NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Tetrahymena thermophila: a species of ciliate protozoa used in genetic and cytological research
Tetrahymena thermophila: druh nálevníků používaných v genetickém a cytologickém výzkumu
Tetrahymenina: a suborder of ciliate protozoa. most organisms are free-living in fresh water and many species are used extensively for experimental studies
Tetrahymenina: podřád nálevníků. většina příslušníků tohoto podřádu jsou volně žijící sladkovodní organismy. mnoho druhů se hojně využívá pro experimentální studie
Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: n,n',n'',n'''-tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. a specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. it is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process
Tetralogy of Fallot: a combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including ventricular septal defects; pulmonary stenosis; right ventricular hypertrophy; and a dextro-positioned aorta. in this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing cyanosis
Tetralones: a group of tetrahydronaphthalenes containing a keto oxygen
Tetramethylphenylenediamine: used in the form of the hydrochloride as a reagent in analytical chemistry techniques
Tetranitromethane: corrosive oxidant, explosive; additive to diesel and rocket fuels; causes skin and lung irritation; proposed war gas. a useful reagent for studying the modification of specific amino acids, particularly tyrosine residues in proteins. has also been used for studying carbanion formation and for detecting the presence of double bonds in organic compounds
Tetranychidae: family of spider mites, in the superfamily tetranychoidea, suborder trombidiformes
Tetranychidae: čeleď roztočů z nadčeledi tetranychoidea, podřádu trombidiformes
Tetraodontiformes: a small order of primarily marine fish containing 340 species. most have a rotund or box-like shape. tetrodotoxin is found in their liver and ovaries
Tetraodontiformes: malý řád primárně mořských ryb zahrnující 340 druhů. většina má kulaté nebo krabicovité tělo. v jejich játrech, pohlavních orgánech a někdy i v kůži se vyskytují toxiny (tetrodotoxin)
Tetraoxanes: compounds with two peroxide groups, that is, two pairs of adjacent oxygen atoms. they may have activity against plasmodium similar to the artemisinins
Tetraphenylborate: an anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. it also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays
Tetrapleura: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. members contain molluscicidal triterpene glycosides (triterpenes)
Tetrapleura: rod rostlin z čeledi bobovité (fabaceae). zástupci obsahují moluskocidální triterpenické glykosidy
Tetraploidy: the presence of four sets of chromosomes. it is associated with abnormalities, multiple; and miscarrages
Tetrapyrroles: four pyrroles joined by one-carbon unit linking position 2 of one to position 5 of the next. the conjugated bond system results in pigmentation
Tetrasomy: the possession of four chromosomes of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell
Tetraspanin 24: a tetraspanin protein that associates with laminin-binding integrins. it is essential for proper assembly of basement membrane in the kidney glomerulus and kidney tubules and may play a role in the regulation of cell motility
Tetraspanin 25: a tetraspanin protein found at high levels in cells of the lymphoid-myeloid lineage. it may function in regulating the differentiation of t-lymphocytes and the activation of b-lymphocytes
Tetraspanin 28: a tetraspanin protein that is involved in a variety of cellular functions including basement membrane assembly, and in the formation of a molecular complexes on the surface of lymphocytes
Tetraspanin 29: a subtype of tetraspanin protein that plays a role in cell adhesion, cell motility, and tumor metastasis. it functions in platelet activation and aggregation, the formation of paranodal junctions in neuronal tissue, and the fusion of sperm with egg
Tetraspanin 30: ubiquitously-expressed tetraspanin protein that is found in late endosomes and lysosomes. it functions in intracellular protein transport and signaling
Tetraspanins: a large superfamily of cell surface membrane proteins characterized by their four transmembrane domains. they play a role in a variety of processes such as cellular adhesion and motility. they may be involved in the organization of cell surface membrane microdomains that regulate the activation of leukocytes
Tetrathionic Acid: a sulfuric acid dimer, formed by disulfide linkage. this compound has been used to prolong coagulation time and as an antidote in cyanide poisoning
Tetratricopeptide Repeat: a structural motif present in a variety of proteins that mediates protein-protein interactions and assembly of multiprotein complexes. it consists of 3 to 16 tandem repeats of 34 amino acids, mostly of small and large hydrophobic residues, that form alpha-helix pairs
Tetrazolium Salts: quaternary salts derived from tetrazoles. they are used in tests to distinguish between reducing sugars and simple aldehydes, for detection of dehydrogenase in tissues, cells, and bacteria, for determination of corticosteroids, and in color photography. (from mall's dictionary of chemistry, 5th ed, p455)
Tetric: composed of silicon dioxide, yttrium fluoride, spherosil, and baalsi
Tetric EvoCeram: a universal composite for anterior and posterior restorations that is light-cured, radiopaque, & combines three types of nanoparticles (fillers, pigments & modifier) in a single composite
Tetric ceram: composed of diglycidyl methacrylate plus urethane dimethacrylate
Tetrodotoxin: an aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order tetraodontiformes, which are eaten. the toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction
Teucrium: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae. members contain teuscordonin. there have been reports of hepatotoxicity by this genus
Texas: state bounded on the north by oklahoma, on the east by arkansas and louisiana, on the south by mexico, and on the west by new mexico
Texas: stát na jihu spojených států amerických, je druhý největší a druhý nejlidnatější stát. texas hraničí na východě s louisianou, na severovýchodě s arkansasem, na severu s oklahomou, na západě s novým mexikem a na jihozápadě a jihu s mexickými státy chihuahua, coahuila, nuevo león a tamaulipas. jihovýchodní ohraničení státu tvoří mexický záliv. hlavní město je austin, největší město je houston. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Texin MD85A: segmented polyether-polyurethane used in cardiac prostheses
Text Messaging: communication between cell phone users via the short message service protocol which allows the interchange of short written messages
Textbook: book intended for use in the study of specific subjects, containing systematic presentation of the principles and essential knowledge of the subjects
Textbooks as Topic: works about books used in the study of a subject that contain a systematic presentation of the principles and vocabulary of a subject
Textile Industry: the aggregate business enterprise of manufacturing textiles. (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Textiles: filament or fiber, or the materials generated from them by weaving, embroidery, knitting, crocheting, tufting, or felting such as yarn, thread, cording, rope, netting, lace, or sheets of cloth or fabric
Th1 Cells: a subset of helper-inducer t-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete interleukin-2; interferon-gamma; and interleukin-12. due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, th1 cells are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions
Th1 buňky: typ pomocných-indukujících t-lymfocytů, které syntetizují a uvolňují interleukin-2, interferon gama a interleukin-12. mají schopnost zabíjet antigen prezentující buňky a efektorovou aktivitu zprostředkovanou lymfokiny. tím se podílejí i na silných alergických reakcích pozdního typu
Th1-Th2 Balance: homeostatic control of the immune system by different cytokines that induce the differentiation of helper t-cells into th1 and th2 cells and result in a balance or imbalance (leading to disease) of th1 and th2 cells' immune responses
Th17 Cells: a subset of helper-effector t-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete interleukins il-17; il-17f; and il-22. these cytokines are involved in host defenses and tissue inflammation in autoimmune diseases
Th2 Cells: a subset of helper-inducer t-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete the interleukins il-4; il-5; il-6; and il-10. these cytokines influence b-cell development and antibody production as well as augmenting humoral responses
Th2 buňky: podtyp pomocných-indukujících t-lymfocytů, které syntetizují a vylučují interleukiny il-4, il-5, il-6 a il-10. tyto cytokiny ovlivňují vývoj b-buněk a tvorbu protilátek a také zesilují humorální imunitní odpověď
Thai Symphalangism Syndrome: proximal and distal symphalangism, postaxial polydactyly, hypodontia, multiple and hyperplastic frenula, blepharoptosis, dysplastic ears, short stature, absence of the distal phalanges of toes
Thailand: formerly known as siam, this is a southeast asian nation at the center of the indochina peninsula. bangkok is the capital city
Thajsko: stát v jihovýchodní asii, leží na poloostrově zadní indie. jeho sousedy jsou myanmar, laos, kambodža a malajsie. hlavním městem je bangkok. thajsko bylo v minulosti známo pod jménem siam. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2021 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Thalamic Diseases: disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes
Thalamic Nuclei: several groups of nuclei in the thalamus that serve as the major relay centers for sensory impulses in the brain
Thalamus: paired bodies containing mostly gray matter and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain
Thalassemia: a group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. there are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia
Thalictrum: a plant genus of the family ranunculaceae. members contain isoquinoline alkaloids and triterpene glycosides
Thalictrum: rod rostlin čeledi ranunculaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují isochinolinové alkaloidy a triterpenové glykosidy
Thalidomide: a piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. it has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. it inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action
Thallium: a heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol tl
Thallium Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of thallium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. tl atoms with atomic weights 198-202, 204, and 206-210 are thallium radioisotopes
Thanatophoric Dysplasia: a severe form of neonatal dwarfism with very short limbs. all cases have died at birth or later in the neonatal period
Thanatophoric Dysplasia, Type I: aka td1; mutations in fgfr3
Thapsia: a plant genus of the family apiaceae. members contain thapsigargin and other guaianolides (sesquiterpenes, guaianolide)
Thapsia: rod rostlin čeledi apiaceae. zástupci obsahují thapsigargin a další guajanolidy (guajanové seskviterpeny)
Thapsigargin: a sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of thapsia. it inhibits sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-transporting atpases
Thauera: a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria able to anaerobically oxidize and degrade toluene
Thauera: rod gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které mají schopnost anaerobně oxidovat a rozkládat toluen
Theaceae: a plant family of the order theales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida, best known for camellia sinensis, which is the source of oriental tea
Thebaine: a drug that is derived from opium, which contains from 0.3-1.5% thebaine depending on its origin. it produces strychnine-like convulsions rather than narcosis. it may be habit-forming and is a controlled substance (opiate) listed in the u.s. code of federal regulations, title 21 part 1308.12 (1985). (from merck index, 11th ed)
Theca Cells: the flattened stroma cells forming a sheath or theca outside the basal lamina lining the mature ovarian follicle. thecal interstitial or stromal cells are steroidogenic, and produce primarily androgens which serve as precusors of estrogens in the granulosa cells
Thecoma: a gonadal stromal neoplasm composed only of theca cells, occurring mostly in the postmenopausal ovary. it is filled with lipid-containing spindle cells and produces estrogens that can lead to endometrial hyperplasia; uterine hemorrhage; or other malignancies in postmenopausal women and sexual precocity in girls. when tumors containing theca cells also contain fibroblasts, they are identified as thecoma-fibroma tumors with less active hormone production
Theileria: a genus of tick-borne protozoa parasitic in the lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and endothelial cells of mammals. its organisms multiply asexually and then invade erythrocytes, where they undergo no further reproduction until ingested by a transmitting tick
Theileria: rod prvoků z řádu piroplasmida; t. parva je cizopasník přežvýkavého dobytka přenášený klíšťaty, který způsobuje smrtelně nebezpečnou horečku dobytka i jiných savců - theileriózu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Theileria annulata: a protozoan parasite causing tropical theileriasis in cattle. it is transmitted by ticks of the hyalomma genus
Theileria annulata: parazitický prvok, který je původcem tropické theileriózy skotu. je přenášený klíšťaty rodu hyalomma
Theileria parva: a protozoan parasite that is the etiologic agent of east coast fever (theileriasis). transmission is by ticks of the physicephalus and hyalomma genera
Theileria parva: parazitický prvok, který je etiologickým agens theileriózy. je přenášený klíšťaty rodů physicephalus a hyalomma
Theileriasis: infection of cattle, sheep, or goats with protozoa of the genus theileria. this infection results in an acute or chronic febrile condition
Theilovirus: a species of cardiovirus which contains three strains: theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, vilyuisk human encephalomyelitis virus, and rat encephalomyelitis virus
Theilovirus: druh viru rodu cardiovirus, který zahrnuje tři kmeny: theilerův virus myší encefalomyelitidy, virus lidské encefalomyelitidy vilyuisk a virus encefalomyelitidy potkanů
Thelazioidea: a superfamily of parasitic nematodes which includes three genera: thelazia, spirocerca, and gnathostoma. only thelazia and gnathostoma occasionally occur in man
Thelazioidea: nadčeleď parazitických hlístic, kam patří např. rody thelazia a spirocerca
Thelohania: a genus of fungi, in the family thelohaniidae, a parasite of red imported fire ants, mosquitoes, and other organisms
Thelohania: rod mikrosporidií čeledi thelohaniidae. paraziti mravenců druhu solenopsis invicta, komárů a dalších organismů
Thematic Apperception Test: a projective technique which focuses primarily on the dynamics of interpersonal relationships. it consists of a series of 31 pictures that depict various social situations and interpersonal relations. a subset is selected by the examiner and presented to the subject who is asked to tell a story about each picture. the stories are interpreted in terms of the subject's relations to authority figures, to contemporaries of both sexes, and in terms of the compromises between external demands and the needs of the id, the ego, and the superego. (from campbell, psychiatric dictionary, 1996)
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration
Theobromine: 3,7-dimethylxanthine. the principle alkaloid in theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. a xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. it has a weaker diuretic activity than theophylline and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. it has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. it was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9)
Theology: the study of religion and religious belief, or a particular system or school of religious beliefs and teachings (from online cambridge dictionary of american english, 2000 and wordnet: an electronic lexical database, 1997)
Theonella: a genus of shallow-cupped sponges with a broad base in the family theonellidae. they are characterized by ectosomal spicules dominated by phyllotriaenes
Theophylline: a methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac and central nervous system stimulant activities. theophylline inhibits the 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase that degrades cyclic amp thus potentiates the actions of agents that act through adenylyl cyclases and cyclic amp
Theory of Mind: the ability to attribute mental states (e.g., beliefs, desires, feelings, intentions, thoughts, etc.) to self and to others, allowing an individual to understand and infer behavior on the basis of the mental states. difference or deficit in theory of mind is associated with asperger syndrome; autistic disorder; and schizophrenia, etc
Theory of Planned Behavior: the construct in which intentions to perform behaviors of different kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control; and these intentions, together with perceptions of behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior. (from ajzen, organizational behavior and human decision processes, v.50, issue 2, p.179-211.)
Theranostic Nanomedicine: an integrated nano-scale approach to medicine which involves concurrent diagnosis, drug delivery, therapy, and monitoring of therapeutic response
Therapeutic Alliance: a relational factor in counseling that includes three dimensions: goal consensus between counselor and client, collaboration on counseling-related tasks, and emotional bonding. it is referred to as the working alliance between a therapist and a client in psychotherapy and closely correlated with positive client outcomes
Therapeutic Community: psychotherapeutic technique which emphasizes socioenvironmental and interpersonal influences in the resocialization and rehabilitation of the patient. the setting is usually a hospital unit or ward in which professional and nonprofessional staff interact with the patients
Therapeutic Equipoise: expectation of real uncertainty on the part of the investigator regarding the comparative therapeutic merits of each arm in a trial
Therapeutic Equivalency: the relative equivalency in the efficacy of different modes of treatment of a disease, most often used to compare the efficacy of different pharmaceuticals to treat a given disease
Therapeutic Human Experimentation: human experimentation that is intended to benefit the subjects on whom it is performed
Therapeutic Index, Drug: the ratio of the dose that produces toxicity to the dose that produces a clinically desired or effective response
Therapeutic Irrigation: the washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing water or solution for therapy or diagnosis
Therapeutic Misconception: misunderstanding among individuals, frequently research subjects, of scientific methods such as randomization and placebo controls
Therapeutic Occlusion: methods used to temporarily or permanently block the flow of body fluids through various ducts and tubules throughout the body, including blood vessels and lymphatic vessels such as by therapeutic embolization or ligation
Therapeutic Touch: placing of the hands of the healer upon the person to be cured with the intent of spiritual energetic healing
Therapeutic Uses: uses of chemicals which affect the course of conditions, diseases, syndromes or pathology to benefit the health of an individual
Therapies, Investigational: treatments which are undergoing clinical trials or for which there is insufficient evidence to determine their effects on health outcomes; coverage for such treatments is often denied by health insurers
Therapy Animals: therapy animals visit hospitals, nursing homes, hospices, schools, and other places where people may be facing health challenges or stressors to provide an emotional or mental health benefit by their presence. they may also be used to assist physical and occupational therapists. therapy animals are generally registered, trained, and screened, but are not covered by laws as are service animals
Therapy with Helminths: the treatment of immune system diseases by deliberate infestation with helminths. this therapy is partly based on the hygiene hypothesis which states that the absence of parasites increases immune dysregulation because of the lack of stimulation of regulatory t-cells
Therapy, Soft Tissue: the assessment, treatment, and management of soft tissue injury or dysfunction. therapy is designed to reduce tension and irritation in affected tissues and may include massage; muscle stretching, or direct pressure on muscles, connective tissue, and trigger points
Thermal Conductivity: the heat flow across a surface per unit area per unit time, divided by the negative of the rate of change of temperature with distance in a direction perpendicular to the surface. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Thermal Diffusion: the movement of molecules from one location to another as effected by temperature changes
Thermanox: has light sensitivity at 266 nm. it mainly consists of polyethylene terephthalate
Thermaseal Silverfree: a root canal sealer; recommended for use with the thermafil technique
Thermelect: solution of synthetic resins; contains 3% sodium or calcium fluoride & polytrifluorochloroethylene
Thermoactinomyces: a genus of gram-positive bacteria in the family thermoactinomycetaceae, that can cause farmer's lung
Thermoactinomyces: rod grampozitivních bakterií čeledi thermoactinomycetaceae, které mohou způsobit onemocnění farmářská plíce
Thermoanaerobacter: a genus of gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria in the family thermoanaerobacteriaceae. cultures consist of rods interspersed with coccoid cells
Thermoanaerobacter: rod grampozitivních, anaerobních bakterií čeledi thermoanaerobacteriaceae. kultury jsou tvořené směsí tyček a koků
Thermoanaerobacterium: a genus of gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria in the family thermoanaerobacteriaceae. they are thermophilic and saccharolytic
Thermoanaerobacterium: rod grampozitivních, anaerobních bakterií čeledi thermoanaerobacteriaceae. jsou termofilní a sacharolytické
Thermoascus: a genus of thermophilic, ascomycetous fungi in the family trichocomaceae, order eurotiales. anamorphic forms are in the genus paecilomyces
Thermoascus: rod termofilních vřeckovýtrusných hub čeledi trichocomaceae, řádu eurotiales. anamorfní stadia patří do rodu paecilomyces
Thermobifida: a genus of thermophilic, gram-positive actinobacteria in the family nocardiopsaceae that is rod-shaped and found in decaying organic matter. this genus plays a major role in the degradation of plant cell walls
Thermobifida: rod termofilních, grampozitivních, tyčinkovitých aktinobakterií (actinobacteria) čeledi nocardiopsaceae, které se vyskytují v hnijící organické hmotě. tento rod má hlavní roli při degradaci rostlinných buněčných stěn
Thermococcaceae: a family of anaerobic thermococcales found in hot environments. there are two genera: pyrococcus and thermococcus
Thermococcaceae: čeleď anaerobních archeí řádu thermococcales. vyskytují se v horkém prostředí. patří sem rody palaeococcus, pyrococcus a thermococcus
Thermococcales: an order of strictly anaerobic, thermophilic archaea, in the kingdom euryarchaeota. members exhibit heterotropic growth by sulfur respiration. there is a single family thermococcaceae
Thermococcales: řád striktně anaerobních, termofilních archeí kmene euryarchaeota. jsou heterotrofní, vykazují sirnou respiraci. patří sem jediná čeleď - thermococcaceae
Thermococcus: a genus of extremely thermophilic heterotrophic archaea, in the family thermococcaceae, occurring in heated sea flows. they are anaerobic chemoorganotropic sulfidogens
Thermococcus: rod extrémně termofilních, heterotrofních archeí čeledi thermococcaceae. vyskytují se v horkých mořských ekosystémech. jsou to anaerobní, chemoorganotrofní, sulfidogenní organismy
Thermodilution: measurement of blood flow based on induction at one point of the circulation of a known change in the intravascular heat content of flowing blood and detection of the resultant change in temperature at a point downstream
Thermodynamics: a rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). it describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (from hawley's condensed chemical dictionary, 12th ed)
Thermofilaceae: a family of thermoproteales consisting of anaerobic, thermoacidophilic thin rods found in solfataric hot springs
Thermofilaceae: čeleď archeí řádu thermoproteales zahrnující anaerobní, termoacidofilní, štíhlé tyčky žijící v horkých sirných vřídlech
Thermogenesis: the generation of heat in order to maintain body temperature. the uncoupled oxidation of fatty acids contained within brown adipose tissue and shivering are examples of thermogenesis in mammals
Thermography: imaging the temperatures in a material, or in the body or an organ. imaging is based on self-emanating infrared radiation (heat waves), or on changes in properties of the material or tissue that vary with temperature, such as elasticity; magnetic field; or luminescence
Thermogravimetry: technique whereby the weight of a sample can be followed over a period of time while its temperature is being changed (usually increased at a constant rate)
Thermoluminescent Dosimetry: the use of a device composed of thermoluminescent material for measuring exposure to ionizing radiation. the thermoluminescent material emits light when heated. the amount of light emitted is proportional to the amount of ionizing radiation to which the material has been exposed
Thermolysin: a thermostable extracellular metalloendopeptidase containing four calcium ions. (enzyme nomenclature, 1992) 3.4.24.27
Thermometers: measuring instruments for determining the temperature of matter. most thermometers used in the field of medicine are designed for measuring body temperature or for use in the clinical laboratory. (from umdns, 1999)
Thermometry: measurement of the temperature of a material, or of the body or an organ by various temperature sensing devices which measure changes in properties of the material that vary with temperature, such as elasticity; magnetic fields; or luminescence
Thermomonospora: a genus of high gc content actinobacteria in the family thermomonosporaceae. species of this genus, thermomonospora fusca and thermomonospora curvata, are known for their roles in the industrial production of enzymes including cellulase
Thermomonospora: rod aktinobakterií s vysokým obsahem gc bazí, z čeledi thermomonosporaceae. druhy thermomonospora fusca a thermomonospora curvata se využívají v průmyslové výrobě enzymů (včetně celulázy)
Thermoplasma: a genus of facultatively anaerobic heterotrophic archaea, in the order thermoplasmales, isolated from self-heating coal refuse piles and acid hot springs. they are thermophilic and can grow both with and without sulfur
Thermoplasma: rod fakultativně anaerobních, heterotrofních archeí řádu thermoplasmatales. tyto organismy byly izolované z uhelných hald (kde dochází k samozahřívání) a z kyselých horkých pramenů. jsou termofilní a mohou růst za přítomnosti síry, ale i bez ní
Thermoplasmales: an order of aerobic, thermophilic archaea, in the kingdom euryarchaeota, characterized by the absence of a cell wall. two genera have been described: thermoplasma and picrophilus
Thermoplasmales: řád aerobních, termofilních archeí kmene euryarchaeota. buňky postrádají buněčnou stěnu. patří sem rody thermoplasma a picrophilus
Thermoproteaceae: a family of thermoproteales consisting of variable length rigid rods without septa. they grow either chemolithoautotrophically or by sulfur respiration. the four genera are: pyrobaculum; thermoproteus; caldivirga; and thermocladium. (from bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, 2d ed)
Thermoproteaceae: čeleď archeí řádu thermoproteales. patří sem aseptátní, tyčkovitá archea různé délky. jsou chemolitoautotrofní nebo organotrofní (sirná respirace). patří sem rody pyrobaculum, thermoproteus, caldivirga, thermocladium a vulcanisaeta
Thermoproteales: an order of crenarchaeota comprised of rod, disc, or spherical shaped, nonseptate, anaerobic, extreme thermophiles and found in solfataric hot waters, mud holes, and superheated submarine environments
Thermoproteales: řád archeí kmene crenarchaeota. patří sem aseptátní, anaerobní archea tyčkovitého, diskoidního nebo kulovitého tvaru. jsou to obligátní (extrémní) termofilové žijící v horkých sirných vodách, bahnitých tůních a mořských hydrotermálních systémech
Thermoproteus: a genus of obligately anaerobic archaea, in the family thermoproteaceae. they are found in acidic hot springs and water holes
Thermoproteus: rod obligátně anaerobních archeí čeledi thermoproteaceae. vyskytují se v kyselých horkých pramenech a tůních
Thermoreceptors: cellular receptors which mediate the sense of temperature. thermoreceptors in vertebrates are mostly located under the skin. in mammals there are separate types of thermoreceptors for cold and for warmth and nociceptors which detect cold or heat extreme enough to cause pain
Thermosensing: the sensation of cold, heat, coolness, and warmth as detected by thermoreceptors
Thermosynechococcus: a genus of thermophilic, unicellular cyanobacteria in the family synechococcaceae that is photosynthetic
Thermosynechococcus: rod termofilních, jednobuněčných, fotosyntetizujících sinic čeledi synechococcaceae
Thermotoga: a genus of anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria in the family thermotogaceae and phylum thermotogae. species of this genus such as thermotoga maritima and thermotoga neapolitana are known to live in high-temperature environments and also play a role in hydrogen production
Thermotoga: rod anaerobních, gramnegativních bakterií čeledi thermotogaceae a kmene thermotogae. druhy tohoto rodu (např. t. maritima a t. neapolitana) jsou hypertermofilní a při jejich metabolismu se uvolňuje vodík
Thermotoga maritima: a rod-shaped bacterium surrounded by a sheath-like structure which protrudes balloon-like beyond the ends of the cell. it is thermophilic, with growth occurring at temperatures as high as 90 degrees c. it is isolated from geothermally heated marine sediments or hot springs. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Thermotoga maritima: tyčinkovitá bakterie obklopená strukturou podobnou pouzdru. tento obal vytváří na obou koncích buňky balónkovité výběžky. bakterie je termofilní, roste i při teplotě 90 °c. vyskytuje se v geotermálních mořských sedimentech a v horkých pramenech
Thermotoga neapolitana: a species of extremophilic bacteria in the family thermotogaceae. generally anaerobic but in the presence of oxygen, it can produce hydrogen gas as a byproduct of metabolism
Thermotoga neapolitana: druh extremofilní bakterie čeledi thermotogaceae. obvykle je anaerobní, ale za přítomnosti kyslíku může produkovat vodík jako vedlejší produkt metabolismu
Thermotolerance: the ability of an organism to reduce susceptibility to heat shock, and adapt to hot temperature
Thermus: gram-negative aerobic rods found in warm water (40-79 degrees c) such as hot springs, hot water tanks, and thermally polluted rivers
Thermus: rod gramnegativních, aerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií. žijí v horkých vodách (40-79 °c), např. v termálních pramenech, v nádržích s horkou vodou a v tepelně znečištěných řekách
Thermus thermophilus: a species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in hot springs of neutral to alkaline ph, as well as in hot-water heaters
Thermus thermophilus: druh gramnegativní, aerobní, tyčinkovité bakterie, která žije v termálních pramenech (s neutrálním až alkalickým ph) a také v otopných tělesech s horkou vodou
Theropithecus: a genus of old world monkeys of the subfamily cercopithecinae, family cercopithecidae, that inhabits the mountainous regions of ethiopia. the genus consists of only one species, theropithecus gelada
Theropithecus: rod opic podčeledi cercopithecinae (kočkodani) z čeledi cercopithecidae (kočkodanovití), které obývají horské oblasti etiopie. patří sem jen jeden druh, theropithecus gelada
Theta Rhythm: brain waves characterized by a frequency of 4-7 hz, usually observed in the temporal lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed and sleepy
Thevetia: a plant genus of the family apocynaceae. members contain thevetin
Thevetia: rod rostlin čeledi apocynaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují thevetin
Thiabendazole: 2-substituted benzimidazole first introduced in 1962. it is active against a variety of nematodes and is the drug of choice for strongyloidiasis. it has central nervous system side effects and hepatototoxic potential. (from smith and reynard, textbook of pharmacology, 1992, p919)
Thiadiazoles: heterocyclic compounds composed of a five-membered heterocyclic ring which contains one sulfur and two nitrogen atoms
Thiamethoxam: a nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide
Thiamin Pyrophosphokinase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of thiamine pyrophosphate from atp and thiamine. ec 2.7.6.2
Thiamin-Triphosphatase: an enzyme present in nerve tissue. it catalyzes reversibly the formation of thiamine diphosphate and orthophosphate from thiamine triphosphate. ec 3.6.1.28
Thiamine: 3-((4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2- hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazolium chloride
Thiamine Deficiency: a nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of thiamine in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. in addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the united states most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. in countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, beriberi prevalence is very high. (from cecil textbook of medicine, 19th ed, p1171)
Thiamine Monophosphate: thiamine dihydrogen phosphate ester. the monophosphate ester of thiamine. synonyms: monophosphothiamine; vitamin b1 monophosphate
Thiamine Pyrophosphatase: an enzyme that hydrolyzes thiamine pyrophosphate to thiamine monophosphate plus inorganic phosphate. ec 3.6.1.-
Thiamine Pyrophosphate: the coenzyme form of vitamin b1 present in many animal tissues. it is a required intermediate in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Thiamine Triphosphate: 3-((4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-4-methyl-5-(4,6,8,8-tetrahydroxy-3,5,7-trioxa-4,6,8-triphosphaoct-1-yl)thiazolium hydroxide, inner salt, p,p',p''-trioxide. the triphosphate ester of thiamine. in leigh's disease, this compound is present in decreased amounts in the brain due to a metabolic block in its formation
Thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia syndrome: a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by megaloblastic anemia, diabetes mellitus, and sensorineural deafness. onset is typically between infancy and adolescence, but all of the cardinal findings are often not present initially. the anemia, and sometimes the diabetes, improves with high doses of thiamine. other more variable features include optic atrophy; congenital heart defects, short stature, and stroke. mutations in the slc19a2 gene have been identified. omim: 249270
Thiamphenicol: a methylsulfonyl analog of chloramphenicol. it is an antibiotic and immunosuppressive agent
Thiamylal: a barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919)
Thiazepines: compounds that are derivatives of thiepins, with a nitrogen replacing a carbon in the seven-membered heterocyclic compound
Thiazides: heterocyclic compounds with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring. this term commonly refers to the benzothiadiazines that inhibit sodium-potassium-chloride symporters and are used as diuretics
Thiazoles: heterocyclic compounds where the ring system is composed of three carbon atoms, a sulfur and nitrogen atoms
Thiazolidinediones: thiazoles with two keto oxygens. members are insulin-sensitizing agents which overcome insulin resistance by activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (ppar-gamma)
Thiazolidines: reduced (protonated) form of thiazoles. they can be oxidized to thiazolidinediones
Thienamycins: beta-lactam antibiotics that differ from penicillins in having the thiazolidine sulfur atom replaced by carbon, the sulfur then becoming the first atom in the side chain. they are unstable chemically, but have a very broad antibacterial spectrum. thienamycin and its more stable derivatives are proposed for use in combinations with enzyme inhibitors
Thienopyridines: heterocyclic compounds that contain 4h,5h,6h,7h-thieno[2,3-c]pyridine as part of their structure
Thiethylperazine: a dopamine antagonist that is particularly useful in treating the nausea and vomiting associated with anesthesia, mildly emetic cancer chemotherapy agents, radiation therapy, and toxins. this piperazine phenothiazine does not prevent vertigo or motion sickness. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1994, p457)
Thimerosal: an ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in vaccines; antivenins; and ointments. it was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. it degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate
Thinking: mental activity that is not predominantly perceptual by which one apprehends some aspect of an object or situation based on past learning and experience
Thinness: a state of insufficient flesh on the body usually defined as having a body weight less than skeletal and physical standards, such as body mass index, and dependent on age, sex, and genetic background
Thioacetamide: a crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of hydrogen sulfide. it is a potent hepatocarcinogen
Thioacetazone: a thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the international union against tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217)
Thiobacillus: a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that derives energy from the oxidation of one or more reduced sulfur compounds. many former species have been reclassified to other classes of proteobacteria
Thiobacillus: rod gramnegativních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které získávají energii anaerobní oxidací redukovaných forem síry. řada druhů byla reklasifikovaná do jiných tříd kmene proteobacteria
Thiobarbiturates: compounds in which one or more of the ketone groups on the pyrimidine ring of barbituric acid are replaced by thione groups
Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances: low-molecular-weight end products, probably malondialdehyde, that are formed during the decomposition of lipid peroxidation products. these compounds react with thiobarbituric acid to form a fluorescent red adduct
Thiocapsa: a genus of anoxygenic, photosynthetic, nonmotile, spherical to slightly ovoid bacterial cells occurring singly, or in aggregates of two or four, and usually surrounded with slime. it is found in stagnant water, mud of ponds, estuaries, and microbial mats of salt marshes. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Thiocapsa: rod anoxygenních, fotosyntetizujících, nepohyblivých, sférických až mírně ovoidních bakterií, které se vyskytují jednotlivě nebo ve shlucích po dvou či po čtyřech, zpravidla obklopeny slizem. žijí ve stojatých vodách, v rybničním bahně, v ústích řek a v mikrobiálních nárostech na slaniskách
Thiocapsa roseopersicina: a species of thiocapsa which is facultatively aerobic and chemotrophic and which can utilize thiosulfate. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Thiocapsa roseopersicina: druh bakterie rodu thiocapsa, která je fakultativně aerobní a chemotrofní a má schopnost utilizovat thiosulfát
Thiocarbamates: carbamates in which the -co- group has been replaced by a -cs- group
Thiocholine: a mercaptocholine used as a reagent for the determination of cholinesterases. it also serves as a highly selective nerve stain
Thioctic Acid: an octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. it is biosynthesized by cleavage of linoleic acid and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex). it is used in dietary supplements
Thiocyanates: organic derivatives of thiocyanic acid which contain the general formula r-scn
Thiogalactosides: galactosides in which the oxygen atom linking the sugar and aglycone is replaced by a sulfur atom
Thioglycolates: organic esters of thioglycolic acid (hs-ch2cooh)
Thioguanine: an antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. the drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia
Thiohydantoins: sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups
Thioinosine: sulfhydryl analog of inosine that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. it has been used similarly to mercaptopurine in the treatment of leukemia. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)
Thiomalates: derivatives of thiomalic acid (the structural formula (cooh)chsh(cooh)), including its salts and esters
Thiones: sulfur-containing compounds also known as thioketones of general formula r2c=s
Thionins: antimicrobial peptides of 45-47 amino acids and typically with four disulfide bridges. they are found in plants. type-v thionins lack the c-terminal nonapeptide. this should not be confused with thionine
Thionucleosides: nucleosides in which the base moiety is substituted with one or more sulfur atoms
Thionucleotides: nucleotides in which the base moiety is substituted with one or more sulfur atoms
Thiopental: a barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration
Thiophenes: a monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur
Thiopurine S methyltranferase deficiency: a hereditary autosomal recessive condition that results in an increased sensitivity to 6-mercaptopurine due to mutations in thiopurine methyltransferase (tpmt gene) causing decreased enzyme activity. omim: 187680
Thioredoxin Reductase 1: a subtype of thioredoxin reductase found primarily in the cytosol
Thioredoxin Reductase 2: a subtype of thioredoxin reductase found primarily in mitochondria
Thioredoxin h: a thioredoxin subtype that is ubiquitously found in the plant kingdom. it reduces a variety of seed storage proteins and may play a role in the germination process of seeds
Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase: a flavoprotein enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of thioredoxins to thioredoxin disulfide in the presence of nadp+. it was formerly listed as ec 1.6.4.5
Thioredoxins: hydrogen-donating proteins that participates in a variety of biochemical reactions including ribonucleotide reduction and reduction of peroxiredoxins. thioredoxin is oxidized from a dithiol to a disulfide when acting as a reducing cofactor. the disulfide form is then reduced by nadph in a reaction catalyzed by thioredoxin reductase
Thioridazine: a phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of phycoses, including schizophrenia
Thiorphan: a potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (enkephalinase). thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced analgesia and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms
Thiostrepton: one of the cyclic peptides from streptomyces that is active against gram-positive bacteria. in veterinary medicine, it has been used in mastitis caused by gram-negative organisms and in dermatologic disorders
Thiosulfate Sulfurtransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the planetary sulfur atom of thiosulfate ion to cyanide ion to form thiocyanate ion. ec 2.8.1.1
Thiosulfates: inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula r2s2o3
Thiosulfonic Acids: inorganic or organic oxy acids of sulfur which contain the general formula rs2o2h
Thiotepa: a very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. it causes skin, gastrointestinal, cns, and bone marrow damage. according to the fourth annual report on carcinogens (ntp 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (merck index, 11th ed)
Thiothixene: a thioxanthine used as an antipsychotic agent. its effects are similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics
Thiothrix: a genus of colorless, filamentous, rod-shaped bacteria in the family thiotrichaceae, containing sulfur globules. thiothrix species are found as components of biofilms in irrigation systems and wastewater treatment plants, and in marine environments as endosymbionts
Thiothrix: rod bezbarvých, vláknitých, tyčinkovitých bakterií čeledi thiotrichaceae. buňky obsahují sirné globule. jsou součástí biofilmu závlahových systémů a čistíren odpadních vod a vyskytují se také jako endosymbionti v mořském prostředí
Thiotrichaceae: a family of colorless sulfur bacteria in the order thiotrichales, class gammaproteobacteria
Thiotrichaceae: čeleď bezbarvých sirných bakterií řádu thiotrichales, třídy gammaproteobacteria
Thiouracil: occurs in seeds of brassica and crucifera species. thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. it is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis
Thiourea: a photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. according to the fourth annual report on carcinogens (ntp 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (merck index, 9th ed). many of its derivatives are antithyroid agents and/or free radical scavengers
Thiouridine: a photoactivable uridine analog that is used as an affinity label
Thioxanthenes: compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with a sulfur in the center ring
Thiram: a dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. in vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme glutathione reductase. it has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations
Third Generation Cephalosporins: agents that are structurally similar to other cephalosporins but have a broader spectrum of activity against bacteria than the first and second generation cephalosporins. these agents cover more resistant streptococcus, staphylococcus, gram-positive anaerobes, and more resistant strains of haemophilus, neisseria, proteus, escherichia coli, and klebsiella (hnpek)
Third Ventricle: a narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. it communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina