NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Deoxycytidine Kinase: an enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of deoxycytidine with the formation of a nucleoside diphosphate and deoxycytidine monophosphate. cytosine arabinoside can also act as an acceptor. all natural nucleoside triphosphates, except deoxycytidine triphosphate, can act as donors. the enzyme is induced by some viruses, particularly the herpes simplex virus (herpesvirus hominis). ec 2.7.1.74
Deoxycytidine Monophosphate: deoxycytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). a deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2'-,3'- or 5- positions
Deoxycytosine Nucleotides: cytosine nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety
Deoxyglucose: 2-deoxy-d-arabino-hexose. an antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity
Deoxyguanine Nucleotides: guanine nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety
Deoxyguanosine: a nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose
Deoxyribodipyrimidine Photo-Lyase: an enzyme that catalyzes the reactivation by light of uv-irradiated dna. it breaks two carbon-carbon bonds in pyrimidine dimers in dna
Deoxyribonuclease (Pyrimidine Dimer): an enzyme which catalyzes an endonucleolytic cleavage near pyrimidine dimers to produce a 5'-phosphate product. the enzyme acts on the damaged dna strand, from the 5' side of the damaged site
Deoxyribonuclease BamHI: one of the type ii site-specific deoxyribonucleases (ec 3.1.21.4). it recognizes and cleaves the sequence g/gatcc at the slash. bamhi is from bacillus amyloliquefaciens n. numerous isoschizomers have been identified. ec 3.1.21.-
Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI: one of the type ii site-specific deoxyribonucleases (ec 3.1.21.4). it recognizes and cleaves the sequence g/aattc at the slash. ecori is from e coliry13. several isoschizomers have been identified. ec 3.1.21.-
Deoxyribonuclease HindIII: one of the type ii site-specific deoxyribonucleases (ec 3.1.21.4). it recognizes and cleaves the sequence a/agctt at the slash. hindiii is from haemophilus influenzae r(d). numerous isoschizomers have been identified. ec 3.1.21.-
Deoxyribonuclease HpaII: one of the type ii site-specific deoxyribonucleases (ec 3.1.21.4). it recognizes and cleaves the sequences c/cgg and ggc/c at the slash. hpaii is from haemophilus parainfluenzae. several isoschizomers have been identified. ec 3.1.21.-
Deoxyribonuclease I: an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized dna by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. this catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage of dna yielding 5'-phosphodi- and oligonucleotide end-products. the enzyme has a preference for double-stranded dna
Deoxyribonuclease IV (Phage T4-Induced): an enzyme which catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of phosphodiester bonds at purinic or apyrimidinic sites (ap-sites) to produce 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end products. the enzyme prefers single-stranded dna (ssdna) and was formerly classified as ec 3.1.4.30
Deoxyribonucleases: enzymes which catalyze the hydrolases of ester bonds within dna. ec 3.1.-
Deoxyribonucleases, Type I Site-Specific: enzyme systems containing three different subunits and requiring atp, s-adenosylmethionine, and magnesium for endonucleolytic activity to give random double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. they function also as dna-dependent atpases and modification methylases, catalyzing the reactions of ec 2.1.1.72 and ec 2.1.1.73 with similar site-specificity. the systems recognize specific short dna sequences and cleave at sites remote from the recognition sequence. enzymes from different microorganisms with the same specificity are called isoschizomers. ec 3.1.21.3
Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific: enzyme systems containing a single subunit and requiring only magnesium for endonucleolytic activity. the corresponding modification methylases are separate enzymes. the systems recognize specific short dna sequences and cleave either within, or at a short specific distance from, the recognition sequence to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. enzymes from different microorganisms with the same specificity are called isoschizomers. ec 3.1.21.4
Deoxyribonucleases, Type III Site-Specific: enzyme systems composed of two subunits and requiring atp and magnesium for endonucleolytic activity; they do not function as atpases. they exist as complexes with modification methylases of similar specificity listed under ec 2.1.1.72 or ec 2.1.1.73. the systems recognize specific short dna sequences and cleave a short distance, about 24 to 27 bases, away from the recognition sequence to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. enzymes from different microorganisms with the same specificity are called isoschizomers. ec 3.1.21.5
Deoxyribonucleoproteins: proteins conjugated with deoxyribonucleic acids (dna) or specific dna
Deoxyribonucleosides: a purine or pyrimidine base bonded to deoxyribose
Deoxyribonucleotides: a purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a deoxyribose containing a bond to a phosphate group
Deoxyuracil Nucleotides: uracil nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety
Deoxyuridine: 2'-deoxyuridine. an antimetabolite that is converted to deoxyuridine triphosphate during dna synthesis. laboratory suppression of deoxyuridine is used to diagnose megaloblastic anemias due to vitamin b12 and folate deficiencies
Dependency, Psychological: the tendency of an individual or individuals to rely on others for advice, guidance, or support
Dependent Personality Disorder: a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (from dsm-iv, 1994)
Dependovirus: a genus of the family parvoviridae, subfamily parvovirinae, which are dependent on a coinfection with helper adenoviruses or herpesviruses for their efficient replication. the type species is adeno-associated virus 2
Dependovirus: rod parvovirů (parvoviridae)závislých při své replikaci na přítomnosti jiných virů, obv. adenovirů (srov. aav). vyskytují se u různých živočichů vč. člověka. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Depersonalization: state in which an individual perceives or experiences a sensation of unreality concerning the self or the environment; it is seen in disorders such as schizophrenia, affection disorders, organic mental disorders, and personality disorders. (apa, thesaurus of psychological index terms, 8th ed.)
Deprescriptions: directions written to discontinue use of prescription drugs in order to reduce unnecessary and/or excessive medications (see polypharmacy), drug side effects and adverse drug reaction
Depression: depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with major depressive disorder present in neurotic and psychotic disorders
Depression, Chemical: the decrease in a measurable parameter of a physiological process, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or metabolic process, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical
Depression, Postpartum: depression in postpartum women, usually within four weeks after giving birth (parturition). the degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (from dsm-iv, p386)
Depressive Disorder: an affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. the mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent
Depressive Disorder, Major: disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (dsm-5)
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant: failure to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant monotherapy or failure to respond to four or more trials of different antidepressant therapies. (campbell's psychiatric dictionary, 9th ed.)
Depsipeptides: compounds consisting of chains of amino acids alternating with carboxylic acids via ester and amide linkages. they are commonly cyclized
Dequalinium: a topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. it is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration
Der Kaloustian Mcintosh Silver syndrome: unilateral radio-ulnar synostosis, generalized hypotonia, developmental retardation, and a characteristic facial appearance
Dermabrasion: the mechanical planing of the skin with sand paper, emery paper, or wire brushes, to promote reepithelialization and smoothing of skin disfigured by acne scars or dermal nevi
Dermacentor: a widely distributed genus of ticks, in the family ixodidae, including a number that infest humans and other mammals. several are vectors of diseases such as tularemia; rocky mountain spotted fever; colorado tick fever; and anaplasmosis
Dermacentor: velmi rozšířený rod klíšťat z čeledi ixodidae. patří sem druhy napadající člověka a jiné savce. několik zástupců přenáší původce nemocí jako je tularemie, horečka skalistých hor, koloradská klíšťová horečka a anaplasmóza
Dermal Fillers: materials such as collagen or hyaluronic acid that are injected or deposited into the dermis for the purpose of skin augmentation
Dermatan Sulfate: a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. it differs from chondroitin sulfate a (see chondroitin sulfates) by containing iduronic acid in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from merck, 12th ed)
Dermatitis Herpetiformis: rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. the disease is strongly associated with the presence of hla-b8 and hla-dr3 antigens. a variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact: a contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. these substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure
Dermatitis, Atopic: a chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (ige), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. it is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. in infants it is known as infantile eczema
Dermatitis, Contact: a type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. it may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms
Dermatitis, Exfoliative: the widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. it is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Dermatitis, Irritant: a non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms
Dermatitis, Occupational: a recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place
Dermatitis, Perioral: a papular eruption of unknown etiology that progresses to residual papular erythema and scaling usually confined to the area of the mouth, and almost exclusively occurring in young women. it may also be localized or extend to involve the eyelids and adjacent glabella area of the forehead (periocular dermatitis). (dorland, 28th ed)
Dermatitis, Photoallergic: a delayed hypersensitivity involving the reaction between sunlight or other radiant energy source and a chemical substance to which the individual has been previously exposed and sensitized. it manifests as a papulovesicular, eczematous, or exudative dermatitis occurring chiefly on the light-exposed areas of the skin
Dermatitis, Phototoxic: a nonimmunologic, chemically induced type of photosensitivity producing a sometimes vesiculating dermatitis. it results in hyperpigmentation and desquamation of the light-exposed areas of the skin
Dermatitis, Seborrheic: a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. it is characterized by moderate erythema, dry, moist, or greasy (sebaceous gland) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with hiv infections
Dermatitis, Toxicodendron: an allergic contact dermatitis caused by exposure to plants of the genus toxicodendron (formerly rhus). these include poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac, all plants that contain the substance urushiol, a potent skin sensitizing agent. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Dermatofibrosarcoma: a sarcoma of the deep layers of the skin. the tumors are locally aggressive tends to recur but rarely metastatic. it can be classified into variants depending on the cell type tumors are derived from or by its characteristics: pigmented variant from melanin-containing dermal dendritic cells; myxoid variant, myxoid stromal cells; giant cell variant characterized by giant cells in the tumors; and fibrosarcomatous variant chracterized by tumor areas histologically indistinguishable from fibrosarcoma
Dermatoglyphics: the study of the patterns of ridges of the skin of the fingers, palms, toes, and soles
Dermatologic Agents: drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin
Dermatology: a medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment
Dermatomycoses: superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi
Dermatomyositis: a subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. the illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. the skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. the disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. the childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)
Dermatoosteolysis Kirghizian type: autosomal recessive syndrome of skin ulceration, arthroosteolysis with pseudoacromegaly, keratitis, and oligodontia
Dermatophagoides farinae: druh bytových roztočů čeledi pyroglyphidae
Dermatophagoides farinae: species of american house dust mite, in the family pyroglyphidae
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus: druh nejrozšířenějšího bytového roztoče z čeledi pyroglyphidae. nejčastěji se vykytuje v obydlích, dále také v prachu ve skladech potravin a v ptačích hnízdech
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus: species of european house dust mite, in the family pyroglyphidae. it is the most commonly found house dust mite
Dermatophilus: a genus of high gc content, gram-positive, aerobic bacteria in the family dermatophilaceae and phylum actinobacteria. type species dermatophilus congolensis is a known causative agent for dermatophilosis in humans and animals
Dermatophilus: rod grampozitivních, aerobních bakterií kmene actinobacteria, čeledi dermatophilaceae. genom má vysoký obsah gc bazí. typovým druhem je dermatophilus congolensis, známý původce dermatofilózy u lidí a zvířat
Dermatosis Papulosa Nigra: darkened flat or elevated papules on the face below the eyes, or on the cheeks, that occur predominantly in individuals of african descent. onset is usually in adolescence. omim: 125600
Dermcidins: 47-amino acid peptides secreted by eccrine glands and having a role in innate cutaneous defense, being antimicrobial to some pathogenic bacteria. they are overexpressed by some primary breast cancer cells. they are derived from 110 residue protein precursors
Dermis: a layer of vascularized connective tissue underneath the epidermis. the surface of the dermis contains innervated papillae. embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands; hair follicles; and sebaceous glands
Dermoid Cyst: a tumor consisting of displaced ectodermal structures along the lines of embryonic fusion, the wall being formed of epithelium-lined connective tissue, including skin appendages, and containing keratin, sebum, and hair. (stedman, 25th ed)
Dermoscopy: a noninvasive technique that enables direct microscopic examination of the surface and architecture of the skin
Dermotoxins: specific substances elaborated by plants, microorganisms or animals that cause damage to the skin; they may be proteins or other specific factors or substances; constituents of spider, jellyfish or other venoms cause dermonecrosis and certain bacteria synthesize dermolytic agents
Derris: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. the root is a source of rotenoids (rotenone) and flavonoids. some species of pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to millettia. some species of deguelia have been reclassified to this genus
Derris: rod rostlin v čeledi fabaceae (bobovité). jejich kořen je zdrojem rotenoidů (rotenon) a flavonoidů. některé druhy pongamia byly přeřazeny do tohoto rodu a jiné do rodu millettia. některé druhy z rodu deguelia byly přeřazeny do tohoto rodu
Desbuquois syndrome: micromelic dwarfism with vertebral and metaphyseal abnormalities and advanced carpotarsal ossification
Descemet Membrane: a layer of the cornea. it is the basal lamina of the corneal endothelium (from which it is secreted) separating it from the corneal stroma. it is a homogeneous structure composed of fine collagenous filaments, and slowly increases in thickness with age
Descemet Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty: a surgical procedure or keratoplasty involving selective stripping and replacement of diseased host descemet membrane and corneal endothelium with a suitable and healthy donor posterior lamella. the advantage to this procedure is that the normal corneal surface of the recipient is retained, thereby avoiding corneal surface incisions and sutures
Descemetova membrána: blanka nacházející se pod rohovkovým endotelem. je fragilní, dá se odloučit od substantia propria corneae. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm: an abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the descending thoracic aorta
Desegregation: ending segregation (separation) of different groups of people, usually based on race, in schools, housing, organizations, etc
Desensitization, Immunologic: immunosuppression by the administration of increasing doses of antigen. though the exact mechanism is not clear, the therapy results in an increase in serum levels of allergen-specific immunoglobulin g, suppression of specific ige, and an increase in suppressor t-cell activity
Desensitization, Psychologic: a behavior therapy technique in which deep muscle relaxation is used to inhibit the effects of graded anxiety-evoking stimuli
Desert Climate: a type of climate characterized by insufficient moisture to support appreciable plant life. it is a climate of extreme aridity, usually of extreme heat, and of negligible rainfall. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Desflurane: a fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia
Desiccation: removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.)
Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins: genetically engineered antibody mimetic proteins, derived from ankyrin proteins. they offer advantages over antibodies because of their highly specific target protein binding with high affinity and specificity
Designer Drugs: drugs designed and synthesized, often for illegal street use, by modification of existing drug structures (e.g., amphetamines). of special interest are mptp (a reverse ester of meperidine), mda (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine), and mdma (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). many drugs act on the aminergic system, the physiologically active biogenic amines
Desipramine: a tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. this compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors
Deslanoside: deacetyllanatoside c. a cardiotonic glycoside from the leaves of digitalis lanata
Desmidiales: an order of mostly unicellular, microscopic, freshwater algae that have highly symmetrical and varied shapes
Desmidiales: řád mikroskopických, většinou jednobuněčných sladkovodních řas. mají různorodý, vysoce symetrický tvar těla
Desmin: an intermediate filament protein found predominantly in smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle cells. localized at the z line. mw 50,000 to 55,000 is species dependent
Desmocollins: a group of desmosomal cadherins with cytoplasmic tails that are divergent from those of classical cadherins. their intracytoplasmic domains bind plakoglobin; plakophilins; and desmoplakins
Desmoglein 1: a desmosomal cadherin that is an autoantigen in the acquired skin disorder pemphigus foliaceus
Desmoglein 2: a calcium-dependent adhesion molecule of desmosomes that also plays a role in embryonic stem cell proliferation
Desmoglein 3: a desmosomal cadherin that is an autoantigen in the acquired skin disorder pemphigus vulgaris
Desmogleins: a group of desmosomal cadherins with cytoplasmic tails that resemble those of classical cadherins
Desmoid Tumors: locally aggressive tumors that form in the connective tissues of body with no known potential for metastasis. however, they are characterized by an infiltrative growth pattern, allowing invasion into nearby tissues and organs, particularly evident in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis
Desmoid disease, hereditary: benign extraintestinal desmoid tumors (fibromatosis, abdominal) that are often associated with familial adenomatous polyposis. they may be caused by hereditary mutations in the apc gene or spontaneuos mutations in the beta-catenin (ctnnb1) gene. omim: 135290
Desmoplakins: desmoplakins are cytoskeletal linker proteins that anchor intermediate filaments to the plasma membrane at desmosomes
Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor: a rare, aggressive soft tissue sarcoma that primarily affects adolescents and young adults. it is most commonly found in the abdomen
Desmosine: a rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring
Desmosomal Cadherins: a single-pass transmembrane glycoproteins that mediate calcium-dependent cell adhesion and are core components of desmosomes
Desmosomes: a type of junction that attaches one cell to its neighbor. one of a number of differentiated regions which occur, for example, where the cytoplasmic membranes of adjacent epithelial cells are closely apposed. it consists of a circular region of each membrane together with associated intracellular microfilaments and an intercellular material which may include, for example, mucopolysaccharides. (from glick, glossary of biochemistry and molecular biology, 1990; singleton & sainsbury, dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology, 2d ed)
Desogestrel: a synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (oral contraceptives, combined)
Desonide: a nonfluorinated corticosteroid anti-inflammatory agent used topically for dermatoses
Desoximetasone: a topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in dermatoses, skin allergies, psoriasis, etc
Desoxycorticosterone: a steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of corticosterone and the 21-hydroxy derivative of progesterone
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: the 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone
Destrin: a member of the actin depolymerizing factors. its depolymerizing activity is independent of hydrogen-ion concentration
Desulfitobacterium: a genus of anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria in the family peptococcaceae, that reductively dechlorinates chlorophenols
Desulfitobacterium: rod grampozitivních, anaerobních bakterií čeledi peptococcaceae, které mohou reduktivně dechlorovat chlorfenoly
Desulfotomaculum: a genus of anaerobic bacteria in the family peptococcaceae, widely distributed in soil and the rumen of animals. stains gram-negative but cell wall is gram-positive type
Desulfotomaculum: rod anaerobních bakterií čeledi peptococcaceae, který je široce rozšířený v půdě a v bachoru přežvýkavců. buňky se barví gramnegativně, ale buněčná stěna je grampozitivního typu
Desulfovibrio: a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria capable of reducing sulfur compounds to hydrogen sulfide. organisms are isolated from anaerobic mud of fresh and salt water, animal intestines, manure, and feces
Desulfovibrio: rod gramnegativních, anaerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které mají schopnost redukovat síru, sírany, sirníky nebo thiosírany za vzniku sulfanu. tyto organismy se vyskytují v anaerobním prostředí kalů nebo sladkých a slaných vod, ve střevech zvířat, v hnoji a ve výkalech
Desulfovibrio africanus: a species of gram-negative, anaerobic, sigmoid-shaped bacteria isolated from salt and freshwater in africa
Desulfovibrio africanus: druh gramnegativní, anaerobní, sigmoidní bakterie izolované ze slaných a sladkých vod afriky
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans: the type species of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria of the genus desulfovibrio. it is found in freshwater; soil, and in marine or brackish water
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans: typový druh gramnegativní, anaerobní bakterie rodu desulfovibrio. vyskytuje se ve sladkých vodách, v půdě a v mořských nebo brakických vodách
Desulfovibrio gigas: a species of gram-negative, anaerobic, spiral-shaped bacteria originally isolated from a saltwater pond in france. it contains a well-characterized metabolic pathway that enables it to survive transient contacts with oxygen
Desulfovibrio gigas: druh gramnegativní, anaerobní, spirálovité bakterie, která byla původně izolovaná z rybniční vody ve francii. její metabolismus umožňuje přežití organismu při krátkodobé expozici kyslíku
Desulfovibrio vulgaris: a species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from soil, animal intestines and feces, and fresh and salt water
Desulfovibrio vulgaris: druh gramnegativní, anaerobní, tyčinkovité bakterie izolované z půdy, ze střev a z výkalů živočichů a ze sladkých a slaných vod
Desulfovibrionaceae: a family of obligately anaerobic gram-negative bacteria of the order desulfovibrionales, class deltaproteobacteria. majority are sulfate-reducing
Desulfovibrionaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, obligátně anaerobních bakterií řádu desulfovibrionales, třídy deltaproteobacteria. většinou jsou to bakterie redukující sírany
Desulfovibrionaceae Infections: infections with bacteria of the family desulfovibrionaceae
Desulfovibrionales: an order of bacteria within the class deltaproteobacteria, of the phylum proteobacteria, which comprises four families
Desulfovibrionales: řád bakterií v rámci třídy deltaproteobacteria, kmene proteobacteria, který zahrnuje čtyři čeledi
Desulfurococcaceae: a family of archaea, in the order desulfurococcales, consisting of anaerobic cocci which utilize peptides, proteins or carbohydrates facultatively by sulfur respiration or fermentation. there are eight genera: aeropyrum, desulfurococcus, ignicoccus, staphylothermus, stetteria, sulfophoboccus, thermodiscus, and thermosphaera. (from bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, 2d ed)
Desulfurococcaceae: čeleď archeí řádu desulforococcales zahrnující anaerobní koky, které rozkládají peptidy, proteiny nebo sacharidy respirací síry nebo fermentací. patří sem 8 rodů: aeropyrum, desulfurococcus, ignicoccus, staphylothermus, stetteria, sulfophoboccus, thermodiscus a thermosphaera
Desulfurococcales: an order of crenarchaeota comprised of irregular coccoid to disc-shaped, hyperthermophiles, and found in submarine hydrothermal systems and solfataric hot springs
Desulfurococcales: řád archeí kmene crenarchaeota. patří sem archea nepravidelného kokoidního až diskoidního tvaru. jsou hypertermofilní, žijí v podmořských hydrotermálních systémech a horkých sirných pramenech
Desulfuromonas: a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, nonsporeforming bacteria in the family desulfuromonadaceae. it is found in anoxic marine sediments
Desulfuromonas: rod gramnegativních, anaerobních, nesporulujících bakterií čeledi desulfuromonadaceae. vyskytuje se v anoxickém prostředí mořských sedimentů
Desvenlafaxine Succinate: a cyclohexanol and phenol derivative and metabolite of venlafaxine that functions as a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (snri) and is used as an antidepressive agent
Detection Algorithms: algorithms designed to find or localize the objects in images and assign the objects (affordances)
Detergents: purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties
Deubiquitinating Enzyme CYLD: a deubiquitinase and tumor-suppressor protein that specifically cleaves lysine-63-linked polyubiquitin chains and also has endodeubiquitinase activity. it functions to regulate nf-kappa b and wnt signaling pathway activity, contributing to cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. mutations in the cyld gene are associated with cases of familial cylindromatosis
Deubiquitinating Enzymes: enzymes that remove ubiquitin from a protein substrate, including polyubiquitin, or from other molecules
Deuterium: the stable isotope of hydrogen. it has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus
Deuterium Exchange Measurement: a research technique to measure solvent exposed regions of molecules that is used to provide insight about protein conformation
Deuterium Oxide: the isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed) it is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes
Deuteroporphyrins: porphyrins with four methyl and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings
Devazepide: a derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin a (ccka) receptor to antagonize cck-8's (sincalide) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding
Developed Countries: countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources
Developing Countries: countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. the process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures
Developmental Biology: the field of biology which deals with the process of the growth and development of an organism
Developmental Defects of Enamel: defects in normal amelogenesis caused by any local, systemic, environmental, or genetic factors. enamel defects resulting from demineralization of normally developed dental enamel is referred to as tooth demineralization
Developmental Disabilities: disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. these impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (from american psychiatric glossary, 6th ed)
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: dislocation of the hip joint from an abnormal femoral head to the acetabulum relationship. it is most often due to ligamentous laxity, abnormal positioning of the joint and various other developmental, congenital factors, and method of delivery (e.g., oligohydramnios). when dislocation is diagnosed in neonates it is referred to as congenital hip dysplasia
Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: concept that the origins of lifestyle-related disease is formed at the time of fertilization, embryonic, fetal, and neonatal stages by the interrelation between genes and the environments (nutrition, stress, or environmental chemicals). (j cardiol 2020 jul;76(1):14-17)
Device Approval: process that is gone through in order for a device to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. this includes any required preclinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance. it is not restricted to fda
Device Lead Extraction: removal of electronic wire lead(s) of implanted electrodes, e.g., implanted artificial pacemaker or implantable cardioverter defibrillator
Devriendt syndrome: severe short stature, hyperphalangy of the index fingers, mental retardation and facial dysmorphism
Dexa-BEAM protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used as a salvage chemotherapy for patients with hodgkin's disease
Dexa-PAMB protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in the treatment of pleomorphic t-cell lymphoma
Dexamethasone: an anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid
Dexamethasone Isonicotinate: an anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic glucocorticoid that can be administered orally, by inhalation, locally, and parenterally. it may cause water and salt retention
Dexetimide: a muscarinic antagonist that has been used to treat neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. benzetimide is the (-)-enantimorph of dexetimide
Dexfenfluramine: the s-isomer of fenfluramine. it is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity
Dexlansoprazole: the r-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe gastroesophageal reflux disease
Dexmedetomidine: an imidazole derivative that is an agonist of adrenergic alpha-2 receptors. it is closely related to medetomidine, which is the racemic form of this compound
Dexmethylphenidate Hydrochloride: a methylphenidate derivative, dopamine uptake inhibitor and central nervous system stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Dexpramipexole: the (r)-(+) enantiomer of pramipexole. dexpramipexole has lower affinity for dopamine receptors than pramipexole
Dextran Sulfate: long-chain polymer of glucose containing 17-20% sulfur. it has been used as an anticoagulant and also has been shown to inhibit the binding of hiv-1 to cd4-positive t-lymphocytes. it is commonly used as both an experimental and clinical laboratory reagent and has been investigated for use as an antiviral agent, in the treatment of hypolipidemia, and for the prevention of free radical damage, among other applications
Dextrans: a group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. they are also commonly used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes
Dextrins: a group of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. they are mixtures of polymers of d-glucose units linked by alpha-(1->4) or alpha-(1->6) glycosidic bonds
Dextroamphetamine: the d-form of amphetamine. it is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. it has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. it is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic
Dextrocardia: a congenital defect in which the heart is located on the right side of the thorax instead of on the left side (levocardia, the normal position). when dextrocardia is accompanied with inverted heart atria, a right-sided stomach, and a left-sided liver, the combination is called dextrocardia with situs inversus. dextrocardia may adversely affect other thoracic organs
Dextromethorphan: methyl analog of dextrorphan that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. this compound is an nmda receptor antagonist (receptors, n-methyl-d-aspartate) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. it is one of the widely used antitussives, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity
Dextromoramide: an opioid analgesic structurally related to methadone and used in the treatment of severe pain. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1070)
Dextropropoxyphene: a narcotic analgesic structurally related to methadone. only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect
Dextrorphan: dextro form of levorphanol. it acts as a noncompetitive nmda receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. it is also a metabolite of dextromethorphan
Dextrothyroxine: the dextrorotary isomer of the synthetic thyroxine
DiGeorge Syndrome: congenital syndrome characterized by a wide spectrum of characteristics including the absence of the thymus and parathyroid glands resulting in t-cell immunodeficiency, hypocalcemia, defects in the outflow tract of the heart, and craniofacial anomalies
DiGeorgeův syndrom: vzácný závažný vrozený syndrom charakterizovaný aplazií thymu a příštítných tělísek a poruchou aortálního oblouku v důsledku poruchy vývoje 3. a 4. žaberní výchlipky. mohou být přítomny ještě další anomálie (čelisti, obličeje, boltců apod). u některých postižených je defekt na 22. chromozomu (lokus 22q11). po narození bývají tetanie z hypokalcemie a projevy srdeční vady. později se začínají objevovat infekční komplikace charakteru buněčné imunodeficience. při parciálním d. s. je variabilní nález hypoplazie thymu, děti nemusejí mít vážné problémy s infekty ani s růstem, mohou být projevy hypokalcemie. klinický obraz kompletního d. s. odpovídá scid. léčba spočívá v transplantaci kostní dřeně a thymu. prognóza je dána včasnou a úspěšnou léčbou, bez které je infaustní. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Diabesity: co-occurrence of diabetes mellitus and obesity largely due to diabetic complication from hyperglycemia. diabesity is also associated with faster deterioration of diabetic symptoms and complications
Diabetes Complications: conditions or pathological processes associated with the disease of diabetes mellitus. due to the impaired control of blood glucose level in diabetic patients, pathological processes develop in numerous tissues and organs including the eye, the kidney, the blood vessels, and the nerve tissue
Diabetes Insipidus: a disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute urine, and excessive thirst. etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as adh or vasopressin) secreted by the neurohypophysis, impaired kidney response to adh, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst
Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic: a genetic or acquired polyuric disorder characterized by persistent hypotonic urine and hypokalemia. this condition is due to renal tubular insensitivity to vasopressin and failure to reduce urine volume. it may be the result of mutations of genes encoding vasopressin receptors or aquaporin-2; kidney diseases; adverse drug effects; or complications from pregnancy
Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic: a genetic or acquired polyuric disorder caused by a deficiency of vasopressins secreted by the neurohypophysis. clinical signs include the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine; hypernatremia; thirst; and polydipsia. etiologies include head trauma; surgeries and diseases involving the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. this disorder may also be caused by mutations of genes such as arvp encoding vasopressin and its corresponding neurophysin (neurophysins)
Diabetes Mellitus: a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental: diabetes mellitus induced experimentally by administration of various diabetogenic agents or by pancreatectomy
Diabetes Mellitus, Lipoatrophic: a type of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by severe insulin resistance and lipodystrophy. the latter may be generalized, partial, acquired, or congenital (lipodystrophy, congenital generalized)
Diabetes Mellitus, Noninsulin-Dependent, 2: a hereditary predisposition to type ii diabetes has been mapped to chromosome 12q. omim: 601407
Diabetes Mellitus, Permanent Neonatal: a rare autosomal dominant genetically heterogeneous hereditary form of diabetes mellitus which is distinct from type i diabetes mellitus and affected individuals present with insulin-requiring hyperglycemia within the first 3 months of life. about 50% of cases resolve by 3 months but may later develop type ii diabetes. the cases that do not resolve develop permanent insulin-dependent diabetes and many also have neurologic and morphologic abnormalities. mutations in the gck, kcnj11, abcc8, and ins genes have been identified. omim: 606176
Diabetes Mellitus, Permanent Neonatal, With Neurologic Features: distinct from childhood-onset autoimmune diabetes mellitus type i
Diabetes Mellitus, Transient Neonatal, 2: mutation in abcc8
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1: a subtype of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by insulin deficiency. it is manifested by the sudden onset of severe hyperglycemia, rapid progression to diabetic ketoacidosis, and death unless treated with insulin. the disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2: a subclass of diabetes mellitus that is not insulin-responsive or dependent (niddm). it is characterized initially by insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia; and eventually by glucose intolerance; hyperglycemia; and overt diabetes. type ii diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. patients seldom develop ketosis but often exhibit obesity
Diabetes, Gestational: diabetes mellitus induced by pregnancy but resolved at the end of pregnancy. it does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (pregnancy in diabetics). gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to insulin resistance; glucose intolerance; and hyperglycemia
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies: diabetes complications in which ventricular remodeling in the absence of coronary atherosclerosis and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically left ventricular dysfunction. the changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance
Diabetic Coma: a state of unconsciousness as a complication of diabetes mellitus. it occurs in cases of extreme hyperglycemia or extreme hypoglycemia as a complication of insulin therapy
Diabetic Foot: common foot problems in persons with diabetes mellitus, caused by any combination of factors such as diabetic neuropathies; peripheral vascular diseases; and infection. with the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, gangrene and amputation, surgical
Diabetic Ketoacidosis: a life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of type 1 diabetes mellitus with severe insulin deficiency and extreme hyperglycemia. it is characterized by ketosis; dehydration; and depressed consciousness leading to coma
Diabetic Nephropathies: kidney injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting kidney glomerulus; arterioles; kidney tubules; and the interstitium. clinical signs include persistent proteinuria, from microalbuminuria progressing to albuminuria of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced glomerular filtration rate and end-stage renal disease
Diabetic Neuropathies: peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with diabetes mellitus. these conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (vasa nervorum). relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see oculomotor nerve diseases); mononeuropathy; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful polyneuropathy; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1325)
Diabetic Retinopathy: disease of the retina as a complication of diabetes mellitus. it is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as aneurysm, interretinal edema, and intraocular pathologic neovascularization
Diabulimia: eating disorder occurring typically in patients with diabetes mellitus, type 1 who restrict insulin intake in order to lose weight
Diacetyl: carrier of aroma of butter, vinegar, coffee, and other foods
Diacylglycerol Cholinephosphotransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of phosphatidylcholines from cdpcholine and 1,2-diacylglycerols. ec 2.7.8.2
Diacylglycerol Kinase: an enzyme of the transferase class that uses atp to catalyze the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol to a phosphatidate. ec 2.7.1.107
Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyses the last step of the triacylglycerol synthesis reaction in which diacylglycerol is covalently joined to long-chain acyl coa to form triglyceride. it was formerly categorized as ec 2.3.1.124
Diagnosis: the determination of the nature of a disease or condition, or the distinguishing of one disease or condition from another. assessment may be made through physical examination, laboratory tests, or the likes. computerized programs may be used to enhance the decision-making process
Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted: application of computer programs designed to assist the physician in solving a diagnostic problem
Diagnosis, Differential: determination of which one of two or more diseases or conditions a patient is suffering from by systematically comparing and contrasting results of diagnostic measures
Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry): the co-existence of a substance abuse disorder with a psychiatric disorder. the diagnostic principle is based on the fact that it has been found often that chemically dependent patients also have psychiatric problems of various degrees of severity
Diagnosis, Oral: examination of the mouth and teeth toward the identification and diagnosis of intraoral disease or manifestation of non-oral conditions
Diagnosis-Related Groups: a system for classifying patient care by relating common characteristics such as diagnosis, treatment, and age to an expected consumption of hospital resources and length of stay. its purpose is to provide a framework for specifying case mix and to reduce hospital costs and reimbursements and it forms the cornerstone of the prospective payment system