NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis: a nonproliferative disorder of plasma cells characterized by excessive production and misfolding of immunoglobulin light chains that form insoluble amyloid fibrils (see amyloid deposits) in various tissues. clinical features include liver failure; multiple myeloma; nephrotic syndrome; restrictive cardiomyopathy, and neuropathies
Immunoglobulin M: a class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (immunoglobulin mu-chains). igm can fix complement. the name comes from its high molecular weight and originally was called a macroglobulin
Immunoglobulin Subunits: the protein subunits of the multimeric immunoglobulin proteins, such as iga; igd; ige; igg; and igm. included are the heavy and light chains which contain the specific antigen binding domains, as well as the accessory proteins that are part of the the secreted forms of igm and iga; (secretory iga)
Immunoglobulin Switch Region: a site located in the introns at the 5' end of each constant region segment of a immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene where recombination (or rearrangement) occur during immunoglobulin class switching. ig switch regions are found on genes encoding all five classes (immunoglobulin isotypes) of immunoglobulin heavy chains
Immunoglobulin Variable Region: that region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, and comprises the binding site for a specific antigen. it is located at the n-terminus of the fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. it includes hypervariable regions (complementarity determining regions) and framework regions
Immunoglobulin alpha-Chains: the class of heavy chains found in immunoglobulin a. they have a molecular weight of approximately 58 kda and contain about 470 amino acid residues arranged in four domains and an oligosaccharide component bound covalently to their fc fragment constant region
Immunoglobulin delta-Chains: the class of heavy chains found in immunoglobulin d. they have a molecular weight of approximately 64 kda and they contain about 500 amino acid residues arranged in four domains and an oligosaccharide component covalently bound to the fc fragment constant region
Immunoglobulin epsilon-Chains: the class of heavy chains found in immunoglobulin e. they have a molecular weight of approximately 72 kda and they contain about 550 amino acid residues arranged in five domains and about three times more carbohydrate than the heavy chains of immunoglobulin a; immunoglobulin d; and immunoglobulin g
Immunoglobulin gamma-Chains: heavy chains of immunoglobulin g having a molecular weight of approximately 51 kda. they contain about 450 amino acid residues arranged in four domains and an oligosaccharide component covalently bound to the fc fragment constant region. the gamma heavy chain subclasses (for example, gamma 1, gamma 2a, and gamma 2b) of the immunoglobulin g isotype subclasses (igg1, igg2a, and igg2b) resemble each other more closely than the heavy chains of the other immunoglobulin isotypes
Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains: one of the types of light chains of the immunoglobulins with a molecular weight of approximately 22 kda
Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains: one of the types of light chain subunits of the immunoglobulins with a molecular weight of approximately 22 kda
Immunoglobulin mu-Chains: the class of heavy chains found in immunoglobulin m. they have a molecular weight of approximately 72 kda and they contain about 57 amino acid residues arranged in five domains and have more oligosaccharide branches and a higher carbohydrate content than the heavy chains of immunoglobulin g
Immunoglobulins: multi-subunit proteins which function in immunity. they are produced by b lymphocytes from the immunoglobulin genes. they are comprised of two heavy (immunoglobulin heavy chains) and two light chains (immunoglobulin light chains) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. the variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (b-cell antigen receptors) or secreted forms (antibodies). they are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (immunoglobulin a; immunoglobulin d; immunoglobulin e; immunoglobulin g; immunoglobulin m) and various subclasses
Immunoglobulins, Intravenous: immunoglobulin preparations used in intravenous infusion, containing primarily immunoglobulin g. they are used to treat a variety of diseases associated with decreased or abnormal immunoglobulin levels including pediatric aids; primary hypergammaglobulinemia; scid; cytomegalovirus infections in transplant recipients, lymphocytic leukemia, chronic; kawasaki syndrome, infection in neonates, and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating: autoantibodies that bind to the thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) receptor (receptors, thyrotropin) on thyroid epithelial cells. the autoantibodies mimic tsh causing an unregulated production of thyroid hormones characteristic of graves disease
Immunohistochemistry: histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents
Immunoinformatics: the interface between informatics and immunology. otherwise known as computational immunology, it is the use of computational methods and resources for studying immune system phenomena
Immunologic Capping: an energy dependent process following the crosslinking of b cell antigen receptors by multivalent ligands (bivalent anti-antibodies, lectins or antigens), on the b-cell surface. the crosslinked ligand-antigen receptor complexes collect in patches which flow to and aggregate at one pole of the cell to form a large mass - the cap. the caps may then be endocytosed or shed into the environment
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes: syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral
Immunologic Factors: biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system
Immunologic Memory: the altered state of immunologic responsiveness resulting from initial contact with antigen, which enables the individual to produce antibodies more rapidly and in greater quantity in response to secondary antigenic stimulus
Immunologic Surveillance: the theory that t-cells monitor cell surfaces and detect structural changes in the plasma membrane and/or surface antigens of virally or neoplastically transformed cells
Immunologic Techniques: techniques used to demonstrate or measure an immune response, and to identify or measure antigens using antibodies
Immunological Memory Cells: antigen-specific immunologic cells which have a potential to form immunologic memory providing a rapid and robust response against a second encounter with the same antigen. immunologic memory cells typically include b-lymphocytes t-lymphocytes and sometimes adaptive nk cells. building immunologic memory cells is a basis of how a vaccine affords immunity to a specific pathogen
Immunological Synapses: the interfaces between t-cells and antigen-presenting cells. supramolecular organization of proteins takes place at these synapses involving various types of immune cells. immunological synapses can have several functions including lymphocyte activation; enhancing, balancing, or terminating signaling; or directing cytokine secretion
Immunomagnetic Separation: a cell-separation technique where magnetizable microspheres or beads are first coated with monoclonal antibody, allowed to search and bind to target cells, and are then selectively removed when passed through a magnetic field. among other applications, the technique is commonly used to remove tumor cells from the marrow (bone marrow purging) of patients who are to undergo autologous bone marrow transplantation
Immunomodulating Agents: agents that alter the response of the immune system by activating (immunostimulant) or suppressing (immunosuppressive) the immune system and may help the body fight cancer, infection, or other diseases
Immunomodulation: alteration of the immune system or of an immune response by agents that activate or suppress its function. this can include immunization or administration of immunomodulatory drugs. immunomodulation can also encompass non-therapeutic alteration of the immune system effected by endogenous or exogenous substances
Immunonutrition Diet: diets supplemented with nutrients that beneficially stimulate the immune response and improve control of inflammatory processes
Immunophenotyping: process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. the process is commonly used to analyze and sort t-lymphocytes into subsets based on cd antigens by the technique of flow cytometry
Immunophilins: members of a family of highly conserved proteins which are all cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (peptidylprolyl isomerase). they bind the immunosuppressant drugs cyclosporine; tacrolimus and sirolimus. they possess rotamase activity, which is inhibited by the immunosuppressant drugs that bind to them
Immunoprecipitation: the aggregation of soluble antigens with antibodies, alone or with antibody binding factors such as anti-antibodies or staphylococcal protein a, into complexes large enough to fall out of solution
Immunoproliferative Disorders: disorders characterized by abnormal proliferation of primary cells of the immune system or by excessive production of immunoglobulins
Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease: a condition that is caused by hyperplasia of lymphocytes in the small intestine (intestine, small) and the mesenteric lymph nodes. these lymphocytes produce an anomalous alpha heavy chain protein. generally, these ipsid patients have either concurrent lymphoma or develop lymphoma within a few years. the disease was first described in the mediterranean region and is characterized by malabsorption; weight loss; diarrhea; and steatorrhea
Immunoproteins: blood proteins whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system
Immunoradiometric Assay: form of radioimmunoassay in which excess specific labeled antibody is added directly to the test antigen being measured
Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-Based Activation Motif: a conserved amino acid sequence located in the intracellular domains of a family of transmembrane proteins involved in various immune responses. the consensus sequence of this motif is yxxl(or i)x(6-8)yxxl(or i) (where x denotes any amino acid). when phosphorylated itam motifs provide docking sites for protein tyrosine kinases of the syk family thus forming signaling complexes which lead to activation of immune responses
Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-Based Inhibition Motif: a conserved amino acid sequence located in the intracellular domains of a family of transmembrane proteins that negatively regulate the signal transduction processes emanating from transmembrane proteins containing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs. the consensus sequence of this motif is i(or v)lxyxxl(or v) (where x denotes any amino acid). also known as itim motifs
Immunosorbent Techniques: techniques for removal by adsorption and subsequent elution of a specific antibody or antigen using an immunosorbent containing the homologous antigen or antibody
Immunosorbents: an insoluble support for an antigen or antibodies that is used in affinity chromatography to adsorb the homologous antibody or antigen from a mixture. many different substances are used, among them sepharose; glutaraldehyde; copolymers of anhydrides; polyacrylamides, etc
Immunosuppression Therapy: deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. it may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs
Immunosuppressive Agents: agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting dna synthesis. others may act through activation of t-cells or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. while immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging
Immunotherapy: manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. it includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection
Immunotherapy, Active: active immunization where vaccine is administered for therapeutic or preventive purposes. this can include administration of immunopotentiating agents such as bcg vaccine and corynebacterium parvum as well as biological response modifiers such as interferons, interleukins, and colony-stimulating factors in order to directly stimulate the immune system
Immunotherapy, Adoptive: form of adoptive transfer where cells with antitumor activity are transferred to the tumor-bearing host in order to mediate tumor regression. the lymphoid cells commonly used are lymphokine-activated killer (lak) cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (til). this is usually considered a form of passive immunotherapy. (from devita, et al., cancer, 1993, pp.305-7, 314)
Immunotoxins: semisynthetic conjugates of various toxic molecules, including radioactive isotopes and bacterial or plant toxins, with specific immune substances such as immunoglobulins; monoclonal antibodies; and antigens. the antitumor or antiviral immune substance carries the toxin to the tumor or infected cell where the toxin exerts its poisonous effect
Immunoturbidimetry: immunochemical analysis which measures specific target antigen bound to antibody complex. antibodies in assay form insoluble light scattering immune-aggregates which cause changes in the measured turbidity proportional to the concentration of the antigen
Impatiens: a plant genus of subsucculent annual or perennial plants in the family balsaminaceae, order geraniales
Impatiens: rozsáhlý rod jednoletých i vytrvalých rostlin čeledi balsaminaceae. původ rodu je situován do tropických a subtropických oblastí asie a afriky, odkud se mimo austrálii a jižní ameriku rozšířil po celé zeměkouli. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Imperva-Bond: consists of a primer and adhesive; the primer is an aqueous solution of 4-aet (4-acryloxyethyl-trimeric acid) and hema (hydroxyethyl methacrylate); the bonding agent contains udma (urethane dimethylacylate resin), tegdma (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate), hema and camphorquinone
Impetigo: a common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group a beta-hemolytic streptococci. characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. this condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose
Implant Capsular Contracture: the shrinkage of the foreign body encapsulation scar tissue that forms around artificial implants imbedded in body tissues
Implantable Neurostimulators: surgically placed electric conductors through which electric stimulation of nerve tissue is delivered
Implants, Experimental: artificial substitutes for body parts and materials inserted into organisms during experimental studies
Implementation Science: the study of methods to promote the adoption and integration of evidence-based practices, interventions and policies into routine health care and public health settings
Implosive Therapy: a method for extinguishing anxiety by a saturation exposure to the feared stimulus situation or its substitute
Impotence, Vasculogenic: inability to achieve and maintain an erection (erectile dysfunction) due to defects in the arterial blood flow to the penis, defect in venous occlusive function allowing blood drainage (leakage) from the erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum penis), or both
Impra: hydrophobic, microporous, biocompatible material; used in keratoprosthesis; similar physicochemical structure to gore-tex but only impra can become transparent
Imprinting Disorders: disorders caused by transcriptional silencing of one parental gene allele (imprinted gene). imprinted genes show genetic expression from only one parent of the gene pair through epigenetic processes with no change in the dna sequence
Imprinting, Psychological: a particular kind of learning characterized by occurrence in very early life, rapidity of acquisition, and relative insusceptibility to forgetting or extinction. imprinted behavior includes most (or all) behavior commonly called instinctive, but imprinting is used purely descriptively
Impromidine: a highly potent and specific histamine h2 receptor agonist. it has been used diagnostically as a gastric secretion indicator
Impulsive Behavior: an act performed without delay, reflection, voluntary direction or obvious control in response to a stimulus
In Situ Hybridization: a technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes
In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence: a type of in situ hybridization in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. this staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei
In Situ Nick-End Labeling: an in situ method for detecting areas of dna which are nicked during apoptosis. terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is used to add labeled dutp, in a template-independent manner, to the 3 prime oh ends of either single- or double-stranded dna. the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling, or tunel, assay labels apoptosis on a single-cell level, making it more sensitive than agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of dna fragmentation
In Ten-S composite resin: contains resins: bis-gma, udma & ethoxylated bis-gma and fillers: barium glass, ytterbium trifluoride
In Vitro Meat: meat produced by growing muscle cells isolated from animal muscle tissue, in three-dimensional cell culture
