NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Biliary Dyskinesia: a motility disorder characterized by biliary colic, absence of gallstones, and an abnormal gallbladder ejection fraction. it is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or sphincter of oddi dysfunction
Biliary Fistula: abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs
Biliary Tract Diseases: diseases in any part of the biliary tract including the bile ducts and the gallbladder
Biliary Tract Neoplasms: tumors or cancer in the biliary tract including the bile ducts and the gallbladder
Biliopancreatic Diversion: a surgical procedure which diverts pancreatobiliary secretions via the duodenum and the jejunum into the colon, the remaining small intestine being anastomosed to the stomach after antrectomy. the procedure produces less diarrhea than does jejunoileal bypass
Biliverdine: 1,3,6,7-tetramethyl-4,5-dicarboxyethyl-2,8-divinylbilenone. biosynthesized from hemoglobin as a precursor of bilirubin. occurs in the bile of amphibians and of birds, but not in normal human bile or serum
Bilobalides: a degraded form of ginkgolides that have three lactones and a unique tert-butyl group which are found in ginkgo plants
Bilophila: a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria in the family desulfovibrionaceae. it was originally recovered from infections in patients with gangrenous and perforated appendicitis. it is also associated with abscess; bacteremia; and biliary tract sepsis
Bilophila: rod gramnegativních anaerobních bakterií z čeledi desulfovibrionaceae. původně byl získán od pacientů nakažených gangrenózní a perforovanou apendicitidou. je také spojen s abscesy, bakteriemií a sepsí žlučového ústrojí
Bimatoprost: a cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an antihypertensive agent in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension
Binding Sites: the parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule
Binding Sites, Antibody: local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens (epitopes.) they are formed from parts of the variable regions of fab fragments
Binding, Competitive: the interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. the displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements
Biner LC: a light curing liner cement consists of calcium hydroxyphosphate in a urethane dimethacrylate resin
Binge Drinking: drinking an excessive amount of alcoholic beverages in a short period of time
Binge-Eating Disorder: a disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, depression, or guilt after overeating. criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. the binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa. (from dsm-iv, 1994)
Binomial Distribution: the probability distribution associated with two mutually exclusive outcomes; used to model cumulative incidence rates and prevalence rates. the bernoulli distribution is a special case of binomial distribution
Bio-Alcamid: a prosthetic polymer, does not interfere with morphological and functional characteristics of human skin fibroblasts; a nonreabsorbable polymer (acrylic resin) with a reticulated structure derived from acrylic acid
Bio-Gel P-4: polyacrylamide gel; see also record for polyacrylamide gels
BioProtein, Bacteria: a single cell protein produced by a mixed methanotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria culture using natural gas as energy source, which has been approved for animal feed
Bioaccumulation: an increase in the concentration of an exogenous substance in the tissues of organisms higher than surrounding environment. accumulation of such xenobiotics at successively higher levels up the food chain is called biomagnification. bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals (e.g., lead and ddt) may result in chemically-induced disorders
Bioactive Peptides, Dietary: peptides that are derived from dietary protein and which can modulate physiological functions
Bioartificial Organs: artificial organs that are composites of biomaterials and cells. the biomaterial can act as a membrane (container) as in bioartificial liver or a scaffold as in bioartificial skin
Biobanka Spojeného království: biomedicínská databáze a výzkumný zdroj, který obsahuje genetické a zdravotní údaje osob ve věku 40-69 let nabíraných v letech 2006-2010 z celé velké británie, s přibližně stejným počtem mužů a žen
Biobehavioral Sciences: an interdisciplinary scientific approach to the study of complex interactions among biological, social, behavioral and environmental factors
Biobibliography: works consisting of biographical information as well as lists of the writings of those persons
Biobrane: synthetic, biocompatible dressing used to treat patients with partial thickness burn wounds; polypeptide-coated, nylon-silicone rubber fabric bilayer
Biocatalysis: the facilitation of biochemical reactions with the aid of naturally occurring catalysts such as enzymes
Biochemical Phenomena: the chemical processes, enzymatic activities, and pathways of living things and related temporal, dimensional, qualitative, and quantitative concepts
Biocompatible Materials: synthetic or natural materials, other than drugs, that are used to replace or repair any body tissues or bodily function
Biocuration: translation and integration of biological information into databases or other resources that allow integration of the scientific literature as well as large datasets, enabling both humans and computers to access the data
Biodegradable Plastics: organic polymeric materials which can be broken down by naturally occurring processes. this includes plastics created from bio-based or petrochemical-based materials
Biodegradation, Environmental: elimination of environmental pollutants; pesticides and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers
Bioelectric Energy Sources: electric power supply devices which convert biological energy, such as chemical energy of metabolism or mechanical energy of periodic movements, into electrical energy
Bioenhancers: agents that are used to increase the bioavailability and bioefficacy of a drug, without any therapeutic activity of its own
Bioethical Issues: clusters of topics that fall within the domain of bioethics, the field of study concerned with value questions that arise in biomedicine and health care delivery
Bioethics: a branch of applied ethics that studies the value implications of practices and developments in life sciences, medicine, and health care
Biofeedback, Psychology: the therapy technique of providing the status of one's own autonomic nervous system function (e.g., skin temperature, heartbeats, brain waves) as visual or auditory feedback in order to self-control related conditions (e.g., hypertension, migraine headaches)
Biofilms: encrustations formed from microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi, plankton, or protozoa) embedded in an extracellular polymeric substance matrix that is secreted by the microbes. they occur on body surfaces such as teeth (dental deposits); inanimate objects, and bodies of water. biofilms are prevented from forming by treating surfaces with dentifrices; disinfectants; anti-infective agents; and anti-fouling agents
Biofortification: improving the nutritional value of plant foods by augmenting the plant's environment, by using plant breeding, or by genetic engineering plants to increase their ability to synthesize vitamins or uptake essential nutrients from the soil
Biofouling: process by which unwanted microbial, plant or animal materials or organisms accumulate on man-made surfaces
Biofuels: hydrocarbon-rich byproducts from the non-fossilized biomass that are combusted to generate energy as opposed to fossilized hydrocarbon deposits (fossil fuels)
Biogenic Amines: a group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology
Biogenic Monoamines: biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids
Biogenic Polyamines: biogenic amines having more than one amine group. these are long-chain aliphatic compounds that contain multiple amino and/or imino groups. because of the linear arrangement of positive charge on these molecules, polyamines bind electrostatically to ribosomes, dna, and rna
Bioglass: bone-bonding ceramic composed of sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate, phosphorus pentoxide & silica; perioglas is the particulate form of bioglass
Biogran: composed, by weight, of 45% silicon dioxide, 24.5% calcium oxide, 24.5% sodium oxide, and 6% diphosphorus pentoxide; this bioactive glass bonds to bone tissue and enhances bone tissue growth due to its osteoconductive properties
Biographies as Topic: works about a written account of a person's life and the branch of literature concerned with the lives of people
Biography: works consisting of an account of the events, works, and achievements, personal and professional, during a person's life
Biohazard Release: uncontrolled release of biological material from its containment. this either threatens to, or does, cause exposure to a biological hazard. such an incident may occur accidentally or deliberately
Biolistics: techniques where dna is delivered directly into organelles at high speed using projectiles coated with nucleic acid, shot from a helium-powered gun (gene gun). one of these techniques involves immunization by dna vaccines, which delivers dna-coated gold beads to the epidermis
Biological Assay: a method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. it includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc
Biological Availability: the extent to which the active ingredient of a drug dosage form becomes available at the site of drug action or in a biological medium believed to reflect accessibility to a site of action
Biological Clocks: the physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological, and behavioral phenomena
Biological Coevolution: the process of reciprocal evolutionary change occurring between pairs of species or among groups of species as they interact
Biological Control Agents: organisms, biological agents, or biologically derived agents used strategically for their positive or adverse effect on the physiology and/or reproductive health of other organisms
Biological Evolution: the process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics
Biological Factors: endogenously synthesized compounds that influence biological processes not otherwise classified under enzymes; hormones or hormone antagonists
Biological Mimicry: resemblance in appearance, structure, function, sound, scent or behavior between related or unrelated species, occurring in the same geographic location
Biological Monitoring: monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the bodies of living organisms, by diagnostic imaging or by analyzing blood; urine; breast milk; saliva, etc
Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis: testing for the amount of biodegradable organic material in a water sample by measuring the quantity of oxygen consumed by biodegradation of those materials over a specific time period
Biological Phenomena: biological processes, properties, and characteristics of the whole organism in human, animal, microorganisms, and plants, and of the biosphere
Biological Products: complex pharmaceutical substances, preparations, or matter derived from organisms usually obtained by biological methods or assay
