NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Promoter Regions, Genetic: dna sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a dna-dependent rna polymerase during the initiation of transcription. highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the pribnow box in bacteria and the tata box in eukaryotes
Prompt L-Pop: a self-etching primer consisting of methacrylated phosphates that is manipulated in a 'no-rinse' procedure and does not require separate light-curing
Promyelocytic Leukemia Nuclear Bodies: spherical intranuclear membraneless bodies nucleated by promyelocytic leukemia protein and various other proteins containing small ubiquitin-related modifier (sumo) interaction motif (sim) and/or sumoylated proteins (e.g., sp100 protein). promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies regulate posttranslational modifications of partner proteins (e.g., sumoylation) which in turn lead to modulation of various biological processes
Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein: a tripartite motif protein that contains three zinc fingers, including a ring finger domain, at its n-terminal. several nuclear and one cytoplasmic isoforms result from alternative splicing of the pml gene; most nuclear isoforms localize to subnuclear structures (pml nuclear bodies) that are disrupted in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells
Promyelocytic Leukemia Zinc Finger Protein: a kruppel-type transcription factor consisting of an n-terminal btb domain and nine cys2-his2 zinc fingers. it localizes to the nucleus and regulates cell cycle progression and gene expression for tissue development and homeostasis; it may also function as an epigenetic regulator through its interactions with histone deacetylase. genetic rearrangements involving the zbtb16 gene are associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia
Pronation: applies to movements of the forearm in turning the palm backward or downward. when referring to the foot, a combination of eversion and abduction movements in the tarsal and metatarsal joints (turning the foot up and in toward the midline of the body)
Pronephros: the primordial kidney that develops from the intermediate mesoderm in the embryos of vertebrates, and is succeeded by the mesonephros. in higher vertebrates and humans, the pronephros is a vestigial and transient structure
Proof of Concept Study: an empirical investigation which pertains to the development of prototypes or models that demonstrate the feasibility of novel concepts, ideas, principles, schema or their practical application
Propafenone: an antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. it also has weak beta-blocking activity
Propaganda: the deliberate attempt to influence attitudes and beliefs for furthering one's cause or damaging an opponent's cause
Propanediol Dehydratase: an enzyme that catalyzes the dehydration of 1,2-propanediol to propionaldehyde. ec 4.2.1.28
Propanidid: an intravenous anesthetic that has been used for rapid induction of anesthesia and for maintenance of anesthesia of short duration. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p918)
Propanolamines: amino alcohols containing the propanolamine (nh2ch2chohch2) group and its derivatives
Propanols: isomeric forms and derivatives of propanol (c3h7oh)
Propantheline: a muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. at high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking
Properdin: a 53-kda protein that is a positive regulator of the alternate pathway of complement activation (complement activation pathway, alternative). it stabilizes the alternative pathway c3 convertase (c3bbb) and protects it from rapid inactivation, thus facilitating the cascade of complement activation and the formation of membrane attack complex. individuals with mutation in the pfc gene exhibit properdin deficiency and have a high susceptibility to infections
Prophages: genomes of temperate bacteriophages integrated into the dna of their bacterial host cell. the prophages can be duplicated for many cell generations until some stimulus induces its activation and virulence
Prophase: the first phase of cell nucleus division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the cell nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle apparatus appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles
Prophylactic Mastectomy: surgical removal of one or both breasts to prevent or reduce the risk of developing breast cancer in persons who may be predisposed
Prophylactic Surgical Procedures: surgical procedures done to prevent or reduce the risk of developing cancer or other disease conditions in persons who may be predisposed to such conditions
Propidium: quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of dna and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits
Propiolactone: disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. the vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic
Propionates: derivatives of propionic acid. included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxyethane structure
Propionibacteriaceae: a family of gram-positive bacteria found in dairy products or in the intestinal tracts of animals
Propionibacteriaceae: čeleď grampozitivních bakterií, které se vyskytují v mléčných výrobcích nebo ve střevním traktu zvířat
Propionibacterium: a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria whose cells occur singly, in pairs or short chains, in v or y configurations, or in clumps resembling letters of the chinese alphabet. its organisms are found in cheese and dairy products as well as on human skin and can occasionally cause soft tissue infections
Propionibacterium: rod grampozitivních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které se vyskytují jednotlivě, ve dvojicích nebo v krátkých řetízcích, v konfiguracích tvaru v nebo y či ve shlucích připomínajících čínské znaky. žijí v sýrech a mléčných výrobcích a také na lidské kůži. příležitostně mohou způsobovat infekce měkkých tkání
Propionibacterium acnes: a bacteria isolated from normal skin, intestinal contents, wounds, blood, pus, and soft tissue abscesses. it is a common contaminant of clinical specimens, presumably from the skin of patients or attendants
Propionibacterium acnes: druh bakterie izolované z kůže, obsahu střev, ran, krve, hnisu a z abscesů měkkých tkání. běžně kontaminuje klinické vzorky, kontaminace pravděpodobně pochází z kůže pacientů nebo ošetřujících
Propionibacterium freudenreichii: a species of propionibacterium that occurs in raw milk and cheese. it produces anti-infective agents and anti-inflammatory agents and is used as a probiotic
Propionibacterium freudenreichii: druh bakterie rodu propionibacterium, která se vyskytuje v syrovém mléce a v sýrech. produkuje antiinfekční a protizánětlivé látky a používá se jako probiotikum
Propionic Acidemia: autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations in propionyl-coa carboxylase genes that result in dysfunction of branch chain amino acids and of the metabolism of certain fatty acids. neonatal clinical onset is characterized by severe metabolic acidemia accompanied by hyperammonemia, hyperglycemia, lethargy, vomiting, hypotonia; and hepatomegaly. survivors of the neonatal onset propionic acidemia often show developmental retardation, and intolerance to dietary proteins. late-onset form of the disease shows mild mental and/or developmental retardation, sometimes without metabolic acidemia
Propionigenium: a genus of strictly anaerobic, nonsporeforming gram-negative bacteria in the family fusobacteriaceae. species in this genus are popularly used in biochemical research
Propionigenium: rod striktně anaerobních, gramnegativních, nesporulujících bakterií čeledi fusobacteriaceae. tyto organismy jsou všeobecně používané v biochemickém výzkumu
Propionyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase: mitochondrial carboxylase that is involved in the catabolism of odd chain fatty acids and branched amino acids. dysfunction of propionyl-coa carboxylase leads to the inherited metabolic disorder propionic acidemia. in bacteria it is an atp-dependent carboxylase in co2 fixation reactions where propionyl-coa is converted to (s)-methylmalonyl-coa
Propiophenones: propiophenone (ethyl phenyl ketone, structural formula c6h5coch2ch3) and its derivatives. they are commonly used in perfumes and pharmaceuticals
Proplast: polymer of polytetrafluoroethylene and carbon filaments; porous biocompatible material used in orofacial and middle ear reconstruction and as coating for metal implants
Propofol: an intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (from smith and reynard, textbook of pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). propofol has been used as anticonvulsants and antiemetics
Propofol Infusion Syndrome: rare and often fatal drug complication which affects patients undergoing long-term treatment with high doses of propofol. it is characterized by metabolic acidosis; hyperlipidemia; rhabdomyolysis; cardiovascular circulatory collapse; cardiac failure; and kidney failure
Propolis: a resinous substance obtained from beehives that is used traditionally as an antimicrobial. it is a heterogeneous mixture of many substances
Proportional Hazards Models: statistical models used in survival analysis that assert that the effect of the study factors on the hazard rate in the study population is multiplicative and does not change over time
Propoxycaine: a local anesthetic of the ester type that has a rapid onset of action and a longer duration of action than procaine hydrochloride. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1017)
Propranolol: a widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. propranolol has been used for myocardial infarction; arrhythmia; angina pectoris; hypertension; hyperthyroidism; migraine; pheochromocytoma; and anxiety but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs
Proprioception: sensory functions that transduce stimuli received by proprioceptive receptors in joints, tendons, muscles, and the inner ear into neural impulses to be transmitted to the central nervous system. proprioception provides sense of stationary positions and movements of one's body parts, and is important in maintaining kinesthesia and postural balance
Proprotein Convertase 1: a calcium-dependent endopeptidase that has specificity for cleavage at arginine that is near paired basic residues. it cleaves a variety of prohormones including pro-opiomelanocortin; prorenin; proenkephalins; prodynorphin; prosomatostatin; and proinsulin
Proprotein Convertase 1 3 Deficiency: mutation in prohormone convertase-1
Proprotein Convertase 2: a serine endopeptidase that has specificity for cleavage at arginine. it cleaves a variety of prohormones including pro-opiomelanocortin, proluteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone, proenkephalins, prodynorphin, and proinsulin
Proprotein Convertase 5: a serine endopeptidase found primarily in the extracellular matrix. it has specificity for cleavage of a variety of substrates including prorenin, pro-membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase, and neural cell adhesion molecule l1
Proprotein Convertase 9: a proprotein convertase that is essential for cholesterol homeostasis. it binds to and is required for the lysosomal degradation of the ldl receptor (ldlr); the vldl receptor, and the apolipoprotein e receptor. it also regulates neuronal apoptosis
Proprotein Convertases: proteolytic enzymes that are involved in the conversion of protein precursors such as peptide prohormones into peptide hormones. some are endopeptidases, some are exopeptidases
Propyl Gallate: antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils
Propylamines: derivatives of propylamine (the structural formula nh2ch2ch2ch3)
Propylbenzilylcholine Mustard: an analog of benzilylcholine mustard. it is an alkylating nitrogen mustard analog that binds specifically and irreversibly to cholinergic muscarinic receptors and is used as an affinity label to isolate and study the receptors
Propylene Glycol: a clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations
Propylene Glycols: derivatives of propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol). they are used as humectants and solvents in pharmaceutical preparations
Propylthiouracil: a thiourea antithyroid agent. propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. it is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534)
Prorenin Receptor: single-pass transmembrane receptor protein that plays an important role in angiotensin ii production and cellular responses to renin
Proscillaridin: a cardiotonic glycoside isolated from scilla maritima var. alba (squill)
Prosencephalon: the anterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain arising from the neural tube. it subdivides to form diencephalon and telencephalon. (stedmans medical dictionary, 27th ed)
Prosopagnosia: the inability to recognize a familiar face or to learn to recognize new faces. this visual agnosia is most often associated with lesions involving the junctional regions between the temporal and occipital lobes. the majority of cases are associated with bilateral lesions, however unilateral damage to the right occipito-temporal cortex has also been associated with this condition. (from cortex 1995 jun;31(2):317-29)
Prosopis: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that is a source of prosopis gum
Prosopis: rod rostlin z čeledi fabaceae (bobovité), který je zdrojem gumy či klovatiny z větví
Prospective Payment Assessment Commission: the commission charged with evaluating issues and factors which affect the implementation of the prospective payment system
Prospective Payment System: a system wherein reimbursement rates are set, for a given period of time, prior to the circumstances giving rise to actual reimbursement claims
Prospective Studies: observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group
Prospectus: work consisting of advertisements separately printed and distributed by a publisher to describe and solicit orders for a recent or forthcoming publication. in the case of books, they may include sample pages. (from: ala glossary of library and information science, 1983)
Prospero-Related Homeobox 1 Protein: transcription factor involved in developmental processes like cell differentiation and regulating genetic transcription and stem cells. it plays a critical role in embryonic development and functions as a key regulatory protein in neurogenesis and organ development
Prostaglandin D2: the principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. it is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects
Prostaglandin Endoperoxides: precursors in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid. they are physiologically active compounds, having effect on vascular and airway smooth muscles, platelet aggregation, etc
Prostaglandin Endoperoxides, Synthetic: synthetic compounds that are analogs of the naturally occurring prostaglandin endoperoxides and that mimic their pharmacologic and physiologic activities. they are usually more stable than the naturally occurring compounds
Prostaglandin H2: a cyclic endoperoxide intermediate produced by the action of cyclooxygenase on arachidonic acid. it is further converted by a series of specific enzymes to the series 2 prostaglandins
Prostaglandin-E Synthases: oxidoreductases that catalyze the glutathione-dependent oxidoreduction of prostaglandin h2 to prostaglandin e2
Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases: enzyme complexes that catalyze the formation of prostaglandins from the appropriate unsaturated fatty acids, molecular oxygen, and a reduced acceptor
Prostaglandins: a group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. they are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes
Prostaglandins A: (13e,15s)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (pga(1)); (5z,13e,15s)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (pga(2)); (5z,13e,15s,17z)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (pga(3)). a group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from pge; pga(1) and pga(2) as well as their 19-hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues
Prostaglandins A, Synthetic: analogs or derivatives of prostaglandin a that do not occur naturally in the body. they do not include the product of the chemical synthesis of hormonal pga
Prostaglandins B: physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. they are potent pressor substances and have many other physiological activities
Prostaglandins D: physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. they show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects
Prostaglandins E: (11 alpha,13e,15s)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oic acid (pge(1)); (5z,11 alpha,13e,15s)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (pge(2)); and (5z,11 alpha,13e,15s,17z)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13,17-trien-1-oic acid (pge(3)). three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. they are considered primary in that no one is derived from another in living organisms. originally isolated from sheep seminal fluid and vesicles, they are found in many organs and tissues and play a major role in mediating various physiological activities
Prostaglandins E, Synthetic: analogs or derivatives of prostaglandins e that do not occur naturally in the body. they do not include the product of the chemical synthesis of hormonal pge
Prostaglandins F: (9 alpha,11 alpha,13e,15s)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprost-13-en-1-oic acid (pgf(1 alpha)); (5z,9 alpha,11,alpha,13e,15s)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (pgf(2 alpha)); (5z,9 alpha,11 alpha,13e,15s,17z)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13,17-trien-1-oic acid (pgf(3 alpha)). a family of prostaglandins that includes three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. all naturally occurring pgf have an alpha configuration at the 9-carbon position. they stimulate uterine and bronchial smooth muscle and are often used as oxytocics
Prostaglandins F, Synthetic: analogs or derivatives of prostaglandins f that do not occur naturally in the body. they do not include the product of the chemical synthesis of hormonal pgf
Prostaglandins G: a group of physiologically active prostaglandin endoperoxides. they are precursors in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. most frequently encountered member of this group is the prostaglandin g2
Prostaglandins H: a group of physiologically active prostaglandin endoperoxides. they are precursors in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. the most frequently encountered member of this group is the prostaglandin h2
Prostaglandins I: a class of cyclic prostaglandins that contain the 6,9-epoxy bond. endogenous members of this family are biosynthesized enzymatically from prostaglandin endoperoxides
Prostaglandins, Synthetic: compounds obtained by chemical synthesis that are analogs or derivatives of naturally occurring prostaglandins and that have similar activity
Prostanoic Acids: 2-octylcyclopentaneheptanoic acids. the family of saturated carbon-20 cyclic fatty acids that represent the parent compounds of the prostaglandins
Prostate: a gland in males that surrounds the neck of the urinary bladder and the urethra. it secretes a substance that liquefies coagulated semen. it is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum
Prostate Cancer, Hereditary, 13: aka hpc13; mutations in msmb
Prostate Cancer, Hereditary, X-Linked 2: aka hpcx2
Prostate cancer, familial: germline mutations in the rnasel gene have been identified for an autosomal dominant form of hereditary prostate cancer (omim: 601518). several other loci which confer susceptibility to prostate cancer have also been mapped. omim: 176807
Prostate-Specific Antigen: a glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of both normal and malignant prostate tissue. it is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer
Prostatectomy: complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (transurethral resection of prostate)
Prostatein: a secreted prostate-specific protein which can bind non-polar steroids, cholesterol and a group of small, proline-rich peptides. the protein is specifically found in rats and comprises three distinct secretoglobin-related subunits referred to as prostatic steroid-binding protein c1, c2 and c3
Prostatic Hyperplasia: increase in constituent cells in the prostate, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. this can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia: a premalignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium, regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. the neoplasia takes the form of an intra-acinar or ductal proliferation of secretory cells with unequivocal nuclear anaplasia, which corresponds to nuclear grade 2 and 3 invasive prostate cancer
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant: tumors or cancer of the prostate which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as testosterone
Prostatic Secretory Proteins: proteins secreted by the prostate gland. the major secretory proteins from the human prostate gland include prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific acid phosphatase, prostate-specific membrane antigen, and prostate-specific protein-94
Prostatism: lower urinary tract symptom, such as slow urinary stream, associated with prostatic hyperplasia in older men
Prostatitis: infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of prostate. the subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment
Prostheses and Implants: artificial substitutes for body parts, and materials inserted into tissue for functional, cosmetic, or therapeutic purposes. prostheses can be functional, as in the case of artificial arms and legs, or cosmetic, as in the case of an artificial eye. implants, all surgically inserted or grafted into the body, tend to be used therapeutically. implants, experimental is available for those used experimentally
Prosthesis Coloring: coloring, shading, or tinting of prosthetic components, devices, and materials
Prosthesis Design: the plan and delineation of prostheses in general or a specific prosthesis
Prosthesis Failure: malfunction of implantation shunts, valves, etc., and prosthesis loosening, migration, and breaking
Prosthesis Fitting: the fitting and adjusting of artificial parts of the body. (from stedman's, 26th ed)
Prosthesis-Related Infections: infections resulting from the implantation of prosthetic devices. the infections may be acquired from intraoperative contamination (early) or hematogenously acquired from other sites (late)
Prosthodontics: a dental specialty concerned with the restoration and maintenance of oral function by the replacement of missing teeth and related structures by artificial devices or dental prostheses
Protactinium: a radioactive element of the actinide group of metals. it has the atomic symbol pa, atomic number 91, and atomic weight 231. it decays by alpha-emission
Protamine Kinase: an aspect of protein kinase (ec 2.7.1.37) in which serine residues in protamines and histones are phosphorylated in the presence of atp
Protamines: a group of simple proteins that yield basic amino acids on hydrolysis and that occur combined with nucleic acid in the sperm of fish. protamines contain very few kinds of amino acids. protamine sulfate combines with heparin to form a stable inactive complex; it is used to neutralize the anticoagulant action of heparin in the treatment of heparin overdose. (from merck index, 11th ed; martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p692)
Proteaceae: a plant family of the order proteales, subclass rosidae class magnoliopsida. cluster roots, bottlebrush-like clusters of rootlets which form in response to poor soil, are common in this family
Proteaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu proteales (proteotvaré), třídy rosopsida. jsou to dřeviny s jednoduchými a převážně střídavými listy a květy uspořádanými často v nápadných květenstvích. vyskytují se v počtu asi 1700 druhů zejména v tropech a subtropech jižní polokoule. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Protease Inhibitors: compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases)
Protease La: a prokaryotic atp-dependent protease that plays a role in the degradation of many abnormal proteins. it is a tetramer of 87-kda subunits, each of which contains a proteolytic site and a atp-binding site
Protease Nexins: extracellular protease inhibitors that are secreted from fibroblasts. they form a covalent complex with serine proteases and can mediate their cellular internalization and degradation
Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex: a large multisubunit complex that plays an important role in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and nuclear proteins in eukaryotic cells. it contains a 700-kda catalytic sub-complex and two 700-kda regulatory sub-complexes. the complex digests ubiquitinated proteins and protein activated via ornithine decarboxylase antizyme
Proteasome Inhibitors: compounds that inhibit the function or proteolytic action of the proteasome
Protect Cement: contains 0.5% paraformaldehyde; do not confuse with protect, a seed protector from herbicides
Protect Liner F: a low viscosity resin containing bis-gma, microfiller & photoinitiator
Protect-It: a surface-penetrating sealant; contains bis-gma, udma, tegdma, thfma, photoinitiators, accelerator, uv absorber & stabilizer
Protective Agents: synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent
Protective Factors: an aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with prevention or mitigation of a health-related condition considered important to prevent
Proteidae: the proteidae family of permanently larval aquatic salamanders. it consists of two living genera - necturus (mudpuppy) of the eastern united states and proteus (the european olm)
Proteidae: čeleď neotenických vodních mloků. zahrnuje dva žijící rody - necturus (žábronoš) nalézaný na východě kanady a usa a proteus (macarát) vyskytující se v evropě
Protein Aggregates: any mixture of secondary, tertiary, or quaternary protein molecules which appear as clumps in or outside the cell
Protein Aggregation, Pathological: a biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. triggered by factors such as mutation; post-translational modifications, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with alzheimer disease; parkinson disease; huntington disease; and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Protein Array Analysis: ligand-binding assays that measure protein-protein, protein-small molecule, or protein-nucleic acid interactions using a very large set of capturing molecules, i.e., those attached separately on a solid support, to measure the presence or interaction of target molecules in the sample
Protein Binding: the process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments
Protein Biosynthesis: the biosynthesis of peptides and proteins on ribosomes, directed by messenger rna, via transfer rna that is charged with standard proteinogenic amino acids
Protein C: a vitamin-k dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors va and viiia at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation
Protein C Deficiency: an absence or deficiency in protein c which leads to impaired regulation of blood coagulation. it is associated with an increased risk of severe or premature thrombosis. (stedman's med. dict., 26th ed.)
Protein C Inhibitor: a member of the serpin family of proteins that is found in plasma and urine. it is dependent on heparin and is able to inhibit activated protein c; thrombin; kallikrein; and other serine endopeptidases
Protein Carbamylation: non-enzymatic addition of carbamoyl (-conh2) on protein or amino acid functional groups from isocyanic acid or carbamoyl-phosphate. carbamylation may induce a structural change that results in a functional loss and serves as a biomarker for protein aging and disease pathophysiology
Protein Carbonylation: the appearance of carbonyl groups (such as aldehyde or ketone groups) in proteins as the result of several oxidative modification reactions. it is a standard marker for oxidative stress. carbonylated proteins tend to be more hydrophobic and resistant to proteolysis
Protein Conformation: the characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. protein structure, quaternary describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain)
Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical: a secondary structure of proteins that is a right-handed helix or coil, where each amino (n-h) group of the peptide backbone contributes a hydrogen bond to the carbonyl(c=o) group of the amino acid four residues n-terminal to it (n-4). it is the most common type of secondary structure
Protein Conformation, beta-Strand: a secondary structure of proteins where the amino (n-h) groups of a polypeptide backbone, three to ten amino acids in length, establish hydrogen bonds with the carbonyl (c=o) groups in the backbone of adjacent strands. these may form a beta-sheet, where the side chains of the adjacent strands point in the same direction
Protein Corona: a layer of protein coating adsorbed by nanoparticles upon entry into plasma or other protein-containing biological fluids, which affects how nanoparticles are internalized by cells and cleared from the body
Protein D-Aspartate-L-Isoaspartate Methyltransferase: a protein o-methyltransferase that recognizes and catalyzes the methyl esterification of isoaspartic acid and d-aspartic acid residues in peptides and proteins. it initiates the repair of proteins damaged by the spontaneous decomposition of normal l-aspartic acid and l-asparagine residues
Protein Deficiency: a nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of proteins in the diet, characterized by adaptive enzyme changes in the liver, increase in amino acid synthetases, and diminution of urea formation, thus conserving nitrogen and reducing its loss in the urine. growth, immune response, repair, and production of enzymes and hormones are all impaired in severe protein deficiency. protein deficiency may also arise in the face of adequate protein intake if the protein is of poor quality (i.e., the content of one or more amino acids is inadequate and thus becomes the limiting factor in protein utilization). (from merck manual, 16th ed; harrison's principles of internal medicine, 12th ed, p406)
Protein Deglycase DJ-1: a protein deglycase that repairs methylglyoxal- and glyoxal-glycated amino acids and proteins, releasing repaired proteins and lactate or glycolate. it deglycates cysteine, arginine and lysine residues to reactivate proteins by reversing glycation and prevent the formation of advanced glycation end products. it protects cells against oxidative stress and cell death by functioning as an oxidative stress sensor and redox-sensitive molecular chaperone and protease. mutations in the park7 gene are associated with autosomal-recessive, early-onset parkinson disease
Protein Degradation End Products: degraded protein components that are found within tissues, bodily fluids, and cells under certain pathological conditions. they are largely formed through chemical reactions which occur during non-physiological conditions such as ischemia; hyperglycemia; and physiological stress
Protein Denaturation: disruption of the non-covalent bonds and/or disulfide bonds responsible for maintaining the three-dimensional shape and activity of the native protein
Protein Disulfide Reductase (Glutathione): an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a protein-disulfide in the presence of glutathione, forming a protein-dithiol. insulin is one of its substrates. ec 1.8.4.2
Protein Disulfide-Isomerases: sulfur-sulfur bond isomerases that catalyze the rearrangement of disulfide bonds within proteins during folding. specific protein disulfide-isomerase isoenzymes also occur as subunits of procollagen-proline dioxygenase
Protein Domains: discrete protein structural units that may fold independently of the rest of the protein and have their own functions
Protein Engineering: procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. such procedures may include the design of molecular models of proteins using computer graphics or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (mutagenesis, site-specific) of existing genes; and directed molecular evolution techniques to create new genes
Protein Footprinting: a method for determining points of contact between interacting proteins or binding sites of proteins to nucleic acids. protein footprinting utilizes a protein cutting reagent or protease. protein cleavage is inhibited where the proteins, or nucleic acids and protein, contact each other. after completion of the cutting reaction, the remaining peptide fragments are analyzed by electrophoresis
Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2: calcium-dependent acyltransferase that catalyzes cross-linking of proteins at a glutamine in one chain with primary amine such as in lysine in another chain. in addition it can also accept monoamine substrates to catalyze post-translational modifications (e.g., protein serotonylation)
Protein Hydrolysates: a complex mixture of oligopeptides, peptides, and free amino acids that are produced by partial or extensive hydrolysis
Protein Inhibitors of Activated STAT: a family of structurally related proteins that are constitutively expressed and that negatively regulate cytokine-mediated signal transduction pathways. pias proteins inhibit the activity of signal transducers and activators of transcription
Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs: protein modules with conserved ligand-binding surfaces which mediate specific interaction functions in signal transduction pathways and the specific binding sites of their cognate protein ligands
Protein Interaction Maps: graphs representing sets of measurable, non-covalent physical contacts with specific proteins in living organisms or in cells
Protein Isoforms: different forms of a protein that may be produced from different genes, or from the same gene by alternative splicing
Protein Kinase C: an serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of calcium and membrane phospholipids. the additional presence of diacylglycerols markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. the sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by phorbol esters and it is believed that protein kinase c is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters
Protein Kinase C beta: pkc beta encodes two proteins (pkcb1 and pkcbii) generated by alternative splicing of c-terminal exons. it is widely distributed with wide-ranging roles in processes such as b-cell receptor regulation, oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, androgen receptor-dependent transcriptional regulation, insulin signaling, and endothelial cell proliferation
Protein Kinase C-alpha: a cytoplasmic serine threonine kinase involved in regulating cell differentiation and cellular proliferation. overexpression of this enzyme has been shown to promote phosphorylation of bcl-2 proto-oncogene proteins and chemoresistance in human acute leukemia cells
Protein Kinase C-delta: a ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that is involved in a variety of cellular signal pathways. its activity is regulated by a variety of signaling protein tyrosine kinase
Protein Kinase C-epsilon: a protein kinase c subtype that was originally characterized as a calcium-independent, serine-threonine kinase that is activated by phorbol esters and diacylglycerols. it is targeted to specific cellular compartments in response to extracellular signals that activate g-protein-coupled receptors; tyrosine kinase receptors; and intracellular protein tyrosine kinase
Protein Kinase C-theta: a calcium-independent, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol-dependent, protein kinase c subtype that contains an n-terminal c2 domain and two diacylglycerol-binding zinc fingers. it is expressed primarily by t-lymphocytes and localizes to immunological synapses where it regulates downstream signaling for the activation, proliferation, and survival of mature t-cells. it plays a critical role in allergic, autoimmune, and alloimmune responses of th2 cells and th17 cells
Protein Kinase D2: a serine-threonine protein kinase that is activated in response to oxidative stress
Protein Kinases: a family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of atp and a protein to adp and a phosphoprotein
Protein Methyltransferases: enzymes that catalyze the methylation of amino acids after their incorporation into a polypeptide chain. s-adenosyl-l-methionine acts as the methylating agent. ec 2.1.1
Protein Modification, Translational: any of the enzymatically catalyzed modifications of the individual amino acids of proteins, and enzymatic cleavage or crosslinking of peptide chains that occur pre-translationally (on the amino acid component of amino acyl trna), co-translationally (during the process of genetic translation), or after translation is completed (post-translational protein processing)
Protein Multimerization: the assembly of the quaternary protein structure of multimeric proteins (multiprotein complexes) from their composite protein subunits
Protein O-Methyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups from s-adenosylmethionine to free carboxyl groups of a protein molecule forming methyl esters. ec 2.1.1.-
Protein Phosphatase 1: a eukayrotic protein serine-threonine phosphatase subtype that dephosphorylates a wide variety of cellular proteins. the enzyme is comprised of a catalytic subunit and regulatory subunit. several isoforms of the protein phosphatase catalytic subunit exist due to the presence of multiple genes and the alternative splicing of their mrnas. a large number of proteins have been shown to act as regulatory subunits for this enzyme. many of the regulatory subunits have additional cellular functions
Protein Phosphatase 2: a phosphoprotein phosphatase subtype that is comprised of a catalytic subunit and two different regulatory subunits. at least two genes encode isoforms of the protein phosphatase catalytic subunit, while several isoforms of regulatory subunits exist due to the presence of multiple genes and the alternative splicing of their mrnas. protein phosphatase 2 acts on a broad variety of cellular proteins and may play a role as a regulator of intracellular signaling processes
Protein Phosphatase 2C: one of four major classes of mammalian serine/threonine specific protein phosphatases. protein phosphatase 2c is a monomeric enzyme about 42 kda in size. it shows broad substrate specificity dependent on divalent cations (mainly manganese and magnesium). three isozymes are known in mammals: pp2c -alpha, -beta and -gamma. in yeast, there are four pp2c homologues: phosphatase ptc1 that have weak tyrosine phosphatase activity, phosphatase ptc2, phosphatase ptc3, and ptc4. isozymes of pp2c also occur in arabidopsis thaliana where the kinase-associated protein phosphatase (kapp) containing a c-terminal pp2c domain, dephosphorylates ser/thr receptor-like kinase rlk5
Protein Phosphatase Inhibitory Proteins: a group of proteins that control the activity of protein phosphatases
Protein Prenylation: a post-translational modification of proteins by the attachment of an isoprenoid to the c-terminal cysteine residue. the isoprenoids used, farnesyl diphosphate or geranylgeranyl diphosphate, are derived from the same biochemical pathway that produces cholesterol
Protein Processing, Post-Translational: any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of peptides or proteins in the cell of origin. these modifications include carboxylation; hydroxylation; acetylation; phosphorylation; methylation; glycosylation; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility
Protein Refolding: conformational transitions of a protein from unfolded states (after protein unfolding) to a more folded state
Protein S: the vitamin k-dependent cofactor of activated protein c. together with protein c, it inhibits the action of factors viiia and va. a deficiency in protein s; (protein s deficiency); can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis
Protein S Deficiency: an autosomal dominant disorder showing decreased levels of plasma protein s antigen or activity, associated with venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. protein s is a vitamin k-dependent plasma protein that inhibits blood clotting by serving as a cofactor for activated protein c (also a vitamin k-dependent protein), and the clinical manifestations of its deficiency are virtually identical to those of protein c deficiency. treatment with heparin for acute thrombotic processes is usually followed by maintenance administration of coumarin drugs for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis. (from harrison's principles of internal medicine, 12th ed, p1511; wintrobe's clinical hematology, 9th ed, p1523)
Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases: a group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with atp or other nucleotides as phosphate donors
Protein Sorting Signals: amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments
Protein Splicing: the excision of in-frame internal protein sequences (inteins) of a precursor protein, coupled with ligation of the flanking sequences (exteins). protein splicing is an autocatalytic reaction and results in the production of two proteins from a single primary translation product: the intein and the mature protein
Protein Stability: the ability of a protein to retain its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to physical or chemical manipulations
Protein Structural Elements: distinguishing three-dimensional structures characteristically formed by homologous protein sequences
Protein Structure, Quaternary: the characteristic 3-dimensional shape and arrangement of multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain)
Protein Structure, Secondary: the level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha-helices; beta-strands (which align to form beta-sheets), or other types of coils. this is the first folding level of protein conformation
Protein Structure, Tertiary: the level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices; beta sheets; loop regions, and amino acid motifs) pack together to form folded shapes. disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure
Protein Subunit Vaccines: vaccines that contain polypeptide chains, which are derived from specific pathogen's protein subunits
Protein Subunits: single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric proteins. multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. one or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors: compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. they are usually anti-bacterial agents or toxins. mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the a site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins
Protein Translocation Systems: multiprotein complexes that carry out protein transport across cell membranes
Protein Transport: the process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1: a subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that includes two distinctive targeting motifs; an n-terminal motif specific for the insulin receptor, and a c-terminal motif specific for the sh3 domain containing proteins. this subtype includes a hydrophobic domain which localizes it to the endoplasmic reticulum
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11: a subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that contain two src homology domains. mutations in the gene for protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11 are associated with noonan syndrome
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 12: a subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that is characterized by the presence of a n-terminal catalytic domain and a large c-terminal domain that is enriched in proline, glutamic acid, serine, and threonine residues (pest sequences). the phosphatase subtype is ubiquitously expressed and implicated in the regulation of a variety of biological processes such as cell movement; cytokinesis; focal adhesion disassembly; and lymphocyte activation
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 13: a subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that is characterized by the presence of an amino-terminal ferm domain, an intervening region containing five different pdz domains, and a carboxyl-terminal phosphatase domain. in addition to playing a role as a regulator of the fas receptor activity this subtype interacts via its pdz and ferm domains with a variety of intracellular signaling proteins and cytoskeletal proteins
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 2: a subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase that is closely-related to protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 1. alternative splicing of the mrna for this phosphatase results in the production at two gene products, one of which includes a c-terminal nuclear localization domain that may be involved in the transport of the protein to the cell nucleus. although initially referred to as t-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase the expression of this subtype occurs widely
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22: a subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that is characterized by the presence of an n-terminal catalytic domain and a c-terminal proline-rich domain. the phosphatase subtype is predominantly expressed in lymphocytes and plays a key role in the inhibition of downstream t-lymphocyte activation. polymorphisms in the gene that encodes this phosphatase subtype are associated with a variety of autoimmune diseases