NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Myofibrils: the long cylindrical contractile organelles of striated muscle cells composed of actin filaments; myosin filaments; and other proteins organized in arrays of repeating units called sarcomeres
Myofibroblasts: spindle-shaped cells with characteristic contractile proteins and structures that contribute to the wound healing process. they occur in granulation tissue and also in pathological processes such as fibrosis
Myofibroma: a benign tumor that consists chiefly of fibrous connective tissue, with variable numbers of muscle cells forming portions of the neoplasm (from stedman's, 27th ed)
Myofibromatosis: a condition characterized by multiple formations of myofibromas (leiomyoma)
Myofunctional Therapy: training or retraining of the buccal, facial, labial, and lingual musculature
Myogenic Regulatory Factor 5: a skeletal muscle-specific transcription factor that contains a basic helix-loop-helix motif. it plays an essential role in muscle development
Myogenic Regulatory Factors: a family of muscle-specific transcription factors which bind to dna in control regions and thus regulate myogenesis. all members of this family contain a conserved helix-loop-helix motif which is homologous to the myc family proteins. these factors are only found in skeletal muscle. members include the myod protein (myod protein); myogenin; myf-5, and myf-6 (also called mrf4 or herculin)
Myogenin: a myogenic regulatory factor that controls myogenesis. myogenin is induced during differentiation of every skeletal muscle cell line that has been investigated, in contrast to the other myogenic regulatory factors that only appear in certain cell types
Myoglobin: a conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. it is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group
Myoglobinuria: the presence of myoglobin in urine usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis
Myography: the recording of muscular movements. the apparatus is called a myograph, the record or tracing, a myogram. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Myokines: signaling proteins that are synthesized and released by muscle fibers in response to exercise or other forms of physical activity
Myokymia: successive and rapid contractions of motor units associated with chronic nerve injury. the discharges arise from the peripheral aspects of regenerating nerves, and clinically impart a nearly continuous undulation of the body surface overlying the muscle. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1491)
Myoma: a benign neoplasm of muscular tissue. (stedman, 25th ed)
Myometrium: the smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ
Myopathies, Nemaline: a group of inherited congenital myopathic conditions characterized clinically by weakness, hypotonia, and prominent hypoplasia of proximal muscles including the face. muscle biopsy reveals large numbers of rod-shaped structures beneath the muscle fiber plasma membrane. this disorder is genetically heterogeneous and may occasionally present in adults. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1453)
Myopathies, Structural, Congenital: a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by the early onset of hypotonia, developmental delay of motor skills, non-progressive weakness. each of these disorders is associated with a specific histologic muscle fiber abnormality
Myopathy, Central Core: an inherited congenital myopathic condition characterized by weakness and hypotonia in infancy and delayed motor development. muscle biopsy reveals a condensation of myofibrils and myofibrillar material in the central portion of each muscle fiber. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1452)
Myopathy, Centronuclear, Autosomal Recessive: mutation in amphiphysin-2
Myopathy, Congenital, With Fiber-Type Disproportion, X-Linked: also known as cftdx
Myopathy, Distal, with Anterior Tibial Onset: mutation in dysferlin
Myopathy, Mitochondrial Progressive, With Congenital Cataract, Hearing Loss, And Developmental Delay: asociated with mutation in gfer
Myopathy, Myofibrillar, Bag3-Related: mutation in bag3
Myopathy, Myofibrillar, Zasp-Related: mutation in zasp
Myopathy, Reducing Body, X-Linked, Childhood-Onset: mutations in fhl1
Myopathy, Reducing Body, X-Linked, Early-Onset, Severe: mutations in fhl1
Myopericytoma: rare myofibroma-like perivascular soft tissue tumor, usually benign, characterized by concentric perivascular proliferation
Myopia: a refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina when accommodation (accommodation, ocular) is relaxed. this results from an overly curved cornea or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. it is also called nearsightedness
Myopia, Degenerative: excessive axial myopia associated with complications (especially posterior staphyloma and choroidal neovascularization) that can lead to blindness
Myoporaceae: a plant family of the order scrophulariales, subclass asteridae, class magnoliopsida
Myoporaceae: bývalá čeleď řádu scrophulariales, podtřídy asteridae, třídy magnoliopsida. po nástupu molekulárních metod v taxonomii byla vřazena do čeledi scrophulariaceae (krtičníkovité). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Myoporum: a plant genus of the family myoporaceae. members contain dehydrongaione, deisopropylngaione, dehydromyodesmone and other furanoid sesquiterpene essential oils. it is the source of ngaio oil and ngaione
Myoporum: rod rostlin čeledi scrophulariaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují dehydrongaion, deisopropylngaion, dehydromyodesmon a další furanoidní seskviterpenové esenciální oleje. z rostlin druhu myoporum laetum se získává olej (ngaio oil) a ngaion
Myoprint: self-curing resin manufactured by myo-tronics research inc, seattle, wa
Myosarcoma: a general term for a malignant neoplasm derived from muscular tissue. (stedman, 25th ed)
Myosin Heavy Chains: the larger subunits of myosins. the heavy chains have a molecular weight of about 230 kda and each heavy chain is usually associated with a dissimilar pair of myosin light chains. the heavy chains possess actin-binding and atpase activity
Myosin Light Chains: the smaller subunits of myosins that bind near the head groups of myosin heavy chains. the myosin light chains have a molecular weight of about 20 kda and there are usually one essential and one regulatory pair of light chains associated with each heavy chain. many myosin light chains that bind calcium are considered calmodulin-like proteins
Myosin Subfragments: parts of the myosin molecule resulting from cleavage by proteolytic enzymes (papain; trypsin; or chymotrypsin) at well-localized regions. study of these isolated fragments helps to delineate the functional roles of different parts of myosin. two of the most common subfragments are myosin s-1 and myosin s-2. s-1 contains the heads of the heavy chains plus the light chains and s-2 contains part of the double-stranded, alpha-helical, heavy chain tail (myosin rod)
Myosin Type I: a subclass of myosins found generally associated with actin-rich membrane structures such as filopodia. members of the myosin type i family are ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes. the heavy chains of myosin type i lack coiled-coil forming sequences in their tails and therefore do not dimerize
Myosin Type II: the subfamily of myosin proteins that are commonly found in muscle fibers. myosin ii is also involved a diverse array of cellular functions including cell division, transport within the golgi apparatus, and maintaining microvilli structure
Myosin Type III: a subclass of myosins originally found in the photoreceptor of drosophila. the heavy chains can occur as two alternatively spliced isoforms of 132 and 174 kda. the amino terminal of myosin type iii is highly unusual in that it contains a protein kinase domain which may be an important component of the visual process
Myosin Type IV: a subclass of myosin found in acanthamoeba. it is a non-filamentous myosin containing a single 180-kda myosin heavy chain
Myosin Type V: a subclass of myosin involved in organelle transport and membrane targeting. it is abundantly found in nervous tissue and neurosecretory cells. the heavy chains of myosin v contain unusually long neck domains that are believed to aid in translocating molecules over large distances
Myosin VIIa: also referred to as unconventional myosin viia, these are actin-based motor molecules with atpase activity that function in intracellular movements (e.g., hair cells, auditory)
Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase: an enzyme that phosphorylates myosin light chains in the presence of atp to yield myosin-light chain phosphate and adp, and requires calcium and calmodulin. the 20-kda light chain is phosphorylated more rapidly than any other acceptor, but light chains from other myosins and myosin itself can act as acceptors. the enzyme plays a central role in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction
Myosin-Light-Chain Phosphatase: a phosphoprotein phosphatase that is specific for myosin light chains. it is composed of three subunits, which include a catalytic subunit, a myosin binding subunit, and a third subunit of unknown function
Myosins: a diverse superfamily of proteins that function as translocating proteins. they share the common characteristics of being able to bind actins and hydrolyze mgatp. myosins generally consist of heavy chains which are involved in locomotion, and light chains which are involved in regulation. within the structure of myosin heavy chain are three domains: the head, the neck and the tail. the head region of the heavy chain contains the actin binding domain and mgatpase domain which provides energy for locomotion. the neck region is involved in binding the light-chains. the tail region provides the anchoring point that maintains the position of the heavy chain. the superfamily of myosins is organized into structural classes based upon the type and arrangement of the subunits they contain
Myositis Ossificans: a disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue
Myositis, Inclusion Body: progressive myopathies characterized by the presence of inclusion bodies on muscle biopsy. sporadic and hereditary forms have been described. the sporadic form is an acquired, adult-onset inflammatory vacuolar myopathy affecting proximal and distal muscles. familial forms usually begin in childhood and lack inflammatory changes. both forms feature intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in muscle tissue. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp1409-10)
Myostatin: a growth differentiation factor that is a potent inhibitor of skeletal muscle growth. it may play a role in the regulation of myogenesis and in muscle maintenance during adulthood
Myotendinous Junction: a specialized interface between muscle and tendon through which most contractile force is transmitted. it consists of elaborate surface folding called interdigitations involving extracellular matrix and terminal sarcomeres
Myotonia: prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. this may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders
Myotonia Congenita: inherited myotonic disorders with early childhood onset myotonia. muscular hypertrophy is common and myotonia may impair ambulation and other movements. it is classified as thomsen (autosomal dominant) or becker (autosomal recessive) generalized myotonia mainly based on the inheritance pattern. becker type is also clinically more severe. an autosomal dominant variant with milder symptoms and later onset is known as myotonia levior. mutations in the voltage-dependent skeletal muscle chloride channel are associated with the disorders
Myotonic Disorders: diseases characterized by myotonia, which may be inherited or acquired. myotonia may be restricted to certain muscles (e.g., intrinsic hand muscles) or occur as a generalized condition
Myotonic Dystrophy: neuromuscular disorder characterized by progressive muscular atrophy; myotonia, and various multisystem atrophies. mild intellectual disability may also occur. abnormal trinucleotide repeat expansion in the 3' untranslated regions of dmpk protein gene is associated with myotonic dystrophy 1. dna repeat expansion of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with myotonic dystrophy 2
Myotonin-Protein Kinase: serine/threonine protein kinase responsible for various skeletal muscle functions; heart conduction system activity; calcium homeostasis; calcium uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum and synaptic plasticity. it is encoded by the dmpk gene and its abnormal expanded trinucleotide repeat of ctg in the 3'-utr is associated with myotonic dystrophy 1
Myotoxicity: damage to the muscle or its function secondary to toxic substances such as drugs used in chemotherapy; immunotherapy; or radiation
Myoviridae: a family of bacteriophages and archaeal viruses which are characterized by complex contractile tails
Myoviridae: čeleď bakteriofágů a archeálních virů, která je charakterizovaná komplexními kontraktilními bičíky
Myoxidae: a family of nocturnal rodents, similar in appearance to squirrels, but smaller. there are 28 species, half of which are found in africa
Myoxidae: čeleď drobných nočních hlodavců podobných veverkám. obsahuje 28 druhů v 10 rodech. prakticky všichni obývají palearktickou oblast od evropy po japonsko; pouze jeden žije v africe jižně od sahary. v česku se vyskytují čtyři druhy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
MyrA protein, Micromonospora griseorubida: mycinamicin-resistance protein, also resistant to tylosin; from micromonospora griseorubida; amino acid sequence given in first source; genbank d16099
MyrB protein, Micromonospora griseorubida: involved in macrolide resistance; from micromonospora griseorubida; amino acid sequence given in first source; genbank d14532
Myrica: a plant genus of the family myricaceae. members contain myricanol. the common name of bayberry is similar to the name barberry which is used for berberis and mahonia
Myrica: rod rostlin čeledi myricaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují myricanol
Myricaceae: a plant family of the order myricales, subclass hamamelidae, class magnoliopsida. they are trees and shrubs having aromatic leaves that often have yellow glandular dots on the surface. single-seeded fruits are often covered with waxy granules, bumps, or layers. the flowers are small, greenish, and inconspicuous
Myricaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu fagales (bukotvaré). jsou to opadavé nebo stálezelené dřeviny s jednoduchými střídavými listy a nenápadnými bezobalnými květy. plodem je peckovice. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Myringoplasty: surgical restoration of a perforated tympanic membrane by grafting. (dorland, 28th ed.)
