NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Imaging: any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. it includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy
Diagnostic Reference Levels: radiological values used as guides to indicate whether the radiation dosage or amount of radiopharmaceutical being given to a patient is unusually high or unusually low for the specific medical imaging procedure
Diagnostic Screening Programs: services for the presumptive identification of unrecognized disease in an apparently healthy, asymptomatic population by means of tests, examinations or other procedures that can be applied rapidly and easily to the target population. (from world health organization http://www.who.int/cancer/prevention/diagnosis-screening/screening/en/ oct. 24,2017)
Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures: methods, procedures, and tests performed to diagnose disease, disordered function, or disability
Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular: methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases or dysfunction of the cardiovascular system or its organs or demonstration of their physiological processes
Diagnostic Techniques, Digestive System: methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases or dysfunction of the digestive system or its organs or demonstration of their physiological processes
Diagnostic Techniques, Endocrine: methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases or dysfunction of the endocrine glands or demonstration of their physiological processes
Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological: methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the nervous system, central and peripheral, or demonstration of neurologic function or dysfunction
Diagnostic Techniques, Obstetrical and Gynecological: methods and procedures for the diagnosis of conditions related to pregnancy, labor, and the puerperium and of diseases of the female genitalia. it includes also demonstration of genital and pregnancy physiology
Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological: methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye or of vision disorders
Diagnostic Techniques, Otological: methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the ear or of hearing disorders or demonstration of hearing acuity or loss
Diagnostic Techniques, Radioisotope: any diagnostic evaluation using radioactive (unstable) isotopes. this diagnosis includes many nuclear medicine procedures as well as radioimmunoassay tests
Diagnostic Techniques, Respiratory System: methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the respiratory tract or its organs. it includes respiratory function tests
Diagnostic Techniques, Surgical: methods and procedures for the diagnosis of disease or dysfunction by examination of the pathological site or operative field during surgical intervention
Diagnostic Techniques, Urological: methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases or dysfunction of the urinary tract or its organs or demonstration of its physiological processes
Diagnostic Test Approval: the process of gaining approval by a government regulatory agency for diagnostic reagents and test kits. this includes any required preclinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance
Diagnostic Tests, Routine: diagnostic procedures, such as laboratory tests and x-rays, routinely performed on all individuals or specified categories of individuals in a specified situation, e.g., patients being admitted to the hospital. these include routine tests administered to neonates
Diagnostic Uses of Chemicals: chemicals administered to patients in order to diagnose or study the pathology of medical conditions, diseases, or syndromes
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: categorical classification of mental disorders based on criteria sets with defining features. it is produced by the american psychiatric association. (dsm-iv, page xxii)
Diagonal Band of Broca: cholinergic bundle of nerve fibers posterior to the anterior perforated substance. it interconnects the paraterminal gyrus in the septal area with the hippocampus and lateral olfactory area
Dialectical Behavior Therapy: a flexible, stage-based therapy that combines principles of behavior therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, and mindfulness. it concurrently promotes acceptance and change, especially with difficult-to-treat patients
Dialysis: a process of selective diffusion through a membrane. it is usually used to separate low-molecular-weight solutes which diffuse through the membrane from the colloidal and high-molecular-weight solutes which do not. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Dialysis Solutions: solutions prepared for exchange across a semipermeable membrane of solutes below a molecular size determined by the cutoff threshold of the membrane material
Diamfenetide: anthelmintic. it has been shown to be useful in fasciola infections in sheep
Diamide: a sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. it is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells
Diaminopimelic Acid: a diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at c-2 and c-6 and the general formula (cooh)ch(nh2)ch2ch2ch2ch(nh2)(cooh)
Diamond: diamond. a crystalline form of carbon that occurs as hard, colorless or tinted isomeric crystals. it is used as a precious stone, for cutting glass, and as bearings for delicate mechanisms. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Diamond Lite: a direct composite containing phenol-epoxy monomer and borosilicate glass
Diamond-Blackfan Anemia 1: a type of diamond-blackfan anemia. patients may also have craniofacial, skeletal, and cardiovascular abnormalities. it is caused by mutations in the ribosomal protein s19 (rps19) gene. omim: 105650
