NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Tirapazamine: a triazine derivative that introduces breaks into dna strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation
Tirofiban: tyrosine analog and platelet glycoprotein gpiib-iiia complex antagonist that inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome
Tirzepatide: a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (gip) receptor and glucose-like peptide-1 (glp-1) receptor agonist to enhance glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Tissue Adhesives: substances used to cause adherence of tissue to tissue or tissue to non-tissue surfaces, as for prostheses
Tissue Array Analysis: the simultaneous analysis of multiple samples of tissues or cells from biopsy or in vitro culture that have been arranged in an array format on slides or microchips
Tissue Conditioning, Dental: the use of a treatment material (tissue conditioner) to re-establish tone and health to irritated oral soft tissue, usually applied to the edentulous alveolar ridge
Tissue Culture Techniques: a technique for maintaining or growing tissue in vitro, usually by diffusion, perifusion, or perfusion. the tissue is cultured directly after removal from the host without being dispersed for cell culture
Tissue Distribution: accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). this distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. the distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios
Tissue Donors: individuals supplying living tissue, organs, cells, blood or blood components for transfer or transplantation to histocompatible recipients
Tissue Embedding: the technique of placing cells or tissue in a supporting medium so that thin sections can be cut using a microtome. the medium can be paraffin wax (paraffin embedding) or plastics (plastic embedding) such as epoxy resins
Tissue Engineering: generating tissue in vitro for clinical applications, such as replacing wounded tissues or impaired organs. the use of tissue scaffolding enables the generation of complex multi-layered tissues and tissue structures
Tissue Expansion: a procedure whereby the body is stimulated to generate extra soft tissue by the application of stretching forces that stimulate new growth of tissue which, over a period of time, results in a 2-dimensional expansion of the tissue. the procedure is used in reconstructive surgery for injuries caused by trauma, burns, or ablative surgery. various types of tissue expansion devices have been developed that exert stretching forces
Tissue Expansion Devices: devices used to generate extra soft tissue in vivo to be used in surgical reconstructions. they exert stretching forces on the tissue and thus stimulate new growth and result in tissue expansion. they are commonly inflatable reservoirs, usually made of silicone, which are implanted under the tissue and gradually inflated. other tissue expanders exert stretching forces by attaching to outside of the body, for example, vacuum tissue expanders. once the tissue has grown, the expander is removed and the expanded tissue is used to cover the area being reconstructed
Tissue Extracts: preparations made from animal tissues or organs (animal structures). they usually contain many components, any one of which may be pharmacologically or physiologically active. tissue extracts may contain specific, but uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific actions
Tissue Fixation: the technique of using fixatives in the preparation of cytologic, histologic, or pathologic specimens for the purpose of maintaining the existing form and structure of all the constituent elements
Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1: a member of the family of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. it is a n-glycosylated protein, molecular weight 28 kd, produced by a vast range of cell types and found in a variety of tissues and body fluids. it has been shown to suppress metastasis and inhibit tumor invasion in vitro
Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2: a member of the family of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. it is a 21-kda nonglycosylated protein found in tissue fluid and is secreted as a complex with progelatinase a by human fibroblast and uncomplexed from alveolar macrophages. an overexpression of timp-2 has been shown to inhibit invasive and metastatic activity of tumor cells and decrease tumor growth in vivo
Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3: a member of the family of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. mutations of the gene for timp3 protein causes sorsby fundus dystrophy
Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-4: an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases involved in regulation of platelet aggregation and recruitment
Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases: a family of secreted protease inhibitory proteins that regulates the activity of secreted matrix metalloendopeptidases. they play an important role in modulating the proteolysis of extracellular matrix, most notably during tissue remodeling and inflammatory processes
Tissue Kallikreins: a family of trypsin-like serine endopeptidases that are expressed in a variety of cell types including human prostate epithelial cells. they are formed from tissue prokallikrein by action with trypsin. they are highly similar to prostate-specific antigen
Tissue Plasminogen Activator: a proteolytic enzyme in the serine protease family found in many tissues which converts plasminogen to fibrinolysin. it has fibrin-binding activity and is immunologically different from urokinase-type plasminogen activator. the primary sequence, composed of 527 amino acids, is identical in both the naturally occurring and synthetic proteases
Tissue Polypeptide Antigen: serological tumor marker composed of a molecular complex of cytokeratins 8, 18, and 19. it is used in the diagnosis and staging of bronchogenic carcinoma
Tissue Preservation: the process by which a tissue or aggregate of cells is kept alive outside of the organism from which it was derived (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism)
Tissue Scaffolds: cell growth support structures composed of biocompatible materials. they are specially designed solid support matrices for cell attachment in tissue engineering and guided tissue regeneration uses
Tissue Therapy, Historical: historically, tissue transplantation, especially of refrigerated tissue (after filatov). it was theorized that nonspecific substances, capable of initiating restorative processes, formed in tissues when refrigerated. cell therapy (after niehans) refers to implantation of tissue by injection. originally this involved fresh cells but later frozen or lyophilized cells
Tissue Transplantation: transference of tissue within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species
Tissue and Organ Harvesting: the procedure of removing tissues, organs, or specimens from donors for reuse, such as transplantation
Tissue and Organ Procurement: the administrative procedures involved with acquiring tissues or organs for transplantation through various programs, systems, or organizations. these procedures include obtaining consent from tissue donors and arranging for transportation of donated tissues and organs, after tissue harvesting, to hospitals for processing and transplantation
Tissues: collections of differentiated cells, such as epithelium; connective tissue; muscles; and nerve tissue. tissues are cooperatively arranged to form organs with specialized functions such as respiration; digestion; reproduction; movement; and others
Titanium: a dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures
TiterMax: a non-ionic block polymer surfactant; belongs to a group of adjuvants made up of oil-in-water emulsions and pluronics
Tithonia: a genus of flowering plants in the asteraceae family. it is found in mexico; central america; and southwestern united states
Tithonia: rod krytosemenných rostlin čeledi asteraceae (hvězdnicovité). vyskytuje se v mexiku, střední americe a na jihozápadě spojených států amerických
Titrimetry: the determination of the concentration of a given component in solution (the analyte) by addition of a liquid reagent of known strength (the titrant) until an equivalence point is reached (when the reactants are present in stoichiometric proportions). often an indicator is added to make the equivalence point visible (e.g., a change in color)
TnsA protein, E coli: transposon tn7 transposition protein; required for tn7 transposition; it forms the tranposase, together with tnsb; executes the 5' dna strand breakage reaction; has been sequenced; probable protein found in thiobacillus ferrooxidans
TnsB protein, E coli: transposon tn7 transposition protein; from bacterial tranposon tn7; amino acid sequence has been determined
TnsC protein, E coli: transposon tn7 transposition protein; a 63 kda tn7 transposition protein that binds atp and dna; has been sequenced
Tobacco Control: policies, regulations and programs implemented to encourage smoking prevention and reduce tobacco use disorder by various measures, e.g., tobacco industry regulation, smoke-free policy and smoke cessation programs
Tobacco Industry: the aggregate business enterprise of agriculture, manufacture, and distribution related to tobacco and tobacco-derived products
Tobacco Mosaic Virus: the type species of tobamovirus which causes mosaic disease of nicotiana. transmission occurs by mechanical inoculation
Tobacco Use Cessation: ending the tobacco habits of smoking, chewing, or snuff use
Tobacco Use Cessation Devices: devices or delivery systems used to aid in ending a tobacco habit
Tobacco Use Disorder: tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. tobacco dependence is included
Tobacco mosaic satellite virus: a spherical rna satellite virus which requires an obligatory helper tobacco mosaic virus for replication
Tobacco necrosis satellite virus: an icosahedral rna satellite virus which requires an obligatory tobacco necrosis virus (see necrovirus) for its replication
Tobacco, Smokeless: any product of nicotiana tabacum that is not smoked but is either inhaled through the nose, chewed, or stored in cheek pouches
Tobacco, Waterpipe: flavored tobacco whose vapor or smoke is passed through a water basin before inhalation
Tobamovirus: a genus of plant viruses in which the virion is a rigid filament. transmission is by mechanical inoculation or seed. the type species is tobacco mosaic virus
Tobamovirus: rod rostlinných virů, jejichž virion je tvaru pevných tyček. přenos probíhá mechanicky inokulací nebo semeny. typovým druhem je virus tabákové mozaiky
Tobramycin: an aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by streptomyces tenebrarius. it is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the pseudomonas species. it is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, nebramycin, produced by the same species
Tobramycin, Dexamethasone Drug Combination: a topical preparation of tobramycin and dexamethasone that is used for treating or preventing superficial bacterial infections of the eye
Tocainide: an antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of sodium channels
Tocolysis: any drug treatment modality designed to inhibit uterine contraction. it is used in pregnant people to arrest premature labor
Tocolytic Agents: drugs that prevent preterm labor and immature birth by suppressing uterine contractions (tocolysis). agents used to delay premature uterine activity include magnesium sulfate, beta-mimetics, oxytocin antagonists, calcium channel inhibitors, and adrenergic beta-receptor agonists. the use of intravenous alcohol as a tocolytic is now obsolete
Tocopherols: a collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain substitutions on the 2h-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus and a long hydrocarbon chain of isoprenoid units. they are antioxidants by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen. tocopherols react with the most reactive form of oxygen and protect unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation
Tocotrienols: natural analogs of tocopherols exhibiting antioxidant activity. these tocol derivatives and isomers contain a benzopyran ring and an unsaturated isoprenoid side chain
Todralazine: an antihypertensive agent with both central and peripheral action; it has some central nervous system depressant effects
Toe Joint: the articulation between the head of one phalanx and the base of the one distal to it, in each toe
Toe Phalanges: bones that make up the skeleton of the toes, consisting of two for the great toe, and three for each of the other toes
Togaviridae: a family of rna viruses, mainly arboviruses, consisting of two genera: alphavirus (group a arboviruses), and rubivirus. virions are spherical, 60-70 nm in diameter, with a lipoprotein envelope tightly applied to the icosahedral nucleocapsid
Togaviridae: čeleď rna-virů tvořená hlavně arboviry. patří sem dva rody: alphavirus (arboviry skupiny a) a rubivirus. jejich sférické viriony o průměru 60-70 nm mají lipoproteinový obal těsně přiléhající k ikosahedrální kapsidě
Togo: a republic in western africa, lying between ghana on its west and benin on its east. its capital is lome
Togo: stát v západní africe ležící na pobřeží atlantského oceánu (beninský záliv), tzv. zlatonosné pobřeží. togo představuje úzký pruh území od pobřeží do vnitrozemí o délce asi 600 km. na západě hraničí s ghanou (877 km), na severu s burkinou (126 km) a na východě s beninem (644 km). pobřeží na jihu je dlouhé jen 56 km. hlavní město je lomé. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Toilet Facilities: facilities containing equipment for disposal of human excrement, often with an accompanying hand-washing station
Token Economy: a practice whereby tokens representing money, toys, candy, etc., are given as secondary reinforcers contingent upon certain desired behaviors or performances
Tolazamide: a sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of chlorpropamide
Tolazoline: a vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. it is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
Tolbutamide: a sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of chlorpropamide. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290)
Tolcapone: a benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of catechol o-methyltransferase, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of dopamine and levodopa. it is used in the treatment of parkinson disease in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated
Toll-Like Receptor 1: a pattern recognition receptor that forms heterodimers with toll-like receptor 2
Toll-Like Receptor 10: a pattern recognition receptor that is expressed in lung and in b-lymphocytes
Toll-Like Receptor 2: a pattern recognition receptor that forms heterodimers with other toll-like receptors. it interacts with multiple ligands including peptidoglycan, bacterial lipoproteins, lipoarabinomannan, and a variety of porins
Toll-Like Receptor 3: a pattern recognition receptor that binds double-stranded rna. it mediates cellular responses to certain viral pathogens
Toll-Like Receptor 4: a pattern recognition receptor that interacts with lymphocyte antigen 96 and lipopolysaccharides. it mediates cellular responses to gram-negative bacteria
Toll-Like Receptor 5: a pattern recognition receptor that binds flagellin. it mediates cellular responses to certain bacterial pathogens
Toll-Like Receptor 6: a pattern recognition receptor that forms heterodimers with tlr2 receptor. the complex interacts with a variety of ligands including lipoproteins from mycoplasma
Toll-Like Receptor 7: a pattern recognition receptor that binds several forms of imidazo-quinoline including the antiviral compound imiquimod
Toll-Like Receptor 8: a pattern recognition receptor that recognizes guanosine and uridine-rich single-stranded rna
Toll-Like Receptor 9: a pattern recognition receptor that binds unmethylated cpg clusters. it mediates cellular responses to bacterial pathogens by distinguishing between self and bacterial dna
Toll-Like Receptor Agonists: agents that stimulate toll-like receptor signaling, and the activity of both the innate immune response and adaptive immunity
Toll-Like Receptors: a family of pattern recognition receptors characterized by an extracellular leucine-rich domain and a cytoplasmic domain that share homology with the interleukin 1 receptor and the drosophila toll protein. following pathogen recognition, toll-like receptors recruit and activate a variety of signal transducing adaptor proteins
Tolloid-Like Metalloproteinases: a family of metalloproteases that are related to the drosophila protein tolloid, which is a gene product necessary for dorsal-ventral patterning in early drosophila embryogenesis. many members of the group may play a significant role in intercellular signaling
Tolmetin: a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (anti-inflammatory agents, non-steroidal) similar in mode of action to indomethacin
Tolonium Chloride: a phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome: an idiopathic syndrome characterized by the formation of granulation tissue in the anterior cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure, producing a painful ophthalmoplegia. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p271)
Tolosův-Huntův syndrom: bolestivá oftalmoplegie (obličejová neuralgie) při granulomatózním zánětu v oblasti fissura orbitalis superior a sinus cavernosus. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Tolperisone: a centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)
Tolterodine Tartrate: an antimuscarinic agent selective for the muscarinic receptors of the bladder that is used in the treatment of urinary incontinence and urinary urge incontinence
Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers
Toluidines: any of three isomeric compounds (ortho-, meta-, and para-) containing a benzene ring with a methyl and amino group attached to it. they are suspected carcinogens
Tolvaptan: a benzazepine derivative and selective vasopressin v2 receptor antagonist that is used to treat euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia. it is also used in the treatment of rapidly progressing autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease to slow the rate of cyst development and renal insufficiency
Tomaculous neuropathy: a hereditary neuropathy and arthrogryposis that manifests after prolonged periods of work in a kneeling position. it typically occurs in young adult males and is characterized by nerve conduction block and electrophysiologic abnormalities; segmental demyelination; and the presence of of sausage-shaped (tomaculous) swellings along the myelin sheath of sensory and motor nerves. germline mutations and deletions in the pmp22 gene have been identified. omim: 162500
Tomatine: an alkaloid that occurs in the extract of leaves of wild tomato plants. it has been found to inhibit the growth of various fungi and bacteria. it is used as a precipitating agent for steroids. (from the merck index, 11th ed)
Tombusviridae: a family of rna plant viruses infecting dicotyledons. transmission is mainly by mechanical inoculation and through propagative plant material. all species elicit formation of multivesicular inclusion bodies. there are at least eight genera: aureusvirus, avenavirus, carmovirus, dianthovirus, machlomovirus, necrovirus, panicovirus, and tombusvirus
Tombusviridae: čeleď rostlinných rna-virů, které infikují dvouděložné. jsou přenášeny zejména mechanickou inokulací a infikovaným rostlinným materiálem. všechny druhy vykazují tvorbu inkluzních tělísek. patří sem rody: aureusvirus, avenavirus, carmovirus, dianthovirus, machlomovirus, necrovirus, panicovirus a tombusvirus
Tombusvirus: a genus of plant viruses that infects angiosperms. transmission occurs mechanically and through soil, with one species transmitted via a fungal vector. the type species is tomato bushy stunt virus
Tombusvirus: rod rostlinných virů, které infikují krytosemenné rostliny. jsou přenášeny mechanicky a půdou, u jednoho druhu je vektorem houba. typovým druhem je virus keříčkovité zakrslosti rajčete
Tomography: imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane
Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed: x-ray image-detecting devices that make a focused image of body structures lying in a predetermined plane from which more complex images are computed
Tomography, Emission-Computed: tomography using radioactive emissions from injected radionuclides and computer algorithms to reconstruct an image
Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon: a method of computed tomography that uses radionuclides which emit a single photon of a given energy. the camera is rotated 180 or 360 degrees around the patient to capture images at multiple positions along the arc. the computer is then used to reconstruct the transaxial, sagittal, and coronal images from the 3-dimensional distribution of radionuclides in the organ. the advantages of spect are that it can be used to observe biochemical and physiological processes as well as size and volume of the organ. the disadvantage is that, unlike positron-emission tomography where the positron-electron annihilation results in the emission of 2 photons at 180 degrees from each other, spect requires physical collimation to line up the photons, which results in the loss of many available photons and hence degrades the image
Tomography, Optical: projection of near-ir light (infrared rays), in the 700-1000 nm region, across an object in parallel beams to an array of sensitive photodetectors. this is repeated at various angles and a mathematical reconstruction provides three dimensional medical imaging of tissues. based on the relative transparency of tissues to this spectra, it has been used to monitor local oxygenation, brain and joints
Tomography, Optical Coherence: an imaging method using lasers that is used for mapping subsurface structure. when a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes
Tomography, Spiral Computed: computed tomography where there is continuous x-ray exposure to the patient while being transported in a spiral or helical pattern through the beam of irradiation. this provides improved three-dimensional contrast and spatial resolution compared to conventional computed tomography, where data is obtained and computed from individual sequential exposures
Tomography, X-Ray Computed: tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image
Tonga: an archipelago in polynesia in the southwest pacific ocean, comprising about 150 islands. it is a kingdom whose capital is nukualofa. it was discovered by the dutch in 1616, visited by tasman in 1643, and by captain cook in 1773 and 1777. the modern kingdom was established during the reign of king george tupou i, 1845-93. it became a british protectorate in 1900 and gained independence in 1970. the name tonga may be of local origin, meaning either island or holy. its other name, friendly islands, was given by captain cook from the welcome given him by the natives. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p1219 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p549)
Tonga: království se rozkládá na souostroví tonga v jižním pacifiku. skládá se ze 177 různě velkých ostrovů, 36 z nich je obydlených. největším ostrovem je tongatapu. leží cca na 1/3 cesty mezi novým zélandem a havají. souostroví se táhne v severojižně orientovaném pásu dlouhém asi 800 km. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Tongue: a muscular organ in the mouth that is covered with pink tissue called mucosa, tiny bumps called papillae, and thousands of taste buds. the tongue is anchored to the mouth and is vital for chewing, swallowing, and for speech
Tongue, Fissured: the occurrence of of breaks or slits in the tissue of the dorsal surface of the tongue
Tongue, Hairy: a benign condition of the tongue characterized by hypertrophy of the filiform papillae that give the dorsum of the tongue a furry appearance. the color of the elongated papillae varies from yellowish white to brown or black, depending upon staining by substances such as tobacco, food, or drugs. (dorland, 27th ed)
Tonic Pupil: a pupillary abnormality characterized by a poor pupillary light reaction, reduced accommodation, iris sector palsies, an enhanced pupillary response to near effort that results in a prolonged, tonic constriction, and slow pupillary redilation. this condition is associated with injury to the postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. (from miller et al., clinical neuro-ophthalmology, 4th ed, pp492-500)
Tonometry, Ocular: measurement of ocular tension (intraocular pressure) with a tonometer. (cline, et al., dictionary of visual science, 4th ed)
Tonsillar Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the palatine tonsil
Tonsillectomy: surgical removal of a tonsil or tonsils. (dorland, 28th ed)
Tonsillitis: inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils but the adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent
Tool Use Behavior: modifying, carrying, or manipulating an item external to itself by an animal, before using it to effect a change on the environment or itself (from beck, animal tool behavior, 1980)
Toona: a plant genus of the family meliaceae. several members were formerly classified under cedrela (e.g., toona sinensis formerly cedrela sinensis) and produces various limonoids (e.g., toonins)
Toona: rod rostlin z čeledi zederachovité (meliaceae). zahrnuje 5 druhů opadavých nebo poloopadavých stromů. česnekovníky jsou rozšířeny zejména v asii, v menší míře i v austrálii. rod toona byl v minulosti spojován s příbuzným americkým rodem cedrela (cedrela). stromy poskytují kvalitní a vysoce ceněné dřevo (pod názvem surian), mají význam v lokální medicíně a jsou zdrojem barviv. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Tooth: one of a set of bone-like structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing
Tooth Abrasion: the pathologic wearing away of the tooth substance by brushing, bruxism, clenching, and other mechanical causes. it is differentiated from tooth attrition in that this type of wearing away is the result of tooth-to-tooth contact, as in mastication, occurring only on the occlusal, incisal, and proximal surfaces. it differs also from tooth erosion, the progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes not involving bacterial action. (from jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p2)
Tooth Agenesis, Selective, 4: prom agenesis of succedaneous teeth may result from homozygosity of the gene determining small/pegged/missing maxillary lateral incisors; both concepts may be related to mutations in wnt10a
Tooth Agenesis, Selective, X-Linked, 1: mutation in cog8
Tooth Ankylosis: solid fixation of a tooth resulting from fusion of the cementum and alveolar bone, with obliteration of the periodontal ligament. it is uncommon in the deciduous dentition and very rare in permanent teeth. (jablonski's dictionary of dentistry, 1992)
Tooth Apex: the tip or terminal end of the root of a tooth. (jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p62)
Tooth Attrition: the wearing away of a tooth as a result of tooth-to-tooth contact, as in mastication, occurring only on the occlusal, incisal, and proximal surfaces. it is chiefly associated with aging. it is differentiated from tooth abrasion (the pathologic wearing away of the tooth substance by friction, as brushing, bruxism, clenching, and other mechanical causes) and from tooth erosion (the loss of substance caused by chemical action without bacterial action). (jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p86)
Tooth Avulsion: partial or complete displacement of a tooth from its alveolar support. it is commonly the result of trauma. (from boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed, p312)
Tooth Bleaching: the use of a chemical oxidizing agent to whiten teeth. in some procedures the oxidation process is activated by the use of heat or light
Tooth Bleaching Agents: chemicals that are used to oxidize pigments in teeth and thus effect whitening
Tooth Calcification: the process whereby calcium salts are deposited in the dental enamel. the process is normal in the development of bones and teeth. (boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed, p43)
Tooth Cervix: the constricted part of the tooth at the junction of the crown and root or roots. it is often referred to as the cementoenamel junction (cej), the line at which the cementum covering the root of a tooth and the enamel of the tooth meet. (jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p530, p433)
Tooth Crown: the upper part of the tooth, which joins the lower part of the tooth (tooth root) at the cervix (tooth cervix) at a line called the cementoenamel junction. the entire surface of the crown is covered with enamel which is thicker at the extremity and becomes progressively thinner toward the cervix. (from jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p216)
Tooth Demineralization: a tooth's loss of minerals, such as calcium in hydroxyapatite from the tooth matrix, caused by acidic exposure. an example of the occurrence of demineralization is in the formation of dental caries
Tooth Discoloration: any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p253)
Tooth Erosion: progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p296)
Tooth Eruption: the emergence of a tooth from within its follicle in the alveolar process of the maxilla or mandible into the oral cavity. (boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed)
Tooth Eruption, Ectopic: an abnormality in the direction of a tooth eruption
Tooth Exfoliation: physiologic loss of the primary dentition. (zwemer, boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed)
Tooth Extraction: the surgical removal of a tooth. (dorland, 28th ed)
Tooth Germ: the collective tissues from which an entire tooth is formed, including the dental sac; enamel organ; and dental papilla. (from jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992)
Tooth Injuries: traumatic or other damage to teeth including fractures (tooth fractures) or displacements (tooth luxation)
Tooth Migration: the movement of teeth into altered positions in relationship to the basal bone of the alveolar process and to adjoining and opposing teeth as a result of loss of approximating or opposing teeth, occlusal interferences, habits, inflammatory and dystrophic disease of the attaching and supporting structures of the teeth. (from boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed)
Tooth Mobility: horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. it refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (from jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p507 & boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed, p313)
Tooth Movement Techniques: orthodontic techniques used to correct the malposition of a tooth or teeth
Tooth Permeability: the property of teeth to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, mineral ions and other substances. it does not include the penetration of the teeth by microorganisms
Tooth Preparation: procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures
Tooth Preparation, Prosthodontic: the selected form given to a natural tooth when it is reduced by instrumentation to receive a prosthesis (e.g., artificial crown or a retainer for a fixed or removable prosthesis). the selection of the form is guided by clinical circumstances and physical properties of the materials that make up the prosthesis. (boucher's clinical dental terminology, 4th ed, p239)
Tooth Replantation: reinsertion of a tooth into the alveolus from which it was removed or otherwise lost
Tooth Resorption: resorption of calcified dental tissue, involving demineralization due to reversal of the cation exchange and lacunar resorption by osteoclasts. there are two types: external (as a result of tooth pathology) and internal (apparently initiated by a peculiar inflammatory hyperplasia of the pulp). (from jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p676)
Tooth Root: the part of a tooth from the neck to the apex, embedded in the alveolar process and covered with cementum. a root may be single or divided into several branches, usually identified by their relative position, e.g., lingual root or buccal root. single-rooted teeth include mandibular first and second premolars and the maxillary second premolar teeth. the maxillary first premolar has two roots in most cases. maxillary molars have three roots. (jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p690)
Tooth Socket: a hollow part of the alveolar process of the maxilla or mandible where each tooth fits and is attached via the periodontal ligament
Tooth, Artificial: a fabricated tooth substituting for a natural tooth in a prosthesis. it is usually made of porcelain or plastic
Tooth, Deciduous: the teeth of the first dentition, which are shed and replaced by the permanent teeth
Tooth, Impacted: a tooth that is prevented from erupting by a physical barrier, usually other teeth. impaction may also result from orientation of the tooth in an other than vertical position in the periodontal structures
Tooth, Nonvital: a tooth from which the dental pulp has been removed or is necrotic. (boucher, clinical dental terminology, 4th ed)
Tooth, Supernumerary: an extra tooth, erupted or unerupted, resembling or unlike the other teeth in the group to which it belongs. its presence may cause malposition of adjacent teeth or prevent their eruption
Tooth, Unerupted: a normal developing tooth which has not yet perforated the oral mucosa or one that fails to erupt in the normal sequence or time interval expected for the type of tooth in a given gender, age, or population group
Toothbrushing: the act of cleaning teeth with a brush to remove plaque and prevent tooth decay. (from webster, 3d ed)
Toothpastes: dentifrices that are formulated into a paste form. they typically contain abrasives, humectants; detergents; flavoring agents; and cariostatic agents
Topiramate: a sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. it is used for the treatment of epilepsy and migraine disorders, and may also promote weight loss
Topography, Medical: the systematic surveying, mapping, charting, and description of specific geographical sites, with reference to the physical features that were presumed to influence health and disease. medical topography should be differentiated from epidemiology in that the former emphasizes geography whereas the latter emphasizes disease outbreaks
Topoisomerase I Inhibitors: compounds that inhibit the activity of dna topoisomerase i
Topoisomerase II Inhibitors: compounds that inhibit the activity of dna topoisomerase ii. included in this category are a variety of antineoplastic agents which target the eukaryotic form of topoisomerase ii and antibacterial agents which target the prokaryotic form of topoisomerase ii
Topoisomerase Inhibitors: compounds that inhibit the activity of dna topoisomerases
Topotecan: an antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. it works by inhibiting dna topoisomerases, type i
Toray Silicone: a silicone resin precursor used as a hardener for waterproof paints
Toremifene: a first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (serm). like tamoxifen, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue
Tornadoes: rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground. tornadoes generally produce damage paths of 100 yards wide or less, with path lengths of a couple miles
Torovirus: a genus of the family coronaviridae characterized by enveloped, peplomer-bearing particles containing an elongated tubular nucleocapsid with helical symmetry. toroviruses have been found in association with enteric infections in horses (berne virus), cattle (breda virus), swine, and humans. transmission probably takes place via the fecal-oral route
Torovirus: rod virů čeledi coronaviridae. obal virové částice nese výběžky zvané peplomery, obsahuje podlouhlou tubulární nukleokapsidu, která má helikální symetrii. toroviry se vyskytují v souvislosti se střevními infekcemi koní (virus berne), skotu (virus breda), prasat a lidí
Torovirus Infections: infections with viruses of the genus torovirus, family coronaviridae
Torpedo: a genus of the torpedinidae family consisting of several species. members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays
Torpedo: rod čeledi torpedinidae (parejnokovití), kam patří několik druhů. zástupci této čeledi mají silné elektrické orgány
Torpor: a state of decreased activity in animals characterized by depressed metabolism, reduced body temperature, and low sensitivity to external stimuli
Torque: the rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied
Torque teno virus: a species of non-enveloped dna virus in the genus anellovirus, associated with blood transfusions; and hepatitis. however, no etiological role has been found for ttv in hepatitis
Torque teno virus: druh neobaleného dna viru rodu anellovirus, který souvisí s krevní transfuzí a hepatitidou. etiologická role tohoto viru u hepatitidy ale nebyla zjištěna
Torrého-Muirův syndrom: forma lynchova syndromu ii spojená s kožními nádory mazových žláz. torrého-muirův syndrom je také spojen s dalšími viscerálními maligními onemocněními jako jsou kolorektální, endometriální, urologické a horní gastrointestinální nádory
Torsades de Pointes: a malignant form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that is characterized by heart rate between 200 and 250 beats per minute, and qrs complexes with changing amplitude and twisting of the points. the term also describes the syndrome of tachycardia with prolonged ventricular repolarization, long qt intervals exceeding 500 milliseconds or bradycardia. torsades de pointes may be self-limited or may progress to ventricular fibrillation
Torsemide: a pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). it is used for the treatment of edema associated with congestive heart failure; chronic renal insufficiency; and liver diseases. it is also used for the management of hypertension
Torsion Abnormality: an abnormal twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis
Torsion, Mechanical: a twisting deformation of a solid body about an axis. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Torticollis: a symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. in most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. the involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors
Torture: the intentional infliction of physical or mental suffering upon an individual or individuals, including the torture of animals
Torulaspora: a genus of ascomycetous yeast in the family saccharomycetaceae, order saccharomycetales. it is used commercially in the production of wines and beer
Torulaspora: rod vřeckovýtrusných kvasinek čeledi saccharomycetaceae, řádu saccharomycetales. používá se při výrobě vína a piva
Torus Palatinus and Torus Mandibularis: torus palatinus (tp) is a spindle-shaped bony elevation along the midline of the hard palate. torus mandibularis (tm) is a bony elevation along the mandible generally just below the lower premolars. both exostoses usually appear as a series of swellings. omim: 189700
Tospovirus: a genus of plant viruses in the family bunyaviridae. tomato spotted wilt virus is the type species. transmission occurs by at least nine species of thrips
Tospovirus: rod rostlinných virů čeledi bunyaviridae. typovým druhem je virus bronzovitosti rajčete. k vektorům patří nejméně devět druhů třásněnek (thrips)
Tosyl Compounds: toluenesulfonyl compounds with general formula ch3c6h4s(o2)r" widely used to block amino groups in the course of syntheses of drugs and other biologically active compounds
Tosylarginine Methyl Ester: arginine derivative which is a substrate for many proteolytic enzymes. as a substrate for the esterase from the first component of complement, it inhibits the action of c(l) on c(4)
Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone: an inhibitor of serine endopeptidases. acts as an alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process
Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: an inhibitor of serine endopeptidases. acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process
Total Disc Replacement: the replacement of intervertebral discs in the spinal column with artificial devices. the procedure is done in the lumbar or cervical spine to relieve severe pain resulting from intervertebral disc degeneration
Total Lung Capacity: the volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. it is the equivalent to each of the following sums: vital capacity plus residual volume; inspiratory capacity plus functional residual capacity; tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus functional residual capacity; or tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume
Total Quality Management: the application of industrial management practice to systematically maintain and improve organization-wide performance. effectiveness and success are determined and assessed by quantitative quality measures
Totipotent Stem Cells: single cells that have the potential to form an entire organism. they have the capacity to specialize into extraembryonic membranes and tissues, the embryo, and all postembryonic tissues and organs. (stem cells: a primer [internet]. bethesda (md): national institutes of health (us); 2000 may [cited 2002 apr 5]. available from: http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/primer.htm)
Totiviridae: a family of rna viruses that infect fungi and protozoa. there are three genera: totivirus; giardiavirus; and leishmaniavirus
Totiviridae: čeleď rna-virů, které infikují houby a prvoky. patří sem tři rody: totivirus, giardiavirus a leishmaniavirus
Totivirus: a genus of rna fungi viruses in the family totiviridae. some of the viruses contain additional satellite rna or defective rna. transmission occurs during cell division, sporogenesis and cell fusion. the type species is saccharomyces cerevisiae virus l-a
Totivirus: rod rna-virů čeledi totiviridae, které infikují houby. někteří zástupci obsahují přídatnou satelitní rna nebo defektní rna. během buněčného dělení dochází k transmisi, sporogenezi a fúzi buněk. typovým druhem je saccharomyces cerevisiae virus l-a
Touch: sensation of making physical contact with objects, animate or inanimate. tactile stimuli are detected by mechanoreceptors in the skin and mucous membranes
Touch Perception: the process by which the nature and meaning of tactile stimuli are recognized and interpreted by the brain, such as realizing the characteristics or name of an object being touched
Tourette Syndrome: a neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in dopamine metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with tics occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. the onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. the disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (from dsm-iv, 1994; neurol clin 1997 may;15(2):357-79)
Tourettův syndrom: tiková nemoc (fr. maladie des tics). charakterizují ji prudké svalové stahy a záškuby v obličeji, ramenou a končetinách (motorické tiky), křečovité a výbušné zvuky (zvukové tiky), u části postižených může být koprolálie, kopropraxie, echolálie, což přispívá k někdy bizarnímu charakteru t. s. syndrom je poměrně častý, zejm. zahrnou-li se i lehčí formy. příznaky jsou nápadné v dětství a později se obv. zmírňují, mohou mít různou závažnost, lehčí představuje např. stálé mrkání, pokašlávání, grimasování. inteligence není poškozena, mohou být některé další poruchy (učení, pozornosti, obsedantně-kompulzivní porucha aj.). lehčí případy se léčí spíše psychoterapií, výchovou, jinak se užívají různá psychofarmaka. nemoc má familiární androtropní výskyt s neúplnou penetrancí přenosu, existují i sporadické případy. patofyziologicky se uplatňují poruchy regulací mozkových oblastí (bazálních ganglií, thalamu, kůry), poruchy mediátorů (zejm. dopaminu). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Tourniquets: devices for the compression of a blood vessel by application around an extremity to control the circulation and prevent the flow of blood to or from the distal area. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Toxaphene: a very complex, but reproducible mixture of at least 177 c10 polychloro derivatives, having an approximate overall empirical formula of c10-h10-cl8. it is used as an insecticide and may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen: fourth annual report on carcinogens (ntp 85-002, 1985). (from merck index, 11th ed)
Toxascaris: an ascarid nematode found primarily in the small intestine of the larger felidae as well as dogs and cats. it differs from toxocara in that the larvae do not migrate through the lungs. it does occasionally produce visceral larva migrans (larva migrans, visceral) in man, although more rarely than does toxocara
Toxascaris: rod parazitických hlístic řádu ascaridida, které se vyskytují v tenkém střevě šelem kočkovitých a psovitých. na rozdíl od škrkavek rodu toxocara jejich larvy nemigrují do plic. u člověka někdy vzácně vznikne viscerální larva migrans
Toxic Optic Neuropathy: damage to the eye or its function (e.g., visual impairment) due to optic nerve damage secondary to toxic substances such as drugs used in chemotherapy; immunotherapy; or radiation
Toxicity Tests: an array of tests used to determine the toxicity of a substance to living systems. these include tests on clinical drugs, foods, and environmental pollutants
Toxicity Tests, Acute: experiments designed to determine the potential toxic effects of one-time, short-term exposure to a chemical or chemicals
Toxicity Tests, Chronic: experiments designed to determine the potential toxic effects of a long-term exposure to a chemical or chemicals
Toxicity Tests, Subacute: experiments designed to determine the potential toxic effects of a short-term (a few weeks) exposure to a chemical or chemicals
Toxicity Tests, Subchronic: experiments designed to determine the potential toxic effects of mid-term (a few months) exposure to a chemical or chemicals