Myringosclerosis: the formation of dense connective tissue and calcification in the tympanic membrane that does not necessarily cause or lead to loss of hearing
Myristates: salts and esters of the 14-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--myristic acid
Myristic Acid: a saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. it is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Myristica: a plant genus in the myristicaceae family. the seed is used as a spice and used for antimicrobial and psychoactive effects. myristicin, safrole, and methyleugenol are key components
Myristica: rod rostlin čeledi myristicaceae. semeno (muškátový oříšek) se používá jako koření se spazmolytickými a antimikrobiálními účinky. ve větším množství působí jako halucinogenní droga. nejdůležitější obsahové látky jsou myristicin, safrol a methyleugenol
Myristicaceae: a family of flowering plants in the order magnoliales. many of the species are tropical and have fragrant wood and leaves
Myristicaceae: čeleď nižších dvouděložných rostlin řádu magnoliales (šácholanotvaré). mnoho druhů je rozšířeno v tropech a má vonné dřevo a listy
Myristoylated Alanine-Rich C Kinase Substrate: a membrane and actin cytoskeleton associated, n-terminal myristoylated protein that binds calmodulin and is a prominent substrate for protein kinase c. both phosphorylation and poly(adp)-ribosylation inhibit its f-actin crosslinking activity; phosphorylation also causes marcks to relocate from the membrane to cytoplasm
Myrmecophytes: plants that host ants by providing shelter in specialized nesting structures or domatia (e.g., beltian or mullerian bodies) and sometimes provide food (e.g., food and pearl bodies; and extrafloral nectars). ant colony in turn provides the host plant with defense against encroaching foliage, nutrients via waste by-product and help with seed dispersal
Myroxylon: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that is a source of aromatic resinous balsams (balsam of tolu and balsam of peru) used in perfumery and as a constituent in cough syrups and lozenge
Myroxylon: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae, jehož zástupci jsou zdrojem aromatických pryskyřičných balzámů používaných při výrobě parfémů a sirupů a pastilek proti kašli
Myrsine: a genus of flowering plants in the family primulaceae, found worldwide but primarily in tropical and subtropical regions
Myrsine (rod): rod vyšších dvouděložných rostlin čeledi primulaceae, vyskytuje se po celém světě, ale primárně v tropických a subtropických oblastech
Myrtaceae: the myrtle plant family of the order myrtales. it includes several aromatic medicinal plants such as eucalyptus
Myrtaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu myrtales (myrtotvaré), třídy rosopsida. mezi myrtovité patří některé užitkové rostliny poskytující ovoce (kvajáva, fejchoa), koření (hřebíček, nové koření) nebo vonné silice (tea tree, eukalypty). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Myrtales: order of flowering plants distributed throughout the tropics and warmer regions of the world. the majority of these species belong to two families, melastomataceae and myrtaceae. myrtales includes many trees (notably eucalyptus), shrubs, such as the classic myrtle, several food, spices, and ornamental plants
Myrtales: řád vyšších dvouděložných rostlin s výskytem v tropických a teplejších oblastech světa. většina druhů tohoto řádu patří ke dvěma čeledím: melastomataceae a myrtaceae. k myrtales patří mnoho stromů (významný je eucalyptus), keřů (např. myrta), několik zemědělských plodin (které jsou zdrojem potravin a koření) a také okrasné rostliny
Myrtus: a plant genus of the family myrtaceae. members contain phytohemagglutinins
Myrtus: rod rostlin čeledi myrtaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují fytohemaglutininy
Mysticism: a philosophy based upon spiritual intuition that is believed to transcend ordinary sensory experiences or understanding
Mythology: a body of stories, the origins of which may be unknown or forgotten, that explain practices, beliefs, institutions or natural phenomena. mythology includes legends and folk tales. it may refer to classical mythology or to a body of modern thought and modern life. (from webster's 1st ed)
Mytilus: a genus of marine mussels in the family mytilidae, class bivalvia. the species mytilus edulis is the highly edible common mussel
Mytilus: rod mořských mlžů čeledi mytilidae, třídy bivalvia. druh m. edulis je po celém světě běžně sbíraný na jídlo
Mytilus edulis: a species of mussel in the genus mytilus, family mytilidae, class bivalvia, known as the common mussel. it has a bluish-black shell and is highly edible
Mytilus edulis: středně kosmopolitní velký jedlý mořský mlž z čeledi slávkovitých (mytilidae). mušle je hladká s jemnými soustřednými rýhami v linii růstu. lasturu mají slávky jedlé hnědou, modravou nebo černou. po celém světě jsou běžně sbírány na jídlo. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Myxedema: a condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (edema) with abnormal deposits of mucopolysaccharides in the skin and other tissues. it is caused by a deficiency of thyroid hormones. the skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. the face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips
Myxobolus: největší rod čeledi myxobolidae, třída myxosporea, obsahuje přes 400 druhů
Myxobolus: the largest genus in the family myxobolidae, class myxosporea, containing over 400 species
Myxococcales: an order of rod-shaped, gram-negative fruiting gliding bacteria found in soil; water; and humus
