NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 2: a receptor activity-modifying protein that heterodimerizes with calcitonin receptor-like protein to form the adrenomedullin receptor. in addition, an isoform of the islet amyloid polypeptide receptor is formed from this protein dimerizing with the calcitonin receptor
Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 3: a receptor activity-modifying protein that heterodimerizes with calcitonin receptor-like protein to form the adrenomedullin receptor. in addition, an isoform of the islet amyloid polypeptide receptor is formed from this protein dimerizing with the calcitonin receptor
Receptor Activity-Modifying Proteins: a family of proteins that bind to cell surface receptors and alter their specificity, signaling mechanism, or mode of intracellular transport
Receptor Aggregation: chemically stimulated aggregation of cell surface receptors, which potentiates the action of the effector cell
Receptor Cross-Talk: the simultaneous or sequential binding of multiple cell surface receptors to different ligands resulting in coordinated stimulation or suppression of signal transduction
Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases: a class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic protein-tyrosine kinase activity
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptors: a family of cell surface receptors that were originally identified by their structural homology to neurotropic tyrosine kinases and referred to as orphan receptors because the associated ligand and signaling pathways were unknown. evidence for the functionality of these proteins has been established by experiments showing that disruption of the orphan receptor genes results in developmental defects
Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products: a single-pass transmembrane cell surface receptor that binds advanced glycation end products to mediate cellular responses to both acute and chronic vascular inflammation in conditions such as atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus, type 2
Receptor, Adenosine A1: a subtype of adenosine receptor that is found expressed in a variety of tissues including the brain and dorsal horn neurons. the receptor is generally considered to be coupled to the gi, inhibitory g-protein which causes down regulation of cyclic amp
Receptor, Adenosine A2A: a subclass of adenosine a2 receptors found in leukocytes, the spleen, the thymus and a variety of other tissues. it is generally considered to be a receptor for adenosine that couples to the gs, stimulatory g-protein
Receptor, Adenosine A2B: a subclass of adenosine a2 receptors found in the cecum, the colon, the bladder, and a variety of other tissues. it is generally considered to be a low affinity receptor for adenosine that couples to the gs, stimulatory g-protein
Receptor, Adenosine A3: a subtype of adenosine receptor that is found expressed in a variety of locations including the brain and endocrine tissues. the receptor is generally considered to be coupled to the gi, inhibitory g-protein which causes down regulation of cyclic amp
Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a: a g-protein-coupled receptor that signals an increase in intracellular calcium in response to the potent anaphylatoxin peptide complement c5a
Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1: an angiotensin receptor subtype that is expressed at high levels in a variety of adult tissues including the cardiovascular system, the kidney, the endocrine system and the nervous system. activation of the type 1 angiotensin receptor causes vasoconstriction and sodium retention
Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2: an angiotensin receptor subtype that is expressed at high levels in fetal tissues. many effects of the angiotensin type 2 receptor such as vasodilation and sodium loss are the opposite of that of the angiotensin type 1 receptor
Receptor, Bradykinin B1: a subtype of bradykinin receptor that is induced in response to inflammation. it may play a role in chronic inflammation and has a high specificity for kinins lacking the c-terminal arginine such as des-arg(10)-kallidin and des-arg(9)-bradykinin. the receptor is coupled to g-protein, gq-g11 alpha family and g-protein, gi-go alpha family signaling proteins
Receptor, Bradykinin B2: a constitutively expressed subtype of bradykinin receptor that may play a role in the acute phase of the inflammatory and pain response. it has high specificity for intact forms of bradykinin and kallidin. the receptor is coupled to g-protein, gq-g11 alpha family and g-protein, gi-go alpha family signaling proteins
Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1: a subclass of cannabinoid receptor found primarily on central and peripheral neurons where it may play a role modulating neurotransmitter release
Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2: a subclass of cannabinoid receptor found primarily on immune cells where it may play a role modulating release of cytokines
Receptor, Cholecystokinin A: a subtype of cholecystokinin receptor found primarily in the pancreas; stomach; intestine; and gallbladder. it plays a role in regulating digestive functions such as gallbladder contraction, pancreatic enzyme secretion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract
Receptor, Cholecystokinin B: a subtype of cholecystokinin receptor found primarily in the central nervous system and the gastric mucosa. it may play a role as a neuromodulator of dopaminergic neurotransmission the regulation of gastric acid secretion from gastric parietal cells
Receptor, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor: cell surface receptors for ciliary neurotrophic factor. they are heterotrimeric proteins formed by the association of the ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor alpha subunit with the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor alpha subunit and the cytokine receptor gp130. although the receptor regulates neuronal development, it is structurally similar to the cytokine receptor for interleukin-6; (receptors, interleukin-6)
