentional inefficiency. (dorland, 27th ed)
Pasteurella: pasteurella - rod gramnegativních nepohyblivých fakultativně anaerobních kokobacilárních až vláknitých bakterií. při barvení jsou póly silněji obarveny než střed. p. multocida se nachází v respiračním traktu zvířat, od nichž se může nakazit člověk, obv. drobným poraněním. vznikají pomalu se hojící hnisavé rány, někdy lokálně se šířící (lymfadenitida, osteomyelitida), vzácněji s metastatickými komplikacemi (záněty plic, cns apod.). infekce se léčí zejm. penicilinem, popř. doxycyklinem či cefalosporiny. p. pneumotropica způsobuje vzácně onemocnění lidí. p. ureae bývá v dýchacích cestách s chronickým zánětem. p. haemolytica může být vykultivována od lidí např. ze stolice. některé p. mohou být vykultivovány u osob s endokarditidou. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2015 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Pasteurella: the oldest recognized genus of the family pasteurellaceae. it consists of several species. its organisms occur most frequently as coccobacillus or rod-shaped and are gram-negative, nonmotile, facultative anaerobes. species of this genus are found in both animals and humans
Pasteurella multocida: a species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria normally found in the flora of the mouth and respiratory tract of animals and birds. it causes shipping fever (see pasteurellosis, pneumonic); hemorrhagic bacteremia; and intestinal disease in animals. in humans, disease usually arises from a wound infection following a bite or scratch from domesticated animals
Pasteurella multocida: druh gramnegativní, fakultativně anaerobní, tyčinkovité bakterie, která se běžně vyskytuje v ústní dutině a v dýchacím traktu savců a ptáků. u zvířat způsobuje přepravní stresový syndrom, hemoragickou septikemii a onemocnění střev. u lidí může způsobit infekci po kousnutí nebo škrábnutí domácími zvířaty
Pasteurella pneumotropica: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus pasteurella, found in the nasopharynx of normal guinea pigs; rats; hamsters; mice; dogs; and cats. when associated with disease, it is usually a secondary invader. occasional infections have been reported in humans
Pasteurella pneumotropica: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu pasteurella, která se vyskytuje v nosohltanu zdravých morčat, krys, křečků, myší, psů a koček. obvykle způsobuje sekundární infekce, příležitostně i u lidí
Pasteurellaceae: a family of coccoid to rod-shaped nonsporeforming, gram-negative, nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that includes the genera actinobacillus; haemophilus; mannheimia; and pasteurella
Pasteurellaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních, nesporulujících, nepohyblivých bakterií kokoidního až tyčinkovitého tvaru. patří sem rody actinobacillus, haemophilus, mannheimia a pasteurella
Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic: bovine respiratory disease found in animals that have been shipped or exposed to cattle recently transported. the major agent responsible for the disease is mannheimia haemolytica and less commonly, pasteurella multocida or haemophilus somnus. all three agents are normal inhabitants of the bovine nasal pharyngeal mucosa but not the lung. they are considered opportunistic pathogens following stress, physiological and/or a viral infection. the resulting bacterial fibrinous bronchopneumonia is often fatal
Pasteuria: a genus of gram-positive endospore-forming bacteria in the family pasteuriaceae. it is transmitted via soil or waterborne spores
Pasteuria: rod grampozitivních sporulujících bakterií v čeledi alicyclobacillaceae (pasteuriaceae). spory se přenášejí prostřednictvím půdy nebo vody
Pasteurization: treatment of food with physical methods such as heat, high pressure, radiation, or electric current to destroy organisms that cause disease or food spoilage
Pastoral Care: counseling or comfort given by ministers, priests, rabbis, etc., to those in need of help with emotional problems or stressful situations
Patauův syndrom: patauův syndrom je podmíněn karyotypem 47,xx,+13 nebo 47,xy,+13 (trizomie chromozomu 13). novorozenci se rodí s nízkou porodní váhou, mnohočetnými vývojovými vadami, zejména pak vrozenými vývojovými vadami srdce, anomáliemi obratlů a mikrocefalií. charakteristická je těžká psychomotorická retardace. postižení umírají většinou ještě v kojeneckém věku do 2 měsíců života, 50 % během prvního měsíce. četnost výskytu tohoto syndromu je 1/10 000 narozených, pravděpodobnost roste s věkem matky. pro patauův syndrom jsou typické rozštěpy rtu a patra, polydaktylie, hypotonie. dalšími znaky jsou mikroftalmie, hluchota a anomálie ušních boltců. postižení mají také mnohočetné vady vnitřních orgánů - srdce, ledvin, mozku a pohlavních orgánů. (cit. podle: wikiskripta 2018 http://www.wikiskripta.eu/)
Patch Tests: skin tests in which the sensitizer is applied to a patch of cotton cloth or gauze held in place for approximately 48-72 hours. it is used for the elicitation of a contact hypersensitivity reaction
Patch-Clamp Techniques: an electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. all patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. the four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used
Patched Receptors: a family of 12-pass transmembrane proteins originally identified in drosophila that are receptors for hedgehog proteins. they have important roles in regulating cell proliferation; cell differentiaion; and body patterning and may also function as tumor suppressor proteins
Patched-1 Receptor: a patched receptor for several hedgehog proteins that associates with the smoothened receptor to modulate hedgehog signaling. it is also a tumor suppressor protein; mutations in the patched-1 gene are associated with basal cell nevus syndrome; squamous cell carcnioma of the esophagus; trichoepitheliomas, and carcinoma, transitional cell of the urinary bladder
Patched-2 Receptor: a patched receptor that may function redundantly with the patched-1 receptor to modulate hedgehog signaling. it may also play a role in epidermal development and as a tumor suppressor protein. mutations in the patched-2 gene are associated with basal cell nevus syndrome; carcinoma, basal cell; and medulloblastoma
Patellar Ligament: a band of fibrous tissue that attaches the apex of the patella to the lower part of the tubercle of the tibia. the ligament is actually the caudal continuation of the common tendon of the quadriceps femoris. the patella is embedded in that tendon. as such, the patellar ligament can be thought of as connecting the quadriceps femoris tendon to the tibia, and therefore it is sometimes called the patellar tendon
Patellofemoral Joint: the articulation between the articular surface of the patella and the patellar surface of the femur
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: a syndrome characterized by retropatellar or peripatellar pain resulting from physical and biochemical changes in the patellofemoral joint. the pain is most prominent when ascending or descending stairs, squatting, or sitting with flexed knees. there is a lack of consensus on the etiology and treatment. the syndrome is often confused with (or accompanied by) chondromalacia patellae, the latter describing a pathological condition of the cartilage and not a syndrome
Patent: work consisting of documents granted by a government giving exclusive rights to an inventor or assignee to manufacture, use, or sell an invention for a certain number of years
Patent Ductus Venosus: the ductus venosus is a bypass between the umbilical vein and inferior vena cava in the fetal circulatory system. closure usually starts immediately after birth when the blood pressure in the umbilical vein decreases. in patent ductus venosus, this closure fails to occur resulting in hepatic encephalopathy; hyperammonemia, decreased liver function and mild fatty degeneration of the liver. it may be a hereditary autosomal recessive defect. omim: 601466
Paternal Exposure: exposure of the male parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring
Paternal Inheritance: a form of inheritance where the traits of the offspring are paternal in origin due to the expression of extra-nuclear genetic material such as mitochondrial dna or y chromosome genes. centrioles are also paternally inherited
Paternalism: interference with the freedom or personal autonomy of another person, with justifications referring to the promotion of the person's good or the prevention of harm to the person. (from cambridge dictionary of philosophy, 1995); more generally, not allowing a person to make decisions on his or her own behalf
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules: pathogens' molecules with specific sequence patterns that are recognized by pattern recognition receptors. they include microbial dna, double-stranded rna, surface glycoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, and lipoteichoic acid
Pathologic Complete Response: the disappearance of all signs of a disease upon remission induction as supported by pathological examination
Pathologic Processes: the abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs
Pathological Conditions, Anatomical: an abnormal structural condition of the human body, usually macroscopic, that is common to a variety of different diseases
Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms: abnormal anatomical or physiological conditions and objective or subjective manifestations of disease, not classified as disease or syndrome
Pathology: a specialty concerned with the nature and cause of disease as expressed by changes in cellular or tissue structure and function caused by the disease process
Pathology, Clinical: a subspecialty of pathology applied to the solution of clinical problems, especially the use of laboratory methods in clinical diagnosis. (dorland, 28th ed.)
Pathology, Molecular: a subspecialty of pathology concerned with the molecular basis (e.g., mutations) of various diseases
Pathology, Surgical: a field of anatomical pathology in which living tissue is surgically removed for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment
Pathology, Veterinary: the field of veterinary medicine concerned with the causes of and changes produced in the body by disease
Patient Access to Records: the freedom of patients to review their own medical, genetic, or other health-related records
Patient Acuity: an assessment of a patient's illness, its chronicity, severity, and other qualitative aspects
Patient Admission: the process of accepting patients. the concept includes patients accepted for medical and nursing care in a hospital or other health care institution
Patient Care Bundles: small sets of evidence-based interventions for a defined patient population and care setting
Patient Care Management: generating, planning, organizing, and administering medical and nursing care and services for patients
Patient Care Team: care of patients by a multidisciplinary team usually organized under the leadership of a physician; each member of the team has specific responsibilities and the whole team contributes to the care of the patient
Patient Discharge: the administrative process of discharging the patient, alive or dead, from hospitals or other health facilities
Patient Discharge Summaries: summaries that serve as the primary documents communicating a patient's care plan to the post-hospital care team
Patient Dropouts: discontinuance of care received by patient(s) due to reasons other than full recovery from the disease
Patient Education Handout: works consisting of a handout or self-contained informative material used to explain a procedure or a condition or the contents of a specific article in a biomedical journal and written in non-technical language for the patient or consumer
Patient Escort Service: a special service provided by volunteers to accompany patients who need help in moving about the health facility
Patient Freedom of Choice Laws: laws requiring patients under managed care programs to receive services from the physician or other provider of their choice. any willing provider laws take many different forms, but they typically prohibit managed-care organizations from having a closed panel of physicians, hospitals, or other providers
Patient Generated Health Data: health-related data created, recorded, or gathered by patients, family members, or caregivers, to help address a health concern. distinct from data generated in clinical settings and through encounters with providers
Patient Harm: a measure of patient safety considering errors or mistakes which result in harm to the patient. they include errors in the administration of drugs and other medications (medication errors), errors in the performance of procedures or the use of other types of therapy, in the use of equipment, and in the interpretation of laboratory findings and preventable accidents involving patients
Patient Health Questionnaire: a self-administered version of the primary care evaluation of mental disorders (prime-md), a diagnostic tool containing modules on multiple mental health disorders including anxiety, alcohol, eating, and somatoform modules. the patient health questionnaire (phq-9) is designed specifically for mood/depression scoring each of the 9 dsm-iv criteria based on the mood module from the original prime-md. the generalized anxiety disorder scale (gad-7) scores 7 common anxiety symptoms
Patient Isolation: the segregation of patients with communicable or other diseases for a specified time. isolation may be strict, in which movement and social contacts are limited; modified, where an effort to control specified aspects of care is made in order to prevent cross infection; or reverse, where the patient is secluded in a controlled or germ-free environment in order to protect him or her from cross infection
Patient Isolators: equipment used to prevent contamination of and by patients, especially those with infections. this includes plastic surgical isolators and specially designed spaces used to protect patients
Patient Medication Knowledge: patient health knowledge related to medications including what is being used and why as well as instructions and precautions
Patient Navigation: the process of helping patients to effectively and efficiently use the health care system when faced with one or more of these challenges: (1) choosing, understanding, and using health coverage or applying for assistance when uninsured; (2) choosing, using, and understanding different types of health providers and services; (3) making treatment decisions; and (4) managing care received by multiple providers
Patient Portals: a secure online website that provides patients convenient 24-hour access to personal health information via an internet connection
Patient Positioning: moving a patient into a specific position or posture to facilitate examination, surgery, or for therapeutic purposes
Patient Preference: individual's expression of desirability or value of one course of action, outcome, or selection in contrast to others
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: an act prohibiting a health plan from establishing lifetime limits or annual limits on the dollar value of benefits for any participant or beneficiary after january 1, 2014. it permits a restricted annual limit for plan years beginning prior to january 1, 2014. it provides that a health plan shall not be prevented from placing annual or lifetime per-beneficiary limits on covered benefits. the act sets up a competitive health insurance market
Patient Readmission: subsequent admissions of a patient to a hospital or other health care institution for treatment
Patient Reported Outcome Measures: assessment of the quality and effectiveness of health care as measured and directly reported by the patient
Patient Rights: fundamental claims of patients, as expressed in statutes, declarations, or generally accepted moral principles. (bioethics thesaurus) the term is used for discussions of patient rights as a group of many rights, as in a hospital's posting of a list of patient rights
Patient Safety: efforts to reduce risk, to address and reduce incidents and accidents that may negatively impact healthcare consumers
Patient Satisfaction: the degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial
Patient Selection: criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols
Patient Self-Determination Act: the purpose of this 1990 federal act is to assure that individuals receiving health care services will be given an opportunity to participate in and direct health care decisions affecting themselves. under this act, hospitals, health care agencies, and health maintenance organizations are responsible for developing patient information for distribution. the information must include patients' rights, advance directives, living wills, ethics committees' consultation and education functions, limited medical treatment (support/comfort care only), mental health treatment, resuscitation, restraints, surrogate decision making and transfer of care. (from jcaho, lexicon, 1994)
Patient Simulation: the use of persons coached to feign symptoms or conditions of real diseases in a life-like manner in order to teach or evaluate medical personnel
Patient Transfer: interfacility or intrahospital transfer of patients. intrahospital transfer is usually to obtain a specific kind of care and interfacility transfer is usually for economic reasons as well as for the type of care provided
Patient-Centered Care: design of patient care wherein institutional resources and personnel are organized around patients rather than around specialized departments. (from hospitals 1993 feb 5;67(3):14)
Patient-Specific Modeling: the development and application of computational models of human pathophysiology that are individualized to patient-specific data
Patient-Ventilator Asynchrony: a time mismatch between patient's inspiratory effort and mechanical ventilator's inspiratory time
Patients: individuals participating in the health care system for the purpose of receiving therapeutic, diagnostic, or preventive procedures
Patients' Rooms: rooms occupied by one or more individuals during a stay in a health facility. the concept includes aspects of environment, design, care, or economics
Patrinia: a plant genus of the family valerianaceae. members contain ursolic acid and oleanolic acid glycosides, sulfapatrinosides (triterpenoid glycosides), and patriscabrol (iridolactone)
Patrinia: rod rostlin čeledi caprifoliaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují glykosidy kyseliny ursolové a oleanolové, sulfapatrinosidy (triterpenoidní glykosidy) a patriskabrol (iridolakton)
Pattern Analysis, Machine: the process of recognizing and extracting meaningful information from patterns in data. pattern analysis in machine learning is often used for predictions and forecasting
Pattern Recognition, Automated: in information retrieval, machine-sensing or identification of visible patterns (shapes, forms, and configurations). (harrod's librarians' glossary, 7th ed)
Pattern Recognition, Physiological: the analysis of a critical number of sensory stimuli or facts (the pattern) by physiological processes such as vision (pattern recognition, visual), touch, or hearing
Pattern Recognition, Visual: mental process to visually perceive a critical number of facts (the pattern), such as characters, shapes, displays, or designs
Patulin: 4-hydroxy-4h-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6h)-one. a mycotoxin produced by several species of aspergillus and penicillium. it is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. it has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems
Paullinia: a plant genus of the family sapindaceae. the seed of p. cupana is the source of guarana powder which contains 4% caffeine
Paullinia: rod rostlin z čeledi sapindaceae (mýdelníkovité). semena p. cupana jsou zdrojem guaranového prášku, který obsahuje 4% kofeinu
Pausinystalia: a plant genus of the family rubiaceae. members produce yohimbine
Pausinystalia: rod rostlin čeledi rubiaceae, který je zdrojem yohimbinu
Pavone Fiumara Rizzo syndrome: congenital cataracts, mental retardation, bilateral syndactyly of the 3rd and 4th fingers and bilateral partial syndactyly of 2nd and 3rd toes