NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Receptors, Purinergic P2X: a subclass of purinergic p2 receptors that signal by means of a ligand-gated ion channel. they are comprised of three p2x subunits which can be identical (homotrimeric form) or dissimilar (heterotrimeric form)
Receptors, Purinergic P2X1: a purinergic p2x neurotransmitter receptor found at sympathetically innervated smooth muscle. it may play a functional role regulating the juxtoglomerular apparatus of the kidney
Receptors, Purinergic P2X2: a purinergic p2x neurotransmitter receptor involved in sensory signaling of taste perception, chemoreception, visceral distension and neuropathic pain. the receptor comprises three p2x2 subunits. the p2x2 subunits also have been found associated with p2x3 receptor subunits in a heterotrimeric receptor variant
Receptors, Purinergic P2X3: a purinergic p2x neurotransmitter receptor involved in sensory signaling of taste perception, chemoreception, visceral distension, and neuropathic pain. the receptor comprises three p2x3 subunits. the p2x3 subunits are also associated with p2x2 receptor subunits in a heterotrimeric receptor variant
Receptors, Purinergic P2X4: a widely distributed purinergic p2x receptor subtype that plays a role in pain sensation. p2x4 receptors found on microglia cells may also play a role in the mediation of allodynia-related neuropathic pain
Receptors, Purinergic P2X5: a purinergic p2x neurotransmitter receptor found at high levels in the brain and immune system
Receptors, Purinergic P2X7: a purinergic p2x neurotransmitter receptor that plays a role in pain sensation signaling and regulation of inflammatory processes
Receptors, Purinergic P2Y: a subclass of purinergic p2 receptors whose signaling is coupled through a g-protein signaling mechanism
Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1: a subclass of purinergic p2y receptors that have a preference for atp and adp. the activated p2y1 receptor signals through the g-protein-coupled activation of phospholipase c and mobilization of intracellular calcium
Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12: a subclass of purinergic p2y receptors that have a preference for adp binding and are coupled to gtp-binding protein alpha subunit, gi. the p2y12 purinergic receptors are found in platelets where they play an important role regulating platelet activation
Receptors, Purinergic P2Y2: a subclass of purinergic p2y receptors that have a preference for atp and utp. the activated p2y2 receptor acts through a g-protein-coupled phosphatidylinositol and intracellular calcium signaling pathway
Receptors, Retinoic Acid: proteins in the nucleus or cytoplasm that specifically bind retinoic acid or retinol and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. retinoic acid receptors, like steroid receptors, are ligand-activated transcription regulators. several types have been recognized
Receptors, Scavenger: a large group of structurally diverse cell surface receptors that mediate endocytic uptake of modified lipoproteins. scavenger receptors are expressed by myeloid cells and some endothelial cells, and were originally characterized based on their ability to bind acetylated low-density lipoproteins. they can also bind a variety of other polyanionic ligand. certain scavenger receptors can internalize micro-organisms as well as apoptotic cells
Receptors, Serotonin: cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action
Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1: a subclass of g-protein coupled serotonin receptors that couple preferentially to gi-go g-proteins resulting in decreased intracellular cyclic amp levels
Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT2: a subclass of g-protein coupled serotonin receptors that couple preferentially to the gq-g11 g-proteins resulting in increased intracellular levels of inositol phosphates and free calcium
Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3: a subclass of serotonin receptors that form cation channels and mediate signal transduction by depolarizing the cell membrane. the cation channels are formed from 5 receptor subunits. when stimulated the receptors allow the selective passage of sodium; potassium; and calcium
Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4: a subtype of g-protein-coupled serotonin receptors that preferentially couple to gs stimulatory g-proteins resulting in increased intracellular cyclic amp. several isoforms of the receptor exist due to alternative splicing of its mrna
Receptors, Somatomedin: cell surface receptors that bind somatomedins and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. studies have disclosed two types of receptors for this family of peptide hormones. the type i receptor is homologous to the insulin receptor and has tyrosine kinase activity. the type ii receptor is identical to the mannose-6-phosphate receptor which is important in trafficking of lysosomal enzymes
Receptors, Somatostatin: cell surface proteins that bind somatostatin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. somatostatin is a hypothalamic hormone, a pancreatic hormone, and a central and peripheral neurotransmitter. activated somatostatin receptors on pituitary cells inhibit the release of growth hormone; those on endocrine and gastrointestinal cells regulate the absorption and utilization of nutrients; and those on neurons mediate somatostatin's role as a neurotransmitter
Receptors, Somatotropin: cell surface proteins that bind growth hormone with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. activation of growth hormone receptors regulates amino acid transport through cell membranes, rna translation to protein, dna transcription, and protein and amino acid catabolism in many cell types. many of these effects are mediated indirectly through stimulation of the release of somatomedins