Biological Psychiatry: an interdisciplinary science concerned with studies of the biological bases of behavior - biochemical, genetic, physiological, and neurological - and applying these to the understanding and treatment of mental illness
Biological Science Disciplines: all of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. the concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. it should be differentiated from biology, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms
Biological Specimen Banks: facilities that collect, store, and distribute tissues, e.g., cell lines, microorganisms, blood, sperm, milk, breast tissue, for use by others. other uses may include transplantation and comparison of diseased tissues in the identification of cancer
Biological Therapy: treatment of diseases with biological materials or biological response modifiers, such as the use of genes; cells; tissues; organs; serum; vaccines; and humoral agents
Biological Transport: the movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. the transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. it also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments
Biological Transport, Active: the movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy
Biological Variation, Individual: differences in measurable biological values, characteristics, or traits, within one individual under different conditions for the individual such as fasting, season of the year, age, or state of wellness
Biological Variation, Population: differences in measurable biological values, characteristics, or traits, among individuals of a population or between population groups
Biological Warfare: the use of biological agents in warfare. this includes the malevolent use of bacteria; viruses; or other biological toxins against people, animals; or plants
Biological Warfare Agents: living organisms or their toxic products that are used to cause disease or death of humans during warfare
Biology: one of the biological science disciplines concerned with the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of animals, plants, and microorganisms
Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer Techniques: techniques for determining the proximity of molecules based on energy transfer between bioluminescent chromophores and acceptor fluorophores that have overlapping emission and absorption spectra
Biomarkers: measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis; metabolic processes; substance abuse; pregnancy; cell line development; epidemiologic studies; etc
Biomarkers, Pharmacological: measurable biological parameters that serve for drug development, safety and dosing (drug monitoring)
Biomarkers, Tumor: molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. they are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. many chemical groups are represented including hormones; antigens; amino and nucleic acids; enzymes; polyamines; and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids
Biomass: total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (from concise dictionary of biology, 1990) it includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop
Biomechanical Phenomena: the properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces
Biomedical Engineering: application of principles and practices of engineering science to biomedical research and health care
Biomedical Enhancement: the use of technology-based interventions to improve functional capacities rather than to treat disease
Biomedical Research: research that involves the application of the natural sciences, especially biology and physiology, to medicine
Biomedical and Dental Materials: substances used in biomedicine or dentistry predominantly for their physical, as opposed to chemical, properties
Biometric Identification: a method of differentiating individuals based on the analysis of qualitative or quantitative biological traits or patterns. biometric identification, which has applications in forensics and identity theft prevention, includes dna profiles or dna fingerprints; fingerprints; automated facial recognition; iris scan; retina scan; hand geometry; vascular patterns; automated voice pattern recognition; ultrasound of fingers; and x-rays
Biomimetic Materials: materials fabricated by biomimetics techniques, i.e., based on natural processes found in biological systems
Biomimetics: an interdisciplinary field in materials science, engineering, and biology, studying the use of biological principles for synthesis or fabrication of biomimetic materials
Biomineralization: process by which living organisms produce minerals that accumulate into hardened tissues (e.g., bones, teeth and shells), and cellular nanostructures that sequester away into macromolecules. biosynthesized minerals include calcium carbonate; fluoroapatite; hydroxyapatite; and magnetite
Biomolecular Condensates: membraneless intracellular compartments formed through liquid-liquid phase separation from the surrounding cytoplasm or nucleoplasm or by the concentration of proteins and nucleic acids into droplets as they aggregate on static cellular structures such as cell membranes. examples include cell nucleoli; stress granules; paraspeckles; histone locus bodies; and postsynaptic densities
Biomphalaria: a genus of planorbid freshwater snails, species of which are intermediate hosts of schistosoma mansoni
Biomphalaria: rod okružákovitých sladkovodních plžů, jehož druhy jsou mezihostiteli schistosoma mansoni
Bion: polyolefin elastomer made from 1-hexene & 5-methyl-1,4-hexadiene & 4-methyl-1,4-hexadiene
Bionics: the study of systems, particularly electronic systems, which function after the manner of, in a manner characteristic of, or resembling living systems. also, the science of applying biological techniques and principles to the design of electronic systems
Biopharmaceutics: the study of the physical and chemical properties of a drug and its dosage form as related to the onset, duration, and intensity of its action
Bioplic: contains: dimethacrylates, organic filler, silicium dioxide, sodium flouride, pigments and catalysts
Biopolymers: polymers synthesized by living organisms. they play a role in the formation of macromolecular structures and are synthesized via the covalent linkage of biological molecules, especially amino acids; nucleotides; and carbohydrates
Bioprinting: a material transfer technique used for assembling biological material or cells into a prescribed organization to create functional structures such as microchip analytical devices, cell microarrays, or three dimensional anatomical structures
Bioprosthesis: prosthesis, usually heart valve, composed of biological material and whose durability depends upon the stability of the material after pretreatment, rather than regeneration by host cell ingrowth. durability is achieved 1, mechanically by the interposition of a cloth, usually polytetrafluoroethylene, between the host and the graft, and 2, chemically by stabilization of the tissue by intermolecular linking, usually with glutaraldehyde, after removal of antigenic components, or the use of reconstituted and restructured biopolymers
Biopsy, Fine-Needle: using fine needles (finer than 22-gauge) to remove tissue or fluid specimens from the living body for examination in the pathology laboratory and for disease diagnosis
Biopsy, Large-Core Needle: the use of needles usually larger than 14-gauge to remove tissue samples large enough to retain cellular architecture for pathology examination
Biopsy, Needle: removal and examination of tissue obtained through a transdermal needle inserted into the specific region, organ, or tissue being analyzed
Biopterins: pterin derivatives based on 2-amino-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-4(1h)-pteridinone. biopterins are natural products that have been considered as growth factors for some insects. biopterins are cofactors for the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and nitric oxide synthase. deficiencies in biopterins metabolism (e.g., lowered tetrahydrobiopterin) are associated with neurological deterioration (e.g., hyperphenylalaninaemia)
Bioreactors: tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. they can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. for production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen
Bioresonance Therapy: a form of holistic medicine in which electromagnetic waves are used to diagnose and treat human and animal illness via manipulation of endogenous electromagnetic oscillations corresponding to the patient's current physiological condition
Biosecurity: institutional and personal security measures designed to prevent the loss, theft, misuse, diversion or intentional release of pathogens and toxins.(from https://www.who.int/influenza/pip/biosecurityandbiosafety_en_20mar2018.pdf february,24, 2021)
Biosensing Techniques: any of a variety of procedures which use biomolecular probes to measure the presence or concentration of biological molecules, biological structures, microorganisms, etc., by translating a biochemical interaction at the probe surface into a quantifiable physical signal
Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals: biological products that are imitations but not exact replicas of innovator biological products
Biosolids: wastewater sludge treated by processes such as composting, anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, alkaline treatment, and pasteurization to remove hazardous chemicals and pathogens
Biostatistics: the application of statistics to biological systems and organisms involving the retrieval or collection, analysis, reduction, and interpretation of qualitative and quantitative data
Biosurfactants: surface-active substances produced by plants and microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast. they have the ability to reduce surface and interfacial tension, making them useful in a variety of applications
Biosurveillance: monitoring of information sources of potential value in detecting an emerging epidemic, whether naturally occurring or the result of bioterrorism
Biosyn terpolymer: composed of glycolide, trimethylene carbonate, and dioxanone; a monofilament synthetic absorbable suture
Biosynthetic Pathways: sets of enzymatic reactions occurring in organisms and that form biochemicals by making new covalent bonds
Biota: the spectrum of different living organisms inhabiting a particular region, habitat, or biotope
Biotechnology: body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction
Bioterrorism: the use of biological agents in terrorism. this includes the malevolent use of bacteria; viruses; or other biological toxins against people, animals; or plants
Biotin: a water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. it occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk
Biotin deficiency: rare definiciency in biotin caused by mutations in the biotinidase (btd) gene or genes for other enzymes involved in biotin metabolism. omim: 253260
Biotinidase: an enzyme which catalyzes the release of biotin from biocytin. in human, defects in the enzyme are the cause of the organic acidemia multiple carboxylase deficiency or biotinidase deficiency
Biotinidase Deficiency: the late onset form of multiple carboxylase deficiency (deficiency of the activities of biotin-dependent enzymes propionyl-coa carboxylase, methylcrotonyl-coa carboxylase, and pyruvate carboxylase) due to a defect or deficiency in biotinidase which is essential for recycling biotin
Biotransformation: the chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. the alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. the alterations may be divided into metabolic detoxication, phase i and metabolic detoxication, phase ii
Biperiden: a muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. it has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. it has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine
Biphasic Insulins: an insulin preparation that is designed to provide immediate and long term glycemic control in a single dosage. biphasic insulin typically contains a mixture of regular insulin or short-acting insulin combined with a long-acting insulin
Biphenyl Compounds: whitish aromatic crystalline organic compounds made up of two conjoined benzene rings
Bipolar Disorder: a major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence
Bipolar and Related Disorders: these disorders are related to both schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders and depressive disorder in terms of symptomatology, family history, and genetics. (dsm-5)
Bipolaris: a genus of fungi in the family pleosporaceae, order pleosporales and phylum ascomycota. bipolaris fungi are ascomycetes and plant pathogens, mostly on poaceae and some monocot crops. they are also causative agent for phaeohyphomycosis and were formerly a part of the bipolaris, cochliobolus and curvularia complex
Bipolaris: rod hub čeledi pleosporaceae, řádu pleosporales a kmene ascomycota. jsou patogeny rostlin (většinou trav a jednoděložných). jsou také původcem feohyfomykózy a dříve byly řazeny do komplexu bipolaris, cochliobolus a curvularia
Bird Diseases: diseases of birds not considered poultry, therefore usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild. the concept is differentiated from poultry diseases which is for birds raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption, and usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc
Bird Fancier's Lung: a form of alveolitis or pneumonitis due to an acquired hypersensitivity to inhaled avian antigens, usually proteins in the dust of bird feathers and droppings
Bird headed dwarfism Montreal type: premature senility, premature graying and loss of scalp hair, wrinkled skin of the palms
Birdshot Chorioretinopathy: a form of chorioretinitis characterized by multiple small, cream-colored lesions, symmetrically scattered mainly around the optic disk. these lesions are the most distinctive sign and often appear at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium but, on occasion, suggest an even deeper infiltration and may ultimately lead to visual loss. an association with hla-a29 antigen (see hla-a antigens) has been observed in nearly all patients
Birefringence: the property of nonisotropic media, such as crystals, whereby a single incident beam of light traverses the medium as two beams, each plane-polarized, the planes being at right angles to each other. (cline et al., dictionary of visual science, 4th ed)
Birnaviridae: a family of bisegmented, double-stranded rna viruses causing infection in fish, mollusks, fowl, and drosophila. there are three genera: aquabirnavirus; avibirnavirus; and entomobirnavirus. horizontal and vertical transmission occurs for all viruses
Birnaviridae: čeleď rna-virů, jejichž genom se skládá ze dvou segmentů dvouvláknové rna. infikují ryby, měkkýše, drůbež a octomilky (drosophila). patří sem tři rody: aquabirnavirus, avibirnavirus a entomobirnavirus. všechny viry této čeledi jsou přenášeny horizontálně i vertikálně
Birt-Hogg-Dube Syndrome: autosomal dominant neoplastic syndrome characterised by genodermatosis, lung cysts, spontaneous and recurrent pneumothorax; and renal cancer. it is associated with mutations in the folliculin protein gene (flcn protein)
Birth Certificates: official certifications by a physician recording the individual's birth date, place of birth, parentage and other required identifying data which are filed with the local registrar of vital statistics
Birth Weight: the mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at birth. it is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms
Birthing Centers: free-standing facilities that provide prenatal, childbirth, and postnatal care and usually incorporate family-centered maternity care concepts and practices
Birtův-Hoggův-Dubeův syndrom: autozomálně dominantně dědičný syndrom (genodermatóza) s výskytem benigních nádorů - hamartomů vlasových folikulů (fibrofolikulomy), zejm. v horní části těla, plicních cystách s možností vzniku pneumothoraxu a se zvýšeným rizikem vzniku některých nádorů - polypů tlustého střeva a bilateriálních multifokálních nádorů ledvin různé histologie (chromofobního karcinomu ledvin či renálního onkocytomu). mohou být i častější lipomy, angiolipomy, angiofibromy, trichodiskomy, akrochordony aj. mutován gen bhd pro folliculin. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Bis(4-Methyl-1-Homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)disulfide: an inhibitor of the last step of noradrenaline biosynthesis
Bis(Chloromethyl) Ether: a substance that is an irritant to the eyes and respiratory tract and may be carcinogenic
Bis-GMA, BPDM, HEMA dental-bonding resin: a dentin bonding system composed of bis-gma, biphenyl dimethacrylate (bpdm), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (hema), and acetone
Bis-Trimethylammonium Compounds: compounds containing polymethylene bis-trimethylammonium cations. members of this group frequently act as ganglionic blockers and neuromuscular depolarizing agents
BisCover: an acrylate-based, light-cured surface sealant and glaze
Bisacodyl: a diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of constipation and for bowel evacuation. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)
Bisbenzimidazole: a benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in dna, thus providing a tool for the study of dna replication; it also interferes with mitosis
Bisfil: composite resin with filler particles that range in sizes from submicron to 10 um
Bismuth: a metallic element that has the atomic symbol bi, and atomic number 83. its principal isotope is bismuth 209
Bison: a genus of the family bovidae having two species: b. bison and b. bonasus. this concept is differentiated from buffaloes, which refers to bubalus arnee and syncerus caffer
Bisoprolol: a cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. it is effective in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris
Bisphenol A Compounds: compounds that include structure of or are derivatives of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane
Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: the reaction product of bisphenol a and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. it is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials
Bisphenol B Compounds: compounds that include structure of or are derivatives of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane
Bisphenol F Compounds: compounds that include the structure of, or are derivatives of 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenylmethane
Bisphenol S Compounds: compounds that are derived from, or include the structure of 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol
Bisphenols: a class of phenolic compounds that are derived from diphenylmethane, 4,4'-dihydroxy-2,2-diphenylpropane, diphenyl sulfone, and their related compounds with similar structures. they are commonly used in the production of polymers
Bisphosphoglycerate Mutase: an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from c-3 of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to c-2 of 3-phosphoglycerate, forming 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. ec 5.4.2.4
Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: necrotic jaws or other maxillofacial skeleton necrosis associated with bisphosphonate use (see bisphosphonates). injury, dental procedures, and trauma can trigger the necrotic process
Bites and Stings: injuries inflicted by the teeth or poisoning caused by venoms of animals
Bithionol: halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations
Bitis: a genus of viperinae subfamily. bitis snakes are found in africa and arabia. bitis includes african puff adder (bitis arietans) and horned adder (bitis caudalis)
Bitis: rod zmijí z podčeledi zmijovitých. hadi rodu bitis se vyskytují v africe a arábii. do rodu bitis patří zmije útočná (bitis arietans) a zmije pouštní (bitis caudalis)
Biureas: biurea and its derivatives with the general formula c2h6n4o2. biurea is a degradation product of azodicarbonamide, a common bleaching agent in cereal flour preparation
Biuret: used as feed supplement for sheep and cattle since it is a good non-protein nitrogen source. in strongly alkaline solution biuret gives a violet color with copper sulfate
Biuret Reaction: a reaction characterized by a violet color upon the addition of copper sulfate to all compounds with two amide or peptide bonds linked directly or through an intermediate carbon atom. used in the detection and estimation of proteins and peptides having more than two amino acids
Bivalvia: a class in the phylum mollusca comprised of mussels; clams; oysters; cockles; and scallops. they are characterized by a bilaterally symmetrical hinged shell and a muscular foot used for burrowing and anchoring
Bixaceae: a plant family of the order violales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida. bixa contains bixin. cochlospermum contains arjunolic acid and gum kondagogu (polysaccharides)
Bixaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu violales, podtřídy dilleniidae, třídy magnoliopsida. rod bixa obsahuje barvivo bixin. cochlospermum obsahuje kyselinu arjunolovou a kondagogovou gumu (polysacharidy)
Black People: persons having origins in any of the black racial groups of africa. note that omb category black or african american is available for the united states population groups. race and ethnicity terms, as used in the federal government, are self-identified social construct and may include terms outdated and offensive in mesh to assist users who are interested in retrieving comprehensive search results for studies such as in longitudinal studies
Black Sea: an inland sea between europe and asia. it is connected with the aegean sea by the bosporus, the sea of marmara, and the dardanelles
Black Widow Spider: a venomous new world spider with an hourglass-shaped red mark on the abdomen
Black hairy tongue: a form of hairy tongue characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae that result in a black, furry appearance of the tongue
Black or African American: a person having origins in any of the black racial groups of africa (https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1997/10/30/97-28653/revisions-to-the-standards-for-the classification-of-federal-data-on-race-and-ethnicity). in the united states it is used for classification of federal government data on race and ethnicity. race and ethnicity terms are self-identified social construct and may include terms outdated and offensive in mesh to assist users who are interested in retrieving comprehensive search results for studies such as in longitudinal studies
