NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
District of Columbia: hlavní město spojených států amerických, sídlo prezidenta, kongresu a nejvyššího soudu. zaujímá celé území federálního distriktu district of columbia (zkráceně d.c.), nacházejícího se na východě spojených států. na severu a východě hraničí s marylandem, přirozenou jihozápadní hranici s virginií tvoří řeka potomac. založeno bylo roku 1790, jeho jméno vzniklo jako pocta prvnímu prezidentovi usa georgi washingtonovi. hlavním městem spojených států je od roku 1800. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Disulfides: chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -s-s-. the sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties
Disulfidptosis: a form of disulfide stress-induced cell death triggered under glucose starvation conditions and overexpression of amino acid transport system y+ proteins
Disulfiram: a carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. it is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. when alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). it acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase
Diterpene Alkaloids: alkaloids derived from diterpenes (e.g., kauranes; clerodanes) often containing the nitrogen bridge structures. these alkaloids may be divided into c18-, c19-, c20- and bis-diterpene types depending on the number of carbon atoms in their central framework. they are found most often in ranunculaceae (e.g., aconitum and delphinium) and may possess analgesic, antiarrhythmic and anti-inflammatory activities. some are cardiotoxic by blocking l-type calcium channels
Diterpenes: twenty-carbon compounds derived from mevalonic acid or deoxyxylulose phosphate
Diterpenes, Clerodane: a group of diterpenes cyclized into 2-rings with a side-chain
Diterpenes, Kaurane: a group of diterpenes cyclized into four rings
Dithiazanine: 3-ethyl-2-(5-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene)-1,3- pentadienyl)benzothiazolium. a benzothiazole that was formerly used as an antinematodal agent and is currently used as a fluorescent dye
Dithioerythritol: a compound that, along with its isomer, cleland's reagent (dithiothreitol), is used for the protection of sulfhydryl groups against oxidation to disulfides and for the reduction of disulfides to sulfhydryl groups
Dithionite: dithionite. the dithionous acid ion and its salts
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: a standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. it is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. the color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate
Dithiothreitol: a reagent commonly used in biochemical studies as a protective agent to prevent the oxidation of sh (thiol) groups and for reducing disulphides to dithiols
Dithizone: chelating agent used for heavy metal poisoning and assay. it causes diabetes
Ditiocarb: a chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. it is the main metabolite of disulfiram
Diuresis: an increase in the excretion of urine. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Diuretics: agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function
Diuretics, Osmotic: compounds that increase urine volume by increasing the amount of osmotically active solute in the urine. osmotic diuretics also increase the osmolarity of plasma
Diuretics, Potassium Sparing: a subclass of diuretics that limits the secretion of potassium into the urine
Diurnal Enuresis: involuntary discharge of urine during the daytime while one is awake
Diversity, Equity, Inclusion: developing and ensuring compliance with laws, regulations, and policies that support civil rights, equity, diversity, and inclusion. executive order 13985 (advancing racial equity and support for underserved communities through the federal government), which established that affirmatively advancing equity, civil rights, racial justice, and equal opportunity is the responsibility of the whole of our government
Diverticular Diseases: diseases of the diverticulum often due to infection and/or inflammation (diverticulitis)
Diverticulitis, Colonic: inflammation of the colonic diverticula, generally with abscess formation and subsequent perforation
Diverticulosis, Colonic: a pathological condition characterized by the presence of a number of colonic diverticula in the colon. its pathogenesis is multifactorial, including colon aging, motor dysfunction, increases in intraluminal pressure, and lack of dietary fibers
Diverticulosis, Esophageal: a pathological condition characterized by the presence of a number of esophageal diverticula in the esophagus
Diverticulosis, Small Intestinal: presence of diverticula in the small intestine, jejunum, and duodenum. affected individuals may also experience rheumatoid arthritis; ulcerative colitis; and thyroiditis with myxedema. omim: 223320
Diverticulosis, Stomach: a pathological condition characterized by the presence of a number of gastric diverticula in the stomach
Diverticulum: a pouch or sac developed from a tubular or saccular organ, such as the gastrointestinal tract
Diverticulum, Colon: a pouch or sac opening from the colon
Diverticulum, Esophageal: saccular protrusion beyond the wall of the esophagus
Diverticulum, Stomach: saccular, outward protrusion of all or a portion of the wall of the stomach
Diving: an activity in which the organism plunges into water. it includes scuba and bell diving. diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals
Diving Reflex: breath holding; vasoconstriction; and a drop in heart rate in response to submersion of the face in cold water
Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine: the practice of medicine concerned with conditions in individuals resulting from exposure to environments where the ambient pressure is increased, such as the undersea environment
Dizocilpine Maleate: a potent noncompetitive antagonist of the nmda receptor (receptors, n-methyl-d-aspartate) used mainly as a research tool. the drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which nmda receptors may play an important role. its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects
Dizziness: an imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness
Djibouti: a republic in eastern africa, on the gulf of aden at the entrance to the red sea. djibouti is also the name of its capital
DnaB Helicases: a family of dna helicases that participate in dna replication. they assemble into hexameric rings with a central channel and unwind dna processively in the 5' to 3' direction. dnab helicases are considered the primary replicative helicases for most prokaryotic organisms
DnaB-helikasy: rodina dna-helikáz, které se podílejí na replikaci dna. sestavují se do hexamerních kruhů s centrálním kanálem a postupně rozvolňují dna ve směru od 5' ke 3'. helikázy dnab jsou u většiny prokaryotických organismů považovány za primární replikační helikázy
Dobutamine: a catecholamine derivative with specificity for beta-1 adrenergic receptors. it is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after cardiac surgery and during dobutamine stress echocardiography
Doc-1r protein, mouse: a doc-1 growth suppressor-related gene; refseq nm_026373
Docetaxel: a semisynthetic analog of paclitaxel used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic breast neoplasms and non-small cell lung cancer
Docosahexaenoic Acids: c22-unsaturated fatty acids found predominantly in fish oils
Document Analysis: a form of qualitative research that uses a systematic procedure to analyze documentary evidence and answer specific research questions
Documentaries and Factual Films: works consisting of films, videos, and programs which depict actual persons or actual events. they do not include frank historical re-creations and do not attempt to judge the truth of the depiction in a film purporting to be factual or documentary in character. (from moving image materials: genre terms, 1988)
Documentation: systematic organization, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of specialized information, especially of a scientific or technical nature (from ala glossary of library and information science, 1983). it often involves authenticating or validating information
Dodecanol: a saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. it has a floral odor and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 5th ed)
Dodecenoyl-CoA Isomerase: a carbon-carbon double bond isomerase that catalyzes the movement double bond from c3 to c2 of an unsaturated acyl-coa. the enzyme plays a key role in allowing acyl-coa substrates to re-enter the beta-oxidation pathway
Dog Diseases: diseases of the domestic dog (canis familiaris). this term does not include diseases of wild dogs, wolves; foxes; and other canidae for which the heading carnivora is used
Dogfish: sharks of the family squalidae, also called dogfish sharks. they comprise at least eight genera and 44 species. their liver is valued for its oil and its flesh is often made into fertilizer
Dogs: the domestic dog, canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family canidae. they are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (walker's mammals of the world, 5th ed, p1065)
Dolichol Monophosphate Mannose: a lipophilic glycosyl carrier of the monosaccharide mannose in the biosynthesis of oligosaccharide phospholipids and glycoproteins
Dolichols: a class of polyprenols which contain approximately 20 isoprene residues. although considered isoprenoids, they terminate with an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group at the hydroxy end of the molecule
Dolichos: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that contains lectins. many members have been reclassified into other genera of the fabaceae family
Dolichos: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují lektiny. mnoho druhů bylo převedeno do jiných rodů čeledi fabaceae
Dolichospermum flos-aquae: a species in the genus dolichospermum containing gas vacuoles that gives buoyancy to the organism. it was formerly classified under anabaena. it can form extensive blooms in fresh water and is responsible for acute poisonings of various animals
Dolphins: mammals of the families delphinidae (ocean dolphins), iniidae, lipotidae, pontoporiidae, and platanistidae (all river dolphins). among the most well-known species are the bottle-nosed dolphin and the killer whale (a dolphin). the common name dolphin is applied to small cetaceans having a beaklike snout and a slender, streamlined body, whereas porpoises are small cetaceans with a blunt snout and rather stocky body. (from walker's mammals of the world, 5th ed, pp978-9)
Domestic Violence: domestic violence is a pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another.domestic violence can be physical, sexual, emotional, economic, or psychological actions or threats of actions that influence another person. this includes any behaviors that intimidate, manipulate, humiliate, isolate, frighten, terrorize, coerce, threaten, blame, hurt, injure, or wound someone. (from: https://www.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh241/files/archives/factsheets/ojpfs_domesticviolence.html)
Domestication: a systematic process of adapting wild species of animals and plants into new environments often in close association or proximity to humans
Dominance, Cerebral: dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other in cerebral functions
Dominance, Ocular: the functional superiority and preferential use of one eye over the other. the term is usually applied to superiority in sighting (visual perception) or motor task but not difference in visual acuity or dysfunction of one of the eyes. ocular dominance can be modified by visual input and neurotrophic factors
Dominance-Subordination: relationship between individuals when one individual threatens or becomes aggressive and the other individual remains passive or attempts to escape
Dominica: an island republic of the west indies. its capital is roseau. it was discovered in 1493 by columbus and held at different times by the french and the british in the 18th century. a member of the west indies federation, it achieved internal self-government in 1967 but became independent in 1978. it was named by columbus who discovered it on sunday, domingo in spanish, from the latin dominica dies, the lord's day. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p338 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p151)
Dominica: ostrovní stát ležící v karibiku mezi dvěma francouzskými zámořskými departementy - na severu je guadeloupe a na jihu se rozkládá martinik. hlavní město je roseau. ostrov patřil francouzům a pak britům. mezi roky 1958 a 1962 byla dominica součástí západoindické federace, autonomii získala roku 1967 a úplnou nezávislost pak v roce 1978. dominika patří do souostroví malých antil. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Dominican Republic: a republic in the greater antilles in the west indies. its capital is santo domingo. with haiti, it forms the island of hispaniola - the dominican republic occupying the eastern two thirds, and haiti, the western third. it was created in 1844 after a revolt against the rule of president boyer over the entire island of hispaniola, itself visited by columbus in 1492 and settled the next year. except for a brief period of annexation to spain (1861-65), it has been independent, though closely associated with the united states. its name comes from the spanish santo domingo, holy sunday, with reference to its discovery on a sunday. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p338, 506 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p151)
Dominikánská republika: stát v karibském moři, který se rozkládá na východní části ostrova hispaniola v souostroví velké antily. jediným sousedním státem je haiti, s nímž dominikánci ostrov sdílí. dominikánská republika zabírá pět osmin ostrova. společná hranice je dlouhá 360 kilometrů. hlavním městem je santo dominga. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Domperidone: a specific blocker of dopamine receptors. it speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms
Donath-Landsteiner hemolytic anemia: an autoimmune hemolytic anemia that occurs in children that is characterized by the destruction of erythrocytes when the body is exposed to cold temperatures. diagnostic criteria include the presence of anti-p antibody in the patient's serum and a positive coombs test for c3d
Donepezil: an indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate dementia in alzheimer disease
Donohue Syndrome: rare autosomal recessive syndrome of extreme insulin resistance due to mutations in the binding domain of insulin receptor. clinical features include severe intrauterine and postnatal growth restriction, characteristic dysmorphic facies; hirsutism; virilization; multiple endocrine abnormalities, and early death
Donohueův syndrom: vzácný autozomálně recesivně dědičný defekt inzulinových receptorů. v popředí je retardace růstu, vyzáblost, hypertrichóza a zvláště tzv. elfovský obličej (velké oči, hypertelorismus, plné rty, velké nízko položené uši; označuje se také jako faunovský obličej) a velké genitálie. laboratorně je hypoglykemie s hyperinzulinemií. syndrom má špatnou prognózu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Donor Conception: assisted reproductive techniques where eggs, sperm, both eggs and sperm (double donation), or embryos from donors are used
Donor Selection: the procedure established to evaluate the health status and risk factors of the potential donors of biological materials. donors are selected based on the principles that their health will not be compromised in the process, and the donated materials, such as tissues or organs, are safe for reuse in the recipients
Dopa Decarboxylase: one of the aromatic-l-amino-acid decarboxylases, this enzyme is responsible for the conversion of dopa to dopamine. it is of clinical importance in the treatment of parkinson's disease
Dopamine: one of the catecholamine neurotransmitters in the brain. it is derived from tyrosine and is the precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. a family of receptors (receptors, dopamine) mediate its action
Dopamine Agents: any drugs that are used for their effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons
Dopamine Antagonists: drugs that bind to but do not activate dopamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (antipsychotic agents) are dopamine antagonists, although their therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather than to the acute effects of blocking dopamine receptors. dopamine antagonists have been used for several other clinical purposes including as antiemetics, in the treatment of tourette syndrome, and for hiccup. dopamine receptor blockade is associated with neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists: compounds and drugs that bind to and inhibit or block the activation of dopamine d2 receptors
Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins: sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters located primarily on the plasma membrane of dopaminergic neurons. they remove dopamine from the extracellular space by high affinity reuptake into presynaptic terminals and are the target of dopamine uptake inhibitors
Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors: drugs that block the transport of dopamine into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. most of the adrenergic uptake inhibitors also inhibit dopamine uptake
Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32: a phosphoprotein that was initially identified as a major target of dopamine activated adenylyl cyclase in the corpus striatum. it regulates the activities of protein phosphatase-1 and protein kinase a, and it is a key mediator of the biochemical, electrophysiological, transcriptional, and behavioral effects of dopamine
Dopaminergic Imaging: functional brain imaging techniques that utilize various radionuclide tracers that bind to different targets in the synapses of dopaminergic neurons
Doping in Sports: illegitimate use of substances for a desired effect in competitive sports. it includes humans and animals
Doppler Effect: changes in the observed frequency of waves (as sound, light, or radio waves) due to the relative motion of source and observer. the effect was named for the 19th century austrian physicist johann christian doppler
Dopplerův efekt: změna pozorované frekvence vlnění (např. zvuk, elektromagnetické vlnění) způsobená vzájemným pohybem zdroje vlnění a pozorovatele. jev je pojmenován podle rakouského fyzika a matematika johanna christiana dopplera (1803 - 1853)
Doripenem: a carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase i than imipenem, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as cilastatin. it is used in the treatment of infections such as hospital-acquired pneumonia, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including pyelonephritis
Dorsal Raphe Nucleus: the dorsal region of the raphe nucleus which is a source of the serotonergic neurons innervating the telencephalon; diencephalon; mesencephalon; and rhombencephalon
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex: the upper surfaces of the prefrontal cortex comprising the rostral parts of the superior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus. it is involved in executive function
Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus: an aggregation of cells in the middle hypothalamus dorsal to the ventromedial nucleus and bordering the third ventricle
Dosage Compensation, Genetic: genetic mechanisms that allow genes to be expressed at a similar level irrespective of their gene dosage. this term is usually used in discussing genes that lie on the sex chromosomes. because the sex chromosomes are only partially homologous, there is a different copy number, i.e., dosage, of these genes in males vs. females. in drosophila, dosage compensation is accomplished by hypertranscription of genes located on the x chromosome. in mammals, dosage compensation of x chromosome genes is accomplished by random x chromosome inactivation of one of the two x chromosomes in the female
Dosage Forms: completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. they are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect
Dose Fractionation, Radiation: administration of the total dose of radiation (radiation dosage) in parts, at timed intervals
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: the relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug
Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic: a specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell
Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation: the relationship between the dose of administered radiation and the response of the organism or tissue to the radiation
Dothiepin: a tricyclic antidepressant with some tranquilizing action
Double Bind Interaction: simultaneous communication of conflicting messages in which the response to either message evokes rejection or disapproval. (apa, thesaurus of psychological index terms, 8th ed.)
Double Effect Principle: guideline for determining when it is morally permissible to perform an action to pursue a good end with knowledge that the action will also bring about bad results. it generally states that, in cases where a contemplated action has such double effect, the action is permissible only if: it is not wrong in itself; the bad result is not intended; the good result is not a direct causal result of the bad result; and the good result is proportionate to the bad result. (from solomon, double effect, in becker, the encyclopedia of ethics, 1992)
Double Outlet Right Ventricle: incomplete transposition of the great vessels in which both the aorta and the pulmonary artery arise from the right ventricle. the only outlet of the left ventricle is a large ventricular septal defect (ventricular septal defects or vsd). the various subtypes are classified by the location of the septal defect, such as subaortic, subpulmonary, or noncommitted
Double Stranded RNA Viruses: rna viruses that have their genetic material encoded in the form of double-stranded rna
Double-Balloon Enteroscopy: endoscopy of the small intestines accomplished while advancing the endoscope into the intestines from the stomach by alternating the inflation of two balloons, one on an innertube of the endoscope and the other on an overtube
Double-Blind Method: a method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment
Double-Stranded RNA Binding Motif: an rna-binding motif characterized by an alpha-beta-beta-beta-alpha fold that binds double-stranded rna. it occurs in many eukaryotic proteins as well as in bacterial and viral proteins
Doublecortin Domain Proteins: a family of microtubule-associated proteins that share in common a tandem repeat of evolutionarily conserved protein domains initially found in doublecortin protein
Doublecortin Protein: a microtubule-associated protein that is primarily found in neuronal precursor cells and immature neurons in embryonic and adult cortical structures
Doublecortin-Like Kinases: a family of doublecortin domain-containing serine-threonine kinases that were originally identified in neuronal cells
Douglas' Pouch: a sac or recess formed by a fold of the peritoneum
Douglasův prostor: sak nebo kapsa vytvořená řasou peritonea. douglasův prostor - slepý prostor v malé pánvi ohraničený zpředu dělohou, zezadu konečníkem a vystlaný pobřišnicí, excavatio rectouterina. může do něj zatékat patologický obsah břišní dutiny krev, hnis. d. p. lze nabodnout z horní zadní části pochvy a event. obsah odebrat k dalšímu vyšetření krvavý obsah např. při prasknutí mimoděložního těhotenství. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online 2012, http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Doulas: trained lay women who provide emotional and/or physical support during obstetric labor and the postpartum period for mothers and their partners
Dourine: a disease of horses and donkeys caused by trypanosoma equiperdum. the disease occurs in africa, the americas, and asia
Dowling-Degos Disease: an autosomal dominant genetically heterogeneous skin disorder characterized by reticular pigmentation, usually in a flexural distribution, or with numerous hypopigmented or erythematous macules and papules on the neck, chest, and abdomen. the histopathology of ddd shows characteristic thin branch-like patterns of epidermal downgrowth. mutations in the krt5 gene have been identified for ddd1. omim: 179850
Down Syndrome: a chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, single transverse palmar crease, and moderate to severe intellectual disability. cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of leukemia, and the early onset of alzheimer disease are also associated with this condition. pathologic features include the development of neurofibrillary tangles in neurons and the deposition of amyloid beta-protein, similar to the pathology of alzheimer disease. (menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, p213)
Down-Regulation: a negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. at the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (gene expression regulation), mrnas (rna, messenger), and proteins
Downův syndrom: vrozená choroba, při níž je v genetické výbavě o jeden 21. chromozom více (tzv. trizomie 21) v důsledku non-disjunkce chromozomů při meióze. vzácně jde o translokaci 21. chromozomu na jiný chromozom či o mozaicismus. výskyt výrazně stoupá s věkem matky (udává se cca 1:100 při věku 40 let). některé rysy d. s. jsou patrné hned po narození - nápadné je sešikmené postavení očí ("mongoloidní"), ale jsou i další drobné odchylky (relativně větší jazyk, hyperflexibilita, drobné odchylky na prstech či boltcích aj.). další vývoj je opožděn jak ve fyzickém, tak mentálním smyslu. mentální retardace je různě těžkého stupně. větš. je však vyjádřeno pozitivní citové ladění. je popsán výskyt řady chorobných stavů, které se častěji pojí s down. s. jsou dřívější známky stárnutí, častější strabismus, imunodeficience, zubní anomálie, ušní záněty a poruchy sluchu, vrozené srdeční vady, anomálie v trávicím a urogenitálním systému (hirschsprungova nemoc, atrezie, kryptorchismus), anomálie v systému kosterním, endokrinním, je častější výskyt leukemie atd. při všestranné péči jak ze zdravotního, tak sociálního hlediska se zdravotní stav mnoha postižených daří zlepšit vč. jejich integrace. pacienti s down. s. umírají dříve (větš. ve středním věku), kdy se objevují častěji i známky demence připomínající alzheimerovu nemoc. (upraveno podle: velký lékařský slovník online, 2019 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
DoxaDent: contains calcium aluminate hydrate; a ceramic restorative cement for posterior restorations
Doxapram: a central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (from martindale, the extra pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225)
Doxazosin: a prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker
Doxepin: a dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. it displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. it also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine h(1)- and h(2)-receptors
Doxorubicin: antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from streptomyces peucetius. it is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin
Doxycycline: a synthetic tetracycline derivative with similar antimicrobial activity
Doxylamine: histamine h1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. it is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in parkinsonism
Dracaena: a plant genus of the family asparagaceae. the common name of dragon's blood is also used for croton and daemonorops (arecaceae)
Dracaena cinnabari: "dragon's blood tree" endemic to socotra island, yemen
Dracocephalum moldavica: contains tilianin, a flavonoid glycoside
Dracunculiasis: infection with nematodes of the genus dracunculus. one or more worms may be seen at a time, with the legs and feet being the most commonly infected areas. symptoms include pruritus, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or asthmatic attacks
Dracunculoidea: a superfamily of nematodes of the suborder camallanina. its organisms possess a poorly developed buccal cavity and a rudimentary esophagus and intestine
Dracunculoidea: nadčeleď hlístic podřádu camallanina. tyto organismy mají špatně vyvinutou ústní dutinu a rudimentární hltan a střevo
Dracunculus (Nematoda): rod parazitických hlístic, které žijí v tělních dutinách, sliznicích a pojivové tkáni obratlovců. druh dracunculus medinensis je parazitem člověka
Dracunculus Nematode: a genus of nematode parasites which inhabit the body cavity, serous membranes, and connective tissues of vertebrates. the parasitic species in humans is dracunculus medinensis
Drainage: the removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity
Drainage, Postural: a rehabilitation therapy for removal of copious mucus secretion from the lung of patients with diseases such as chronic bronchitis; bronchiectasis; pulmonary abscess; or cystic fibrosis. the patient's head is placed in a downward incline (so the trachea is inferior to the affected area) for 15- to 20-minute sessions
Drainage, Sanitary: a system of artificial or natural drains, generally used for the disposal of liquid wastes
Drama: a composition in prose or verse presenting in dialogue or pantomime a story involving various characters, usually intended to be acted on a stage and to be regarded as a form of entertainment. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Dreams: a series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep which are dissociated from the usual stream of consciousness of the waking state
Dreissena: a genus of mussels in the family dreissenidae, class bivalvia. they are found in both fresh and brackish water and are not native to north america. accidentally introduced into the great lakes in 1986, they now proliferate widely throughout the united states
Dreissena: rod mušlí z čeledi dreissenidae (slávičkovití), třída mlži. nacházejí se ve sladké i brakické vodě a nejsou původem ze severní ameriky. náhodně byly zavlečené do great lakes v roce 1986, nyní se šíří po celých spojených státech
Dried Blood Spot Testing: techniques for using whole blood samples collected on filter paper for a variety of clinical laboratory tests
Drimia: a plant genus of the family asparagaceae that contains bufadienolides (bufanolides). the common name of squill is also used for scilla
Drimia: rod rostlin čeledi asparagaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují bufadienolidy (bufanolidy)
Drimys: a plant genus of the family winteraceae. they have leathery, elliptic-shaped leaves; red-tinged shoots; and jasmine-scented, cream-colored, 8- to 12-petaled, 2.5-centimeter (1-inch) flowers in clusters
Drimys: rod rostlin z čeledi winteraceae (winterovité). jsou to dřeviny s tuhými, střídavými, jednoduchými listy a bílými květy s primitivní stavbou. rod zahrnuje asi 5 až 7 druhů a je rozšířen v latinské americe. rozpylce jsou považovány za jedny z nejstarobylejších žijících krytosemenných rostlin. mají význam zejména jako léčivé rostliny. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Drinking Behavior: behaviors associated with the ingesting of water and other liquids; includes rhythmic patterns of drinking (time intervals - onset and duration), frequency and satiety
Drive: a state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response
Driving Under the Influence: operating a motor vehicle while impaired by alcohol or other drugs including those prescribed by physicians
Dromaiidae: a family of flightless, running birds, in the order casuariiformes. the emu is the only surviving member of the family. they naturally inhabit forests, open plains, and grasslands in australia
Dromaiidae: čeleď nelétavých běžců řádu casuariiformes. jediným přežívajícím členem této čeledi je emu. emuové žijí v lesích, na pláních a pastvinách austrálie
Dronabinol: a psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). the isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (thc) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound
Dronedarone: a non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of arrhythmia
Droperidol: a butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of haloperidol. it is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. it is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593)
Dropped Head Syndrome: condition characterized by sagging of the head due to severe neck muscles weakness in the back of the neck. it may result in severe cervical kyphosis called chin-on-chest deformity. dropped head syndrome is most often associated with other diseases, e.g., parkinson's disease; strokes; head and neck cancer; and ankylosing spondylitis
Drosera: a plant genus of the family droseraceae, order nepenthales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida, that contains naphthoquinone glucosides. the name sundew is rarely used for pyrola
Drosera: rod rostlin čeledi droseraceae, řádu nepenthales, podtřídy dilleniidae, třídy magnoliopsida. zástupci obsahují naftochinonové glukosidy
Droseraceae: a plant family of the order nepenthales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida, notable for leaves with sticky gland-tipped hairs that entrap insects
Droseraceae: čeleď rostlin řádu nepenthales, podtřídy dilleniidae, třídy magnoliopsida. všechny tři rody patří mezi masožravé rostliny. listy jsou uzpůsobeny k lapání kořisti. u rosnatek jsou pokryty lepkavými žláznatými chlupy - tentakulemi, u mucholapky a aldrovandky je způsob lapání kořisti aktivní, pomocí pasti reagující na pohyb. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Drosophila: a genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. these organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology
Drosophila: rod malého dvoukřídlého hmyzu, který zahrnuje asi 900 popsaných druhů. hojně se používá v genetických a cytologických studiích
Drosophila Proteins: proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus drosophila. the proteins from the most intensely studied species of drosophila, drosophila melanogaster, are the subject of much interest in the area of morphogenesis and development
Drosophila melanogaster: a species of fruit fly frequently used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes
Drosophila melanogaster: druh octomilek, které se často používají v genetickém výzkumu. v buňkách larev (zejména v jejich slinných žlázách) se nacházejí dobře pozorovatelné obří chromozomy
Drosophilidae: a family of the order diptera. these flies are generally found around decaying vegetation and fruit. several species, because of their short life span, giant salivary gland chromosomes, and ease of culturing, have been used extensively in studies of heredity
Drosophilidae: čeleď dvoukřídlého hmyzu, který se zpravidla vyskytuje na hnijící vegetaci a ovoci. několik druhů se hojně používá v genetických studiích, výhodou je krátký životní cyklus, polytenní (obří) chromozomy slinných žláz a snadná kultivace
Drought Resistance: the ability of a plant to adapt in a drought environment and tolerate a reduction in available water
Droughts: prolonged dry periods in natural climate cycle. they are slow-onset phenomena caused by rainfall deficit combined with other predisposing factors
Drowning: death that occurs as a result of anoxia or heart arrest, associated with immersion in liquid
Droxidopa: a synthetic precursor of norepinephrine that is used in the treatment of parkinsonian disorders and orthostatic hypotension
Drug Administration Routes: the various ways of administering a drug or other chemical to a site in a patient or animal from where the chemical is absorbed into the blood and delivered to the target tissue
Drug Agonism: phenomena and pharmaceutics of compounds that selectively bind to a specific receptor and trigger a response. they mimic the action of endogenous biochemical molecules. their effect can be countered by antagonists (drug antagonism)
Drug Antagonism: phenomena and pharmaceutics of compounds that inhibit the function of agonists (drug agonism) and inverse agonists (drug inverse agonism) for a specific receptor. on their own, antagonists produce no effect by themselves to a receptor, and are said to have neither intrinsic activity nor efficacy
Drug Approval: process that is gone through in order for a drug to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. this includes any required pre-clinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance of the drug
Drug Carriers: forms to which substances are incorporated to improve the delivery and the effectiveness of drugs. drug carriers are used in drug-delivery systems such as the controlled-release technology to prolong in vivo drug actions, decrease drug metabolism, and reduce drug toxicity. carriers are also used in designs to increase the effectiveness of drug delivery to the target sites of pharmacological actions. liposomes, albumin microspheres, soluble synthetic polymers, dna complexes, protein-drug conjugates, and carrier erythrocytes among others have been employed as biodegradable drug carriers
Drug Chronotherapy: the adaptation of drug administration to the known variations in biological rhythmicity, such as circadian rhythms. the treatment is aimed at supporting normal rhythms, or modifying the timing of therapy to achieve maximal efficacy and minimal adverse effect
Drug Collateral Sensitivity: increase in sensitivity of an organism, disease, or tissue to one drug that develops following the loss of sensitivity (i.e. resistance) to another drug
Drug Combinations: single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture
Drug Compounding: the preparation, mixing, and assembly of a drug. (from remington, the science and practice of pharmacy, 19th ed, p1814)
Drug Contamination: the presence of organisms, or any foreign material that makes a drug preparation impure
Drug Costs: the amount that a health care institution or organization pays for its drugs. it is one component of the final price that is charged to the consumer (fees, pharmaceutical or prescription fees)
Drug Delivery Systems: systems for the delivery of drugs to target sites of pharmacological actions. technologies employed include those concerning drug preparation, route of administration, site targeting, metabolism, and toxicity
Drug Design: the molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as dna-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis
Drug Development: the entire process of bringing a new drug to the market. it includes both preclinical and clinical testing, and regulatory approval
Drug Dosage Calculations: math calculations done for preparing appropriate doses of medicines, taking into account conversions of weights and measures. mistakes are one of the sources of medication errors
Drug Eruptions: adverse cutaneous reactions caused by ingestion, parenteral use, or local application of a drug. these may assume various morphologic patterns and produce various types of lesions
Drug Evaluation: any process by which toxicity, metabolism, absorption, elimination, preferred route of administration, safe dosage range, etc., for a drug or group of drugs is determined through clinical assessment in humans or veterinary animals
Drug Evaluation, Preclinical: preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications
Drug Hypersensitivity: immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally
Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome: severe drug eruption characterized by high fever, erythematous rash and inflammation of internal organ(s)
Drug Implants: small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug
Drug Incompatibility: the quality of not being miscible with another given substance without a chemical change. one drug is not of suitable composition to be combined or mixed with another agent or substance. the incompatibility usually results in an undesirable reaction, including chemical alteration or destruction. (dorland, 27th ed; stedman, 25th ed)
Drug Industry: that segment of commercial enterprise devoted to the design, development, and manufacture of chemical products for use in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, disability, or other dysfunction, or to improve function
Drug Interactions: the action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug
Drug Inverse Agonism: phenomena and pharmaceutics of compounds that bind to the same receptor binding-site as an agonist (drug agonism) for that receptor but exerts the opposite pharmacological effect
Drug Labeling: use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a drug container or wrapper. it includes contents, indications, effects, dosages, routes, methods, frequency and duration of administration, warnings, hazards, contraindications, side effects, precautions, and other relevant information
Drug Metabolism, Poor, CYP2C19-Related: mutation in cyp2c19
Drug Metabolism, Poor, CYP2D6-Related: mutation in cyp2d6
Drug Monitoring: the process of observing, recording, or detecting the effects of a chemical substance administered to an individual therapeutically or diagnostically
Drug Overdose: accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage
Drug Packaging: containers, packaging, and packaging materials for drugs and biological products. these include those in ampule, capsule, tablet, solution or other forms. packaging includes immediate-containers, secondary-containers, and cartons. in the united states, such packaging is controlled under the federal food, drug, and cosmetic act which also stipulates requirements for tamper-resistance and child-resistance. similar laws govern use elsewhere. (from code of federal regulations, 21 cfr 1 section 210, 1993) drug labeling is also available
Drug Partial Agonism: drug agonism involving selective binding but reduced effect. this can result in some degree of drug antagonism
Drug Recalls: removal of a drug from the market due to a problem occurring in the manufacture or distribution of the product
Drug Residues: drugs and their metabolites which are found in the edible tissues and milk of animals after their medication with specific drugs. this term can also apply to drugs found in adipose tissue of humans after drug treatment
Drug Resistance: diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. it should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration
Drug Resistance, Bacterial: the ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. this resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign dna in transmissible plasmids (r factors)
Drug Resistance, Fungal: the ability of fungi to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antifungal agents, or antibiotics. this resistance may be acquired through gene mutation
Drug Resistance, Microbial: the ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. this resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign dna in transmissible plasmids (r factors)
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial: the ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. this resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign dna in transmissible plasmids (r factors)
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal: the ability of fungi to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. this resistance phenotype may be attributed to multiple gene mutations
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral: the ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. this resistance phenotype may be attributed to multiple gene mutation
Drug Resistance, Neoplasm: resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures
Drug Resistance, Viral: the ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. this resistance is acquired through gene mutation
Drug Resistant Epilepsy: epileptic condition in which adequate trials of two tolerated and appropriately chosen and used antiepileptic drugs schedules to achieve sustained seizure freedom failed
Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor: methods of investigating the effectiveness of anticancer cytotoxic drugs and biologic inhibitors. these include in vitro cell-kill models and cytostatic dye exclusion tests as well as in vivo measurement of tumor growth parameters in laboratory animals
Drug Substitution: the practice of replacing one prescribed drug with another that is expected to have the same clinical or psychological effect
Drug Synergism: the action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug
Drug Tapering: gradual discontinuation or reduction of a therapeutic dose of a particular drug over a period of time
Drug Therapy: the use of drugs to treat a disease or its symptoms. one example is the use of antineoplastic agents to treat cancer