Receptors, Steroid: proteins found usually in the cytoplasm or nucleus that specifically bind steroid hormones and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. the steroid receptor-steroid hormone complex regulates the transcription of specific genes
Receptors, TIE: a family of structurally-related tyrosine kinase receptors that are expressed predominantly in endothelial cells and are essential for development of blood vessels (neovascularization, physiologic). the name derives from the fact that they are tyrosine kinases that contain ig and egf domains
Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand: tumor necrosis factor receptor family members that are widely expressed and play a role in regulation of peripheral immune responses and apoptosis. the receptors are specific for tnf-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and signal via conserved death domains that associate with specific tnf receptor-associated factors in the cytoplasm
Receptors, Tachykinin: cell surface proteins that bind tachykinins with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. three classes of tachykinin receptors have been characterized, the nk-1; nk-2; and nk-3; which prefer, respectively, substance p; neurokinin a; and neurokinin b
Receptors, Thrombin: a family of proteinase-activated receptors that are specific for thrombin. they are found primarily on platelets and on endothelial cells. activation of thrombin receptors occurs through the proteolytic action of thrombin, which cleaves the n-terminal peptide from the receptor to reveal a new n-terminal peptide that is a cryptic ligand for the receptor. the receptors signal through heterotrimeric gtp-binding proteins. small synthetic peptides that contain the unmasked n-terminal peptide sequence can also activate the receptor in the absence of proteolytic activity
Receptors, Thrombopoietin: cell surface receptors that are specific for thrombopoietin. they contain two central fibronectin type iii domains and signal through interaction with janus kinases such as janus kinase 2
Receptors, Thromboxane: cell surface proteins that bind thromboxanes with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. some thromboxane receptors act via the inositol phosphate and diacylglycerol second messenger systems
Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2: a subclass of eicosanoid receptors that have specificity for thromboxane a2 and prostaglandin h2
Receptors, Thyroid Hormone: specific high affinity binding proteins for thyroid hormones in target cells. they are usually found in the nucleus and regulate dna transcription. these receptors are activated by hormones that leads to transcription, cell differentiation, and growth suppression. thyroid hormone receptors are encoded by two genes (genes, erba): erba-alpha and erba-beta for alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptors, respectively
Receptors, Thyrotropin: cell surface proteins that bind pituitary thyrotropin (also named thyroid stimulating hormone or tsh) and trigger intracellular changes of the target cells. tsh receptors are present in the nervous system and on target cells in the thyroid gland. autoantibodies to tsh receptors are implicated in thyroid diseases such as graves disease and hashimoto disease (thyroiditis, autoimmune)
Receptors, Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone: cell surface receptors that bind thyrotropin releasing hormone (trh) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. activated trh receptors in the anterior pituitary stimulate the release of thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone, tsh); trh receptors on neurons mediate neurotransmission by trh
Receptors, Transferrin: membrane glycoproteins found in high concentrations on iron-utilizing cells. they specifically bind iron-bearing transferrin, are endocytosed with its ligand and then returned to the cell surface where transferrin without its iron is released
Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta: cell-surface proteins that bind transforming growth factor beta and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. two types of transforming growth factor receptors have been recognized. they differ in affinity for different members of the transforming growth factor beta family and in cellular mechanisms of action
Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor: cell surface receptors that bind tumor necrosis factors and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells
Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 10c: a secreted tumor necrosis factor receptor family member that has specificity for tnf-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. it plays a modulating role in activation of apoptosis signaling
Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14: a novel member of the tumor-necrosis factor receptor family that can also mediate herpes simplex virus type 1 entry into cells. it has specificity for tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14 and the homotrimeric form of lymphotoxin-alpha. the receptor is abundantly expressed on t-lymphocytes and may play a role in regulating lymphocyte activation. signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with tnf receptor-associated factors
Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 25: a tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype with specificity for tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 15. it is found in tissues containing lymphocytes and may play a role in regulating lymphocyte homeostasis and apoptosis. the activated receptor signals via a conserved death domain that associates with specific tnf receptor-associated factors in the cytoplasm
Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 6b: a secreted tumor necrosis factor receptor family member that has specificity fas ligand and tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14. it plays a modulating role in tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway
Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I: a tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype that has specificity for tumor necrosis factor alpha and lymphotoxin alpha. it is constitutively expressed in most tissues and is a key mediator of tumor necrosis factor signaling in the vast majority of cells. the activated receptor signals via a conserved death domain that associates with specific tnf receptor-associated factors in the cytoplasm
Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II: a tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype that is expressed primarily in immune system cells. it has specificity for membrane-bound form of tumor necrosis factors and mediates intracellular-signaling through tnf receptor associated factors
Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator: an extracellular receptor specific for urokinase-type plasminogen activator. it is attached to the cell membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage and plays a role in the co-localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator with plasminogen
Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor: a family of closely related receptor protein-tyrosine kinases that bind vascular endothelial growth factors. they share a cluster of seven extracellular ig-like domains which are important for ligand binding. they are highly expressed in vascular endothelial cells and are critical for the physiological and pathological growth, development and maintenance of blood and lymphatic vessels
Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: cell surface proteins that bind vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells
Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II: a pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor subtype found in lymphocytes. it binds both pacap and vasoactive intestinal peptide and regulates immune responses
Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I: a pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor subtype that binds both pacap and vasoactive intestinal peptide. it is found predominately in the brain
Receptors, Vasopressin: specific molecular sites or proteins on or in cells to which vasopressins bind or interact in order to modify the function of the cells. two types of vasopressin receptor exist, the v1 receptor in the vascular smooth muscle and the v2 receptor in the kidneys. the v1 receptor can be subdivided into v1a and v1b (formerly v3) receptors
Receptors, Very Late Antigen: members of the integrin family appearing late after t-cell activation. they are a family of proteins initially identified at the surface of stimulated t-cells, but now identified on a variety of cell types. at least six vla antigens have been identified as heterodimeric adhesion receptors consisting of a single common beta-subunit and different alpha-subunits
Receptors, Virus: specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response
Receptors, Vitronectin: receptors such as integrin alphavbeta3 that bind vitronectin with high affinity and play a role in cell migration. they also bind fibrinogen; von willebrand factor; osteopontin; and thrombospondins
Receptors, Wnt: cell-surface receptors that specifically bind to wnt proteins and activate the wnt signaling pathway
Receptors, sigma: a class of cell surface receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. sigma receptors were originally considered to be opioid receptors because they bind certain synthetic opioids. however they also interact with a variety of other psychoactive drugs, and their endogenous ligand is not known (although they can react to certain endogenous steroids). sigma receptors are found in the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems, and in some peripheral tissues
Recombinant Fusion Proteins: recombinant proteins produced by the genetic translation of fused genes formed by the combination of nucleic acid regulatory sequences of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes
Recombinases: a broad category of enzymes that are involved in the process of genetic recombination
Recombination, Genetic: production of new arrangements of dna by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, crossing over; gene conversion; genetic transformation; genetic conjugation; genetic transduction; or mixed infection of viruses
Recombinational DNA Repair: repair of dna damage by exchange of dna between matching sequences, usually between the allelic dna (alleles) of sister chromatids
Recommended Dietary Allowances: the amounts of various substances in the diet recommended by governmental guidelines as needed to sustain healthy life
Records: works on authentic evidence, of something having legal importance. the concept includes certificates of birth, death, etc., as well as hospital, medical, and other institutional records
Recoverin: a neuronal calcium-sensor protein that is found in rod photoreceptors and cone photoreceptors. it interacts with g-protein-coupled receptor kinase 1 in a ca2+ dependent manner and plays an important role in phototransduction
Recovery of Function: a partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma
Recreation Therapy: the enhancement of physical, cognitive, emotional and social skills so an individual may participate in chosen activities. recreational modalities are used in designed intervention strategies, incorporating individual's interests to make the therapy process meaningful and relevant
Recruitment, Neurophysiological: the spread of response if stimulation is prolonged. (campbell's psychiatric dictionary, 8th ed.)
