NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Turkey: country in southeastern europe and southwestern asia bordering the black sea, between bulgaria and georgia, and bordering the aegean sea and the mediterranean sea, between greece and syria. the capital is ankara
Turkeys: large woodland game birds in the subfamily meleagridinae, family phasianidae, order galliformes. formerly they were considered a distinct family, melegrididae
Turner Syndrome: a syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,x (or 45,xo). patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated gonads (streak gonads), sexual infantilism, hypogonadism, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated gonadotropins, decreased estradiol level in blood, and congenital heart defects. noonan syndrome (also called pseudo-turner syndrome and male turner syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant
Turnera: rod rostlin z čeledi mučenkovitých (passifloraceae)
Turnerův syndrom: vrozené onemocnění, při němž má žena jen jeden chromozom x, popř. jde o mozaiku nebo o strukturní anomálie chromozomu. výskyt se uvádí cca 1:2000. způsobuje omezení činnosti pohlavních žláz včetně neplodnosti, poruchy růstu a jiné abnormality (pterygium colli, lymfedémy, srdeční vady, anomálie ledvin), časnější osteoporózu aj. inteligence nebývá postižena. syndrom noonanové je syndrom podobný turnerovu syndromu, ale ve srovnání s turnerovým syndromem karyotyp není postižen a někdy je familiární výskyt s autozomálně dominantní dědičností. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/
Turpentine: the concrete oleoresin obtained from pinaceae such as longleaf pine (pinus palustris). it contains a volatile oil, to which its properties are due, and to which form it is generally used. turpentine is used as a solvent and an experimental irritant in biomedical research
Turtles: any reptile including tortoises, fresh water, and marine species of the order testudines with a body encased in a bony or cartilaginous shell consisting of a top (carapace) and a bottom (plastron) derived from the ribs
Tussilago: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. flower buds contain farfaratin (sesquiterpenes) and bisabolene epoxide
Tussilago: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. poupata obsahují farfaratin (seskviterpeny) a terpenoid bisabolonového typu. podběl lékařský je vytrvalá léčivá rostlina s dezinfekčními a protizánětlivými účinky
Tutobone: an allogeneic spongious bone block for horizontal and vertical ridge augmentation
Tutoplast: tutoplast® processed bovine pericardium to repair the defect of tunica albuginea
Twendee X: an antioxidant mixture that contains multiple ingredients, such as coenzyme q10, ascorbic acid, l-glutamine, and cystine
Twin Studies as Topic: works about methods of detecting genetic etiology in human traits. the basic premise of twin studies is that monozygotic twins carry identical genes, while zygotic twins are genetically no more similar than two siblings born after separate pregnancies. (last, j.m., a dictionary of epidemiology, 2d ed)
Twin Study: work consisting of reporting using a method of detecting genetic causes in human traits and genetic factors in behavior using sets of twins
Twin-Arginine-Translocation System: protein translocase in bacteria or chloroplasts that exports or secretes folded proteins. in gram-negative bacteria, twin-arginine translocase (tat) is involved in the export of folded proteins to the periplasm. in chloroplasts, tat is involved in transporting folded proteins across the membranes of thylakoids
TwinLook cement: a dual-cured bis-gma resin-based cement; 73% by weight glass filler; has an additional activator that imparts a yellow-green color before activation
Twinning, Dizygotic: the development of two genetically distinct embryos in a single uterus at the same time, from two separate ova fertilized by two separate spermatozoa
Twinning, Embryonic: the development of two embryos in a single uterus at the same time
Twinning, Monozygotic: the division of a zygote into two parts that are each capable of further development into two distinct individuals, both that have the same genetic makeup
Twins: two individuals derived from two fetuses that were fertilized at or about the same time, developed in the uterus simultaneously, and born to the same mother. twins are either monozygotic (twins, monozygotic) or dizygotic (twins, dizygotic)
Twins, Conjoined: monozygotic twins who are joined in utero. they may be well developed and share only a superficial connection, often in the frontal, transverse or sagittal body plane, or they may share a partial duplication of a body structure. alternatively, there may be a small and incompletely developed twin conjoined to a larger, more fully developed twin
Twins, Dizygotic: two offspring from the same pregnancy. they are from two ova, fertilized at about the same time by two spermatozoa. such twins are genetically distinct and can be of different sexes
Twins, Monozygotic: two off-spring from the same pregnancy. they are from a single fertilized ovum that split into two embryos. such twins are usually genetically identical and of the same sex
Twist Transcription Factors: a highly-conserved family of basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh) transcription factors. they function as dimers with other bhlh proteins and bind e-box elements to control gene expression during embryogenesis and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition
Twist-Related Protein 1: a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that was originally identified in drosophila as essential for proper gastrulation and mesoderm formation. it plays an important role in embryonic development and cell differentiation of muscle cells, and is found in a wide variety of organisms
Twist-Related Protein 2: a twist family transcription factor that is expressed in mesoderm as well as the dermis during mammalian embryogenesis. it is structurally and functionally similar to twist-related protein 1; it also regulates osteogenesis and the expression of cytokines in response to inflammation
Two-Dimensional Difference Gel Electrophoresis: methods of comparing two or more samples on the same two-dimensional gel electrophoresis gel
Two-Hybrid System Techniques: screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for dna-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for rna-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions
Two-Pore Channels: ligand-gated cation-selective ion channels located in endosomes and lysosomes of plant and animal cells
Tylenchida: an order of nematodes consisting of many species which are plant parasites. female worms lay eggs that hatch either in soil or in the host plant
Tylenchida: řád hlístic zahrnující mnoho druhů, které jsou parazity rostlin. samičky kladou vajíčka do půdy nebo do tkání hostitelských rostlin
Tylenchoidea: a superfamily of nematodes whose members are free-living saprophytes or parasites of plants. ova are sometimes found in human feces after ingestion of infected plants
Tylenchoidea: nadčeleď hlístic, které jsou volně žijícími saprofyty nebo parazity rostlin. u lidí se po konzumaci infikovaných plodin vyskytnou někdy ve stolici jejich vajíčka
Tylophora: a plant genus of the family asclepiadaceae. members contain phenanthro-indolizidine alkaloids
Tylophora: rod rostlin čeledi apocynaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují fenantroindolizidinové alkaloidy
Tylosin: macrolide antibiotic obtained from cultures of streptomyces fradiae. the drug is effective against many microorganisms in animals but not in humans
Tymoviridae: a family of icosahedral, non-enveloped, rna plant viruses comprised of three genera: tymovirus, marafivirus and maculavirus
Tymoviridae: čeleď ikosahedrálních, neobalených, rostlinných rna-virů zahrnujících tři rody: tymovirus, marafivirus a maculavirus
Tymovirus: a genus of plant viruses, in the family tymoviridae, possessing a narrow host range that includes cruciferae. transmission occurs by beetles and mechanical inoculation
Tymovirus: rod rostlinných virů čeledi tymoviridae s úzkým hostitelským spektrem v čeledi brukvovitých. přenos probíhá pomocí brouků a mechanickou inokulací
Tympanic Membrane: an oval semitransparent membrane separating the external ear canal from the tympanic cavity (ear, middle). it contains three layers: the skin of the external ear canal; the core of radially and circularly arranged collagen fibers; and the mucosa of the middle ear
Tympanic Membrane Perforation: a temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (tympanic membrane). clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition
Tympanocentesis: needle aspiration of fluid from the middle ear through a puncture in the tympanic membrane
Tympanoplasty: surgical reconstruction of the hearing mechanism of the middle ear, with restoration of the drum membrane to protect the round window from sound pressure, and establishment of ossicular continuity between the tympanic membrane and the oval window. (dorland, 28th ed.)
Tympanosclerosis: calcification of the tympanic membrane and middle ear most often associated with chronic otitis media
Type A Personality: established behavior pattern characterized by excessive drive and ambition, impatience, competitiveness, sense of time urgency, and poorly contained aggression
Type B Personality: behavior pattern characterized by a generally calm and even-tempered demeanor. emotionally, such personality types show less frequent irritation, anger, hostility, and aggression than type a individuals. (from international encyclopedia of the social sciences, 2008, p. 223)
Type C Phospholipases: a subclass of phospholipases that hydrolyze the phosphoester bond found in the third position of glycerophospholipids. although the singular term phospholipase c specifically refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (ec 3.1.4.3), it is commonly used in the literature to refer to broad variety of enzymes that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositols
Type D Personality: behavior pattern characterized by negative emotionality, an inability to express emotions, and social isolation, which has been linked to greater cardiovascular disease and increased mortality. (from international encyclopedia of the social sciences, 2008, p. 217)
Type I Secretion Systems: gram-negative bacterial secretion systems which translocate effectors in a single step across the inner and outer membranes. the one-step secretion is carried out by a channel that passes from the cytoplasm, through the inner membrane, periplasmic space, and outer membrane, to the extracellular space. the specificity of type i secretions systems are determined by the specificity of the three subcomponents forming the channel - an atp transporter (atp-binding cassette transporters); a membrane fusion protein (membrane fusion proteins); and an outer membrane protein (bacterial outer membrane proteins.)
Type II Secretion Systems: gram-negative bacterial secretion systems which carry out the secretion of folded proteins.t2sss secrete folded proteins from the periplasmic space that have been exported there by sec translocase or tat secretion systems, or they secrete folded proteins directly from the cytoplasm. the t2sss have four substructures, an atpase, an inner membrane platform, a pseudopilin, and secretin, an outer membrane complex which is a channel for secretion. (this bacterial secretin is not the same as the mammalian hormone also named secretin.)
Type III Secretion Systems: multiprotein transmembrane complexes in gram-negative bacteria involved in either the secretion of effector proteins from the bacterial cytoplasm into host cells, or the secretion and assembly of flagellar components. the major component of the t3sss is called the injectosome or needle complex
Type IV Secretion Systems: multiprotein complexes that transport single proteins, multiprotein complexes, and nucleoprotein complexes from the cytoplasm into the extracellular space or into recipient cells. t4sss are found in gram-negative bacteria, while homologous components to t4sss are found in gram-postive bacteria
Type V Secretion Systems: secretion systems of gram-negative bacteria (single membrane proteins or multiprotein complexes) that carry out secretion of proteins from the periplasmic space to the extracellular space via a beta-barrel transmembrane pore. there are several t5ss subtypes: t5ass monomeric autotransporters, t5bss two-partner secretions systems (tpss), t5css trimeric autotransporters, t5dss fused two-partner secretion systems, and t5ess autotransporters with inverted domains
Type VI Secretion Systems: multiprotein complexes in gram negative bacteria that deliver effector proteins into eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells by a mechanism similar to the contractile tail of bacteriophages. they are composed of a cell envelope-spanning tube which is surrounded by a contractile sheath and tipped by a cell puncturing complex; a base plate structure that anchors the assembly to the cell envelope; and an atpase involved in the sheath contraction and disassembly of the complex
Type VII Secretion Systems: bacterial secretion systems found in bacteria that have a mycolic acid-containing outer membrane such as mycobacteriaceae; corynebacteriaceae; and nocardiaceae. these are also known as esx secretion systems because the first to be discovered is involved in secreting major virulence factors esxa and esxb. there are several subtypes of t7sss including esx-1, esx-2, esx-3, esx-4, and esx-5 secretion systems. the subtypes share some core components including an inner membrane channel-forming atpase complex, a membrane-anchored mycosin, and a second channel that spans the outer mycolic acid-containing membrane
Typhaceae: a plant family of the order typhales, subclass commelinidae, class liliopsida (monocotyledons) that contains a single genus, typha, that grows worldwide
Typhlitis: necrotizing inflammation of the cecum (typhlon in greek), sometimes spreading to the appendix and/or the ileum. symptoms include abdominal pain and diarrhea. its pathogenesis is multifactorial. typhlitis is often associated with neutropenia and chemotherapy in immunocompromised individuals (immunocompromised host)
Typhoid Fever: an acute systemic febrile infection caused by salmonella typhi, a serotype of salmonella enterica
Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines: vaccines used to prevent typhoid fever and/or paratyphoid fever which are caused by various species of salmonella. attenuated, subunit, and inactivated forms of the vaccines exist
Typhus, Endemic Flea-Borne: an infectious disease clinically similar to epidemic louse-borne typhus (typhus, epidemic louse-borne), but caused by rickettsia typhi, which is transmitted from rat to man by the rat flea, xenopsylla cheopis
Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne: the classic form of typhus, caused by rickettsia prowazekii, which is transmitted from man to man by the louse pediculus humanus corporis. this disease is characterized by the sudden onset of intense headache, malaise, and generalized myalgia followed by the formation of a macular skin eruption and vascular and neurologic disturbances
Tyramine: an indirect sympathomimetic that occurs naturally in cheese and other foods. tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase to prolong the actions of adrenergic transmitters. it also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals and may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems
Tyrocidine: an antibiotic mixture produced by bacillus brevis which may be separated into three components, tyrocidines a, b, and c. it is the major constituent (40-60 per cent) of tyrothricin, gramicidin accounting for the remaining 10-20 per cent active material. it is a topical antimicrobial agent, that is very toxic parenterally
Tyrosine: a non-essential amino acid. in animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. it is also the precursor of epinephrine; thyroid hormones; and melanin
Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen to 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine, dihydrobiopterin, and water. ec 1.14.16.2
Tyrosine Decarboxylase: a pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the conversion of l-tyrosine to tyramine and carbon dioxide. the bacterial enzyme also acts on 3-hydroxytyrosine and, more slowly, on 3-hydroxyphenylalanine. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 4.1.1.25
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: protein kinase inhibitors that inhibit tyrosine protein kinases
Tyrosine Phenol-Lyase: an enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of tyrosine to phenol, pyruvate, and ammonia. it is a pyridoxal phosphate protein. the enzyme also forms pyruvate from d-tyrosine, l-cysteine, s-methyl-l-cysteine, l-serine, and d-serine, although at a slower rate. ec 4.1.99.2
Tyrosine Transaminase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-tyrosine and 2-oxoglutarate to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and l-glutamate. it is a pyridoxal-phosphate protein. l-phenylalanine is hydroxylated to l-tyrosine. the mitochondrial enzyme may be identical with aspartate aminotransferases (ec 2.6.1.1.). deficiency of this enzyme may cause type ii tyrosinemia (see tyrosinemias). ec 2.6.1.5
Tyrosine-tRNA Ligase: an enzyme that activates tyrosine with its specific transfer rna. ec 6.1.1.1
Tyrosinemias: a group of disorders which have in common elevations of tyrosine in the blood and urine secondary to an enzyme deficiency. type i tyrosinemia features episodic weakness, self-mutilation, hepatic necrosis, renal tubular injury, and seizures and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetase. type ii tyrosinemia features intellectual disability, painful corneal ulcers, and keratoses of the palms and plantar surfaces and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme tyrosine transaminase. type iii tyrosinemia features intellectual disability and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. (menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, pp42-3)
Tyrothricin: a polypeptide antibiotic mixture obtained from bacillus brevis. it consists of a mixture of three tyrocidines (60%) and several gramicidins (20%) and is very toxic to blood, liver, kidneys, meninges, and the olfactory apparatus. it is used topically
Tyrphostins: a family of synthetic protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors. they selectively inhibit receptor autophosphorylation and are used to study receptor function
Tádžikistán: hornatý vnitrozemský stát ve střední asii jeho sousedi jsou afghánistán na jihu, uzbekistán na západě, kyrgyzstán na severu a čína na východě. hlavním a největším městem je dušanbe. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
U937 Cells: a human cell line established from a diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (histiocytic lymphoma, diffuse) and displaying many monocytic characteristics. it serves as an in vitro model for monocyte and macrophage differentiation
U937 buňky: lidská buněčná linie založená z difuzního histiocytárního lymfomu, která vykazuje mnoho monocytárních znaků. slouží jako in vitro model diferenciace monocytů a makrofágů
UCCB01-125: inhibits postsynaptic density protein-95 (psd-95)
UCH I protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of relapsed lymphoma
UCH II protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in therapy of relapsed lymphoma
UCON 50-HB-5100: a copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide
UDP Xylose-Protein Xylosyltransferase: a pentosyltransferase that initiates a series of post-translational modifications necessary for transport and secretion of proteoglycans. it is a key enzyme for glycosylation of the proteoglycan core
UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A9: a ppar alpha and ppar gamma target gene. the enzyme plays an important role in elimination and detoxification of drugs, xenobiotics, and metabolizing endogenous compounds, including catecholestrogens and fibrates
UDP-galaktosapyrofosforylasa: enzym, který katalyzuje syntézu udpgalaktózy z utp a galaktóza-1-fosfátu. ve fetálních a kojeneckých játrech je přítomen v nízkém množství, ale s věkem se jeho množství zvyšuje, což umožňuje přeživším galaktosemickým dětem vyvinout schopnost metabolizovat galaktózu. ec 2.7.7.10
UDP-glukosapyrofosforylasa: enzym, který katalyzuje tvorbu udpglukózy z utp a glukóza-1-fosfátu. ec 2.7.7.9
UDP-glukuronosyltransferasa 1A9: cílový gen ppar alfa a ppar gama. enzym hraje důležitou roli při eliminaci a detoxikaci léčiv, xenobiotik a při metabolismu endogenních sloučenin, včetně katecholestrogenů a fibrátů
UDP-xylosa-protein-xylosyltransferasa: pentosyltransferáza, která iniciuje sérii posttranslačních modifikací nezbytných pro transport a sekreci proteoglykanů. je to klíčový enzym pro glykosylaci proteoglykanového jádra
UDPglucose 4-Epimerase: a necessary enzyme in the metabolism of galactose. it reversibly catalyzes the conversion of udpglucose to udpgalactose. nad+ is an essential component for enzymatic activity. ec 5.1.3.2
UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of ump from udpglucose to galactose 1-phosphate, forming udpgalactose and glucose 1-phosphate. deficiency in this enzyme is the major cause of galactosemia. ec 2.7.7.12
UDPglukosa-4-epimerasa: enzym nezbytný pro metabolismus galaktózy. reverzibilně katalyzuje přeměnu udpglukózy na udpgalaktózu. nezbytnou složkou pro enzymatickou aktivitu je nad+. ec 5.1.3.2
UFTM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of uracil, ftorafur & mitomycin c
UK Biobank: a biomedical database and research resource that contains genetic and health data on participants aged 40-69 years with a roughly even number of men and women recruited between 2006 and 2010 throughout the uk
UKALL X protocol: chemotherapy protocol used for treatment for stage iii mediastinal non-hodgkin's lymphoma; ukall xi patients also receive intrathecal methotrexate once every 3 months and unlike the ukall x patients are not given cranial irradiation
UNESCO: an operating body of the united nations, responsible for coordinating international cooperation in education, science, culture and communication
UNESCO: organizace osn pro vzdělání, vědu a kulturu (anglicky united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization, unesco) je jedna z 15 mezistátních odborných organizací (agentur) osn. sídlí v paříži. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2018 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
USSR: a country located from the baltic and black seas to the pacific ocean and, for a time including 15 soviet socialist republics. the capital was moscow
UTP-Glucose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of udpglucose from utp plus glucose 1-phosphate. ec 2.7.7.9
UTP-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of udpgalactose from utp and galactose-1-phosphate. it is present in low levels in fetal and infant liver, but increases with age, thereby enabling galactosemic infants who survive to develop the capacity to metabolize galactose. ec 2.7.7.10
Ubiquinone: a lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in electron transport in mitochondrial preparations. the compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals
Ubiquitin: a highly conserved 76-amino acid peptide universally found in eukaryotic cells that functions as a marker for intracellular protein transport and degradation. ubiquitin becomes activated through a series of complicated steps and forms an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of specific proteins within the cell. these ubiquitinated proteins can be recognized and degraded by proteosomes or be transported to specific compartments within the cell
Ubiquitin C: a single protein comprised of tandem repeats of the ubiquitin 78-amino acid sequence. it is a product of the polyubiquitin gene which contains multiple copies of the ubiquitin coding sequence. proteolytic processing of ubiquitin c results in the formation of individual ubiquitin molecules. this protein is distinct from polyubiquitin, which is a protein formed through isopeptide linkage of multiple ubiquitin species
Ubiquitin Thiolesterase: a thioester hydrolase which acts on esters formed between thiols such as dithiothreitol or glutathione and the c-terminal glycine residue of ubiquitin
Ubiquitin-Activating Enzymes: a class of enzymes that catalyzes the atp-dependent formation of a thioester bond between itself and ubiquitin. it then transfers the activated ubiquitin to one of the ubiquitin-protein ligases
Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme UBC9: an enzyme that facilitates the conjugation of sumo protein to target substrate
Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes: a class of enzymes that form a thioester bond to ubiquitin with the assistance of ubiquitin-activating enzymes. they transfer ubiquitin to the lysine of a substrate protein with the assistance of ubiquitin-protein ligases
Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes: complexes of enzymes that catalyze the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins by forming a peptide bond between the c-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the alpha-amino groups of lysine residues in the protein. the complexes play an important role in mediating the selective-degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins. the complex of enzymes can be broken down into three components that involve activation of ubiquitin (ubiquitin-activating enzymes), conjugation of ubiquitin to the ligase complex (ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes), and ligation of ubiquitin to the substrate protein (ubiquitin-protein ligases)
Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases: a diverse class of enzymes that interact with ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and ubiquitination-specific protein substrates. each member of this enzyme group has its own distinct specificity for a substrate and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. ubiquitin-protein ligases exist as both monomeric proteins multiprotein complexes
Ubiquitin-Specific Peptidase 7: a ubiquitinyl hydrolase that deubiquitinates several proteins with critical roles in dna repair, cell growth, and survival, including tumor suppressor protein p53; mdm-2 protein; and pten phosphohydrolase. it also stabilizes herpesvirus 1 trans-acting transcriptional protein vmw110 during hsv-1 infection, contributing to its function as a trans-activator
Ubiquitin-Specific Proteases: members of the peptidase c19 family which regulate signal transduction by removing ubiquitin from specific protein substrates via a process known as deubiquitination or deubiquitylation
Ubiquitinated Proteins: proteins covalently modified with ubiquitins or ubiquitin-like proteins
Ubiquitination: the act of ligating ubiquitins to proteins to form ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes to label proteins for transport to the proteasome endopeptidase complex where proteolysis occurs
Ubiquitins: a family of proteins that are structurally-related to ubiquitin. ubiquitins and ubiquitin-like proteins participate in diverse cellular functions, such as protein degradation and heat-shock response, by conjugation to other proteins
Uganda: a republic in eastern africa, south of sudan and west of kenya. its capital is kampala
Uganda: prezidentská republika, nacházející se ve východní africe, která hraničí s keňou na východě, s jižním súdánem na severu, s demokratickou republikou kongo na západě, se rwandou na jihozápadě a s tanzanií na jihu. součástí ugandy je i nezanedbatelná část viktoriina jezera, kterým také procházejí hranice s keňou a tanzanií. název země je odvozen z názvu tradičního království buganda, jehož součástí je jižní část země včetně hlavního města kampaly. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Uhl anomaly: a congenital heart defect that affects the right ventricle. it is characterized by cardiomyopathy and fibrofatty replacement of the right ventricular myocardium, resulting in ventricular arrhythmia and increased risk for sudden cardiac death. it is caused by mutations in the transforming growth factor beta3 (tgfb3) gene. omim: 107970
Ujolyt: used in treatment of absorptive hypercalciurea & chronic calcium oxalate lithiasis; contains several forms of wofatit
Ukraine: country in europe, bordering the black sea, between poland, romania, and moldova in the west and russia in the east. the capital is kyiv
Ukrajina: země v evropě, hraničící s černým mořem, mezi polskem, rumunskem a moldavskem na západě a ruskem na východě. hlavním městem je kyjev
Ulcer: a lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue
Ulcrux powder: for treatment of skin ulcers; contains tetracycline, dehydroacetic acid, hydroxypolyethoxydodecane
Ulex: a plant genus of the family fabaceae (sometimes classified as papilionaceae). members contain lectins
Ulex: rod rostlin z čeledi bobovitých (fabaceae, dříve též motýlokvěté). zástupci obsahují lektiny
Ulmaceae: a plant family of the order urticales, subclass hamamelidae, class magnoliopsida. members are trees and shrubs of temperate regions that have watery sap and alternate leaves which are lopsided at the base. the flowers lack petals
Ulmaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu růžotvaré (rosales). zástupci jsou stromy a keře z oblastí mírného pásu s přesahy do tropického pásu v jihovýchodní asii a tropické americe. největší druhové zastoupení je v asii. největším rodem je jilm (asi 25 druhů). dřeviny mají střídavé listy, které jsou u základny asymetrické. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Ulmus: a plant genus of the family ulmaceae that is susceptible to dutch elm disease which is caused by the ascomycota fungus, ophiostoma
Ulmus: rod opadavých stromů nebo keřů čeledi ulmaceae. jilmy postihuje grafióza (nebo též holandská nemoc), která je způsobená houbou druhu ophiostoma novo-ulmi. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Ulnar Artery: the larger of the two terminal branches of the brachial artery, beginning about one centimeter distal to the bend of the elbow. like the radial artery, its branches may be divided into three groups corresponding to their locations in the forearm, wrist, and hand
Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction: surgical reconstruction of injured or insufficient ulnar collateral ligament in the elbow joint
Ulnar Hypoplasia with Mental Retardation: omim term: mesomelia of the upper limbs, anonychia congenita, clubfeet, and mental retardation
Ulnar Nerve: a major nerve of the upper extremity. in humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually c7 to t1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm
Ulnar Nerve Compression Syndromes: ulnar neuropathies caused by mechanical compression of the nerve at any location from its origin at the brachial plexus to its terminations in the hand. common sites of compression include the retroepicondylar groove, cubital tunnel at the elbow (cubital tunnel syndrome), and guyon's canal at the wrist. clinical features depend on the site of injury, but may include weakness or paralysis of wrist flexion, finger flexion, and ulnar innervated intrinsic hand muscles, and impaired sensation over the ulnar aspect of the hand, fifth finger, and ulnar half of the ring finger. (joynt, clinical neurology, 1995, ch51, p43)
Ulnar Neuropathies: disease involving the ulnar nerve from its origin in the brachial plexus to its termination in the hand. clinical manifestations may include paresis or paralysis of wrist flexion, finger flexion, thumb adduction, finger abduction, and finger adduction. sensation over the medial palm, fifth finger, and ulnar aspect of the ring finger may also be impaired. common sites of injury include the axilla, cubital tunnel at the elbow, and guyon's canal at the wrist. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1995, ch51 pp43-5)
Ulnar hypoplasia lobster claw deformity of feet: complete absence of the ulna and of fingers 2 to 5, together with lobster-claw deformity of the feet
Ulnar-mammary syndrome: schinzel syndrome 1 also available (c538177)
Ultimobranchial Body: a diverticulum from the fourth pharyngeal pouch of an embryo, regarded by some as a rudimentary fifth pharyngeal pouch and by others as a lateral thyroid primordium. the ultimobranchial bodies of lower vertebrates contain large amounts of calcitonin. in mammals the bodies fuse with the thyroid gland and are thought to develop into the parafollicular cells. (stedman, 25th ed)
Ultracentrifugation: centrifugation with a centrifuge that develops centrifugal fields of more than 100,000 times gravity. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Ultracid F: contains edta, benzalkonium chloride & 1% sodium fluoride
Ultrafiltration: the separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. in ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis)
Ultramulsion: a emulsion of dimethicone and oloxamer 407 for treatment of dry mouth
Ultrasonic Surgical Procedures: the use of high-energy shock waves, in the frequency range of 20-60 khz, to cut through or remove tissue. the tissue fragmentation by ultrasonic surgical instruments is caused by mechanical effects not heat as with high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation
Ultrasonic Therapy: the use of focused, high-frequency sound waves to produce local hyperthermia in certain diseased or injured parts of the body or to destroy the diseased tissue
Ultrasonic Waves: oscillating sound wave with a frequency higher than the upper limit of the human hearing range
Ultrasonics: a subfield of acoustics dealing in the radio frequency range higher than acoustic sound waves (approximately above 20 kilohertz). ultrasonic radiation is used therapeutically (diathermy and ultrasonic therapy) to generate heat and to selectively destroy tissues. it is also used in diagnostics, for example, ultrasonography; echoencephalography; and echocardiography, to visually display echoes received from irradiated tissues
Ultrasonography: the visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz
Ultrasonography, Carotid Arteries: ultrasound imaging of the carotid arteries to measure their morphological components such as arterial wall shape and thickness; atherosclerotic plaque; and stenosis. blood circulation in the carotid is visualized via doppler ultrasonography
Ultrasonography, Doppler: ultrasonography applying the doppler effect, with frequency-shifted ultrasound reflections produced by moving targets (usually red blood cells) in the bloodstream along the ultrasound axis in direct proportion to the velocity of movement of the targets, to determine both direction and velocity of blood flow. (stedman, 25th ed)
Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color: ultrasonography applying the doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image. this type of ultrasonography is well-suited to identifying the location of high-velocity flow (such as in a stenosis) or of mapping the extent of flow in a certain region
Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex: ultrasonography applying the doppler effect combined with real-time imaging. the real-time image is created by rapid movement of the ultrasound beam. a powerful advantage of this technique is the ability to estimate the velocity of flow from the doppler shift frequency
Ultrasonography, Doppler, Pulsed: ultrasonography applying the doppler effect, with velocity detection combined with range discrimination. short bursts of ultrasound are transmitted at regular intervals and the echoes are demodulated as they return
Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial: a non-invasive technique using ultrasound for the measurement of cerebrovascular hemodynamics, particularly cerebral blood flow velocity and cerebral collateral flow. with a high-intensity, low-frequency pulse probe, the intracranial arteries may be studied transtemporally, transorbitally, or from below the foramen magnum
Ultrasonography, Interventional: the use of ultrasound to guide minimally invasive surgical procedures such as needle aspiration biopsy; drainage; etc. its widest application is intravascular ultrasound imaging but it is useful also in urology and intra-abdominal conditions
Ultrasonography, Mammary: use of ultrasound for imaging the breast. the most frequent application is the diagnosis of neoplasms of the female breast
Ultrasonography, Prenatal: the visualization of tissues during pregnancy through recording of the echoes of ultrasonic waves directed into the body. the procedure may be applied with reference to the mother or the fetus and with reference to organs or the detection of maternal or fetal disease
Ultrasound, High-Intensity Focused, Transrectal: tissue ablation of the prostate performed by ultrasound from a transducer placed in the rectum. the procedure is used to treat prostate cancer (prostatic neoplasms) and benign prostatic hypertrophy (prostatic hyperplasia)
Ultraviolet Rays: that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. the longer wavelengths (near-uv or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin d and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-uv or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants
Ultraviolet Therapy: the use of ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation in the treatment of disease, usually of the skin. this is the part of the sun's spectrum that causes sunburn and tanning. ultraviolet a, used in puva, is closer to visible light and less damaging than ultraviolet b, which is ionizing
Ultrez 10: a carbapol resin, hybrid between carbopol 940 and 934
Ulva: a genus of green algae in the family ulvaceae. commonly known as sea lettuces, they grow attached to rocks and kelp in marine and estuarine waters
Ulva: rod zelených řas z čeledi ulvaceae. běžně se nazývají mořský salát, rostou na skalách a kelp (řád laminariales) v mořských vodách a v ústí řek
Umbelliferones: 7-hydroxycoumarins. substances present in many plants, especially umbelliferae. umbelliferones are used in sunscreen preparations and may be mutagenic. their derivatives are used in liver therapy, as reagents, plant growth factors, sunscreens, insecticides, parasiticides, choleretics, spasmolytics, etc
Umbellularia: a plant genus in the lauraceae family. the tree, umbellularia californica (hook. & arn.) nutt., is known for aromatic leaves used in spices having a similar flavor to laurus
Umbellularia: rod rostlin čeledi lauraceae. stromy druhu umbellularia californica (hook. & arn.) nutt. mají aromatické listy, které se používají jako koření (podobné aroma jako vavřín) a také v tradiční medicíně
Umbilical Arteries: specialized arterial vessels in the umbilical cord. they carry waste and deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the mother via the placenta. in humans, there are usually two umbilical arteries but sometimes one
Umbilical Cord: the flexible rope-like structure that connects a developing fetus to the placenta in mammals. the cord contains blood vessels which carry oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and waste products away from the fetus
Umbilical Cord Clamping: method of placing clamps on the umbilical cord before cutting after birth
Umbilical Veins: venous vessels in the umbilical cord. they carry oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the mother to the fetus via the placenta. in humans, there is normally one umbilical vein
Umbilicus: the pit in the center of the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered in the fetus
Umbridae: a family of esociformes comprising the mudminnows. there are three genera: dallia, novumbra, and umbra, with much disagreement about their taxonomic interrelations. the umbridae are freshwater fish inhabiting parts of the northern hemisphere
Umbridae: čeleď ryb řádu esociformes žijící ve sladkých vodách severní polokoule. patří sem tři rody: dallia, novumbra a umbra. o jejich vzájemných taxonomických vztazích se vedou spory
Unaccompanied Minors: a child or adolescent without the presence of a legal guardian
Uncaria: a plant genus of the family rubiaceae. members contain uncarine and other cytotoxic and hypotensive oxindole alkaloids
Uncaria: rod rostlin čeledi rubiaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují unkarin a další cytotoxické a oxindolové alkaloidy s hypotenzním účinkem
Uncinate Fasciculus: a hook-shaped white matter axon tract that connects the uncus and pole of the temporal lobe, the limbic system and the frontal lobe. it innervates amygdala proper
Uncompensated Care: medical services for which no payment is received. uncompensated care includes charity care and bad debts
Unconscious, Psychology: those forces and content of the mind which are not ordinarily available to conscious awareness or to immediate recall
Unconsciousness: loss of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment combined with markedly reduced responsiveness to environmental stimuli. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp344-5)
Uncoupling Agents: chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that atp synthesis does not occur. included here are those ionophores that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes
Uncoupling Protein 1: a mitochondrial uncoupling protein that is expressed in brown adipose tissue. it is critical for nonshivering thermogenesis to prevent heat loss in neonates
Uncoupling Protein 2: a mitochondrial uncoupling protein that is expressed in many tissues and exhibits the greatest expression in skeletal muscle. it regulates mitochondrial atp production and the generation of reactive oxygen species
Uncoupling Protein 3: a mitochondrial uncoupling protein that is expressed in heart and skeletal muscle tissues. it functions to regulate tissue respiration, energy balance, and thermogenesis. mutations in the ucp3 gene are associated with obesity
Undaria: a genus of brown algae, in the family alariaceae, native to japan, korea, and china. the edible seaweed undaria pinnatifida is also called wakame
Undaria: rod hnědých řas čeledi alariaceae, který je původní ve vodách u ruského, korejského, čínského a japonského pobřeží v tichém oceánu. jedlá řasa undaria pinnatifida se nazývá wakame a je pěstována pro konzumaci. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Underachievement: performance, usually in school work, poorer than that predicted from aptitude and/or intelligence testing
Undertreatment: remedial treatment or preventive procedures of a disease which is done too infrequently or not enough to control disease diagnosis or treatment. many factors contribute to medical undertreatment including lack of access to health services and patient preference
Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Diseases: diseases that exhibit signs and symptoms suggestive of a connective tissue disease that do not fulfill clinical or diagnostic criteria for any one defined disease but overlap with criteria of multiple such diseases. commonly overlapping diseases include systemic autoimmune connective tissue diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis; systemic lupus erythematosus; and systemic sclerosis
Undocumented Immigrants: foreign nationals residing in a country without legal immigration status, or in violation of the immigration laws of that country
Unedited Footage: work consisting of untitled raw motion picture and video footage which has not been edited or assembled into a finished work. (from: moving image materials: genre terms, 1988)
Unfolded Protein Response: a cellular response to environmental insults that cause disruptions in protein folding and/or accumulation of defectively folded protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. it consists of a group of regulatory cascades that are triggered as a response to altered levels of calcium and/or the redox state of the endoplasmic reticulum. persistent activation of the unfolded protein response leads to the induction of apoptosis
Unified Medical Language System: a research and development program initiated by the national library of medicine to build knowledge sources for the purpose of aiding the development of systems that help health professionals retrieve and integrate biomedical information. the knowledge sources can be used to link disparate information systems to overcome retrieval problems caused by differences in terminology and the scattering of relevant information across many databases. the three knowledge sources are the metathesaurus, the semantic network, and the specialist lexicon
Unified Medical Language System: kompendium mnoha řízených biomedicínských slovníků. původně bylo vytvořeno v roce 1986 v nlm (americkou národní lékařskou knihovnou). účelem umls je usnadnění vývoje výpočetních systémů, které se chovají jako by rozuměly významu přirozeného jazyka v biomedicíně a zdravotnictví. s tím cílem nlm vytváří a distribuuje umls knowledge sources (znalostní zdroje ve formě databází) a asociované softwarové nástroje pro využití vývojáři. existují tři umls knowledge sources: the metathesaurus (metatezaurus), the semantic network (sémantická síť) a specialist lexicon. (rak, dušan. porovnání internetových stránek a lékařských doporučených postupů s využitím databází řízených medicínských slovníků. ijbh, 2014, č. 1, s. 23-24.)
Unifil Bond: a commercially available self-etching/self-priming bonding resin; consists of a primer & a bonding agent; primer contains 4-methylacryloxyethyl trimellitate, hema (hydroxyethyl methacrylate), ethanol & distilled water; bonding agent contains udma (urethan dimethacrylate), hema, tegdma (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) & camphorquinone
Unifil F: contains udma, tegdma and silane-coated fluoralumino silicate glass
Unifil LoFlo Plus: consists of udma and fluoroaluminatesilicate
Unilamellar Liposomes: single membrane vesicles, generally made of phospholipids
Unilateral Breast Neoplasms: tumors or cancer found specifically in one human breast, but not in both
Unio: a genus of freshwater mussels in the family unionidae, class bivalvia
Unio: rod sladkovodních mlžů čeledi unionidae, třídy bivalvia
Unionidae: a family of freshwater mussels in the class bivalvia. they differ from zebra mussels in that they are larger and posses a larval stage called glochidia, which requires attachment to the gills or fins of particular species of fishes
Unionidae: čeleď sladkovodních mlžů třídy bivalvia. jsou větší než slávičky (dreissena) a na rozdíl od nich mají larvální stadium (glochidie), kdy se potřebují přichytit k žábrám nebo ploutvím určitých druhů ryb
Uniparental Disomy: the presence in a cell of two paired chromosomes from the same parent, with no chromosome of that pair from the other parent. this chromosome composition stems from non-disjunction (nondisjunction, genetic) events during meiosis. the disomy may be composed of both homologous chromosomes from one parent (heterodisomy) or a duplicate of one chromosome (isodisomy)
Unite dental cement: no-mix orthodontic diacrylate cement; polymerization initiated when adhesive paste comes into contact with liquid primer; from unitek corp., monrovia cal
Unite resin: microparticle silica-filled resin; used as bonding resin agent for orthodontic brackets