In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques: methods used to induce premature oocytes, that are maintained in tissue culture, to progress through developmental stages including to a stage that is competent to undergo fertilization
In Vitro Techniques: methods to study reactions or processes taking place in an artificial environment outside the living organism
In Vivo Dosimetry: a procedure to measure the amount of radiation absorbed by the body during radiotherapy by dosimeters in the patient's skin or natural cavities
InTen-S composite: a low-shrinkage composite restorative comprised of bisgma, bisema, and urethane dimethacyrylate
Inactivation, Metabolic: reduction of pharmacologic activity or toxicity of a drug or other foreign substance by a living system, usually by enzymatic action. it includes those metabolic transformations that make the substance more soluble for faster renal excretion
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome: a condition of hyponatremia and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of body fluids resulting from sustained release of antidiuretic hormones which stimulates renal resorption of water. it is characterized by normal kidney function, high urine osmolality, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. etiologies include adh-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the lung. this syndrome can also be drug-induced
Inappropriate Prescribing: the practice of administering medications in a manner that poses more risk than benefit, particularly where safer alternatives exist
Inbreeding: the mating of plants or non-human animals which are closely related genetically
Incandescence: emission of light by a substance as its temperature is raised. it is sometimes called hot light in contrast to luminescence
Incidence: the number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. it also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. it is differentiated from prevalence, which refers to all cases in the population at a given time
Incidental Findings: unanticipated information discovered in the course of testing or medical care. used in discussions of information that may have social or psychological consequences, such as when it is learned that a child's biological father is someone other than the putative father, or that a person tested for one disease or disorder has, or is at risk for, something else
Incineration: high temperature destruction of waste by burning with subsequent reduction to ashes or conversion to an inert mass
Incisional Hernia: protrusion of tissue at or near the site of an incision from a previous surgery
Incisor: any of the eight frontal teeth (four maxillary and four mandibular) having a sharp incisal edge for cutting food and a single root, which occurs in man both as a deciduous and a permanent tooth. (jablonski, dictionary of dentistry, 1992, p820)
Incivility: low-intensity deviant behavior with ambiguous intent to harm the target, in violation of norms for mutual respect
Inclusion Bodies: a generic term for any circumscribed mass of foreign (e.g., lead or viruses) or metabolically inactive materials (e.g., ceroid or mallory bodies), within the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell. inclusion bodies are in cells infected with certain filtrable viruses, observed especially in nerve, epithelial, or endothelial cells. (stedman, 25th ed)
Inclusion Bodies, Viral: an area showing altered staining behavior in the nucleus or cytoplasm of a virus-infected cell. some inclusion bodies represent virus factories in which viral nucleic acid or protein is being synthesized; others are merely artifacts of fixation and staining. one example, negri bodies, are found in the cytoplasm or processes of nerve cells in animals that have died from rabies
Inclusion Body Myopathy 3, Autosomal Dominant: mutation in myhc2a
Inclusion Body Myopathy With Early-Onset Paget Disease And Frontotemporal Dementia: an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by incomplete penetrance of three main features: disabling muscle weakness (in 90%), osteolytic bone lesions consistent with paget disease (osteitis deformans) (in 51%), and frontotemporal dementia (in 32%). muscle weakness is an isolated symptom in about 30% of patients and the presenting symptom in greater than half of patients. mutations in the vcp gene have been identified for ibmpfd1. omim: 167320
Inclusion body myopathy, autosomal dominant: autosomal dominant myopathy with congenital joint contractures, ophthalmoplegia, and rimmed vacuoles
Incontinence Pads: absorbent pads used for urinary incontinence and usually worn as underpants or pants liners by the elderly
Incontinentia Pigmenti: a genodermatosis occurring mostly in females and characterized by skin changes in three phases - vesiculobullous, verrucous papillomatous, and macular melanodermic. hyperpigmentation is bizarre and irregular. sixty percent of patients have abnormalities of eyes, teeth, central nervous system, and skin appendages
Incontinentia pigmenti, familial male-lethal type: an x-linked dominant disorder that is usually prenatally lethal in males. it is caused by mutations in the ikbkg gene. omim: 308300
Incretins: peptides which stimulate insulin release from the pancreatic beta cells following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially
Incubators: insulated enclosures in which temperature, humidity, and other environmental conditions can be regulated at levels optimal for growth, hatching, reproduction, or metabolic reactions
Incubators, Infant: electrically powered devices that are intended to assist in the maintenance of the thermal balance of infants, principally by controlling the air temperature and humidity in an enclosure. (from umdns, 1999)
Incus: one of three ossicles of the middle ear. it conducts sound vibrations from the malleus to the stapes
Indans: aryl cyclopentanes that are a reduced (protonated) form of indenes
Indapamide: a benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived diuretic that functions by inhibiting sodium chloride symporters
Indazoles: a group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of benzene and pyrazoles
Indenes: a family of fused-ring hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar that act as intermediates in various chemical reactions and are used in the production of coumarone-indene resins
Independent Medical Evaluation: an assessment of health status requested by third parties (e.g. insurers, adjudicating bodies, law enforcement, attorneys, etc) on a subject's functional ability. such information may be used in optimizing treatment or making informed decisions on compensation
Independent Practice Associations: a partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity that enters into an arrangement for the provision of services with persons who are licensed to practice medicine, osteopathy, and dentistry, and with other care personnel. under an ipa arrangement, licensed professional persons provide services through the entity in accordance with a mutually accepted compensation arrangement, while retaining their private practices. services under the ipa are marketed through a prepaid health plan. (from facts on file dictionary of health care management, 1988)
Independent State of Samoa: an island group and constitutional monarchy in the southwest central pacific ocean. the capital is apia. the islands were jointly administered by england, the united states, and germany 1889-99, with the chief islands of savai'i and upolu recognized as german until 1919. western samoa gained independence in 1962 and assumed its present formal name in 1997
Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need: a dental health survey developed to evaluate a patient's orthodontic treatment need and priority for orthodontic care. the index is based on an assessment of degree of malocclusion and the potential aesthetic and dental health benefit of the treatment under consideration
India: a country in southern asia, bordering the arabian sea and the bay of bengal, between burma and pakistan. the capitol is new delhi
Indian Ocean: a body of water covering approximately one-fifth of the total ocean area of the earth, extending amidst africa in the west, australia in the east, asia in the north, and antarctica in the south. including the red sea and the persian gulf, it constitutes the third largest ocean after the atlantic ocean and the pacific ocean. (new encyclopaedia britannica micropaedia, 15th ed, 1990, p289)
Indian Ocean Islands: numerous islands in the indian ocean situated east of madagascar, north to the arabian sea and east to sri lanka. included are comoros (republic), madagascar (republic), maldives (republic), mauritius (parliamentary democracy), pemba (administered by tanzania), reunion (a department of france), and seychelles (republic)
Indiana: indiana hraničí na severu s michiganem, na východě s ohiem, na jihu s kentucky a na západě s illinois. severozápadní ohraničení tvoří michiganské jezero. hlavní město je indianopolis
Indiana: state bounded on the north by lake michigan and michigan, on the east by ohio, on the south by kentucky, and on the west by illinois
Indican: a substance occurring in the urine of mammals and also in blood plasma as the normal metabolite of tryptophan. an increased urinary excretion of indican is seen in hartnup disease from the bacterial degradation of unabsorbed tryptophan
Indicator Dilution Techniques: methods for assessing flow through a system by injection of a known quantity of an indicator, such as a dye, radionuclide, or chilled liquid, into the system and monitoring its concentration over time at a specific point in the system. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Indicators and Reagents: substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)
Indický oceán: indický oceán je třetí největší oceán na zemi. nachází se mezi afrikou, asií, austrálií a antarktidou. celý leží na východní polokouli a velkou většinou jižně od rovníku. na západě přechází volně do atlantského oceánu, na jihu do jižního ledového oceánu a na východě do tichého oceánu. ze severozápadu a severu je přirozeně uzavřený, na severovýchodě je mnoha průlivy ve východoindickém souostroví (indonésie) propojen s okrajovými moři tichého oceánu (jihočínské, jávské, arafurské). na severozápadě je suezským průplavem uměle propojen se středozemním mořem. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Indie: indie je sedmá největší a s více než miliardou obyvatel druhá nejlidnatější země na světě, rozkládající se na indickém subkontinentu v jižní asii. je členem commonwealthu. na východě indie hraničí s bangladéšem a barmou. na severu a severovýchodě hraničí s čínou, bhútánem a nepálem. na severozápadě sousedí s pákistánem. na jihovýchodě za palkovým průlivem leží 65 km jihovýchodně od indických břehů ostrovní stát srí lanka. z jihozápadu, jihu a jihovýchodu omývá indické břehy indický oceán (jeho sz část - arabské moře). hlavní město indie se nazývá nové dillí. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Indigenous Canadians: the three groups of indigenous aboriginal peoples of canada. these include first nations, inuit and métis. these are three distinct peoples with unique histories, languages, cultural practices and spiritual beliefs
Indigenous Peoples: descendants who self-identify as members of a group who inhabited a country or region at the time when people of different cultures or ethnic origins arrived. they often maintain their distinct language, culture, and beliefs
Indigo Carmine: indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk
Indigofera: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. the common name of indigo also refers to baptisia or amorpha genera (fabaceae)
Indinavir: a potent and specific hiv protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability
Indisperse: high-copper disperse-phase amalgams containing 5% (indisperse 5) and 10% (indisperse 10) admixed indium
Indium: a metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol in. it is named from its blue line in the spectrum
Indium Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of indium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. in atoms with atomic weights 106-112, 113m, 114, and 116-124 are radioactive indium isotopes
Indocyanine Green: a tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output
Indole Alkaloids: group of alkaloids containing a benzylpyrrole group (derived from tryptophan)
Indole-3-Glycerol-Phosphate Synthase: an enzyme in the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway. ec 4.1.1.48
Indoleacetic Acids: acetic acid derivatives of the heterocyclic compound indole. (merck index, 11th ed)
Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase: a dioxygenase with specificity for the oxidation of the indoleamine ring of tryptophan. it is an extrahepatic enzyme that plays a role in metabolism as the first and rate limiting enzyme in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism
Indolequinones: indoles which have two keto groups forming quinones like structures of the indole aromatic ring
Indoles: benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to isoindoles which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring
Indolizidines: saturated indolizines that are fused six and five-membered rings with a nitrogen atom at the ring fusion. they are biosynthesized in plants by cyclization of a lysine coupled to acetyl coenzyme a. many of them are naturally occurring alkaloids
Indolosesquiterpenes: sesquiterpene compounds that contain an indole
Indomethacin: a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (nsaid) that inhibits cyclooxygenase, which is necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. it also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Indonesia: a republic stretching from the indian ocean east to new guinea, comprising six main islands: java, sumatra, bali, kalimantan (the indonesian portion of the island of borneo), sulawesi (formerly known as the celebes) and irian jaya (the western part of new guinea). its capital is djakarta. the ethnic groups living there are largely chinese, arab, eurasian, indian, and pakistani; 85% of the peoples are of the islamic faith
Indonésie: stát v jihovýchodní asii a oceánii tvořený 17 508 ostrovy, z nichž je asi 6000 obydlených. ostrovy se rozkládají na obou stranách rovníku. největšími jsou jáva, sumatra, kalimantan (indonéská část bornea), nová guinea (sdílená s papuou novou guineou) a sulawesi. na pevnině hraničí indonésie s papuou novou guineou, východním timorem a malajsií. na moři sousedí se singapurem, filipínami, austrálií, palau, thajskem a indickým územím andamany a nikobary. hlavní město jakarta se nachází na jávě a je největším městem indonésie. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Indophenol: a deep blue dye (with the formula oc6h4nc6h4oh) used to detect ammonia in a common test called the berthelot's reaction and to detect paracetamol by spectrophotometry
Indoprofen: a drug that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. following reports of adverse reactions including reports of carcinogenicity in animal studies it was withdrawn from the market worldwide. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p21)
Indoramin: an alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent
Indočína: oblast jihovýchodní asie zahrnující kambodžu, laos a vietnam
Indriidae: a family of primates of the superfamily lemuroidea, suborder strepsirrhini containing genera avahi (woolly lemurs); indri; and propithecus (sifakas). the family is distributed in madagascar
Indriidae: čeleď poloopic nadčeledi lemuroidea, podřádu strepsirrhini, vyskytující se na madagaskaru. má tři rody: avahi (avahi), indri (indri) a sifaka (propithecus)
Induced Demand: stimulating demand by providing or selling of sometimes unnecessary services to users accompanied by exercising power on behalf of service providers
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: cells from adult organisms that have been reprogrammed into a pluripotential state similar to that of embryonic stem cells
Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Ligand: a b7 antigen that binds specifically to inducible t-cell co-stimulator protein on t-cells. it provides a costimulatory signal for t-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion
Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein: a costimulatory receptor that is specific for inducible t-cell co-stimulator ligand. the receptor is associated with a diverse array of immunologically-related effects including the increased synthesis of interleukin 10 in regulatory t-lymphocytes and the induction of peripheral tolerance
Induction Chemotherapy: initial drug treatment designed to bring about remission induction. it is typically a short-term and high-dose drug treatment that is followed by consolidation chemotherapy and then maintenance chemotherapy
Industrial Development: activity concerned with the planning and building of industries through manufacturing, provision of specialized services, and commerce
Industrial Microbiology: the study, utilization, and manipulation of those microorganisms capable of economically producing desirable substances or changes in substances, and the control of undesirable microorganisms
Industrial Waste: worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations
Industry: any enterprise centered on the processing, assembly, production, or marketing of a line of products, services, commodities, or merchandise, in a particular field often named after its principal product. examples include the automobile, fishing, music, publishing, insurance, and textile industries