Blackwater Fever: a complication of malaria, falciparum characterized by the passage of dark red to black urine
Bladder Diverticulum: a congenital diverticulum of the bladder with autosomal dominant inheritance. the diverticulum is usually located near the vesicoureteral junction and sclerosis of the urethral sphincter with a prominent median bar of the prostate occurs consistenly resulting in hematuria in severe cases. typical symptoms are bladder infection, urinary hesitancy, and dysuria. may also occur in ehlers-danlos syndrome (omim: 130000). omim: 109820
Bladder Exstrophy: a birth defect in which the urinary bladder is malformed and exposed, inside out, and protruded through the abdominal wall. it is caused by closure defects involving the top front surface of the bladder, as well as the lower abdominal wall; skin; muscles; and the pubic bone
Bladder Exstrophy and Epispadias Complex: a hereditary autosomal dominant type of severe bladder exstrophy characterized by the involvement of the infraumbilical abdominal, pelvis, urinary tract, and external genitalia. affected patients experience urinary incontinence; physiological sexual dysfunction, and chronic or recurring urinary tract infections that result in renal failure. omim: 600057
Blade Implantation: insertion of an endosseous implant with a narrow wedge-shaped infrastructure extending through the oral mucosa into the mouth and bearing openings or vents through which tissue grows to obtain retention
Blalock-Taussig Procedure: a cardiovascular procedure performed to create a blood supply to the pulmonary circulation. it involves making a connection between the subclavian, or carotid branch of the aorta, or the aortic arch to the pulmonary artery
Bland White Garland Syndrome: a congenital coronary vessel anomaly in which the left main coronary artery originates from the pulmonary artery instead of from aorta. the congenital heart defect typically results in coronary artery fistula; left-sided heart failure and mitral valve insufficiency during the first months of life
Blast Crisis: an advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%
Blast Injuries: injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm: a rare and aggressive hematologic malignancy derived from the precursors of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasms affect bone marrow and blood in addition to the lymph nodes, spleen, central nervous system, and skin
Blastocladiella: a genus of aquatic fungi of the family blastocladiaceae, order blastocladiales, used in the study of zoospore formation
Blastocladiella: rod vodních hub čeledi blastocladiaceae, řádu blastocladiales. používá se pro studium tvorby zoospor
Blastocladiomycota: a phylum of flagellated fungi, formerly the order blastocladiales under chytridiomycota
Blastocladiomycota: kmen hub, dříve řád blastocladiales kmene chytridiomycota. zoospory jsou opatřeny jednoduchým bičíkem
Blastocyst: a post-morula preimplantation mammalian embryo that develops from a 32-cell stage into a fluid-filled hollow ball of over a hundred cells. a blastocyst has two distinctive tissues. the outer layer of trophoblasts gives rise to extra-embryonic tissues. the inner cell mass gives rise to the embryonic disc and eventual embryo proper
Blastocyst Inner Cell Mass: the cluster of cells inside a blastocyst. these cells give rise to the embryonic disc and eventual embryo proper. they are pluripotent embryonic stem cells capable of yielding many but not all cell types in a developing organism
Blastocystis: a genus of protozoa of the suborder blastocystina. it was first classified as a yeast but further studies have shown it to be a protozoan
Blastocystis: rod prvoků podřádu blastocystina. původně byl klasifikován jako kvasinka, ale další výzkum prokázal, že patří mezi prvoky
Blastocystis Infections: infections with organisms of the genus blastocystis. the species b. hominis is responsible for most infections. parasitologic surveys have generally found small numbers of this species in human stools, but higher positivity rates and organism numbers in aids patients and other immunosuppressed patients (immunocompromised host). symptoms include abdominal pain; diarrhea; constipation; vomiting; and fatigue
Blastocystis hominis: a species of parasitic protozoa found in the intestines of humans and other primates. it was classified as a yeast in 1912. over the years, questions arose about this designation. in 1967, many physiological and morphological b. hominis characteristics were reported that fit a protozoan classification. since that time, other papers have corroborated this work and the organism is now recognized as a protozoan parasite of humans causing intestinal disease with potentially disabling symptoms
Blastocystis hominis: druh parazitických prvoků, kteří se vyskytují ve střevech lidí a dalších primátů. v roce 1912 byl zařazen mezi kvasinky, během let ale vzrůstaly pochybnosti o tomto zatřídění. v roce 1967 byly uveřejněné fyziologické a morfologické charakteristiky b. hominis, které ho řadí mezi prvoky. další práce potvrdily tuto klasifikaci. způsobuje střevní onemocnění, které může oslabit hostitele
Blastoderm: a layer of cells lining the fluid-filled cavity (blastocele) of a blastula, usually developed from a fertilized insect, reptilian, or avian egg
Blastodisc: a small whitish spot on the surface of the egg yolk where cleavage begins. upon fertilization the cytoplasm streams from the vegetal pole away from the yolk to the animal pole where cleavage will occur. this germinal area eventually flattens into a layer of cells (blastoderm) that covers the yolk completely
Blastomeres: undifferentiated cells resulting from cleavage of a fertilized egg (zygote). inside the intact zona pellucida, each cleavage yields two blastomeres of about half size of the parent cell. up to the 8-cell stage, all of the blastomeres are totipotent. the 16-cell morula contains outer cells and inner cells
Blastomyces: a genus of onygenacetous mitosporic fungi whose perfect state is ajellomyces (see onygenales). the species blastomyces dermatitidis (perfect state is ajellomyces dermatitidis) causes blastomycosis
Blastomyces: rod mitosporických hub řádu onygenales. jejich pohlavním stadiem je rod ajellomyces. druh blastomyces dermatitidis (pohlavní stadium je ajellomyces dermatitidis) způsobuje blastomykózu
Blastomycosis: a fungal infection by blastomyces that may appear in two forms: 1, a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2, chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung
Blastula: an early non-mammalian embryo that follows the morula stage. a blastula resembles a hollow ball with the layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity (blastocele). the layer of cells is called blastoderm
Blattellidae: a family of insects in the order dictyoptera (cockroaches), including genera blattella, parcoblatta, and symploce
Blau syndrome: a rare hereditary disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance that is characterized by skin rash; arthritis; and uveitis. onset is typically in children under four years of age. synovitis, anterior uveitis, adhesion of the iris to the cornea, and permanent bending of the fingers and toes (camptodactyly) may also occur. a mutation in the nod2 gene has been identified. yao syndrome is an allelic disorder to blau syndrome. omim: 186580
Bleeding Disorder Due To P2RY12 Defect: mutation in p2ry12
Bleeding Time: duration of blood flow after skin puncture. this test is used as a measure of capillary and platelet function
Blendax visible light-cured composite resin: microfilled anterior composite resin material; polish with sof-lex disks
Bleomycin: a complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin a2 and b2. it inhibits dna metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors
Blepharophimosis: the abnormal narrowness of the palpebral fissure in the horizontal direction caused by the lateral displacement of the medial canthi of the eyelids. (dorland, 27th ed)
Blepharophimosis, Ptosis, and Epicanthus Inversus: a hereditary condition characterized by blepharophimosis, epicanthus inversus (fold curving in the mediolateral direction, inferior to the inner canthus), low nasal bridge, and ptosis of the eyelids. in addition, affected females may present with urogenital abnormalities, low estrogen and progesterone, and infertility due to premature ovarian failure in type i bpes. mutations in the foxl2 gene have been identified. omim: 110100
Blepharoplasty: plastic surgery of the eyelid. (cline et al., dictionary of visual science, 4th ed)
Blepharoptosis: drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle
Blepharospasm: excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle
Blighia: a plant genus of the family sapindaceae. members contain hypoglycins and ackee oil
Blighia: rod rostlin z čeledi sapindaceae (mýdelníkovité). zástupci obsahují hypoglyciny a olej z ovoce ackee
Blind Loop Syndrome: a malabsorption syndrome that is associated with a blind loop in the upper small intestine that is characterized by the lack of peristaltic movement, stasis of intestinal contents, and the overgrowth of bacteria. such bacterial overgrowth interferes with bile salts action, fatty acids processing, microvilli integrity, and the absorption of nutrients such as vitamin b12 and folic acid
Blindness: the inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. this condition may be the result of eye diseases; optic nerve diseases; optic chiasm diseases; or brain diseases affecting the visual pathways or occipital lobe
Blindness, Cortical: total loss of vision in all or part of the visual field due to bilateral occipital lobe (i.e., visual cortex) damage or dysfunction. anton syndrome is characterized by the psychic denial of true, organic cortical blindness. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p460)
Blinking: brief closing of the eyelids by involuntary normal periodic closing, as a protective measure, or by voluntary action
Blockchain: decentralized transaction and data management technology providing security, anonymity and data integrity without any third party control of transactions. related research is focused on improving aspects regarding privacy and security. (from plos one. 2016 oct 3;11(10):e0163477)
Blog: a website that contains conversational personal reflections, comments and sometimes links to other sites; typically run by an individual or small group
Blogging: creating an internet-based personal journal which may consist of reflections, comments, and often hyperlinks
Blood: the body fluid that circulates in the vascular system (blood vessels). whole blood includes plasma and blood cells
Blood Bactericidal Activity: the natural bactericidal property of blood due to normally occurring antibacterial substances such as beta lysin, leukin, etc. this activity needs to be distinguished from the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy, which is measured by a serum bactericidal test
Blood Banking: the administrative procedures and methods required for collecting, characterizing and storing blood or plasma in blood banks