Diamondova-Blackfanova anemie: vzácná vrozená anemie s čistou aplazií červené krevní řady. projeví se často v prvních měsících života, může mít různou tíži, obv. je však závažná. je přítomna makrocytová anemie, retikulocytopenie a normocelulární kostní dřeň se selektivním chyběním erytroidních prekurzorů; leukocyty a destičky bývají obv. v normálním počtu. je zvýšené riziko zejm. hematologických malignit, popř. i solidních nádorů. většina postižených má v erytrocytech zvýšenou aktivitu adenosin deaminázy. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Dianhydrogalactitol: one of the cytotoxic dihalohexitols that alkylates and cross-links dna via an epoxide group during all phases of the cell cycle, resulting in a disruption of dna function and cell cycle arrest. it has antineoplastic activity and also causes bone marrow toxicity
Dianisidine: highly toxic compound which can cause skin irritation and sensitization. it is used in manufacture of azo dyes
Dianthus: a plant genus of the family caryophyllaceae. members contain dianthins, which are ribosome inactivating proteins
Dianthus: rostlinný rod z čeledi caryophyllaceae - hvozdíkovité. zástupci obsahují cytotoxické dianthiny, což jsou proteiny inaktivující ribozomy
Diapause: a period of arrested growth or development in animals that is triggered by external conditions, such as length of day, extreme temperatures, or reduced food availability. it can occur at the embryonic, larval, pupal, or adult stage, depending on the species
Diapause, Insect: seasonal suspension of insect growth development. it can be either induced by environmental cues (e.g., photoperiod) or as a facultative part of the life cycle in order to time development with seasonal changes
Diaper Rash: a type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent
Diapers, Adult: absorbent pads designed to be worn as underpants or pants liners by adults
Diapers, Infant: absorbent pads designed to be worn by infants and very young children
Diaphorina citri: imported psyllid which is a carrier of bacterium candidatus liberibacter asiaticus that causes huanglongbing disease or citrus greening disease
Diaphragm: the musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inhalation
Diaphragmatic Eventration: a congenital abnormality characterized by the elevation of the diaphragm dome. it is the result of a thinned diaphragmatic muscle and injured phrenic nerve, allowing the intra-abdominal viscera to push the diaphragm upward against the lung
Diaries as Topic: works on or about records, usually private, of writers' experiences, observations, feelings, attitudes, etc. they may also be works marked in calendar order in which to note appointments and the like
Diarrhea: an increased liquidity or decreased consistency of feces, such as running stool. fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight
Diarrhea 3, Secretory Sodium, Congenital: mutation in spint2
Diarrhea 4, Malabsorptive, Congenital: mutation in neurog3
Diarrhea 5, With Tufting Enteropathy, Congenital: mutations in epcam
Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral: a species of pestivirus causing systemic infections (bovine virus diarrhea-mucosal disease) in cattle and some other cloven-hoofed animals. there are several strains and two biotypes: cytopathic (rare) and non-cytopathic. infections range from clinically inapparent to severe, but do not correlate with biotypes
Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral: a species of pestivirus causing systemic infections including bovine virus diarrhea-mucosal disease and bovine hemorrhagic syndrome in cattle and some other cloven-hoofed animals. there are several strains and two biotypes: cytopathic (rare) and non-cytopathic. the severity of disease appears to be strain dependent. cytopathogenic effects do not correlate with virulence as non-cytopathic bvdv-2 is associated only with hemorrhagic disease, bovine
Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral: a group of viruses in the genus pestivirus, causing diarrhea, fever, oral ulcerations, hemorrhagic syndrome, and various necrotic lesions among cattle and other domestic animals. the two species (genotypes), bvdv-1 and bvdv-2 , exhibit antigenic and pathological differences. the historical designation, bvdv, consisted of both (then unrecognized) genotypes
Diarrhea prodrome + Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: acute renal failure, thrombocytopenia, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia associated with distorted erythrocytes ('burr cells')
Diarrhea, Infantile: diarrhea occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old
Diary: work consisting of records, usually private, of writers' experiences, observations, feelings, attitudes, etc. they may also be works marked in calendar order in which to note appointments and the like. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Diarylheptanoids: a group of compounds consisting of two aryl rings linked by seven carbons (heptanes) which may be acyclic (linear) or cyclic. it is a group of secondary metabolites in polyketide synthesis pathway best exemplified by a linear diarylheptanoid curcumin
Diarylquinolines: a class of quinoline compounds defined by the presence of two aromatic ring structures which are attached via a side chain to carbon 3 of the qunolinyl structure. the two aromatic moieties are typically napthalene and benzene. several compounds in this class are used as antitubercular agents
Diaschisis: loss or decreased brain function within intact region of the brain distant from the site of the lesion
Diastole: post-systolic relaxation of the heart, especially the heart ventricles
Diastrophic dysplasia: an autosomal recessive type of dwarfism characterized by scoliosis, a form of clubbed foot bilaterally, malformed pinnae with calcification of the cartilage, premature calcification of the costal cartilages, and cleft palate in some cases. mutations in the slc26a2 gene have been identified. omim: 222600
Diatemp: contains: polyurethane dimethacrylate; hydrophilic methacrylate; nano-sized silica, nano-sized silver, stabilizer, and catalysts
Diathermy: the induction of local hyperthermia by either short radio waves or high-frequency sound waves
Diatomaceous Earth: a form of silicon dioxide composed of skeletons of prehistoric aquatic plants which is used for its absorption quality, taking up 1.5-4 times its weight in water. the microscopic sharp edges are useful for insect control but can also be an inhalation hazard. it has been used in baked goods and animal feed. kieselguhr is german for flint + earthy sediment
Diatoms: the common name for the phylum of microscopic unicellular stramenopiles. most are aquatic, being found in fresh, brackish, and salt water. diatoms are noted for the symmetry and sculpturing of their siliceous cell walls. they account for 40% of phytoplankton, but not all diatoms are planktonic
Diatrizoate: a commonly used x-ray contrast medium. as diatrizoate meglumine and as diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography
Diatrizoate Meglumine: a versatile contrast medium used for diagnostic x-ray radiology
Diazepam: a benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. its actions are mediated by enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid activity
Diazepam Binding Inhibitor: an 86-amino acid polypeptide, found in central and peripheral tissues, that displaces diazepam from the benzodiazepine recognition site on the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (receptors, gaba). it also binds medium- and long-chain acyl-coa esters and serves as an acyl-coa transporter. this peptide regulates lipid metabolism
Diazinon: a cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide
Diazonium Compounds: azo compounds consisting of an aryl or alkyl group that is joined through two nitrogen atoms to an anion (r-n2+x-)
Diazooxonorleucine: an amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. it is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of streptomyces from peruvian soil. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Diazoxide: a benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. it lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group
Dibekacin: analog of kanamycin with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties
Dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11H)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide: inhibits the activity of prostaglandins
Dibenzocycloheptenes: a family of tricyclic hydrocarbons whose members include many of the commonly used tricyclic antidepressants (antidepressive agents, tricyclic)
Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated: dibenzofurans that contain chloride atoms bound to the aromatic rings of the structure
Dibromothymoquinone: at low concentrations, this compound inhibits reduction of conventional hydrophilic electron acceptors, probably acting as a plastoquinone antagonist. at higher concentrations, it acts as an electron acceptor, intercepting electrons either before or at the site of its inhibitory activity
Dibucaine: a local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. it is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006)
Dibutyl Phthalate: a plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. it may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure
Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: n-(1-oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. a derivative of cyclic gmp. it has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic gmp
Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine: 1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester
Dicarboxylic Acid Transporters: a family of organic anion transporters that specifically transport dicarboxylic acids such as alpha-ketoglutaric acid across cellular membranes
Dicarboxylic Acids: acyclic acids that contain two carboxyl groups and have the formula ho2c-r-co2h, where r may be an aromatic or aliphatic group
Dicentra: a genus of herbaceous plants with asymmetrically-shaped flowers and finely divided leaves, native to east asia and north america
Dicentra: rod bylin s asymetricky tvarovanými květy a jemně rozdělenými listy, původem z východní asie a severní ameriky
Dichelobacter nodosus: a gram-negative, obligate anaerobe of the family cardiobacteriaceae. it has polar fimbriae and is the causative agent of foot rot and digital dermatitis. it is the lone species in the genus dichelobacter
Dichelobacter nodosus: druh gramnegativní, obligátně anaerobní bakterie čeledi cardiobacteriaceae. má polární fimbrie a je původcem pododermatitidy a digitální dermatitidy. je jediným druhem rodu dichelobacter
Dichloroacetic Acid: a derivative of acetic acid that contains two chlorine atoms attached to its methyl group
Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: an organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of ddt
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: an organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (from merck index, 11th ed, p482)
Dichloroethylenes: toxic chlorinated unsaturated hydrocarbons. include both the 1,1- and 1,2-dichloro isomers. both isomers are toxic, but 1,1-dichloroethylene is the more potent cns depressant and hepatotoxin. it is used in the manufacture of thermoplastic polymers
Dichlorophen: nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. it tends to produce colic and nausea. it is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (from merck, 11th ed.)
Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: an rna polymerase ii transcriptional inhibitor. this compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of rna synthesis. it is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation
Dichlorphenamide: a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma
Dichlorvos: an organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits acetylcholinesterase
Dichotic Listening Tests: tests for central hearing disorders based on the competing message technique (binaural separation)
Dicistroviridae: a family of invertebrate rna viruses in the order picornavirales
Dicistroviridae: čeleď rna-virů bezobratlých, která patří do řádu picornavirales
Dickeya: a genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family pectobacteriaceae and the order enterobacterales. species of this genus are known phytopathogens that cause various diseases in plants such as potatoes. it is closely related to pectobacterium chrysanthemi
Dickeya: rod gramnegativních bakterií čeledi pectobacteriaceae, řádu enterobacterales. druhy tohoto rodu jsou známými patogeny rostlin, napadají např. brambory. rod je blízce příbuzný s pectobacterium chrysanthemi
Dickeya chrysanthemi: a species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that causes vascular wilts on a wide range of plant species. it was formerly named erwinia chrysanthemi and pectobacterium chrysanthemi
Dickeya chrysanthemi: druh gramnegativní, fakultativně anaerobní, tyčinkovité bakterie, která ucpává cévní systém řady rostlin a způsobuje měkkou hnilobu hlíz a příležitostně i vadnutí rostlin. dříve klasifikovaná jako erwinia chrysanthemi
Diclofenac: a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (nsaid) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. it is primarily available as the sodium salt
Dicloxacillin: one of the penicillins which is resistant to penicillinase
Dicrocoeliidae: a family of flattened, translucent flukes (trematoda) occurring in the gut, gallbladder, bile ducts, liver or pancreatic ducts of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. (noble et al., parasitology: the biology of animal parasites, 6th ed, p188)
Dicrocoeliidae: čeleď zploštělých, průsvitných motolic, které žijí ve střevech, žlučovém ústrojí, játrech nebo vývodech slinivky obojživelníků, plazů, ptáků a savců
Dicrocoelium: a genus of trematode liver flukes of the family dicrocoeliidae which includes the species dendriticum and hospes. it occurs in the biliary passages or liver of many vertebrates including man. the intermediate hosts are mainly mollusks but occasionally ants
Dicrocoelium: rod jaterních motolic čeledi dicrocoeliidae, kam patří druhy d. dendriticum a d. hospes. vyskytuje se ve žlučových cestách řady obratlovců včetně člověka. k mezihostitelům patří zejména měkkýši a dále také mravenci
Dictamnus: a plant genus of the family rutaceae. members contain eudesmane type sesquiterpenes; coumarins, and obacunone (a limonoid)
Dictionaries, Classical as Topic: works about or subject matter related to reference works on the greco-roman world
Dictionaries, Dental as Topic: works about or subject matter related to reference works listing and describing concepts related to oral medicine and dentistry
Dictionaries, Medical as Topic: works about or subject matter related to reference works listing and describing concepts related to medicine
Dictionaries, Pharmaceutic as Topic: works about specialized reference lists and descriptions of drugs and related concepts
Dictionary: a reference book containing a list of words - usually in alphabetical order - giving information about form, pronunciation, etymology, grammar, and meaning. a foreign-language dictionary is an alphabetical list of words of one language with their meaning and equivalents in another language
Dictionary, Chemical: a reference book containing a list of words related to chemistry-usually in alphabetic order-giving information about form, pronunciation, etymology, grammar, and meaning
Dictionary, Classical: a reference work containing a list of words related to the greco-roman world giving information about form, pronunciation, etymology, grammar, and meaning
Dictionary, Dental: a reference book containing a list of words related to dentistry-usually in alphabetic order-giving information about form, pronunciation, etymology, grammar, and meaning
Dictionary, Medical: a reference book containing a list of words related to medicine-usually in alphabetic order-giving information about form, pronunciation, etymology, grammar, and meaning
Dictionary, Pharmaceutic: a reference book containing a list of words related to pharmacy-usually in alphabetic order-giving information about form, pronunciation, etymology, grammar, and meaning
Dictyocaulus: nematodes parasitic in the bronchi of herbivorous animals
Dictyocaulus: rod parazitických hlístic, které žijí v průduškách býložravců
Dictyocaulus Infections: infection with nematodes of the genus dictyocaulus. in deer, cattle, sheep, and horses the bronchi are the site of infestation
Dictyosteliida: an order of protozoa characterized by their ability to aggregate to form a multicellular pseudoplasmodium, which gives rise to a multispored fruiting body. a stalk tube is present
Dictyosteliida: řád prvoků, pro které je charakteristická schopnost shlukování do mnohobuněčných pseudoplazmodií. z nich se dále vyvíjí multisporická plodnička se stopkou
Dictyostelium: a genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. its natural habitat is decaying forest leaves, where it feeds on bacteria. d. discoideum is the best-known species and is widely used in biomedical research
Dictyostelium: rod hlenek, dříve zařazovaných mezi houby. jejich přirozeným prostředím je tlející listí, kde se živí bakteriemi. nejznámějším druhem je d. discoideum, který se často používá v biomedicínském výzkumu
Dicumarol: an oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin k. it is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide: a carbodiimide that is used as a chemical intermediate and coupling agent in peptide synthesis. (from hawley's condensed chemical dictionary, 12th ed)
Dicyclomine: a muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. it has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. it does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms
Didanosine: a dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. this modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. didanosine is a potent inhibitor of hiv replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral dna by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddi is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite
Didelphis: a genus of large opossums in the family didelphidae, found in the americas. the species didelphis virginiana is prominent in north america
Didelphis: rod velkých vačic čeledi didelphidae (vačicovití), které žijí v americe. druh didelphis virginiana (vačice virginská) se jako jediný rozšířil v severní americe
Dideoxyadenosine: a dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. this modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. the compound is an inhibitor of hiv replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral dna by binding to reverse transcriptase. its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. in vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to didanosine (ddi) by enzymatic deamination; ddi is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite
Dideoxynucleosides: nucleosides that have two hydroxy groups removed from the sugar moiety. the majority of these compounds have broad-spectrum antiretroviral activity due to their action as antimetabolites. the nucleosides are phosphorylated intracellularly to their 5'-triphosphates and act as chain-terminating inhibitors of viral reverse transcription
Dideoxynucleotides: the phosphate esters of dideoxynucleosides
Dieldrin: an organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the united states. it has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (from hsdb)
Dielectric Spectroscopy: a technique of measuring the dielectric properties of materials, which vary over a range of frequencies depending on the physical properties of the material. the technique involves measuring, over a range of frequencies, electrical impedance and phase shift of an electric field as it passes through the material
Diencephalon: the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus; hypothalamus; epithalamus; and subthalamus are derived
Dienestrol: a synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen structurally related to stilbestrol. it is used, usually as the cream, in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms
Dientamoeba: a genus of minute eukaryotes that are characterized by the preponderance of binucleate over uninucleate forms, the presence of several distinct granules in the karyosome, and the lack of a cystic stage. it is parasitic in the large intestine of humans and certain monkeys
Dientamoeba: rod malých eukaryot s převahou dvoujaderné formy. jejich karyosom má několik granul chromatinu, stadium cysty chybí. parazituje v tlustém střevě lidí a určitých druhů opic
Dientamoebiasis: gastrointestinal infection with organisms of the genus dientamoeba
Diestrus: a phase of the estrous cycles that follows metestrus. diestrus is a period of sexual quiescence separating phases of estrus in polyestrous animals
Diet Fads: diets which become fashionable, but which are not necessarily nutritious.(lehninger 1982, page 484)
Diet Surveys: systematic collections of factual data pertaining to the diet of a human population within a given geographic area
Diet Therapy: adjusting the quantity and quality of food intake to improve health status of an individual. this term does not include the methods of food intake (nutritional support)
Diet, Atherogenic: a diet that contributes to the development and acceleration of atherogenesis
Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted: a diet that contains limited amounts of carbohydrates. this is in distinction to a regular diet
Diet, Cariogenic: a consistent pattern of food and drink consumption that contributes to the development and advancement of dental caries
Diet, Diabetic: a course of food intake prescribed for patients, that limits the amount of foods with a high glycemic index
Diet, Fat-Restricted: a diet that contains limited amounts of fat with less than 30% of calories from all fats and less than 10% from saturated fat. such a diet is used in control of hyperlipidemias. (from bondy et al, metabolic control and disease, 8th ed, pp468-70; dorland, 27th ed)
Diet, Food, and Nutrition: concepts involved with nutritional physiology, including categories of substances eaten for sustenance, nutritional phenomena and processes, eating patterns and habits, and measurable nutritional parameters
Diet, Gluten-Free: a diet which is devoid of glutens from wheat; barley; rye; and other wheat-related varieties. the diet is designed to reduce exposure to those proteins in gluten that trigger inflammation of the small intestinal mucosa in patients with celiac disease
Diet, High-Protein Low-Carbohydrate: a diet that consists mainly of foods with a high content of protein and limited amounts of carbohydrates
Diet, Ketogenic: a course of food intake that is high in fats and low in carbohydrates. this diet provides sufficient proteins for growth but insufficient amount of carbohydrates for the energy needs of the body. a ketogenic diet generates 80-90% of caloric requirements from fats and the remainder from proteins
Diet, Macrobiotic: an approach to nutrition based on whole cereal grains, beans, cooked vegetables and the chinese yin-yang principle. it advocates a diet consisting of organic and locally grown foods, seasonal vegetables, complex carbohydrates, and fewer fats, sugars, and chemically processed foods
Diet, Mediterranean: a diet typical of the mediterranean region characterized by a pattern high in fruits and vegetables, edible grain and bread, potatoes, poultry, beans, nuts, olive oil and fish while low in red meat and dairy and moderate in alcohol consumption
Diet, Paleolithic: a nutritional plan based on the presumed diet of pre-agricultural human ancestors. it consists mainly of meat, eggs, nuts, roots and fresh vegetables and fruits, and excludes grain, legumes, dairy products, and refined dietary sugars
Diet, Plant-Based: a diet that emphasizes consumption of plant foods, such as grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes while reducing intake of animal-based foods
Diet, Protein-Restricted: a diet that contains limited amounts of protein. it is prescribed in some cases to slow the progression of renal failure. (from segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Diet, Sodium-Restricted: a diet which contains very little sodium chloride. it is prescribed by some for hypertension and for edematous states. (dorland, 27th ed)
Diet, Vegetarian: the dietary practice of completely avoiding meat or fish products in the diet, consuming vegetables, cereals, and nuts. some vegetarian diets called lacto-ovo also include milk and egg products
Diet, Western: a pattern of food consumption adopted mainly by the people of north america and western europe. it is mainly characterized by high intake of meat, processed grains, dietary sugars, dairy products, and dietary fats
Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products: advanced glycation end products (ages) present in food. they are absorbed by the gastrointestinal system and contribute to the body's total ages. the food browning reaction, such as occurs during food processing or cooking with high heat (frying, broiling, grilling, roasting, etc.) accelerates the formation of ages in food
Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension: dietary recommendations that promote reduction in or prevention of high blood pressure. recommendations include increasing intake of fruits and vegetables, and high-fiber, low-fat foods and reducing the intake of dietary sodium and high fat foods
Dietary Carbohydrates: carbohydrates present in food comprising digestible sugars and starches and indigestible cellulose and other dietary fibers. the former are the major source of energy. the sugars are in beet and cane sugar, fruits, honey, sweet corn, corn syrup, milk and milk products, etc.; the starches are in cereal grains, legumes (fabaceae), tubers, etc. (from claudio & lagua, nutrition and diet therapy dictionary, 3d ed, p32, p277)
Dietary Exposure: the exposure to potentially harmful factors such as trace heavy metals, chemicals, radiation, or toxins due to food contamination including drinking water contamination
Dietary Fats: fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. they are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados
Dietary Fats, Unsaturated: unsaturated fats or oils used in foods or as a food
Dietary Fiber: the remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. it comprises various polysaccharides and lignins
Dietary Patterns: foods and beverages that an individual or group of humans or animals habitually consume
Dietary Services: services provided by dietitians or nutritionists to meet the nutritional needs of individuals, including consultation with other professional personnel
Dietary Sucrose: sucrose present in the diet. it is added to food and drinks as a sweetener
Dietary Sugars: monosaccharides and disaccharides present in food, such as those present in fruits and vegetables and milk products, or those added to food such as dietary sucrose (table sugar) or high fructose corn syrup
Dietary Supplements: products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide dietary ingredients, and that are intended to be taken by mouth to increase the intake of nutrients. dietary supplements can include macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; and/or micronutrients, such as vitamins; minerals; and phytochemicals
Dietetics: the application of nutritional principles to regulation of the diet and feeding persons or groups of persons
Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent
Diethylamines: diethylamine with the formula ch3ch2nhch2ch3 and its derivatives
Diethylcarbamazine: an anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with wucheria bancrofti or loa loa
Diethylhexyl Phthalate: an ester of phthalic acid. it appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers
Diethylnitrosamine: a nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties
Diethylpropion: a appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. it is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1994, p2290)
Diethylstilbestrol: a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. it was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. according to the fourth annual report on carcinogens (ntp 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (merck, 11th ed)
Differential Thermal Analysis: technique by which phase transitions of chemical reactions can be followed by observation of the heat absorbed or liberated
Differential Threshold: the smallest difference which can be discriminated between two stimuli or one which is barely above the threshold
Diffuse Axonal Injury: a relatively common sequela of blunt head injury, characterized by a global disruption of axons throughout the brain. associated clinical features may include neurobehavioral manifestations; persistent vegetative state; dementia; and other disorders
Diffuse Cerebral Sclerosis of Schilder: a rare central nervous system demyelinating condition affecting children and young adults. pathologic findings include a large, sharply defined, asymmetric focus of myelin destruction that may involve an entire lobe or cerebral hemisphere. the clinical course tends to be progressive and includes dementia, cortical blindness, cortical deafness, spastic hemiplegia, and pseudobulbar palsy. concentric sclerosis of balo is differentiated from diffuse cerebral sclerosis of schilder by the pathologic finding of alternating bands of destruction and preservation of myelin in concentric rings. alpers' syndrome refers to a heterogeneous group of diseases that feature progressive cerebral deterioration and liver disease. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p914; dev neurosci 1991;13(4-5):267-73)
Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma: a rare, aggressive brain tumor that forms in the glial cells in the pons
Diffuse Neurofibrillary Tangles with Calcification: a form of presenile dementia characterized by cortical dementia, neurofibrillary tangles without senile plaques, fahr's type calcinosis, and atrophy in frontotemporal or temporal lobe
Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Control: a physiological process by which the perception of pain at a local area of the body is inhibited by a second painful stimulus administered at a distal body site
Diffuse panbronchiolitis: a rare chronic inflammatory obstructive pulmonary disease that occurs more frequently in persons of east asian descent. onset is in adulthood or middle age and is characterized by inflammation of the bronchioles, chronic cough, exertional dyspnea, and sputum production. most patients also have chronic paranasal sinusitis, haemophilus influenzae and pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. if untreated, the disorder progresses to bronchiectasis and respiratory failure. it has been mapped to a region of chromosome 6. omim: 604809
Diffusil Care: delousing formulation against the head louse (pediculus capitis l.); contains isopropyl myristate, cyclomethicone, and dimethiconol); caused 100% mortality of exposed lice
Diffusion: the tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. diffusion, especially facilitated diffusion, is a major mechanism of biological transport
Diffusion Chambers, Culture: devices used in a technique by which cells or tissues are grown in vitro or, by implantation, in vivo within chambers permeable to diffusion of solutes across the chamber walls. the chambers are used for studies of drug effects, osmotic responses, cytogenic and immunologic phenomena, metabolism, etc., and include tissue cages
Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging: a diagnostic technique that incorporates the measurement of molecular diffusion (such as water or metabolites) for tissue assessment by mri. the degree of molecular movement can be measured by changes of apparent diffusion coefficient (adc) with time, as reflected by tissue microstructure. diffusion mri has been used to study brain ischemia and tumor response to treatment
Diffusion Tensor Imaging: the use of diffusion anisotropy data from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging results to construct images based on the direction of the faster diffusing molecules
Diffusion of Innovation: the broad dissemination of new ideas, procedures, techniques, materials, and devices and the degree to which these are accepted and used
Diflubenzuron: an insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. it is effective in the control of mosquitoes and flies
Diflucortolone: a topical glucocorticoid used in various dermatoses. it is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. it is also administered as the valerate
Diflunisal: a salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of aspirin
Digestive System: a group of organs stretching from the mouth to the anus, serving to breakdown foods, assimilate nutrients, and eliminate waste. in humans, the digestive system includes the gastrointestinal tract and the accessory glands (liver; biliary tract; pancreas)
Digestive System Abnormalities: congenital structural abnormalities of the digestive system
Digestive System Diseases: diseases in any part of the gastrointestinal tract or the accessory organs (liver; biliary tract; pancreas)
Digestive System Fistula: an abnormal passage communicating between any components of the digestive system, or between any part of the digestive system and surrounding organ(s)
Digestive System Physiological Phenomena: properties and processes of the digestive system as a whole or of any of its parts
Digestive System and Oral Physiological Phenomena: properties and processes of the digestive system and dentition as a whole or of any of its parts
Digit Ratios: ratio between lengths of fingers and/or toes that is sometimes characteristic of an exposure to endocrine disruptors during fetal development
Digital Dermatitis: highly contagious infectious dermatitis with lesions near the interdigital spaces usually in cattle. it causes discomfort and often severe lameness (lameness, animal). lesions can be either erosive or proliferative and wart-like with papillary growths and hypertrophied hairs. dichelobacter nodosus and treponema are the most commonly associated causative agents for this mixed bacterial infection disease
Digital Divide: gap between individuals, households, businesses and geographic areas at different socioeconomic levels with regard to both their opportunities to access electronic information and communication technologies (icts). their use of the internet for a wide variety of activities, reflects various differences among and within countries
Digital Health: use of digital technologies in medicine and other health professions to manage illnesses and health risks and to promote wellness; includes the use of wearable devices; health information technology; electronic health records; telemedicine; and personalized medicine
Digital Media: information or entertainment in digital form, especially online via the internet. examples of digital media include online news sources, video games, blogs, and social media. the term may also be used to describe online content, especially content that is interactive; on-demand media that is accessible through a range of devices; and media that is responded to or shared in real time. it is sometimes used to refer to content that is created, published, or distributed by individuals or non-traditional publishers, such as bloggers
Digital Rectal Examination: a physical examination in which the qualified health care worker inserts a lubricated, gloved finger of one hand into the rectum and may use the other hand to press on the lower abdomen or pelvic area to palpate for abnormalities in the lower rectum, and nearby organs or tissues. the method is commonly used to check the lower rectum, the prostate gland in men, and the uterus and ovaries in women
Digital Technology: the design and development of devices and procedures that collect, store, analyze, manipulate, and display numerically encoded information, usually via processes encoded in the binary number system
Digitalis: a genus of toxic herbaceous eurasian plants of the plantaginaceae which yield cardiotonic digitalis glycosides. the most useful species are digitalis lanata and d. purpurea
Digitalis: rod bylin čeledi plantaginaceae. náprstníky jsou rozšířené v evropě, severní africe a západní a střední asii. rostliny obsahují glykosidy působící na srdeční činnost a jsou využívány v lékařství. všechny druhy jsou jedovaté a mohou způsobit smrtelnou otravu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Digitalis Glycosides: glycosides from plants of the genus digitalis. some of these are useful as cardiotonic and anti-arrhythmia agents. included also are semi-synthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring glycosides. the term has sometimes been used more broadly to include all cardiac glycosides, but here is restricted to those related to digitalis
Digitaria: a plant genus of the family poaceae that many people consider to be a weed
Digitaria: rod rostlin z čeledi lipnicovité (poaceae), většinou je považovaný za plevel
Digitonin: a glycoside obtained from digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. it has no cardiac effects
Digitorenocerebral Syndrome: a rare hereditary disorder associated with mutations in the tbc1d24 gene and characterized by microcephaly and facial abnormalities, sensorineural deafness, blindness and eye abnormalities, small or absent distal fingers and toes, seizures, and intellectual disability. heart and kidney defects may also be present. omim: 220500
Digitoxigenin: 3 beta,14-dihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)enolide. a cardenolide which is the aglycon of digitoxin. synonyms: cerberigenin; echujetin; evonogenin; thevetigenin
Digitoxin: a cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of digoxin. it has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665)
Diglycerides: glycerides composed of two fatty acids esterified to the trihydric alcohol glycerol. there are two possible forms that exist: 1,2-diacylglycerols and 1,3-diacylglycerols
Dignity Therapy: evidence-based psychotherapeutic modality for patients who are classified as terminally ill. such patients may have loss of autonomy, severe physical pain, and challenging existential and spiritual experience, which contribute to disintegration of patient's sense of self
Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. a cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from digitalis orientalis l. and digitalis lanata ehrh
Digoxin: a cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone digoxigenin. digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666)
Dihematoporphyrin Ether: the purified component of hematoporphyrin derivative, it consists of a mixture of oligomeric porphyrins. it is used in photodynamic therapy (hematoporphyrin photoradiation); to treat malignant lesions with visible light and experimentally as an antiviral agent. it is the first drug to be approved in the use of photodynamic therapy in the united states
Dihydralazine: 1,4-dihydrazinophthalazine. an antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of hydralazine. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)
Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of erythrina sp. leguminosae. it is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties
Dihydroalprenolol: hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. this radiolabeled form of alprenolol, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study
Dihydrodipicolinate Reductase: an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate to 2,3-dihydrodipicolinate using nad(p)+ as a cofactor. it is found in bacteria and higher plants involved in the biosynthesis of diaminopimelic acid and lysine
Dihydroergocornine: a 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ergotamine that contains isopropyl sidechains at the 2' and 5' positions of the molecule
Dihydroergocristine: a 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ergotamine that contains an isopropyl sidechain at the 2' position of the molecule
Dihydroergocryptine: a 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ergotamine that contains an isopropyl sidechain at the 2' position and an alpha-isobutyl sidechain at 5'alpha position of the molecule