Rectal Diseases: pathological developments in the rectum region of the large intestine (intestine, large)
Rectal Fistula: an abnormal anatomical passage connecting the rectum to the outside, with an orifice at the site of drainage
Rectal Prolapse: protrusion of the rectal mucous membrane through the anus. there are various degrees: incomplete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle but with herniation of the bowel; and internal complete with rectosigmoid or upper rectum intussusception into the lower rectum
Rectovaginal Fistula: an abnormal anatomical passage between the rectum and the vagina
Rectum: the distal segment of the large intestine, between the sigmoid colon and the anal canal
Rectus Abdominis: a long flat muscle that extends along the whole length of both sides of the abdomen. it flexes the vertebral column, particularly the lumbar portion; it also tenses the anterior abdominal wall and assists in compressing the abdominal contents. it is frequently the site of hematomas. in plastic surgery procedures it is often used for the creation of myocutaneous flap. (from gray's anatomy, 30th american ed, p491)
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve: branches of the vagus (tenth cranial) nerve. the recurrent laryngeal nerves originate more caudally than the superior laryngeal nerves and follow different paths on the right and left sides. they carry efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid and carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries: traumatic injuries to the recurrent laryngeal nerve that may result in vocal cord dysfunction
Recurrent Neural Networks: a type of neural network where the output from the previous step is fed as input to the current step with the help of a hidden layer which tracks data sequences. recurrent neural network is often used when the data is sequential, and weights need to be treated same across all the layers such as in time series data and speech recognition. variation of recurrent neural network include bidirectional neural network and long short-term memory
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: a rare disease characterized by papilloma growth in the respiratory tract. the tumors may vary in size, grow very quickly, and often grow back even when removed. they are caused by human papillomavirus 6 and human papillomavirus 11 infections
Recycling: the extraction and recovery of usable or valuable material from scrap or other discarded materials. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed.)
Red Cross: international collective of humanitarian organizations led by volunteers and guided by its congressional charter and the fundamental principles of the international red cross movement, to provide relief to victims of disaster and help people prevent, prepare for, and respond to emergencies
Red Fluorescent Protein: protein analogs and derivatives of the disocosoma red fluorescent protein that emit a red-orange light (fluorescence) when excited with ultraviolet rays. they are used as reporter genes and fluorescent probes for microscopy of living cells and organisms
Red Light: that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths between 620 to 750 nm. red light is used therapeutically to improve the appearance of skin by reducing wrinkles, scars, redness, and acne. it is often used in conjunction with photosensitizing agents for photochemotherapy
Red Meat: meat such as beef, goat, pork, or lamb which contains more myoglobin than poultry or seafood
Red Nucleus: a pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. it receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex
Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure: suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production
Reduced Folate Carrier Protein: a ubiquitously expressed folic acid transporter that functions via an antiporter mechanism which is coupled to the transport of organic phosphates
Reducing Agents: materials that add an electron to an element or compound, that is, decrease the positiveness of its valence. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 5th ed)
Reduviidae: a family of winged insects of the suborder heteroptera, called assassin bugs, because most prey on other insects. however one subfamily, triatominae, attacks humans and other vertebrates and transmits chagas disease
Reduviidae: čeleď polokřídlého hmyzu, patřící do podřádu ploštice. má přes 7000 zástupců. většinou se jedná o dravý hmyz. někteří zákeřnicovití (podčeleď triatominae) sají krev a jsou člověku nebezpeční jako přenašeči parazita trypanosoma cruzi. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Reed-Sternberg Cells: large cells, usually multinucleate, whose presence is a common histologic characteristic of classical hodgkin disease
Reelin Protein: it is an extracellular matrix serine protease that plays an important role in the development of the central nervous system. it regulates neuronal migration and microtubule function
Refeeding Syndrome: a condition of metabolic imbalance that is caused by complications of initially feeding a severely malnourished patient too aggressively. usually occurring within the first 5 days of refeeding, this syndrome is characterized by water-electrolyte imbalance; glucose intolerance; cardiac arrhythmias; and diarrhea
Reference Books: books designed by the arrangement and treatment of their subject matter to be consulted for definite terms of information rather than to be read consecutively. reference books include dictionaries; encyclopedias; atlases; etc. (from the ala glossary of library and information science, 1983)
Reference Standards: a basis of value established for the measure of quantity, weight, extent or quality, e.g. weight standards, standard solutions, methods, techniques, and procedures used in diagnosis and therapy
Reference Values: the range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality
Referral and Consultation: the practice of sending a patient to another program or practitioner for services or advice which the referring source is not prepared to provide
Reflex: an involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy: a syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. this condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. the skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1360; pain 1995 oct;63(1):127-33)
Reflex, Abdominal: contractions of the abdominal muscles upon stimulation of the skin (superficial abdominal reflex) or tapping neighboring bony structures (deep abdominal reflex). the superficial reflex may be weak or absent, for example, after a stroke, a sign of upper (suprasegmental) motor neuron lesions. (stedman, 25th ed & best & taylor's physiological basis of medical practice, 12th ed, p1073)
Reflex, Abnormal: an abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. this may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes
Reflex, Acoustic: intra-aural contraction of tensor tympani and stapedius in response to sound
Reflex, Babinski: a reflex found in normal infants consisting of dorsiflexion of the hallux and abduction of the other toes in response to cutaneous stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot. in adults, it is used as a diagnostic criterion, and if present is a neurologic manifestation of dysfunction in the central nervous system
Reflex, Monosynaptic: a reflex in which the afferent neurons synapse directly on the efferent neurons, without any intercalated neurons. (lockard, desk reference for neuroscience, 2nd ed.)
Reflex, Oculocardiac: change of heartbeat induced by pressure on the eyeball, manipulation of extraocular muscles, or pressure upon the tissue remaining in the orbital apex after enucleation
Reflex, Pupillary: constriction of the pupil in response to light stimulation of the retina. it refers also to any reflex involving the iris, with resultant alteration of the diameter of the pupil. (cline et al., dictionary of visual science, 4th ed)
Reflex, Righting: the instinctive tendency (or ability) to assume a normal position of the body in space when it has been displaced
Reflex, Startle: a complex involuntary response to an unexpected strong stimulus. the reaction involves physical movement away from the stimulus, muscle contraction and limb flexion, blinking, and changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
Reflex, Stretch: reflex contraction of a muscle in response to stretching, which stimulates muscle proprioceptors
Reflex, Trigeminocardiac: sudden occurrence of bradycardia or heart arrest induced by manipulations of the maxillary nerve and mandibular nerve during a craniomaxillofacial or oral surgery. it is the maxillary and mandibular variants of oculocardiac reflex
Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular: a reflex wherein impulses are conveyed from the cupulas of the semicircular canals and from the otolithic membrane of the saccule and utricle via the vestibular nuclei of the brain stem and the median longitudinal fasciculus to the oculomotor nerve nuclei. it functions to maintain a stable retinal image during head rotation by generating appropriate compensatory eye movements
Reflexotherapy: treatment of some morbid condition by producing a reflex action, as in the household treatment of nosebleed by a piece of ice applied to the cervical spine. (stedman, 27th ed)
Refractive Errors: deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus
Refractive Surgical Procedures: surgical procedures employed to correct refractive errors such as myopia; hyperopia; or astigmatism. these may involve altering the curvature of the cornea; removal or replacement of the crystalline lens; or modification of the sclera to change the axial length of the eye
Refractometry: measurement of the index of refraction (the ratio of the velocity of light or other radiation in the first of two media to its velocity in the second as it passes from one into the other)
Refractory Period, Electrophysiological: the period of time following the triggering of an action potential when the cell membrane has changed to an unexcitable state and is gradually restored to the resting (excitable) state. during the absolute refractory period no other stimulus can trigger a response. this is followed by the relative refractory period during which the cell gradually becomes more excitable and the stronger impulse that is required to illicit a response gradually lessens to that required during the resting state
Refractory Period, Psychological: a delayed response interval occurring when two stimuli are presented in close succession
Refsum Disease: an autosomal recessive familial disorder that usually presents in childhood with polyneuropathy; sensorineural hearing loss; ichthyosis; ataxia; retinitis pigmentosa; and cardiomyopathies. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1991, ch37, p58-9; rev med interne 1996;17(5):391-8) this condition can be caused by mutation in the genes encoding peroxisomal phytanoyl-coa hydroxylase or proteins associated peroxisomal membrane, leading to impaired catabolism of phytanic acid in peroxisomes
Refsum Disease, Infantile: an early onset form of phytanic acid storage disease with clinical and biochemical signs different from those of refsum disease. features include mental retardation; sensorineural hearing loss; osteoporosis; and severe liver damage. it can be caused by mutation in a number of genes encoding proteins involving in the biogenesis or assembly of peroxisomes
Refsumova nemoc: refsumova nemoc - peroxizomální nemoc způsobená vrozenou defektní syntézou peroxizomů. novorozenci vykazují dysmorfismus obličeje. typická je ataxie, porucha kognitivních funkcí, postižení jater (mikronodulární cirhóza), hypercholesterolemie a sítnice. častá je porucha sluchu. chondrodysplazie a cystické změny v ledvinách chybí. postižení jedinci se dožívají kolem 20 let života. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Refsumova nemoc infantilní: časná forma onemocnění, porucha metabolismu fytanové kyseliny s klinickými a biochemickými příznaky odlišnými od těch, které jsou typické u refsumovy nemoci. k projevům patří mentální retardace, percepční nedoslýchavost, osteoporóza a závažné poškození jater. nemoc může být způsobena mutací v řadě genů kódujících proteiny, které se účastní biogeneze nebo shromažďování peroxizómů
Refugee Camps: areas of shelter and protection for people who leave their own country or habitual residence to escape danger, persecution, or disaster
Refugees: persons fleeing to a place of safety, especially those who flee to a foreign country or power to escape danger, persecution, or economic distress in their own country or habitual residence
Refugium: area in an environment in which a population of organisms can survive through a period of unfavorable conditions
Refusal to Participate: refusal to take part in activities or procedures that are requested or expected of an individual. this may include refusal by health personnel to participate in specific medical procedures or refusal by patients or members of the public to take part in clinical trials or health promotion programs
Refusal to Treat: refusal of the health professional to initiate or continue treatment of a patient or group of patients. the refusal can be based on any reason. the concept is differentiated from patient refusal of treatment see treatment refusal which originates with the patient and not the health professional
Refuse Disposal: the discarding or destroying of garbage, sewage, or other waste matter or its transformation into something useful or innocuous
Regenerative Endodontics: a dental specialty concerned with biologically-based procedures designed to physiologically replace damaged tooth structures, including dentin and root structures, as well as cells of the pulp-dentin complex
Regenerative Medicine: a field of medicine concerned with developing and using strategies aimed at repair or replacement of damaged, diseased, or metabolically deficient organs, tissues, and cells via tissue engineering; cell transplantation; and artificial organs and bioartificial organs and tissues
Regimen B: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of advanced nasopharyngeal cancer
Reginato Schiapachasse syndrome: familial idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy and cranial suture defects
Regional Medical Programs: coordination of activities and programs among health care institutions within defined geographic areas for the purpose of improving delivery and quality of medical care to the patients. these programs are mandated under u.s. public law 89-239
Registries: the systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers
Regression Analysis: procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. in linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. in logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. in multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable
Regression, Psychology: a return to earlier, especially to infantile, patterns of thought or behavior, or stage of functioning, e.g., feelings of helplessness and dependency in a patient with a serious physical illness. (from apa, thesaurus of psychological index terms, 1994)
Regulated Cell Death: genetically encoded mechanisms in multicellular and unicellular eukaryotes that function to eliminate cells that are superfluous either during development, or to maintain tissue and organism homeostasis; and cells that are irreversibly damaged, abnormal, and/or potentially harmful
Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional: nucleotide sequences of a gene that are involved in the regulation of genetic transcription
Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors: a family of eukaryotic transcription factors that recognize and bind to a highly-conserved cis-regulatory sequence (x-box) within the promoter region of mhc class ii genes. they contain a conserved winged-helix dna binding domain and function as homo or heterodimers
Regulatory Factor X1: a regulatory factor x transcription factor that is required for the expression of mhc class ii genes. it also binds to inverted repeats of hepatitis b virus dna and is required for viral gene expression. rfx1 functions as a monomer or heterodimer with other rfx transcription factors
Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid: nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of genes
Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid: sequences within rna that regulate the processing, stability (rna stability) or translation (translation, genetic) of rna
Regulatory-Associated Protein of mTOR: an adaptor protein component of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 that forms stoichiometric complexes with tor kinases, which it negatively regulates. it functions as a positive regulator of ribosomal protein s6 kinases
Regulon: in eukaryotes, a genetic unit consisting of a noncontiguous group of genes under the control of a single regulator gene. in bacteria, regulons are global regulatory systems involved in the interplay of pleiotropic regulatory domains and consist of several operons
Rehabilitation: restoration of human functions to the maximum degree possible in a person or persons suffering from disease or injury
Rehabilitation Nursing: a nursing specialty involved in the diagnosis and treatment of human responses of individuals and groups to actual or potential health problems with the characteristics of altered functional ability and altered life-style
Rehabilitation Research: studies and research concerning the psychological, educational, social, vocational, industrial, and economic aspects of rehabilitation
Rehabilitation of Speech and Language Disorders: procedures for assisting a person with a speech or language disorder to communicate with maximum efficiency
Rehabilitation, Vocational: training of the mentally or physically disabled in work skills so they may be returned to regular employment utilizing these skills
Rehmannia: a plant genus of the family rehmanniaceae. members contain catapol, rehmannin and alkaloids
Rehmannia: rod rostlin čeledi orobanchaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují katapol, rehmannin a alkaloidy
Rehydration Solutions: fluids restored to the body in order to maintain normal water-electrolyte balance
Reimbursement Mechanisms: processes or methods of reimbursement for services rendered or equipment
Reimbursement, Disproportionate Share: payments that include adjustments to reflect the costs of uncompensated care and higher costs for inpatient care for certain populations receiving mandated services. medicare and medicaid include provisions for this type of reimbursement
Reimbursement, Incentive: a scheme which provides reimbursement for the health services rendered, generally by an institution, and which provides added financial rewards if certain conditions are met. such a scheme is intended to promote and reward increased efficiency and cost containment, with better care, or at least without adverse effect on the quality of the care rendered
Reindeer: a genus of deer, rangifer, that inhabits the northern parts of europe, asia, and america. caribou is the north american name; reindeer, the european. they are often domesticated and used, especially in lapland, for drawing sleds and as a source of food. rangifer is the only genus of the deer family in which both sexes are antlered. most caribou inhabit arctic tundra and surrounding arboreal coniferous forests and most have seasonal shifts in migration. they are hunted extensively for their meat, skin, antlers, and other parts. (from webster, 3d ed; walker's mammals of the world, 5th ed, p1397)
Reinfection: infection by the same infectious agent following a recovery. reinfection may be by a different strain or the same strain
Reinforcement Machine Learning: a machine learning training method in which an agent in an uncertain environment is rewarded for optimal behaviors and punished for undesired behaviors, allowing the agent to learn from trial-and-error
Reinforcement Schedule: a schedule prescribing when the subject is to be reinforced or rewarded in terms of temporal interval in psychological experiments. the schedule may be continuous or intermittent
Reinforcement, Social: the strengthening of a response with a social reward such as a nod of approval, a parent's love or attention
Reishi: a mushroom, ganoderma lucidum, of the polyporales order of basidiomycetous fungi. it has long been used in traditional chinese medicine in various forms
Rejection, Psychology: non-acceptance, negative attitudes, hostility or excessive criticism of the individual which may precipitate feelings of rejection
Rejuvenation: the phenomenon of youthfulness, vitality, and freshness being restored. this can apply to appearance, tissues, organ functions, or other areas
Relapsing Fever: an acute infection characterized by recurrent episodes of pyrexia alternating with asymptomatic intervals of apparent recovery. this condition is caused by spirochetes of the genus borrelia. it is transmitted by the bites of either the body louse (pediculus humanus corporis), for which humans are the reservoir, or by soft ticks of the genus ornithodoros, for which rodents and other animals are the principal reservoirs
Relational Autonomy: the social context within which all individuals exist and acknowledge the emotional and embodied aspects of decision-makers. the approach acknowledges the central role of others in decision-making, including clinicians, who have a responsibility to engage patients' and surrogates' emotional experiences
Relative Biological Effectiveness: the ratio of radiation dosages required to produce identical change based on a formula comparing other types of radiation with that of gamma or roentgen rays
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport: health disorders associated with low caloric intake of individuals involved in high-activity sports
Relative Value Scales: coded listings of physician or other professional services using units that indicate the relative value of the various services they perform. they take into account time, skill, and overhead cost required for each service, but generally do not consider the relative cost-effectiveness. appropriate conversion factors can be used to translate the abstract units of the relative value scales into dollar fees for each service based on work expended, practice costs, and training costs
Relaxation Therapy: treatment to improve one's health condition by using techniques that can reduce physiological stress; psychological stress; or both
Relaxin: a water-soluble polypeptide (molecular weight approximately 8,000) extractable from the corpus luteum of pregnancy. it produces relaxation of the pubic symphysis and dilation of the uterine cervix in certain animal species. its role in the human pregnant female is uncertain. (dorland, 28th ed)
Reliance resin cement: a commercially available fluoride-containing orthodontic bonding composite resin
Relief Work: assistance, such as money, food, or shelter, given to the needy, aged, or victims of disaster. it is usually granted on a temporary basis. (from the american heritage dictionary, 2d college ed)
Religion: a set of beliefs concerning the nature, cause, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency. it usually involves devotional and ritual observances and often a moral code for the conduct of human affairs. (random house collegiate dictionary, rev. ed.)
Religious Missions: programs or projects established by religious groups or institution to support and provide missionary activities, including sharing faith or providing educational, medical, or other assistance
Religious Personnel: persons that live and work according to a religious vocation, or calling, to a consecrated or ordained life
RelyX ARC: a self- and dual-cured resin cement conaining bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate & triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (tegdma)
Rembrandt Lighten: tooth bleaching agent; consists of carbamide peroxide and carbopol
Remifemin: from rhizome of black cohosh, cimicifuga racemosa; has lh suppressive effect in menopausal women
Remifentanil: a piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to fentanyl. it functions as a short-acting mu opioid receptor agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care
Reminder Systems: systems used to prompt or aid the memory. the systems can be computerized reminders, color coding, telephone calls, or devices such as letters and postcards
Remission Induction: therapeutic act or process that initiates a response to a complete or partial remission level
Remission, Spontaneous: a spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment
Remote Consultation: consultation via electronic or other non-face-to-face interaction between the patient and physician
Remote Patient Monitoring: a type of telemedicine in which healthcare providers monitor patients using digital medical devices. data collected from these devices are then electronically transferred to providers for care management and has been used to measure symptoms of chronic conditions, such as cardiac diseases, diabetes, and asthma. benefits include patient engagement, patient adherence to their treatment plan, and the ability to expand physician reach and easily provide care to patients without the need for patients in person encounters. (from https://psnet.ahrq.gov/perspective/remote-patient-monitoring. accessed 11 nov 2023)
Remote Sensing Technology: observation and acquisition of physical data from a distance by viewing and making measurements from a distance or receiving transmitted data from observations made at distant location
Remoxipride: an antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine d2 receptors. it has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia
Remyelination: the reforming of the myelin sheath around axons following loss due to injury or demyelinating diseases
Renal Adysplasia: a group of hereditary autosomal recessive perinatally lethal renal diseases that include bilateral renal aplasia, unilateral renal agenesis with contralateral dysplasia (ura/rd), and severe obstructive uropathy. renal aplasia is the most severe congenital anomaly of the kidney and urinary tract (cakut) (omim: 610805), and usually results in death in utero or in the perinatal period. families may exhibit more than one condition, suggesting that there is a pathogenic continuum or phenotypic spectrum. mutations in the itga8 gene have been identified. omim: 191830
Renal Agents: drugs used for their effects on the kidneys' regulation of body fluid composition and volume. the most commonly used are the diuretics. also included are drugs used for their antidiuretic and uricosuric actions, for their effects on the kidneys' clearance of other drugs, and for diagnosis of renal function
Renal Aminoacidurias: a group of inherited kidney disorders characterized by the abnormally elevated levels of amino acids in urine. genetic mutations of transport proteins result in the defective reabsorption of free amino acids at the proximal renal tubules. renal aminoaciduria are classified by the specific amino acid or acids involved
Renal Artery: a branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters
Renal Artery Obstruction: narrowing or occlusion of the renal artery or arteries. it is due usually to atherosclerosis; fibromuscular dysplasia; thrombosis; embolism, or external pressure. the reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (hypertension, renovascular)
Renal Blood Flow, Effective: the amount of the renal blood flow that is going to the functional renal tissue, i.e., parts of the kidney that are involved in production of urine
Renal Colic: a severe intermittent and spasmodic pain in the lower back radiating to the groin, scrotum, and labia which is most commonly caused by a kidney stone (renal calculus) passing through the ureter or by other urinary track blockage. it is often associated with nausea, vomiting, fever, restlessness, dull pain, frequent urination, and hematuria
Renal Dialysis: therapy for the insufficient cleansing of the blood by the kidneys based on dialysis and including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and hemodiafiltration
Renal Failure, Progressive, with Hypertension: hereditary (autosomal dominant) nephritis characterized by progressive renal failure and hypertension. kidneys show interstitial fibrosis and some glomerular sclerosis and atrophy and patients usually have increased serum creatinine but do not have proteinuria. omim: 161900
Renal Insufficiency: conditions in which the kidneys perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate urine, and maintain electrolyte balance; blood pressure; and calcium metabolism. renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of proteinuria) and reduction in glomerular filtration rate
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic: conditions in which the kidneys perform below the normal level for more than three months. chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in glomerular filtration rate and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of proteinuria). the most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (chronic kidney failure). (kidney foundation: kidney disease outcome quality initiative, 2002)
Renal Nutcracker Syndrome: left renal vein compression between the aorta, abdominal and the superior mesenteric artery. variable symptoms include hypertension, renovascular; hematuria; and varicose veins