NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Pertac hybrid: a composite resin composed of modified bis-gma and used with the bonding agent pertac bond
Perthesova nemoc: aseptická nekróza hlavice kosti kyčelní, nejč. je mezi 3 až 10 lety věku, převažuje postižení chlapců. projevuje se bolestmi v kyčli, později kulháním; bolest se může někdy přenášet do kolena. mohou vzniknout svalové kontraktury a atrofie, změny jsou patrné rentgenologicky od počátečního rozšíření kloubní štěrbiny k oploštění a fragmentaci; následně se při nedostatečné léčbě zkracuje krček kosti stehenní a může dojít k deformitám hlavice a sekundární koxartróze. imobilizace se provádí např. sádrou v abdukci, flexi a mírné zevní rotaci, možné je použití dlah. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Pertussis Toxin: one of the virulence factors produced by bordetella pertussis. it is a multimeric protein composed of five subunits s1 - s5. s1 contains mono adpribose transferase activity
Pertussis Vaccine: a suspension of killed bordetella pertussis organisms, used for immunization against pertussis (whooping cough). it is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (dtp). there is an acellular pertussis vaccine prepared from the purified antigenic components of bordetella pertussis, which causes fewer adverse reactions than whole-cell vaccine and, like the whole-cell vaccine, is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Peru: a country in western south america, bordering the south pacific ocean, and located between chile and ecuador
Peru: stát nacházející se na severozápadě jižní ameriky na pobřeží tichého oceánu. jeho sousedy jsou bolívie, brazílie, chile, kolumbie a ekvádor. hlavním městem je lima
Perylene: a 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. it is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. derivatives may be carcinogenic
Pessaries: devices worn in the vagina to provide support to displaced uterus or rectum. pessaries are used in conditions such as uterine prolapse; cystocele; or rectocele
Pest Control: the reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous plants, insects, or other animals. this includes control of plants that serve as habitats or food sources for animal pests
Pest Control, Biological: use of naturally-occuring or genetically-engineered organisms to reduce or eliminate populations of pests
Pestalotiopsis: a genus of fungi in the family sporocadaceae, order xylariales, and phylum ascomycota. pestalotiopsis fungi are ascomycetes and causative agents for plant fungal diseases such as tip blight
Pestalotiopsis: rod hub čeledi sporocadaceae, řádu xylariales a kmene ascomycota. jsou to fytopatogenní vřeckovýtrusné houby, způsobují např. odumírání výhonků
Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants: a highly fatal contagious disease of goats and sheep caused by peste-des-petits-ruminants virus. the disease may be acute or subacute and is characterized by stomatitis, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, and pneumonia
Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus: a species of morbillivirus causing a severe, often fatal enteritis and pneumonia (peste-des-petits-ruminants) in sheep and goats
Pesticide Residues: pesticides or their breakdown products remaining in the environment following their normal use or accidental contamination
Pesticide Synergists: chemicals that, while not possessing inherent pesticidal activity, nonetheless promote or enhance the effectiveness of other pesticides when combined
Pesticides: chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. the concept includes fungicides (fungicides, industrial); insecticides; rodenticides; etc
Pestivirus: a genus of flaviviridae, also known as mucosal disease virus group, which is not arthropod-borne. transmission is by direct and indirect contact, and by transplacental and congenital transmission. species include border disease virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus (diarrhea virus, bovine viral), and classical swine fever virus
Pestivirus: rod virů čeledi flaviviridae. vektorem nejsou členovci. k přenosu dochází přímým nebo nepřímým kontaktem a transplacentálně nebo kongenitálně. patří sem border disease virus, viry bovinní virové diarey a virus klasického moru prasat
Pestivirus Infections: infections with viruses of the genus pestivirus, family flaviviridae
Petasites: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. members contain sesquiterpenes. the common name of sweet coltsfoot is similar to the common name for tussilago
Petasites: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. zástupci obsahují seskviterpeny
Peters anomaly: a hereditary, autosomal recessive eye abnormality consisting of central corneal leukoma, absence of the posterior corneal stroma and descemet membrane, and a variable degree of iris and lenticular attachments to the central aspect of the posterior cornea. it occurs as an isolated ocular abnormality or in association with other ocular defects; such as krause-kivlin syndrome (omim: 261540). mutations in the cyp1b!, pitx2, and pax6 genes have been identified. omim: 604229
Petrolatum: a colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. it is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant
Petroleum: naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants
Petromyzon: a genus of primitive fish in the family petromyzontidae. the sole species is petromyzon marinus, known as the sea lamprey. the adult form feeds parasitically on other fish species
Petromyzon: rod primitivních ryb čeledi petromyzontidae. jediným druhem je petromyzon marinus (mihule mořská). dospělé formy parazitují na tělech jiných ryb
Petrosal Sinus Sampling: sampling of blood levels of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) by withdrawal of blood from the inferior petrosal sinus. the inferior petrosal sinus arises from the cavernous sinus and runs to the internal jugular vein. sampling of blood at this level is a valuable tool in the differential diagnosis of cushing disease, cushing syndrome, and other adrenocortical diseases
Petrosia: a genus of sponges in the family petrosiidae, characterized by an ectosomal triangular or polygonal reticulation of spicule tracts or single spicules
Petrosia: rod živočišných hub čeledi petrosiidae charakterizovaný ektosomální trojúhelníkovou nebo mnohoúhelníkovou sítí jehlic
Petrous Bone: the dense rock-like part of temporal bone that contains the inner ear. petrous bone is located at the base of the skull. sometimes it is combined with the mastoid process and called petromastoid part of temporal bone
Pets: animals kept by humans for companionship and enjoyment, as opposed to domestic animals such as livestock or farm animals, which are kept for economic reasons
Petunia: a plant genus of the family solanaceae. members contain steroidal glycosides
Petunia: rod rostlin čeledi solanaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují steroidní glykosidy
Peumus: a plant genus of the family monimiaceae. members contain boldine alkaloids. some peumus species have been reclassified as cryptocarya
Peumus: rod rostlin z čeledi monimiaceae. zástupci obsahují boldinové alkaloidy. keř až strom boldovník vonný (peumus boldus) je jediný zástupce rodu boldovník (peumus)
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome: a hereditary disease caused by autosomal dominant mutations involving chromosome 19. it is characterized by the presence of intestinal polyps, consistently in the jejunum, and mucocutaneous pigmentation with melanin spots of the lips, buccal mucosa, and digits
Peutzův-Jeghersův syndrom: vrozené autozomálně dominantně dědičné onemocnění (gen pro serin/threonin kinázu stk11) charakterizované intestinální polypózou spojenou s pigmentací rtů, obličeje či ústní sliznice. pihy jsou různě veliké, skvrny mají barvu bílé kávy, vytvářejí se v průběhu dětství nebo jsou patrné již při narození. polypy mohou být v celém zažívacím traktu, pravidelně a ve značném počtu jsou v tenkém střevě (mají sklon k malignizaci), mohou být příčinou ileu. bývá druhotná anemie. důležité je pravidelné onkologické sledování. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Peyerovy pláty: útvary obsahující nahromaděnou lymfatickou tkáň ve sliznici střeva. patří k thymodependentním oblastem imunitního systému. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Pfeiffer Kapferer syndrome: sensorineural deafness, hypospadias, and synostosis of metacarpals and metatarsals 4 and 5
Pfeiffer Mayer syndrome: short stature, mental retardation, type i preaxial polydactyly with colobomatous abnormalities
Pfeiffer Palm Teller syndrome: short stature, unique facies, enamel hypoplasia, progressive joint stiffness, and high-pitched voice
Pfiesteria piscicida: a dinoflagellate with a life cycle that includes numerous flagellated, amoeboid, and encysted stages. both the flagellated and amoeboid forms produce toxins which cause open wounds on fish. pfiesteria piscicida feeds on tissue sloughed from these wounds, as well as on bacteria and algae. it is found in atlantic estuaries of the united states
Pfiesteria piscicida: druh obrněnky, jejíž složitý životní cyklus zahrnuje fáze bičíkovců, améb a cyst. formy bičíkovců i měňavek produkují toxiny, které působí na nervový systém ryb. živí se tkáněmi ryb, ale i bakteriemi a řasami. vyskytuje se při ústí řek na východním pobřeží usa
Phacoemulsification: a procedure for removal of the crystalline lens in cataract surgery in which an anterior capsulectomy is performed by means of a needle inserted through a small incision at the temporal limbus, allowing the lens contents to fall through the dilated pupil into the anterior chamber where they are broken up by the use of ultrasound and aspirated out of the eye through the incision. (cline, et al., dictionary of visual science, 4th ed & in focus 1993;1(1):1)
Phacomatosis pigmentokeratotica: organoid nevus with sebaceous differentiation, a speckled-lentiginous nevus, and other associated anomalies
Phacomatosis pigmentovascularis: association of cutaneous vascular malformations and different pigmentary disorders
Phaeohyphomycosis: opportunistic infections caused by the dematiaceous (darkly pigmented) mitosporic fungi of alternaria, bipolaris, cladosporium, curvularia, and exophiala. these fungi have pigmented hyphae due to melanin in the cell wall. the initial subcutaneous cyst from the infection can become systemic and spread rapidly to renal, pulmonary and cerebral systems (see cerebral phaeohyphomycosis) in an immunocompromised host
Phaeophyceae: a class of predominantly marine eukaryota, commonly known as brown algae, having chromatophores containing carotenoid pigments, biological. alginates and phlorotannins occur widely in all major orders. they are considered the most highly evolved algae because of their well-developed multicellular organization and structural complexity
Phaeophyceae: třída eukaryotických mnohobuněčných organismů z říše chromalveolata, kmene stramenopila. žijí především v mořské vodě, kde dokážou díky své schopnosti fotosyntetizovat vyprodukovat obrovské množství biomasy. chloroplasty chaluh obsahují chlorofyl a a c a navíc barviva betakaroten, fukoxantin a violaxantin. jsou to mnohobuněčné vodní organismy navenek podobné rostlinám, ale ve skutečnosti jsou jim evolučně velice vzdálené. jsou potravou pro vodní živočichy. využívají se také ke konzumaci, k výživě zvířat, jako palivo, získává se z nich jód. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Phagocyte Bactericidal Dysfunction: disorders in which phagocytic cells cannot kill ingested bacteria; characterized by frequent recurring infection with formulation of granulomas
Phagocytosis: the engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (phagocytes)
Phagosomes: membrane-bound cytoplasmic vesicles formed by invagination of phagocytized material. they fuse with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes in which the hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosome digest the phagocytized material
Phakic Intraocular Lenses: lenses, generally made of plastic or silicone, that are implanted into the eye in front of the natural eye lens, by the iris, to improve vision, ocular. these intraocular lenses are used to supplement the natural lens instead of replacing it
Phakopsora pachyrhizi: fungal pathogen which causes soybean rust disease in soybeans (glycine max)
Phakopsora pachyrhizi: rez napadající bobovité, zejména sóju luštinatou (glycine max), u níž způsobuje asijskou rez sóji
Phalangeridae: a family of possums and cuscuses found in australia, tasmania, new guinea and other islands
Phalangeridae: čeleď středně velkých vačnatců většinou žijících v korunách stromů. kuskusovití jsou rozšířeni v austrálii, tasmánii, na nové guineji a přilehlých ostrovech. některé druhy, jako je kusu liščí, byly člověkem zavlečeny na nový zéland. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Phalloidine: very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from amanita phalloides (agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and cns damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage
Phalloplasty: surgery to restore, reconstruct, or improve the shape or appearance of a damaged, misshapen, or missing penis due to injury, disease, or developmental abnormalities
Phanerochaete: a genus of fungi in the family corticiaceae, order stereales, that degrades lignin. the white-rot fungus phanerochaete chrysosporium is a frequently used species in research
Phanerochaete: rod hub čeledi corticiaceae, řádu stereales, který rozkládá lignin. druh phanerochaete chrysosporium je intenzivně studovaná bílá plíseň
Phantom Limb: perception of painful and nonpainful phantom sensations that occur following the complete or partial loss of a limb. the majority of individuals with an amputated extremity will experience the impression that the limb is still present, and in many cases, painful. (from neurol clin 1998 nov;16(4):919-36; brain 1998 sep;121(pt 9):1603-30)
Phantoms, Imaging: devices or objects in various imaging techniques used to visualize or enhance visualization by simulating conditions encountered in the procedure. phantoms are used very often in procedures employing or measuring x-irradiation or radioactive material to evaluate performance. phantoms often have properties similar to human tissue. water demonstrates absorbing properties similar to normal tissue, hence water-filled phantoms are used to map radiation levels. phantoms are used also as teaching aids to simulate real conditions with x-ray or ultrasonic machines. (from iturralde, dictionary and handbook of nuclear medicine and clinical imaging, 1990)
Pharmaceutic Aids: substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. they include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; coloring agents; flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases
Pharmaceutical Preparations: drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form
Pharmaceutical Services: total pharmaceutical services provided by qualified pharmacists. in addition to the preparation and distribution of medical products, they may include consultative services provided to agencies and institutions which do not have a qualified pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Solutions: homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. for reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products
Pharmaceutical Vehicles: a carrier or inert medium used as a solvent (or diluent) in which the medicinally active agent is formulated and or administered. (dictionary of pharmacy, 1986)
Pharmacoepidemiology: the science concerned with the benefit and risk of drugs used in populations and the analysis of the outcomes of drug therapies. pharmacoepidemiologic data come from both clinical trials and epidemiological studies with emphasis on methods for the detection and evaluation of drug-related adverse effects, assessment of risk vs benefit ratios in drug therapy, patterns of drug utilization, the cost-effectiveness of specific drugs, methodology of postmarketing surveillance, and the relation between pharmacoepidemiology and the formulation and interpretation of regulatory guidelines. (pharmacoepidemiol drug saf 1992;1(1); j pharmacoepidemiol 1990;1(1))
Pharmacogenetics: a branch of genetics which deals with the genetic variability in individual responses to drugs and drug metabolism (biotransformation)
Pharmacogenomic Testing: the detection of genetic variability (e.g., pharmacogenomic variants) relevant to pharmacogenetics and precision medicine. the purpose of such genetic testing is to help determine the most effective treatment options and their optimum dosages with least potential risks for drug-related side effects and adverse reactions
Pharmacogenomic Variants: naturally occurring genetic variations associated with drug response (e.g., dosage, extent and rate of metabolic processes). while these variants are not markers for genetic predisposition to disease they influence pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and often occur on genes encoding drug metabolism enzymes and transporters (e.g., angiotensin converting enzyme; cytochrome p-450 cyp2d6)
Pharmacognosy: the science of drugs prepared from natural-sources including preparations from plants, animals, and other organisms as well as minerals and other substances included in materia medica. the therapeutic usage of plants is phytotherapy
Pharmacokinetics: dynamic and kinetic mechanisms of exogenous chemical drug liberation; absorption; biological transport; tissue distribution; biotransformation; elimination; and drug toxicity as a function of dosage, and rate of metabolism. ladmer, adme and admet are abbreviations for liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicology
Pharmacologic Actions: a broad category of chemical actions and uses that result in the prevention, treatment, cure or diagnosis of disease. included here are drugs and chemicals that act by altering normal body functions, such as the reproductive control agents and anesthetics. effects of chemicals on the environment are also included
Pharmacological Phenomena: interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function
Pharmacological and Toxicological Phenomena: synthesis, metabolism, and poisoning associated with drugs, pharmaceuticals, and other active molecules. toxicological phenomena also include the adverse effects of physical phenomena such as radiation and noise
Pharmacology: the study of the origin, nature, properties, and actions of drugs and their effects on living organisms
Pharmacology, Clinical: the branch of pharmacology that deals directly with the effectiveness and safety of drugs in humans
Pharmacophore: a three-dimensional representation of a molecule that is used for modeling recognition of ligands and macromolecular targets
Pharmacopoeia: authoritative work containing lists of drugs and preparations, their description, formulation, analytic composition, main chemical properties, standards for strength, purity, and dosage, chemical tests for determining identity, etc. they have the status of a standard
Pharmacopoeia, Homeopathic: authoritative resource describing the composition, properties, manufacture, and quality control of homeopathic remedies
Pharmacopoeias as Topic: works about authoritative treatises on drugs and preparations, their description, formulation, analytic composition, physical constants, main chemical properties used in identification, standards for strength, purity, and dosage, chemical tests for determining identity and purity, etc
Pharmacopoeias, Homeopathic as Topic: works about authoritative resources describing the composition, properties, manufacture, and quality control of homeopathic remedies
Pharmacovigilance: the detection of long and short term side effects of conventional and traditional medicines through research, data mining, monitoring, and evaluation of healthcare information obtained from healthcare providers and patients
Pharmacy Residencies: advanced programs of training to meet certain professional requirements in the practice of compounding and dispensing medicinal preparations
Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee: an advisory group composed primarily of staff physicians and the pharmacist which serves as the communication link between the medical staff and the pharmacy department
Pharyngeal Muscles: the muscles of the pharynx are voluntary muscles arranged in two layers. the external circular layer consists of three constrictors (superior, middle, and inferior). the internal longitudinal layer consists of the palatopharyngeus, the salpingopharyngeus, and the stylopharyngeus. during swallowing, the outer layer constricts the pharyngeal wall and the inner layer elevates pharynx and larynx
Pharyngectomy: surgical removal of a part of the pharynx. (dorland, 28th ed)
Pharynx: a funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the esophagus, and air to the larynx and lungs. it is located posterior to the nasal cavity; oral cavity; and larynx, and extends from the skull base to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage anteriorly and to the inferior border of the c6 vertebra posteriorly. it is divided into the nasopharynx; oropharynx; and hypopharynx (laryngopharynx)
Phascolarctidae: a family of marsupials in the order diprotodontia, native to australia and possessing vestigial tails. there is a single living genus and species: phascolarctos cinereus, the koala
Phascolarctidae: čeleď australských vačnatců řádu diprotodontia (málozubí) se zakrnělým ocasem. jediným žijícím zástupcem je koala (phascolarctos cinereus)
Phase Separation: processes by which homogeneous mixtures of immiscible components (solids, liquids, or gases) separate into distinct phases
Phase Variation: an adaptive mechanism used by microbes to avoid detection by the host or adapt to changes in environment by randomly and rapidly switch on and off of a gene by various mechanisms between on and off phases. for instance, drug tolerant mycobacterium tuberculosis arises through rapid reversible mutations in the glpk gene through phase variation
Phaseolus: a plant genus in the family fabaceae which is the source of edible beans and the lectin phytohemagglutinins
Phellinus: a genus of fungi in the family hymenochaetaceae, class hymenochaetales and phylum basidiomycota. phellinus fungi are basidiomycetes which form large shelf-shaped mushrooms. phellinus linteus (now tropicoporus linteus) is a medicinal mushroom which produces compounds such as hispidin, a phenolic compound with antioxidant properties
Phellinus: rod stopkovýtrusných hub čeledi hymenochaetaceae, řádu hymenochaetales. vytváří víceleté kloboukaté plodnice bez třeně. phellinus linteus (nyní tropicoporus linteus) se používá v lidovém léčitelství, obsahuje např. hispidin, fenolickou sloučeninu s antioxidačními vlastnostmi
Phellinus linteus extract: may be useful in protecting against iron overload-mediated oxidative stress in cultured rat hepatocytes
Phellodendron: a plant genus of the family rutaceae. members contain berberine, indolopyridoquinazoline and other alkaloids and limonoids
Phellodendron: rod rostlin čeledi rutaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují berberin, indolpyridochinazolin a další alkaloidy a limonoidy
Phenacetin: a phenylacetamide that was formerly used in analgesics but nephropathy and methemoglobinemia led to its withdrawal from the market. (from smith and reynard, textbook of pharmacology,1991, p431)
Phenalenes: a group of aromatic hydrocarbons that have three rings joined as a triad around a single carbon atom so all three are conjoined, in contrast to a linear arrangement (anthracenes) or angular arrangement (phenanthrenes)
Phenanthrenes: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons composed of three fused benzene rings
Phenazocine: an opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to morphine. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1095)
Phenazopyridine: a local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity
Phencyclidine: a hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. phencyclidine is similar to ketamine in structure and in many of its effects. like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. it exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of nmda receptors (receptors, n-methyl-d-aspartate). as a drug of abuse, it is known as pcp and angel dust
Phencyclidine Abuse: the misuse of phencyclidine with associated psychological symptoms and impairment in social or occupational functioning
Phenelzine: one of the monoamine oxidase inhibitors used to treat depression; phobic disorders; and panic
Phenethylamines: a group of compounds that are derivatives of beta- aminoethylbenzene which is structurally and pharmacologically related to amphetamine. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Phenformin: a biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of metformin. although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290)
Phenindione: an indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. phenindione has actions similar to warfarin, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)
Pheniramine: one of the histamine h1 antagonists with little sedative action. it is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus
Phenmetrazine: a sympathomimetic drug used primarily as an appetite depressant. its actions and mechanisms are similar to dextroamphetamine
Phenobarbital: a barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. it potentiates gamma-aminobutyric acid action on gaba-a receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. it also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations
Phenolphthalein: an acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. it is used medicinally as a cathartic
Phenolphthaleins: a family of 3,3-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)phthalides. they are used as cathartics, indicators, and coloring agents
Phenolsulfonphthalein: red dye, ph indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. it is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems
Phenomics: the systematic study of how genetic information or genomics translates into biochemical, metabolic and morphological traits of an organism
Phenoperidine: a narcotic analgesic partly metabolized to meperidine in the liver. it is similar to morphine in action and used for neuroleptanalgesia, usually with droperidol
Phenothiazines: compounds containing dibenzo-1,4-thiazine. some of them are neuroactive
Phenotype: the outward appearance of the individual. it is the product of interactions between genes, and between the genotype and the environment
Phenoxyacetates: derivatives of phenoxyacetic acid, including its salts and esters
Phenoxybenzamine: an alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. it has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator
Phenoxypropanolamines: compounds based on a propanolamine attached via an oxygen atom to a phenoxy ring. the side chain is one carbon longer than phenylethylamines
Phenprocoumon: coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant
Phentermine: a central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of dextroamphetamine. it has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity
Phentolamine: a nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. it is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of raynaud disease and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease
Phenylacetates: derivatives of phenylacetic acid. included under this heading are a variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the benzeneacetic acid structure. note that this class of compounds should not be confused with derivatives of phenyl acetate, which contain the phenol ester of acetic acid
Phenylalanine: an essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of melanin; dopamine; noradrenalin (norepinephrine), and thyroxine
Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase: an enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of phenylalanine to form trans-cinnamate and ammonia
Phenylalanine Hydroxylase: an enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of l-tyrosine, dihydrobiopterin, and water from l-phenylalanine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen. deficiency of this enzyme may cause phenylketonurias and phenylketonuria, maternal. ec 1.14.16.1
Phenylalanine-tRNA Ligase: an enzyme that activates phenylalanine with its specific transfer rna. ec 6.1.1.20
Phenylammonium Compounds: quaternary ammonium compounds based on phenylamines with the general formula phenyl-n+r3
Phenylbutazone: a butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. it has been used in ankylosing spondylitis; rheumatoid arthritis; and reactive arthritis
Phenylbutyrates: derivatives of 4-phenylbutyric acid, including its salts and esters