Myxococcales: řád gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které se po substrátu pohybují klouzavým pohybem. vykazují růstový cyklus s tvorbou plodnic a klidových stádií (myxospor). vyskytují se v půdě a ve vodě
Myxococcus: a genus of gliding bacteria that are common inhabitants on tree bark and decomposing vegetation. the cells are slender rods with tapering ends
Myxococcus: rod klouzavých bakterií, které běžně žijí na kůře stromů a na hnijící vegetaci. buňky mají tvar štíhlých tyčinek se zúženými konci
Myxococcus xanthus: a species of gliding bacteria found on soil as well as in surface fresh water and coastal seawater
Myxococcus xanthus: druh klouzavé bakterie, která se vyskytuje v půdě a také na hladině sladkých a pobřežních mořských vod
Myxoma: a benign neoplasm derived from connective tissue, consisting chiefly of polyhedral and stellate cells that are loosely embedded in a soft mucoid matrix, thereby resembling primitive mesenchymal tissue. it occurs frequently intramuscularly where it may be mistaken for a sarcoma. it appears also in the jaws and the skin. (from stedman, 25th ed)
Myxoma virus: the type species of leporipoxvirus causing infectious myxomatosis, a severe generalized disease, in rabbits. tumors are not always present
Myxomycetes: a division of organisms that exist vegetatively as complex mobile plasmodia, reproduce by means of spores, and have complex life cycles. they are now classed as protozoa but formerly were considered fungi
Myxomycetes: třída hlenek, které existují vegetativně jako pohyblivá plazmodia, množí se pomocí spor a mají složité životní cykly. v minulosti zařazované mezi houby (fungi)
Myxosarcoma: a sarcoma, usually a liposarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma, with an abundant component of myxoid tissue resembling primitive mesenchyme containing connective tissue mucin. (stedman, 25th ed)
Myxovirus Resistance Proteins: interferon-induced dynamin-like gtp-binding proteins localized in the cytoplasm, nuclear pore complex and nucleus. they play a role in antiviral defense and immunity
Myxozoa: mikroskopičtí parazité ryb a kroužkovců. díky parazitickému životu u nich došlo k radikálnímu zmenšení a zjednodušení těla až do jednobuněčných forem, a proto byli donedávna považováni za prvoky (a stále jsou tak mnohdy prezentováni ještě dnes). jedná se však o skupinu patřící k (mnohobuněčným) živočichům kmene žahavců. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Myxozoa: single-celled, aquatic endoparasitic worms that are currently considered belonging to the phylum cnidaria. they have a complex life cycle and parasitize a wide range of hosts including fishes; annelida; and bryozoa
Mírové sbory: nezávislá federální agentura spojených států amerických, jejímž posláním je podporovat mír a přátelství ve světě. zřízena byla prezidentem johnem f. kennedym v roce 1961. dobrovolníci mírových sborů spolupracují s vládami, školami, neziskovými organizacemi, nevládními organizacemi i podnikateli v oblastech vzdělávání, zdravotnictví, obchodu, informačních technologií, zemědělství a životního prostředí. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Münchhausenův syndrom: závažná chronická forma faktitivní poruchy, u které pacient živě a opakovaně předstírá nejrůznější symptomy s cílem získat lékařskou péči nebo léky, obvykle má anamnézu opakovaných hospitalizací, projevuje zjevné známky poruchy osobnosti a je rezistentní na léčbu
Münchhausenův syndrom v zastoupení: psychopatologické chování, kdy se jiná osoba než pacient dožaduje opakovaného vyšetření nebo hospitalizace většinou osoby blízké - nejčastěji svého dítěte. způsobuje mu tím zbytečné a často bolestivé, fyzikální vyšetření a léčby. tento syndrom je považován za formu týrání a zneužívání dětí
Měsíc: jediná známá přirozená družice země. podle toho, jak velká část měsíce ozářená sluncem je pozorována ze země, se rozlišují měsíční (lunární) fáze. to se mění vlivem oběhu měsíce kolem země, který trvá přibližně 29,5 dní (synodický měsíc). cyklus, během kterého se vystřídají všechny měsíční fáze, se označuje také jako lunace. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
N syndrome: mental retardation, malformations, chromosome breakage, and development of t-cell leukemia
N'Durance composite resin: a nanohybrid composite based on nano-dimer technology
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: an n-methylated indoleamine derivative and serotonergic hallucinogen which occurs naturally and ubiquitously in several plant species including psychotria veridis. it also occurs in trace amounts in mammalian brain, blood, and urine, and is known to act as an agonist or antagonist of certain serotonin receptors
N,N-dimethyltryptamin: n-methylovaný derivát indolaminu. serotonergní halucinogen, který je minimálně ve stopovém množství přítomný pravděpodobně ve všech živých organismech. v některých rostlinách se ale vyskytuje v poměrně velké koncentraci (např. psychotria viridis). v nízkých koncentracích se nachází v mozkové tkáni, krvi a moči savců. působí jako agonista nebo antagonista určitých receptorů serotoninu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
N-3-guanidinopropyl methacrylamide-N-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide copolymer: a gene delivery carrier
N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase: an arylsulfatase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the 4-sulfate groups of the n-acetyl-d-galactosamine 4-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate. a deficiency of this enzyme is responsible for the inherited lysosomal disease, maroteaux-lamy syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis vi). ec 3.1.6.12
N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases: enzymes that catalyze the transfer of n-acetylgalactosamine from a nucleoside diphosphate n-acetylgalactosamine to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. ec 2.4.1.-
N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases: enzymes that catalyze the transfer of n-acetylglucosamine from a nucleoside diphosphate n-acetylglucosamine to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. ec 2.4.1.-
N-Acetylhexosaminyltransferases: enzymes that catalyze the transfer of n-acetylhexosaminyl groups to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. ec 2.4.1
N-Acetyllactosamine Synthase: the a protein of the lactose synthase complex. in the presence of the b protein (lactalbumin) specificity is changed from n-acetylglucosamine to glucose. ec 2.4.1.90
N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase: an autolytic enzyme bound to the surface of bacterial cell walls. it catalyzes the hydrolysis of the link between n-acetylmuramoyl residues and l-amino acid residues in certain cell wall glycopeptides, particularly peptidoglycan. ec 3.5.1.28
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: an n-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. n-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (from dorland, 28th ed, p1518)
N-Acylneuraminate Cytidylyltransferase: an enzyme that forms cmp-acylneuraminic acids, which donate the n-acylneuraminic acid residues to the terminal sugar residue of a ganglioside or glycoprotein. ec 2.7.7.43
N-Acylsphingosine Galactosyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of udp-galactose and n-acylsphingosine to d-galactosylceramide and udp
N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Proteins: atpases that are members of the aaa protein superfamily (atpase family associated with diverse cellular activities). the nsfs functions, acting in conjunction with soluble nsf attachment proteins (i.e. snaps, which have no relation to snap 25), are to dissociate snare complexes
N-Formylmethionine: effective in the initiation of protein synthesis. the initiating methionine residue enters the ribosome as n-formylmethionyl trna. this process occurs in escherichia coli and other bacteria as well as in the mitochondria of eucaryotic cells
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: a formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated
N-Glycosyl Hydrolases: a class of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of the n-glycosidic bond of nitrogen-linked sugars
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: an n-substituted amphetamine analog. it is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. it is commonly referred to as mdma or ecstasy
N-Methylaspartate: an amino acid that, as the d-isomer, is the defining agonist for the nmda receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (receptors, nmda)
N-Methylscopolamine: a muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors
N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein: a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bhlhz) transcription factor and proto-oncogene protein that functions in cell growth and proliferation. in mammals, it is highly expressed in the brain during embryogenesis and is essential for brain development; it is not expressed in adult tissues. amplification or overexpression of n-myc occurs in at least 20% of tumors and is associated with a poor prognosis in cases of neuroblastoma; alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma; small cell lung carcinoma; and neuroendocrine prostate cancer
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine: carcinogenic nitrosamine that may be formed from preservatives in meats during their preparation or in the liver during metabolism
N-Rickert sealer: an endodontic sealer containing zinc oxide, silver, deltahydrocortisone, and diiodothymol-aristol
N-Terminal Acetyltransferase A: an n-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the naa10p catalytic subunit and the naa15p auxiliary subunit. the structure of this enzyme is conserved between lower and higher eukaryotes. it has specificity for n-terminal serine; alanine; threonine; glycine; valine; and cystine residues and acts on nascent peptide chains after the removal of the initiator methionine by methionyl aminopeptidases
N-Terminal Acetyltransferase B: an n-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the naa20p catalytic subunit and the naa25p auxiliary subunit. the structure of this enzyme is conserved between yeasts and human. it has specificity for the n-terminal methionine of peptides where the next amino acid in the chain is either aspartate; glutamate; asparagine; or glutamine
N-Terminal Acetyltransferase C: an n-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the naa30p catalytic subunit, and the naa35p and naa38p auxiliary subunits. it has specificity for the n-terminal methionine of peptides where the next amino acid in the chain is either leucine; phenyalanine; isoleucine; or tryptophane
N-Terminal Acetyltransferase D: an n-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the naa40p catalytic subunit. it has specificity for n-termini of histone h2a and histone h4
N-Terminal Acetyltransferase E: an n-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the naa50p catalytic subunit, and the naa10p and naa15p auxiliary subunits. it has specificity for the n-terminal methionine of peptides where the next amino acid in the chain is hydrophobic
N-Terminal Acetyltransferase F: an n-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the naa60p catalytic subunit. it is found in higher eukayotes and displays a substrate specificity for the n-terminal methionine of peptides where the next amino acid in the chain is either leucine; lysine; phenyalanine; isoleucine; or tryptophane
