NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
HIV Reverse Transcriptase: a reverse transcriptase encoded by the pol gene of hiv. it is a heterodimer of 66 kda and 51 kda subunits that are derived from a common precursor protein. the heterodimer also includes an rnase h activity (ribonuclease h, human immunodeficiency virus) that plays an essential role the viral replication process
HIV Seronegativity: immune status consisting of non-production of hiv antibodies, as determined by various serological tests
HIV Seropositivity: development of neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv/htlv-iii/lav)
HIV Seroprevalence: studies of the number of cases where human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is present in a specific population at a designated time. the presence in a given individual is determined by the finding of hiv antibodies in the serum (hiv seropositivity)
HIV Serosorting: the practice of making choices about sexual partners based on their hiv status
HIV Testing: diagnosis of hiv infections by assaying bodily fluids or tissues for the presence of hiv antibodies; hiv antigens; or the viral rna of hiv
HIV Wasting Syndrome: involuntary weight loss of greater than 10 percent associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue for more than 30 days in the absence of a defined cause other than hiv infection. a constant feature is major muscle wasting with scattered myofiber degeneration. a variety of etiologies, which vary among patients, contributes to this syndrome. (from harrison's principles of internal medicine, 13th ed, p1611)
HIV enhancer: cis-regulační sekvence v oblasti dlouhé koncové repetice viru hiv, které jsou významné pro indukci nebo zvýšení genové exprese jako odpovědi na podněty z prostředí (mitogeny, forbolestery nebo jiné viry). hiv enhancer je vazebným místem pro řadu transkripčních faktorů včetně jaderného faktoru nf-kappa b
HIV enteropatie: syndrom projevující se chronickým průjmem (trvajícím déle než měsíc) bez identifikace infekční příčiny i přes důkladná vyšetření. vyskytuje se u hiv pozitivních jedinců. předpokládá se, že příčinou je přímý nebo nepřímý vliv viru hiv na sliznici střeva. diagnóza hiv enteropatie může být stanovena až po vyloučení jiných forem průjmových onemocnění
HIV infekce: zahrnuje spektrum infekcí virem lidské imunodeficience, jejichž rozptyl je od asymptomatické séropozitivity, přes komplex příbuzný aids (arc) až k syndromu získané imunodeficience (aids)
HIV reverzní transkriptasa: reverzní transkriptáza kódovaná genem pol viru hiv. jedná se o heterodimer podjednotek o velikosti 66 kda a 51 kda, které jsou odvozeny od společného prekurzorového proteinu. heterodimer zahrnuje také aktivitu rnázy h (ribonukleáza h viru lidské imunodeficience), která hraje zásadní roli v procesu virové replikace
HIV serosorting: vyběr sexuálních partnerů na základě jejich hiv stavu
HIV syndrom chřadnutí: neúmyslná ztráta hmotnosti o více než 10 procent původní váhy, která je spojená se střídavými nebo trvalými horečkami, chronickým průjmem nebo únavou po dobu delší než 30 dní a to vše bez jiné odhalené příčiny než infekce hiv. trvalým znakem je závažný úbytek svalové hmoty způsobený rozptýlenou degenerací svalových vláken. různorodost etiologií, které se liší u jednotlivých pacientů, se na tomto syndromu podílí
HIV séronegativita: imunitní stav charakterizovaný nepřítomností protilátek anti-hiv, který je potvrzený různými sérologickými testy
HIV séropozitivita: zvýšená hladina neutralizačních protilátek u jedinců vystavených viru hiv
HIV-1: the type species of lentivirus and the etiologic agent of aids. it is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the t4-lymphocyte
HIV-1: typový druh viru rodu lentivirus a etiologické agens nemoci aids. je charakterizovaný svým cytopatickým působením a afinitou k t4-lymfocytům
HIV-2: an hiv species related to hiv-1 but carrying different antigenic components and with differing nucleic acid composition. it shares serologic reactivity and sequence homology with the simian lentivirus simian immunodeficiency virus and infects only t4-lymphocytes expressing the cd4 phenotypic marker
HIV-2: druh viru skupiny hiv, který je příbuzný hiv-1, ale nese odlišné antigeny a má jinou skladbu rna. má stejnou sérologickou reaktivitu a sekvence jako virus opičí imunodeficience a infikuje pouze t4-lymfocyty, které exprimují marker cd4
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome: defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with hiv. the etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors
HIV-integrasa: enzym viru lidské imunodeficience, který je nutný k integraci virové dna do buněčné dna v jádře hostitelské buňky. hiv-integráza je dna-nukleotidyltransferáza kódovaná genem pol
HIV-proteasa: enzym viru lidské imunodeficience, který je nezbytný pro posttranslační štěpení prekurzorových polyproteinů gag a gag-pol na funkční produkty potřebné pro sestavení viru. hiv proteáza je asparagová proteáza kódovaná amino-koncem genu pol
HL-60 Cells: a promyelocytic cell line derived from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. hl-60 cells lack specific markers for lymphoid cells but express surface receptors for fc fragments and complement system proteins. they also exhibit phagocytic activity and responsiveness to chemotactic stimuli. (from hay et al., american type culture collection, 7th ed, pp127-8)
HL-60 buňky: promyelocytární buněčná linie odvozená z krve pacienta s akutní promyelocytární leukemií. buňkám hl-60 chybí specifické markery pro lymfoidní buňky, ale exprimují povrchové receptory pro fc fragmenty a komplement. vykazují také fagocytární aktivitu a reagují na chemotaktické podněty
HLA Antigens: antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. they are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases
HLA antigeny: systém antigenů hlavního histokompatibilního systému vyskytující se na buňkách lidského organismu (s výjimkou zralých červených krvinek). jejich kombinace je specifická pro každého jedince a co největší podobnost je podmínkou úspěšné transplantace. účastní se též imunitních reakcí. nositelé některých forem těchto antigenů jsou častěji postiženi určitými chorobami (např. bechtěrevovou nemocí). naprosto shodné antigeny mají jen jednovaječná (monozygotní) dvojčata. jednotlivé molekuly hla systému jsou na povrchu buněk uspořádány do komplexů, které se podle charakteru a funkce řadí do dvou základních tříd. molekuly i. třídy jsou obsaženy na povrchu všech jaderných buněk a jsou důležité pro rozpoznání buněk a histokompatibilitu. cizí antigen (virový, nádorový) prezentovaný ve spojení s těmito antigeny umožní cytotoxickým t lymfocytům (cd8+) reagovat (např. lyzovat buňky) - hla restrikce. existují skupiny a, b a c. molekuly ii. třídy jsou na povrchu pouze některých buněk, a to zejm. buněk prezentujících antigen (apc), které následně předkládají zpracovaný antigen t lymfocytům cd4+ (helper). dělí se do dalších skupin (dp, dq, dr). geny pro hla systém jsou na 6. chromozomu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
HLA-A Antigens: polymorphic class i human histocompatibility (hla) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. at least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the a locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. they serve as targets for t-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts
HLA-A1 Antigen: a specific hla-a surface antigen subtype. members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the hla-a*01 allele family
HLA-A11 Antigen: a specific hla-a surface antigen subtype. members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the hla-a*11 allele family
HLA-A2 Antigen: a specific hla-a surface antigen subtype. members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the hla-a*02 allele family
HLA-A24 Antigen: a specific hla-a surface antigen subtype. members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the hla-a*24 allele family
HLA-A3 Antigen: a specific hla-a surface antigen subtype. members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the hla-a*03 allele family
HLA-B Antigens: class i human histocompatibility (hla) surface antigens encoded by more than 30 detectable alleles on locus b of the hla complex, the most polymorphic of all the hla specificities. several of these antigens (e.g., hla-b27, -b7, -b8) are strongly associated with predisposition to rheumatoid and other autoimmune disorders. like other class i hla determinants, they are involved in the cellular immune reactivity of cytolytic t lymphocytes
HLA-B13 Antigen: a specific hla-b surface antigen subtype. members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the hla-b*13 allele family
HLA-B14 Antigen: a specific hla-b surface antigen subtype. members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the hla-b*14 allele family
HLA-B15 Antigen: a specific hla-b surface antigen subtype. members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the hla-b*15 allele family
HLA-B18 Antigen: a specific hla-b surface antigen subtype. members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the hla-b*18 allele family
HLA-B27 Antigen: a specific hla-b surface antigen subtype. members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the hla-b*27 allele family
HLA-B35 Antigen: a specific hla-b surface antigen subtype. members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the hla-b*35 allele family
HLA-B37 Antigen: a specific hla-b surface antigen subtype. members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the hla-b*37 allele family
HLA-B38 Antigen: a specific hla-b surface antigen subtype. members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the hla-b*38 allele family
HLA-B39 Antigen: a specific hla-b surface antigen subtype. members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the hla-b*39 allele family
HLA-B40 Antigen: a specific hla-b surface antigen subtype. members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the hla-b*40 allele family
HLA-B44 Antigen: a specific hla-b surface antigen subtype. members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the hla-b*44 allele family
HLA-B51 Antigen: a specific hla-b surface antigen subtype. members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the hla-b*51 allele family
HLA-B52 Antigen: a specific hla-b surface antigen subtype. members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the hla-b*52 allele family
HLA-B7 Antigen: a specific hla-b surface antigen subtype. members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the hla-b*07 allele family
HLA-B8 Antigen: a specific hla-b surface antigen subtype. members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the hla-b*08 allele family
HLA-C Antigens: class i human histocompatibility (hla) antigens encoded by a small cluster of structural genes at the c locus on chromosome 6. they have significantly lower immunogenicity than the hla-a and -b determinants and are therefore of minor importance in donor/recipient crossmatching. their primary role is their high-risk association with certain disease manifestations (e.g., spondylarthritis, psoriasis, multiple myeloma)
HLA-D Antigens: human immune-response or class ii antigens found mainly, but not exclusively, on b-lymphocytes and produced from genes of the hla-d locus. they are extremely polymorphic families of glycopeptides, each consisting of two chains, alpha and beta. this group of antigens includes the -dr, -dq and -dp designations, of which hla-dr is most studied; some of these glycoproteins are associated with certain diseases, possibly of immune etiology
HLA-DP Antigens: a group of the d-related hla antigens (human) found to differ from the dr antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. these antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases
HLA-DP alpha-Chains: transmembrane proteins that form the alpha subunits of the hla-dp antigens
HLA-DP beta-Chains: transmembrane proteins that form the beta subunits of the hla-dp antigens
HLA-DQ Antigens: a group of the d-related hla antigens found to differ from the dr antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. these antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases
HLA-DQ alpha-Chains: transmembrane proteins that form the alpha subunits of the hla-dq antigens
HLA-DQ beta-Chains: transmembrane proteins that form the beta subunits of the hla-dq antigens
HLA-DR Antigens: a subclass of hla-d antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. the inheritance of hla-dr antigens differs from that of the hla-dq antigens and hla-dp antigens
HLA-DR Serological Subtypes: hla-dr antigen subtypes that have been classified according to their affinity to specific antibodies. the dna sequence analyses of hla-dr alpha-chains and hla-dr beta-chains has for the most part revealed the specific alleles that are responsible for each serological subtype
HLA-DR alpha-Chains: transmembrane proteins that form the alpha subunits of the hla-dr antigens. they are also referred to as the hla-dr heavy chains
HLA-DR beta-Chains: transmembrane proteins that form the beta subunits of the hla-dr antigens. they are also referred to as the hla-dr light chains
HLA-DR1 Antigen: an hla-dr antigen associated with hla-drb1 chains that are encoded by drb1*01 alleles
HLA-DR2 Antigen: a broad specificity hla-dr antigen that is associated with hla-drb1 chains encoded by drb1*01:15 and drb1*01:16 alleles
HLA-DR3 Antigen: an hla-dr antigen which is associated with hla-drb1 chains encoded by drb1*03 alleles
HLA-DR4 Antigen: an hla-dr antigen which is associated with hla-drb1 chains encoded by drb1*04 alleles
HLA-DR5 Antigen: a broad-specificity hla-dr antigen that is associated with hla-drb1 chains encoded by drb1*11 and drb1*12 alleles
HLA-DR6 Antigen: a broad-specificity hla-dr antigen that is associated with hla-drb1 chains encoded by drb1*13 and drb1*14 alleles
HLA-DR7 Antigen: a hla-dr antigen that is associated with hla-drb1 chains encoded by drb1*07 alleles
HLA-DRB1 Chains: a subtype of hla-drb beta chains that includes over one hundred allele variants. the hla-drb1 subtype is associated with several of the hla-dr serological subtypes
HLA-DRB3 Chains: a subtype of hla-drb beta chains that includes over 50 allelic variants. the hla-drb3 beta-chain subtype is associated with hla-dr52 serological subtype
HLA-DRB4 Chains: a subtype of hla-drb beta chains that is associated with the hla-dr53 serological subtype
HLA-DRB5 Chains: a subtype of hla-drb beta chains that is associated with the hla-dr51 serological subtype
HLA-E Antigens: class i human histocompatibility (hla) antigens encoded by genes at the e locus on chromosome 6. they bind a restricted subset of peptides derived from the leader peptides of other class i molecules. they primarily are involved with down-regulating cytolytic activity of nk cells and restricting non-canonical cd8-positive t lymphocytes
HLA-G Antigens: class i human histocompatibility (hla) surface antigens encoded by alleles on locus b of the hla complex. the hla-g antigens are considered non-classical class i antigens due to their distinct tissue distribution which differs from hla-a; hla-b; and hla-c antigens. note that several isoforms of hla-g antigens result from alternative splicing of messenger rnas produced from the hla-g*01 allele
HM 89 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
HM 91 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
HMF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 3 cpds; used in the treatment of ovarian carcinoma
HMG-Box Domains: dna-binding domains present in proteins of the hmg-box superfamily including the archetypal hmgb proteins, a number of sequence specific transcription factors, and other dna-binding proteins. the domains consist of 70-80 amino acids that form an l-shaped fold from three alpha-helical segments. the domain has the capacity to recognize and/or induce specific dna structures and effect the accessibility of the dna to other proteins involved in transcription, recombination, or dna repair. (note that not all high mobility group proteins contain this domain.)
HMGA Proteins: proteins containing at-hook motifs that are rich in arginine and glycine residues. they bind to the minor grove of at-rich regions of dna
HMGA1a Protein: an 11-kda at-hook motif-containing (at-hook motifs) protein that binds to the minor grove of at-rich regions of dna. it is the full-length product of the alternatively-spliced hmga1 gene and may function as an architectural chromatin binding protein that is involved in transcriptional regulation
HMGA1b Protein: an at-hook motif-containing protein (at-hook motifs) that binds to the minor grove of at-rich regions of dna. it is a truncated form of hmga1a protein that is produced by alternative-splicing of the hmga1 gene. it may function as an architectural chromatin binding protein that is involved in transcriptional regulation
HMGA1c Protein: an at-hook-containing (at-hook motifs) nuclear protein that may be involved in retinoid-dependent transcriptional activity
HMGA2 Protein: an at-hook-containing (at-hook motifs) nuclear protein that is expressed predominantly in proliferating and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
HMGB Proteins: a family of sequence-related proteins similar to hmgb1 protein that contains specific hmg-box domains
HMGB1 Protein: a 24-kda hmgb protein that binds to and distorts the minor grove of dna
HMGB2 Protein: a 23-kda hmg-box protein that binds to and distorts the minor grove of dna
HMGB3 Protein: an hmg-box domain (hmg-box domains) found highly expressed in embryonic tissue and in placenta
HMGN1 Protein: an evolutionarily-conserved 10-kda nuclear protein that binds nucleosomes and may be involved in the process of chromatin unfolding
HMGN2 Protein: an evolutionarily conserved 9-kda nuclear protein that binds nucleosomes and may be involved in the process of chromatin unfolding
HMiVe protocol: a salvage chemotherapy regimen consisting of altretamine, vinblastine & mitomycin; used in the treatment of advanced small cell lung cancer (sclc)
HN Protein: glycoprotein from sendai, para-influenza, newcastle disease, and other viruses that participates in binding the virus to cell-surface receptors. the hn protein possesses both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activity
HN.49 polyamide: synthetic pyrrole-imidazole polyamide gene silencer for human mmp-9
HOAAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in the treatment of adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia
HOAGP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia
HOAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia
HOP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of metastatic seminoma
HOPE-Bleo protocol: chemotherapy regimen consisting of above cpds; used in the treatment of relapsed hodgkin's disease
HR-1 protocol: a chemotheraphy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (hr-all)
HR-2 protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (hr-all)
HR-3 protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (hr-all)
HS RAN50: a random copolymer of hema-styrene prepared by conventional free radial initiation techniques using azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator
HSC70 Heat-Shock Proteins: a constitutively expressed subfamily of the hsp70 heat-shock proteins. they preferentially bind and release hydrophobic peptides by an atp-dependent process and are involved in post-translational protein translocation
HSH A50: an aba-type copolymer of hema-styrene-hema prepared via anionic living polymerization
HSH B60: an aba-type copolymer of hema-styrene-hema prepared by telechelic coupling of free radically prepared functional oligomers
HSP110 Heat-Shock Proteins: a group of eukaryotic high-molecular mass heat-shock proteins that represent a subfamily of hsp70 heat-shock proteins. hsp110 proteins prevent protein aggregation and can maintain denatured proteins in folding-competent states
HSP20 Heat-Shock Proteins: a subfamily of small heat-shock proteins that are closely related to alpha b-crystallin. hsp20 heat-shock proteins can undergo phosphorylation by cyclic gmp-dependent protein kinases
HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins: a subfamily of small heat-shock proteins that function as molecular chaperones that aid in refolding of non-native proteins. they play a protective role that increases cellular survival during times of stress
HSP30 Heat-Shock Proteins: a subfamily of small heat-shock proteins found in a wide variety of organisms
HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins: a family of heat-shock proteins that contain a 70 amino-acid consensus sequence known as the j domain. the j domain of hsp40 heat shock proteins interacts with hsp70 heat-shock proteins. hsp40 heat-shock proteins play a role in regulating the adenosine triphosphatases activity of hsp70 heat-shock proteins
HSP47 Heat-Shock Proteins: basic glycoprotein members of the serpin superfamily that function as collagen-specific molecular chaperones in the endoplasmic reticulum
HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins: a class of molecular chaperones found in both prokaryotes and in several compartments of eukaryotic cells. these proteins can interact with polypeptides during a variety of assembly processes in such a way as to prevent the formation of nonfunctional structures
HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins: stress-inducible members of the heat-shock proteins 70 family. hsp72 heat shock proteins function with other molecular chaperones to mediate protein folding and to stabilize pre-existent proteins against aggregation
HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins: a class of molecular chaperones whose members act in the mechanism of signal transduction by steroid receptors
HT29 Cells: human colonic adenocarcinoma cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells such as the goblet cells
HTLV-I Antibodies: antibodies reactive with the htlv-i antigens
HTLV-I Antigens: antigens associated with human t-lymphotropic virus 1
HTLV-I Infections: diseases caused by human t-lymphotropic virus 1
HTLV-I infekce: nemoci způsobené lidským t-lymfotropním virem 1
HTLV-II Antibodies: antibodies reactive with the htlv-ii antigens
HTLV-II Antigens: antigens associated with human t-lymphotropic virus 2
HTLV-II Infections: diseases caused by human t-lymphotropic virus 2
HTLV-II infekce: nemoci způsobené lidským t-lymfotropním virem 2
HTR composite: biocampatible composite of patented technology combining polymethylmethacrylate & polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate without addition of catalysts, inducers or impurities
HUMDNAMB protein, human: a human dna marker b, associated with hereditary hemolytic anemia; has homology with bovine inferferon alpha-a; genbank m64701
HVC (oblast ptačího mozku): jádro uložené v neostriatu mozku zpěvných ptáků, které řídí ptačí zpěv. u některých dospělých pěvců bylo zjištěno, že se velikost jádra mění podle sezóny a probíhá v něm neurogeneze
HVF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of homoharringtonine, vincristine & fluorouracil; used in the therapy of breast cancer
HYPOL XP 5: a biocompatible polyurethane-based hydrogel; a branched polyether polyol end-capped with a diisocyanate; representative
HaCaT Cells: a spontaneously transformed human epithelial cell line developed from a long-term primary culture of human adult skin keratinocytes. as it maintains an epidermal differentiation capacity, it has been used as a model for keratinization studies. (from:j cell biol. 1988 mar;106(3):761-71.)
Habenula: a small protuberance at the dorsal, posterior corner of the wall of the third ventricle, adjacent to the dorsal thalamus and pineal body. it contains the habenular nuclei and is a major part of the epithalamus
Habituation, Psychophysiologic: the disappearance of responsiveness to a repeated stimulation. it does not include drug habituation
Haemaphysalis longicornis: a species of tick (ticks) in the family ixodidae, distributed in australasia but establishing in the eastern united states. it is an aggressive biter and can cause severe infestations in livestock. it is also a known/suspected vector of various livestock and human diseases
Haemaphysalis longicornis: druh klíšťat z čeledi ixodidae, rozšířený v austrálii, ale šířící se ve východní části spojených států. je to agresivní typ kousavého klíštěte, které může způsobit vážné postižení hospodářských zvířat. je také známým/podezřelým přenašečem různých chorob hospodářských zvířat a lidí
Haemonchiasis: infection with nematodes of the genus haemonchus, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation
Haemonchus: a genus of parasitic nematode worms which infest the duodenum and stomach of domestic and wild herbivores, which ingest it with the grasses (poaceae) they eat. infestation of man is accidental
Haemonchus: rod parazitických hlístic, které žijí ve dvanáctníku a žaludku domácích a divokých býložravců. zvířata se infikují zkrmenou trávou. k infekci člověka dochází nahodile
Haemophilus: a genus of pasteurellaceae that consists of several species occurring in animals and humans. its organisms are described as gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, coccobacillus or rod-shaped, and nonmotile
Haemophilus: rod gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních, nepohyblivých, kokoidních nebo tyčinkovitých bakterií čeledi pasteurellaceae. tyto organismy se vyskytují u člověka a zvířat
Haemophilus Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines containing antigenic polysaccharides from haemophilus influenzae and designed to prevent infection. the vaccine can contain the polysaccharides alone or more frequently polysaccharides conjugated to carrier molecules. it is also seen as a combined vaccine with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine
Haemophilus ducreyi: a species of haemophilus that appears to be the pathogen or causative agent of the sexually transmitted disease, chancroid
Haemophilus ducreyi: druh patogenní bakterie rodu haemophilus, která je původcem měkkého vředu, pohlavně přenosné nemoci
Haemophilus influenzae: a species of haemophilus found on the mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animals. the species is further divided into biotypes i through viii
Haemophilus influenzae: bakterie z rodu haemophilus, tvořící polysacharidové pouzdro, podle jehož antigenů existuje 6 sérovarů a-f a které je faktorem patogenity (zejm. typ b). neopouzdřené bakterie jsou běžně na sliznici horních dýchacích cest. patogenní kmeny vyvolávají hnisavé záněty v oblasti dýchacích cest sinusitidu, exacerbaci bronchitidy, otitidu, epiglotitidu, laryngitidu, pneumonii, meningitidu, popř. sepsi a vzácněji další infekce. onemocnění často vznikají jako komplikace (superinfekce) chřipky. přenos se děje kapénkovou respirační cestou. z antibiotik se podávají klasicky aminopeniciliny, na něž však může existovat rezistence (mohou se ev. podávat s inhibitory beta-laktamázy), dále cefalosporiny 2. a 3. generace, cotrimoxazol, chloramfenikol u meningitid. vakcinace využívá antigenů pouzdra. (velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Haemophilus influenzae type b: a type of h. influenzae isolated most frequently from biotype i. prior to vaccine availability, it was a leading cause of childhood meningitis
Haemophilus influenzae typu B: typ bakterie druhu h. influenzae izolované nejčastěji z biotypu i. před zavedením očkování byla hlavním původcem meningitidy dětí
Haemophilus paragallinarum: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus haemophilus, causing respiratory tract disease in chickens known as infectious coryza
Haemophilus paragallinarum: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu haemophilus, která je původcem onemocnění dýchacího traktu kura domácího (infekční koryza)
Haemophilus parainfluenzae: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus haemophilus, ubiquitous in the human oral cavity and pharynx. it has low pathogenicity but is occasionally implicated in endocarditis in humans
Haemophilus parainfluenzae: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu haemophilus, která je běžná v ústní dutině a v hltanu člověka. má nízkou patogenicitu, ale příležitostně může způsobovat endokarditidu u lidí
Haemophilus paraphrophilus: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus haemophilus, found in the normal flora of the human oral cavity and pharynx. it can cause subacute bacterial endocarditis; and brain abscess, among other conditions
Haemophilus paraphrophilus: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu haemophilus, která je součástí normální mikrobiální flóry ústní dutiny a hltanu člověka. může způsobovat subakutní bakteriální endokarditidu, absces mozku a další stavy
Haemophilus parasuis: a species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus haemophilus found, in the normal upper respiratory tract of swine
Haemophilus parasuis: druh gramnegativní bakterie rodu haemophilus, která je běžnou součástí horních cest dýchacích u prasat
Haemophilus somnus: a species of gram-negative bacteria (currently incertae sedis) causing multisystem disease in cattle
Haemophilus somnus: druh gramnegativní bakterie (v současnosti incertae sedis), která způsobuje multisystémové onemocnění skotu
Haemosporida: an order of heteroxenous protozoa in which the macrogamete and microgamont develop independently. a conoid is usually absent
Haemosporida: krvinkovky, prvoci, k nimž patří plasmodium. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Hafnia: a genus of straight, gram-negative bacterial rods which are facultatively anaerobic and motile by peritrichous flagella. this genus is found in human and animal feces, soil, water, and dairy products. it is an opportunistic pathogen in humans. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Hafnia: rod gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních, přímých tyčinek, které se pohybují pomocí peritrichních bičíků. vyskytují se ve stolici lidí a zvířat, v půdě, ve vodě a v mléčných výrobcích. patří mezi oportunní patogeny člověka
Hafnia alvei: the type species for the genus hafnia. it is distinguished from other biochemically similar bacteria by its lack of acid production on media containing sucrose. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Hafnia alvei: typový druh bakterie rodu hafnia. v kultivačním médiu se sacharózou neprodukuje kyseliny
Hafnium: a metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol hf
Hagfishes: common name for a family of eel-shaped jawless fishes (myxinidae), the only family in the order myxiniformes. they are not true vertebrates
Hair: a filament-like structure consisting of a shaft which projects to the surface of the skin from a root which is softer than the shaft and lodges in the cavity of a hair follicle. it is found on most surfaces of the body
Hair Cells, Ampulla: sensory cells in the ampullary crest of each of the semicircular ducts, with their apical stereocilia embedded in a wedge-shaped gelatinous cupula. these hair cells sense the movement of endolymph resulting from angular acceleration of the head, and send signals via the vestibular nerve to the brain to maintain balance
Hair Cells, Auditory: sensory cells in the organ of corti, characterized by their apical stereocilia (hair-like projections). the inner and outer hair cells, as defined by their proximity to the core of spongy bone (the modiolus), change morphologically along the cochlea. towards the cochlear apex, the length of hair cell bodies and their apical stereocilia increase, allowing differential responses to various frequencies of sound
Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner: auditory sensory cells of organ of corti, usually placed in one row medially to the core of spongy bone (the modiolus). inner hair cells are in fewer numbers than the outer auditory hair cells, and their stereocilia are approximately twice as thick as those of the outer hair cells
Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer: sensory cells of organ of corti. in mammals, they are usually arranged in three or four rows, and away from the core of spongy bone (the modiolus), lateral to the inner auditory hair cells and other supporting structures. their cell bodies and stereocilia increase in length from the cochlear base toward the apex and laterally across the rows, allowing differential responses to various frequencies of sound
Hair Cells, Vestibular: sensory cells in the acoustic maculae with their apical stereocilia embedded in a gelatinous otolithic membrane. these hair cells are stimulated by the movement of otolithic membrane, and impulses are transmitted via the vestibular nerve to the brain stem. hair cells in the saccule and those in the utricle sense linear acceleration in vertical and horizontal directions, respectively
Hair Follicle: a tube-like invagination of the epidermis from which the hair shaft develops and into which sebaceous glands open. the hair follicle is lined by a cellular inner and outer root sheath of epidermal origin and is invested with a fibrous sheath derived from the dermis. (stedman, 26th ed) follicles of very long hairs extend into the subcutaneous layer of tissue under the skin
Hair Preparations: hair grooming, cleansing and modifying products meant for topical application to hair, usually human. they include sprays, bleaches, dyes, conditioners, rinses, shampoos, nutrient lotions, etc
Haiti: a republic in the greater antilles in the west indies. its capital is port-au-prince. with the dominican republic it forms the island of hispaniola - haiti occupying the western third and the dominican republic, the eastern two thirds. haiti belonged to france from 1697 until its rule was challenged by slave insurrections from 1791. it became a republic in 1820. it was virtually an american protectorate from 1915 to 1934. it adopted its present constitution in 1964 and amended it in 1971. the name may represent either of two caribbean words, haiti, mountain land, or jhaiti, nest. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p481 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p225)
Haiti: stát v západní části ostrova hispaniola v karibském moři v souostroví velké antily. na východní části ostrova se nachází dominikánská republika, s níž má haiti 360 km dlouhou suchozemskou hranici. haiti je jedinou zemí na západní polokouli vytvořenou po vítězné revoluci otroků, avšak s dlouhou historii vlády diktátorů. 12. ledna 2010 postihlo haiti nejsilnější zemětřesení za posledních 200 let o síle 7,0 richterovy stupnice. hlavní město port-au-prince, jež se nacházelo v bezprostřední blízkosti epicentra, bylo zemětřesením z velké části zničeno. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome: rare, autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by acro-osteolysis, generalized osteoporosis, and skull deformations
Hajdu-Cheney syndrom: autozomálně dominantní choroba, která se projevuje ztrátou koncových článků prstů na rukou a nohou se vzhledem paličkovatění, s osteoporózou, skoliózou, ztrátou zubů a hrubými vlasy. obličej má široký nos, husté obočí a ostrou ustupující bradu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Halcinonide: a glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of dermatitis; eczema; or psoriasis. it may cause skin irritation
Half-Life: the time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity
Halfway Houses: specialized residences for persons who do not require full hospitalization, and are not well enough to function completely within the community without professional supervision, protection and support
Haliclona: a genus of sponges in the family chalinidae characterized by unispicular secondary lines in the choanosomal skeleton
Halitosis: an offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods
Hall Riggs mental retardation syndrome: progressive osseous changes, microcephaly, coarse facies, flat nasal bridge and severe mental retardation
Hallermann's Syndrome: an oculomandibulofacial syndrome principally characterized by dyscephaly (usually brachycephaly), parrot nose, mandibular hypoplasia, proportionate nanism, hypotrichosis, bilateral congenital cataracts, and microphthalmia. (dorland, 27th ed)
Hallermannův syndrom: mnohočetné vrozené abnormality se širokou variabilitou fenotypu. je přítomná faciální dysmorfie, která zahrnuje velkou lebeční část, pozdně uzavírané fontanely, mikroftalmus, tenký nos, anomálie zubů, hypoplazie mandibuly. bývá také svalová chabost, proporcionálně zkrácena postava a jiné skeletální abnormality. výskyt je většinou sporadický, byla však popsaná také autozomálně dominantní i recesivní forma přenosu. (cit. medicabaze.cz - lékařské repetitorium online 2016 http://www.medicabaze.cz)
Hallervordenův-Spatzův syndrom: progresivní pallidální (a striatální) degenerace s extrapyramidovou symptomatologií, progredující slepotou (atrofie optiku) a demencí, hyperpigmentací kůže. k příznakům patří progredující dystonie, rigidita, choreoatetóza. vzácné onemocnění s autozomálně-recesivní dědičností (lokus 20p13), manifestace obv. v dětství, k smrti dochází větš. v časné dospělosti. v globus pallidus je akumulace pigmentu obsahujícího železo. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Hallucinations: subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. they may be of organic origin or associated with mental disorders
Hallucinogens: drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experienced otherwise
Hallux Limitus: a bony proliferation and articular degeneration of the first metatarsophalangeal joint that is characterized by pain and a progressive decrease in the dorsiflexion range of motion
Hallux Rigidus: a condition caused by degenerative arthritis (see osteoarthritis) of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe and characterized by pain and limited dorsiflexion, but relatively unrestricted plantar flexion
Hallux Valgus: lateral displacement of the great toe (hallux), producing deformity of the first metatarsophalangeal joint with callous, bursa, or bunion formation over the bony prominence
Hallux Varus: displacement of the great toe (hallux) towards the midline or away from the other toes. it can be congenital or acquired
Haloarcula: a genus of halobacteriaceae distinguished from other genera in the family by the presence of specific derivatives of tgd-2 polar lipids. haloarcula are found in neutral saline environments such as salt lakes, marine salterns, and saline soils
Haloarcula: rod archeí čeledi halobacteriaceae, které se vyznačují přítomností specifických derivátů polárních lipidů tgd-2. vyskytují se v neutrálním slaném prostředí, jako např. v solných jezerech, mořských solivarech a slaných půdách
Haloarcula marismortui: a species of halophilic archaea distinguished by its production of acid from sugar. this species was previously called halobacterium marismortui
Haloarcula marismortui: druh halofilních archeí, který metabolizuje cukr na kyselinu. dříve označovaný jako halobacterium marismortui
Halobacillus: a genus of gram-positive endospore-forming bacteria in the family bacillaceae. species are widely distributed in a variety of hypersaline environments
Halobacillus: rod grampozitivních bakterií čeledi bacillaceae, který tvoří endospory. je široce rozšířený v různých hyperslaných prostředích
Halobacteriaceae: a family of extremely halophilic archaea found in environments with high salt concentrations, such as salt lakes, evaporated brines, or salted fish. halobacteriaceae are either obligate aerobes or facultative anaerobes and are divided into at least twenty-six genera including: haloarcula; halobacterium; halococcus; haloferax; halorubrum; natronobacterium; and natronococcus
Halobacteriaceae: čeleď extrémně halofilních archeí. tyto organismy se vyskytují v prostředí s vysokou koncentrací soli, jako jsou např. solná jezera, sodná jezera, solivary, nasolené kůže a ryby. jsou buď obligátně aerobní, nebo fakultativně anaerobní. patří sem nejméně 26 rodů
Halobacteriales: an order of extremely halophilic archaea, in the kingdom euryarchaeota. they occur ubiquitously in nature where the salt concentration is high, and are chemoorganotrophic, using amino acids or carbohydrates as a carbon source
Halobacteriales: řád extrémně halofilních archeí kmene euryarchaeota. v přírodě se vyskytují všude tam, kde je vysoká koncentrace soli. jsou chemoorganotrofní, zdrojem uhlíku jsou aminokyseliny nebo sacharidy
Halobacterium: a genus of halobacteriaceae whose growth requires a high concentration of salt. binary fission is by constriction
Halobacterium: rod archeí čeledi halobacteriaceae, které k růstu potřebují prostředí s vysokou koncentrací soli. rozmnožují se binárním dělením - zaškrcením buňky
Halobacterium salinarum: a species of halophilic archaea found in salt lakes. some strains form a purple membrane under anaerobic conditions
Halobacterium salinarum: druh halofilních archeí, který se vyskytuje v solných jezerech. u některých kmenů se za anaerobních podmínek tvoří purpurová membrána
Halococcus: a genus of extremely halophilic halobacteriaceae with coccoid cells occurring singly or as pairs, tetrads, or irregular clusters. they are found in neutral salt lakes, marine salterns, saline soils and seawater
Halococcus: rod extrémně halofilních archeí čeledi halobacteriaceae. kokoidní buňky se vyskytují jednotlivě, v párech, tetrádách nebo nepravidelných shlucích
Halofenate: an antihyperlipoproteinemic agent and uricosuric agent
Haloferax: a genus of extremely halophilic halobacteriaceae which are chemoheterotropic and strictly aerobic. they are found in neutral saline environments such as salt lakes (especially the dead sea) and marine salterns
Haloferax: rod extrémně halofilních archeí čeledi halobacteriaceae. jsou chemoheterotrofní a striktně aerobní. vyskytují se v neutrálním slaném prostředí, jako např. v solných jezerech
Haloferax mediterranei: a species of halophilic archaea found in the mediterranean sea. it produces bacteriocins active against a range of other halobacteria
Haloferax mediterranei: druh halofilních archeí, který se vyskytuje ve středozemním moři. tvoří bakteriociny aktivní proti jiným halobakteriím
Haloferax volcanii: a species of halophilic archaea found in the dead sea
Haloferax volcanii: druh halofilních archeí, který se vyskytuje v mrtvém moři
Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers: compounds that contain two halogenated benzene rings linked via an oxygen atom. many polybrominated diphenyl ethers are used as flame retardants
Halogens: a family of nonmetallic, generally electronegative, elements that form group 17 (formerly group viia) of the periodic table
Halomonadaceae: a family of gram-negative, moderately halophilic bacteria in the order oceanospirillales. members of the family have been isolated from temperate and antarctic saline lakes, solar salt facilities, saline soils, and marine environments
Halomonadaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, mírně halofilních bakterií řádu oceanospirillales. zástupci této čeledi byli izolováni ze slaných jezer mírného a antarktického pásu, ze solných solárních zařízení, ze slaných půd a mořského prostředí
Halomonas: a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped or pleomorphic bacteria which are halotolerant. members of this genus are capable of growth in sodium chloride concentrations of up to 20% or more. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Halomonas: rod gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých nebo pleomorfních, halotolerantních bakterií. tyto organismy jsou schopné růst v prostředí s vysokou koncentrací chloridu sodného (20% a více)
Haloperidol: a phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat schizophrenia and other psychoses. it is also used in schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorders, ballism, and tourette syndrome (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in intellectual disability and the chorea of huntington disease. it is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable hiccups. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1994, p279)
Halorhodopsins: light driven chloride ion pumps that are ubiquitously found in halophilic archaea (halobacteriales)
Halorhodospira halophila: a species of halorhodospira distinguished by its ability to grow optimally in an environment of 15-20% salinity. it was formerly called ectothiorhodospira halophila
Halorhodospira halophila: druh bakterie rodu halorhodospira, která roste optimálně v prostředí se salinitou 15-20%. dříve označovaná jako ectothiorhodospira halophila
Halorubrum: a genus of halobacteriaceae which are chemoorganotrophic and strictly aerobic. they have been isolated from multiple hypersaline environments that vary widely in chemical and physical properties
Halorubrum: rod extrémně halofilních archeí čeledi halobacteriaceae. tato archea jsou chemoheterotrofní a striktně aerobní. byla izolována z různých hyperslaných prostředí, která se chemicky i fyzikálně velmi liší
Halothane: a nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. analgesia may not be adequate. nitrous oxide is often given concomitantly. because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1994, p178)
Halothiobacillus: a genus of gram-negative, chemolithoautotrophic bacteria in the family halothiobacillaceae. several of its species were reclassified to this genus from thiobacillus
Halothiobacillus: rod gramnegativních chemolitoautotrofních bakterií z čeledi halothiobacillaceae. některé druhy byly do něj přesunuty z rodu thiobacillus
Hamamelidaceae: a plant family of the order hamamelidales, subclass hamamelidae, class magnoliopsida
Hamamelidaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu saxifragales (lomikamenotvaré), třídy rosopsida
Hamamelis: a plant genus of the family hamamelidaceae, order hamamelidales. it is known for the astringent (astringents) extract of leaves and bark used in over the counter preparations. this should not be confused with the similar named hamelia genus (rubiaceae)
Hamamelis: rod rostlin čeledi hamamelidaceae, řádu saxifragales. vilín virginský byl hojně využíván v domorodé medicíně severoamerických indiánů a používán při ošetřování celé řady neduhů. listy a kůra obsahují množství tříslovin se svíravým účinkem a jsou používány i v současné medicíně. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Hamano Tsukamoto syndrome: infantile progressive spinal muscular atrophy with ophthalmoplegia and pyramidal symptoms
Hamartoma: a focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area
Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple: a hereditary disease characterized by multiple ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal nevoid and neoplastic anomalies. facial trichilemmomas and papillomatous papules of the oral mucosa are the most characteristic lesions. individuals with this syndrome have a high risk of breast cancer; thyroid cancer; and endometrial cancer. this syndrome is associated with mutations in the gene for pten phosphatase
Hamate Bone: a carpal bone located between the capitate bone and the triquetrum bone. the hamate has a prominent process that projects anteriorly
Hamelia: a plant genus of the family rubiaceae that has a name very similar to another plant genus, hamamelis