Phenylcarbamates: phenyl esters of carbamic acid or of n-substituted carbamic acids. structures are similar to phenylurea compounds with a carbamate in place of the urea
Phenylenediamines: aniline compounds that contain two amino groups. they are used as a precursor in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds and polymers. p-phenylenediamine is used in the manufacture of hair dyes and is an allergen
Phenylephrine: an alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent
Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase: a methyltransferase that catalyzes the reaction of s-adenosyl-l-methionine and phenylethanolamine to yield s-adenosyl-l-homocysteine and n-methylphenylethanolamine. it can act on various phenylethanolamines and converts norepinephrine into epinephrine. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 2.1.1.28
Phenylethyl Alcohol: an antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery
Phenylglyoxal: a reagent that is highly selective for the modification of arginyl residues. it is used to selectively inhibit various enzymes and acts as an energy transfer inhibitor in photophosphorylation
Phenylhydrazines: diazo derivatives of aniline, used as a reagent for sugars, ketones, and aldehydes. (dorland, 28th ed)
Phenylisopropyladenosine: n-isopropyl-n-phenyl-adenosine. antilipemic agent. synonym: th 162
Phenylketonuria, Maternal: a condition occurring in untreated or partially treated females with phenylketonuria when they become pregnant. this may result in damages to the fetus, including microcephaly; mental retardation; congenital heart disease; fetal growth retardation; and craniofacial abnormalities. (from am j med genet 1997 mar 3;69(1):89-95)
Phenylketonurias: a group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase or less frequently by reduced activity of dihydropteridine reductase (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; seizures; skin hypopigmentation; eczema; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p952)
Phenylmercuric Acetate: a phenyl mercury compound used mainly as a fungicide. has also been used as a herbicide, slimicide, and bacteriocide
Phenylmercury Compounds: organic mercury compounds in which the mercury is attached to a phenyl group. often used as fungicides and seed treatment agents
Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: an enzyme inhibitor that inactivates irc-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex
Phenylphosphonothioic Acid, 2-Ethyl 2-(4-Nitrophenyl) Ester: an organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as a acaricide
Phenylpropanolamine: a sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of norepinephrine but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. it is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant
Phenylpropionates: derivatives of 3-phenylpropionic acid, including its salts and esters
Phenylpyruvic Acids: a group of compounds that are derivatives of phenylpyruvic acid which has the general formula c6h5ch2cocooh, and is a metabolite of phenylalanine. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Phenylthiazolylthiourea: a dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor
Phenylthiourea: phenylthiourea is a thiourea derivative containing a phenyl ring. depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless
Phenylurea Compounds: compounds that include the amino-n-phenylamide structure
Phenytoin: an anticonvulsant that is used to treat a wide variety of seizures. it is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. the mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. the mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs
Pheochromocytoma: a usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the adrenal medulla or sympathetic paraganglia. the cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, is hypertension, which may be persistent or intermittent. during severe attacks, there may be headache; sweating, palpitation, apprehension, tremor; pallor or flushing of the face, nausea and vomiting, pain in the chest and abdomen, and paresthesias of the extremities. the incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (dorland, 27th ed; devita jr et al., cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 3d ed, p1298)
Pheophytins: chlorophylls from which the magnesium has been removed by treatment with weak acid
Pheromones: chemical substances, excreted by an organism into the environment, that elicit behavioral or physiological responses from other organisms of the same species. perception of these chemical signals may be olfactory or by contact
Pheromones, Human: chemical substances excreted by humans that elicit behavior or physiological responses from other humans. perception of these chemical signals may be olfactory or by contact
Phialophora: a mitosporic fungal genus. phialophora verrucosa is a cause of chromomycosis (chromoblastomycosis). ophiobolus is the teleomorph of phialophora
Phialophora: rod mitosporických hub. phialophora verrucosa je původce chromomykózy (chromoblastomykózy). teleomorfou je ophiobolus
Philadelphia Chromosome: an aberrant form of human chromosome 22 characterized by translocation of the distal end of chromosome 9 from 9q34, to the long arm of chromosome 22 at 22q11. it is present in the bone marrow cells of 80 to 90 per cent of patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (leukemia, myelogenous, chronic, bcr-abl positive)
Philately: study of stamps or postal markings. it usually refers to the design and commemorative aspects of the stamp
Philippines: a country in southeastern asia, archipelago between the philippine sea and the south china sea, and east of vietnam. the capital is manila
Philodendron: a plant genus of the family araceae. as a houseplant it sometimes poisons children and animals
Philodendron: rod rostlin čeledi araceae, jehož zástupci se často pěstují jako pokojové květiny. obsahují řadu dráždivých a toxických látek a mohou způsobit otravu dětí a domácích zvířat
Philology: the study of literature in its widest sense, including grammar, etymology, criticism, literary history, language history, linguistic history, systems of writing, and anything else that is relevant to literature or language viewed as literature. philology as a discipline has both philosophical and scientific overtones
Philology, Classical: the study of ancient greek and roman literature, including grammar, etymology, criticism, literary history, and language and linguistic history
Philology, Oriental: the study of literature written in languages of asia and the far east, including grammar, etymology, criticism, literary history, and language and linguistic history
Philology, Romance: the study of literature written in the romance languages (french, spanish, italian, and others descended from latin), including grammar, etymology, criticism, literary history, and language and linguistic history
Philosophy: a love or pursuit of wisdom. a search for the underlying causes and principles of reality. (webster, 3d ed)
Phimosis: a condition in which the foreskin cannot be retracted to reveal the glans penis. it is due to tightness or narrowing of the foreskin opening
Phlebitis: inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (thrombophlebitis)
Phlebotomus: a genus of psychodidae which functions as the vector of a number of pathogenic organisms, including leishmania donovani; leishmania tropica; bartonella bacilliformis, and the pappataci fever virus (sandfly fever naples virus)
Phlebotomus: rod dvoukřídlého hmyzu čeledi psychodidae (koutulovití), který přenáší řadu patogenních organismů (např. leishmania donovani, leishmania tropica, bartonella bacilliformis a virus horečky pappataci)
Phlebotomus Fever: influenza-like febrile viral disease caused by several members of the bunyaviridae family and transmitted mostly by the bloodsucking sandfly phlebotomus papatasii
Phlebotomy: the techniques used to draw blood from a vein for diagnostic purposes or for treatment of certain blood disorders such as erythrocytosis, hemochromatosis, polycythemia vera, and porphyria cutanea tarda
Phlebovirus: a genus of the family bunyaviridae comprising many viruses, most of which are transmitted by phlebotomus flies and cause phlebotomus fever. the type species is rift valley fever virus
Phlebovirus: rod virů čeledi bunyaviridae, který zahrnuje mnoho druhů. většina je přenášena mouchami rodu phlebotomus a způsobuje horečku pappataci. typovým druhem je virus horečky rift valley
Phleomycins: water-soluble, copper-containing low molecular weight polypeptides obtained from the culture medium of streptomyces verticillus. they are specific inhibitors of dna synthesis in bacteria and have been found to act as antitumor agents. they have also been used against rust fungi of plants
Phleum: a plant genus of the family poaceae that contains the phl p 4 allergen
Phleum: rod rostlin čeledi poaceae, který obsahuje alergen phl p 4
Phloem: plant tissue that carries nutrients, especially sucrose, by turgor pressure. movement is bidirectional, in contrast to xylem where it is only upward. phloem originates and grows outwards from meristematic cells (meristem) in the vascular cambium. p-proteins, a type of lectins, are characteristically found in phloem
Phlomis: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae that contains phlorigidosides, iridoid glucosides and megastigmane glycosides
Phloretin: a natural dihydrochalcone found in apples and many other fruits
Phloroglucinol: a trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent
Phobia, School: overwhelming and persistent reluctance to go to school, which usually occurs during the primary school years and is often a symptom of an educational, social, or emotional problem. (from apa dictionary of psychology)
Phobia, Social: anxiety disorder characterized by the persistent and irrational fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social or performance situations
Phobia, Specific: a phobic disorder characterized by a marked persistent, excessive, and unreasonable fear caused by the presence of a specific object or situation (e.g., flying, heights, animals, injections, blood). exposure to the phobic stimulus provokes immediate anxiety similar to panic disorder (dsm-iv). vasovagal syncope may also occur and is common with blood-injection-injury phobia. simple phobias may have a genetic component, as some may aggregate in families and most are not associated with a previous traumatic event with the phobic stimulus. evidence suggests a linkage to chromosome 14. omim: 608251
Phobic Disorders: anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid
Phoca: a genus in the family of earless seals (phocidae) and collectively the most abundant pinnipeds in the northern hemisphere
Phoca: rod čeledi phocidae (tuleňovití), nejpočetnější z ploutvonožců severní polokoule
Phocoena: a genus of porpoises, in the family phocoenidae, comprised of several species. they frequent coastal waters, bays, estuaries, and the mouths of large rivers
Phocoena: rod sviňuch čeledi phocoenidae (sviňuchovití) zahrnující několik druhů. žijí u pobřeží, v zátokách a ústích velkých řek
Phodopus: a genus of hamsters characterized by small size, very short tail, and short, broad feet with hairy soles
Phodopus: rod malých hlodavců podčeledi cricetinae (křečci praví). mají velmi krátký ocásek, krátké široké tlapky a osrstěná chodidla
Phoeniceae: kmen palem z podčeledi coryphoideae a čeledi arecaceae - arekovité
Phoeniceae: tribe of palms in the subfamily coryphoideae, family arecaceae
Pholiota: a genus of basidiomycetous mushroom in the family strophariaceae, exhibiting a bipolar mating system