N-Terminal Acetyltransferases: enzymes that catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from acetyl coenzyme a, to the n-terminus of a peptide chain
N-acetylgalaktosaminyltransferasy: enzymy, které katalyzují přenos n-acetylgalaktosaminu z nukleosiddifosfát-n-acetylgalaktosaminu na akceptorovou molekulu, což je často jiný sacharid. ec 2.4.1.-
N-acetylglukosaminyltransferasy: enzymy, které katalyzují přenos n-acetylglukosaminu z nukleosiddifosfát-n-acetylglukosaminu na akceptorovou molekulu, což je často jiný sacharid. ec 2.4.1.-
N-acetylhexosaminyltransferasy: enzymy, které katalyzují přenos n-acetylhexosaminylové skupiny na akceptorovou molekulu, což je často jiný sacharid. ec 2.4.1
N-acetyllaktosaminsynthasa: protein a komplexu laktózasyntázy. v přítomnosti proteinu b (laktalbumin) se mění specifita z n-acetylglukózaminu na glukózu. ec 2.4.1.90
N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alaninamidasa: autolytický enzym vázaný na povrch buněčných stěn bakterií. v určitých glykopeptidech buněčné stěny (zejména v peptidoglykanu) katalyzuje hydrolýzu vazby mezi n-acetylmuramoylovými zbytky a l-aminokyselinovými zbytky. ec 3.5.1.28
N-acetyltransferasa aminokyselin: enzym mitochondriální matrix, který za přítomnosti acetyl-coa katalyzuje n-acetylaci l-glutamátu na n-acetyl-l-glutamát
N-acylneuraminátcytidylyltransferasa: enzym, který tvoří cmp-acylneuraminové kyseliny, které darují zbytky n-acylneuraminové kyseliny koncovému cukernému zbytku gangliosidu nebo glykoproteinu. ec 2.7.7.43
N-acylsfingosingalaktosyltransferasa: enzym, který katalyzuje přeměnu udp-galaktózy a n-acylsfingosinu na d-galaktosylceramid a udp
N-carbamylmethoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine: improves liposome in vivo circulation time
N-glykosylhydrolasy: třída enzymů podílejících se na hydrolýze n-glykosidické vazby cukrů vázaných na dusík
N-substituted Glycines: amino acids composed of glycine substituted at the nitrogen rather than the usual carbon position, resulting in the loss of hydrogen bonding donors. polymers of these compounds are called peptoids
N-terminální acetyltransferasa A: n-koncový podtyp acetyltransferázy, který se skládá z katalytické podjednotky naa10p a pomocné podjednotky naa15p. struktura tohoto enzymu je mezi nižšími a vyššími eukaryoty konzervovaná. má specifitu pro n-koncové zbytky serinu, alaninu, threoninu, glycinu, valinu a cystinu a působí na vznikající peptidové řetězce po odstranění iniciátorového methioninu pomocí methionylaminopeptidáz
N-terminální acetyltransferasa B: n-koncový podtyp acetyltransferázy, který se skládá z katalytické podjednotky naa20p a pomocné podjednotky naa25p. struktura tohoto enzymu je mezi kvasinkami a lidmi konzervována. má specifitu pro n-koncový methionin peptidů, kde další aminokyselinou v řetězci je buď aspartát, glutamát, asparagin nebo glutamin
N-terminální acetyltransferasa C: n-koncový podtyp acetyltransferázy, který se skládá z katalytické podjednotky naa30p a pomocných podjednotek naa35p a naa38p. je specifická pro n-koncový methionin peptidů, kde další aminokyselinou v řetězci je buď leucin, fenylalanin, isoleucin nebo tryptofan
N-terminální acetyltransferasa D: n-koncový podtyp acetyltransferázy, který se skládá z katalytické podjednotky naa40p. je specifická pro n-konce histonu h2a a histonu h4
N-terminální acetyltransferasa E: n-koncový podtyp acetyltransferázy, který se skládá z katalytické podjednotky naa50p a pomocných podjednotek naa10p a naa15p. je specifická pro n-koncový methionin peptidů, kde je další aminokyselina v řetězci hydrofobní
N-terminální acetyltransferasa F: n-terminální podtyp acetyltransferázy, který se skládá z katalytické podjednotky naa60p. vyskytuje se u vyšších eukaryot a vykazuje substrátovou specifitu pro n-koncový methionin peptidů, kde další aminokyselinou v řetězci je buď leucin, lysin, fenylalanin, isoleucin nebo tryptofan
N-terminální acetyltransferasy: enzymy, které katalyzují přenos acetylové skupiny, obvykle z acetylkoenzymu a, na n-konec peptidového řetězce
N-trimethyl chitosan-graft-poly(vinyl alcohol): has antineoplastic activity
N-vinylpyrrolidone-argon polymer: n-vinylpyrrolidone-argon-based polymer
N1-(2-aminoethyl)-N4-hexadecyl-2-tetradecylsuccinamide-poly(N-(carboxymethyl)-2-(isobutyryloxy)-N,N-dimethylethanammonium): used to modify liposomes
N2LL poly(amido-amine)-polyurethane copolymer: a copolymer produced by cross-linking n2ll poly(amido-amine) and polyurethane via hexamethylenediisocyanate; structure of n2ll poly(amido-amine) given in first source
N4SE protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of advanced neuroblastoma
N95 Respirators: respiratory protective devices designed to achieve a close seal around the nose and mouth to maintain efficient filtration of aerosolized particles and droplets. they are often fitted for the prevention of the spread of infections (e.g. covid19) or to administer inhaled anesthetics or other gases
NAC-HCPS: non-anticoagulant heparin-carrying polystyrene (nac-hcps) affects angiogenesis and inhibits subcutaneous induced tumour growth and metastasis to the lung
NAD: a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. it is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (nad+) and reduced (nadh). (dorland, 27th ed)
NAD: koenzym složený z ribosylnikotinamid-5'-difosfátu navázaného pyrofosfátovou vazbou na adenosin-5'-fosfát. často se vyskytuje v přírodě a účastní se jako nosič elektronů mnoha enzymatických reakcí, ve kterých je střídavě oxidován (nad+) a redukován (nadh)
NAD (+) a NADP (+) dependentní oxidoreduktázy: oxidoreduktázy, které působí na skupinu ch-oh donorů s nad (+) nebo nadph (+) jako akceptory
NAD (+) and NADP (+) Dependent Alcohol Oxidoreductases: oxidoreductases that act on the ch-oh group of donors with nad (+) or nadph (+) as acceptors
NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone): a flavoprotein that reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of nadh or nadph by various quinones and oxidation-reduction dyes. the enzyme is inhibited by dicoumarol, capsaicin, and caffeine
NAD(P)H dehydrogenasa (chinon): flavoprotein, který reverzibilně katalyzuje oxidaci nadh nebo nadph různými chinony a oxidačně-redukčními barvivy. tento enzym je inhibován dikumarolem, kapsaicinem a kofeinem
NAD+ Nucleosidase: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (nad) to nicotinamide and adenosine diphosphate ribose. some are extracellular (ectoenzymes).the enzyme from some sources also catalyses the hydrolysis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (nadp)
NAD+ nukleosidasa: enzym, který katalyzuje hydrolýzu nikotinamidadenindinukleotidu (nad) na nikotinamid a adp-ribózu. některé formy jsou extracelulárními enzymy (ektoenzymy). enzym z některých zdrojů také katalyzuje hydrolýzu nikotinamidadenindinukleotidfosfátu (nadp)
NADH Dehydrogenase: a flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the oxidation of nadh to nad. in eukaryotes the enzyme can be found as a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex i. under experimental conditions the enzyme can use cytochrome c group as the reducing cofactor. the enzyme was formerly listed as ec 1.6.2.1
NADH Tetrazolium Reductase: catalyzes the reduction of tetrazolium compounds in the presence of nadh
NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases: a group of oxidoreductases that act on nadh or nadph. in general, enzymes using nadh or nadph to reduce a substrate are classified according to the reverse reaction, in which nad+ or nadp+ is formally regarded as an acceptor. this subclass includes only those enzymes in which some other redox carrier is the acceptor. (enzyme nomenclature, 1992, p100) ec 1.6
NADH, NADPH oxidoreduktasy: skupina oxidoreduktáz, které působí na nadh nebo nadph. obecně se enzymy využívající nadh nebo nadph k redukci substrátu klasifikují podle zpětné reakce, v níž je nad+ nebo nadp+ formálně považován za akceptor. tato podtřída zahrnuje pouze ty enzymy, u nichž je akceptorem nějaký jiný redoxní nosič. (enzyme nomenclature, 1992, s. 100) ec 1.6
NADH-dehydrogenasa: flavoprotein a oxidoreduktáza obsahující železo a síru, která katalyzuje oxidaci nadh na nad. u eukaryot se tento enzym vyskytuje jako součást mitochondriálního elektronového transportního komplexu i. za experimentálních podmínek může enzym využívat jako redukční kofaktor cytochrom skupiny c. enzym byl dříve uváděn jako ec 1.6.2.1
NADH-tetrazoliumreduktasa: za přítomnosti nadh katalyzuje redukci tetrazoliových sloučenin
NADP: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (nmn) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. it serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (nadp+) and reduced (nadph). (dorland, 27th ed)
NADP: nikotinamidadenindinukleotidfosfát. koenzym složený z ribosylnikotinamid-5'-fosfátu (nmn) spojeného pyrofosfátovou vazbou s 5'-fosfátadenosin-2',5'-difosfátem. slouží jako nosič elektronů v řadě reakcí, v nichž se střídavě oxiduje (nadp+) a redukuje (nadph)
NADP Transhydrogenase, AB-Specific: a nadp transhydrogenase subtype found in certain types of bacteria and mammalian mitochondria. this transhydrogenase uses a mechanism that can transfer hydrogen to either side, a or b, of the nad(+) or nadp(+) ring structure. in heart mitochondria, the enzyme is a-specific with respect to nad(+) and b-specific with respect to nadp(+)
NADP Transhydrogenase, B-Specific: a nadp transhydrogenase subtype found in certain types of bacteria. this transhydrogenase uses a mechanism that transfers hydrogen to the b side of the nad(+) or nadp(+) ring structure
NADP Transhydrogenases: enzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction of nad by nadph to yield nadp and nadh. this reaction permits the utilization of the reducing properties of nadph by the respiratory chain and in the reverse direction it allows the reduction of nadp for biosynthetic purposes
NADP transhydrogenáza, AB specifická: podtyp nadp transhydrogenázy, který se vyskytuje u některých typů bakterií a savčích mitochondrií. tato transhydrogenáza využívá mechanismus, který může přenášet vodík na kteroukoli stranu (a nebo b) kruhové struktury nad(+) nebo nadp(+). v srdečních mitochondriích je enzym specifický pro a vzhledem k nad(+) a pro b vzhledem k nadp(+)
NADP transhydrogenáza, B specifická: podtyp nadp transhydrogenázy, který se vyskytuje u některých typů bakterií bacteria. tato transhydrogenáza využívá mechanismus, který přenáší vodík na stranu b kruhové struktury nad(+) nebo nadp(+)
NADP-transhydrogenasy: enzymy, které katalyzují reverzibilní redukci nad pomocí nadph za vzniku nadp a nadh. tato reakce umožňuje využití redukčních vlastností nadph v dýchacím řetězci a v opačném směru umožňuje redukci nadp pro biosyntetické účely
NADPH Dehydrogenase: a flavoprotein that reversibly oxidizes nadph to nadp and a reduced acceptor. ec 1.6.99.1
NADPH Oxidase 1: an nadph oxidase that functions as a voltage-gated proton channel expressed by phagocytes, especially in the colon. it regulates intracellular ph, generates superoxides upon activation by phagocytosis, and may play a role in innate immunity
NADPH Oxidase 2: an nadph oxidase that is expressed by phagocytes where it transfers electrons across the plasma membrane from cytosolic nadph to molecular oxygen on the exterior. it regulates proton (h+) flux into resting phagocytes to control intracellular ph. mutations in the cybb gene are associated with x-linked chronic granulomatous disease
NADPH Oxidase 4: an nadph oxidase that is strongly expressed in the kidney. it forms a complex with cyba-p22phox and produces intracellular superoxides that may regulate cellular signaling in apoptosis; bone resorption; and nf-kappa b activation
NADPH Oxidase 5: an nadph oxidase that contains four ef hands and is expressed primarily by spermatocytes and lymphocytes, as well as by endothelial cells. it functions as a calcium-dependent proton channel to generate superoxides that regulate cell growth, apoptosis; and physiologic angiogenesis
NADPH Oxidases: a family of membrane-associated flavoprotein nadph-dependent oxidoreductases that catalyze the univalent reduction of oxygen to create superoxides. structurally, they are characterized by six n-terminal transmembrane alpha-helices, a flavin-adenine dinucleotide (fad)-binding region, and a c-terminal nadph-binding region. they are expressed primarily by epithelial cells in gut, kidney, colon, and smooth muscle tissues, as well as granulocytes and function to transfer electrons across membranes to molecular oxygen. defects in the production of superoxide ions by some nadph oxidases result in granulomatous disease, chronic
NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase: a flavoprotein that catalyzes the reduction of heme-thiolate-dependent monooxygenases and is part of the microsomal hydroxylating system. ec 1.6.2.4
NADPH-cytochrom c-reduktasa: flavoprotein, který katalyzuje redukci monooxygenáz závislých na hem-tiolátu a je součástí mikrozomálního hydroxylačního systému. ec 1.6.2.4
NADPH-dehydrogenasa: flavoprotein, který reverzibilně oxiduje nadph na nadp a redukovaný akceptor. ec 1.6.99.1
NADPH-oxidasa 1: nadph oxidáza, která funguje jako napěťově řízený protonový kanál exprimovaný fagocyty, zejména v tlustém střevě. reguluje intracelulární ph, po aktivaci fagocytózou vytváří superoxidy a může hrát roli v přirozené imunitě
NADPH-oxidasa 2: nadph oxidáza, která je exprimována fagocyty, kde přenáší elektrony z cytozolového nadph přes plazmatickou membránu na molekulární kyslík na vnější straně. reguluje tok protonů (h+) do klidových fagocytů, čímž řídí intracelulární ph. mutace v genu cybb jsou spojeny s chronickou granulomatózní chorobou vázanou na chromozom x
NADPH-oxidasa 4: nadph oxidáza, která je silně exprimována v ledvinách. tvoří komplex s cyba-p22phox a produkuje intracelulární superoxidy, které mohou regulovat buněčnou signalizaci při apoptóze, kostní resorpci a aktivaci nf-kappa b
NADPH-oxidasa 5: nadph oxidáza, která obsahuje čtyři motivy ef-ruky. je exprimována především spermatocyty a lymfocyty a také endotelovými buňkami. funguje jako protonový kanál závislý na vápníku, který vytváří superoxidy regulující buněčný růst, apoptózu a fyziologickou angiogenezi
NADPH-oxidasy: rodina flavoproteinových oxidoreduktáz závislých na nadph a asociovaných s membránou, které katalyzují univalentní redukci kyslíku za vzniku superoxidů. strukturně jsou charakterizovány šesti n-koncovými transmembránovými alfa-helixy, oblastí vázající flavinadenindinukleotid (fad) a c-koncovou oblastí vázající nadph. jsou exprimovány především epitelovými buňkami ve střevech, ledvinách, tlustém střevě a hladkých svalových tkáních a také v granulocytech a slouží k přenosu elektronů přes membrány na molekulární kyslík. poruchy v produkci superoxidových iontů u některých nadph oxidáz mají za následek chronické granulomatózní onemocnění
NAV1.1 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel: a voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that is predominantly expressed in the central nervous system. defects in the scn1a gene which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel are associated with dravet syndrome, generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, type 2 (gefs+2), and familial hemiplegic migraine type 3
NAV1.2 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel: a voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that mediates the sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. defects in the scn2a gene which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel are associated with benign familial infantile seizures type 3, and early infantile epileptic encephalopathy type 11
NAV1.3 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel: a voltage-gated sodium channel subtype found in neuronal tissue that mediates the sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes
NAV1.4 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel: a voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that mediates the sodium ion permeability of skeletal myocytes. defects in the scn4a gene, which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel, are associated with several myotonic disorders
NAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel: a voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that mediates the sodium ion permeability of cardiomyocytes. defects in the scn5a gene, which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel, are associated with a variety of cardiac diseases that result from loss of sodium channel function
NAV1.6 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel: a voltage-gated sodium channel subtype found widely expressed in neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems. defects in the scn8a gene which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel are associated with ataxia and cognitive deficits