NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Isolated Systolic Hypertension: hypertension with elevated systolic and normal diastolic blood pressure. it is the most common subtype in the elderly and is related to vascular stiffness and atherosclerotic plaque buildup
Isolated left subclavian artery: congenital anomaly in which the left subclavian artery is isolated from the right aortic arch by connecting instead to the left pulmonary artery via the ductus arteriosus. it is often associated with tetralogy of fallot and may lead to a congenital subclavian steal phenomenon
Isoleucine: an essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. it is an isomer of leucine. it is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels
Isoleucine-tRNA Ligase: an enzyme that activates isoleucine with its specific transfer rna. ec 6.1.1.5
Isomaltose: a disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage
Isomerases: a class of enzymes that catalyze geometric or structural changes within a molecule to form a single product. the reactions do not involve a net change in the concentrations of compounds other than the substrate and the product.(from dorland, 28th ed) ec 5
Isomerism: the phenomenon whereby certain chemical compounds have structures that are different although the compounds possess the same elemental composition. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 5th ed)
Isoniazid: antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. it remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis
Isonicotinic Acids: heterocyclic acids that are derivatives of 4-pyridinecarboxylic acid (isonicotinic acid)
Isopentenyladenosine: n(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators
Isophane Insulin, Human: human isophane insulin that is used to manage blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes
Isopoda: jeden z největších řádů převážně mořských korýšů zahrnující přes 10 000 druhů. vyznačují se zploštělým tělem a přisedlýma složenýma očima. hlava jim srůstá s předními hrudními články. na rozdíl od většiny korýšů karapax nekryje celé tělo, ale pouze hlavu. mají sedm párů nohou: hrudní končetiny slouží k pohybu, na rozeklaných zadečkových končetinách jsou umístěny dýchací orgány. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Isopoda: one of the largest orders of mostly marine crustacea, containing over 10,000 species. like amphipoda, the other large order in the superorder peracarida, members are shrimp-like in appearance, have sessile compound eyes, and no carapace. but unlike amphipoda, they possess abdominal pleopods (modified as gills) and their bodies are dorsoventrally flattened
Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: a non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the lac operon
Isoprostanes: a series of prostaglandin-like compounds that are produced by the attack of free-radical species on unsaturated fatty acids, especially arachidonic acid, of cellular membranes. once cleaved from the lipid membrane by the action of phospholipases they can circulate into various bodily fluids and eventually be excreted. although these compounds resemble enzymatically synthesized prostaglandins their stereoisometric arrangement is usually different than the naturally occurring compounds
Isoproterenol: isopropyl analog of epinephrine; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. it is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant
Isoptera: an order of insects, restricted mostly to the tropics, containing at least eight families. a few species occur in temperate regions of north america
Isoptera: řád hmyzu žijícího většinou v tropech. zahrnuje nejméně osm čeledí. několik druhů se vyskytuje v mírném pásmu severní ameriky
Isoquinolines: a group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine. the ring structure is characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids such as papaverine. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-dianhydro d-glucitol. chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma
Isosorbide Dinitrate: a vasodilator used in the treatment of angina pectoris. its actions are similar to nitroglycerin but with a slower onset of action
Isospora: a genus of protozoan parasites found in the intestines of birds, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals, including man. the oocysts produce two sporocysts, each with four sporozoites. many species are parasitic in wild and domestic animals
Isospora: prvok patřící k střevním kokcidiím, vyvolává parazitární onemocnění střeva (izosporidiózu). vyskytuje se u zvířat i u člověka. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Isosporiasis: infection with parasitic protozoa of the genus isospora, producing intestinal disease. it is caused by ingestion of oocysts and can produce tissue cysts
Isotachophoresis: a nonlinear electrophoretic technique used to separate a variety of ionic compounds, ranging from small metal ions to large molecules like proteins. unlike linear zone electrophoresis in which separating solute bands continually spread by diffusion or dispersion, isotachophoresis forms self-sharpening, adjacent zones of substantially pure solute whose concentrations often exceed several mgs/ml. in isotachophoresis a multianalyte sample is introduced between the leading electrolyte and the terminating electrolyte where the sample ions have lower electrophoretic mobilities than the leading ion but larger than the terminating ion. (from isotachophoresis on the aes web site [internet]. madison, wi: the american electrophoresis society; c2000-2008 [cited 2009 aug 20]. available from http://www.aesociety.org/areas/isotachophoresis.php)
Isothiuronium: an undecenyl thiourea which may have topical anti-inflammatory activity
Isotonic Contraction: muscle contraction with negligible change in the force of contraction but shortening of the distance between the origin and insertion
Isotonic Solutions: solutions having the same osmotic pressure as blood serum, or another solution with which they are compared. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed & dorland, 28th ed)
Isotope Labeling: techniques for labeling a substance with a stable or radioactive isotope. it is not used for articles involving labeled substances unless the methods of labeling are substantively discussed. tracers that may be labeled include chemical substances, cells, or microorganisms
Isotopes: atomic species differing in mass number but having the same atomic number. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Isotretinoin: a topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. the drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects
Isovaleryl-CoA Dehydrogenase: a mitochondrial flavoprotein, this enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of 3-methylbutanoyl-coa to 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-coa using fad as a cofactor. defects in the enzyme, is associated with isovaleric acidemia (iva)
Isoxazoles: azoles with an oxygen and a nitrogen next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to oxazoles that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions
Isoxsuprine: a beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. it is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor
Isradipine: a potent antagonist of calcium channels that is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle. it is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure
Israel: a country in the middle east, bordering the mediterranean sea, between egypt and lebanon. the capital is jerusalem
Italy: a country in southern europe, a peninsula extending into the central mediterranean sea, northeast of tunisia. the capital is rome
Itraconazole: a triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome p-450-dependent enzymes required for ergosterol synthesis
Itálie: země v jižní evropě, poloostrov zasahující do centrálního středozemního moře, severovýchodně od tuniska. hlavním městem je řím
Ivabradine: a benzazepine derivative and selective hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. it is used in the treatment of chronic stable angina in patients unable to take beta-adrenergic blockers, and in the treatment of heart failure
Ivermectin: a mixture of mostly avermectin h2b1a (rn 71827-03-7) with some avermectin h2b1b (rn 70209-81-3), which are macrolides from streptomyces avermitilis. it binds glutamate-gated chloride channel to cause increased permeability and hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle cells. it also interacts with other chloride channels. it is a broad spectrum antiparasitic that is active against microfilariae of onchocerca volvulus but not the adult form
Ivocron-PE: rn in chemline for ivocron: 67015-76-3; rn for sr-ivocron-pe: 66198-81-0
Ixodes: the largest genus of ticks in the family ixodidae, containing over 200 species. many infest humans and other mammals and several are vectors of diseases such as lyme disease; encephalitis, tick-borne; and kyasanur forest disease
Ixodidae: a family of hardbacked ticks, in the subclass acari. genera include dermacentor and ixodes among others
Ixodidae: čeleď roztočů patřící do podtřídy acari. zahrnuje asi 650 druhů cizopasníků (ektoparazitů) známých běžně jako klíšťata. v čr je nejznámějším klíštětem klíště obecné (ixodes ricinus). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Izrael: stát na blízkém východě v oblasti jihozápadní asie, kde leží při východním pobřeží středozemního moře. na severu sousedí s libanonem, na severovýchodě se sýrií, na východě s jordánskem a na jihozápadě s egyptem. k izraeli přiléhá i západní břeh jordánu (judea a samaří) a pásmo gazy, tj. území částečně spravovaná palestinskou autonomií - tato území jsou izraelem okupována od šestidenní války v roce 1967. zatímco izrael samotný považuje za své hlavní město jeruzalém, většina států uznává jako hlavní město tel aviv. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
JAC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of carboplatin, doxorubicin, & cyclophosphamide; used in treatment of advanced ovarian carcinoma
JC Virus: a species of polyomavirus, originally isolated from the brain of a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. the patient's initials j.c. gave the virus its name. infection is not accompanied by any apparent illness but serious demyelinating disease can appear later, probably following reactivation of latent virus
JEB protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of bleomycin and above cpds; used in the therapy of malignant germ cell tumors
JET protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of carboplatin and etoposide; used in treatment of childhood brain tumors & small cell lung cancer
JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: a subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases that activate transcription factor ap-1 via the phosphorylation of c-jun proteins. they are components of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation; apoptosis; and cell differentiation
JNK mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy: podskupina mitogenem aktivovaných proteinkináz, které prostřednictvím fosforylace proteinů c-jun aktivují transkripční faktor ap-1. jsou součástí intracelulárních signálních drah, které regulují buněčnou proliferaci, apoptózu a buněčnou diferenciaci
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus: a betaretrovirus that causes pulmonary adenomatosis in sheep (pulmonary adenomatosis, ovine)
Jackals: medium-sized terrestrial carnivores, in the genus canis, family canidae. three species are recognized, two found only in africa and one found in africa, europe, and asia
Jacobsen Distal 11q Deletion Syndrome: a clinically recognized congenital malformation condition caused by a distal 11q deletion. the features of the syndrome are growth retardation, psychomotor retardation, trigonocephaly, divergent intermittent strabismus, epicanthus, telecanthus, broad nasal bridge, short nose with anteverted nostrils, carp-shaped upper lip, retrognathia, low-set dysmorphic ears, bilateral camptodactyly, and hammertoes. platelet dysfunction is a feature in paris-trousseau type thrombocytopenia
Jacobsenův syndrom: vrozená vada způsobená delecí distální části chromozomu 11q. k příznakům patří růstová a psychomotorická retardace, trigonocefalie, divergentní intermitentní strabizmus, epikantus, telekantus, široký kořen nosu, krátký nos s antevertovanými nostrilami, kaprovitý tvar horního rtu, retrognacie, nízko posazené malformované uši, bilaterální kamptodaktylie a kladívkové prsty. většina pacientů má trombocytopenii a destičkovou dysfunkci známou jako parisův-trousseauův typ trombocytopenie
Jadassohnův sebaceózní névus: naevus sebaceus, jadassonův naevus sebaceus - lat. vrozený névus obsahující množství nevyvinutých vlasových folikulů a mazových žláz. vyskytuje se obv. ve kštici či na obličeji a ve středním věku v něm mohou vzniknout nádory. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Jagged-1 Protein: a serrate-jagged protein that functions as a ligand for notch receptors. it may regulate cell differentiation in hematopoiesis and physiologic angiogenesis. mutations in the jagged-1 gene are associated with alagille syndrome 1
Jagged-2 Protein: a serrate-jagged protein that functions to modulate signal transduction from notch receptors in cell differentiation. it may also regulate the expression of cytokines
Jails: place of confinement for persons held in lawful custody in a place under the jurisdiction of a local government such as a city or county for the confinement of persons awaiting trial or those convicted of misdemeanor crimes
Jamaica: an island in the greater antilles in the west indies. its capital is kingston. it was discovered in 1494 by columbus and was a spanish colony 1509-1655 until captured by the english. its flourishing slave trade was abolished in the 19th century. it was a british colony 1655-1958 and a territory of the west indies federation 1958-62. it achieved full independence in 1962. the name is from the arawak xaymaca, rich in springs or land of springs. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p564 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p267)
Jamajka: jamajka je stát, který se nachází na stejnojmenném ostrově ve velkých antilách v karibském moři. jedná se o největší anglicky mluvící ostrov v karibiku. hlavní město je kingston. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Janus Kinase 1: a janus kinase subtype that is involved in signaling from a broad variety of cytokine receptors
Janus Kinase 2: a janus kinase subtype that is involved in signaling from growth hormone receptors; prolactin receptors; and a variety of cytokine receptors such as erythropoietin receptors and interleukin receptors. dysregulation of janus kinase 2 due to genetic translocations have been associated with a variety of myeloproliferative disorders
Janus Kinase 3: a janus kinase subtype that is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells. it is involved in signaling from a broad variety of cytokine receptors including ones that utilize the interleukin receptor common gamma subunit
Janus Kinases: a family of intracellular tyrosine kinases that participate in the signaling cascade of cytokines by associating with specific cytokine receptors. they act upon stat transcription factors in signaling pathway referred to as the jak/stat pathway. the name janus kinase refers to the fact the proteins have two phosphate-transferring domains
Janus kinasa 1: podtyp janusovy kinázy, který se podílí na signalizaci široké škály receptorů pro cytokiny
Janus kinasa 2: podtyp janusovy kinázy, který se podílí na signalizaci receptorů růstových hormonů, receptorů prolaktinu a různých receptorů pro cytokiny, například receptorů pro erytropoetin a receptorů pro interleukin. dysregulace janusovy kinázy 2 v důsledku genetických translokací je spojena s různými myeloproliferativními poruchami
Janus kinasa 3: podtyp janusovy kinázy, který je převážně exprimován v hematopoetických buňkách. podílí se na signalizaci široké škály cytokinových receptorů, včetně těch, které využívají společnou gama-podjednotku receptorů pro interleukiny
Janus kinasy: rodina intracelulárních tyrosinkináz, které se účastní signalizační kaskády cytokinů tím, že se spojují se specifickými cytokinovými receptory. v signální dráze označované jako dráha jak/stat působí na transkripční faktory stat. název janus kinázy je odvozen od jména římského boha počátků, duality, cest a konců, januse. odkazuje na skutečnost, že proteiny mají dvě domény přenášející fosfáty. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2024 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Japan: a country in eastern asia, island chain between the north pacific ocean and the sea of japan, east of the korean peninsula. the capital is tokyo
Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with japanese b encephalitis virus (encephalitis virus, japanese)
Japonsko: stát ve východní asii, řetěz ostrovů mezi severním pacifickým oceánem a japonským mořem, východně od korejského poloostrova. hlavním městem je tokio
Jarcho-Levin syndrome: a heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive axial skeletal disorders characterized by multiple segmentation defects of the vertebrae (sdv), malalignment of the ribs with variable points of intercostal fusion, and often a reduction in rib number. rib abnormalities may cause increased pressure in the thorax, leading to diaphragmatic hernia. mutations in the dll3 gene have been identified. omim: 277300
Jasminum: a plant genus of the family oleaceae. members contain secoiridoid glucosides and this is the source of oil of jasmine
Jasminum: rod rostlin čeledi oleaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují sekoiridoidní glukosidy (součást jasmínového oleje)
Jatropha: a plant genus of the family euphorbiaceae. members contain jatrophone and other diterpenes
Jatropha: rod rostlin čeledi euphorbiaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují jatrofon a další diterpeny
Jaundice: a clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, characterized by the yellowish staining of the skin; mucous membrane; and sclera. clinical jaundice usually is a sign of liver dysfunction
Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic: a benign, autosomally recessive inherited hyperbilirubinemia characterized by the presence of a dark pigment in the centrilobular region of the liver cells. there is a functional defect in biliary excretion of bilirubin, cholephilic dyes, and porphyrins. affected persons may be asymptomatic or have vague constitutional or gastrointestinal symptoms. the liver may be slightly enlarged, and oral and intravenous cholangiography fails to visualize the biliary tract
Jaundice, Neonatal: yellow discoloration of the skin; mucous membrane; and sclera in the newborn. it is a sign of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. most cases are transient self-limiting (physiological neonatal jaundice) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly liver diseases
Jaundice, Obstructive: jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired bile flow in the biliary tract, such as intrahepatic cholestasis, or extrahepatic cholestasis
Jaw: bony structure of the mouth that holds the teeth. it consists of the mandible and the maxilla
Jaw Cysts: saccular lesions lined with epithelium and contained within pathologically formed cavities in the jaw; also nonepithelial cysts (pseudocysts) as they apply to the jaw, e.g., traumatic or solitary cyst, static bone cavity, and aneurysmal bone cyst. true jaw cysts are classified as odontogenic or nonodontogenic
Jaw Fixation Techniques: the stable placement of surgically induced fractures of the mandible or maxilla through the use of elastics, wire ligatures, arch bars, or other splints. it is used often in the cosmetic surgery of retrognathism and prognathism. (from dorland, 28th ed, p636)
Jaw Neoplasms: cancers or tumors of the maxilla or mandible unspecified. for neoplasms of the maxilla, maxillary neoplasms is available and of the mandible, mandibular neoplasms is available
Jaw Relation Record: a registration of any positional relationship of the mandible in reference to the maxillae. these records may be any of the many vertical, horizontal, or orientation relations. (jablonski, illustrated dictionary of dentistry)
Jaw, Edentulous: the total absence of teeth from either the mandible or the maxilla, but not both. total absence of teeth from both is mouth, edentulous. partial absence of teeth in either is jaw, edentulous, partially
Jaw, Edentulous, Partially: absence of teeth from a portion of the mandible and/or maxilla
Jealousy: an irrational reaction compounded of grief, loss of self-esteem, enmity against the rival and and self-criticism
Jehovah's Witnesses: members of a religious denomination founded in the united states during the late 19th century in which active evangelism is practiced, the imminent approach of the millennium is preached, and war and organized government authority in matters of conscience are strongly opposed (from american heritage dictionary of the english language, 4th ed). jehovah's witnesses generally refuse blood transfusions and other blood-based treatments based on religious belief
Jejunal Diseases: pathological development in the jejunum region of the small intestine
Jejunal Neoplasms: tumors or cancer in the jejunum region of the small intestine (intestine, small)
Jejunoileal Bypass: a procedure consisting of the surgical anastomosis of the proximal part of the jejunum to the distal portion of the ileum, so as to bypass the nutrient-absorptive segment of the small intestine. due to the severe malnutrition and life-threatening metabolic complications, this method is no longer used to treat morbid obesity
Jejunostomy: surgical formation of an opening through the abdominal wall into the jejunum, usually for enteral hyperalimentation
Jejunum: the middle portion of the small intestine, between duodenum and ileum. it represents about 2/5 of the remaining portion of the small intestine below duodenum
Jemen: stát na jihu arabského poloostrova v jihozápadní asii. sousedí se saúdskou arábií na severu a ománem na severovýchodě. z jihu jej omývají vody arabského moře, z jihozápadu průliv bab-al-mandab a ze západu rudé moře. území jemenu zahrnuje více než 200 ostrovů. hlavním městem je san'á. významným městem je aden je největší jemenský přístav a v letech 1967-1990 hlavní město bývalého jižního jemenu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Jervell-Lange Nielsen Syndrome: a form of long qt syndrome that is associated with congenital deafness. it is characterized by abnormal cardioelectrophysiology involving the voltage-gated potassium channel. it results from mutation of kcnq1 gene (subtype 1 or jln1) or the kcne1 gene (subtype 2 or jln2)
Jervellův-Lange-Nielsenův syndrom: autozomálně recesivně dědičná choroba s hluchoněmostí a prodlouženým qt intervalem; hluchoněmost je vrozená (frekvence syndromu u hluchých dětí je 1:400). při tělesné námaze dochází k arytmiím s rizikem náhlé smrti. příčinou je defekt genu, který kóduje jeden iontových kanálů umožňujících vstup kalia do buňky. spolu s romanovým-wardovým syndromem se označuje jako pseudohypokalemický syndrom. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Jet Lag Syndrome: a chronobiologic disorder resulting from rapid travel across a number of time zones, characterized by insomnia or hypersomnolence, fatigue, behavioral symptoms, headaches, and gastrointestinal disturbances. (from cooper, sleep, 1994, pp593-8)
Jet, dental resin: poly(methylmethacrylate) material; used to fabricate interim restorations
Jeune syndrome: a group of hereditary autosomal recessive skeletal ciliopathies (ellis-van creveld syndrome, jeune syndrome, short rib-polydactyly syndrome, and mainzer-saldino syndrome) that are characterized by a constricted thoracic cage, short ribs, shortened tubular bones, and a 'trident' appearance of the roof of the acetabulum. polydactyly is variably present, and there is phenotypic overlap in the various forms, which differ by visceral malformation and metaphyseal appearance. nonskeletal involvement can include cleft lip/palate as well as anomalies of major organs, brain, and genitalia. severity ranges from neonatal lethality to mild adult disability. omim: 208500
Jewelry: objects of precious metal usually containing gems and worn to enhance personal appearance. health concerns include possible contamination from lead content or bacteria
Jihoafrická republika: nejjižnější země afriky. jižní afrika má tři hlavní města: pretorii, kde sídlí výkonná moc, bloemfontein (justice) a kapské město, kde sídlí moc zákonodárná. největším městem je johannesburg. asi 80 % jihoafričanů je černošského původu. na jihu je ohraničena pobřežím táhnoucím se podél jižního atlantiku a indického oceánu; její severní sousedi jsou namibie, botswana a zimbabwe, východní a severovýchodní pak mosambik a svazijsko. uvnitř jihoafrického území leží samostatné království lesotho. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Jihoafričané: lidé pocházející z jižní afriky nebo obyvatelé jižní afriky, kam patří angola, botswana, eswatini, lesotho, malawi, mosambik, namibie, jihoafrická republika, zambie a zimbabwe
Jihoameričané: lidé pocházející z jižní ameriky nebo její obyvatelé. patří sem argentina, bolívie, brazílie, chile, kolumbie, ekvádor, francouzská guyana, guyana, paraguay, peru, surinam, uruguay a venezuela
Jižní Amerika: jižní kontinent západní polokoule rozprostírající se na jih od kolumbijsko-panamské hranice
Jižní Austrálie: nejsušší stát austrálie. k jižní austrálii náleží třetí největší ostrov kontinentu: klokaní ostrov. sousedí se všemi kontinentálními státy australského svazu - ze západu se západní austrálií, z východu s victorií a novým jižním walesem a ze severovýchodu s queenslandem a se severním teritoriem ze severu. hlavním městem je adelaide. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Jižní Dakota: jižní dakota hraničí na severu se severní dakotou, na východě s minnesotou, na jihovýchodě s iowou, na jihu s nebraskou a na západě s wyomingem a montanou hlavní město je pierre
Jižní Karolína: stát na východním pobřeží spojených států amerických, v jihoatlantské oblasti jižního regionu usa. jižní karolína hraničí na severu se severní karolínou a na jihozápadě s georgií. východní ohraničení státu tvoří atlantský oceán
Jižní Súdán: stát v severovýchodní africe. osou státu je bílý nil a povrch z velké části tvoří mokřiny a tropické lesy. nejvyšší horou je kinyeti nedaleko hranice s ugandou. území je složeno z celkem 10 států. jeho hlavním a současně největším městem je džuba. jižní súdán sousedí na východě s etiopií, na jihu s keňou, ugandou a demokratickou republikou kongo a na západě se středoafrickou republikou. na severu sousedí se súdánem. úředním jazykem je angličtina. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Job Description: statement of the position requirements, qualifications for the position, wage range, and any special conditions expected of the employee
Job Security: the extent to which job separations are involuntary. the primary measure of job security is the rate of job loss (https://www.bls.gov/osmr/research-papers/2002/pdf/ec020050.pdf)
Job Syndrome: primary immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by recurrent infections and hyperimmunoglobulinemia e. most cases are sporadic. of the rare familial forms, the dominantly inherited subtype has additional connective tissue, dental and skeletal involvement that the recessive type does not share
Jobův syndrom: syndrom hyperimunoglobulinemie e, soubor příznaků vzácné primární vrozené kombinované imunodeficience s neznámým defektem. specifická imunitní reakce je defektní zejména na stafylokoky. těžké rekurentní stafylokokové infekce respiračního traktu od kojeneckého věku vedou k poškození plic. časté jsou též dermatitidy a artritidy. hladina ige je extrémně vysoká, vyšší je i hladina igd, ostatní ig jsou normální. výrazné je poměrné snížení paměťových t lymfocytů. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Jogging: running at a low rate of speed. it can be done as a means of conditioning or for general health and well being
Johanson Blizzard syndrome: a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by poor growth, intellectual disability, and variable dysmorphic features, including nasal alae abnormalities, abnormal hair patterns or scalp defects, anodnotia. affected individuals may also have hypothyroidism, sensorineural hearing loss, imperforate anus, and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. mutations in the ubr1 gene have been identified. omim: 243800
Joint Capsule: the sac enclosing a joint. it is composed of an outer fibrous articular capsule and an inner synovial membrane
Joint Capsule Release: surgical procedure to relax the joint capsule tissues in a joint that has a reduced range of motion due to contracture or tissue adhesions or joint deformities
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations: a private, voluntary, not-for-profit organization which establishes standards for the operation of health facilities and services, conducts surveys, and awards accreditation
Joint Deformities, Acquired: deformities acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease. the joint deformity is often associated with rheumatoid arthritis and leprosy
Joint Loose Bodies: fibrous, bony, cartilaginous and osteocartilaginous fragments in a synovial joint. major causes are osteochondritis dissecans, synovial chondromatosis, osteophytes, fractured articular surfaces and damaged menisci
Joint Prosthesis: prostheses used to partially or totally replace a human or animal joint. (from umdns, 1999)
Joints: also known as articulations, these are points of connection between the ends of certain separate bones, or where the borders of other bones are juxtaposed
Jordan: a country in the middle east, northwest of saudi arabia, between israel and iraq. the capital is amman
Jordánsko: stát v oblasti blízkého východu. na severu sousedí se sýrií, na severovýchodě s irákem, na jihu se saúdskou arábií a na západě s palestinou s izraelem. na jihozápadě má krátký přístup k rudému moři. hlavní město je ammán. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Josamycin: a macrolide antibiotic from streptomyces narbonensis. the drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens
Journal Impact Factor: a quantitative measure of the frequency on average with which articles in a journal have been cited in a given period of time
Journalism: the collection, preparation, and distribution of news and related commentary and feature materials through such media as pamphlets, newsletters, newspapers, magazines, radio, motion pictures, television, and books. while originally applied to the reportage of current events in printed form, specifically newspapers, with the advent of radio and television the use of the term has broadened to include all printed and electronic communication dealing with current affairs
Journalism, Dental: content, management, editing, policies, and printing of dental periodicals such as journals, newsletters, tabloids, and bulletins
Journalism, Medical: the collection, writing, and editing of current interest material on topics related to biomedicine for presentation through the mass media, including newspapers, magazines, radio, or television, usually for a public audience such as health care consumers
Judaism: the monotheistic religion of the jews based on the teachings of the hebrew scriptures (torah)
Judgment: the process of discovering or asserting an objective or intrinsic relation between two objects or concepts; a faculty or power that enables a person to make judgments; the process of bringing to light and asserting the implicit meaning of a concept; a critical evaluation of a person or situation
Judicial Role: the kind of action or activity proper to the judiciary, particularly its responsibility for decision making
Juglandaceae: the walnut plant family of the order juglandales, subclass hamamelidae, class magnoliopsida. they are mainly temperate zone trees
Juglandaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu fagales (bukotvaré). jsou to povětšině opadavé stromy se zpeřenými střídavými listy, rostoucí v eurasii a severní americe. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Juglans: rod dřevin čeledi juglandaceae. ořešák královský je pěstovaný v mírných oblastech celého světa pro vlašské ořechy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Jugoslávie: byl to stát existující na území jihovýchodní a střední evropy na břehu jaderského moře po většinu 20. století. vznikl po první světové válce v roce 1918 pod názvem království srbů, chorvatů a slovinců a představoval první spojení jižních slovanů jako suverénního státu po staletích, ve kterém byl region součástí osmanské říše a rakousko-uherska. v roce 1943 byla jugoslávskými partyzány vyhlášena demokratická federativní jugoslávie. v roce 1946 byla zřízena komunistická vláda a země přejmenována na federativní lidovou republiku jugoslávii. v roce 1963 byla země znovu přejmenována na socialistickou federativní republiku jugoslávii (sfrj). země se sice přidala k socialistickému táboru, ale zachovala si větší míru samostatnosti. sfrj tvořilo šest socialistických republik - černá hora, bosna a hercegovina, chorvatsko, makedonie, srbsko a slovinsko. srbsko obsahovalo dvě socialistické autonomní provincie, vojvodinu a kosovo. po hospodářské a politické krizi v 80. letech a vzestupu nacionalismu se jugoslávie rozpadla, což vedlo k válce v jugoslávii. na území bývelé jugoslávie se nyní nacházejí tyto státy: slovinsko, chorvatsko, severní makedonie, bosna a hercegovina, černá hora, srbsko a kosovo. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Jugular Foramina: a pair of openings from the posterior cranial fossa through which the glossopharyngeal nerve; vagus nerve; accessory nerve and the internal jugular veins pass
Jugular Veins: veins in the neck which drain the brain, face, and neck into the brachiocephalic or subclavian veins
Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases: a family of histone demethylases that share a conserved jumonji c domain. the enzymes function via an iron-dependent dioxygenase mechanism that couples the conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinate to the hydroxylation of n-methyl groups
Junctional Adhesion Molecule A: a cell adhesion protein that is found within tight junctions of endothelial cells and on the cell membrane surface of circulating platelets
Junctional Adhesion Molecule B: a junctional adhesion molecule subtype that is localized to high endothelial venules, heart endothelium, trophoblasts of the plancenta, and in the endothelium of arterioles
Junctional Adhesion Molecule C: a junctional adhesion molecule subtype that is expressed at high levels in placenta; brain; kidney; and platelets. it serves a variety of functions such as mediating leukocyte-platelet interactions, regulating trans-epithelial migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and acting as a counter receptor for alpham integrin
Junctional Adhesion Molecules: a family of membrane glycoproteins localized to tight junctions that contain two extracellular ig-like domains, a single transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tail of variable length
Jungian Theory: a theoretical psychoanalytical system centered around symbols of the unconscious with the unconscious material derived from two sources - the personal unconscious (repressed or forgotten experiences, thoughts and feelings) and the collective or objective unconscious (the universal inherited qualities which dispose individuals to behave in ways similar to their ancestors)
Jungova teorie: teoretický psychoanalytický systém soustředící se na symboly podvědomí a nevědomý materiál odvozený ze dvou zdrojů - osobního nevědomí (potlačených nebo zapomenutých zážitků, myšlenek a pocitů) a kolektivního nebo objektivního nevědomí (univerzálních dědičných vlastností, kterými disponují jednotlivci, a díky kterým se chovají podobně jako jejich předci)
Junin virus: a species of arenavirus, part of the new world arenaviruses (arenaviruses, new world), causing argentinian hemorrhagic fever. the disease is characterized by congestion, edema, generalized lymphadenopathy and hemorrhagic necrosis and is sometimes fatal
Juniperus: a plant genus of the family cupressaceae. the species are slow growing coniferous evergreen trees or shrubs
Jupiter: největší planeta sluneční soustavy, v pořadí pátá od slunce. jupiter má nejméně 79 měsíců, k nejznámějším patří io, europa, ganymedes a callisto. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Jupiter: the fifth planet in order from the sun. it is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. its sixteen natural satellites include callisto, europa, ganymede, and io
Jurisprudence: the science or philosophy of law. also, the application of the principles of law and justice to health and medicine
Jurkat Cells: a cell line derived from human t-cell leukemia and used to determine the mechanism of differential susceptibility to anti-cancer drugs and radiation
Jurkat buňky: buněčná linie odvozená z lidské t-buněčné leukemie. používá se pro určení mechanismu rozdílné citlivosti k protinádorovým lékům a k záření
Justi Denture Base resin: a commercially-available microwave-polymerized resin base for removable partial dentures
Justicia: a plant genus in the family acanthaceae. adhatoda vasica nees is a source of vasicine
Justicia: rod rostlin čeledi acanthaceae. druh adhatoda vasica obsahuje alkaloid vasicin
Juvenile Delinquency: the antisocial acts of children or persons under age which are illegal or lawfully interpreted as constituting delinquency
Juvenile Hormones: compounds, either natural or synthetic, which block development of the growing insect
Juvenile gout: an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by hyperuricemia due to a low fractional excretion of uric acid, defective urinary concentrating ability, interstitial nephropathy, and progression to chronic kidney failure. both hnfj1 and medullary cystic kidney disease (mckd2) (omim: 603860) are caused by mutations in the umod gene. omim: 162000
Juvenile osteoporosis: idiopathic osteoporosis of childhood or adolescence characterized by normal sclera (unlike osteogenesis imperfecta), low plasma calcitrol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol), normal serum calcifediol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol), and normal renal function. the condition usually improves with the onset of puberty and it may be hereditary (autosomal recessive). omim: 259750
Juvenile polyposis syndrome: a hereditary form of intestinal polyposis where polyps first appear by age 20. diagnosis is based on the presence of harmatoma - like gastrointestinal polyps that become malignant lesions by age 35 in 20% of cases. germline mutations in the smad4 and bmpr1a genes have been identified. omim: 174900
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus: a complex of cells consisting of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangium lacis cells, the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule, and granular epithelial peripolar cells. juxtaglomerular cells are modified smooth muscle cells found in the walls of afferent glomerular arterioles and sometimes the efferent arterioles. extraglomerular mesangium lacis cells are located in the angle between the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles. granular epithelial peripolar cells are located at the angle of reflection of the parietal to visceral angle of the renal corpuscle
K BxN mice: a transgenic mouse expressing both the t cell receptor (tcr) transgene krn and the mhc class ii molecule a(g7). k/bxn mice develop severe inflammatory arthritis and produce autoantibody against glucose-6-phosphate isomerase
K Cl- Cotransporters: a subclass of symporters that specifically transport potassium and chloride ions across cellular membranes. potassium chloride cotransporters play roles in regulating cell volume and intracellular chloride concentration
K1 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of osteosarcoma
K48 capsular polysaccharide, Escherichia coli: the exocellular capsular polysaccharide from e. coli; carbohydrate sequence of repeating unit in first source
K562 Cells: an erythroleukemia cell line derived from a chronic myeloid leukemia patient in blast crisis
KATP Channels: heteromultimers of kir6 channels (the pore portion) and sulfonylurea receptor (the regulatory portion) which affect function of the heart; pancreatic beta cells; and kidney collecting ducts. katp channel blockers include glibenclamide and mitiglinide whereas openers include cromakalim and minoxidil sulfate
KB Cells: this line kb is now known to be a subline of the ubiquitous keratin-forming tumor cell line hela. it was originally thought to be derived from an epidermal carcinoma of the mouth, but was subsequently found, based on isoenzyme analysis, hela marker chromosomes, and dna fingerprinting, to have been established via contamination by hela cells. the cells are positive for keratin by immunoperoxidase staining. kb cells have been reported to contain human papillomavirus18 (hpv-18) sequences
KB buňky: linie kb je známá jako podlinie ubikvitní nádorové linie hela tvořící keratin. původně byla považovaná za linii vzniklou z epidermálního karcinomu dutiny ústní, ale později se zjistilo (na základě analýzy izoenzymů, markerových chromozomů a technikou dna fingerprinting), že vznikla kontaminací hela buňkami. buňky jsou po barvení imunoperoxidázou pozitivní pro keratin. uvádí se, že kb buňky obsahují sekvence lidského papilomaviru 18 (hpv-18)
KBF Bond: contains mdp, bis-gma, hema, hydrophilic dimethacrylate, photoinitiator & microfiller
KBG syndrome: a hereditary autosomal dominant devleopmental disorder characterized by macrodontia of the upper central incisors, distinctive craniofacial findings, short stature, skeletal anomalies, and neurologic involvement that includes global developmental delay, seizures; and intellectual disability. mutations in the ankrd11 gene have been identified. omim: 148050
KCNQ Potassium Channels: a family of delayed rectifier voltage-gated potassium channels that share homology with their founding member, kcnq1 protein. kcnq potassium channels have been implicated in a variety of diseases including long qt syndrome; deafness; and epilepsy
KCNQ1 Potassium Channel: a voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed primarily in the heart
KCNQ2 Potassium Channel: a very slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed in neurons and is commonly mutated in benign familial neonatal convulsions
KCNQ3 Potassium Channel: a very slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed in neurons and is closely related to kcnq2 potassium channel. it is commonly mutated in benign familial neonatal convulsions
KCa5(Si2O7)(Si6O15)(OH)F: a bioactive glass/ceramic
KRIT1 Protein: a microtubule-associated protein consisting of four ankyrin repeats and a c-terminal ferm domain. it links the cytoskeleton to cell junctions via integrin cytoplasmic domain-associated protein-1 and plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation and integrity of endothelial cell junctions. it is also involved in reactive oxygen species metabolism. mutations in the krit1 gene are associated with type i cerebral cavernous malformations
KT308 Sealer: a glass-ionomer cement sealer that is cytocompatible and has good potential as a root canal sealer
Kabuki syndrome: a congenital syndrome characterized by neurodevelopmental dysfunction, dwarfism, a facies with long palpebral fissures and eversion of the lateral third of the lower eyelids, and other anatomical abnormalities. a heterozygous mutation in the kmt2d gene is associated with kabuki syndrome-1 (omim: 147920). mutations in the kdm6a gene have been associated with kabuki syndrome-2 (omim: 300867)
Kadsura: a plant genus of the family schisandraceae used in folk medicine in a manner similar to schisandra. members contain kadsurenone and kadsurin
Kadsura: rod rostlin čeledi schisandraceae používaný v tradičním lékařství. má podobné účinky jako schisandra (klanopraška). zástupci obsahují kadsurenon a kadsurin
Kaempferols: a group of flavonols based on kaempferol. they are derived from naringenin and can be hydroxylated to quercetin or reduced to leucopelargonidin
Kainic Acid: (2s-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. ascaricide obtained from the red alga digenea simplex. it is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose
Kalanchoe: a plant genus of the family crassulaceae. members contain bryophyllins (also called bryotoxins) which are bufadienolides (bufanolides) that have insecticidal activity
Kalanchoe: rod rostlin čeledi crassulaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují bryotoxiny, což jsou jedovaté kardiotoxické glykosidy bufadienolidy (bufanolidy)
Kalifornie: stát na západním pobřeží spojených států amerických. kalifornie hraničí na severu s oregonem, na východě s nevadou, na jihovýchodě s arizonou a na jihu s mexickým státem baja california. západní ohraničení státu tvoří tichý oceán. je to nejlidnatější stát usa. hlavní město je sacramento, největší je los angeles. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Kalinin: an epithelium-specific basement membrane adhesion molecule that is a component of anchoring filaments. consists of 3 subunits (a, b2, & b1)
Kallidin: a decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. it is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation
Kallikrein-Kinin System: a system of metabolic interactions by products produced in the distal nephron of the kidney. these products include kallikrein; kinins; kininase i; kininase ii; and enkephalinase. this system participates in the control of renal functions. it interacts with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to regulate blood pressure, generation of prostaglandins, release of vasopressins, and water-electrolyte balance
Kallikreins: proteolytic enzymes from the serine endopeptidase family found in normal blood and urine. specifically, kallikreins are potent vasodilators and hypotensives and increase vascular permeability and affect smooth muscle. they act as infertility agents in men. three forms are recognized, plasma kallikrein (ec 3.4.21.34), tissue kallikrein (ec 3.4.21.35), and prostate-specific antigen (ec 3.4.21.77)
Kallmann Syndrome: a genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by hypothalamic gnrh deficiency and olfactory nerve defects. it is characterized by congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia, possibly with additional midline defects. it can be transmitted as an x-linked (genetic diseases, x-linked), an autosomal dominant, or an autosomal recessive trait
Kallmannův syndrom: syndrom charakterizovaný anosmií a deficitem gonadotropinů s nedostatečným vývojem pohlavních žláz (hypogonadotropní hypogonadismus). dále může být hluchota, rozštěpové vady, barvoslepost, mentální retardace aj. dědičnost bývá obvykle autozomálně dominantní. porušena je tvorba a migrace neuronů tvořících gnrh spolu s agenezí olfaktorického bulbu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Kalopanax: a plant genus of the family araliaceae. members contain triterpene saponins
Kalopanax: rod rostlin z čeledi araliaceae. zástupci obsahují triterpenové saponiny
Kambodža: stát v jihovýchodní asii, sousedí s thajskem, laosem a vietnamem; na jihozápadě má přístup k thajskému zálivu tichého oceánu. hlavní město je phnompenh
Kamerun: republika v rovníkové africe. leží u guinejského zálivu, mezi nigérií, čadem, středoafrickou republikou, republikou kongo, gabonem a rovníkovou guineou. hlavní město kamerunu je yaoundé, avšak největším městem je douala