Pholiota: rod stopkovýtrusých hub čeledi strophariaceae, který vykazuje bipolární párovací systém
Phoma: a genus of fungi in the family didymellaceae, order pleosporales and phylum ascomycota. phoma fungi are ascomycetes commonly found in soil and aquatic environments including water distribution systems. opportunistic superficial infection with phoma fungi is phaeohyphomycosis
Phoma: rod hub čeledi didymellaceae, řádu pleosporales a kmene ascomycota. jsou to vřeckovýtrusné houby, které se vyskytují většinou v půdě a vodním prostředí včetně vodních systémů. mohou způsobit oportunní povrchovou feohyfomykózu
Phomopsis: a genus of fungi in the family valsaceae, order diaporthales and phylum ascomycota. phomopsis fungi are ascomycetes found in the soil and plants and are causative agents for plant fungal diseases such as leaf blight and fruit rots
Phomopsis: rod hub čeledi valsaceae, řádu diaporthales a kmene ascomycota. jsou to vřeckovýtrusné houby, které se vyskytují v půdě a v rostlinách. jsou původci chorob rostlin (např. skvrnitost listů, hniloba ovoce)
Phomopsis blight: a plant fungal disease caused by phomopsis species, e.g., phomopsis obscurans; phomopsis viticola
Phonation: the process of producing vocal sounds by means of vocal cords vibrating in an expiratory blast of air
Phonetics: the science or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and reception, and their analysis, classification, and transcription. (random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Phonocardiography: graphic registration of the heart sounds picked up as vibrations and transformed by a piezoelectric crystal microphone into a varying electrical output according to the stresses imposed by the sound waves. the electrical output is amplified by a stethograph amplifier and recorded by a device incorporated into the electrocardiograph or by a multichannel recording machine
Phonophoresis: use of ultrasound to increase the percutaneous adsorption of drugs
Phoradendron: a plant genus in the family viscaceae, order santalales, subclass rosidae. members contain phoratoxin and oleanane triterpenes
Phoradendron: rod vyšších dvouděložných rostlin čeledi santalaceae, řádu santalales. jeho zástupci obsahují foratoxin a oleananové triterpeny
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: a phorbol ester found in croton oil which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase c). due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems
Phorbol Esters: tumor-promoting compounds obtained from croton oil (croton tiglium). some of these are used in cell biological experiments as activators of protein kinase c
Phorbols: the parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from croton oil (croton tiglium)
Phormidium: a genus of filamentous, sheathed cyanobacteria in the family oscillatoriaceae that is found mostly in aquatic environments and is similar to the genera lyngbya and plectonema
Phormidium: rod vláknitých, opláštěných sinic čeledi oscillatoriaceae, které se většinou vyskytují ve vodním prostředí a podobají se sinicím rodů lyngbya a plectonema
Phosgene: a highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. it is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (from the merck index, 11th ed, p7304)
Phosmet: an organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange
Phosphamidon: an organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide
Phosphate Acetyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of acetylphosphate from acetyl-coa and inorganic phosphate. acetylphosphate serves as a high-energy phosphate compound. ec 2.3.1.8
Phosphate-Binding Proteins: proteins that bind to and are involved in the metabolism of phosphate ions
Phosphatidate Phosphatase: a phosphomonoesterase involved in the synthesis of triacylglycerols. it catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidates with the formation of diacylglycerols and orthophosphate. ec 3.1.3.4
Phosphatidic Acids: fatty acid derivatives of glycerophosphates. they are composed of glycerol bound in ester linkage with 1 mole of phosphoric acid at the terminal 3-hydroxyl group and with 2 moles of fatty acids at the other two hydroxyl groups
Phosphatidyl-N-Methylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of phosphatidyl-n-methylethanolamine to produce phosphatidyl-n-dimethylethanolamine. this enzyme can also methylate phosphatidyl-n-dimethylethanolamine to produce phosphatidyl-n-trimethylethanolamine (phosphatidylcholine)
Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase: an enzyme secreted from the liver into the plasma of many mammalian species. it catalyzes the esterification of the hydroxyl group of lipoprotein cholesterol by the transfer of a fatty acid from the c-2 position of lecithin. in familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency disease, the absence of the enzyme results in an excess of unesterified cholesterol in plasma
Phosphatidylcholines: derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety
Phosphatidylethanolamine Binding Protein: a ubiquitously found basic protein that binds to phosphatidylethanolamine and nucleotides. it is an endogenous inhibitor of raf kinases and may play a role in regulating signal transduction. phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein is the precursor of hippocampal cholinergic neurostimulating peptide, which is cleaved from the n-terminal region of the protein
Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyses three sequential methylation reactions for conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylethanolamines: derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to an ethanolamine moiety. complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and ethanolamine and 2 moles of fatty acids