Inert Gas Narcosis: progressive mental disturbances and unconsciousness due to breathing mixtures of oxygen and inert gases (argon, helium, xenon, krypton, and atmospheric nitrogen) at high pressure
Infant Behavior: any observable response or action of a neonate or infant up through the age of 23 months
Infant Equipment: equipment and furniture used by infants and babies in the home, car, and play area
Infant Food: food processed and manufactured for the nutritional health of children in their first year of life
Infant Mortality: postnatal deaths from birth to 365 days after birth in a given population. postneonatal mortality represents deaths between 28 days and 365 days after birth (as defined by national center for health statistics). neonatal mortality represents deaths from birth to 27 days after birth
Infant Nutrition Disorders: disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months
Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena: nutritional physiology of children from birth to 2 years of age
Infant Welfare: organized efforts by communities or organizations to improve the health and well-being of infants
Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight: an infant whose weight at birth is less than 1000 grams (2.2 lbs), regardless of gestational age
Infant, Extremely Premature: a human infant born before 28 weeks of gestation
Infant, Large for Gestational Age: infants whose birth weight is larger than the 90th percentile for a given gestational age
Infant, Low Birth Weight: an infant having a birth weight of 2500 gm. (5.5 lb.) or less but infant, very low birth weight is available for infants having a birth weight of 1500 grams (3.3 lb.) or less
Infant, Newborn, Diseases: diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. it does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. both hereditary diseases and metabolism, inborn errors are available as general concepts
Infant, Postmature: an infant born at or after 42 weeks of gestation
Infant, Small for Gestational Age: an infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age
Infant, Very Low Birth Weight: an infant whose weight at birth is less than 1500 grams (3.3 lbs), regardless of gestational age
Infantile convulsions and paroxysmal choreoathetosis, familial: a hereditary autosomal dominant disorder characterized by afebrile seizures occurring between 3 and 12 months of age. paroxysmal choreoathetosis is a disorder of involuntary movements characterized by attacks that occur spontaneously or are induced by a variety of stimuli. mutations in the prrt2 gene have been identified. omim: 602066
Infarction: formation of an infarct, which is necrosis in tissue due to local ischemia resulting from obstruction of blood circulation, most commonly by a thrombus or embolus
Infarction, Anterior Cerebral Artery: necrosis occurring in the anterior cerebral artery system, including branches such as heubner's artery. these arteries supply blood to the medial and superior parts of the cerebral hemisphere, infarction in the anterior cerebral artery usually results in sensory and motor impairment in the lower body
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery: necrosis occurring in the middle cerebral artery distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each cerebral hemisphere. clinical signs include impaired cognition; aphasia; agraphia; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction
Infarction, Posterior Cerebral Artery: necrosis induced by ischemia in the posterior cerebral artery distribution system which supplies portions of the brain stem; the thalamus; temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. depending on the size and location of infarction, clinical features include olfaction disorders and visual problems (agnosia; alexia; hemianopsia)
Infection Control: programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms
Infection Control Practitioners: physicians or other qualified individuals responsible for implementing and overseeing the policies and procedures followed by a health care facility to reduce the risk of infection to patients and staff
Infection Control, Dental: efforts to prevent and control the spread of infections within dental health facilities or those involving provision of dental care
Infection with Mycobacterium marinum: mycobacterium marinum infections usually caused by exposure to aquarium water, or unchlorinated swimming pools or hot tubs. they are characterized by granulomas on the skin, especially at the extremities, though the infection may disseminate in immunocompromised individuals
Infections: invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases
Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine: a species of lentivirus, subgenus equine lentiviruses (lentiviruses, equine), causing acute and chronic infection in horses. it is transmitted mechanically by biting flies, mosquitoes, and midges, and iatrogenically through unsterilized equipment. chronic infection often consists of acute episodes with remissions
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis: a herpesvirus infection of cattle characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract
Infectious Disease Incubation Period: the amount time between exposure to an infectious agent and becoming symptomatic
Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional: the transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from patients to health professionals or health care workers. it includes transmission via direct or indirect exposure to bacterial, fungal, parasitic, or viral agents
Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient: the transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from health professional or health care worker to patients. it includes transmission via direct or indirect exposure to bacterial, fungal, parasitic, or viral agents
Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical: the transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. it includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding
Infectious Mononucleosis: a common, acute infection usually caused by the epstein-barr virus (herpesvirus 4, human). there is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis
Infectious bronchitis virus: a species of coronavirus causing infections in chickens and possibly pheasants. chicks up to four weeks old are the most severely affected
Infectious bursal disease virus: a species of avibirnavirus causing severe inflammation of the bursa of fabricius in chickens and other fowl. transmission is thought to be through contaminated feed or water. vaccines have been used with varying degrees of success
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus: the type species of novirhabdovirus, in the family rhabdoviridae. it is a major pathogen of trout and salmon
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus: the type species of aquabirnavirus, causing infectious pancreatic necrosis in salmonid fish and other freshwater and marine animals including mollusks
Inferior Colliculi: the posterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies which contain centers for auditory function
Inferior Olivary Complex: a brainstem nucleus in the superior medulla and a part of the olivary nucleus complex. inferior olivary complex integrates motor and proprioceptive inputs and provides feedback to cerebellar neurons
Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction: myocardial infarction in which the inferior wall of the heart is involved. it is often caused by occlusion of the right coronary artery
Infertility, Male: the inability of the male to effect fertilization of an ovum after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. male sterility is permanent infertility
Inflammasomes: multiprotein complexes that mediate the activation of caspase-1. dysregulation of inflammasomes has also been linked to a number of autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders
Inflammation: a pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. it is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function
Inflammation Mediators: the endogenous compounds that mediate inflammation (autacoids) and related exogenous compounds including the synthetic prostaglandins (prostaglandins, synthetic)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease 28, Autosomal Recessive: aka ibd28
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: chronic, non-specific inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. etiology may be genetic or environmental. this term includes crohn disease and ulcerative colitis
Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms: metastatic breast cancer characterized by edema and erythema of the affected breast due to lymphatic metastasis and eventual obstruction of lymphatic vessels by the cancer cells
Inflation, Economic: an increase in the volume of money and credit relative to available goods resulting in a substantial and continuing rise in the general price level
Infliximab: a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tnf-alpha that is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; ankylosing spondylitis; psoriatic arthritis and crohn's disease
Inflorescence: a cluster of flowers (as opposed to a solitary flower) arranged on a main stem of a plant
Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype: a subtype of influenza a virus comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 10 and neuraminidase 7. it has been isolated from a variety of wild and domestic animals including ducks, emu, and mink. it was found for the first time in humans in 2004
Influenza A Virus, H10N8 Subtype: a subtype of influenza a virus comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 10 and neuraminidase 8. the h10n8 subtype usually infects domestic birds (poultry) but there have been some human infections reported
Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype: a subtype of influenza a virus with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. the h1n1 subtype was responsible for the spanish flu pandemic of 1918 and 2009 h1n1 pandemic
Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype: a subtype of influenza a virus comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 2. it is endemic in both human and pig populations
Influenza A Virus, H2N2 Subtype: a subtype of influenza a virus comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 2 and neuraminidase 2. the h2n2 subtype was responsible for the asian flu pandemic of 1957
Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype: a subtype of influenza a virus comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 3 and neuraminidase 2. the h3n2 subtype was responsible for the hong kong flu pandemic of 1968
Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype: a subtype of influenza a virus comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 3 and neuraminidase 8. the h3n8 subtype has frequently been found in horses
Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype: a subtype of influenza a virus comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 1. the h5n1 subtype, frequently referred to as the bird flu virus, is endemic in wild birds and very contagious among both domestic (poultry) and wild birds. it does not usually infect humans, but some cases have been reported
Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype: a subtype of influenza a virus comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 2. the h5n2 subtype has been found to be highly pathogenic in chickens