NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
EMA-CO protocol: chemotherapy protocol containing etoposide, methotrexate & dactinomycin (ema) , vincristine & cyclophosphamide (co); ema & co are given on alternate weeks; for therapy of gestational trophoblastic tumors
EMACO protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of gestational trophoblastic neoplasms; do not confuse with ema-co protocol which contains dactinomycin
EMB protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of recurrent epidermoid cancer of the head and neck
EMLP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in the therapy of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
EMV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of edatrexate (10-edam), mitomycin & vinblastine; used in treatment of non-small-cell lung tumours
ENSG 3C protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in the therapy of metastatic neuroblastoma
ENSO: el niño-southern oscillation neboli enso je cyklus extrémních střídavých jevů teplých el niño a chladných la niña, který je dominantním meziročním klimatickým vzorcem na zemi. oba termíny se vztahují k velkým změnám teploty mořské hladiny ve východním tropickém pacifiku. enso je spojeno se zvýšeným rizikem některých nemocí přenášených vektorem
ENT 2000 resin: photo-crosslinkable resin; derivative of poly(ethylene glycol)2000
EORTC GIMEMA AML-10 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of adult acute myeloid leukemia
EORTC GIMEMA AML-13 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of adult acute myeloid leukemia
EP glass polyphosphonate cement: a glass polyphosphonate cement used in orthodontic banding
EP-OMB protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of primary germ cell tumors in the brain
EPOCH protocol: chemotherapy regimen used to treat patients with chemotherapy-resistant hodgkin's disease & non-hodgkin's lymphoma; also used in the treatment of aggressive cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis; consists of above cpds
EPON: rn given refers to cpd with unknown mf; see also record for araldite b (rn 25085-99-8)
EPVP protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of advanced-stage hodgkin's disease
ERG1 Potassium Channel: one of three members of the ether-a-go-go (eag) potassium channels gene family comprising ether-a-go-go (eag), eag-like (elk) and eag-related (erg) subfamilies. ether-a-go-go-related gene 1 (erg1) also known as kcnh2, encodes the pore-forming subunit of a rapidly activating-delayed rectifier potassium channel that plays an essential role in the final repolarization of ventricular action potential. loss-of-function mutations in human herg1 is associated with life-threatening arrhythmia
ERRalpha Estrogen-Related Receptor: an orphan nuclear receptor that belongs to the err subfamily. it has enriched expression in tissues with high oxidative metabolic capacity
ESA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of etoposide, high-dose methylprednisolone & cytarabine; used in the therapy of lymphomas & hodgkin's disease
ESAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in the therapy of lymphomas & hodgkin's dieases
ESHAP regimen: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; do nort confuse with eshap protocol (uses methylprednisolone instead of prednisone)
ESHAP regimen, modified: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of follicular lymphoma
ESPE Visio-Gem: matched combinations of difunctional acrylates with a filler of modified silicon dioxide
ETI protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of acute myeloid leukemia
ETS Motif: a helix-turn-helix motif characterized by three alpha-helices and four-stranded beta-sheets arranged in the order alpha1-beta1-beta2-alpha2-alpha3-beta3-beta4. the third alpha-helix contacts the major groove of dna. the ets motif and the flanking amino acid sequences of ets proteins influence the binding affinity, and the alteration of a single amino acid in the ets domain can change its dna binding specificity
ETS Translocation Variant 6 Protein: a transcriptional repressor in the ets transcription factor family. contains a unique ets domain and hlh domain that can interfere with protein-protein interactions
ETS motiv: motiv helix-turn-helix charakterizovaný třemi alfa-helixy a čtyřřetězcovými beta-skládanými listy uspořádanými v pořadí alfa1-beta1-beta2-alfa2-alfa3-beta3-beta4. třetí alfa-helix je v kontaktu s velkým žlábkem dna. tento ets motiv a přilehlé aminokyselinové sekvence proteinů ets ovlivňují vazebnou afinitu a změna jediné aminokyseliny domény ets může změnit její vazebnou specifitu k dna
EV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in the therapy of small cell lung cancer
EV protocol 1: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer
EVA regimen: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of advanced stage hodgkin's disease; do not confuse with eva protocol
EVAC-G-CSF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds and edatrexate used in the therapy of non-small cell carcinoma of lungs
EVAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of advanced hogkin's disease; used in alternating cycles with lopp protocol
EVAP regimen: chemotherapy regimen consisting of the above compounds; used in a pilot study designed to reduce delayed toxicity in the treatment of hodgkin's disease in newly diagnosed children
EVDAC regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
EVI protocol: chemotherapy protocol for treatment of small cell lung cancer; contains above thre cpds
EVP protocol: used to treat non-hodgkin's lymphoma; chemotherapy protocol consisting of epirubicin, prednisolone & vincristine
EXM 510: comprised of bisgma, tegdma, and tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate
EZH2 protein: histon-lysin-n-methyltransferáza a katalytická podjednotka represivního komplexu polycomb 2. methyluje lysin 9 (h3k9me) a lysin 27 (h3k27me) na histonu h3, což vede k transkripční represi postiženého cílového genu. ezh2 methyluje také nehistonové proteiny, například transkripční faktor gata4 a jaderný receptor rora. pomocí histonové methylace promotorových oblastí cirkadiánních genů reguluje cirkadiánní cykly a jeho represivní aktivita je důležitá také pro identitu a diferenciaci embryonálních kmenových buněk
EZN-2208: antineoplastic; polyethylene glycol linked sn-38, more effective than sn-38
Eagle syndrome: elongated styloid process, which causes cervico facial pain, tinnitus and otalgia
Eagles: large members of the falconiformes order of birds, family accipitridae, most especially the genera aquila, haliaeetus, harpia, and circaetus. they are characterized by their powerful talons, which carry long, curved, pointed claws and by their opposable hindtoe
Eales disease: an idiopathic, inflammatory venous occlusive disease of the eye characterized by retinal vasculitis, occlusion and neovascularization. it can lead to recurrent vitreous hemorrhage and vision loss
Ear: the hearing and equilibrium system of the body. it consists of three parts: the external ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. sound waves are transmitted through this organ where vibration is transduced to nerve signals that pass through the acoustic nerve to the central nervous system. the inner ear also contains the vestibular organ that maintains equilibrium by transducing signals to the vestibular nerve
Ear Auricle: the shell-like structure projects like a little wing (pinna) from the side of the head. ear auricles collect sound from the environment
Ear Canal: the narrow passage way that conducts the sound collected by the ear auricle to the tympanic membrane
Ear Cartilage: cartilage of the ear auricle and the external ear canal
Ear Deformities, Acquired: distortion or disfigurement of the ear caused by disease or injury after birth
Ear Diseases: pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body
Ear Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the external ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear)
Ear Ossicles: a mobile chain of three small bones (incus; malleus; stapes) in the tympanic cavity between the tympanic membrane and the oval window on the wall of inner ear. sound waves are converted to vibration by the tympanic membrane then transmitted via these ear ossicles to the inner ear
Ear Protective Devices: personal devices for protection of the ears from loud or high intensity noise, water, or cold. these include earmuffs and earplugs
Ear, External: the outer part of the hearing system of the body. it includes the shell-like ear auricle which collects sound, and the external ear canal, the tympanic membrane, and the external ear cartilages
Ear, Inner: the essential part of the hearing organ consists of two labyrinthine compartments: the bony labyrinthine and the membranous labyrinth. the bony labyrinth is a complex of three interconnecting cavities or spaces (cochlea; vestibular labyrinth; and semicircular canals) in the temporal bone. within the bony labyrinth lies the membranous labyrinth which is a complex of sacs and tubules (cochlear duct; saccule and utricle; and semicircular ducts) forming a continuous space enclosed by epithelium and connective tissue. these spaces are filled with labyrinthine fluids of various compositions
Ear, Middle: the space and structures directly internal to the tympanic membrane and external to the inner ear (labyrinth). its major components include the auditory ossicles and the eustachian tube that connects the cavity of middle ear (tympanic cavity) to the upper part of the throat
Early Ambulation: procedure to accelerate the ability of a patient to walk or move about by reducing the time to ambulation. it is characterized by a shorter period of hospitalization or recumbency than is normally practiced
Early Detection of Cancer: methods to identify and characterize cancer in the early stages of disease and predict tumor behavior
Early Diagnosis: methods to determine in patients the nature of a disease or disorder at its early stage of progression. generally, early diagnosis improves prognosis and treatment outcome
Early Goal-Directed Therapy: critical care treatment using intensive monitoring and aggressive management of perioperative hemodynamics in high risk patients,
Early Growth Response Protein 1: an early growth response transcription factor and zinc finger protein that has been implicated in regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis
Early Growth Response Protein 2: an early growth response transcription factor that controls the formation of the myelin sheath around peripheral axons by schwann cells. mutations in egr2 transcription factor have been associated with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies such as charcot-marie-tooth disease
Early Growth Response Protein 3: an early growth response transcription factor that is essential for the development of muscle spindles
Early Growth Response Transcription Factors: a family of transcription factors that are induced by growth factors and contain a highly conserved dna-binding domain composed of three zinc finger motifs
Early Intervention, Educational: procedures and programs that facilitate the development or skill acquisition in infants and young children who have disabilities, who are at risk for developing disabilities, or who are gifted. it includes programs that are designed to prevent handicapping conditions in infants and young children and family-centered programs designed to affect the functioning of infants and children with special needs. (from journal of early intervention, editorial, 1989, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 3; a discursive dictionary of health care, prepared for the u.s. house of representatives committee on interstate and foreign commerce, 1976)
Early Medical Intervention: action taken to reduce susceptibility or exposure to health problems and to detect and treat disease in early stages
Early Warning Score: tool for bedside evaluation based on five physiological parameters: systolic pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, body temperature and avpu (alert, voice, pain, unresponsive) score
Early-onset ataxia with oculomotor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia: an early-onset autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia characterized by peripheral axonal neuropathy, oculomotor apraxia (defined as the limitation of ocular movements on command), and hypoalbuminemia. mutations in the aptx gene have been identified. omim: 208920
Earth Sciences: fields of science encompassing studies and research from the disciplines of physics; chemistry; biological sciences; and mathematics; that are related to the planet earth. subfields include atmospheric chemistry; climatology; environmental sciences; geography; geology; geophysics; meteorology; oceanography; paleontology; mineralogy; and seismology
Earth, Planet: planet that is the third in order from the sun. it is one of the four inner or terrestrial planets of the solar system
Earthquakes: sudden slips on a geological fault, and the resulting ground shaking and radiated seismic energy caused by the slips, or by volcanic or magmatic activity, or other sudden stress changes in the earth. faults are fractures along which the blocks of earth crust on either side have moved relative to one another parallel to the fracture
East African People: people native to or inhabitants of eastern africa including burundi, djibouti, eritrea, ethiopia, kenya, rwanda, somalia, south sudan, sudan, tanzania, and uganda and islands comoros; madagascar and seychelles
East Asian People: persons native to or inhabitants of east asia including china; hong kong; japan; korea; macao; mongolia; and taiwan
Eastern European People: people native to or inhabitants of eastern europe including albania; bosnia and herzegovina; bulgaria; croatia; czech republic; estonia; hungary; kosovo; latvia; lithuania; moldova; montenegro; poland; republic of north macedonia; republic of belarus; romania; russia; serbia; slovakia; slovenia; and ukraine
Eastern Orthodoxy: the name given to the religion of the body of modern churches, including among others the greek and russian orthodox, that is derived from the church of the byzantine empire, adheres to the byzantine rite, and acknowledges the honorary primacy of the patriarch of constantinople. (from american heritage dictionary of the english language, 4th ed)
Ebenaceae: a small plant family of the order ebenales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida. members contain naphthoquinones
Ebenaceae: malá rostlinná čeleď řádu ericales (vřesovcotvaré), podtřídy dilleniidae, třídy magnoliopsida (nižší dvouděložné rostliny). členové obsahují naftochinony
Ebnerovy žlázy: ebnerovy žlázy - čistě serózní žlázy jazyka, které ústí do hrazených papil. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online 2012, http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Ebolavirus: a genus in the family filoviridae consisting of several distinct species of ebolavirus, each containing separate strains. these viruses cause outbreaks of a contagious, hemorrhagic disease (hemorrhagic fever, ebola) in humans, usually with high mortality
Ebstein Anomaly: a congenital heart defect characterized by downward or apical displacement of the tricuspid valve, usually with the septal and posterior leaflets being attached to the wall of the right ventricle. it is characterized by a huge right atrium and a small and less effective right ventricle
Ebsteinova anomálie: vrozená srdeční vada, při které je pravá komora rozdělena na dvě části v důsledku dislokační malformace trikuspidální chlopně (přední cíp je přichycen na chlopňový kruh, kdežto ostatní cípy jsou přichyceny ke stěně pravé komory). atrializovaná část pravé komory je malá, má tenkou stěnu a přechází do pravé, značně zvětšené pravé síně, druhá část komory má normální myokard. dochází k obstrukci pravé výtokové části, bývá různý stupeň trikuspidální regurgitace. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Ecchymosis: extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia
Eccrine Glands: simple sweat glands that secrete sweat directly onto the skin
Eccrine Porocarcinoma: a rare malignant neoplasm of the sweat glands. it most often develops as a form of degenerative progression from a benign eccrine poroma
Ecdysone: a steroid hormone that regulates the processes of molting or ecdysis in insects
Ecdysteroids: steroids that bring about molting or ecdysis in insects. ecdysteroids include the endogenous insect hormones (ecdysone and ecdysterone) and the insect-molting hormones found in plants, the phytoecdysteroids. phytoecdysteroids are natural insecticides
Ecdysterone: a steroid hormone that regulates the processes of molting or ecdysis in insects. ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ecdysone
Echinacea: a genus of perennial herbs used topically and internally. it contains echinacoside, glycosides; inulin; isobutyl amides, resin, and sesquiterpenes
Echinacea: rod vytrvalých bylin používaných lokálně i vnitřně. obsahuje echinacosidy, glykosidy, inulin, isobutylamidy, pryskyřice a seskviterpeny
Echinacea extract: plant was previously classified under rudbeckia, then moved to echinacea
Echinocandins: cyclic hexapeptides of proline-ornithine-threonine-proline-threonine-serine. the cyclization with a single non-peptide bond can lead them to be incorrectly called depsipeptides, but the echinocandins lack ester links. antifungal activity is via inhibition of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase production of beta-glucans
Echinochloa: a plant genus of the family poaceae that is grown mainly as a hay crop
Echinochloa: rod rostlin čeledi poaceae (lipnicovité). v české republice se běžně vyskytuje pouze 1 druh - ježatka kuří noha (echinochloa crus-galli). jedná se o velmi hojný polní plevel. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Echinococcosis: an infection caused by the infestation of the larval form of tapeworms of the genus echinococcus. the liver, lungs, and kidney are the most common areas of infestation
Echinococcosis, Hepatic: liver disease caused by infections with parasitic tapeworms of the genus echinococcus, such as echinococcus granulosus or echinococcus multilocularis. ingested echinococcus ova burrow into the intestinal mucosa. the larval migration to the liver via the portal vein leads to watery vesicles (hydatid cyst)
Echinococcosis, Pulmonary: helminth infection of the lung caused by echinococcus granulosus or echinococcus multilocularis
Echinococcus: a genus of very small tapeworms, in the family taeniidae. the adult form is found in various carnivora but not humans. the larval form is seen in humans under certain epidemiologic circumstances
Echinococcus: rod drobných tasemnic z čeledi taeniidae s typickým dvojhostitelským cyklem. definitivním hostitelem jsou šelmy (psovití, méně kočkovití) a mezihostitelem zpravidla sudokopytníci, hlodavci a lichokopytníci. nejvýznamnějšími druhy jsou e. granulosus a e. multilocularis, jimiž se může nakazit i člověk jako náhodný mezihostitel. dospělci echinokoka se lokalizují v tenkém střevě definitivního hostitele (např. pes) a infekce je bez příznaků. naopak u mezihostitele (včetně člověka) se larvální stádia (cysty) nacházejí v orgánech (játra, plíce, mozek), mohou dorůstat značných rozměrů a infekce, zejména u lidí, zpravidla končí fatálně. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Echinococcus granulosus: a species of hydatid tapeworm (class cestoda) in the family taeniidae, whose adult form infects the digestive tract of dogs, other canines, and cats. the larval form infects sheep; pigs; horses; and may infect humans, where it migrates to various organs and forms permanent hydatid cysts
Echinococcus granulosus: drobná, 2-7 mm dlouhá tasemnice z čeledi taeniidae s dvojhostitelským cyklem, která parazituje ve střevech psovitých šelem, ale nevyvolává u nich klinické onemocnění. mezihostitelem jsou kopytníci, u kterých tvoří měchýřovité larvocysty. e. granulosus se vyskytuje kosmopolitně, mezi oblasti s vysokým endemickým výskytem patří například oblast středomoří, blízký východ, jižní polovina latinské ameriky. člověk se může nakazit vajíčky e. granulosus jako náhodný mezihostitel. toto závažné onemocnění charakterizované přítomností velkých cyst v játrech, plicích nebo jiných orgánech se nazývá cystická echinokokóza (zkratka ce) či cystická hydatidóza. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Echinococcus multilocularis: a north temperate species of tapeworm (cestoda) whose adult form infects foxes and wild rodents. the larval form can infect humans producing hepatic hydatid cysts
Echinococcus multilocularis: drobná tasemnice, která parazituje ve střevě lišek obecných a polárních, případně jiných psovitých šelem. jejím mezihostitelem jsou hlodavci (hraboši a hryzci), vzácně se však mohou nakazit i ostatní savci, včetně člověka. v orgánech mezihostitele, primárně v játrech, vytváří mnohočetné cysty zvané alveokok. onemocnění člověka, které tímto způsobuje, alveolární echinokokóza, končí bez léčby téměř vždy fatálně. druh se vyskytuje pouze na severní polokouli, a to zejména v mírném a subpolárním pásu evropy, severní ameriky a asie. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Echinodermata: a phylum of the most familiar marine invertebrates. its class stelleroidea contains two subclasses, the asteroidea (the starfish or sea stars) and the ophiuroidea (the brittle stars, also called basket stars and serpent stars). there are 1500 described species of starfish found throughout the world. the second class, echinoidea, contains about 950 species of sea urchins, heart urchins, and sand dollars. a third class, holothuroidea, comprises about 900 echinoderms known as sea cucumbers. echinoderms are used extensively in biological research. (from barnes, invertebrate zoology, 5th ed, pp773-826)
Echinodermata: kmen středně velkých druhoústých živočichů, jehož zástupci žijí v mořích a oceánech po celém světě (většinou v těch s vyšší salinitou). tělo dospělců je paprsčitě (radiálně) souměrné, nicméně larvy jsou bilaterálně souměrné. v jejich podkoží se vytvářejí vápenaté destičky, které mohou splývat v pevný krunýř nebo vybíhat na povrch jako ostny. patří sem hvězdice (asteroidea), ježovky (echinoidea), sumýši (holothurioidea), lilijice (crinoidea) a hadice (ophiuroidea). je známo přes 7000 současných druhů, dalších asi 13 000 je známo z fosilního záznamu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Echinomycin: a cytotoxic polypeptide quinoxaline antibiotic isolated from streptomyces echinatus that binds to dna and inhibits rna synthesis
Echinops (rostlina): rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. zástupci obsahují pseudoguajanový seskviterpen. san-fang-feng je kořen druhu e. grijisii, který se používá v tradiční čínské medicíně
Echinops Plant: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain a pseudoguaiane sesquiterpene. san-fang-feng is the root of e. grijisii used in drugs, chinese herbal
Echinostoma: a genus of intestinal flukes of the family echinostomatidae which consists of many species. they occur in man and other vertebrates. the intermediate hosts are frequently mollusks
Echinostoma: rod střevních motolic čeledi echinostomatidae zahrnující mnoho druhů. parazitují u člověka a dalších obratlovců. jejich mezihostiteli jsou často měkkýši
Echinostomatidae: a family of flukes (trematoda) characterized by a collar of spines at their anterior end. the body is elongated and is covered with spines, and the two suckers are usually close together. (noble et al., parasitology: the biology of animal parasites, 6th ed, p183)
Echinostomatidae: čeleď motolic charakterizovaných límcem s trny v přední části těla. tělo je podlouhlé a pokryté trny a dvě ústní přísavky jsou zpravidla umístěny blízko sebe
Echis: a genus of vipers found in africa, arabia and india. echis snakes include venomous saw-scale viper and carpet viper
Echis: rod zmijí vyskytující se v africe, arábii a indii. mezi hady rodu echis patří jedovaté echis carinatus a echis pyramidum
Echium: a plant genus of the family boraginaceae. members contain gamma-linolenic acid and pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Echium: rod rostlin čeledi boraginaceae. zástupci obsahují kyselinu gama-linolenovou a pyrrolizidinové alkaloidy
Echo-Planar Imaging: a type of magnetic resonance imaging that uses only one nuclear spin excitation per image and therefore can obtain images in a fraction of a second rather than the minutes required in traditional mri techniques. it is used in a variety of medical and scientific applications
Echocardiography: ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. the standard approach is transthoracic
Echocardiography, Doppler: measurement of intracardiac blood flow using an m-mode and/or two-dimensional (2-d) echocardiogram while simultaneously recording the spectrum of the audible doppler signal (e.g., velocity, direction, amplitude, intensity, timing) reflected from the moving column of red blood cells
Echocardiography, Doppler, Color: echocardiography applying the doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image
Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed: echocardiography applying the doppler effect, with velocity detection combined with range discrimination. short bursts of ultrasound are transmitted at regular intervals and the echoes are demodulated as they return
Echocardiography, Four-Dimensional: dynamic three-dimensional echocardiography using the added dimension of time to impart the cinematic perception of motion. (mayo clin proc 1993;68:221-40)
Echocardiography, Stress: a method of recording heart motion and internal structures by combining ultrasonic imaging with exercise testing (exercise test) or pharmacologic stress
Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional: echocardiography amplified by the addition of depth to the conventional two-dimensional echocardiography visualizing only the length and width of the heart. three-dimensional ultrasound imaging was first described in 1961 but its application to echocardiography did not take place until 1974. (mayo clin proc 1993;68:221-40)
Echocardiography, Transesophageal: ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues using a transducer placed in the esophagus
Echoencephalography: use of reflected ultrasound in the diagnosis of intracranial pathologic processes
Echogenic Bowel: a prenatal ultrasonography finding of excessively dense fetal bowel due to meconium buildup
Echolalia: involuntary (parrot-like), meaningless repetition of a recently heard word, phrase, or song. this condition may be associated with transcortical aphasia; schizophrenia; or other disorders. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p485)
Echolocation: an auditory orientation mechanism involving the emission of high frequency sounds which are reflected back to the emitter (animal)
Echothiophate Iodide: a potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma
Echovirus 6, Human: a species of enterovirus that has caused outbreaks of aseptic meningitis in children and adults
Echovirus 9: a species of enterovirus associated with outbreaks of aseptic meningitis (meningitis, aseptic)
Echovirus 9: druh viru rodu enterovirus, který způsobuje epidemie aseptické meningitidy
Echovirus Infections: infectious disease processes, including meningitis, diarrhea, and respiratory disorders, caused by echoviruses
Eclampsia: onset of hyperreflexia; seizures; or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (pre-eclampsia)
Eclecticism, Historical: a system of medicine, most popular in the 19th century, that advocates the use of indigenous plants in the treatment of specific signs and symptoms
Eclipse Prosthodontic Resin: light heat-cured methacrylate resin
Eclipta: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain wedelolactone
Eclipta: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. zástupci obsahují wedelolakton
Ecological Momentary Assessment: repeated reports by a research participant of symptoms, affect, behavior, and cognition close in time to experience and in the participant's natural environment
Ecological Parameter Monitoring: ongoing collection, analysis, and interpretation of ecological data that is used to assess changes in the components, processes, and overall condition and functioning of an ecosystem
Ecological Systems, Closed: systems that provide for the maintenance of life in an isolated living chamber through reutilization of the material available, in particular, by means of a cycle wherein exhaled carbon dioxide, urine, and other waste matter are converted chemically or by photosynthesis into oxygen, water, and food. (nasa thesaurus, 1988)
Ecology: the branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their environment, especially as manifested by natural cycles and rhythms, community development and structure, interactions between different kinds of organisms, geographic distributions, and population alterations. (webster's, 3d ed)
Econazole: an imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent
Economic Competition: the effort of two or more parties to secure the business of a third party by offering, usually under fair or equitable rules of business practice, the most favorable terms
Economic Development: mobilization of human, financial, capital, physical and or natural resources to generate goods and services
Economic Recession: significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real gross domestic product, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales. (national bureau of economic research, inc, www.nber.org/cycles.html, accessed 4/23/2009)
Economic Status: personal or family variables such as household income, assets such as inherited wealth, savings, employment benefits, or ownership of homes or other property
Economics, Behavioral: the combined discipline of psychology and economics that investigates what happens in markets in which some of the agents display human limitations and complications
Economics, Medical: economic aspects of the field of medicine, the medical profession, and health care. it includes the economic and financial impact of disease in general on the patient, the physician, society, or government
Economics, Pharmaceutical: economic aspects of the fields of pharmacy and pharmacology as they apply to the development and study of medical economics in rational drug therapy and the impact of pharmaceuticals on the cost of medical care. pharmaceutical economics also includes the economic considerations of the pharmaceutical care delivery system and in drug prescribing, particularly of cost-benefit values. (from j res pharm econ 1989;1(1); pharmacoecon 1992;1(1))
Ecosystem: a functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (mcgraw hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Ecotoxicology: the study of environmental pollution and the toxic effects of environmental pollutants on the ecosystem. the term was coined by truhaut in 1969
Ecotype: geographic variety, population, or race, within a species, that is genetically adapted to a particular habitat. an ecotype typically exhibits phenotypic differences but is capable of interbreeding with other ecotypes
Ecthyma: an ulcerative pyoderma usually caused by group a beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection at the site of minor trauma. (dorland, 27th ed)
Ecthyma, Contagious: an infectious dermatitis of sheep and goats, affecting primarily the muzzle and lips. it is caused by a poxvirus and may be transmitted to man
Ectobiidae: čeleď hmyzu řádu dictyoptera (švábi) zahrnující např. rody blattella, parcoblatta a symploce
Ectodermal Dysplasia: a group of hereditary disorders involving tissues and structures derived from the embryonic ectoderm. they are characterized by the presence of abnormalities at birth and involvement of both the epidermis and skin appendages. they are generally nonprogressive and diffuse. various forms exist, including anhidrotic and hidrotic dysplasias, focal dermal hypoplasia, and aplasia cutis congenita
Ectodermal Dysplasia 1, Anhidrotic: an x-linked form of ectodermal dysplasia which results from mutations of the gene encoding ectodysplasin
Ectodermal Dysplasia 3, Anhidrotic: an autosomal dominant form of ectodermal dysplasia which is due to mutations in the gene for the edar receptor
Ectodermal Dysplasia, Anhidrotic, with Immunodeficiency, Osteopetrosis, and Lymphedema: mutation in nemo gene
Ectodermal Dysplasia, Hypohidrotic, Autosomal Recessive: an autosomal recessive form of ectodermal dysplasia which is due to mutations in the gene for the edar receptor or edar-associated death domain protein
Ectodermal Placodes: a series of thickened ectoderm patches in the developing cranial region that appears during week 4 in human embryo. ectodermal placodes are the primordium of many ectodermal sensory systems including the inner ear, the eye lens, the olfactory epithelium, as well as the pituitary gland and thyroid gland
Ectodysplasins: transmembrane proteins belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that play an essential role in the normal development of several ectodermally derived organs. several isoforms of the ectodysplasins exist due to multiple alternative splicing of the mrna for the protein. the isoforms ectodysplasin a1 and ectodysplasin a2 are considered biologically active and each bind distinct ectodysplasin receptors. genetic mutations that result in loss of function of ectodysplasin result in ectodermal dysplasia 1, anhidrotic
Ectogenesis: embryonic and fetal development that takes place in an artificial environment in vitro
Ectoparasitic Infestations: infestations by parasites which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's epidermis. most ectoparasites are arthropods
Ectopia Cordis: a rare developmental defect in which the heart is abnormally located partially or totally outside the thorax. it is the result of defective fusion of the anterior chest wall. depending on the location of the heart, ectopia cordis can be thoracic, thoracoabdominal, abdominal, and cervical
Ectopia Lentis: congenital displacement of the lens resulting from defective zonule formation
Ectopia pupillae: congenital eye malformation in which the pupils are displaced from their normal central position
Ectopic Gene Expression: the expression of a gene in an abnormal place, or at an abnormal time in an organism. ectopic gene expression is often induced artificially by genetic techniques
Ectothiorhodospira: a genus of vibrioid or rod-shaped cells which are motile by polar flagella. internal photosynthetic membranes are present as lamellar stacks and contain bacteriochlorophyll a or b and carotenoids. growth occurs photoautotrophically under anaerobic conditions. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Ectothiorhodospira: rod šroubovitých bakterií, které se pohybují pomocí bičíků. jejich vnitřní fotosyntetické membrány jsou uspořádané jako seskupení lamel, které obsahují bakteriochlorofyl a nebo b a karotenoidy. rostou fotoautotrofně za anaerobních podmínek
Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii: a species of ectothiorhodospira distinguished by its ability to utilize nitrate. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii: druh bakterie rodu ectothiorhodospira, která má schopnost utilizovat dusičnany
Ectothiorhodospiraceae: a family in the order chromatiales, class gammaproteobacteria. these are haloalkaliphilic, phototrophic bacteria that deposit elemental sulfur outside their cells
Ectothiorhodospiraceae: čeleď bakterií řádu chromatiales, třídy gammaproteobacteria. jsou to haloalkalofilní, fototrofní bakterie, které ukládají elementární síru vně buněk
Ectrodactyly: an autosomal dominant limb malformation disorder involving the central rays of the autopod and presenting with syndactyly, median clefts of the hands and feet, and aplasia and/or hypoplasia of the finger phalanges and/or toe phalanges; metacarpals, and metatarsals. some patients with shfm1 have been found to have intellectual disability, ectodermal and craniofacial findings, orofacial clefting and sensorineural hearing loss. mutations have been mapped to the chromosome 7q21.3 region, which includes the dss1, dlx5, and dlx6 genes. omim: 183600
Ectrodactyly, Ectodermal Dysplasia, And Cleft Lip-Palate Syndrome 1: prom
Ectrodactyly, Ectodermal Dysplasia, and Cleft Lip-Palate Syndrome 3: mutation in tp63
Ectrodactyly-cleft lip-palate syndrome: an autosomal dominant hereditary condition characterized by facial malformations such as cleft lip and palate, malformed or small ears and hearing loss, eye abnormalities and photophobia, tooth agenesis and microdontia, syndactyly; and genitourinary abnormalities. it is associated with chromosomal rearrangements in the 7q11.2-q21.3 region of chromosome 7. omim: 129900
Ectromelia: gross hypo- or aplasia of one or more long bones of one or more limbs. the concept includes amelia, hemimelia, phocomelia, and sirenomelia
Ectromelia virus: a species of orthopoxvirus infecting mice and causing a disease that involves internal organs and produces characteristic skin lesions
Ectromelia, Infectious: a viral infection of mice, causing edema and necrosis followed by limb loss
Ectropion: the turning outward (eversion) of the edge of the eyelid, resulting in the exposure of the palpebral conjunctiva. (dorland, 27th ed)
Ecuador: a country in western south america, bordering the pacific ocean at the equator, between colombia and peru
Eczema: a dermatitis characterized by a spongiotic tissue reaction pattern occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents
Eczema, Dyshidrotic: a recurrent eczematous reaction characterized by the development of vesicular eruptions on the palms and soles, particularly along the sides and between the digits. it is accompanied by pruritus, a burning sensation, and hyperhidrosis. the disease is self-limiting, lasting only a few weeks. (dorland, 27th ed)
Edar Receptor: a ectodysplasin receptor subtype that is specific for ectodysplasin a1. it signals via the specific signaling adaptor edar-associated death domain protein. loss of function of the edar receptor is associated with autosomal recessive anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and ectodermal dysplasia 3, anhidrotic
Edar-Associated Death Domain Protein: a tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor that acts as a specific signaling adaptor protein for the edar receptor and plays an important role in ectodermal development. it binds to edar receptor via its c-terminal death domain region and to other specific tnf receptor-associated factors via its n-terminal domain. loss of function of edar-associated death domain protein is associated with autosomal recessive anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
Edaravone: an antipyrine derivative that functions as a free radical scavenger and neuroprotective agent. it is used in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and stroke
Edeine: basic peptide antibiotic from bacillus brevis. it exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and inhibits bacterial dna synthesis
Edema: abnormal fluid accumulation in tissues or body cavities. most cases of edema are present under the skin in subcutaneous tissue
Edema Disease of Swine: an acute disease of young pigs that is usually associated with weaning. it is characterized clinically by paresis and subcutaneous edema
Edema, Cardiac: abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. it is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. it is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (nephrotic syndrome)
Edetic Acid: a chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as calcium. it is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive
Edible Films: packaging materials that can be directly consumed. they provide barrier and protection, while enhancing quality and safety of food products. (bourtoom, 2008)
Edible Grain: seeds used as a major nutritional source, most often the grain from the poaceae family
Edible Insects: organisms of the insecta class that are used as food or are suitable as a nutritional source, especially by humans
Edible Seaweeds: various seaweeds either wild-harvested or cultured (aquaculture) for direct human consumption
Edinger-Westphal Nucleus: nucleus in the oculomotor nuclear complex associated with oculomotor activities and stress adaptation
Edingerovo-Westphalovo jádro: parasympatické malobuněčné jádro n. oculomotorii, uložené v mezencefalu. pregangliová vlákna z tohoto jádra vedou do ganglion ciliare. inervuje m. ciliaris a m. sphincter pupillae. je to centrum akomodace a fotoreakce. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Editorial: work consisting of a statement of the opinions, beliefs, and policy of the editor or publisher of a journal, usually on current matters of medical or scientific significance to the medical community or society at large. the editorials published by editors of journals representing the official organ of a society or organization are generally substantive
Editorial Policies: the guidelines and policy statements set forth by the editor(s) or editorial board of a publication
Edrophonium: a rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. it has also been used as an antidote to curare principles
Education Department, Hospital: hospital department responsible for administering educational and training activities pertaining to health for patients and staff
Education of Persons with Hearing Disabilities: the teaching or training of those individuals with hearing disability or impairment
Education of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities: the teaching or training of those individuals with subnormal intellectual functioning
Education, Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Graduate: educational programs for graduates entering a master's or phd level biological and biomedical science graduate programs
Education, Continuing: educational programs designed to inform individuals of recent advances in their particular field of interest. they do not lead to any formal advanced standing
Education, Dental, Continuing: educational programs designed to inform dentists of recent advances in their fields
Education, Dental, Graduate: educational programs for dental graduates entering a specialty. they include formal specialty training as well as academic work in the clinical and basic dental sciences, and may lead to board certification or an advanced dental degree
Education, Distance: education via communication media (correspondence, radio, television, computer networks) with little or no in-person face-to-face contact between students and teachers. (eric thesaurus, 1997)
Education, Graduate: studies beyond the bachelor's degree at an institution having graduate programs for the purpose of preparing for entrance into a specific field, and obtaining a higher degree
Education, Medical, Graduate: educational programs for medical graduates entering a specialty. they include formal specialty training as well as academic work in the clinical and basic medical sciences, and may lead to board certification or an advanced medical degree
Education, Medical, Undergraduate: the period of medical education in a medical school. in the united states it follows the baccalaureate degree and precedes the granting of the m.d
Education, Nursing, Associate: a two-year program in nursing education in a community or junior college leading to an a.d. (associate degree). graduates of this program are eligible for state examination for licensure as rn (registered nurse)
Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate: a four-year program in nursing education in a college or university leading to a b.s.n. (bachelor of science in nursing). graduates are eligible for state examination for licensure as rn (registered nurse)
Education, Nursing, Diploma Programs: programs usually offered in hospital schools of nursing leading to a registered nurse diploma (rn). graduates are eligible for state examination for licensure as rn (registered nurse)
Education, Nursing, Graduate: those educational activities engaged in by holders of a bachelor's degree in nursing, which are primarily designed to prepare them for entrance into a specific field of nursing, and may lead to board certification or a more advanced degree
Education, Pharmacy: formal instruction, learning, or training in the preparation, dispensing, and proper utilization of drugs in the field of medicine
Education, Pharmacy, Continuing: educational programs designed to inform graduate pharmacists of recent advances in their particular field
Education, Pharmacy, Graduate: educational programs for pharmacists who have a bachelor's degree or a doctor of pharmacy degree entering a specific field of pharmacy. they may lead to an advanced degree
Education, Professional, Retraining: educational programs for individuals who have been inactive in their profession, or who wish to regain unused skills
Education, Special: education of the individual who markedly deviates intellectually, physically, socially, or emotionally from those considered to be normal, thus requiring special instruction
Educational Measurement: the assessing of academic or educational achievement. it includes all aspects of testing and test construction
Educational Personnel: professionals responsible for teaching in an institution or place of learning such as a school, college, vocational institute, or university
Educational Technology: systematic identification, development, organization, or utilization of educational resources and the management of these processes. it is occasionally used also in a more limited sense to describe the use of equipment-oriented techniques or audiovisual aids in educational settings. (thesaurus of eric descriptors, december 1993, p132)
Edwardsiella: a genus of small, straight gram-negative rods which are facultatively anaerobic, chemoorganotrophic, and usually motile by peritrichous flagella. members of this genus are usually found in the intestines of cold-blooded animals and in fresh water. they are pathogenic for eels, catfishes, and other animals and are rare opportunistic pathogens for humans. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Edwardsiella: rod malých, gramnegativních, přímých tyčinek, které jsou fakultativně anaerobní, chemoorganotrofní a zpravidla pohyblivé pomocí peritrichních bičíků. zástupci tohoto rodu se obvykle vyskytují ve střevech studenokrevných zvířat a ve sladkých vodách. jsou patogenní pro úhoře, sumce a další živočichy. vzácně jsou oportunními patogeny člověka
Edwardsiella ictaluri: a species of edwardsiella distinguished by its nonmotility. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Edwardsiella ictaluri: druh nepohyblivé bakterie rodu edwardsiella
Edwardsiella tarda: a species of edwardsiella distinguished by its hydrogen sulfide production. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Edwardsiella tarda: druh bakterie rodu edwardsiella, charakteristické produkcí sirovodíku
Eels: common name for an order (anguilliformes) of voracious, elongate, snakelike teleost fishes
Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: inhibitor of reverse transcriptases or of rna-directed dna polymerases
Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic: factors that modify the effect of the putative causal factor(s) under study
Efferent Pathways: nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site. such impulses are conducted via efferent neurons (neurons, efferent), such as motor neurons, autonomic neurons, and hypophyseal neurons
Efficiency: ratio of output to effort and or resources, or the ratio of effort and or resources produced to energy expended
Efficiency, Organizational: the capacity of an organization, institution, or business to produce desired results with a minimum expenditure of energy, time, money, personnel, material, etc
Eflornithine: an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway