NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Saussurea: a plant genus of the family asteraceae, order asterales, subclass asteridae. it is a source of costus root oil and should not be confused with the genus costus
Saussurea: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae, řádu asterales, podtřídy asteridae. druh s. costus je využíván v tradiční čínské a indické medicíně. z jeho kořene je extrahován esenciální olej, který bývá používán v kosmetických a léčebných přípravcích. hlavními účinnými složkami kořene jsou mnohé seskviterpenové laktony, hlavně kostunolid a dehydrokostus. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Saxifragaceae: the saxifrage plant family of the order saxifragales, class magnoliopsida. the leaves are alternate and sometimes deeply lobed or form rosettes. the flowers have both male and female parts and 4 or 5 sepals and petals; they are usually in branched clusters. the fruit is a capsule with many seeds
Saxifragaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu lomikamenotvaré (saxifragales). jsou to jednoleté nebo vytrvalé byliny s jednoduchými nebo složenými listy a nevelkými květy. některé druhy jsou sukulentní. jsou rozšířeny především v severním mírném pásu a často rostou v horách. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Saxifragales: order of dicotyledonous flowering plants consisting of 16 families, 112 genera, and nearly 2,500 species
Saxifragales: řád vyšších dvouděložných rostlin, který sestává z 16 čeledí, 112 rodů a téměř 2500 druhů
Saxitoxin: a compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. it is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by gonyaulax and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. it is neurotoxic and causes respiratory paralysis and other effects in mammals, known as paralytic shellfish poisoning
Say Barber Miller syndrome: microcephaly with chemotactic defect and transient hypogammaglobulinemia
Sc3N-C80PCBM: c80pcbm - phenyl-c80-butyric acid methyl ester scandiumo fulleroid
ScaA protein, Streptococcus gordonii: a 38 kda protein from streptococcus gordonii pk488 that mediates coaggregation with actinomyces naeslundii pk606; scaa - streptococcal coaggregation adherence; has been sequenced; do not confuse with scaa protein, ruminococcus; genbank l11577
Scabies: a contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite sarcoptes scabiei. it is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body
Scala Tympani: the lower chamber of the cochlea, extending from the round window to the helicotrema (the opening at the apex that connects the perilymph-filled spaces of scala tympani and scala vestibuli)
Scala Vestibuli: the upper chamber of the cochlea that is filled with perilymph. it is connected to scala tympani via helicotrema at the apex of the cochlea
Scalp: the outer covering of the calvaria. it is composed of several layers: skin; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the periosteum of the skull)
Scandentia: an order of the class mammals that consists of one family, tupaiidae (tree shrews), 5 genera (one of which is tupaia), and 16 species. their recent distribution is from india to the philippines, southern china to java, borneo, sumatra, bali, and other islands in those regions
Scandentia: řád malých hmyzožravých savců podobných veverce, pocházející z jihovýchodní asie. celý řád tany (scandentia) se skládá z 20 druhů v 5 rodech a 2 čeledích; tany pravé (tupaiide) a tany péroocasé (ptilocercidae). vyskytují se ovšem názory, že toto rozdělení druhů je již zastaralé a zanedbává nové poznatky z oboru molekulární biologie. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Scandinavians and Nordic People: people native to or inhabitants of the scandinavian and nordic countries
Scandium: an element of the rare earth family of metals. it has the atomic symbol sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45
Scanning Laser Polarimetry: a technique of diagnostic imaging of retina or cornea of the human eye involving the measurement and interpretation of polarizing electromagnetic waves such as radio or light waves. it is helpful in the diagnosis of glaucoma; macular degeneration; and other retinal disorders
Scapegoating: process in which the mechanisms of projection or displacement are utilized in focusing feelings of aggression, hostility, frustration, etc., upon another individual or group; the amount of blame being unwarranted
Scapharca: a genus of mollusks in the family arcidae, class bivalvia. it is used in the study of hemoglobins
Scapharca: rod měkkýšů čeledi arcidae, třídy bivalvia. jeho zástupci se používají pro výzkum hemoglobinů
Scaphoid Bone: the bone which is located most lateral in the proximal row of carpal bones
Scapula: also called the shoulder blade, it is a flat triangular bone, a pair of which form the back part of the shoulder girdle
Scapuloperoneal Myopathy, X-Linked Dominant: mutations in fhl1
Scarlet Fever: infection with group a streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. an erythematous rash is commonly present
Scattering, Radiation: the diversion of radiation (thermal, electromagnetic, or nuclear) from its original path as a result of interactions or collisions with atoms, molecules, or larger particles in the atmosphere or other media. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Scattering, Small Angle: scattering of a beam of electromagnetic or acoustic radiation, or particles, at small angles by particles or cavities whose dimensions are many times as large as the wavelength of the radiation or the de broglie wavelength of the scattered particles. also know as low angle scattering. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed) small angle scattering (sas) techniques, small angle neutron (sans), x-ray (saxs), and light (sals, or just ls) scattering, are used to characterize objects on a nanoscale
