NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
PAX8 Transcription Factor: a paired box transcription factor that functions in the development of thyrocytes and the control of thyroid-specific gene expression. mutations in the pax8 gene are associated with thyroid dysgenesis and thyroid neoplasms
PAX9 Transcription Factor: a paired box transcription factor that is involved in odontogenesis
PB-127 compound: a bilayered albumin/polylactide microshere encapsulating nitrogen gas; contrast agent for the detection of myocardial perfusion
PBMF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 5 cpds; pbm-pfu protocol is used for the chemotherapy of recurrent/advanced cervical cancer
PC-3 Cells: an epithelial cell line initiated from a human bone metastasis of a grade iv prostatic adenocarcinoma
PC12 Cells: a cell line derived from a pheochromocytoma of the rat adrenal medulla. pc12 cells stop dividing and undergo terminal differentiation when treated with nerve growth factor, making the line a useful model system for nerve cell differentiation
PCAV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of advanced hodgkin's disease
PCMF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of lung neoplasms
PCSK9 Inhibitors: agents that inhibit proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (see proprotein convertase 9 (pcsk9)), an enzyme that plays an important role in the degradation of the ldl receptors. it favors ldl catabolism and reduces plasma ldl-cholesterol (ldl_c) level
PCSK9 inhibitory: látky inhibující proproteinkonvertázu 9, enzym, který hraje významnou roli při degradaci ldl receptorů. podporuje katabolismus ldl a snižuje hladinu sérového ldl-cholesterolu
PCV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above three cpds; used in therapy of malignant melanoma & glioma
PCV regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of resectable bronchogenic non-small cell carcinoma
PD protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of dexamethasone and pingyangmycin for the treatment of laryngeal carcinoma
PDH-kinasa: izozym pyruvátdehydrogenázy nacházející se v mitochondriích, který v cyklu kyseliny citronové přeměňuje pyruvát na acetyl-coa, fosforyluje serinové zbytky na pyruvátdehydrogenáze pomocí atp a hraje klíčovou roli v regulaci metabolismu glukózy a mastných kyselin
PDZ Domains: protein interaction domains of about 70-90 amino acid residues, named after a common structure found in psd-95, discs large, and zona occludens 1 proteins. pdz domains are involved in the recruitment and interaction of proteins, and aid the formation of protein scaffolds and signaling networks. this is achieved by sequence-specific binding between a pdz domain in one protein and a pdz motif in another protein
PDZ domény: proteinové interakční domény o délce 70-90 aminokyselin. jsou pojmenované podle společné struktury nalezené v proteinech psd-95 (postsynaptic density protein), dlg (discs large tumor suppressor) a zo-1 (epiteliální protein těsného spojení mezi buňkami). pdz domény jsou součástí proteinů, které jsou schopny shlukovat a lokalizovat proteiny na plazmatické membráně, pomáhají formovat proteinová lešení a signální sítě. toho je dosaženo sekvenčně specifickou vazbou mezi pdz doménou jednoho proteinu a pdz motivem druhého proteinu
PE regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in the treatment of symptomatic advanced non-small-cell lung cancer; pe protocol consists of cisplatin & etoposide
PEA regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of gestational trophoblastic tumor with liver metastases
PEA-M regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of choriocarcinoma with brain metastases
PECC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of multiple myeloma
PEEC protocol: chemotherapy protocol containing the above cpds; used in treatment of patients with non-hodgkin's lymphoma
PEEC-M protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used for the treatment of patients with non-hodgkin's lymphoma
PEG(12000)-Gen4-(Gd DTPA)8: a cascade polymer contrast agent
PEG(3400)-Gen5-(Gd DTPA)13: a cascade polymer contrast agent
PEG-30-dipolyhydroxystearate: used for forming nanoemulsions for drug delivery
PEG-DAPD peptide: dapd peglylated with 43 kda branched peg (polyethylene glycol); has the potential to be developed as a dual-acting peptide to treat type 2 diabetes, with prolonged in vivo activity, and without the gi side-effects
PEG-Hb conjugate, MP4: a nonvasoactive peg-hb conjugate; human hb modified by surface conjugation of monofunctional maleimide-activated 5-kda peg to surface thiol groups
PEG-IFN-SA: a pegylated recombinant human consensus interferon-alpha variant with antiviral activity
PEG-NMU: a polyethylene glycol conjugate of neuromedin u for treatment of obesity and diabetes
PEG-PAsp(Dox): peg -pasp - polyethylene glycol b-poly(alpha,beta-aspartic acid); dox - doxoorubicin; a polymeric micelle drug carrier system
PEG-betaAla-NHCO-OSuc: a pegylating agent
PEG-methioninase: polyethylene glycol conjugation of methioninase for cancer therapy
PEG-modified tumor necrosis factor-alpha: chemical modification of natural tumor necrosis factor-alpha with polyethylene glycol increases its anti-tumor potency
PEG12000-Gen4-triiodo: a fourth-generation poly-l-lysine starburst dendrimer-based contrast agent
PEGylated carboxyhemoglobin bovine: hb-based oxygen carrier
PEGylated staphylokinase SY161: in phase ii clinical trials (2002) for treating acute myocardial infarction
PEGylated tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand: anineoplastic agent derived from a trimeric version of trail
PEI-g-PEG-RGD: pei-polyethylenimine; peg - polyethylene glycol; rgd - acdcrgdcfc
PELF protocol 2: cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, epidoxorubicin, 6s-leucovorin & glutathione protocol for treatment of locally advanced, unresectable gastric cancer
PEM protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of cisplatin, etoposide & mitomycin
PEMS: nakažlivé onemocnění krůťat mezi 7. až 28. dnem věku, charakterizované průjmem, dehydratací, anorexií, poklesem živé hmotnosti i zpomalením růstu (až o 40 %), imunosupresí a mortalitou dosahující ca 2 %. etiologie pems není známa. předpokládá se primární infekce enterotropním virem (reovirus, koronavirus), který působí jako spouštěcí faktor, a následné působení sekundárních oportunních infekcí. (cit. wikipedie 2016 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
PEN protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used for the treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
PEO-PPO-PEO: a triblock copolymer; pe-6200 is eo5-po31-eo5
PEO-poly(lactide): a poly(ethylene oxide) containing copolymers
PEP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of cisplatin, etoposide and peplomycin; used in treatment of refractory rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate and testicular teratoma
PERP protein, human: a tumor supressor gene composed of 193 aa, exhibits four transmembrane domains; amino acid ; refseq nm_022121
PERform Soft: consists of urethane acrylate & ethyl methacrylates
PET protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of small cell lung cancer
PET/CT: kombinovaná diagnostická technika, která kombinuje pozitronovou emisní tomografii a rentgenovou výpočetní tomografií. získané obrazy obsahují jak poměrně podrobnou informaci o anatomické stavbě, tak i informaci o metabolické aktivitě tkání
PETHEMA ALL-3-97 protocol: chemotherapy protocol for treatment of post-transplant burkitt's leukemia or lymphoma
PETHEMA ALL-96 protocol: chemotherapy protocol for treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia
PEV-B protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of head & neck tumors
PFAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol used in treatment of patients with esophageal carcinoma; contains peplomycin, 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, & cisplatin
PFL protocol: chemotherapy protocol containing the above cpds; used in treatment of untreated stage iv carcinoma of the head and neck; also used for the treatment of esophageal carcinoma
PFL-MP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of piritrexim, cisplatin, fluorouracil, leucovorin and methotrexate; used in treatment of advanced head and neck cancer
PFLI-alpha protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of advanced head and neck cancer
PFT protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of positive-node breast cancer
PG-NH2 compound: a hyperbranched, amino-functionalized polyglycerol
PG1 compound: a nitric oxide donor consisting of polyethylene glycol with one nitrate
PG16 compound: a nitric oxide donor consisting of polyethylene glycol with sixteen nitrates
PG8 compound: a nitric oxide donor consisting of polyethylene glycol with eight nitrates
PH-doména: jedna z klíčových domén zajišťujících vazbu proteinů na buněčnou membránu, součást cest přenosu signálu z receptoru do nitra buňky. její bazické (tj. kladně nabité) aminokyseliny arginin a lysin, se vážou na záporně nabité fosfatidylinositolfosfáty, které jsou součástí membránových fosfolipidů. kromě pleckstrinu (odtud název) tuto doménu obsahují desítky dalších proteinů včetně mnoha proteinkináz, některé součásti cytoskeletu (dynamin) aj. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2015 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
PHACE association: a congenital, neurocutaneous syndrome that occurs predominantly in females and has the following characteristics: posterior fossa brain malformations, hemangiomas of the face, arterial anomalies, cardiac anomalies, and eye abnormalities. omim: 606519
PHD Zinc Fingers: zinc finger domains of approximately 50 to 80 amino acids in length that are characterized by a conserved cysteine(3)-histidine-cysteine(4) amino acid motif which coordinates binding of two zinc ions. they are similar structurally to ring finger domains, with a globular fold topology of two beta-sheets and an alpha-helix. phd fingers occur in many proteins that function in chromatin-mediated gene expression and epigenetics such as polycomb-group proteins
PHEX Phosphate Regulating Neutral Endopeptidase: a membrane-bound metalloendopeptidase that may play a role in the degradation or activation of a variety of peptide hormones and intercellular signaling peptides and proteins. genetic mutations that result in loss of function of this protein are a cause of hypophosphatemic rickets, x-linked dominant
PHM polymer: a biodegradable and biocompatible hydrogel with polyaminoacid structure; alpha,beta-poly(n-2-hydroxyethyl)-dl-aspartamide (phea) has been used as a starting polymer for a derivatization reaction with methacrylic anhydride
PIAF regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma
PICA syndrome: manifestations of thrombosis of posterior inferior cerebellar artery (see lateral medullary syndrome)
PII Nitrogen Regulatory Proteins: a family of signal transducing adaptor proteins that control the metabolism of nitrogen. they are primarily found in prokaryotes
PIKA adjuvant: a stabilized chemical analog of double-stranded rna (dsrna) and a refined form of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized with kanamycin and calcium
PIN protocol: consisting of above cpds; used for treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer
PLAAP polymer: an aniline pentamer core with poly(l-lactide) branches
PM-asparaginase: asparaginase modified with a poly(ethylene glycol)-maleic anhydride copolymer; enzyme remains catalytically active but lacks immunoreactivity
PMA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of n-(phosphonacetyl)-l-aspartate, methylthioinosine and 6-aminonicotinamide
PMAA2-b-HTPBN-b-PMAA2: a ph-responsive copolymer
PMF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of l-pam (melphalan), methotrexate, & fluouracil
PMF-100 solution: a simethicone-containing peg preparation, used for the treatment of chronic nonorganic constipation
PMFV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of cisplatin, fluorouracil, vincristine & mitomycin; used in therapy of lung neoplasms
PMMA-b-PFEMA copolymer: diblock copolymer, composed of methyl methacrylate and 2-perfluorooctylethyl methacrylate
PMU protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of mitomycin c, ftorafur, uracil, and cisplatin; used for the treatment of stomach cancer
PMUE protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of cisplatin, mitomycin c, 1-uft (tegafur and uracil) and etoposide; used in treatment of terminal gastric cancer
PMUE protocol 2: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of advanced gastric carcinoma with pulmonary lymphangitis
PMV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of mcnu (nitrosourea cpds) & above cpds; used in therapy of oligodendroglial tumors
PMitCEBO protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of recurrent non-hodgkin's lymphoma
PNMF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of prednimustine, mitoxantrone, methotrexate & fluorouracil; used in treatment of breast cancer
POCAL protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of acute myeloid leukemia
POEM-Bleo protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of lymphoma
POEMS Syndrome: a multisystemic disorder characterized by a sensorimotor polyneuropathy (polyneuropathies), organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and pigmentary skin changes. other clinical features which may be present include edema; cachexia; microangiopathic glomerulopathy; pulmonary hypertension (hypertension, pulmonary); cutaneous necrosis; thrombocytosis; and polycythemia. this disorder is frequently associated with osteosclerotic myeloma. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1335; rev med interne 1997;18(7):553-62)
POEMS syndrom: multisystémové onemocnění charakterizované senzorimotorickou polyneuropatií, organomegalií, endokrinopatií, monoklonální gamapatií a kožními změnami. k dalším klinickým příznakům patří edém, kachexie, mikroangiopatická glomerulopatie, plicní hypertenze, nekróza kůže, trombocytóza a polycytemie. často se přidružuje osteosklerotický myelom
POG 8493 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds and hydroxycortisone; used against acute lymphoblastic leukemia in infants
POG 8602 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
POG-8498 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia
POMACE protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of small-cell carcinoma of the head & neck
POMB-ACE regimen: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of advanced testicular tumor
POMB-ACE-PAV regimen: chemotherapy regimen consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors
POMP regimen: a chemotherapy regimen consisting of cisplatin, vincristine, mitomycin & peplomycin
POSS-PCU polymer: a scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering; consists of poly-oligomeric silsesquioxane joined to a polycarbonate urethane
POT1 protein, mouse: a telomeric protein involved in repression of telomere dna damage; notable for being one of two pot1 homologs in mice, instead of the usual one; genbank ak036052
POU Domain Factors: a family of transcription factors characterized by the presence of a bipartite dna-binding domain known as the pou domain. the pou domain contains two subdomains, a pou-specific domain and a pou-homeodomain. the pou domain was originally identified as a region of approximately 150 amino acids shared between the pit-1, oct-1, oct-2, and unc-86 transcription factors
PP regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment ovarian carcinoma
PPA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of cisplatin, peplomycin, and doxorubicin; used in treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of urothelial tract
PPAR alpha: a nuclear transcription factor. heterodimerization with retinoid x receptor gamma is important to metabolism of lipids. it is the target of fibrates to control hyperlipidemias
PPAR gamma: a nuclear transcription factor. heterodimerization with retinoid x receptor alpha is important in regulation of glucose metabolism and cell growth processes. it is a target of thiazolidinediones for control of diabetes mellitus
PPAR-gamma Agonists: hypoglycemic agents that specifically target peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. they increase tissue sensitivity to the insulin action and are used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus
PPM protocol: chemotherapy protocol containing cisplatin, mitomycin c & peplomycin; used in treatment of bladder cancer
PQQ Cofactor: a pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. it is a coenzyme of some dehydrogenases
PR-SET Domains: highly conserved protein domains of approximately 130 to 140 amino acids. the set domain was first identified in the drosophila proteins (s)u(var)3-9, (e)nhancer-of-zeste and (t)rithorax and occurs in other proteins with a variety of functions, including histone-lysine n-methyltransferases. structurally, it consists of beta-sheets interspersed among loops and turns that result in an l shape. the most conserved motifs are a stretch at the c-terminal that contains a strictly conserved tyrosine residue and an adjacent loop that the c-terminal segment passes through to form a knot. these motifs and especially the tyrosine residue are essential for s-adenosylmethionine binding and catalysis. the pr domain has high homology to the catalytic region of the set domain and occurs at the n-terminal of prdm proteins such as prdm1 protein
PR-SET-domény: vysoce konzervované proteinové domény o délce přibližně 130 až 140 aminokyselin. set doména byla poprvé identifikována v proteinech drosofily: (s)u(var)3-9, (e)nhancer-of-zeste a (t)rithorax. vyskytuje se i v dalších proteinech s rozmanitými funkcemi včetně histon-lysin-n-methyltransferáz. strukturně se skládá z beta-skládaných listů rozptýlených mezi smyčkami a otočkami s výsledným uspořádáním do tvaru písmene l. nejkonzervovanějšími motivy jsou úsek na c-konci, který obsahuje striktně konzervovaný tyrozinový zbytek, a přilehlá smyčka, která se protahuje tímto c-koncovým segmentem za vzniku "uzlu". tyto motivy a zejména tento tyrosinový zbytek jsou nezbytné pro vazbu na s-adenosylmethionin a katalýzu. pr doména je vysoce homologní ke katalytické oblasti set domény a vyskytuje se na n-konci proteinů prdm (např. protein prdm1)
PRC1: vícepodjednotkový proteinový komplex polycomb s afinitou k chromatinu, který obsahuje methylovaný histon h3. vykazuje aktivitu e3-ubikvitinligázy, která je specifická pro histon h2a, a ve spojení s represivním komplexem polycomb 2 ovlivňuje epigenetickou represi
PRC2: vícepodjednotkový proteinový komplex polycomb, který katalyzuje methylaci chromozomálního histonu h3. pracuje ve spojení s represivním komplexem polycomb 1, a způsobuje tak epigenetickou represi
PRX-105: a pegylated, plant-derived recombinant form of human read-through acetylcholinesterase splice variant that is used as a bio-scavenger of organophosphorus toxins
PTB-Associated Splicing Factor: an rna splicing factor that also binds dna. it is essential for pre-mrna spicing in the formation of early spliceosomes and catalytic step ii. it binds specifically to polypyrimidine tracts in introns and is involved in the regulation of alternative splicing by signal transduction pathways
PTEN Phosphohydrolase: a lipid phosphatase that contains a c2 domain and acts on phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate to regulate various signal transduction pathways. it modulates cell growth processes; cell migration; and apoptosis. mutations in pten are associated with cowden disease and proteus syndrome as well as neoplastic cell transformation
PTM 88 alloy: a palladium alloy also containing cobalt and gallium
PTP protocol: a chemotherapeutic regimen consisting of cisplatin, pirarubicin and peplomycin; used for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
PUP201: a hydrophilic urethane prepolymer which bonds with tissue under moisture and its elasticity matches well with that of arterial wall
PUVA Therapy: photochemotherapy using psoralens as the photosensitizing agent and ultraviolet light type a (uva)
PVA-AA: an esterification product of poly(vinyl alcohol) and acryloyl chloride
PVB protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of germ cell tumors of testis & ovary, lymphoma and melanoma
PVC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of paclitaxel, vinorelbine (vinblastine/aa) & cisplatin; used in the treatment of breast cancer
PVDA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
PVP protocol 1: chemotherapy protocol containing above three cpds; use in the treatment of prostatic rhabdomyosarcoma
PVP protocol 3: chemotherapy protocol containing above three cpds; use in the treatment of endometrial carcinoma patients with lymph node metastasis
PVP protocol 4: chemotherapy protocol containing above three cpds; use in the treatment of cell carcinoma of the cervix
PYRIN doména: protein-proteinová interakční doména nadrodiny domén smrti. skládá se ze svazku šesti alfa-helixů, který je podobný doménám na receptorech smrti. pyrin domény se nachází v různých proteinech, zejména v inflamozomech, v proteinech podílejících se na autofagii a apoptóze. tvoří homodimery nebo heterodimery s proteiny s doménou smrti, a tím umožňují sestavení signálních komplexů
Pacemaker, Artificial: a device designed to stimulate, by electric impulses, contraction of the heart muscles. it may be temporary (external) or permanent (internal or internal-external)
Pachyonychia Congenita: a group of inherited ectodermal dysplasias whose most prominent clinical feature is hypertrophic nail dystrophy resulting in pachyonychia. several specific subtypes of pachyonychia congenita have been associated with mutations in genes that encode keratins
Pachyrhizus: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. some pachyrhizus have been reclassified to pueraria. do not confuse with yam (ipomoea; or dioscorea) or african yam bean (sphenostylis)
Pachyrhizus: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae. některé druhy byly převedeny do rodu pueraria
Pachysandra: a plant genus of the family buxaceae that should not be confused with common spurge (euphorbia)
Pachysandra: rod rostlin čeledi buxaceae, neměl by být zaměňován s rodem pryšec (euphorbia)
Pachytene Stage: the stage in the first meiotic prophase, following zygotene stage, when crossing over between homologous chromosomes begins
Pacific Island People: persons having origins in any of pacific islands. note that omb category native hawaiian or pacific islander is available for united states population groups. race and ethnicity terms, as used in the federal government, are self-identified social construct and may include terms outdated and offensive in mesh to assist users who are interested in retrieving comprehensive search results for studies such as in longitudinal studies
Pacific Islands: the islands of the pacific ocean divided into micronesia; melanesia; and polynesia (including new zealand). the collective name oceania includes the aforenamed islands, adding australia; new zealand; and the malay archipelago (indonesia). (webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p910, 880)
Pacific Ocean: body of water between asia and south america, extending from the arctic circle to the equator and from the equator to the antarctic
Pacific States: the geographic designation for states bordering on or located in the pacific ocean. the states so designated are alaska, california, hawaii, oregon, and washington. (u.s. geologic survey telephone communication)
Pacific coast tick fever: rickettsia phillipi infection transmitted to humans by the pacific coast tick (dermacentor occidentalis ticks)
Pacifiers: devices that babies can suck on when they are not feeding. the extra sucking can be comforting to the babies and pacify them. pacifiers usually are used as a substitute for the thumb in babies who suck on their thumb or fingers almost constantly
Pacinian Corpuscles: rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors found in subcutaneous tissue beneath both hairy and glabrous skin. pacinian corpuscles contain an afferent nerve fiber surrounded by a capsule with multiple concentric layers. they have large receptive fields and are most sensitive to high-frequency stimuli, such as vibration
Paclitaxel: a cyclodecane isolated from the bark of the pacific yew tree, taxus brevifolia. it stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form leading to cell death
Pactamycin: antibiotic produced by streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. it is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis
Paecilomyces: a mitosporic fungal genus occasionally causing human diseases such as pulmonary infections, mycotic keratitis, endocarditis, and opportunistic infections. its teleomorph is byssochlamys
Paecilomyces: rod mitosporických hub způsobující příležitostně infekce u člověka (např. infekce plic, mykotickou keratitidu, endokarditidu a oportunní infekce). teleomorfním rodem je byssochlamys
Paenibacillus: a genus of gram-positive endospore-forming rods in the family paenibacillaceae
Paenibacillus: rod grampozitivních sporulujících tyčinek z čeledi paenibacillaceae
Paenibacillus larvae: a species of paenibacillus that causes american foulbrood, a fatal disease of honeybees (apis) and honeybee colonies
Paenibacillus larvae: druh rodu paenibacillus, který způsobuje mor včelího plodu, smrtelné onemocnění včel (apis) a včelstev
Paenibacillus polymyxa: a species of paenibacillus formerly classified as bacillus polymyxa that occurs in marine sediments and soil, especially around plant roots and rhizomes where it performs nitrogen fixation. it has activity against several species of pathogenic bacteria and produces polymyxins
Paenibacillus polymyxa: druh bakterie rodu paenibacillus, dříve klasifikované jako bacillus polymyxa. vyskytuje se v mořských sedimentech a v půdě, zejména v blízkosti kořenů a oddenků rostlin, kde účinkuje jako fixátor dusíku. působí proti několika druhům patogenních bakterií a produkuje polymyxiny
Paeonia: a plant genus of the family paeoniaceae, order dilleniales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida. these perennial herbs are up to 2 m (6') tall. leaves are alternate and are divided into three lobes, each lobe being further divided into three smaller lobes. the large flowers are symmetrical, bisexual, have 5 sepals, 5 petals (sometimes 10), and many stamens
Paeonia: jediný rod čeledi pivoňkovité (paeoniaceae) z řádu lomikamenotvaré (saxifragales) vyšších dvouděložných rostlin. pivoňky jsou vytrvalé byliny, polokeře či keře se střídavými, zpeřenými či hluboce dělenými listy, bez palistů. květy pivoněk jsou oboupohlavné, bývají opylovány hmyzem (entomogamní). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Paget Disease, Extramammary: a rare cutaneous neoplasm that occurs in the elderly. it develops more frequently in women and predominantly involves apocrine gland-bearing areas, especially the vulva, scrotum, and perianal areas. the lesions develop as erythematous scaly patches that progress to crusted, pruritic, erythematous plaques. the clinical differential diagnosis includes squamous cell carcinoma in situ and superficial fungal infection. it is generally thought to be an adenocarcinoma of the epidermis, from which it extends into the contiguous epithelium of hair follicles and eccrine sweat ducts. (devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 3d ed, p1478)
Paget's Disease, Mammary: an intraductal in situ carcinoma of the breast, characterized clinically by eczema-like inflammatory skin changes and histologically by infiltration of the dermis by malignant cells (paget's cells)
Pagetoid Reticulosis: a distinct variant of mycosis fungoides characterized by the presence of localized patches or plaques with an intraepidermal proliferation of neoplastic cells
Pagetova kostní nemoc: pagetova nemoc - kostní onemocnění neznámé příčiny, projevující se zduřením a přestavbou některých kostí. často jsou postiženy kosti lebky vč. maxilly. dochází k deformitám kostních alveolů, tvrdého patra apod. onemocnění může být provázeno silnými bolestmi, poruchami hlavových nervů, poruchami sluchu, sklonem k spontánním frakturám atd. v důsledku zvýšené vaskularizace v metabolicky vysoce aktivních kostech může dojít k zvýšení srdečního výdeje (hyperkinetická cirkulace). diagnosticky je charakteristický rtg nález, nápadné je zvýšení kostního izoenzymu alkalické fosfatázy. léčebně se podávají bisfosfonáty, kalcitonin; další léčba je symptomatická (analgetika, chirurgický zákrok). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Pagetova nemoc prsu: rakovinné onemocnění prsu. intraduktální karcinom šířící se do epidermis v oblasti bradavky a dvorce prsního. projevuje se nejprve jako ekzematózní ložisko se svěděním, šupinatěním, erytémem, ulcerací, krvácením. v době diagnózy je často přítomna již palpačně zřetelná masa a mohou být přítomny metastázy v axilárních uzlinách. léčba je základně chirurgická, prognóza závislá na stadiu nemoci, podstatně horší v případě zřetelné rezistence či metastáz. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Pain: an unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by nerve endings of nociceptive neurons
Pain Clinics: facilities providing diagnostic, therapeutic, and palliative services for patients with severe chronic pain. these may be free-standing clinics or hospital-based and serve ambulatory or inpatient populations. the approach is usually multidisciplinary. these clinics are often referred to as acute pain services. (from br med bull 1991 jul;47(3):762-85)
Pain Insensitivity, Congenital: a syndrome characterized by indifference to pain despite the ability to distinguish noxious from non-noxious stimuli. absent corneal reflexes and intellectual disability may be associated. familial forms with autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant patterns of inheritance have been described. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1343)
Pain Management: a form of therapy that employs a coordinated and interdisciplinary approach for easing the suffering and improving the quality of life of those experiencing pain
Pain Measurement: scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies
Pain, Intractable: persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment
Pain, Referred: a type of pain that is perceived in an area away from the site where the pain arises, such as facial pain caused by lesion of the vagus nerve, or throat problem generating referred pain in the ear
Paint: an emulsion of solid color which when spread over a surface leaves a thin decorative and or protective coating
Paintings: works of art formed primarily by the direct application of pigments suspended in oil, water, egg yolk, molten wax, or other liquid, arranged in masses of color, onto a generally two-dimensional surface. (getty att)
Pair Bond: in animals, the social relationship established between a male and female for reproduction. it may include raising of young
Paired Box Transcription Factors: a family of transcription factors that control embryonic development within a variety of cell lineages. they are characterized by a highly conserved paired dna-binding domain that was first identified in drosophila segmentation genes
Paired-Associate Learning: learning in which the subject must respond with one word or syllable when presented with another word or syllable
Pakistan: a country located in southern asia, bordering the arabian sea, between india on the east and iran and afghanistan on the west and china in the north. the capital is islamabad
Palaemonidae: a family of crustacea, order decapoda, comprising the palaemonid shrimp. genera include macrobrachium, palaemon, and palaemonetes. palaemonidae osmoregulate by means of gills
Palaemonidae: čeleď krevet třídy crustacea, řádu decapoda. patří sem např. rody macrobrachium, palaemon a palaemonetes. osmoregulaci zajišťují žábry
Palaeognathae: a superorder of large, mostly flightless birds, named for their distinctive palate morphology. it includes the orders apterygiformes, casuriiformes, dinornithiformes, rheiformes; struthioniformes and tinamiformes
Palaeognathae: nadřád velkých, většinou nelétavých ptáků, pojmenovaných podle charakteristické morfologie patra. zahrnuje řády apterygiformes, casuriiformes, dinornithiformes, rheiformes, struthioniformes a tinamiformes
Palaquium: a plant genus of the family sapotaceae. latex from bark incisions is processed into gutta-percha
Palaquium: rod dřevin čeledi sapotaceae. nařezáváním kůry těchto stromů se získává latex, který se dále zpracovává na gutaperču
Palasiv 62: a heat-curing acrylic denture soft lining material used in prosthetic dentistry
Palatal Expansion Technique: an orthodontic method used for correcting narrow or collapsed maxillary arches and functional cross-bite. (from jablonski's dictionary of dentistry),
Palatal Muscles: the muscles of the palate are the glossopalatine, palatoglossus, levator palati(ni), musculus uvulae, palatopharyngeus, and tensor palati(ni)
Palatal Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the palate, including those of the hard palate, soft palate and uvula
Palatal Obturators: appliances that close a cleft or fissure of the palate
Palate: the structure that forms the roof of the mouth. it consists of the anterior hard palate (palate, hard) and the posterior soft palate (palate, soft)
Palate, Soft: a movable fold suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate. the uvula hangs from the middle of the lower border
Palatine Tonsil: a round-to-oval mass of lymphoid tissue embedded in the lateral wall of the pharynx. there is one on each side of the oropharynx in the fauces between the anterior and posterior pillars of the soft palate
Palau: a republic consisting of a group of about 100 islands and islets in the western pacific ocean. its capital is koror. under spain it was administered as a part of the caroline islands but was sold to germany in 1899. seized by japan in 1914, it was taken by the allies in world war ii in 1944. in 1947 it became part of the u.s. trust territory of the pacific islands, became internally self-governing in 1980, obtained independent control over its foreign policy (except defense) in 1986, and achieved total independence october 1, 1994. (webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p915; telephone communication with randy flynn, board on geographic names, 17 january 1995)
Palau: ostrovní prezidentská republika ležící v tichém oceánu asi 500 km východně od filipín. palau je skupinou 26 ostrovů a asi 300 ostrůvků, z nichž všechny kromě 6 leží uvnitř rozsáhlé laguny uzavřené bariérovým útesem. jsou nejzápadnější ze šesti hlavních ostrovních skupin, tvořících souostroví karolíny. z celé skupiny je obydleno pouze 11 ostrovů, z nichž největší je babeldaob. do roku 1994 bylo palau poručenským územím osn pod správou usa. metropolí je město koror, hlavním městem je však ngerulmud. palau vlastnili španělé, pak němci a pak japonci, po válce poručenské území osn pod správou usa. 1. října 1994 se palauská republika stala plně samostatným státem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Paleography: the study of ancient inscriptions and modes of writing. it includes the deciphering of manuscripts and other forms to determine their date, provenance, etc. (webster's 1st ed)
Paleopathology: the study of disease in prehistoric times as revealed in bones, mummies, and archaeologic artifacts
Palfique Light: a light-cured anterior-posterior composite resin; rn given for palfique light; no further information on palfique light s 6/92
Palindromic rheumatism: recurrent episodes of pain, swelling, warmth and stiffness of joints
Palinuridae: a family of marine crustacea, in the order decapoda, comprising the clawless lobsters. they are found in tropical and subtropical waters and characterized by short spines along the length of the tail and body
Palinuridae: čeleď vyšších korýšů z řádu desetinožci (decapoda). všechny druhy jsou mořské a žijí v tropickém a subtropickém pásu. nemají žádná klepeta a jejich tělo je pokryto trny. mají značný hospodářský význam, neboť jsou loveny ke konzumaci. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Paliperidone Palmitate: a benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of risperidone that functions as a dopamine d2 receptor antagonist and serotonin 5-ht2 receptor antagonist. it is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of schizophrenia
Palivizumab: a humanized monoclonal antibody and antiviral agent that is used to prevent respiratory syncytial virus infections in high risk pediatric patients
Palladium: a chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol pd. it is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. it is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys
Palliative Care: care alleviating symptoms without curing the underlying disease. (stedman, 25th ed)
Palliative Medicine: a branch of medicine concerned with preventing and relieving the suffering of patients in any stage of disease. its focus is on comprehensive care and improving the quality of all areas of the patient's life
Pallidotomy: producing a lesion in the posteroventral portion of the medial globus pallidus to treat parkinson disease and other extrapyramidal disorders. the placement of the lesion is aided by stereotactic techniques and imaging procedures
Pallister Killian syndrome: a rare chromosome disorder caused by mosaicism for tetrasomy of chromosome 12 p; most fibroblasts have 47 chromosomes with an extra small metacentric chromosome, whereas the karyotype of lymphocytes is normal. the extra metacentric chromosome is an isochromosome for part of the short (p) arm of chromosome 12. clinical features include hypotonia at birth through childhood, intellectual disability, distinctive facies, sparse hair, unusual pigmentation, and other morhpologic abnormalities. omim: 601803
Pallister W syndrome: a rare x-linked hereditary syndrome characterized by craniofacial abnormalities that include a prominent mandible, hypertelorism, and distinct anterior cowlick, strabismus; muscle spasticity; limited elbow motion, moderate to severe intellectual disability, and seizures. omim: 311450
Pallister-Hall Syndrome: a pleiotropic disorder of human development that comprises hypothalamic hamartoma; central and postaxial polydactyly; bifid epiglottis; anal atresia; and renal and other abnormalities. this disorder is associated with frameshift mutations in the gli3 gene which encodes the gli3 protein, a kruppel-like transcription factors family member
Pallisterův-Hallův syndrom: pleiotropní porucha lidského vývoje, která zahrnuje projevy jako hypotalamický hamartom, centrální a postaxiální polydaktylie, rozštěpená hrtanová příklopka, anální atrezie a abnormality ledvin a dalších orgánů. tato porucha je spojena s posunovou mutací v gli3 genu, který kóduje gli3 protein, jeden z transkripčních faktorů klf (krüppel-like factor)
Palm Oil: nutritive oil extracted from the fleshy mesocarp of the fruit of the african palm tree, elaeis guineensis
Palmar Plate: a thick, fibrocartilaginous ligament at the metacarpophalangeal joint of the hand
Palmitates: salts and esters of the 16-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: a common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids
Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: a fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis
Palmitoyl-CoA Hydrolase: enzyme catalyzing reversibly the hydrolysis of palmitoyl-coa or other long-chain acyl coenzyme a compounds to yield coa and palmitate or other acyl esters. the enzyme is involved in the esterification of fatty acids to form triglycerides. ec 3.1.2.2
Palmitoylcarnitine: a long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids
Palmoplantar Keratoderma, Nonepidermolytic: hereditary, autosomal dominant nonepidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma that is caused by mutations in the keratin-1 (krt1) gene. omim: 600962
Palmoplantar Keratoderma, Vorner Type: promote to hm
Palonosetron: isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-ht3 receptor antagonist. it is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting
Palpation: application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs
Palyam Virus: a species of orbivirus infecting cattle and sheep. it is transmitted by culicine mosquitoes and gnats (culicoides)
Pamidronate: an aminobisphosphonate that inhibits bone resorption and is used for the treatment of osteolytic lesions, bone pain, and severe hypercalcemia associated with malignancies
Pamphlets: printed publications usually having a format with no binding and no cover and having fewer than some set number of pages. they are often devoted to a single subject
Pan American Health Organization: who regional office for the americas acting as a coordinating agency for the improvement of health conditions in the hemisphere. the four main functions are: control or eradication of communicable diseases, strengthening of national and local health services, education and training, and research
Pan paniscus: jeden ze dvou druhů rodu pan (šimpanz) z čeledi hominidae. tito primáti žijí v lesích konga. často jsou stejně velcí jako šimpanzi učenliví (p. troglodytes)
Pan paniscus: the pygmy chimpanzee, a species of the genus pan, family hominidae. its common name is bonobo, which was once considered a separate genus by some; others considered it a subspecies of pan troglodytes. its range is confined to the forests of the central zaire basin. despite its name, it is often of equal size to p. troglodytes
Pan troglodytes: druh primátů rodu pan z čeledi hominidae. žijí v rovníkové africe, hlavně v tropických deštných pralesích. je známo několik poddruhů
Pan troglodytes: the common chimpanzee, a species of the genus pan, family hominidae. it lives in africa, primarily in the tropical rainforests. there are a number of recognized subspecies
Panama: a country in central america, bordering both the caribbean sea and the north pacific ocean, between colombia and costa rica
Panama: stát na pomezí jižní a střední ameriky kontrolující strategický průplav. jeho sousedy jsou na východě kolumbie a na západě kostarika. světový význam má panamský průplav mezi atlantským a tichým oceánem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Panama Canal Zone: the area across the isthmus of panama formerly administered by the united states from 1903 to 1979 for the operation of the panama canal. transfer to panama was completed in 1999
Panamské průplavní pásmo: panamské průplavové pásmo bylo území v panamě, které bylo pod správou spojených států amerických mezi roky 1904 a 1979. sestávalo z panamského průplavu a pásu země v šířce 5 mil na obě strany od osy této vodní cesty. od roku 1979 bylo území průplavového pásma pod společnou kontrolou panamy a usa. roku 1999 přešel průplav i okolní půda pod suverenitu panamy. na podstatné části průplavového pásma se nachází panamské národní parky. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Panax: an araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. sometimes confused with siberian ginseng (eleutherococcus)
Panax notoginseng: a plant species of the genus panax. it contains damarane-type tetracyclic triterpenes. the common names of sanchi or tienchi are also used for panax pseudoginseng which is distinguished in containing oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpenoids
Panax notoginseng: druh rostlin rodu panax. obsahuje tetracyklické triterpeny damaranového typu. podobá se mu panax pseudoginseng, který ale obsahuje pentacyklické triterpeny oleananového typu
Pancoast Syndrome: a condition caused by an apical lung tumor (pancoast tumor) with involvement of the nearby vertebral column and the brachial plexus. symptoms include pain in the shoulder and the arm, and atrophy of the hand
Pancoastův syndrom: komplex symptomů spojených s pancoastovým nádorem, který zahrnuje hornerův syndrom a neuralgii paže pocházející z tlaku na brachiální plexus. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Pancreas: a nodular organ in the abdomen that contains a mixture of endocrine glands and exocrine glands. the small endocrine portion consists of the islets of langerhans secreting a number of hormones into the blood stream. the large exocrine portion (exocrine pancreas) is a compound acinar gland that secretes several digestive enzymes into the pancreatic ductal system that empties into the duodenum
Pancreas Divisum: anatomic variants in pancreatic ducts characterized by failure of fusion of the ventral and dorsal endodermal buds. pancreas divisum results in inadequate or no communication between dorsal and ventral ducts. while most cases are asymptomatic, it may be associated with recurrent pancreatitis
Pancreas Transplantation: the transference of a pancreas from one human or animal to another
Pancreas, Artificial: devices for simulating the activity of the pancreas. they can be either electromechanical, consisting of a glucose sensor, computer, and insulin pump or bioartificial, consisting of isolated islets of langerhans in an artificial membrane
Pancreas, Exocrine: the major component (about 80%) of the pancreas composed of acinar functional units of tubular and spherical cells. the acinar cells synthesize and secrete several digestive enzymes such as trypsinogen; lipase; amylase; and ribonuclease. secretion from the exocrine pancreas drains into the pancreatic ductal system and empties into the duodenum
Pancreatectomy: surgical removal of the pancreas. (dorland, 28th ed)
Pancreatic Cyst: a true cyst of the pancreas, distinguished from the much more common pancreatic pseudocyst by possessing a lining of mucous epithelium. pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. retention cysts are gross enlargements of pancreatic ducts secondary to ductal obstruction. (from bockus gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)
Pancreatic Ducts: ducts that collect pancreatic juice from the pancreas and supply it to the duodenum
Pancreatic Elastase: a protease of broad specificity, obtained from dried pancreas. molecular weight is approximately 25,000. the enzyme breaks down elastin, the specific protein of elastic fibers, and digests other proteins such as fibrin, hemoglobin, and albumin. ec 3.4.21.36
Pancreatic Extracts: extracts prepared from pancreatic tissue that may contain the pancreatic enzymes or other specific uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific activities. pancreatin is a specific extract containing digestive enzymes and used to treat pancreatic insufficiency
Pancreatic Function Tests: tests based on the biochemistry and physiology of the exocrine pancreas and involving analysis of blood, duodenal contents, feces, or urine for products of pancreatic secretion
Pancreatic Hormones: peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the islets of langerhans of the pancreas. the alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the pp cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide
Pancreatic Intraductal Neoplasms: epithelial neoplasms with pancreatic ductal differentiation that arise from the exocrine pancreas and grow mostly within the pancreatic ducts. they are characterized by the presence of intraductal masses with mostly papillary growth pattern. overt production of mucin within the pancreatic duct is associated with pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm but not intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm