NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Anesthesia and Analgesia: medical methods of either relieving pain caused by a particular condition or removing the sensation of pain during a surgery or other medical procedure
Anesthesia, Cardiac Procedures: a range of methods used to induce unconsciousness; analgesia; and muscle relaxation during cardiac procedures
Anesthesia, Caudal: epidural anesthesia administered via the sacral canal
Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit: inhalation anesthesia where the gases exhaled by the patient are rebreathed as some carbon dioxide is simultaneously removed and anesthetic gas and oxygen are added so that no anesthetic escapes into the room. closed-circuit anesthesia is used especially with explosive anesthetics to prevent fires where electrical sparking from instruments is possible
Anesthesia, Conduction: injection of an anesthetic to inhibit nerve transmission in a specific part of the body
Anesthesia, Dental: a range of methods used to reduce pain and anxiety during dental procedures
Anesthesia, Endotracheal: procedure in which an anesthetic such as a gas or mixture of gases is inhaled through a tube into the lungs
Anesthesia, Epidural: procedure in which an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space
Anesthesia, General: procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery
Anesthesia, Inhalation: anesthesia caused by the breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract
Anesthesia, Intravenous: process of administering an anesthetic through injection directly into the bloodstream
Anesthesia, Local: a blocking of nerve conduction to a specific area by an injection of an anesthetic agent
Anesthesia, Obstetrical: a variety of anesthetic methods such as epidural anesthesia used to control the pain of childbirth
Anesthesia, Rectal: procedure involving the instillation of an anesthetic into the rectum
Anesthesia, Spinal: procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord
Anesthetics: agents capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. they may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site
Anesthetics, Combined: the use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. the drugs need not be in the same dosage form
Anesthetics, Dissociative: intravenous anesthetics that induce a state of sedation, immobility, amnesia, and marked analgesia. subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. the condition produced is similar to neuroleptanalgesia, but is brought about by the administration of a single drug. (from gilman et al., goodman and gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 8th ed)
Anesthetics, General: agents that induce various degrees of analgesia; depression of consciousness, circulation, and respiration; relaxation of skeletal muscle; reduction of reflex activity; and amnesia. there are two types of general anesthetics, inhalation and intravenous. with either type, the arterial concentration of drug required to induce anesthesia varies with the condition of the patient, the desired depth of anesthesia, and the concomitant use of other drugs. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1994, p.173)
Anesthetics, Inhalation: gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1994, p173)
Anesthetics, Intravenous: ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1994, p174)
Anesthetics, Local: drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. they act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. in contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. their action is completely reversible. (from gilman ag, et. al., goodman and gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 8th ed) nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate
Anestrus: a state of sexual inactivity in female animals exhibiting no estrous cycle. causes of anestrus include pregnancy, presence of offspring, season, stress, and pathology
Anethole Trithione: choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers
Anethum graveolens: anethum graveolens l. is a plant species of the family apiaceae. the leaves are considered as a spice (spices)
Anetoderma: benign dermatosis caused by a loss of dermal elastic tissue resulting in localized sac-like areas of flaccid skin. it can be either primary (idiopathic) or secondary to other skin conditions, penicillamine use, or premature birth
Aneugens: agents which affect cell division and the mitotic spindle apparatus resulting in the loss or gain of whole chromosomes, thereby inducing an aneuploidy
Aneuploidy: the chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of chromosomes, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. in a normally diploid cell (diploidy) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2n-2), the loss of a single chromosome is monosomy (symbol: 2n-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2n+2), the addition of a single chromosome is trisomy (symbol: 2n+1)
Aneurysm: pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (arteries or veins) or the heart (heart aneurysm). it indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics
Aneurysm, Aortic Arch: an abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the aortic arch
Aneurysm, Ascending Aorta: an abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ascending aorta
Aneurysm, False: not an aneurysm but a well-defined collection of blood and connective tissue outside the wall of a blood vessel or the heart. it is the containment of a ruptured blood vessel or heart, such as sealing a rupture of the left ventricle. false aneurysm is formed by organized thrombus and hematoma in surrounding tissue
Aneurysm, Infected: aneurysm due to growth of microorganisms in the arterial wall, or infection arising within preexisting arteriosclerotic aneurysms