Scavenger Receptors, Class A: a family of scavenger receptors that mediate the influx of lipids into macrophages and are involved in foam cell formation
Scavenger Receptors, Class B: a family of scavenger receptors that are predominately localized to caveolae of the plasma membrane and bind high density lipoproteins
Scavenger Receptors, Class C: a family of scavenger receptors with broad polyanionic ligand binding properties that are expressed in embryonic insect macrophages
Scavenger Receptors, Class D: a class of scavenger receptors that are specific for oxidized low-density lipoproteins and apoptotic cells. they are expressed almost exclusively in intracellular membranes of macrophages
Scavenger Receptors, Class E: a class of oxidized ldl receptors that contain c-type lectin-like extracellular domains
Scavenger Receptors, Class F: a group of structurally related scavenger receptors expressed predominately by endothelial cells. they-contain repeats of epidermal growth factor-like cysteine-rich motifs in their extracellular domains
Scedosporium: a mitosporic fungal genus previously called monosporium. teleomorphs include pseudallescheria
Scedosporium: rod mitosporických hub dříve nazývaný monosporium. teleomorfním rodem je pseudallescheria
Scenedesmus: a genus of green algae in the family scenedesmaceae. it forms colonies of usually four or eight cylindrical cells that are widely distributed in freshwater and soil
Scenedesmus: rod zelených řas z čeledi scenedesmaceae. tvoří kolonie obvykle čtyř nebo osmi válcovitých buněk, které se široce rozkládají ve sladké vodě a v půdě
Scent Glands: exocrine glands in animals which secrete scents which either repel or attract other animals, e.g. perianal glands of skunks, anal glands of weasels, musk glands of foxes, ventral glands of wood rats, and dorsal glands of peccaries
Schaaf-Yang syndrome: autosomal dominant multisystem disorder characterized by delayed psychomotor development, impaired intellectual development, hypotonia, and behavioral abnormalities and associated with paternal mutations in the magel2 gene
Schaffer Collaterals: the main axon connection from the ca3 pyramidal cell area to the ca1 pyramidal cell area in the hippocampus. schaffer collaterals are important in memory, learning and activity-related neuronal plasticity
Schafferovy kolaterály: axony pyramidových neuronů vysílané z hipokampální oblasti ca3 do hipokampální oblasti ca1. schafferovy kolaterály mají význam pro paměť, učení a neuroplasticitu související s aktivitou
Schema Therapy: therapy that emphasizes lifelong patterns, affective change techniques, and the therapeutic relationship. (https://www.apa.org/pubs/videos/4310804)
Scheuermann Disease: a type of juvenile osteochondrosis affecting the fibrocartilaginous disc (intervertebral disc) in the thoracic or thoracolumbar region of the spine. it is characterized by a forward concave spinal curvature or kyphosis
Scheuermannova nemoc: onemocnění páteře vznikající v období adolescence, někdy s rodinným výskytem. projevuje se bolestí zad,změnami na obratlech a meziobratlových ploténkách, zejm. v hrudní páteři. na rtg je patrná kyfóza hrudní páteře, deformace hrudních obratlů způsobená aseptickou nekrózou, typické jsou tzv. schmorlovy uzly. onemocnění se manifestuje převážně ve věku 10 až 13 let. pohyb je omezen v oblasti středních a dolních hrudních obratlů, trup je lehce nakloněn dopředu, vsedě nastupuje rychle únava a bolesti zad. při vhodné životosprávě a rehabilitaci je prognóza příznivá. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Schiff Bases: condensation products of aromatic amines and aldehydes forming azomethines substituted on the n atom, containing the general formula r-n:chr. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Schiffova reakce: zkouška na přítomnost aldehydů, založená na červenofialovém zbarvení roztoku odbarveného fuchsinu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník, http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ 2014)
Schiffovy báze: bazické sloučeniny aldehydů nebo ketonů s primárními aminy, používané jako organické meziprodukty či jako barviva. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2020 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/) organické sloučeniny s obecným vzorcem r2c=nr' (r' ≠ h). jsou podskupinou iminů
Schilderova difuzní cerebroskleróza: vzácné demyelinizační onemocnění cns postihující děti a mladé dospělé. patologické nálezy zahrnují rozsáhlá, ostře ohraničená, asymetrická ložiska destrukce myelinu, která se mohou nalézat v celém mozkovém laloku nebo hemisféře. progresivní onemocnění, mezi příznaky patří demence, kortikální slepota, kortikální hluchota, spastická hemiplegie a pseudobulbární obrna. balóova koncentrická skleróza se od schilderovy difuzní cerebrosklerózy liší v tom, že demyelinizované tkáně tvoří soustředné vrstvy. alpersův syndrom představuje heterogenní skupinu nemocí charakterizovaných progresivní degenerací mozku a onemocněním jater
Schilling Test: a diagnostic test in which vitamin b12 is tagged with radioactive cobalt, taken orally, and gastrointestinal absorption is determined via measurement of the amount of radioactivity in a 24-hour urine collection
Schillingův test: schillingův test - test sledující vstřebávání vitaminu b12. sleduje se vylučování vitaminu značeného radioizotopem kobaltu močí. klasický test na perniciózní anemii. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2014 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia: a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by growth and skeletal abnormalities, hyperpigmented skin areas, kidney disease, and immune deficiency; arteriosclerosis may also occur in some cases. mutations in the smarcal1 gene have been identified. omim: 242900
Schinus: rod rostlin z čeledi anacardiaceae - ledvinovníkovité
Schinzel-Giedion syndrome: a congenital syndrome characterized by severe intellectual disability, distinctive facial features (facies), and multiple malformations including skeletal abnormalities, genitourinary and renal malformations, and cardiac defects. affected individuals are also at higher risk for neoplasms, especially neuroepithelial tumors. it is caused by mutations in the set binding protein 1 (setbp1) gene. omim: 269150
Schisandra: a plant genus of the family schisandraceae which contain schisandrins (russian) which are also called gomisins (japanese) or wuweizins (chinese). compounds produced by this genus are very similar in composition and use to that of the related kadsura plant
Schisandra: rod rostlin čeledi schisandraceae používaný v tradičním lékařství. má podobné účinky jako rod kadsura. zástupci obsahují dibenzo[a,c]cyklooktadienové lignany (schisandriny (rusky), gomisiny (japonsky), wuweizisu (čínsky))
Schisandraceae: a plant family of the order austrobaileyales, class magnoliopsida
Schisandraceae: čeleď rostlin řádu austrobaileyales, třídy magnoliopsida (nižší dvouděložné rostliny)
Schistosoma: a genus of trematode flukes belonging to the family schistosomatidae. there are over a dozen species. these parasites are found in man and other mammals. snails are the intermediate hosts
Schistosoma: medicínsky nejvýznamnější rod motolic na světě. schistosomy jsou motolice odděleného pohlaví s výrazným pohlavním dimorfismem, které parazitují v cévní soustavě obratlovců, včetně člověka. způsobují onemocnění člověka a zvířat - schistosomózu (dříve bilharzióza), které je známé už z dávných dob egyptských faraónů. mezihostiteli jsou plži. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Schistosoma haematobium: a species of trematode blood flukes of the family schistosomatidae which occurs at different stages in development in veins of the pulmonary and hepatic system and finally the bladder lumen. this parasite causes urinary schistosomiasis
Schistosoma haematobium: parazitický helmint z čeledi schistosomatidae, který je původcem tzv. egyptské nebo močové schistosomózy (dříve název bilharzióza). infekce s. haematobium je silným predispozičním faktorem pro vznik rakoviny močového měchýře. definitivním hostitelem je člověk, dále byl druh zaznamenán u některých primátů. mezihostitelem jsou okružákovití plži rodu bulinus. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Schistosoma japonicum: a species of trematode blood flukes belonging to the family schistosomatidae whose distribution is confined to areas of the asia, eastern. the intermediate host is a snail. it occurs in man and other mammals
Schistosoma japonicum: druh krevních motolic čeledi schistosomatidae, rozšířený ve východní asii. krevnička jaterní parazituje na člověku a dalších savcích. mezihostitelem je plž
Schistosoma mansoni: a species of trematode blood flukes of the family schistosomatidae. it is common in the nile delta. the intermediate host is the planorbid snail. this parasite causes schistosomiasis mansoni and intestinal bilharziasis
Schistosoma mansoni: druh krevních motolic čeledi schistosomatidae, který způsobuje tzv. střevní schistosomózu. při onemocnění jsou většinou zasažena játra a tlusté střevo. mezi definitivní hostitele patří hlavně člověk, ale také další primáti a hlodavci. mezihostitelem jsou plži z rodu biomphalaria. krevnička střevní se vyskytuje v africe (včetně madagaskaru a středního východu) a v jižní americe. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Schistosomatidae: a family of blood flukes of the class trematoda which is found in animals and man. it includes the genera heterobilharzia, schistosomatium, schistosoma, ornithobilharzia, bilharziella, trichobilharzia, pseudobilharzia, and austrobilharzia
Schistosomatidae: čeleď krevních motolic ze třídy trematoda, parazitů zvířat a člověka. zahrnuje rody heterobilharzia, schistosomatium, schistosoma, ornithobilharzia, bilharziella, trichobilharzia, pseudobilharzia a austrobilharzia
Schistosomiasis: infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus schistosoma. three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: schistosoma haematobium (endemic in africa and the middle east), schistosoma mansoni (in egypt, northern and southern africa, some west indies islands, northern 2/3 of south america), and schistosoma japonicum (in japan, china, the philippines, celebes, thailand, laos). s. mansoni is often seen in puerto ricans living in the united states
Schistosomiasis haematobia: a human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms schistosoma haematobium. it is endemic in africa and parts of the middle east. tissue damages most often occur in the urinary tract, specifically the urinary bladder
Schistosomiasis japonica: schistosomiasis caused by schistosoma japonicum. it is endemic in the asia, eastern and affects the bowel, liver, and spleen
Schistosomiasis mansoni: schistosomiasis caused by schistosoma mansoni. it is endemic in africa, the middle east, south america, and the caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver
Schizencephaly: cortical malformations characterized by grey matter-lined cleft or cyst that extends from the ependyma often to the pia mater outer surface. the grey matter that lines the cleft is often polymicrogyria. it is associated with developmental delay, motor disturbance and seizures
Schizoid Personality Disorder: a personality disorder manifested by a profound defect in the ability to form social relationships, no desire for social involvement, and an indifference to praise or criticism
Schizonts: multinucleate cells or a stage in the development of sporozoan protozoa. it is exemplified by the life cycle of plasmodium falciparum in the malaria infection cycle
Schizophrenia: a severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, hallucinations, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: marked disorders of thought (delusions, hallucinations, or other thought disorder accompanied by disordered affect or behavior), and deterioration from a previous level of functioning. individuals have one o more of the following symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech. (from dsm-5)
Schizophrenia, Catatonic: a type of schizophrenia characterized by abnormality of motor behavior which may involve particular forms of stupor, rigidity, excitement or inappropriate posture
Schizophrenia, Childhood: an obsolete concept, historically used for childhood mental disorders thought to be a form of schizophrenia. it was in earlier versions of dsm but is now included within the broad concept of pervasive development disorders
Schizophrenia, Disorganized: a type of schizophrenia characterized by frequent incoherence; marked loosening of associations, or grossly disorganized behavior and flat or grossly inappropriate affect that does not meet the criteria for the catatonic type; associated features include extreme social withdrawal, grimacing, mannerisms, mirror gazing, inappropriate giggling, and other odd behavior. (dorland, 27th ed)
Schizophrenia, Paranoid: a chronic form of schizophrenia characterized primarily by the presence of persecutory or grandiose delusions, often associated with hallucination
Schizophrenia, Treatment-Resistant: a subset of schizophrenia with an inadequate response in target symptoms following treatment with two or more antipsychotics
Schizophrenic Language: the artificial language of schizophrenic patients - neologisms (words of the patient's own making with new meanings)
Schizophyllum: a genus of fleshy shelf basidiomycetous fungi, family schizophyllaceae, order agaricales, growing on woody substrata. it is pathogenic in humans
Schizophyllum: rod stopkovýtrusých hub čeledi schizophyllaceae, řádu agaricales. roste na dřevě a dalších substrátech, může být patogenní pro člověka
Schizopyrenida: an order of ameboid protozoa commonly having a monopodial cylindrically shaped body. nuclear division is promitotic and most species have a temporary flagellate stage
Schizopyrenida: řád améboidních prvoků, kteří mají obvykle cylindrický tvar těla. jaderné dělení je promitotické a většina druhů má přechodné stadium bičíkovce
Schizosaccharomyces: a genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family schizosaccharomycetaceae, order schizosaccharomycetales
Schizosaccharomyces: rod vřeckovýtrusných hub čeledi schizosaccharomycetaceae, řádu schizosaccharomycetales
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins: proteins obtained from the species schizosaccharomyces pombe. the function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes
Schizotaxia: genetic liability to schizophrenia in nonpsychotic individuals
Schizotypal Personality Disorder: a personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia
Schlemm's Canal: a circular vascular-like structure in the anterior chamber of the eye bounded anterolaterally by the internal scleral sulcus and posteriorly by the trabecular meshwork. it is a part of a pathway where the aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the eye passes through the trabecular meshwork, drains into the lumen of schlemm's canal, and subsequently returns to blood circulation into the veins of the sclera
Schlemmův kanál: schlemmův kanál je lymfatická céva kruhového tvaru, která se nachází v přední části oka, a odvádí komorovou tekutinu z přední komory oční. pokud odtok komorové tekutiny nefunguje správně, pak se tato tekutina hromadí a zvyšuje nitrooční tlak, což může časem vést k rozvoji zeleného zákalu (glaukomu)
Schmid-Fraccaro syndrome: a disorder resulting from a supernumerary chromosome 22q11 region . it is characterized by coloboma of the iris; hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, anal atresia with fistula, ear abnormalities, and heart and renal malformations. intellectual development is normal to near-normal. omim: 115470
Schnitzler Syndrome: an extremely rare condition manifested as monoclonal immunoglobulin m dysproteinemia without features of lymphoproliferative disease, but with chronic urticaria, fever of unknown origin, disabling bone pain, hyperostosis, and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Schofer Beetz Bohl syndrome: diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic with mental retardation and intracerebral calcification
Scholarly Communication: system through which research and other scholarly writings are created, evaluated for quality, disseminated to the scholarly community, and preserved for future use. it includes both formal means of communication, such as publication in peer-reviewed journals, and informal channels, such as electronic listservs. (from association of college & research libraries, "principles and strategies for the reform of scholarly communication 1," 2003)
School Mental Health Services: services which focus on the mental well-being of pre-college and pre-university students that include counseling and therapy
School Nursing: a nursing specialty concerned with health and nursing care given to primary and secondary school students by a registered nurse
School Teachers: members of staff responsible for teaching students in a school from pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade
Schwann Cells: neuroglial cells of the peripheral nervous system which form the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons
Schwannomatosis: a neurofibromatosis characterized by multiple cutaneous neurilemmomas and spinal schwannomas, without acoustic neuromas or other signs of neurofibromatosis i (omim: 162200) or neurofibromatosis ii (omim: 101000); neurilemmomas consist of schwann cells. some patients may develop meningiomas. germline mutations in the smarcb1 gene and somatic mutations in the nf2 gene have been identified. omim: 162091
Schwannovy buňky: buňky, které se podílejí na myelinizaci axonu v periferním nervu. (upraveno podle: velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Schwartz-Lelek syndrome: a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hypertelorism, macrocephaly, dental hypoplasia, and increased bone fragility. omim: 269300
Sciatic Nerve: a nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (l4 to s3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. the sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. it has two major branches, the tibial nerve and the peroneal nerve
Sciatic Neuropathy: disease or damage involving the sciatic nerve, which divides into the peroneal nerve and tibial nerve (see also peroneal neuropathies and tibial neuropathy). clinical manifestations may include sciatica or pain localized to the hip, paresis or paralysis of posterior thigh muscles and muscles innervated by the peroneal and tibial nerves, and sensory loss involving the lateral and posterior thigh, posterior and lateral leg, and sole of the foot. the sciatic nerve may be affected by trauma; ischemia; collagen diseases; and other conditions. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1363)
Sciatica: a condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. sciatica may be a manifestation of sciatic neuropathy; radiculopathy (involving the spinal nerve roots; l4, l5, s1, or s2, often associated with intervertebral disk displacement); or lesions of the cauda equina
Science in the Arts: depiction of scientific issues or themes via the arts including visual, oral, or written forms of expression
Scientific Experimental Error: deviation or aberration in the practical implementation of standard empirical procedures, distinct from medical errors and scientific misconduct
Scientific Integrity Review: práce skládající se ze zpráv united states office of research integrity (úřadu pro integritu/poctivost vědeckého výzkumu) určující sporné výzkumy zveřejněné v článcích a knihách. oznámení o pochybných údajích probíhá v příručce nih pro granty a zakázky
Scientific Integrity Review: work consisting of reports by the united states office of research integrity, identifying questionable research published in articles or books. notification of the questionable data is carried in the nih guide for grants and contracts
Scientific Misconduct: intentional falsification of scientific data by presentation of fraudulent or incomplete or uncorroborated findings as scientific fact
Scilla: a plant genus of the family asparagaceae. members contain the cardiotonic proscillaridin. the common name of squill is also used for drimia
Scilla: rod rostlin čeledi asparagaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují kardiotonický proscilaridin
Scimitar Syndrome: an anomalous pulmonary venous return in which the right pulmonary vein is not connected to the left atrium but to the inferior vena cava. scimitar syndrome is named for the crescent- or turkish sword-like shadow in the chest radiography and is often associated with hypoplasia of the right lung and right pulmonary artery, and dextroposition of the heart
Scintillation Counting: detection and counting of scintillations produced in a fluorescent material by ionizing radiation
Sciuridae: a family of the order rodentia which contains 49 genera. some of the more common genera are marmota, which includes the marmot and woodchuck; sciurus, the gray squirrel, s. carolinensis, and the fox squirrel, s. niger; tamias, the eastern and western chipmunk; and tamiasciurus, the red squirrel. the flying squirrels, except the scaly-tailed anomaluridae, also belong to this family
Sciuridae: veverkovití (sciuridae) je čeleď hlodavců z podřádu sciuromorpha (veverkočelistní). zahrnuje 51 recentních rodů s přibližně 270 druhy. vyskytují se prakticky po celém světě s výjimkou austrálie a některých suchých oblastí. patří sem např. psoun, veverka, sysel nebo svišť. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Sclera: the white, opaque, fibrous, outer tunic of the eyeball, covering it entirely excepting the segment covered anteriorly by the cornea. it is essentially avascular but contains apertures for vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. it receives the tendons of insertion of the extraocular muscles and at the corneoscleral junction contains the canal of schlemm. (from cline et al., dictionary of visual science, 4th ed)
Scleral Buckling: an operation for retinal detachment which reduces the size of the globe by indenting the sclera so that it approximates the retina
Scleral Diseases: general disorders of the sclera or white of the eye. they may include anatomic, embryologic, degenerative, or pigmentation defects
Scleredema Adultorum: a diffuse, non-pitting induration of the skin of unknown etiology that occurs most commonly in association with diabetes mellitus, predominantly in females. it typically begins on the face or head and spreads to other areas of the body, sometimes involving noncutaneous tissues. often it is preceded by any of various infections, notably staphylococcal infections. the condition resolves spontaneously, usually within two years of onset. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Sclerema Neonatorum: a severe, sometimes fatal, disorder of adipose tissue occurring chiefly in preterm or debilitated infants suffering from an underlying illness and manifested by a diffuse, nonpitting induration of the affected tissue. the skin becomes cold, yellowish, mottled, and inflexible
Scleritis: refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva
Scleroatonic muscular dystrophy: a genetically heterogeneous hereditary form of muscular dystrophy that is characterized by multiple contractures; hypotonia; hip dislocation and torticollis beginning in infancy. respiratory insufficiency and pneumonia are also common. mutations in the col6a1, col6a2, and col6a3 genes have been identified. omim: 254090
Sclerocornea: a hereditary abnormality characterized by scleralization or opacity of the peripheral or entire cornea. omim: 181700
Scleroderma, Diffuse: a rapid onset form of systemic scleroderma with progressive widespread skin thickening over the arms, the legs and the trunk, resulting in stiffness and disability
Scleroderma, Limited: the least progressive form of systemic scleroderma with skin thickening restricted to the face, neck and areas distal to the elbows and/or knees, sparing the trunk. the crest syndrome is a form of limited scleroderma
Scleroderma, Localized: a term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical skin thickening that is similar to those of systemic scleroderma but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and blood vessels. lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules
Scleroderma, Systemic: a chronic multi-system disorder of connective tissue. it is characterized by sclerosis in the skin, the lungs, the heart, the gastrointestinal tract, the kidneys, and the musculoskeletal system. other important features include diseased small blood vessels and autoantibodies. the disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: limited scleroderma and diffuse scleroderma
Scleromyxedema: a connective tissue disorder characterized by widespread thickening of skin with a cobblestone-like appearance. it is caused by proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of mucin in the dermis in the absence of thyroid disease. most scleromyxedema cases are associated with a monoclonal gammopathy, immunoglobulin igg-lambda
Scleroplasty: plastic surgery of the sclera. this procedure is used frequently to prevent blindness and poor vision in patients, especially children, with myopia
Scleroproteins: simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function
Sclerosing Solutions: chemical agents injected into blood vessels and lymphatic sinuses to shrink or cause localized thrombosis; fibrosis, and obliteration of the vessels. this treatment is applied in a number of conditions such as varicose veins; hemorrhoids; gastric varices; esophageal varices; peptic ulcer hemorrhage
Sclerosis: a pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve
Sclerosteosis: a rare, severe autosomal recessive sclerosing bone dysplasia characterized by progressive skeletal overgrowth (hyperostosis). syndactyly is a variable manifestation. the majority of affected individuals have been reported in the afrikaner population of south africa. mutations in the sost gene have been identified. omim: 269500
Sclerostomy: surgical formation of an external opening in the sclera, primarily in the treatment of glaucoma
Sclerotherapy: treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids, gastric and esophageal varices, and peptic ulcer hemorrhage by injection or infusion of chemical agents which cause localized thrombosis and eventual fibrosis and obliteration of the vessels
Sclerotylosis: atrophic fibrosis of the skin of the limbs, hypoplasia of nails, and keratodermia of the palms and soles
Scoliosis: an appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (dorland, 27th ed)
Scolymus: a plant genus of the family asteraceae with a name that is similar to cynara scolymus. members contain taraxasteryl acetate
Scolymus: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují taraxasterylacetát
Scoparia: a plant genus of the family plantaginaceae. members contain thyrsiflorin and other scopadulane (labdane) type diterpenes
Scoparia: rod rostlin čeledi plantaginaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují thyrsiflorin a další diterpeny skopadulanového (labdanového) typu
Scope of Practice: the services that licensed professionals are deemed competent to perform, and permitted to undertake in keeping with the terms of their professional license
Scoping Review: review to identify knowledge gaps, scope a body of literature, clarify concepts or to investigate research conduct
Scoping Review as Topic: works about a review to identify knowledge gaps, scope of a body of literature, clarify concepts, or investigate research conduct
Scopolamine: an alkaloid from solanaceae, especially datura and scopolia. scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. its many uses include an anesthetic premedication, the treatment of urinary incontinence and motion sickness, an antispasmodic, and a mydriatic and cycloplegic
Scopoletin: plant growth factor derived from the root of scopolia carniolica or scopolia japonica
Scopolia: a plant genus of the family solanaceae after which the compound scopolamine got its name
Scopolia: rod rostlin čeledi solanaceae. název alkaloidu skopolaminu je odvozen od názvu tohoto rodu
Scopulariopsis: a mitosporic fungal genus commonly found in soil. it includes both saprophytes and animal pathogens. scopulariopsis brevicaulis and related species may convert arsenic to volatile and toxic arsine. onychomycosis; and rarely brain abscess; mycetoma and disseminated infections, mainly in the immunocompromised hosts, are associated with scopulariopsis
Scopulariopsis: rod mitosporických plísní běžně se nacházejících v půdě. zahrnuje jak saprofyty, tak zvířecí patogeny. scopulariopsis brevicaulis a příbuzné druhy dokáží transformovat arsen na plynný arsan a trimetylarsan. scopulariopsis může způsobovat onychomykózu a vzácně absces mozku, mycetom a diseminované infekce hlavně u hostitelů s imunodeficeiencí
Scorpion Stings: the effects, both local and systemic, caused by the bite of scorpions
Scorpion Venoms: venoms from animals of the order scorpionida of the class arachnida. they contain neuro- and hemotoxins, enzymes, and various other factors that may release acetylcholine and catecholamines from nerve endings. of the several protein toxins that have been characterized, most are immunogenic
Scorpions: arthropods of the order scorpiones, of which 1500 to 2000 species have been described. the most common live in tropical or subtropical areas. they are nocturnal and feed principally on insects and other arthropods. they are large arachnids but do not attack man spontaneously. they have a venomous sting. their medical significance varies considerably and is dependent on their habits and venom potency rather than on their size. at most, the sting is equivalent to that of a hornet but certain species possess a highly toxic venom potentially fatal to humans. (from dorland, 27th ed; smith, insects and other arthropods of medical importance, 1973, p417; barnes, invertebrate zoology, 5th ed, p503)
Scorzonera: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. inulin and sesquiterpenes have been found in it
Scorzonera: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae, jehož zástupci obsahují inulin a seskviterpeny
Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus: contains phosphoric acid, hema, water, polyalkenoic acid copolymer adhesive, bis-gma hema, initiators & amines
Scotland: the most northerly of the four countries of the united kingdom, occupying about one-third of the island of great britain. the capital is edinburgh
Scotoma: a localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. this occurs with a variety of eye diseases (e.g., retinal diseases and glaucoma); optic nerve diseases, and other conditions
Scrapie: a fatal disease of the nervous system in sheep and goats, characterized by pruritus, debility, and locomotor incoordination. it is caused by proteinaceous infectious particles called prions
Screen Time: period of activities done in front of an electronic screen, such as watching tv, working on a computer, or playing video games
Screw Worm Infection: infection with larvae of the blow fly cochliomyia hominivorax (callitroga americanum), a common cause of disease in livestock in the southern and southwestern u.s.a
Scrophularia: a plant genus of the family scrophulariaceae. members contain iridoids
Scrophularia: rod rostlin čeledi scrophulariaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují iridoidy
Scrophulariaceae: the figwort plant family of the order lamiales. the family is characterized by bisexual flowers with tubular corollas (fused petals) that are bilaterally symmetrical (two-lips) and have four stamens in most, two of which are usually shorter
Scrophulariaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu lamiales (hluchavkotvaré). květy jsou obvykle pětičetné a oboupohlavné. koruna je nejčastěji dvoupyská nebo s úzkou korunní trubkou a rozšířeným hrdlem, srostlá z 5 nebo řidčeji ze 4 lístků. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Scrotum: a cutaneous pouch of skin containing the testicles and spermatic cords
Scrub Typhus: an acute infectious disease caused by orientia tsutsugamushi. it is limited to eastern and southeastern asia, india, northern australia, and the adjacent islands. characteristics include the formation of a primary cutaneous lesion at the site of the bite of an infected mite, fever lasting about two weeks, and a maculopapular rash
Scurvy: an acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin c (ascorbic acid) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, anemia, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs
Scutellaria baicalensis: a plant species of the genus scutellaria, family lamiaceae, that contains skullcap flavone and is used in chinese herbal drugs
Scutellaria baicalensis extract: for treatment of lewis lung carcinoma; a component of oren-gedoku-to and of sho-saiko-to
Scutellaria barbata extract: from aerial part of herb scutellaria barbata; antineoplastic, phytogenic in phase i trial for treatment of advanced breast cancer 10/2006
Scyphozoa: the class of true jellyfish, in the phylum cnidaria. they are mostly free-swimming marine organisms that go through five stages in their life cycle and exhibit two body forms: polyp and medusa
Scyphozoa: třída mořských živočichů z kmene žahavců, do níž je řazeno přibližně 220 druhů v 71 rodech. medúzovci žijí v mořích po celém světě od jižního pólu k severnímu, nejčastěji v pobřežních šelfech, ale jsou známy i hlubinné druhy. v životním cyklu se vždy vyskytuje stadium "medúza", volně plovoucí forma se zvonem a žahavými rameny. většina druhů má dále rovněž přisedlé stádium známé jako "polyp". ramena obsahují jedovaté látky, které mohou při požahání vyvolat bolest a v některých případech jsou pro člověka dokonce životně nebezpečné (např. kořenoústka lobonema). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Sea Anemones: the order actiniaria, in the class anthozoa, comprised of large, solitary polyps. all species are carnivorous
Sea Level Rise: an increase in the volume of the oceans and seas causing an elevation of the air-sea interface
Sea Lions: a group comprised of several species of aquatic carnivores in different genera, in the family otariidae. in comparison to fur seals, they have shorter, less dense hair
Sea Nettle, East Coast: species of jellyfish, in the family pelagiidae, order semaeostomeae, class scyphozoa. their painful sting is caused by a venom toxic to humans
Sea Urchins: somewhat flattened, globular echinoderms, having thin, brittle shells of calcareous plates. they are useful models for studying fertilization and embryo development
Sea-Blue Histiocyte Syndrome: a congenital disease caused by an inborn error involving apolipoproteins e leading to abnormal lipid metabolism and the accumulation of glycosphingolipids, particularly sphingomyelins in the histiocytes. this disorder is characterized by splenomegaly and the sea-blue histiocytes in the spleen and bone marrow after may grunwald staining
Seafood: marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood
Seal and Protect resin cement: for prevention of teeth erosion & abrasion, could be used for patients with uncontrolled dental erosion
Seals, Earless: the family phocidae, suborder pinnipedia, order carnivora, comprising the true seals. they lack external ears and are unable to use their hind flippers to walk. it includes over 18 species including the harp seal, probably the best known seal species in the world
Search Engine: software used to locate data or information stored in machine-readable form locally or at a distance such as an internet site
Seashore: ecosystem or ground next to the water between the high tide point and the low tide point
Seasonal Affective Disorder: a syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. sad (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (phototherapy), during the season of recurrence
Seasons: divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Seat Belts: restraining belts fastened to the frame of automobiles, aircraft, or other vehicles, and strapped around the person occupying the seat in the car or plane, intended to prevent the person from being thrown forward or out of the vehicle in case of sudden deceleration
Seaver Cassidy syndrome: hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, malar hypoplasia, and apparently low-set ears associated with joint and scrotal anomalies
Seaweed: multicellular marine macroalgae including some members of red (rhodophyta), green (chlorophyta), and brown (phaeophyceae) algae. they are widely distributed in the ocean, occurring from the tide level to considerable depths, free-floating (planktonic) or anchored to the substratum (benthic). they lack a specialized vascular system but take up fluids, nutrients, and gases directly from the water. they contain chlorophyll and are photosynthetic, but some also contain other light-absorbing pigments. many are of economic importance as food, fertilizer, agar, potash, or source of iodine
Sebaceous Gland Diseases: diseases of the sebaceous glands such as sebaceous hyperplasia and sebaceous cell carcinoma (sebaceous gland neoplasms)
Sebaceous Gland Neoplasms: new abnormal growth of tissue in the sebaceous glands
Sebaceous Glands: small, sacculated organs found within the dermis. each gland has a single duct that emerges from a cluster of oval alveoli. each alveolus consists of a transparent basement membrane enclosing epithelial cells. the ducts from most sebaceous glands open into a hair follicle, but some open on the general surface of the skin. sebaceous glands secrete sebum
Sebum: the oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. it is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris
SecA Proteins: atpases that provide energy for the translocation of proteins across bacterial plasma membranes and thylakoid membranes, by the sec translocation channels. seca is a component of the bacterial preprotein translocase which is comprised of seca, the secyeg translocon, and the accessory domain proteins secd, secf, yajc, and yidc
Secale: genus in the grass family (poaceae) including well known species secale cereale (rye)
Secernentea Infections: infections with nematodes of the subclass secernentea
Secholex: contains pdx chloride and acacia; 7337 lists secholex as just pdx chloride without acacia
Seckel syndrome 1: a rare hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, dwarfism, microcephaly with intellectual disability, and a characteristic 'bird-headed' facial appearance. mutations in the atr gene have been identified. omim: 210600
Secobarbital: a barbiturate that is used as a sedative. secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity
Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids: compounds formed by condensation of secologanin with tryptamine resulting in a tetrahydro-beta-carboline which is processed further to a number of bioactive compounds. these are especially found in plants of the apocynaceae; loganiaceae; and rubiaceae families
Second Generation Cephalosporins: agents with less activity against gram-positive cocci than first generation cephalosporins but have increased activity against gram-negative bacilli
Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy: a microscopic imaging technique that takes advantage of the process of harmonic generation that occurs when photons interact to generate new photons of a different wavelength. in second harmonic generation, two photons of the same wavelength and frequency, such as from a laser, interact inside a medium and are converted to a photon of twice the frequency and half of the wavelength of the two incident photons. the light signals captured are used to produce images that are dependent on the unique optical properties of the material
Second Messenger Systems: systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. they are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic amp system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic gmp system
Second-Look Surgery: a followup operation to examine the outcome of the previous surgery and other treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy
Secondary Care Centers: a healthcare facility equipped to provide all but the most specialized forms of care, surgery, and diagnostic techniques