NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Postsynaptic Potential Summation: physiological integration of multiple synaptic potential signals to reach the threshold and initiate postsynaptic action potentials. in spatial summation stimulations from additional synaptic junctions are recruited to generate s response. in temporal summation succeeding stimuli signals are summed up to reach the threshold. the postsynaptic potentials can be either excitatory or inhibitory (epsp or ipsp)
Postthrombotic Syndrome: a condition caused by one or more episodes of deep vein thrombosis, usually the blood clots are lodged in the legs. clinical features include edema; pain; aching; heaviness; and muscle cramp in the leg. when severe leg swelling leads to skin breakdown, it is called venous stasis ulcer
Posttraumatic Growth, Psychological: positive change experienced as a result of the struggle with a major life crisis or a traumatic event
Postural Balance: a posture in which an ideal body mass distribution is achieved. postural balance provides the body carriage stability and conditions for normal functions in stationary position or in movement, such as sitting, standing, or walking
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: a syndrome of orthostatic intolerance combined with excessive upright tachycardia, and usually without associated orthostatic hypotension. all variants have in common an excessively reduced venous return to the heart (central hypovolemia) while upright
Potamogetonaceae: a plant family of the order najadales, subclass alismatidae, class liliopsida (monocotyledons)
Potassium: an element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol k, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. it is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance
Potassium Acetate: a potassium salt used to replenish electrolytes, for restoration of water-electrolyte balance, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. formerly, it was used in diuretics and expectorants
Potassium Channel Blockers: a class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of action potentials. they are used as anti-arrhythmia agents and vasodilator agents
Potassium Channels: cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. at least eight major groups of k channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits
Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated: potassium channels whose activation is dependent on intracellular calcium concentrations
Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying: potassium channels where the flow of k+ ions into the cell is greater than the outward flow
Potassium Channels, Sodium-Activated: potassium channels whose activation is dependent on intracellular sodium concentrations
Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain: potassium channels that contain two pores in tandem. they are responsible for baseline or leak currents and may be the most numerous of all k channels
Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated: potassium channel whose permeability to ions is extremely sensitive to the transmembrane potential difference. the opening of these channels is induced by the membrane depolarization of the action potential
Potassium Chloride: a white crystal or crystalline powder used in buffers; fertilizers; and explosives. it can be used to replenish electrolytes and restore water-electrolyte balance in treating hypokalemia
Potassium Citrate: a powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher
Potassium Compounds: inorganic compounds that contain potassium as an integral part of the molecule
Potassium Cyanide: a highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes, but has been shown to be an especially potent inhibitor of heme enzymes and hemeproteins. it is used in many industrial processes
Potassium Deficiency: a condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing polyuria and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary polydipsia. (merck manual, 16th ed)
Potassium Dichromate: chromic acid (h2cr2o7), dipotassium salt. a compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. when taken internally, it is a corrosive poison
Potassium Iodide: an inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Potassium Ionophores: chemical agents that increase the permeability of cell membranes to potassium ions
Potassium Isotopes: stable potassium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element potassium, but differ in atomic weight. k-41 is a stable potassium isotope
Potassium Magnesium Aspartate: an intra-extracellular electrolyte exchange agent with a variety of effects
Potassium Permanganate: permanganic acid (hmno4), potassium salt. a highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical information, 4th ed)
Potassium Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of potassium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. k atoms with atomic weights 37, 38, 40, and 42-45 are radioactive potassium isotopes
Potassium, Dietary: potassium or potassium compounds used in foods or as foods
Potassium-Hydrogen Antiporters: membrane proteins that allow the exchange of hydrogen ions for potassium ions across the cellular membrane. the action of these antiporters influences intracellular ph and potassium ion homeostasis
Potentially Inappropriate Medication List: a list, criteria, or screening tool designed to improve patient safety by determining an individual's exposure to potentially inappropriate drugs. they are designed to prevent medication errors by inappropriate prescribing. analysis for a list includes factors such as dose-response relationship, drug; drug-related side effects and adverse reactions; age factors; gender; and existing medical conditions
Potentilla: a plant genus of the family rosaceae. members contain procyanidins and tannins
Potentilla: rod rostlin čeledi rosaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují prokyanidiny a taniny
Potentiometry: solution titration in which the end point is read from the electrode-potential variations with the concentrations of potential determining ions. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Potexvirus: a genus of plant viruses in the family flexiviridae, that cause mosaic and ringspot symptoms. transmission occurs mechanically. potato virus x is the type species
Potexvirus: rod rostlinných virů čeledi flexiviridae, které způsobují příznaky mozaiky a kroužkovitosti. jsou přenášeny mechanicky. typovým druhem je x virus bramboru
Potocki-Lupski syndrome: a developmental disorder characterized by hypotonia; failure to thrive; intellectual disability, pervasive developmental disorders, and congenital anomalies. all reported cases have occurred sporadically without bias in the parental origin of rearrangements. most duplications are 3.7 mb in size and only identifiable by array comparative genomic hybridization (cgh) analysis. approximately 60% of ptls patients harbor a microduplication of chromosome 17p11.2 reciprocal to the common recurrent 3.7-mb microdeletion smith-magenis syndrome. omim: 610883
Potoroidae: a family of rat kangaroos found in and around australia. genera include potorous and bettongia
Potoroidae: klokánkovití (potoroidae) jsou dvojitozubí vačnatci, kteří jsou úzce spjati s klokanovitými, občas jsou tyto dvě čeledi tříděny jako podčeledi jedné jediné čeledi. vyskytují se v austrálii. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Pott Puffy Tumor: infection of the frontal bone often as a complication of frontal sinusitis or trauma to the frontal bone and skull. it is characterized by subperiosteal abscess with osteomyelitis
Pottův zvláštní tumor: bobtnání lebeční kůže v důsledku osteomyelitidy lebečních kostí. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Potyviridae: a family of rna plant viruses with flexuous, filamentous particles and consisting of six genera: potyvirus; ipomovirus; macluravirus; rymovirus; tritimovirus; and bymovirus. all members of the family form cytoplasmic cylindrical inclusion bodies during infection
Potyviridae: čeleď rostlinných rna-virů, které mají flexibilní vláknité viriony a zahrnují šest rodů: potyvirus, ipomovirus, macluravirus, rymovirus, tritimovirus a bymovirus. všechny potyviry během infekce vyvolávají v cytoplazmě tvorbu cylindrických inkluzí
Potyvirus: a large genus of plant viruses of the family potyviridae which infect mainly plants of the solanaceae. transmission is primarily by aphids in a non-persistent manner. the type species is potato virus y
Potyvirus: velký rod rostlinných virů čeledi potyviridae, které infikují především lilkovité. jsou primárně přenášeny neperzistentně mšicemi. typovým druhem je y virus bramboru
Pouchitis: acute inflammation in the intestinal mucosa of the continent ileal reservoir (or pouch) in patients who have undergone ileostomy and restorative proctocolectomy (proctocolectomy, restorative)
Poult Enteritis Mortality Syndrome: an acute, transmissible, infectious disease associated with high mortality and morbidity in young turkeys (poults). it is characterized by diarrhea; anorexia; growth depression, and immune dysfunction. the cause is unknown but astroviruses (avastrovirus) and coronaviruses (coronavirus, turkey) have been isolated from diseased poults and are thought to cause the enteritis and increased susceptibility to bacterial infections
Poultry: domesticated birds raised for food. it typically includes chickens; turkeys, ducks; geese; and others
Poultry Diseases: diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. the concept is differentiated from bird diseases which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild
Pouteria: a plant genus of the family sapotaceae. members contain triterpenes. some species in this genus are called mamey which is also a common name for mammea
Pouteria: rod rostlin čeledi sapotaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují triterpeny
Poverty: a situation in which the level of living of an individual, family, or group is below the standard of the community. it is often related to a specific income level
Poverty Areas: city, urban, rural, or suburban areas which are characterized by severe economic deprivation and by accompanying physical and social decay
Povidone: a polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander
Povidone-Iodine: an iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. the iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes
Powder Diffraction: method of using a polycrystalline powder and rietveld refinement (least squares analysis) of x-ray diffraction or neutron diffraction. it circumvents the difficulties of producing single large crystals
Powders: substances made up of an aggregation of small particles, as that obtained by grinding or trituration of a solid drug. in pharmacy it is a form in which substances are administered. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Powell Chandra Saal syndrome: pterygia, heart defects, autosomal recessive inheritance, vertebral defects, ear anomalies, and radial defects
Power, Psychological: the exertion of a strong influence or control over others in a variety of settings--administrative, social, academic, etc
Poxviridae: a family of double-stranded dna viruses infecting mammals (including humans), birds and insects. there are two subfamilies: chordopoxvirinae, poxviruses of vertebrates, and entomopoxvirinae, poxviruses of insects
Poxviridae: čeleď dvouřetězcových dna virů, které infikují savce (včetně člověka), ptáky a hmyz. patří sem dvě podčeledi: chordopoxvirinae (poxviry obratlovců) a entomopoxvirinae (poxviry hmyzu)
PrP 27-30 Protein: protease-resistant core of prpsc, the abnormal isoform of prion proteins. prp 27-30 is produced by limited proteolysis of the n-terminus of prpsc
PrPC Proteins: normal cellular isoform of prion proteins encoded by a chromosomal gene and found in normal and scrapie-infected brain tissue, and other normal tissue. prpc are protease-sensitive proteins whose function is unknown. posttranslational modification of prpc into prpsc leads to infectivity
PrPSc Proteins: abnormal isoform of prion proteins resulting from a posttranslational modification of the cellular prion protein (prpc proteins). prpsc are disease-specific proteins seen in certain human and animal neurodegenerative diseases (prion diseases)
Practice Guideline: work consisting of a set of directions or principles to assist the health care practitioner with patient care decisions about appropriate diagnostic, therapeutic, or other clinical procedures for specific clinical circumstances. practice guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, organizations such as professional societies or governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. they can provide a foundation for assessing and evaluating the quality and effectiveness of health care in terms of measuring improved health, reduction of variation in services or procedures performed, and reduction of variation in outcomes of health care delivered
Practice Guidelines as Topic: works about directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for assisting health care practitioners in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. the guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. the guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery
Practice Management: business management of medical, dental and veterinary practices that may include capital financing, utilization management, and arrangement of capitation agreements with other parties
Practice Patterns, Nurses': patterns of practice in nursing related to provision of services including diagnosis and treatment
Practice Patterns, Pharmacists': patterns of practice related to how pharmacists prepare or compound prescription drugs as especially influenced by cost of the service requested and provided
Practice Patterns, Physicians': patterns of practice related to diagnosis and treatment as especially influenced by cost of the service requested and provided
Practice Valuation and Purchase: determination of economic value of an established health care provider practice including value of patient lists, equipment, and other assets, and process of buying or selling rights to said practice
Practice, Psychological: performance of an act one or more times, with a view to its fixation or improvement; any performance of an act or behavior that leads to learning
Practolol: a beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrythmias
Prader-Willi Syndrome: an autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (uniparental disomy) which are imprinted (genetic imprinting) and hence silenced. clinical manifestations include mental retardation; muscular hypotonia; hyperphagia; obesity; short stature; hypogonadism; strabismus; and hypersomnolence. (menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, p229)
Praderův-Williho syndrom: komplex pravděpodobně autozomálně recesivně dědičných anomálií manifestující se makromegalií, nízkým vzrůstem, obezitou, svalovou hypotonií a hypogenitalismem. řada příznaků je patrná ihned po porodu, později se rozvíjí diabetes a oligofrenie. v některých případech jsou malé delece na 15. chromozomu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Pradimicins and Benanomicins: polycyclic aromatic polyketides with pentacyclic angular dihydrobenzo(a)naphthacenequinone skeletons. pradimicin- and related benanomicin-type polyphenols are produced by actinobacteria, e.g., actinomadura, using type ii polyketide synthase involving condensation of one acetyl-coa and nine malonyl-coa. pradimicins and benanomicins have an amino acid (e.g., d-alanine) and often a 5-o-sugar and bind to terminal d-mannosides of the cell wall of various fungi, e.g., candida. in addition to antifungal activity many pradimicins and benanomicins have anti-hiv activities
Pragmatic Clinical Trial: randomized clinical trials that compare interventions in clinical settings and which look at a range of effectiveness outcomes and impacts
Pragmatic Clinical Trials as Topic: works about randomized clinical trials that compare interventions in clinical settings and which look at a range of effectiveness outcomes and impacts
Prajmaline: a derivative of the rauwolfia alkaloid ajmaline. it is an anti-arrhythmia agent but may cause liver damage
Pralidoxime Compounds: various salts of a quaternary ammonium oxime that reconstitute inactivated acetylcholinesterase, especially at the neuromuscular junction, and may cause neuromuscular blockade. they are used as antidotes to organophosphorus poisoning as chlorides, iodides, methanesulfonates (mesylates), or other salts
Pramipexole: a benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of parkinson disease and restless legs syndrome
Praseodymium: an element of the rare earth family of metals. it has the atomic symbol pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: a piperazine derivative and platelet aggregation inhibitor that is used to prevent thrombosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome; unstable angina and myocardial infarction, as well as in those undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions
Pravastatin: an antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of nocardia autotrophica. it acts as a competitive inhibitor of hmg coa reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl coa reductases)
Prazepam: a benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of anxiety disorders
Praziquantel: an anthelmintic used in most schistosome and many cestode infestations
Prazosin: a selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of heart failure; hypertension; pheochromocytoma; raynaud disease; prostatic hypertrophy; and urinary retention
Pre-Analytical Phase: laboratory processes prior to specimen analysis. these processes include study design, compliance of the subjects investigated, compliance in adherence to protocols, choice of specimens utilized and sample collection
Pre-B Cell Receptors: membrane proteins in precursor b-lymphocytes (pre-b cells). they are composed of membrane-bound mu immunoglobulin heavy chains in complex with surrogate light chains instead of conventional immunoglobulin light chains. only successful rearrangement of the vdj segments, at the ig heavy chain gene locus (immunoglobulin heavy chain genes), will generate mu heavy chains that can pair with surrogate light chains. thus formation of the pre-b cell receptors is an important checkpoint in the development of mature b cells
Pre-B-Cell Leukemia Transcription Factor 1: a tale-type homeodomain protein and transcription factor that binds the dna sequence 5'-atcaatcaa-3'. it forms a heterodimer with meis1 transcription factor and functions as a transcriptional activator of homeobox protein nkx-2.5 and elongin a, and as a transcriptional repressor of cdkn2b protein, in the regulation of developmental and morphogenetic processes such as spleen and limb development. chromosome translocations involving the pbx1 and tcf3 genes occur in cases of pre-b-cell acute lymphoid leukemia
Pre-Eclampsia: a complication of pregnancy, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal hypertension and proteinuria with or without pathological edema. symptoms may range between mild and severe. pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease
Pre-Excitation Syndromes: a group of conditions in which heart ventricle activation by the atrial impulse is faster than the normal impulse conduction from the sinoatrial node. in these pre-excitation syndromes, atrial impulses often bypass the atrioventricular node delay and travel via accessory conducting pathways connecting the atrium directly to the bundle of his
Pre-Excitation, Mahaim-Type: a form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a normal pr interval and a long qrs interval with an initial slow deflection (delta wave). in this syndrome, the atrial impulse travel to the ventricle via the mahaim fibers which connect atrioventricular node directly to the right ventricle wall (nodoventricular accessory pathway) or to the right bundle branch of his (nodofascicular accessory pathway)
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis: a method of disease prevention (abbreviated prep) which involves the administration of drugs to at-risk persons who have not been exposed to the disease-causing agent
Pre-Registration Publication: editorial decisions based on rigorous evaluation of submitted research question and methodology but before the research is conducted and a final submission is available
Prealbumin: a tetrameric protein, molecular weight between 50,000 and 70,000, consisting of 4 equal chains, and migrating on electrophoresis in 3 fractions more mobile than serum albumin. its concentration ranges from 7 to 33 per cent in the serum, but levels decrease in liver disease
Preanesthetic Medication: drugs administered before an anesthetic to decrease a patient's anxiety and control the effects of that anesthetic
Preauricular Fistulae, Congenital: abnormal congenital passages (fistulae) that usually occur at the upper anterior end of the outer ear helix. omim: 128700
Prebiotics: non-digestible food ingredients mostly of a carbohydrate base that improve human health by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of existing bacteria in the colon
Preceptorship: practical experience in medical and health-related services that occurs as part of an educational program wherein the professionally-trained student works outside the academic environment under the supervision of an established professional in the particular field
Precipitating Factors: factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as necessary. examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc
Precipitin Tests: serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible chemical precipitation occurs when a soluble antigen reacts with its precipitins, i.e., antibodies that can form a precipitate
Precision Medicine: clinical, therapeutic and diagnostic approaches to optimal disease management based on individual variations in a patient's genetic profile
Preconception Care: an organized and comprehensive program of health care that identifies and reduces a woman's reproductive risks before conception through risk assessment, health promotion, and interventions. preconception care programs may be designed to include the male partner in providing counseling and educational information in preparation for fatherhood, such as genetic counseling and testing, financial and family planning, etc. this concept is different from prenatal care, which occurs during pregnancy
Preconception Injuries: damages to reproductive health prior to conception (fertilization), a legal term for torts liability concerning environmental safety issues. preconception injuries may involve either the male or the female, such as chromosomal mutations in the ova or the spermatozoa
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma: a leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. frequent sites involve lymph nodes, skin, and bones. it most commonly presents as leukemia
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma: a neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. it is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias
Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid: lymphocyte progenitor cells that are restricted in their differentiation potential to the b lymphocyte lineage. the pro-b cell stage of b lymphocyte development precedes the pre-b cell stage
Precursor Cells, T-Lymphoid: lymphocyte progenitor cells that are restricted in their differentiation potential to the t lymphocyte lineage
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma: a leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized lymphadenopathy and thymus gland involvement. it most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common
Predatory Behavior: instinctual behavior pattern in which food is obtained by killing and consuming other species
Predatory Journals as Topic: works about medical journals that publish articles online with little or no peer review, low academic standards, and little credibility. (from can fam physician. 2019 feb; 65(2):92)
Prediabetic State: the time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. for example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop insulin resistance as in type 2 diabetes (diabetes mellitus, type 2)
Prediction Algorithms: a class of algorithms which are designed to forecast unseen data. prediction algorithms can discover patterns, perform classification tasks, and identify trends
Predictive Learning Models: machine learning models which are trained to analyze historical data to find patterns and trends, allowing it to predict future outcomes
Predictive Value of Tests: in screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test
Prednimustine: ester of chlorambucil and prednisolone used as a combination alkylating agent and synthetic steroid to treat various leukemias and other neoplasms. it causes gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity
Prednisolone: a glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. it is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states
Prednisone: a synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. it is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver
Preeclamptic toxemia: the presence of vasoactive circulating factors in the plasma of women with pre-eclampsia
Preexisting Condition Coverage: insurance coverage of a physical or mental health condition, disability, or illness existing before health insurance is applied for or enrolled in
Preferred Provider Organizations: arrangements negotiated between a third-party payer (often a self-insured company or union trust fund) and a group of health-care providers (hospitals and physicians) who furnish services at lower than usual fees, and, in return, receive prompt payment and an expectation of an increased volume of patients
Prefrontal Cortex: the rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. the prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon; mesencephalon; and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin
Pregabalin: a gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) derivative that functions as a calcium channel blocker and is used as an anticonvulsant as well as an anti-anxiety agent. it is also used as an analgesic in the treatment of neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia
Pregnadienediols: doubly unsaturated pregnane derivatives with two hydroxy groups substituted anywhere on the rings or side chains
Pregnadienetriols: doubly unsaturated pregnane derivatives substituted with three hydroxy groups anywhere within the ring structure or side chains
Pregnancy: the status during which female mammals carry their developing young (embryos or fetuses) in utero before birth, beginning from fertilization to birth
Pregnancy Complications: conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. they can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. they include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases
Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular: the co-occurrence of pregnancy and a cardiovascular disease. the disease may precede or follow fertilization and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or fetus
Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic: the co-occurrence of pregnancy and a blood disease (hematologic diseases) which involves blood cells or coagulation factors. the hematologic disease may precede or follow fertilization and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or fetus
Pregnancy Complications, Infectious: the co-occurrence of pregnancy and an infection. the infection may precede or follow fertilization
Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic: the co-occurrence of pregnancy and neoplasms. the neoplastic disease may precede or follow fertilization
Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic: the co-occurrence of pregnancy and parasitic diseases. the parasitic infection may precede or follow fertilization
Pregnancy Outcome: results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth; stillbirth; or spontaneous abortion. the outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various assisted reproductive techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro
Pregnancy Proteins: proteins produced by organs of the mother or the placenta during pregnancy. these proteins may be pregnancy-specific (present only during pregnancy) or pregnancy-associated (present during pregnancy or under other conditions such as hormone therapy or certain malignancies.)
Pregnancy Rate: the ratio of the number of conceptions (conception) including live birth; stillbirth; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period
Pregnancy Reduction, Multifetal: selective abortion of one or more embryos or fetuses in a multiple gestation pregnancy. the usual goal is to improve the outcome for the remaining embryos or fetuses
Pregnancy Tests, Immunologic: methods of detecting pregnancy by examining the levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) in plasma or urine
Pregnancy Trimester, First: the beginning third of a human pregnancy, from the first day of the last normal menstrual period (menstruation) through the completion of 14 weeks (98 days) of gestation
Pregnancy Trimester, Second: the middle third of a human pregnancy, from the beginning of the 15th through the 28th completed week (99 to 196 days) of gestation
Pregnancy Trimester, Third: the last third of a human pregnancy, from the beginning of the 29th through the 42nd completed week (197 to 294 days) of gestation
Pregnancy Trimesters: the three approximately equal periods of a normal human pregnancy. each trimester is about three months or 13 to 14 weeks in duration depending on the designation of the first day of gestation
Pregnancy in Diabetics: the state of pregnancy in women with diabetes mellitus. this does not include either symptomatic diabetes or glucose intolerance induced by pregnancy (diabetes, gestational) which resolves at the end of pregnancy
Pregnancy in Obesity: body mass index in pregnant people that is excessively above the recommended cut-off
Pregnancy, Abdominal: a type of ectopic pregnancy in which the embryo, mammalian implants in the abdominal cavity instead of in the endometrium of the uterus
Pregnancy, Angular: a rare type of abnormal pregnancy in which embryo implantation occurs at a lateral angle of the uterus, medial to the uterotubal junction and the round ligament of uterus
Pregnancy, Animal: the process of bearing developing young (embryos or fetuses) in utero in non-human mammals, beginning from fertilization to birth
Pregnancy, Cornual: a type of pregnancy in which the embryo implantation occurs in the horn of the uterus instead of in the uterine cavity, i.e. at the junction of the uterus and one of the fallopian tubes
Pregnancy, Ectopic: a potentially life-threatening condition in which embryo implantation occurs outside the cavity of the uterus. most ectopic pregnancies (>96%) occur in the fallopian tubes, known as tubal pregnancy. they can be in other locations, such as uterine cervix; ovary; and abdominal cavity (pregnancy, abdominal)
Pregnancy, Heterotopic: multiple pregnancy with embryo implantation occuring at different locations, involving both an intrauterine site and an extrauterine (ectopic pregnancy) site
Pregnancy, High-Risk: pregnancy in which the mother and/or fetus are at greater than normal risk of morbidity or mortality. causes include inadequate prenatal care, previous obstetrical history (abortion, spontaneous), pre-existing maternal disease, pregnancy-induced disease (gestational hypertension), and multiple pregnancy, as well as advanced maternal age above 35
Pregnancy, Interstitial: a type of ectopic pregnancy in which the extrauterine embryo implantation occurs in the portion of the fallopian tube that traverses the muscular wall of the uterus
Pregnancy, Ovarian: a type of pregnancy in which embryo implantation occurs in an ovary instead of in the uterine cavity
Pregnancy, Prolonged: a term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. in humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (menstruation), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more
Pregnancy, Tubal: the most common (>96%) type of ectopic pregnancy in which the extrauterine embryo implantation occurs in the fallopian tube, usually in the ampullary region where fertilization takes place
Pregnancy, Unplanned: unintended or accidental pregnancy, including pregnancy resulting from failed contraceptive measures
Pregnancy, Unwanted: pregnancy, usually accidental, that is not desired by the parent or parents
Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A: a product of the placenta, and decidua, secreted into the maternal circulation during pregnancy. it has been identified as an igf binding protein (igfbp)-4 protease that proteolyzes igfbp-4 and thus increases igf bioavailability. it is found also in human fibroblasts, ovarian follicular fluid, and granulosa cells. the enzyme is a heterotetramer of about 500-kda
Pregnancy-Associated alpha 2-Macroglobulins: large (>160 kda) glycoproteins with electrophoretic mobility of alpha-globulins, found in high concentration in the plasma of pregnant people but also in a number of species including mouse, rat, and others (alpha-macroglobulins). in humans, they are always present in the circulation and are nonspecific inhibitors of proteinases, similar to complement proteins (c3; c4; c5)
Pregnancy-Related Death: death of a pregnant or birthing person during pregnancy or up to one year after the end of pregnancy from health issues related to pregnancy
Pregnancy-Specific beta 1-Glycoproteins: glycoproteins with the electrophoretic mobility of beta-globulins, secreted by the placental trophoblasts into the maternal bloodstream during pregnancy. they can be detected 18 days after ovulation and reach 200 mg/ml at the end of pregnancy. they are associated with fetal well-being
Pregnane X Receptor: steroid receptor that binds and is activated by variety of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. it binds the response element in promoters of genes that encode cytochrome p450 3a4 and atp binding cassette transporter, subfamily b, member 1 proteins, and also activates the transcription of multiple genes involved in the metabolism and secretion of potentially harmful xenobiotics, drugs, and endogenous compounds. it is activated by the antibiotic rifampicin and various plant metabolites, such as hyperforin, guggulipid, colupulone, and isoflavones
Pregnanediol: an inactive metabolite of progesterone by reduction at c5, c3, and c20 position. pregnanediol has two hydroxyl groups, at 3-alpha and 20-alpha. it is detectable in urine after ovulation and is found in great quantities in the pregnancy urine
Pregnanediones: pregnane derivatives in which two side-chain methyl groups or two methylene groups in the ring skeleton (or a combination thereof) have been oxidized to keto groups
Pregnanes: saturated derivatives of the steroid pregnane. the 5-beta series includes progesterone and related hormones; the 5-alpha series includes forms generally excreted in the urine
Pregnanetriol: a metabolite of 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, normally produced in small quantities by the gonads and the adrenal glands, found in urine. an elevated urinary pregnanetriol is associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia with a deficiency of steroid 21-hydroxylase
Pregnanolone: a pregnane found in the urine of pregnant people and sows. it has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties
Pregnenediones: unsaturated pregnane derivatives containing two keto groups on side chains or ring structures
Pregnenolone: a 21-carbon steroid, derived from cholesterol and found in steroid hormone-producing tissues. pregnenolone is the precursor to gonadal steroid hormones and the adrenal corticosteroids
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: a catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome p450. it has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage
Prehypertension: blood pressure levels that are between normotension and hypertension. individuals with prehypertension are at a higher risk for developing cardiovascular diseases. generally, prehypertension is defined as systolic pressure of 131-139 mm hg and/or diastolic pressure of 81-89 when the optimal is 120/80 mm hg. for diabetics and other metabolism diseases the prehypertension is around 110-129/70-79 mm hg
Preimplantation Diagnosis: determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the ovum; zygote; or blastocyst prior to implantation. cytogenetic analysis is performed to determine the presence or absence of genetic disease
Prekallikrein: a plasma protein which is the precursor of kallikrein. plasma that is deficient in prekallikrein has been found to be abnormal in thromboplastin formation, kinin generation, evolution of a permeability globulin, and plasmin formation. the absence of prekallikrein in plasma leads to fletcher factor deficiency, a congenital disease
Preleukemia: conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria
Preliminary Data: first-released version of study results in a series of data collection efforts used for the purpose of generating further interest in and or funding of a research study
Premarital Examinations: medical tests taken by couples planning to be married in order to determine presence of genetic and contagious diseases
Premature Birth: childbirth before 37 weeks of pregnancy (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after fertilization)
Premature Ejaculation: the emission of semen and seminal fluid during the act of preparation for sexual intercourse, i.e. before there is penetration, or shortly after penetration
Premature Ovarian Failure 2a: aka pof2a; mutations in diaph2
Premature Ovarian Failure 2b: aks pof2b; associated with mutations in pof1b
Premature Ovarian Failure 5: aka pof5; associated with mutations in nobox
Premature Ovarian Failure 6: aka pof6; associated with mutation in figla
Premature aging, Okamoto type: premature aging syndrome with osteosarcoma, cataracts, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, erythroid macrocytosis, severe growth and developmental deficiency
Premedication: preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. the commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. it does not include preanesthetic medication
Premenopause: the period before menopause. in premenopausal women, the climacteric transition from full sexual maturity to cessation of ovarian cycle takes place between the age of late thirty and early fifty
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: a condition in which a woman suffers from severe depression, irritability, and tension before menstruation. premenstrual dysphoric disorder (pmdd) may involve a wide range of physical or emotional symptoms, which are more severe and debilitating than those seen with premenstrual syndrome (pms), and which include at least one mood-related symptom. symptoms usually stop when, or shortly after, menstruation begins
Premenstrual Syndrome: a combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. symptoms of pms are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses
Prenalterol: a partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. it is effective in the treatment of acute cardiac failure, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, shock, and reducing orthostatic hypotension in the shy-rager syndrome
Prenatal Care: care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality
Prenatal Diagnosis: determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation embryo; fetus; or pregnant female before birth
Prenatal Education: training for pregnant people and parents-to-be to prepare for childbirth; child care; and parenthood
Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: the consequences of exposing the fetus in utero to certain factors, such as nutrition physiological phenomena; physiological stress; drugs; radiation; and other physical or chemical factors. these consequences are observed later in the offspring after birth
Prenatal Injuries: damages to the embryo, mammalian or the fetus before birth. damages can be caused by any factors including biological, chemical, or physical
Prenylamine: a drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)
Prenylation: attachment of isoprenoids (terpenes) to other compounds, especially proteins and flavonoids
Preoperative Care: care given during the period prior to undergoing surgery when psychological and physical preparations are made according to the special needs of the individual patient. this period spans the time between admission to the hospital to the time the surgery begins. (from dictionary of health services management, 2d ed)
Preoptic Area: region of hypothalamus between the anterior commissure and optic chiasm
Prepaid Health Plans: contracts between an insurer and a subscriber or a group of subscribers whereby a specified set of health benefits is provided in return for a periodic premium
Preparation H: contains live yeast cell derivative, shark liver oil & phenylmercury nitrate
Prephenate Dehydratase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of prephenate to phenylpyruvate with the elimination of water and carbon dioxide. in the enteric bacteria this enzyme also possesses chorismate mutase activity, thereby catalyzing the first two steps in the biosynthesis of phenylalanine. ec 4.2.1.51
Prephenate Dehydrogenase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of prephenate to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate in the presence of nad. in the enteric bacteria, this enzyme also possesses chorismate mutase activity, thereby catalyzing the first two steps in the biosynthesis of tyrosine. ec 1.3.1.12
Prepulse Inhibition: a neurophysiological phenomenon in which the response to a startling stimulus (pulse) is decreased when a weaker prestimulus (prepulse) precedes it closely in time. it is used as an operational measure of sensorimotor gating
Presbycusis: gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies
Presbyopia: the normal decreasing elasticity of the crystalline lens that leads to loss of accommodation
Presbytini: the tribe of subfamily colobinae, family cercopithecidae. they are found in india, indonesia, malaysia, and thailand
Presbytini: tribus podčeledi colobinae, čeledi cercopithecidae (kočkodanovití). vyskytují se v indii, indonésii, malajsii a thajsku
Prescription Drug Misuse: improper use of prescription drugs or medications outside the intended purpose, scope, or guidelines for use
Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs: programs, usually run by state governments, that require pharmacists to collect and distribute data on the prescription and dispensation of controlled substances. they are intended to prevent the abuse of such substances by the patient, or their transfer to recreational users and drug dealers
Prescription Fees: the charge levied on the consumer for drugs or therapy prescribed under written order of a physician or other health professional
Prescriptions: directions written for the obtaining and use of pharmaceutical preparations; medical devices; corrective lenses; and a variety of other medical remedies
Presenilin-1: integral membrane protein of golgi and endoplasmic reticulum. its homodimer is an essential component of the gamma-secretase complex that catalyzes the cleavage of membrane proteins such as notch receptors and amyloid beta-peptides precursors. psen1 mutations cause early-onset alzheimer disease type 3 that may occur as early as 30 years of age in humans
Presenilin-2: integral membrane protein of golgi and endoplasmic reticulum. its homodimer is an essential component of the gamma-secretase complex that catalyzes the cleavage of membrane proteins such as notch receptors and amyloid beta-peptides precursors. psen2 mutations cause alzheimer disease type 4
Presenilins: integral membrane proteins and essential components of the gamma-secretase complex that catalyzes the cleavage of membrane proteins such as notch receptors and amyloid beta-peptides precursors. mutations of presenilins lead to presenile alzheimer disease with onset before age 65 years
Preservatives, Pharmaceutical: substances added to pharmaceutical preparations to protect them from chemical change or microbial action. they include anti-bacterial agents and antioxidants
Pressoreceptors: receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls