NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization: a mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. the technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. the electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. as the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. the volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry
Spectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom Bombardment: a mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of a wide range of biomolecules, such as glycoalkaloids, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and peptides. positive and negative fast atom bombardment spectra are recorded on a mass spectrometer fitted with an atom gun with xenon as the customary beam. the mass spectra obtained contain molecular weight recognition as well as sequence information
Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization: a mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. the matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. in general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. this makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis
Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion: a mass-spectrometric technique that is used for microscopic chemical analysis. a beam of primary ions with an energy of 5-20 kiloelectronvolts (kev) bombards a small spot on the surface of the sample under ultra-high vacuum conditions. positive and negative secondary ions sputtered from the surface are analyzed in a mass spectrometer in regards to their mass-to-charge ratio. digital imaging can be generated from the secondary ion beams and their intensity can be measured. ionic images can be correlated with images from light or other microscopy providing useful tools in the study of molecular and drug actions
Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission: the spectrometric analysis of fluorescent x-rays, i.e. x-rays emitted after bombarding matter with high energy particles such as protons; electrons; or higher energy x-rays. identification of elements by this technique is based on the specific type of x-rays that are emitted which are characteristic of the specific elements in the material being analyzed. the characteristic x-rays are distinguished and/or quantified by either wavelength dispersive or energy dispersive methods
Spectrophotometry: the art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum
Spectrophotometry, Atomic: spectrophotometric techniques by which the absorption or emmision spectra of radiation from atoms are produced and analyzed
Spectrophotometry, Infrared: spectrophotometry in the infrared region, usually for the purpose of chemical analysis through measurement of absorption spectra associated with rotational and vibrational energy levels of molecules. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet: determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example cl2, so2, no2, cs2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Spectroscopy, Electron Energy-Loss: a technique for analysis of the chemical composition of molecules. a substance is bombarded with monochromatic electrons. some of the electrons passing through the specimen will lose energy when they ionize inner shell electrons of the atoms in the specimen. the energy loss is element dependent. analysis of the energy loss spectrum reveals the elemental composition of a specimen. energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy is a type of electron energy loss spectroscopy carried out in electron microscopes specially outfitted to analyze the spectrum of electron energy loss
Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared: a spectroscopic technique in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained
Spectroscopy, Mossbauer: a spectroscopic technique which uses the mossbauer effect (inelastic scattering of gamma radiation resulting from interaction with heavy nuclei) to monitor the small variations in the interaction between an atomic nucleus and its environment. such variations may be induced by changes in temperature, pressure, chemical state, molecular conformation, molecular interaction, or physical site. it is particularly useful for studies of structure-activity relationship in metalloproteins, mobility of heavy metals, and the state of whole tissue and cell membranes
Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared: a noninvasive technique that uses the differential absorption properties of hemoglobin and myoglobin to evaluate tissue oxygenation and indirectly can measure regional hemodynamics and blood flow. near-infrared light (nir) can propagate through tissues and at particular wavelengths is differentially absorbed by oxygenated vs. deoxygenated forms of hemoglobin and myoglobin. illumination of intact tissue with nir allows qualitative assessment of changes in the tissue concentration of these molecules. the analysis is also used to determine body composition
Spectrum Analysis: the measurement of the amplitude of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Spectrum Analysis, Raman: analysis of the intensity of raman scattering of monochromatic light as a function of frequency of the scattered light
Speech Articulation Tests: tests of accuracy in pronouncing speech sounds, e.g., iowa pressure articulation test, deep test of articulation, templin-darley tests of articulation, goldman-fristoe test of articulation, screening speech articulation test, arizona articulation proficiency scale
Speech Discrimination Tests: tests of the ability to hear and understand speech as determined by scoring the number of words in a word list repeated correctly
Speech Disorders: acquired or developmental conditions marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or generate spoken forms of language
Speech Perception: the process whereby an utterance is decoded into a representation in terms of linguistic units (sequences of phonetic segments which combine to form lexical and grammatical morphemes)
Speech Production Measurement: measurement of parameters of the speech product such as vocal tone, loudness, pitch, voice quality, articulation, resonance, phonation, phonetic structure and prosody
Speech Reception Threshold Test: a test to determine the lowest sound intensity level at which fifty percent or more of the spondaic test words (words of two syllables having equal stress) are repeated correctly
Speech Recognition Software: software capable of recognizing dictation and transcribing the spoken words into written text
Speech Therapy: treatment for individuals with speech defects and disorders that involves counseling and use of various exercises and aids to help the development of new speech habits
Speech, Alaryngeal: methods of enabling a patient without a larynx or with a non-functional larynx to produce voice or speech. the methods may be pneumatic or electronic
Speech, Esophageal: a method of speech used after laryngectomy, with sound produced by vibration of the column of air in the esophagus against the contracting cricopharyngeal sphincter. (dorland, 27th ed)
Speech-Sound Disorder, hereditary: a common language disorder that affects 16% of preschool age children and nearly 4% by age 6. it is likely to be hereditary and is characterized by speech-sound production errors associated with deficits in articulation, phonologic processes, and cognitive linguistic processes. it often presents with other learning disabilities such as dyslexia. omim: 608445
Speleotherapy: the use of caves, mines, or other subterranean environments in treatment of diseases. speleotherapy is used in some central and eastern european countries to treat chronic obstructive airway disease
Sperm Agglutination: agglutination of spermatozoa by antibodies or autoantibodies
Sperm Capacitation: the structural and functional changes by which spermatozoa become capable of oocyte fertilization. it normally requires exposing the sperm to the female genital tract for a period of time to bring about increased sperm motility and the acrosome reaction before fertilization in the fallopian tubes can take place
Sperm Count: a count of sperm in the ejaculum, expressed as number per milliliter
Sperm Head: the anterior portion of the spermatozoon (spermatozoa) that contains mainly the nucleus with highly compact chromatin material
Sperm Immobilizing Agents: chemical substances with sperm immobilizing activity used as topically administered vaginal contraceptives
Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic: an assisted fertilization technique consisting of the microinjection of a single viable sperm into an extracted ovum. it is used principally to overcome low sperm count, low sperm motility, inability of sperm to penetrate the egg, or other conditions related to male infertility (infertility, male)
Sperm Maturation: the maturing process of spermatozoa after leaving the testicular seminiferous tubules. maturation in sperm motility and fertility takes place in the epididymis as the sperm migrate from caput epididymis to cauda epididymis
Sperm Midpiece: the middle piece of the spermatozoon is a highly organized segment consisting of mitochondria, the outer dense fibers and the core microtubular structure
Sperm Motility: movement characteristics of spermatozoa in a fresh specimen. it is measured as the percentage of sperms that are moving, and as the percentage of sperms with productive flagellar motion such as rapid, linear, and forward progression
Sperm Proteins: proteins found in sperm. sperm-specific proteins have important roles in fertilization including sperm motility and sperm-ovum interactions. sperm-specific proteins are also important for early embryo development
Sperm Retrieval: procedures to obtain viable sperm from the male reproductive tract, including the testes, the epididymis, or the vas deferens
Sperm Tail: the posterior filiform portion of the spermatozoon (spermatozoa) that provides sperm motility
Sperm Transport: passive or active movement of spermatozoa from the testicular seminiferous tubules through the male reproductive tract as well as within the female reproductive tract
Sperm Whale: the species physeter catodon (also called physeter macrocephalus), in the family physeteridae. the common name is derived from the milky wax substance in its head (spermaceti). the species also produces an intestinal secretion ambergris, which was previously used in perfumes. the sperm whale is the largest toothed mammal in the world
Sperm-Ovum Interactions: interactive processes between the oocyte (ovum) and the sperm (spermatozoa) including sperm adhesion, acrosome reaction, sperm penetration of the zona pellucida, and events leading to fertilization
Spermatic Cord: either of a pair of tubular structures formed by ductus deferens; arteries; veins; lymphatic vessels; and nerves. the spermatic cord extends from the deep inguinal ring through the inguinal canal to the testis in the scrotum
Spermatic Cord Torsion: the twisting of the spermatic cord due to an anatomical abnormality that left the testis mobile and dangling in the scrotum. the initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from edema to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. if blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, spermatogenesis may be permanently lost
Spermatids: male germ cells derived from the haploid secondary spermatocytes. without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to spermatozoa
Spermatocele: a cystic dilation of the epididymis, usually in the head portion (caput epididymis). the cyst fluid contains dead spermatozoa and can be easily differentiated from testicular hydrocele and other testicular lesions
Spermatocidal Agents: chemical substances that are destructive to spermatozoa used as topically administered vaginal contraceptives
Spermatocytes: male germ cells derived from spermatogonia. the euploid primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to spermatids
Spermatogenesis: the process of germ cell development in the male from the primordial germ cells, through spermatogonia; spermatocytes; spermatids; to the mature haploid spermatozoa
Spermatogenesis-Blocking Agents: chemical substances which inhibit the process of spermatozoa formation at either the first stage, in which spermatogonia develop into spermatocytes and then into spermatids, or the second stage, in which spermatids transform into spermatozoa
Spermatogenic Failure, Nonobstructive, Y-Linked: prom
Spermatogonia: euploid male germ cells of an early stage of spermatogenesis, derived from prespermatogonia. with the onset of puberty, spermatogonia at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule proliferate by mitotic then meiotic divisions and give rise to the haploid spermatocytes
Spermatozoa: mature male germ cells derived from spermatids. as spermatids move toward the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of chromatin into the sperm head, formation of the acrosome cap, the sperm midpiece and the sperm tail that provides motility
Spermidine: a polyamine formed from putrescine. it is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. it is found as a cation at all ph values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. it is a precursor of spermine
Spermidine Synthase: an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the propylamine moiety from 5'-deoxy-5'-s-(3-methylthiopropylamine)sulfonium adenosine to putrescine in the biosynthesis of spermidine. the enzyme has a molecular weight of approximately 73,000 kda and is composed of two subunits of equal size
Spermine: a biogenic polyamine formed from spermidine. it is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. it is found as a polycation at all ph values. spermine is associated with nucleic acids, particularly in viruses, and is thought to stabilize the helical structure
Spermine Synthase: an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the propylamine moiety from 5'-deoxy-5'-s-(3-methylthiopropylamine)sulfonium adenosine to spermidine in the biosynthesis of spermine. it has an acidic isoelectric point at ph 5.0. ec 2.5.1.22
Sphaerotilus: a genus of gram-negative, sheathed, rod-shaped bacteria in the family comamonadaceae. they are closely related to leptothrix
Sphaerotilus: rod gramnegativních, opouzdřených, tyčinkovitých bakterií čeledi comamonadaceae. tyto organismy jsou blízce příbuzné rodu leptothrix
Sphagnopsida: a class of bryophyta which is best known for sphagnum forming peat bogs
Spheniscidae: jediná čeleď řádu sphenisciformes zahrnující v šesti rodech sedmnáct druhů tučňáků. jsou to nelétaví mořští ptáci žijící většinou v chladnějších oblastech jižní polokoule. jsou dobře přizpůsobeni životu v moři
Spheniscidae: the sole family in the order sphenisciformes, comprised of 17 species of penguins in six genera. they are flightless seabirds of the southern hemisphere, highly adapted for marine life
Sphenoid Bone: an irregular unpaired bone situated at the skull base and wedged between the frontal, temporal, and occipital bones (frontal bone; temporal bone; occipital bone). sphenoid bone consists of a median body and three pairs of processes resembling a bat with spread wings. the body is hollowed out in its inferior to form two large cavities (sphenoid sinus)
Sphenoid Sinus: one of the paired air spaces located in the body of the sphenoid bone behind the ethmoid bone in the middle of the skull. sphenoid sinus communicates with the posterosuperior part of nasal cavity on the same side
Sphenoid Sinusitis: inflammation of the nasal mucosa in the sphenoid sinus. isolated sphenoid sinusitis is uncommon. it usually occurs in conjunction with other paranasal sinusitis
Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block: method of treating pain associated with the sphenopalatine ganglion located in the pterygopalatine fossa, posterior to the middle nasal turbinate. the transnasal approach involves application of suitable local anesthetic to the mucous membrane overlying the ganglion
Sphenostylis: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that contains lectins and raffinose oligosaccharides
Sphenostylis: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují lektiny a oligosacharidy rafinosové řady
Spherocytes: small, abnormal spherical red blood cells with more than the normal amount of hemoglobin
Spherocytosis, Hereditary: a group of familial congenital hemolytic anemias characterized by numerous abnormally shaped erythrocytes which are generally spheroidal. the erythrocytes have increased osmotic fragility and are abnormally permeable to sodium ions
Spherocytosis, Type 1: an autosomal dominant form of hereditary spherocytosis that is characterized by the presence of spherocytes on the peripheral blood smear. patients often present with anemia; jaundice and splenomegaly, resulting in complications that may include cholelithiasis; hemolysis, and aplastic crises. caused by mutations in the ank1 gene. omim: 182900
Spherocytosis, Type 3: aka sph3 or hs3; mutations in spta1
Spherocytosis, Type 4: aka sph4 or hs4; mutations in slc4a1
Spherocytosis, Type 5: aka sph5 or hs5; mutations in epb42
Spheroids, Cellular: spherical, heterogeneous aggregates of proliferating, quiescent, and necrotic cells in culture that retain three-dimensional architecture and tissue-specific functions. the ability to form spheroids is a characteristic trait of cultured tumor cells derived from solid tumors. cells from normal tissues can also form spheroids. they represent an in-vitro model for studies of the biology of both normal and malignant cells. (from bjerkvig, spheroid culture in cancer research, 1992, p4)
Spheroplasts: cells, usually bacteria or yeast, which have partially lost their cell wall, lost their characteristic shape and become round
Sphincter of Oddi: the sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla within the duodenal papilla. the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct pass through this sphincter
Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction: organic or functional motility disorder involving the sphincter of oddi and associated with biliary colic. pathological changes are most often seen in the common bile duct sphincter, and less commonly the pancreatic duct sphincter
Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic: incision of sphincter of oddi or vater's ampulla performed by inserting a sphincterotome through duodenoscope often following or performed during ercp (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography)
Sphincterotomy, Transduodenal: surgical incision of the sphincter of oddi in the management of common bile duct diseases (e.g., choledocholithiasis; and sphincter of oddi dysfunction)
Sphingobacterium: a genus of gram-negative, chemoorganotrophic bacteria in the family sphingobacteriaceae. they lack flagella but some species exhibit sliding motility
Sphingobacterium: rod gramnegativních, chemoorganotrofních bakterií čeledi sphingobacteriaceae. jsou bez bičíků, ale některé druhy mají schopnost klouzavého pohybu
Sphingolipid Activator Proteins: a family of glycoprotein cofactors that are required for the efficient catabolization of sphingolipids by specific acid hydrolases such as glucosylceramidase; galactocerebrosidase; beta-n-acetylhexosaminidase; and cerebroside-sulfatase
Sphingolipidoses: a group of inherited metabolic disorders characterized by the intralysosomal accumulation of sphingolipids primarily in the central nervous system and to a variable degree in the visceral organs. they are classified by the enzyme defect in the degradation pathway and the substrate accumulation (or storage). clinical features vary in subtypes but neurodegeneration is a common sign
Sphingolipids: a class of membrane lipids that have a polar head and two nonpolar tails. they are composed of one molecule of the long-chain amino alcohol sphingosine (4-sphingenine) or one of its derivatives, one molecule of a long-chain acid, a polar head alcohol and sometimes phosphoric acid in diester linkage at the polar head group. (lehninger et al, principles of biochemistry, 2nd ed)
Sphingomonadaceae: a family of gram-negative, asporogenous rods or ovoid cells, aerobic or facultative anaerobic chemoorganotrophs. they are commonly isolated from soil, activated sludge, or marine environments
Sphingomonadaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, nesporulujících, aerobních nebo fakultativně anaerobních, chemoorganotrofních bakterií tyčinkovitého nebo ovoidního tvaru. běžně se vyskytují v půdě, aktivovaných kalech a v mořském prostředí
Sphingomonas: a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria characterized by an outer membrane that contains glycosphingolipids but lacks lipopolysaccharide. they have the ability to degrade a broad range of substituted aromatic compounds
Sphingomonas: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií. tyto organismy mají charakteristické složení buněčné membrány, která obsahuje glykosfingolipidy, ale chybí lipopolysacharidy. dokážou rozkládat řadu substituovaných aromatických sloučenin
Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to ceramide (n-acylsphingosine) plus choline phosphate. a defect in this enzyme leads to niemann-pick disease. ec 3.1.4.12
Sphingomyelins: a class of sphingolipids found largely in the brain and other nervous tissue. they contain phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine as their polar head group so therefore are the only sphingolipids classified as phospholipids
Sphingosine: an amino alcohol with a long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain. sphingosine and its derivative sphinganine are the major bases of the sphingolipids in mammals. (dorland, 28th ed)
Sphingosine 1 Phosphate Receptor Modulators: agents that affect the function of g-protein coupled sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. their binding to the receptors blocks lymphocyte migration and are often used as immunosuppressants
Sphingosine N-Acyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the acyltransferase of sphingosine to n-acylsphingosine using acyl-coenzyme a as donor and coenzyme a as acceptor. the enzyme is mainly localized in the mitochondria
Sphingosine Phosphorylcholine Receptors: a subfamily of lysophospholipid receptors with specificity for lysophosphatidic acid
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors: a subfamily of lysophospholipid receptors with specificity for sphingosine-1-phosphate (e.g., fingolimod), sphinganine 1-phosphate, 4-hydroxysphinganine 1-phosphate
Sphygmomanometers: instruments for measuring arterial blood pressure consisting of an inflatable cuff, inflating bulb, and a gauge showing the blood pressure. (stedman, 26th ed)
Spices: the dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food
Spider Bites: the effects, both local and systemic, caused by the bites of spiders
Spider Venoms: venoms of arthropods of the order araneida of the arachnida. the venoms usually contain several protein fractions, including enzymes, hemolytic, neurolytic, and other toxins, biological
Spiders: arthropods of the class arachnida, order araneae. except for mites and ticks, spiders constitute the largest order of arachnids, with approximately 37,000 species having been described. the majority of spiders are harmless, although some species can be regarded as moderately harmful since their bites can lead to quite severe local symptoms. (from barnes, invertebrate zoology, 5th ed, p508; smith, insects and other arthropods of medical importance, 1973, pp424-430)
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus: a class i viral fusion protein that forms the characteristic spikes, or peplomers, found on the viral surface that mediate virus attachment, fusion, and entry into the host cell. during virus maturation, it is cleaved into two subunits: s1, which binds to receptors in the host cell, and s2, which mediates membrane fusion
Spin Labels: molecules which contain an atom or a group of atoms exhibiting an unpaired electron spin that can be detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and can be bonded to another molecule. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of chemical and technical terms, 4th ed)
Spin Trapping: a technique for detecting short-lived reactive free radicals in biological systems by providing a nitrone or nitrose compound for an addition reaction to occur which produces an electron spin resonance spectroscopy-detectable aminoxyl radical. in spin trapping, the compound trapping the radical is called the spin trap and the addition product of the radical is identified as the spin adduct. (free rad res comm 1990;9(3-6):163)
Spina Bifida Cystica: a form of spinal dysraphism associated with a protruding cyst made up of either meninges (i.e., a meningocele) or meninges in combination with spinal cord tissue (i.e., a meningomyelocele). these lesions are frequently associated with spinal cord dysfunction, hydrocephalus, and syringomyelia. (from davis et al., textbook of neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp224-5)
Spina Bifida Occulta: a common congenital midline defect of fusion of the vertebral arch without protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges. the lesion is also covered by skin. l5 and s1 are the most common vertebrae involved. the condition may be associated with an overlying area of hyperpigmented skin, a dermal sinus, or an abnormal patch of hair. the majority of individuals with this malformation are asymptomatic although there is an increased incidence of tethered cord syndrome and lumbar spondylosis. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1992, ch55, p34)
Spinacia oleracea: a widely cultivated plant, native to asia, having succulent, edible leaves eaten as a vegetable. (from american heritage dictionary, 1982)
Spinacia oleracea: druh jedlé krytosemenné rostliny z čeledi laskavcovitých. je to jednoletá rostlina. jedná se o důležitou listovou zeleninu. kultivována byla v jihozápadní asii, patrně v persii. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Spinal Cord: a cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. it is composed of white matter and gray matter
Spinal Cord Compression: acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the spinal cord due to extramedullary neoplasm; epidural abscess; spinal fractures; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence
Spinal Cord Diseases: pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord
Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn: one of three central columns of the spinal cord. it is composed of gray matter spinal laminae i-vi
Spinal Cord Injuries: penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., wounds, gunshot; whiplash injuries; etc.)
Spinal Cord Ischemia: reduced blood flow to the spinal cord which is supplied by the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries. this condition may be associated with arteriosclerosis, trauma, emboli, diseases of the aorta, and other disorders. prolonged ischemia may lead to infarction of spinal cord tissue
Spinal Cord Lateral Horn: one of three central columns of the spinal cord. it is composed of gray matter and is located laterally in lamina vii
Spinal Cord Neoplasms: benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). the majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary cns neoplasms including astrocytoma; ependymoma; and lipoma. intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with syringomyelia. the most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are meningioma and neurofibroma
Spinal Cord Regeneration: repair of the damaged neuron function after spinal cord injury or spinal cord diseases
Spinal Cord Stimulation: application of electric current to the spine for treatment of a variety of conditions involving innervation from the spinal cord
Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases: pathological processes involving any of the blood vessels feeding the spinal cord, such as the anterior and paired posterior spinal arteries or their many branches. disease processes may include atherosclerosis; embolism; and arteriovenous malformations leading to ischemia or hemorrhage into the spinal cord (hematomyelia)
Spinal Cord Ventral Horn: one of three central columns of the spinal cord. it is composed of gray matter spinal laminae viii and ix
Spinal Curvatures: deformities of the spine characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. they may be bending forward (kyphosis), backward (lordosis), or sideway (scoliosis)
Spinal Dysraphism: congenital defects of closure of one or more vertebral arches, which may be associated with malformations of the spinal cord, nerve roots, congenital fibrous bands, lipomas, and congenital cysts. these malformations range from mild (e.g., spina bifida occulta) to severe, including rachischisis where there is complete failure of neural tube and spinal cord fusion, resulting in exposure of the spinal cord at the surface. spinal dysraphism includes all forms of spina bifida. the open form is called spina bifida cystica and the closed form is spina bifida occulta. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1992, ch55, p34)
Spinal Fusion: operative immobilization or ankylosis of two or more vertebrae by fusion of the vertebral bodies with a short bone graft or often with diskectomy or laminectomy. (from blauvelt & nelson, a manual of orthopaedic terminology, 5th ed, p236; dorland, 28th ed)
Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood: a group of recessive inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. they are classified as type i (werdnig-hoffman disease), type ii (intermediate form), and type iii (kugelberg-welander disease). type i is fatal in infancy, type ii has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. type iii has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (j med genet 1996 apr:33(4):281-3)
Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Childhood, Proximal, Autosomal Dominant: mutation in dync1h1
Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Distal, Autosomal Recessive, 4: aka dsma4; mutations in plekhg5
Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Distal, X-Linked 3: mutation in atp7a
Spinal Nerve Roots: paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. the dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. the dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and preganglionic autonomic fibers
Spinal Nerves: the 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. the spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included
Spinal Osteochondrosis: a bone disorder involving ossification centers (epiphyses) of the vertebral column
Spinal Osteophytosis: outgrowth of immature bony processes or bone spurs (osteophyte) from the vertebrae, reflecting the presence of degenerative disease and calcification. it commonly occurs in cervical and lumbar spondylosis
Spinal Puncture: tapping fluid from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae
Spinal intradural arachnoid cysts: rare cases of spinal intradural arachnoid cysts have been reported that appear to exhibit autosomal dominant inheritance. some individuals experienced long-term, progressive, painless paraplegia. omim: 182990
Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress 1: a hereditary autosomal recessive form of infantile spinal muscular atrophy characterized by severe respiratory distress resulting from diaphragmatic paralysis resulting in respiratory failure between 6 weeks and 6 months, diaphragmatic eventration shown on chest x-ray or premature birth, and predominant involvement of the upper limbs and distal muscles. mutations in the ighmbp2 gene have been identified. omim: 604320
Spindle Apparatus: a microtubule structure that forms during cell division. it consists of two spindle poles, and sets of microtubules that may include the astral microtubules, the polar microtubules, and the kinetochore microtubules
Spindle Pole Bodies: microtubule organizing centers of fungi and diatoms. they are embedded in the nuclear envelope and evolve into the spindle apparatus during cell division
Spindle Poles: the sites in a dividing cell where the minus ends of the spindle microtubules assemble and where the separated sister chromatids converge
Spinocerebellar Ataxia 12: due to expansion of a cag repeat in a brain-specific regulatory subunit of the protein phosphatase pp2a
Spinocerebellar Ataxia 17: an autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia that is caused by expanison of trinucleotide repeats in the tata-box binding protein (tbp) gene. it is phenotypically similar to huntington disease; affected individuals may experience ataxia, pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs, cognitive impairments, psychosis, and seizures. omim: 607136
Spinocerebellar Ataxia 31: caused by a 2.5- to 3.8-kb insertion containing pentanucleotide repeats including (tggaa)n within an intron of the bean gene on chromosome 16q21-q22
Spinocerebellar Ataxia, X-Linked 5: aka scax1
Spinocerebellar Ataxias: a group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes polyneuropathy; dysarthria; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1997, ch65, pp 12-17; j neuropathol exp neurol 1998 jun;57(6):531-43)
Spinocerebellar Degenerations: a heterogenous group of degenerative syndromes marked by progressive cerebellar dysfunction either in isolation or combined with other neurologic manifestations. sporadic and inherited subtypes occur. inheritance patterns include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and x-linked
Spinocerebellar Tracts: fibers that arise from cell groups within the spinal cord and pass directly to the cerebellum. they include the anterior, posterior, and rostral spinocerebellar tracts, and the cuneocerebellar tract. (from parent, carpenter's human neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p607)
Spinocerebellar ataxia 14: a hereditary autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia with a mean age of onset of 31 years. it is characterized primarily by gait ataxia; cerebellar dysarthria, slowed saccades, ocular dysmetria, and hyperreflexia. mutations in the prkcg gene have been identified. omim: 605361
Spinothalamic Tracts: a bundle of nerve fibers connecting each posterior horn of the spinal cord to the opposite side of the thalamus, carrying information about pain, temperature, and touch. it is one of two major routes by which afferent spinal nerve fibers carrying sensations of somaesthesis are transmitted to the thalamus
Spiperone: a spiro butyrophenone analog similar to haloperidol and other related compounds. it has been recommended in the treatment of schizophrenia
Spiraea: a plant genus of the family rosaceae. members contain prunioside, spiramine and other diterpene alkaloids
Spiraea: rod opadavých keřů čeledi rosaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují pruniosid, spiramin a další diterpenové alkaloidy
Spiral Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: modality of computed tomography in which the patient is irradiated in a spiral path around the body with a cone or pyramid-shaped beam
Spiral Ganglion: the sensory ganglion of the cochlear nerve. the cells of the spiral ganglion send fibers peripherally to the cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei of the brain stem
Spiral Lamina: the bony plate which extends outwards from the modiolus into the spiral canal of the cochlea, forming part of the structure that divides the upper scala vestibuli and the lower scala tympani
Spiral Ligament of Cochlea: a spiral thickening of the fibrous lining of the cochlear wall. spiral ligament secures the membranous cochlear duct to the bony spiral canal of the cochlea. its spiral ligament fibrocytes function in conjunction with the stria vascularis to mediate cochlear ion homeostasis
Spiramycin: a macrolide antibiotic produced by streptomyces ambofaciens. the drug is effective against gram-positive aerobic pathogens, n. gonorrhoeae, and staphylococci. it is used to treat infections caused by bacteria and toxoplasma gondii
Spirillaceae: a family of gram-negative bacteria in the order nitrosomonadales. it formerly included the genera campylobacter and spirillum, then was abandoned, and is now reinstated as a family with a single genus spirillum
Spirillaceae: čeleď gramnegativních bakterií řádu nitrosomonadales. dříve tato čeleď zahrnovala rody campylobacter a spirillum, pak byla zrušena a v současnosti je znovu obnovena jako čeleď s jedním rodem - spirillum
Spirillum: a genus of gram-negative, curved and spiral-shaped bacteria found in stagnant, freshwater environments. these organisms are motile by bipolar tufts of flagella having a long wavelength and about one helical turn. some species of spirillum cause a form of rat-bite fever
Spirillum: rod gramnegativních, prohnutých a spirálovitých bakterií, které se vyskytují ve stojatých sladkých vodách. pohybují se pomocí svazků bičíků na obou pólech. některé druhy způsobují druh horečky z krysího kousnutí
Spirit Possession: the idea that abnormal behavior or a medical condition is evidence that a person is under the control of a supernatural power or spirit. this belief was most commonly held in religion and medicine of the medieval period and is also held in many tribal cultures today
Spiritualism: religious philosophy expressing the fundamental belief that departed spirits may be contacted by the living through a medium
Spirituality: sensitivity or attachment to religious values, or to things of the spirit as opposed to material or worldly interests. (from merriam-webster's collegiate dictionary, 10th ed, and oxford english dictionary, 2nd ed)
Spiro Compounds: cyclic compounds that include two rings which share a single atom (usually a carbon). the simplest example of this type of compound is spiro[2.2]pentane, which looks like a bow tie
Spirochaeta: a genus of flexible, spiral rods found in hydrogen sulfide-containing mud, sewage, and polluted water. none of the species properly referred to in this genus are pathogenic
Spirochaeta: rod pohyblivých, spirálovitých tyčinek, které se vyskytují v kalech obsahujících sirovodík, v odpadních a znečištěných vodách. žádný z druhů tohoto rodu není patogenní
Spirochaetaceae: čeleď spirálovitých bakterií řádu spirochaetales
Spirochaetales: an order of slender, flexuous, helically coiled bacteria, with one or more complete turns in the helix
Spirochaetales: řád štíhlých, pohyblivých, spirálovitých bakterií. buňka má jeden či více spirálovitých vinutí - závitů
Spirogyra: a genus of filamentous algae in the order zygnematales, family zygnemataceae, named for the helical arrangement of its chloroplasts. it is commonly found in freshwater habitats
Spirogyra: rod vláknitých řas čeledi zygnemataceae, řádu zygnematales. jejich chloroplasty jsou hustě spirálně vinuté. běžně se vyskytují ve sladkých vodách
Spirometra: a genus of tapeworms of the family diphyllobothriidae, which are parasites of fish-eating cats, dogs, and birds. infection in man is caused by eating undercooked fish. the larval form is called sparganum
Spirometra: rod tasemnic z čeledi diphyllobothriidae, které parazitují u rybožravých koček, psů a ptáků. infekce u člověka je způsobena požitím nedostatečně tepelně upraveného rybího masa. larvální stadium se nazývá sparganum
Spironolactone: a potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. it is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827)
Spirooxindoles: compounds that consist of cycloalkyl or heterocyclic moieties fused at the c-3 position of an oxindole. their applications include use as scaffolds in drug design processes
Spiroplasma: a genus of gram-negative, helical bacteria, in the family spiroplasmataceae, order entomoplasmatales, causing disease in plants. it has been isolated from ticks; insects; and plants
Spiroplasma: rod gramnegativních, spirálovitých, fytopatogenních bakterií čeledi spiroplasmataceae, řádu entomoplasmatales. tyto organismy byly izolovány z klíšťat, hmyzu a rostlin
Spiroplasma citri: the type species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus spiroplasma, family spiroplasmataceae, causing citrus stubborn disease
Spiroplasma citri: typový druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu spiroplasma, čeledi spiroplasmataceae. je patogenní pro citrusy a jiné rostliny
Spiroplasmataceae: a family of gram-negative, helical bacteria in the order entomoplasmatales, that require sterols for growth
Spiroplasmataceae: čeleď gramnegativních, spirálovitých bakterií řádu entomoplasmatales, které k růstu vyžadují steroly
Spirostans: cholestane derivatives containing a fused lactone ring at the 16,17-position and a spiroglycosidic linkage at c-22. members include sarsaponin, diosgenin and yamogenin
Spirulina: a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria found in most lakes and ponds. it has been used as a nutritional supplement particularly due to its high protein content
Spirulina: rod vláknitých sinic, které se většinou vyskytují v jezerech a rybnících. pro vysoký obsah bílkovin a dalších živin se spirulina konzumuje jako potravní doplněk
Spirurida: an order of nematodes of the subclass secernentea. characteristics include ventral or caudoventral papillae and an esophagus divided into anterior muscular and posterior glandular parts
Spirurida: řád hlístic podtřídy secernentea. k charakteristickým znakům patří ventrální nebo kaudoventrální papily a hltan tvořený přední svalnatou a zadní žláznatou částí
Spirurina: a suborder of nematodes characterized by larvae possessing cephalic hooks and multinucleated esophageal glands
Spirurina: podřád hlístic, jejichž larvy mají mnohojaderné hltanové žlázy a jejich hlavičky jsou opatřené háčky
Spiruroidea: a superfamily of parasitic nematodes which requires one or two intermediate arthropod hosts before finally being eaten by the final host. its organisms occur rarely in man
Spiruroidea: nadčeleď parazitických hlístic, které mají ve svém životním cyklu jednoho nebo dva mezihostitele z kmene členovců. jen vzácně infikují člověka
Spisula: a genus of surf clams in the family mactridae, class bivalvia. they are often used in embryology research
Spisula: rod mlžů čeledi mactridae, třídy bivalvia. často se používají v embryologickém výzkumu
Splanchnic Circulation: the circulation of blood through the blood vessels supplying the abdominal viscera
Splanchnic Nerves: the major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen. the greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses. the lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia
Spleen Focus-Forming Viruses: strains of murine leukemia virus that are replication-defective and rapidly transforming. the envelope gene plays an essential role in initiating erythroleukemia (leukemia, erythroblastic, acute), manifested by splenic foci, splenomegaly, and polycythemia. spleen focus-forming viruses are generated by recombination with endogenous retroviral sequences
Splenic Artery: the largest branch of the celiac trunk with distribution to the spleen, pancreas, stomach and greater omentum
Splenic Hypoplasia: a rare hereditary autosomal dominant cause of primary immunodeficiency. most affected individuals die of severe bacterial infections in early childhood. isolated asplenia is distinct from asplenia associated with other complex visceral defects, notably heterotaxy syndromes such as ivemark syndrome. mutations in the rpsa gene have been identified. omim: 271400
Splenic Infarction: insufficiency of arterial or venous blood supply to the spleen due to emboli, thrombi, vascular torsion, or pressure that produces a macroscopic area of necrosis. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Splenic Vein: vein formed by the union (at the hilus of the spleen) of several small veins from the stomach, pancreas, spleen and mesentery
Splenorenal Shunt, Surgical: anastomosis of splenic vein to renal vein to relieve portal hypertension
Splenosis: the spontaneous transplantation of splenic tissue to unusual sites after open splenic trauma, e.g., after automobile accidents, gunshot or stab wounds. the splenic pulp implants appear as red-blue nodules on the peritoneum, omentum, and mesentery, morphologically similar to multifocal pelvic endometriosis. (segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Spliceosomes: organelles in which the splicing and excision reactions that remove introns from precursor messenger rna molecules occur. one component of a spliceosome is five small nuclear rna molecules (u1, u2, u4, u5, u6) that, working in conjunction with proteins, help to fold pieces of rna into the right shapes and later splice them into the message
Splicing Factor U2AF: an rna splicing factor that performs a critical function in both constitutive and enhancer-dependent rna splicing. it recruits ribonucleoprotein, u2 small nuclear to the splice site and mediates interactions between it, the rna molecule, and other splicing factors for accurate 3'-splice site selection
Splints: rigid or flexible appliances that are used to maintain a displaced or movable part in position, or to maintain the position of and protect an injured part
Split-Brain Procedure: complete severing of the corpus callosum. in humans it is usually performed to treat medically intractable, multifocal epilepsy. experimental animal models of split brain preparations are used in research
Split-Hand Foot Malformation 2: also known as shfm2; shfd2; or shsf2
Spodoptera: a genus of owlet moths of the family noctuidae. these insects are used in molecular biology studies during all stages of their life cycle
Spodoptera: rod můr čeledi noctuidae (můrovití). tento hmyz se používá pro výzkumné účely v molekulární biologii
Spojené arabské emiráty: federace sedmi konstitutivních emirátů na blízkém východě rozkládající se v jihozápadní asii ve východní části arabského poloostrova při pobřeží perského zálivu. na pevnině sousedí s ománem a saúdskou arábií a rovněž sdílí námořní hranici s katarem, íránem a pákistánem. jedná se o konstituční monarchii. každý ze sedmi emirátů - abú zabí, adžmán, dubaj, fudžajra, rás al-chajma, umm al-kuvajn a šardžá - má vlastního vládce, emíra. abú zabí slouží jako hlavní město, nejlidnatějším městem je však dubaj. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Spojené království: země v severozápadní evropě zahrnující velkou británii a severní jednu šestinu ostrova irska, ležící mezi severním mořem a severním atlantickým oceánem. hlavním městem je londýn