Aneurysm, Ruptured: the tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. the great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing hemorrhagic shock
Angelica archangelica: a plant species of the family apiaceae that contains coumarins
Angelica archangelica: druh rostlin čeledi apiaceae. andělika lékařská obsahuje kumariny
Angelica sinensis: a plant species of the family apiaceae that is the source of dong quai
Angelica sinensis: druh rostlin čeledi apiaceae, oblíbený v tradiční čínské medicíně
Angelman Syndrome: a syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, mental retardation, and movement disorders. present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (spasms, infantile); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence happy); jerky puppetlike movements (hence puppet); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ataxia; muscle hypotonia; and a peculiar facies. it is associated with maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (from am j med genet 1998 dec 4;80(4):385-90; hum mol genet 1999 jan;8(1):129-35)
Angelmanův syndrom: vzácná geneticky podmíněná vrozená neurologická porucha. od raného vývoje jsou poruchy intelektu, spánku, řeči, chůze, někdy záchvaty. nápadné bývá časté šťastné naladění (smějící se děti). léčba je symptomatická, včetně zvýšené péče, a může zlepšovat některé symptomy. nemoc nemá degenerativní charakter a nemá vliv na dobu života. geneticky jsou změny spojeny s 15. chromozomem (např. mikrodelece), u části nemocných je znám postižený gen. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Anger: a strong emotional feeling of displeasure aroused by being interfered with, injured or threatened
Anger Management Therapy: system of psychological and/or therapeutic techniques used to control and or reduce the triggers, degrees, and effects of anger
Angina Pectoris: the symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. it is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed that supplied by the coronary circulation
Angina Pectoris, Variant: a clinical syndrome characterized by the development of chest pain at rest with concomitant transient st segment elevation in the electrocardiogram, but with preserved exercise capacity
Angina, Stable: persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. the symptoms are manifestations of myocardial ischemia
Angina, Unstable: precordial pain at rest, which may precede a myocardial infarction
Angiocardiography: radiography of the heart and great vessels after injection of a contrast medium
Angiodysplasia: acquired degenerative dilation or expansion (ectasia) of normal blood vessels, often associated with aging. they are isolated, tortuous, thin-walled vessels and sources of bleeding. they occur most often in mucosal capillaries of the gastrointestinal tract leading to gastrointestinal hemorrhage and anemia
Angioedema: swelling involving the deep dermis, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized edema. angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx
Angioedemas, Hereditary: inherited disorders that are characterized by subcutaneous and submucosal edema in the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract
Angiofibroma: a benign neoplasm of fibrous tissue in which there are numerous small and large, frequently dilated, vascular channels. (stedman, 25th ed)
Angioflex: silastic polyurethane films used for the study of interaction & morphology of platelets
Angiogenesis: formation of new blood vessels, which is controlled by chemical signals in the body, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf). this process involves the migration, growth, and differentiation of endothelial cells, which line the inside wall of blood vessels
Angiogenesis Inducing Agents: agents that induce or stimulate physiologic angiogenesis or pathologic angiogenesis
Angiogenesis Inhibitors: agents and endogenous substances that antagonize or inhibit the development of new blood vessels
Angiogenesis Modulating Agents: agents that modulate the physiologic angiogenesis process. this is accomplished by endogenous angiogenic proteins and a variety of other chemicals and pharmaceutical agents
Angiogenic Proteins: intercellular signaling peptides and proteins that regulate the proliferation of new blood vessels under normal physiological conditions (angiogenesis, physiological). aberrant expression of angiogenic proteins during disease states such as tumorigenesis can also result in pathological angiogenesis
Angiography, Digital Subtraction: a method of delineating blood vessels by subtracting a tissue background image from an image of tissue plus intravascular contrast material that attenuates the x-ray photons. the background image is determined from a digitized image taken a few moments before injection of the contrast material. the resulting angiogram is a high-contrast image of the vessel. this subtraction technique allows extraction of a high-intensity signal from the superimposed background information. the image is thus the result of the differential absorption of x-rays by different tissues
Angioid Streaks: small breaks in the elastin-filled tissue of the retina
Angiokeratoma: a vascular, horny neoplasm of the skin characterized by telangiectasis and secondary epithelial changes including acanthosis and hyperkeratosis
Angiolipoma: a benign neoplasm composed of a mixture of adipose tissue and blood vessels. (dorland, 27th ed)
Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia: solitary or multiple benign cutaneous nodules comprised of immature and mature vascular structures intermingled with endothelial cells and a varied infiltrate of eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells
Angioma serpiginosum, X-linked: a rare benign congenital skin disorder characterized by nonpurpuric red punctate lesions that correspond to capillary ectasia in the superficial papillary dermis. the lesions often follow blaschko lines (usually invisible lines on the skin that trace cell migration paths during embryonic development) and most commonly occur in females. omim: 300652
Angiomatosis: a condition with multiple tumor-like lesions caused either by congenital or developmental malformations of blood vessels, or reactive vascular proliferations, such as in bacillary angiomatosis. angiomatosis is considered non-neoplastic
Angiomatosis, Bacillary: a reactive vascular proliferation that is characterized by the multiple tumor-like lesions in skin, bone, brain, and other organs. bacillary angiomatosis is caused by infection with gram-negative bartonella bacilli (such as bartonella henselae), and is often seen in aids patients and other immunocompromised hosts
Angiomatosis, diffuse corticomeningeal, of Divry and Van Bogaert: corticomeningeal angiomatosis, myelination of the white substance of the centrum ovale, hemianopsia and marbled skin
Angiomotins: a class of intracellular signaling proteins that were originally identified as inhibitors of angiostatin activity. they play a role in cell signaling pathways such as those involving g-proteins and the hippo-signaling pathway
Angiomyolipoma: a benign tumor containing vascular, adipose, and muscle elements. it occurs most often in the kidney with smooth muscle elements (angiolipoleiomyoma) in association with tuberous sclerosis. (dorland, 27th ed)
Angioplasty: reconstruction or repair of a blood vessel, which includes the widening of a pathological narrowing of an artery or vein by the removal of atheromatous plaque material and/or the endothelial lining as well, or by dilatation (balloon angioplasty) to compress an atheroma. except for endarterectomy, usually these procedures are performed via catheterization as minimally invasive endovascular procedures
Angioplasty, Balloon: use of a balloon catheter for dilation of an occluded artery. it is used in treatment of arterial occlusive diseases, including renal artery stenosis and arterial occlusions in the leg. for the specific technique of balloon dilation in coronary arteries, angioplasty, balloon, coronary is available
Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary: dilation of an occluded coronary artery (or arteries) by means of a balloon catheter to restore myocardial blood supply
Angioplasty, Balloon, Laser-Assisted: techniques using laser energy in combination with a balloon catheter to perform angioplasty. these procedures can take several forms including: 1, laser fiber delivering the energy while the inflated balloon centers the fiber and occludes the blood flow; 2, balloon angioplasty immediately following laser angioplasty; or 3, laser energy transmitted through angioplasty balloons that contain an internal fiber
Angioplasty, Laser: a technique utilizing a laser coupled to a catheter which is used in the dilatation of occluded blood vessels. this includes laser thermal angioplasty where the laser energy heats up a metal tip, and direct laser angioplasty where the laser energy directly ablates the occlusion. one form of the latter approach uses an excimer laser which creates microscopically precise cuts without thermal injury. when laser angioplasty is performed in combination with balloon angioplasty it is called laser-assisted balloon angioplasty (angioplasty, balloon, laser-assisted)
Angiopoietin-1: the first to be discovered member of the angiopoietin family. it may play a role in increasing the sprouting and branching of blood vessels. angiopoietin-1 specifically binds to and stimulates the tie-2 receptor. several isoforms of angiopoietin-1 occur due to alternative splicing of its mrna
Angiopoietin-2: an angiopoietin that is closely related to angiopoietin-1. it binds to the tie-2 receptor without receptor stimulation and antagonizes the effect of angiopoietin-1. however its antagonistic effect may be limited to cell receptors that occur within the vasculature. angiopoietin-2 may therefore play a role in down-regulation of blood vessel branching and sprouting
Angiopoietin-Like Protein 1: the first member of the angiopoietin-like protein family to be discovered. it is considered a key endogenous antiangiogenic agent which inhibits the proliferation, migration, tube formation, and adhesion of endothelial cells
Angiopoietin-Like Protein 2: a circulating angiopoietin-like protein that is expressed in a variety of tissues in response to hypoxia. it acts by inducing angiogenesis and endothelial cell migration
Angiopoietin-Like Protein 3: an angiopoietin-like protein that plays a role in regulation of lipoprotein metabolism
Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4: a secreted angiopoietin-like protein expressed under hypoxic conditions by endothelial cells. it inhibits cell proliferation, cell migration, and tubule formation; the inactive form accumulates in the endothelial extracellular matrix, reducing vascular leakage. angptl4 has direct roles in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as insulin sensitivity, and may also function as a regulator of angiogenesis and tumorigenesis
Angiopoietin-Like Protein 6: an angiopoietin-like protein that is expressed in liver and involved in regulation of blood glucose; lipid metabolism; and energy metabolism
Angiopoietin-Like Protein 7: an angiopoietin-like protein that is expressed in nerve tissue, keratoconus corneas, trabecular meshwork
Angiopoietin-Like Protein 8: a nutritionally-regulated factor found in the liver. it plays a role in lipid metabolism and vldl secretion in the liver. it was originally called betatrophin due to its suspected role as a peptide hormone that stimulates beta cell proliferation
Angiopoietin-like Proteins: a family of proteins that is structurally similar to angiopoietins but do not bind angiopoietin receptors. they are characterized by an amino-terminal coiled-coil domain, a linker region, and a carboxy-terminal fibrinogen-like domain with the exception of angptl8, which lacks the fibrinogen-like domain. they function in a variety of developmental and physiological processes, including inflammation, lipid metabolism, hematopoietic stem cell activity, and cancer metastasis
Angiopoietins: a family of structurally related angiogenic proteins of approximately 70 kda in size. they have high specificity for members of the tie receptor family
Angiosarcoma of the breast: a malignant neoplasm of the breast that originates in the walls of blood or lymphatic vessels
Angioscopy: endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on the interior of blood vessels
Angiostatic Proteins: proteins that specifically inhibit the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis, physiologic)
Angiostatins: circulating 38-kda proteins that are internal peptide fragments of plasminogen. the name derives from the fact that they are potent angiogenesis inhibitors. angiostatins contain four kringle domains which are associated with their potent angiostatic activity
Angiostrongyliasis: infection by nematode larvae of the angiostrongylus genus, particularly of the gatrointestinal tract or meninges, which may cause eosinophilic meningitis
Angiostrongylus: a genus of parasitic nematodes of the superfamily metastrongyloidea. two species, angiostrongylus cantonensis and a. vasorum, infest the lungs of rats and dogs, respectively. a. cantonensis is transmissible to man where it causes frequently fatal infection of the central nervous system
Angiostrongylus: rod parazitických hlístic nadčeledi metastrongyloidea. dva druhy, angiostrongylus cantonensis a a. vasorum, napadají plíce krys a psů. a. cantonensis je přenosný na člověka a často způsobuje fatální infekci centrálního nervového systému
Angiostrongylus cantonensis: a species of parasitic nematodes distributed throughout the pacific islands that infests the lungs of domestic rats. human infection, caused by consumption of raw slugs and land snails, results in eosinophilic meningitis
Angiostrongylus cantonensis: druh parazitických hlístic, které se vyskytují na tichomořských ostrovech. napadají plíce potkanů domácích. u lidí může konzumace tepelně neupravených infikovaných plžů způsobit eozinofilní meningitidu
Angiotensin Amide: the octapeptide amide of bovine angiotensin ii used to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction
Angiotensin I: a decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by renin. angiotensin i has limited biological activity. it is converted to angiotensin ii, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the c-terminal by angiotensin converting enzyme
Angiotensin II: an octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor. it is produced from angiotensin i after the removal of two amino acids at the c-terminal by angiotensin converting enzyme. the amino acid in position 5 varies in different species. to block vasoconstriction and hypertension effect of angiotensin ii, patients are often treated with ace inhibitors or with angiotensin ii type 1 receptor blockers
Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers: agents that antagonize angiotensin ii type 1 receptor. included are angiotensin ii analogs such as saralasin and biphenylimidazoles such as losartan. some are used as antihypertensive agents
Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers: agents that antagonize the angiotensin ii type 2 receptor
Angiotensin III: a heptapeptide formed from angiotensin ii after the removal of an amino acid at the n-terminal by aminopeptidase a. angiotensin iii has the same efficacy as angiotensin ii in promoting aldosterone secretion and modifying renal blood flow, but less vasopressor activity (about 40%)
Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists: agents that antagonize angiotensin receptors. many drugs in this class specifically target the angiotensin type 1 receptor
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: a transmembrane glycoprotein with an extracellular catalytic domain which functions as a carboxypeptidase. it cleaves a single c-terminal residue from a distinct range of substrates. the catalytic efficiency is 400-fold higher with angiotensin ii as a substrate than with angiotensin i. angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is also is a functional receptor for the spike glycoprotein (spike protein, coronavirus) of the coronaviruses sars-cov, sars-cov2, and hcov-nl63
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: a class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. they exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. they also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. they cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility
Angiotensinogen: an alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. it is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the angiotensins produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. cleavage of angiotensinogen by renin yields the decapeptide angiotensin i. further cleavage of angiotensin i (by angiotensin converting enzyme) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide angiotensin ii; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating renin-angiotensin system
Angiotensins: oligopeptides which are important in the regulation of blood pressure (vasoconstriction) and fluid homeostasis via the renin-angiotensin system. these include angiotensins derived naturally from precursor angiotensinogen, and those synthesized
Anglie: největší a nejlidnatější země spojeného království velké británie a severního irska. zahrnuje jižní dvě třetiny ostrova velká británie. na severu hraničí se skotskem, na západě pak s walesem, jinak ji obklopuje moře. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Angola: a republic in southern africa, southwest of democratic republic of the congo and west of zambia. its capital is luanda
Angola: stát ležící na jihu afriky s 1600 km dlouhým pobřežím atlantiku. na severu hraničí s konžskou demokratickou republikou a exklávou cabinda s konžskou republikou, na východě se zambií a na jihu s namibií. hlavní město je luanda
Angucyclines and Angucyclinones: polycyclic aromatic polyketides with tetracyclic angular benz(a)anthracene skeletons. angucyclines and related angucyclinones are produced by actinomycetes, e.g., streptomyces, using type ii polyketide synthase involving condensation of acetyl coa and 9 malonyl-coa
Anguilla: a genus in the family anguillidae, order anguilliformes, that includes fresh water eels
Anguilla: rod čeledi anguillidae, řádu anguilliformes, jehož zástupci se vyznačují dlouhým hadovitým tělem. břišní ploutve jim chybějí. značnou část života tráví úhoři ve sladkých vodách, ale ke tření dochází zpravidla v moři. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Anguilliformes: řád kostnatých ryb z třídy paprskoploutvých. tento řád zahrnuje asi 15 čeledí s přibližně 677 druhy. naprostá většina druhů je mořská, pouze druhy čeledi úhořovití jsou katadromní. mnohé druhy obývají velké hloubky, mnohdy až 600 m. povětšinou se jedná o dravce. tělo je hadovité, bez šupin. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Anhedonia: inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. it is a symptom of many psychotic disorders (e.g., depressive disorder, major; and schizophrenia)
Anidulafungin: echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of candidemia and candidiasis
Aniline Hydroxylase: a drug-metabolizing, cytochrome p-450 enzyme which catalyzes the hydroxylation of aniline to hydroxyaniline in the presence of reduced flavoprotein and molecular oxygen. ec 1.14.14.-
Anilino Naphthalenesulfonates: a class of organic compounds which contain an anilino (phenylamino) group linked to a salt or ester of naphthalenesulfonic acid. they are frequently used as fluorescent dyes and sulfhydryl reagents
Animal Care Committees: institutional committees established to protect the welfare of animals used in research and education. the 1971 nih guide for the care and use of laboratory animals introduced the policy that institutions using warm-blooded animals in projects supported by nih grants either be accredited by a recognized professional laboratory animal accrediting body or establish its own committee to evaluate animal care; the public health service adopted a policy in 1979 requiring such committees; and the 1985 amendments to the animal welfare act mandate review and approval of federally funded research with animals by a formally designated institutional animal care and use committee (iacuc)
Animal Communication: communication between animals involving the giving off by one individual of some chemical or physical signal, that, on being received by another, influences its behavior
Animal Culling: selection and removal of individuals from a population or group. culling is a common strategy with livestock and wildlife, used to control and eradicate diseases or pests, control population size, select for desired genetic characteristics, and maximize economic profit
Animal Distribution: a process by which animals in various forms and stages of development are physically distributed through time and space
Animal Fins: membranous appendage of fish and other aquatic organisms used for locomotion or balance
Animal Husbandry: the science of breeding, feeding and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition
Animal Identification Systems: procedures for recognizing individual animals and certain identifiable characteristics pertaining to them; includes computerized methods, ear tags, etc
Animal Migration: periodic movements of animals in response to seasonal changes or reproductive instinct. hormonal changes are the trigger in at least some animals. most migrations are made for reasons of climatic change, feeding, or breeding
Animal Nutrition Sciences: the study of nutrition processes, as well as the components of food, their actions, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease in animals
Animal Rights: the moral and ethical bases of the protection of animals from cruelty and abuse. the rights are extended to domestic animals, laboratory animals, and wild animals
Animal Scales: tough, horny, brittle, smooth, striated or plate-like extensions of the stratum corneum or outer layer of the skin. it serves as a protective layer in fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals
Animal Shells: the hard rigid covering of animals including molluscs; turtles; insects; and crustaceans
Animal Structures: organs and other anatomical structures of non-human vertebrate and invertebrate animals
Animal Technicians: assistants to a veterinarian, biological or biomedical researcher, or other scientist who are engaged in the care and management of animals, and who are trained in basic principles of animal life processes and routine laboratory and animal health care procedures. (facts on file dictionary of health care management, 1988)
Animal Testing Alternatives: procedures, such as tissue culture techniques; mathematical models; etc., when used or advocated for use in place of the use of animals in research or diagnostic laboratories
Animal Use Alternatives: alternatives to the use of animals in research, testing, and education. the alternatives may include reduction in the number of animals used, replacement of animals with a non-animal model or with animals of a species lower phylogenetically, or refinement of methods to minimize pain and distress of animals used
Animal Welfare: the protection of animals in laboratories or other specific environments by promoting their health through better nutrition, housing, and care
Animals: unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. under the older five kingdom paradigm, animalia was one of the kingdoms. under the modern three domain model, animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain eukaryota
Animals, Congenic: animals that are produced through selective breeding to eliminate genetic background differences except for a single or few specific loci. they are used to investigate the contribution of genetic background differences to phenotype
Animals, Domestic: animals which have become adapted through breeding in captivity to a life intimately associated with humans. they include animals domesticated by humans to live and breed in a tame condition on farms or ranches for economic reasons, including livestock (specifically cattle; sheep; horses; etc.), poultry; and those raised or kept for pleasure and companionship, e.g., pets; or specifically dogs; cats; etc
Animals, Exotic: animals native to a foreign country or of foreign origin or character, that are not native to the united states
Animals, Inbred Strains: animals produced by the mating of progeny over multiple generations. the resultant strain of animals is virtually identical genotypically. highly inbred animal lines allow the study of certain traits in a relatively pure form. (segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Animals, Outbred Strains: animals that are generated from breeding two genetically dissimilar strains of the same species
Animals, Suckling: young, unweaned mammals. refers to nursing animals whether nourished by their biological mother, foster mother, or bottle fed
Animals, Wild: animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. it does not include wild animals in zoos for which animals, zoo is available
Animals, Zoo: animal population groups or individual animals that reside in captivity at a zoological park
Animation: a film or video wholly or partially created by photographing drawings, sculptures, or other inanimate things in sequence to create the illusion of motion. animations are also generated by computers. (from moving image materials: genre terms, 1988)
Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte: a major integral transmembrane protein of the erythrocyte membrane. it is the anion exchanger responsible for electroneutral transporting in chloride ions in exchange of bicarbonate ions allowing co2 uptake and transport from tissues to lungs by the red blood cells. genetic mutations that result in a loss of the protein function have been associated with type 4 hereditary spherocytosis
Anion Exchange Resins: high-molecular-weight insoluble polymers that contain functional cationic groups capable of undergoing exchange reactions with anions
Anion Transport Proteins: membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of negatively charged molecules (anions) across a biological membrane
Anions: negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis
Aniridia: a congenital abnormality in which there is only a rudimentary iris. this is due to the failure of the optic cup to grow. aniridia also occurs in a hereditary form, usually autosomal dominant
Anisakiasis: infection with roundworms of the genus anisakis. human infection results from the consumption of fish harboring roundworm larvae. the worms may cause acute nausea; vomiting; or penetrate into the wall of the digestive tract where they give rise to eosinophilic granuloma in the stomach; intestines; or the omentum
Anisakis: a genus of nematodes of the superfamily ascaridoidea. its organisms are found in the stomachs of marine animals and birds. human infection occurs by ingestion of raw fish that contain larvae
Anisakis: rod parazitických hlístic nadčeledi ascaridoidea. k jejich hostitelům patří korýši, ryby, mořští savci a další živočichové. člověk se může nakazit požitím syrového nebo nedostatečně zpracovaného rybího masa obsahujícího larvy těchto hlístic (anisakióza). látky uvolňované larvami do rybího masa jsou příčinou silných alergických reakcí
Aniseikonia: a condition in which the ocular image of an object as seen by one eye differs in size and shape from that seen by the other
Anisocoria: unequal pupil size, which may represent a benign physiologic variant or a manifestation of disease. pathologic anisocoria reflects an abnormality in the musculature of the iris (iris diseases) or in the parasympathetic or sympathetic pathways that innervate the pupil. physiologic anisocoria refers to an asymmetry of pupil diameter, usually less than 2mm, that is not associated with disease
Anisoles: a group of compounds that are derivatives of methoxybenzene and contain the general formula r-c7h7o
Anisometropia: a condition of an inequality of refractive power of the two eyes
Anisomycin: an antibiotic isolated from various streptomyces species. it interferes with protein and dna synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80s ribosome system
Anisotropy: a physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. the physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. in crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. it is also called acolotropy and colotropy. the opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions
Anistreplase: an acylated inactive complex of streptokinase and human lysine-plasminogen. after injection, the acyl group is slowly hydrolyzed, producing an activator that converts plasminogen to plasmin, thereby initiating fibrinolysis. its half-life is about 90 minutes compared to 5 minutes for tpa; (tissue plasminogen activator); 16 minutes for urokinase-type plasminogen activator and 23 minutes for streptokinase. if treatment is initiated within 3 hours of onset of symptoms for acute myocardial infarction, the drug preserves myocardial tissue and left ventricular function and increases coronary artery patency. bleeding complications are similar to other thrombolytic agents
Ankle Brachial Index: comparison of the blood pressure between the brachial artery and the posterior tibial artery. it is a predictor of peripheral arterial disease
Ankle Injuries: harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source
Ankle Joint: the joint that is formed by the inferior articular and malleolar articular surfaces of the tibia; the malleolar articular surface of the fibula; and the medial malleolar, lateral malleolar, and superior surfaces of the talus
Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum: a congenital anomaly in which single or multiple strands of fine connective tissue join the upper and lower eyelids. it may occur with cleft palate or cleft lip (omim: 106250)
Ankyloglossia: a severe congenital restriction of tongue movement, resulting from fusion or adherence of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. in partial ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) the lingual frenum is abnormally short, or is attached too close to the tip of the tongue. omim: 106280
Ankyrin Repeat: protein motif that contains a 33-amino acid long sequence that often occurs in tandem arrays. this repeating sequence of 33-amino acids was discovered in ankyrin where it is involved in interaction with the anion exchanger (anion exchange protein 1, erythrocyte). ankyrin repeats cooperatively fold into domains that mediate molecular recognition via protein-protein interactions
Ankyrins: a family of membrane-associated proteins responsible for the attachment of the cytoskeleton. erythrocyte-related isoforms of ankyrin attach the spectrin cytoskeleton to a transmembrane protein (anion exchange protein 1, erythrocyte) in the erythrocyte plasma membrane. brain-related isoforms of ankyrin also exist
Annelida: a phylum of metazoan invertebrates comprising the segmented worms, and including marine annelids (polychaeta), freshwater annelids, earthworms (oligochaeta), and leeches. only the leeches are of medical interest. (dorland, 27th ed)
Annexin A1: protein of the annexin family exhibiting lipid interaction and steroid-inducibility
Annexin A2: a member of the annexin family that is a substrate for a tyrosine kinase, oncogene protein pp60(v-src). annexin a2 occurs as a 36-kda monomer and in a 90-kda complex containing two subunits of annexin a2 and two subunits of s100 family protein p11. the monomeric form of annexin a2 was formerly referred to as calpactin i heavy chain
Annexin A3: a protein of the annexin family that catalyzes the conversion of 1-d-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate and water to 1-d-myo-inositol 1-phosphate
Annexin A4: protein of the annexin family originally isolated from the electric organ of the electric ray torpedo marmorata. it has been found in a wide range of mammalian tissue where it is localized to the apical membrane of polarized epithelial cells
Annexin A5: a protein of the annexin family isolated from human placenta and other tissues. it inhibits cytosolic phospholipase a2, and displays anticoagulant activity
Annexin A6: protein of the annexin family with a probable role in exocytotic and endocytotic membrane events
Annexin A7: an annexin family member that plays a role in membrane fusion and signaling via voltage-dependent calcium channels
Annexins: family of calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins which are structurally related and exhibit immunological cross-reactivity. each member contains four homologous 70-kda repeats. the annexins are differentially distributed in vertebrate tissues (and lower eukaryotes) and appear to be involved in membrane fusion and signal transduction
Annona: a plant genus of the family annonaceae. it has edible fruit and seeds which contain acetogenins and benzoquinazoline and other alkaloids
Annona: rod rostlin čeledi annonaceae. zástupci mají jedlé plody a jejich semena obsahují acetogeniny a benzochinazolinové a jiné alkaloidy
Annonaceae: the custard-apple plant family of the order magnoliales, subclass magnoliidae, class magnoliopsida. some members provide large pulpy fruits and commercial timber. leaves and wood are often fragrant. leaves are simple, with smooth margins, and alternately arranged in two rows along the stems
Annonaceae: čeleď rostlin z řádu magnoliales (šácholanotvaré), třídy magnoliopsida (nižší dvouděložné rostliny). někteří její zástupci poskytují velké dužnaté plody a dřevo pro komerční využití. listy a dřevo jsou často voňavé. listy jsou jednoduché, s hladkými okraji a střídavě uspořádány ve dvou řadách podél stonků
Annual Reports as Topic: works on annual statements reviewing the status of the administrative and operational functions and accomplishments of an institution or organization
Annular Erythema: a hereditary autosomal dominant form of erythema that is characterized by ring-shaped skin eruptions. omim: 106500
Annular pancreas: a rare congenital abnormality of the pancreas, where pancreating tissue forms a ring around the lower duodenum. affected indivduals may also have duodenal stenosis and intestinal obstruction. familial studies suggest autosomal dominant inheritance. omim: 167750
Annulus Fibrosus: outer portion of the intervertebral disc that surrounds the nucleus pulposus
Anoctamin-1: an anoctamin chloride channel expressed at high levels in the liver, skeletal muscle, and gastrointestinal muscles that functions in transepithelial anion transport and smooth muscle contraction. it is essential for the function of the interstitial cells of cajal and plays a major role in chloride conduction by airway epithelial cells and in tracheal cartilage development
Anoctamins: a family of transmembrane proteins that function primarily as calcium-activated chloride channels. structurally, they form a homodimer where each subunit consists of eight transmembrane helices with the n and c terminals exposed to the cytosol. the regions between helices 5 and 7 may be important for ion pore formation and calcium ion binding
Anodonta: a genus of thin-shelled freshwater mussels in the family unionidae, class bivalvia
Anodonta: rod sladkovodních mlžů čeledi mytilidae, třídy bivalvia
Anodontia: congenital absence of the teeth. it may involve all (total anodontia) or only some of the teeth (partial anodontia, hypodontia), or six or more of the teeth (oligodontia) and both the deciduous and the permanent dentition, or only teeth of the permanent dentition
Anoikis: apoptosis triggered by loss of contact with the extracellular matrix
Anomalous Left Coronary Artery: malformations of left coronary artery where it is connected to the pulmonary artery instead of the aorta
Anomia: a language dysfunction characterized by the inability to name people and objects that are correctly perceived. the individual is able to describe the object in question, but cannot provide the name. this condition is associated with lesions of the dominant hemisphere involving the language areas, in particular the temporal lobe. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p484)
Anomie: a state of social disorganization and demoralization in society which is largely the result of disharmony between cultural goals and the means for attaining them. this may be reflected in the behavior of the individual in many ways - non-conformity, social withdrawal, deviant behavior, etc
Anomura: an infraorder of crustacea, in the order decapoda comprising the hermit crabs and characterized by a small fifth pair of legs
Anomura: infrařád podkmene korýši (crustacea), v řádu decapoda (desetinožci) zahrnují kraby poustevníčky, kteří jsou charakterističtí malým pátým párem nohou
Anonychia-onychodystrophy with brachydactyly type B and ectrodactyly: autosomal dominant onychodystrophy and anonychia with type b brachydactyly and ectrodactyly
Anonyms and Pseudonyms: designations for persons whose names are not known or who wish to remain anonymous (anonyms) and for persons who wish to conceal or obscure their identity by assuming a fictitious name (pseudonyms)
Anopheles: a genus of mosquitoes (culicidae) that are known vectors of malaria
Anopheles: rod komárů (čeleď culicidae), kteří jsou známými přenašeči malárie
Anoplura: an order of insects comprising the sucking lice, which are blood-sucking ectoparasites of mammals. recognized families include: echinphthiriidae, haematopinidae, and pediculidae. the latter contains the medically important genera affecting humans: pediculus and phthirus
Anoplura: podřád bezkřídlého hemimetabolického parazitického řádu hmyzu phthiraptera. vši parazitují na těle savců a živí se krví svého hostitele. k čeledím patří např. echinphthiriidae, haematopinidae a pediculidae. k zástupcům parazitujícím na člověku patří rody pediculus a pthirus. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Anorchia: the absence of gonads in an xy person. in most cases, uterus and fallopian tubes are absent but small tubular structures interpreted as mullerian or wolffian duct rudiments (or both) are present. virilizing effects due to early testicular tissue range from none or very slight external genital abnormalities in phenotypic females to the anorchic phenotypic male . most affected individuals lack a vagina but a urogenital sinus or pseudovaginal urethral outpouching is found. partial labioscrotal fusion and clitoris enlargement are common but breast development is absent. nongenital anomalies may also be present. inheritance appears to be autosomal recessive with sex limitation. omim: 273250
Anorectal Malformations: congenital defects in the anus and the rectum often involving the urinary and genital tracts
Anorexia: the lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. it is the defining characteristic of the disorder anorexia nervosa
Anorexia Nervosa: an eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of appetite, known as anorexia. other features include excess fear of becoming overweight; body image disturbance; significant weight loss; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and amenorrhea. this disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (apa, thesaurus of psychological index terms, 1994)
Anosmia: complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of smell. loss of smell may be caused by many factors such as a cold, allergy, olfactory nerve diseases, viral respiratory tract infections (e.g., covid-19), aging and various neurological disorders (e.g., alzheimer disease)
Anostraca: an order of crustacea comprised of shrimp-like organisms containing body trunks with at least 20 segments. the are commonly used as aquarium food
Anostraca: řád korýšů třídy branchiopoda (lupenonožci). žábronožky mají protáhlé, z boku stlačené a stejnoměrné článkované tělo bez karapaxu. využívají se jako krmivo v akvaristice. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Anovulation: suspension or cessation of ovulation in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (ovarian follicle). depending on the etiology, ovulation may be induced with appropriate therapy
Anoxybacillus: a genus of gram-positive endospore-forming bacteria in the family bacillaceae. most species have been isolated from hot springs
Anoxybacillus: rod grampozitivních sporulujících bakterií z čeledi bacillaceae. většina druhů byla izolována z horkých pramenů
Ansa pancreatica: a rare pancreatic ductal variant in which the the accessory pancreatic duct of santorini forms a loop or an s-curve communication with the main pancreatic duct of wirsung