Receptor, Endothelin A: a subtype of endothelin receptor found predominantly in the vascular smooth muscle. it has a high affinity for endothelin-1 and endothelin-2
Receptor, Endothelin B: a subtype of endothelin receptor found predominantly in the kidney. it may play a role in reducing systemic endothelin levels
Receptor, EphA1: the founding member of the eph family receptors. it was first cloned from an erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line and is highly conserved among many mammalian species. overproduction of the epha1 receptor is associated with tumors and tumor cells of epithelial origin. it is also expressed at high levels in liver; lung; and kidney; which is in contrast to many other members of the eph receptor that are found primarily in tissues of the nervous system
Receptor, EphA2: an eph family receptor found abundantly in tissues of epithelial origin. it is expressed in a diverse array of tissues during embryonic development, suggesting that it may play a role in embryogenesis. in adult tissues high levels of the receptor are expressed in the lung; skin; small intestine and ovary
Receptor, EphA3: an eph family receptor that is found primarily in adult brain and variety of tissues in the developing embryo tissues. during embryonic development high levels of epha3 receptor expression is seen in the nervous system and coincides with neuronal cell migration, suggesting a role for this protein in axonal pathfinding
Receptor, EphA4: an eph family receptor found in variety of tissues including brain. during embryogenesis, epha4 receptor exhibits a diverse spatial and temporal patterns of expression suggesting its role in multiple developmental processes
Receptor, EphA5: an eph family receptor found primarily in differentiated neuronal tissues. several isoforms of epha5 receptor occur due to multiple alternative rna splicing. the protein is prominently expressed in the neurons of the limbic system during development and throughout adult life, suggesting its role in the plasticity of limbic structure and function
Receptor, EphA6: an eph family receptor that is found in a variety of neuronal regions of the brain. in contrast to the other proteins in this class, it is expressed at higher levels in adult tissues than in embryonic tissues
Receptor, EphA7: an eph family receptor found widely expressed in embryo tissues, including the nervous system. in the brain high levels of epha7 expression occurs in the anterior tectum, medulla, rhombencephalon, and subcommissural organ. several isoforms of the protein occur due to multiple alternative spicing of the epha7 mrna
Receptor, EphA8: an eph family receptor found exclusively in brain. epha8 receptors may play a role in the axonal guidance of a subset of tectal commissural neurons
Receptor, EphB1: an eph family receptor found primarily in the nervous system. in the embryonic brain ephb1 receptor expression occurs in the mantle layer and increases with the progression of embryogenesis. in adult brain it is found in the several regions including the cerebellum; cerebral cortex; and caudate nucleus; and putamen
Receptor, EphB2: an eph family receptor found widely expressed in embryonic and adult tissues. high levels of ephb2 receptor are observed in growing axons and nerve fibers. several isoforms of the protein exist due to multiple alternative mrna splicing
Receptor, EphB3: an eph family receptor found in a number of tissues including brain; lung; kidney; pancreas; intestine; and heart. during embryogenesis ephb3 receptor is expressed at high levels in the brain
Receptor, EphB4: an eph family receptor found in a variety of adult and embryonic tissues. unlike the majority of proteins in this class there is little or no expression of ephb4 receptor in the brain. it has been found at high levels in developing mammary glands and in invasive mammary tumors
Receptor, EphB5: an eph family receptor found at high levels in adult thymus and retina. in embryonic tissues it is found in many developing organs
Receptor, EphB6: an eph family receptor found primarily in brain and thymus. the ephb6 receptor is unusual in that its tyrosine kinase domain shares little homology with other members of this class. the unusual tyrosine kinase domain of this receptor appears to result in its lack of tyrosine kinase activity
Receptor, ErbB-2: a cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in a variety of adenocarcinomas. it has extensive homology to and heterodimerizes with the egf receptor, the erbb-3 receptor, and the erbb-4 receptor. activation of the erbb-2 receptor occurs through heterodimer formation with a ligand-bound erbb receptor family member
Receptor, ErbB-3: a cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for neuregulins. it has extensive homology to and can heterodimerize with the egf receptor and the erbb-2 receptor. overexpression of the erbb-3 receptor is associated with tumorigenesis
Receptor, ErbB-4: a cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that has specificity for epiregulin; betacellin; neuregulins; and heparin-binding egf-like growth-factor
Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1: a fibroblast growth factor receptor with specificity for fibroblast growth factors; heparan sulfate proteoglycan; and neuronal cell adhesion molecules. several variants of the receptor exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its mrna. fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 contains three extracellular immunoglobulin c2-set domains and is a tyrosine kinase that transmits signals through the map kinase signaling system
Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2: a fibroblast growth factor receptor which contains three extracellular immunoglobulin i-set domains and is expressed as two isoforms. one receptor isoform is expressed in the mesenchyme and is activated by fibroblast growth factor 2. a second isoform is expressed mainly by epithelial cells and is activated by fibroblast growth factor 7 and fibroblast growth factor 10. mutation of the gene for fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 can result in craniosynostotic syndromes (e.g., apert syndrome; and crouzon syndrome)
Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3: a fibroblast growth factor receptor that regulates chondrocyte growth and cell differentiation. mutations in the gene for fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 have been associated with achondroplasia; thanatophoric dysplasia and neoplastic cell transformation
Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4: a fibroblast growth factor receptor that is mainly expressed in lung; kidney; pancreas; and spleen. it also plays an important role in skeletal muscle development and can contribute to neoplastic cell transformation
Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 5: the most divergent of the known fibroblast growth factor receptors. it does not contain an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain and has been shown to interact with fibroblast growth factor 2. fibroblast growth factor receptor 5 is found primarily in skeletal tissue
Receptor, Galanin, Type 1: the most abundant galanin receptor subtype. it displays a high affinity for the full-length form of galanin
Receptor, Galanin, Type 2: a galanin receptor subtype with broad specificity for full length galanin, galanin peptide fragments and galanin-like peptide
Receptor, Galanin, Type 3: a galanin receptor subtype with high affinity for galanin-like peptide and low affinity for full length galanin and galanin peptide fragments
Receptor, IGF Type 1: a protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is closely related in structure to the insulin receptor. although commonly referred to as the igf-i receptor, it binds both igf-i and igf-ii with high affinity. it is comprised of a tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits which are derived from cleavage of a single precursor protein. the beta subunit contains an intrinsic tyrosine kinase domain
Receptor, IGF Type 2: a receptor that is specific for igf-ii and mannose-6-phosphate. the receptor is a 250-kda single chain polypeptide which is unrelated in structure to the type 1 igf receptor (receptor, igf type 1) and does not have a tyrosine kinase domain
Receptor, Insulin: a cell surface receptor for insulin. it comprises a tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits which are derived from cleavage of a single precursor protein. the receptor contains an intrinsic tyrosine kinase domain that is located within the beta subunit. activation of the receptor by insulin results in numerous metabolic changes including increased uptake of glucose into the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue
Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta: a ubiquitously expressed heterodimeric receptor that is specific for both interferon-alpha and interferon-beta. it is composed of two subunits referred to as ifnar1 and ifnar2. the ifnar2 subunit is believed to serve as the ligand-binding chain; however both chains are required for signal transduction. the interferon alpha-beta receptor signals through the action of janus kinases such as the tyk2 kinase
Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: a receptor for macrophage colony-stimulating factor encoded by the c-fms proto-oncogene (genes, fms). it contains an intrinsic protein-tyrosine kinase activity. when activated the receptor undergoes autophosphorylation, phosphorylation of down-stream signaling molecules and rapid down-regulation
Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1: a melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in melanocytes. it shows specificity for alpha-msh and adrenocorticotropic hormone. loss of function mutations of the type 1 melanocortin receptor account for the majority of red hair and fair skin recessive traits in human
Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 2: a melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in the adrenal cortex. it shows specificity for adrenocorticotropic hormone
Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3: a melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in brain. it shows specificity for alpha-msh; beta-msh; gamma-msh and adrenocorticotropic hormone
Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4: a melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in brain. it shows specificity for alpha-msh; beta-msh and adrenocorticotropic hormone
Receptor, Melatonin, MT1: a melatonin receptor subtype that is primarily found in the hypothalamus and in the kidney
Receptor, Melatonin, MT2: a melatonin receptor subtype primarily found expressed in the brain and retina
Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5: a type i g protein-coupled receptor mostly expressed post-synaptic pyramidal cells of the cortex and central nervous system
Receptor, Muscarinic M1: a specific subtype of muscarinic receptor that has a high affinity for the drug pirenzepine. it is found in the peripheral ganglia where it signals a variety of physiological functions such as gastric acid secretion and bronchoconstriction. this subtype of muscarinic receptor is also found in neuronal tissues including the cerebral cortex and hippocampus where it mediates the process of memory and learning
Receptor, Muscarinic M2: a specific subtype of muscarinic receptor found in the lower brain, the heart and in smooth muscle-containing organs. although present in smooth muscle the m2 muscarinic receptor appears not to be involved in contractile responses
Receptor, Muscarinic M3: a subclass of muscarinic receptor that mediates cholinergic-induced contraction in a variety of smooth muscles
Receptor, Muscarinic M4: a specific subtype of muscarinic receptor found in the corpus striatum and the lung. it has similar receptor binding specificities to muscarinic receptor m1 and muscarinic receptor m2
Receptor, Muscarinic M5: a specific subtype of muscarinic receptor found in a variety of locations including the salivary glands and the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area of the brain
Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor: a low affinity receptor that binds nerve growth factor; brain-derived neurotrophic factor; neurotrophin 3; and neurotrophin 4
Receptor, Notch1: a notch receptor that interacts with a variety of ligands and regulates signal transduction pathways for multiple cellular processes. it is widely expressed during embryogenesis and is essential for embryonic development
Receptor, Notch2: a notch receptor that plays an important role in cell differentiation in a variety of cell types. it is the preferentially expressed notch receptor in mature b-lymphocytes
Receptor, Notch3: a notch receptor characterized by a large extracellular domain containing 34 epidermal growth factor-like repeats. it functions to regulate cell differentiation; apoptosis; and cell proliferation. mutations in the egf repeats of notch-3 are associated with cadasil
Receptor, Notch4: a notch receptor and proto-oncogene protein characterized by a large extracellular domain that consists of 29 epidermal growth factor - like repeat sequences (egf repeats) and five ankyrin repeats. it functions as a receptor for serrate-jagged proteins and delta1 (dlk1) protein to control cell fate determination
Receptor, PAR-1: a thrombin receptor subtype that couples to heterotrimeric gtp-binding proteins resulting in the activation of a variety of signaling mechanisms including decreased intracellular cyclic amp, increased type c phospholipases and increased phospholipase a2
Receptor, PAR-2: a g-protein-coupled, proteinase-activated receptor that is expressed in a variety of tissues including endothelium; leukocytes; and the gastrointestinal tract. the receptor is activated by trypsin, which cleaves off the n-terminal peptide from the receptor. the new n-terminal peptide is a cryptic ligand for the receptor. the uncleaved receptor can also be activated by the n-terminal peptide present on the activated thrombin receptor and by small synthetic peptides that contain the unmasked n-terminal sequence
Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1: a parathyroid hormone receptor subtype that recognizes both parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein. it is a g-protein-coupled receptor that is expressed at high levels in bone and in kidney
Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 2: a parathyroid hormone receptor subtype found in the brain and the pancreas. it is a g-protein-coupled receptor with a ligand specificity that varies between homologs from different species
Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha: a pdgf receptor that binds specifically to both pdgf-a chains and pdgf-b chains. it contains a protein-tyrosine kinase activity that is involved in signal transduction
Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta: a pdgf receptor that binds specifically to the pdgf-b chain. it contains a protein-tyrosine kinase activity that is involved in signal transduction
Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A: a serotonin receptor subtype found distributed through the central nervous system where they are involved in neuroendocrine regulation of acth secretion. the fact that this serotonin receptor subtype is particularly sensitive to serotonin receptor agonists such as buspirone suggests its role in the modulation of anxiety and depression
Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B: a serotonin receptor subtype found at high levels in the basal ganglia and the frontal cortex. it plays a role as a terminal autoreceptor that regulates the rate of serotonin release from nerve endings. this serotonin receptor subtype is closely related to and has similar drug binding properties as the 5-ht1d receptor. it is particularly sensitive to the agonist sumatriptan and may be involved in mediating the drug's antimigraine effect
Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1D: a serotonin receptor subtype that is localized to the caudate nucleus; putamen; the nucleus accumbens; the hippocampus, and the raphe nuclei. it plays a role as a terminal autoreceptor that regulates the rate of serotonin release from nerve endings. this serotonin receptor subtype is closely related to and has similar drug binding properties as the 5-ht1b receptor, but is expressed at low levels. it is particularly sensitive to the agonist sumatriptan and may be involved in mediating the drug's antimigrane effect
Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1F: a serotonin receptor subtype found in the globus pallidus; hippocampus; putamen; substantia nigra; and trigeminal nucleus, spinal that can modulate the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from these nerves. unlike 5-ht1b receptors, the activation of 5-ht1f receptors does not cause vasoconstriction. 5-ht1f receptor antagonists are used for the treatment of migraine
Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A: a serotonin receptor subtype found widely distributed in peripheral tissues where it mediates the contractile responses of variety of tissues that contain smooth muscle. selective 5-ht2a receptor antagonists include ketanserin. the 5-ht2a subtype is also located in basal ganglia and cerebral cortex of the brain where it mediates the effects of hallucinogens such as lsd
Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2B: a serotonin receptor subtype found in the brain; heart; lungs; placenta and digestive system organs. a number of functions have been attributed to the action of the 5-ht2b receptor including the development of cardiac myocytes (myocytes, cardiac) and the contraction of smooth muscle
Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C: a serotonin receptor subtype found primarily in the central nervous system and the choroid plexus. this receptor subtype is believed to mediate the anorectic action of serotonin, while selective antagonists of the 5-ht2c receptor appear to induce anxiety. several isoforms of this receptor subtype exist, due to adenine deaminase editing of the receptor mrna
Receptor, TIE-1: a tie receptor found predominantly on endothelial cells. it is considered essential for vascular development and can form a heterodimer with the tie-2 receptor. the tie-1 receptor may play a role in regulating blood vessel stability and maturation
Receptor, TIE-2: a tie receptor tyrosine kinase that is found almost exclusively on endothelial cells. it is required for both normal embryonic vascular development (neovascularization, physiologic) and tumor angiogenesis (neovascularization, pathologic)
Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I: a transmembrane serine-threonine kinase that forms a heteromeric complex with type ii tgf-beta receptors to bind tgf-beta and regulate a variety of physiological and pathological processes including cell cycle arrest; cell proliferation; cell differentiation; wound healing; extracellular matrix production, immunosuppression and oncogenesis
Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II: a transmembrane serine-threonine kinase that forms a heteromeric complex with type i tgf-beta receptors when bound to tgf-beta. this receptor complex regulates a variety of physiological and pathological processes including cell cycle arrest; cell proliferation; cell differentiation; wound healing; extracellular matrix production, immunosuppression and oncogenesis
Receptor, trkA: a protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for nerve growth factor; neurotrophin 3; neurotrophin 4, neurotrophin 5. it plays a crucial role in pain sensation and thermoregulation in humans. gene mutations that cause loss of receptor function are associated with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis, while gene rearrangements that activate the protein-tyrosine kinase function are associated with tumorigenesis
Receptor, trkB: a protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for brain-derived neurotrophic factor; neurotrophin 3; neurotrophin 4 and neurotrophin 5. it is widely expressed in nervous tissue and plays a role in mediating the effects of neurotrophins on growth and differentiation of neuronal cells
Receptor, trkC: a protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for neurotrophin 3. it is widely expressed in nervous tissue and may play a role in mediating the effects of neurotrophin 3 on the proliferation and differentiation of neurons
Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell: molecule composed of the non-covalent association of the t-cell antigen receptor (receptors, antigen, t-cell) with the cd3 complex (cd3 complex). this association is required for the surface expression and function of both components. the molecule consists of up to seven chains: either the alpha/beta or gamma/delta chains of the t-cell receptor, and four or five chains in the cd3 complex
Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinase 2: a rip serine-theonine kinase that contains a c-terminal caspase activation and recruitment domain. it can signal by associating with other card-signaling adaptor proteins and initiator caspases that contain card domains within their n-terminal pro-domain region
Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases: a family of serine-threonine kinases that plays a role in intracellular signal transduction by interacting with a variety of signaling adaptor proteins such as cradd signaling adaptor protein; tnf receptor-associated factor 2; and tnf receptor-associated death domain protein. although they were initially described as death domain-binding adaptor proteins, members of this family may contain other protein-binding domains such as those involving caspase activation and recruitment
Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases: a subcategory of protein tyrosine phosphatases that are bound to the cell membrane. they contain cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase domains and extracellular protein domains that may play a role in cell-cell interactions by interacting with extracellular matrix components. they are considered receptor-like proteins in that they appear to lack specific ligands
Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 1: a subclass of receptor-like protein tryosine phosphatases that contain heavily glycosylated and cysteine-rich extracellular regions that include fibronectin type iii-like domains
Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 2: a subclass of receptor-like protein tryosine phosphatases that contain multiple extracellular immunoglobulin g-like domains and fibronectin type iii-like domains. an additional memprin-a5-mu domain is found on some members of this subclass
Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 3: a subclass of receptor-like protein tryosine phosphatases that contain a single cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphate domain and multiple extracellular fibronectin iii-like domains
Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 4: a subclass of receptor-like protein tryosine phosphatases that contain short highly glycosylated extracellular domains and two active cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphatase domains
Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 5: a subclass of receptor-like protein tryosine phosphatases that contain an extracellular fibronectin iii-like domain along with a carbonic anhydrase-like domain
Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 7: a subclass of receptor-like protein tryosine phosphatases that contain a short extracellular domain, a cytosolic kinase-interaction domain, and single protein tyrosine kinase domain
Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 8: a subclass of receptor-like protein tryosine phosphatases that contain an extracellular rdgs-adhesion recognition motif and a single cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphate domain
Receptors for Activated C Kinase: receptors for protein kinase c that consist of seven wd40 repeats. they function in a wide variety of cellular and physiologic processes including the assembly of signaling complexes, protein translation, cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis, and muscarinic receptor transport. rack1 depends on protein kinase c activity to translocate from the perinuclear region to the cell periphery and associates with the plasma membrane through interactions with keratin-1 and integrin beta-1
Receptors, AMPA: a class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for the agonist ampa (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid)
Receptors, Adenosine A2: a subclass of adenosine receptors that are generally considered to be coupled to the gs, stimulatory g-protein which causes up regulation of cyclic amp
Receptors, Adipokine: cell surface receptors for adipokines, cytokines secreted by the adipocytes
Receptors, Adiponectin: cell surface receptors for adiponectin, an antidiabetic hormone secreted by adipocytes. adiponectin receptors are membrane proteins with multiple cytoplasmic and extracellular regions. they are about 43 kda and encoded by at least two genes with different affinities for globular and full-length adiponectin
Receptors, Adrenergic: cell-surface proteins that bind epinephrine and/or norepinephrine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. the two major classes of adrenergic receptors, alpha and beta, were originally discriminated based on their cellular actions but now are distinguished by their relative affinity for characteristic synthetic ligands. adrenergic receptors may also be classified according to the subtypes of g-proteins with which they bind; this scheme does not respect the alpha-beta distinction
Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha: one of the two major pharmacological subdivisions of adrenergic receptors that were originally defined by the relative potencies of various adrenergic compounds. the alpha receptors were initially described as excitatory receptors that post-junctionally stimulate smooth muscle contraction. however, further analysis has revealed a more complex picture involving several alpha receptor subtypes and their involvement in feedback regulation
Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1: a subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors that mediate contraction of smooth muscle in a variety of tissues such as arterioles; veins; and the uterus. they are usually found on postsynaptic membranes and signal through gq-g11 g-proteins
Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2: a subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors found on both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes where they signal through gi-go g-proteins. while postsynaptic alpha-2 receptors play a traditional role in mediating the effects of adrenergic agonists, the subset of alpha-2 receptors found on presynaptic membranes signal the feedback inhibition of neurotransmitter release
Receptors, Adrenergic, beta: one of two major pharmacologically defined classes of adrenergic receptors. the beta adrenergic receptors play an important role in regulating cardiac muscle contraction, smooth muscle relaxation, and glycogenolysis
Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1: a subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (receptors, adrenergic, beta). the adrenergic beta-1 receptors are equally sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine and bind the agonist dobutamine and the antagonist metoprolol with high affinity. they are found in the heart, juxtaglomerular cells, and in the central and peripheral nervous systems
Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2: a subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (receptors, adrenergic, beta). the adrenergic beta-2 receptors are more sensitive to epinephrine than to norepinephrine and have a high affinity for the agonist terbutaline. they are widespread, with clinically important roles in skeletal muscle; liver; and vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary smooth muscle
Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3: a subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (receptors, adrenergic, beta). the beta-3 adrenergic receptors are the predominant beta-adrenergic receptor type expressed in white and brown adipocytes and are involved in modulating energy metabolism and thermogenesis
Receptors, Adrenomedullin: g-protein-coupled cell surface receptors for adrenomedullin. they are formed by the heterodimerization of calcitonin receptor-like protein and either receptor activity-modifying protein 2 or receptor activity-modifying protein 3
Receptors, Albumin: cell surface proteins that bind albumin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells
Receptors, Amino Acid: cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and gamma-aminobutyric acid and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition
Receptors, Androgen: proteins, generally found in the cytoplasm, that specifically bind androgens and mediate their cellular actions. the complex of the androgen and receptor migrates to the cell nucleus where it induces transcription of specific segments of dna
Receptors, Angiotensin: cell surface proteins that bind angiotensins and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells
Receptors, Antigen: molecules on the surface of b- and t-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with specific antigens
Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell: immunoglobulins on the surface of b-lymphocytes. their messenger rna contains an exon with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type i transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (antibodies) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell: molecules on the surface of t-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. the receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called cd3 antigens (cd3 complex). recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (receptors, antigen, t-cell, alpha-beta) or gamma-delta (receptors, antigen, t-cell, gamma-delta) chains
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta: t-cell receptors composed of cd3-associated alpha and beta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in cd4+ or cd8+ t-cells. unlike immunoglobulins, the alpha-beta t-cell receptors recognize antigens only when presented in association with major histocompatibility (mhc) molecules
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta: t-cell receptors composed of cd3-associated gamma and delta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in cd4-/cd8- t-cells. the receptors appear to be preferentially located in epithelial sites and probably play a role in the recognition of bacterial antigens. the t-cell receptor gamma/delta chains are separate and not related to the gamma and delta chains which are subunits of cd3 (see antigens, cd3)
Receptors, Artificial: receptors that are created by synthetic chemistry techniques. they are usually designed to mimic endogenous cell surface receptors
Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon: cytoplasmic proteins that bind certain aryl hydrocarbons, translocate to the nucleus, and activate transcription of particular dna segments. ah receptors are identified by their high-affinity binding to several carcinogenic or teratogenic environmental chemicals including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in cigarette smoke and smog, heterocyclic amines found in cooked foods, and halogenated hydrocarbons including dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls. no endogenous ligand has been identified, but an unknown natural messenger with a role in cell differentiation and development is suspected
Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor: cell surface proteins that bind atrial natriuretic factor with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. they contain intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity
Receptors, Autocrine Motility Factor: cell surface receptors for autocrine motility factor, which is the secreted form of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. the receptor has an unusual composition in that it shares some structural similarities with g-protein-coupled receptors and functions as an ubiquitin protein ligase when internalized
Receptors, Biogenic Amine: cell surface proteins that bind biogenic amines with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells. biogenic amine is a chemically imprecise term which, by convention, includes the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, the indoleamine serotonin, the imidazolamine histamine, and compounds closely related to each of these
Receptors, Bombesin: cell surface proteins that bind bombesin or closely related peptides with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. gastrin- releasing peptide (grp); grp 18-27 (neuromedin c), and neuromedin b are endogenous ligands of bombesin receptors in mammals
Receptors, Bradykinin: cell surface receptors that bind bradykinin and related kinins with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. the identified receptor types (b-1 and b-2, or bk-1 and bk-2) recognize endogenous kallidin; t-kinins; and certain bradykinin fragments as well as bradykinin itself
Receptors, CCR1: ccr receptors with specificity for a broad variety of cc chemokines. they are expressed at high levels in monocytes; tissue macrophages; neutrophils; and eosinophils
Receptors, CCR10: ccr receptors with specificity for chemokine ccl27. they may play a specialized role in the cutaneous homing of lymphocytes
Receptors, CCR2: ccr receptors with specificity for chemokine ccl2 and several other ccl2-related chemokines. they are expressed at high levels in t-lymphocytes; b-lymphocytes; macrophages; basophils; and nk cells
Receptors, CCR3: ccr receptors with specificity for chemokine ccl11 and a variety of other cc chemokines. they are expressed at high levels in t-lymphocytes; eosinophils; basophils; and mast cells
Receptors, CCR4: ccr receptors with specificity for chemokine ccl17 and chemokine ccl22. they are expressed at high levels in t-lymphocytes; mast cells; dendritic cells; and nk cells
Receptors, CCR5: ccr receptors with specificity for chemokine ccl3; chemokine ccl4; and chemokine ccl5. they are expressed at high levels in t-lymphocytes; b-lymphocytes; macrophages; mast cells; and nk cells. the ccr5 receptor is used by the human immunodeficiency virus to infect cells
Receptors, CCR6: ccr receptors with specificity for chemokine ccl20. they are expressed at high levels in t-lymphocytes; b-lymphocytes; and dendritic cells
Receptors, CCR7: ccr receptors with specificity for chemokine ccl19 and chemokine ccl21. they are expressed at high levels in t-lymphocytes; b-lymphocytes; and dendritic cells
Receptors, CCR8: ccr receptors with specificity for chemokine ccl1. they are expressed at high levels in t-lymphocytes; b-lymphocytes; and macrophages
Receptors, CXCR: chemokine receptors that are specific for cxc chemokines
Receptors, CXCR3: cxcr receptors that are expressed on the surface of a number of cell types, including t-lymphocytes; nk cells; dendritic cells; and a subset of b-lymphocytes. the receptors are activated by chemokine cxcl9; chemokine cxcl10; and chemokine cxcl11
Receptors, CXCR4: cxcr receptors with specificity for cxcl12 chemokine. the receptors may play a role in hematopoiesis regulation and can also function as coreceptors for the human immunodeficiency virus
Receptors, CXCR5: cxcr receptors isolated initially from burkitt lymphoma cells. cxcr5 receptors are expressed on mature, recirculating b-lymphocytes and are specific for chemokine cxcl13
Receptors, CXCR6: cxcr receptors that are specific for chemokine cxcl16. they are expressed by lymphoid tissues, activated t-cells, and also function as co-receptors for simian immunodeficiency viruses; hiv-2; and hiv-1 infection of macrophages
Receptors, Calcitonin: cell surface proteins that bind calcitonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. calcitonin receptors outside the nervous system mediate the role of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis. the role of calcitonin receptors in the brain is not well understood
Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide: cell surface proteins that bind calcitonin gene-related peptide with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. cgrp receptors are present in both the central nervous system and the periphery. they are formed via the heterodimerization of the calcitonin receptor-like protein and receptor activity-modifying protein 1
Receptors, Calcitriol: proteins, usually found in the cytoplasm, that specifically bind calcitriol, migrate to the nucleus, and regulate transcription of specific segments of dna with the participation of d receptor interacting proteins (called drip). vitamin d is converted in the liver and kidney to calcitriol and ultimately acts through these receptors
Receptors, Calcium-Sensing: a class of g-protein-coupled receptors that react to varying extracellular calcium levels. calcium-sensing receptors in the parathyroid glands play an important role in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis by regulating the release of parathyroid hormone. they differ from intracellular calcium-sensing proteins which sense intracellular calcium levels
Receptors, Cannabinoid: a class of g-protein-coupled receptors that are specific for cannabinoids such as those derived from cannabis. they also bind a structurally distinct class of endogenous factors referred to as endocannabinoids. the receptor class may play a role in modulating the release of signaling molecules such as neurotransmitters and cytokines
Receptors, Catecholamine: cell surface proteins that bind catecholamines with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. the catecholamine messengers epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are synthesized from tyrosine by a common biosynthetic pathway
Receptors, Cell Surface: cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (from alberts, molecular biology of the cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands
Receptors, Chemokine: cell surface glycoproteins that bind to chemokines and thus mediate the migration of pro-inflammatory molecules. the receptors are members of the seven-transmembrane g protein-coupled receptor family. like the chemokines themselves, the receptors can be divided into at least three structural branches: cr, ccr, and cxcr, according to variations in a shared cysteine motif
Receptors, Chimeric Antigen: synthetic cellular receptors that reprogram t-lymphocytes to selectively bind antigens
Receptors, Cholecystokinin: cell surface proteins that bind cholecystokinin (cck) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. cholecystokinin receptors are activated by gastrin as well as by cck-4; cck-8; and cck-33. activation of these receptors evokes secretion of amylase by pancreatic acinar cells, acid and pepsin by stomach mucosal cells, and contraction of the pylorus and gallbladder. the role of the widespread cck receptors in the central nervous system is not well understood
Receptors, Cholinergic: cell surface proteins that bind acetylcholine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. cholinergic receptors are divided into two major classes, muscarinic and nicotinic, based originally on their affinity for nicotine and muscarine. each group is further subdivided based on pharmacology, location, mode of action, and/or molecular biology
Receptors, Collagen: cell surface receptors that modulate signal transduction between cells and the extracellular matrix. they are found in many cell types and are involved in the maintenance and regulation of cell shape and behavior, including platelet activation and aggregation, through many different signaling pathways and differences in their affinities for collagen isoforms. collagen receptors include discoidin domain receptors; integrins; and gp6, one of the platelet membrane glycoproteins
Receptors, Colony-Stimulating Factor: cell surface receptors for colony stimulating factors, local mediators, and hormones that regulate the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hemopoietic cells
Receptors, Complement: molecules on the surface of some b-lymphocytes and macrophages, that recognize and combine with the c3b, c3d, c1q, and c4b components of complement
Receptors, Complement 3b: molecular sites on or in some b-lymphocytes and macrophages that recognize and combine with complement c3b. the primary structure of these receptors reveal that they contain transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, with their extracellular portion composed entirely of thirty short consensus repeats each having 60 to 70 amino acids
Receptors, Complement 3d: molecular sites on or in b-lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells, lymphoid cells, and epithelial cells that recognize and combine with complement c3d. human complement receptor 2 (cr2) serves as a receptor for both c3dg and the gp350/220 glycoprotein of herpesvirus 4, human, and binds the monoclonal antibody okb7, which blocks binding of both ligands to the receptor
Receptors, Concanavalin A: glycoprotein moieties on the surfaces of cell membranes that bind concanavalin a selectively; the number and location of the sites depends on the type and condition of the cell
Receptors, Coronavirus: a broad class of cell surface proteins that bind specifically to viral spike proteins found on a coronavirus. the attachment of the virus is the first step of a process that leads to coronavirus infections
Receptors, Corticotropin: cell surface receptors that bind corticotropin; (acth, adrenocorticotropic hormone) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. pharmacology suggests there may be multiple acth receptors. an acth receptor has been cloned and belongs to a subfamily of g-protein-coupled receptors. in addition to the adrenal cortex, acth receptors are found in the brain and immune systems
Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: cell surface proteins that bind corticotropin-releasing hormone with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. the corticotropin releasing-hormone receptors on anterior pituitary cells mediate the stimulation of corticotropin release by hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor. the physiological consequence of activating corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors on central neurons is not well understood
Receptors, Cyclic AMP: cell surface proteins that bind cyclic amp with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. the best characterized cyclic amp receptors are those of the slime mold dictyostelium discoideum. the transcription regulator cyclic amp receptor protein of prokaryotes is not included nor are the eukaryotic cytoplasmic cyclic amp receptor proteins which are the regulatory subunits of cyclic amp-dependent protein kinases