NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
MutL homolog 1: eukaryotický homolog bakteriálního proteinu mutl opravné syntézy dna. heterodimerizuje s mismatch repair endonukleázou pms2 za vzniku mutl alfa, který je pomocí vazebného proteinu muts opravné syntézy dna rekrutován do míst chybného párování dna. mutace v lidském genu mlh1 jsou spojeny s dědičnými nepolypózními kolorektálními nádory
MutL proteiny: dna opravné proteiny, které zahrnují bakteriální protein mutl a jeho eukaryotická homologa. skládají se z konzervované n-koncové oblasti se slabou aktivitou atpázy, motivu endonukleázy a c-koncové domény, která tvoří homodimery nebo heterodimery mutl interakcemi mezi mlh1 a pms1, endonukleázou pms2 nebo proteiny mlh3. tyto komplexy fungují v dna opravných drahách, primárně při opravě chybného párování bází dna, kde se mutl/mlh1 a vazebný protein muts opravné syntézy dna zaměřují na poškozenou dna
MutS DNA Mismatch-Binding Protein: a methyl-directed mismatch dna repair protein that has weak atpase activity. muts was originally described in escherichia coli
MutS Homolog 2 Protein: a highly conserved eukaryotic homolog of the muts dna mismatch-binding protein. it plays an essential role in meiotic recombination and dna repair of mismatched nucleotides
MutS Homolog 3 Protein: a muts homolog protein and component of post-replicative dna mismatch repair. it forms a heterodimer with muts homolog 2 protein (msh2) and recognizes large insertion-deletion loops up to 13 nucleotides in length. this directs downstream events such as strand discrimination, excision, and resynthesis
MutS Proteins: dna repair proteins that include the bacterial muts dna mismatch-binding protein and its eukaryotic homologs that function in dna mismatch repair and recombination of dna during meiosis. muts has a conserved mismatch recognition domain characterized by gxfxe, or similar amino acid motifs that also occur in eukaryotic homologs such as msh1, msh6, and msh8. all muts proteins also contain a highly-conserved atp-binding domain and most have weak atpase activity
Mutagenesis: process of generating a genetic mutation. it may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens
Mutagenesis, Insertional: mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign dna sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. this may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. proviral dna insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt genetic translation of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed: genetically engineered mutagenesis at a specific site in the dna molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion
Mutagenicity Tests: tests of chemical substances and physical agents for mutagenic potential. they include microbial, insect, mammalian cell, and whole animal tests
Mutagens: chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. a clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes
Mutant Chimeric Proteins: proteins produced from genes that have mutated by the fusing of protein coding regions of more than one gene. such hybrid proteins are responsible for some instances of antibiotic resistance and defective biological processes such as neoplasms
Mutation: any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the genotype and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations
Mutation Rate: the number of mutations that occur in a specific sequence, gene, or genome over a specified period of time such as years, cell divisions, or generations
Mutation, Missense: a mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. this substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (from a dictionary of genetics, king & stansfield, 5th ed)
Mutism: the inability to generate oral-verbal expression, despite normal comprehension of speech. this may be associated with brain diseases or mental disorders. organic mutism may be associated with damage to the frontal lobe; brain stem; thalamus; and cerebellum. selective mutism is a psychological condition that usually affects children characterized by continuous refusal to speak in social situations by a child who is able and willing to speak to selected persons. kussmal aphasia refers to mutism in psychosis. (from fortschr neurol psychiatr 1994; 62(9):337-44)
Muzolimine: a pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. it was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects
Mya: a genus of soft-shell clams in the family myidae, class bivalvia
Myanmar: a republic of southeast asia, northwest of thailand, long familiar as burma. its capital is yangon, formerly rangoon. inhabited by people of mongolian stock and probably of tibetan origin, by the 3d century a.d. it was settled by hindus. the modern burmese state was founded in the 18th century but was in conflict with the british during the 19th century. made a crown colony of great britain in 1937, it was granted independence in 1947. in 1989 it became myanmar. the name comes from myanma, meaning the strong, as applied to the burmese people themselves. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p192 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p367)
Myasthenia Gravis: a disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of acetylcholine receptors or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (musk) autoantibodies. clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. the disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). thymoma is commonly associated with this condition
Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental: any autoimmune animal disease model used in the study of myasthenia gravis. injection with purified neuromuscular junction acetylcholine receptor (achr) (see receptors, cholinergic) components results in a myasthenic syndrome that has acute and chronic phases. the motor endplate pathology, loss of acetylcholine receptors, presence of circulating anti-achr antibodies, and electrophysiologic changes make this condition virtually identical to human myasthenia gravis. passive transfer of achr antibodies or lymphocytes from afflicted animals to normals induces passive transfer experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1997, ch 54, p3)
Myasthenia Gravis, Neonatal: a disorder of neuromuscular transmission that occurs in a minority of newborns born to women with myasthenia gravis. clinical features are usually present at birth or develop in the first 3 days of life and consist of hypotonia and impaired respiratory, suck, and swallowing abilities. this condition is associated with the passive transfer of acetylcholine receptor antibodies through the placenta. in the majority of infants the myasthenic weakness resolves (i.e., transient neonatal myasthenia gravis) although this disorder may rarely continue beyond the neonatal period (i.e., persistent neonatal myasthenia gravis). (from menkes, textbook of child neurology, 5th ed, p823; neurology 1997 jan;48(1):50-4)
Myasthenic Syndrome due to Mutation in SCN4A: mutation iun scn4a
Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital: a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a congenital defect in neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction. this includes presynaptic, synaptic, and postsynaptic disorders (that are not of autoimmune origin). the majority of these diseases are caused by mutations of various subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (receptors, nicotinic) on the postsynaptic surface of the junction. (from arch neurol 1999 feb;56(2):163-7)
Myasthenic syndrome, congenital, type Id: myasthenic syndrome, congenital (postsynaptic) associated with acetylcholine receptor deficiency
Mycetoma: a chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). it is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as madurella fungi and bacteria actinomycetes, with different grain colors
Mycetozoa: a group of amoebozoa comprising two distinct groups with the ability to form fruiting bodies: dictyosteliida (dictyostelid cellular slime molds) and myxomycetes (plasmodial slime molds)
Mycetozoa: skupina organismů z říše amoebozoa. zahrnuje dvě odlišné skupiny tvořící plodničky: dictyosteliida a myxomycetes
Mycobacillin: a cyclic polypeptide antibiotic isolated from culture filtrates of bacillus subtilis that acts as an antifungal agent
Mycobacteriaceae: a family of gram-positive bacteria found in soil and dairy products and as parasites on animals and man. several are important pathogens
Mycobacteriaceae: čeleď grampozitivních bakterií, které se vyskytují v půdě a mléčných výrobcích a jako parazité zvířat a člověka. několik druhů je významnými patogeny
Mycobacteriophages: viruses whose host is one or more mycobacterium species. they include both temperate and virulent types
Mycobacterium: a genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts
Mycobacterium: rod grampozitivních, aerobních bakterií, které většinou žijí volně v půdě a ve vodě. pro některé druhy je však hlavním habitatem nemocná tkáň teplokrevných hostitelů
Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous: infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (atypical mycobacteria): m. kansasii, m. marinum, m. scrofulaceum, m. flavescens, m. gordonae, m. obuense, m. gilvum, m. duvali, m. szulgai, m. intracellulare (see mycobacterium avium complex;), m. xenopi (littorale), m. ulcerans, m. buruli, m. terrae, m. fortuitum (minetti, giae), m. chelonae, m. leprae
Mycobacterium abscessus: a rapidly growing non-tuberculous environmental mycobacterium causing opportunistic infection that infects the skin and subcutaneous tissues. it is associated with health care associated infection and causes serious lung infections in persons with various chronic lung diseases
Mycobacterium abscessus: rychle rostoucí netuberkulózní mykobakterie ze životního prostředí, která způsobuje oportunní infekce kůže a podkožních tkání. souvisí s infekcemi získanými v nemocnicích, způsobuje vážné plicní infekce u pacientů s chronickými chorobami plic
Mycobacterium avium: a bacterium causing tuberculosis in domestic fowl and other birds. in pigs, it may cause localized and sometimes disseminated disease. the organism occurs occasionally in sheep and cattle. it should be distinguished from the m. avium complex, which infects primarily humans
Mycobacterium avium: druh bakterie způsobující tuberkulózu u domácí drůbeže a dalších ptáků. u prasat může vyvolat lokalizovanou a někdy diseminovanou infekci. tento organismus se občas vyskytuje u ovcí a skotu. měl by být rozlišován od bakterií komplexu m. avium, které primárně infikují člověka
Mycobacterium avium Complex: a complex that includes several strains of m. avium. m. intracellulare is not easily distinguished from m. avium and therefore is included in the complex. these organisms are most frequently found in pulmonary secretions from persons with a tuberculous-like mycobacteriosis. strains of this complex have also been associated with childhood lymphadenitis and aids; m. avium alone causes tuberculosis in a variety of birds and other animals, including pigs
Mycobacterium avium komplex: bakterie řazená k atypickým mykobakteriím. vyvolává onemocnění ptáků, drůbeže, je přítomna ve vodě. u člověka je oportunním patogenem. je nejč. nalézaným atypickým mykobakteriem u aids, kde vyvolává velmi závažné onemocnění. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: a subspecies of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. it is the etiologic agent of johne's disease (paratuberculosis), a chronic gastroenteritis in ruminants
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: poddruh grampozitivní, aerobní bakterie. etiologické agens paratuberkulózy a chronické gastroenteritidy u přežvýkavců
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection: a nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. it is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in aids patients. mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis
Mycobacterium bovis: bakterie blízká mycobacterium tuberculosis, v malém procentu případů původce tuberkulózy u člověka, jinak vyvolavatel tbc u skotu a zvířat. kmene bcg se používá k očkování. bcg - zkr. bacillus calmette-guérin, oslabený kmen bakterie tuberkulózy mycobacterium bovis, který se využívá k očkování. (uprav. podle velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Mycobacterium bovis: the bovine variety of the tubercle bacillus. it is called also mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis
Mycobacterium chelonae: a species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria commonly found in soil and occasionally isolated from sputum. it causes postoperative wound infections as well as gluteal abscesses
Mycobacterium chelonae: druh grampozitivní, aerobní bakterie, která se běžně vyskytuje v půdě a příležitostně je izolována ze sputa. způsobuje infekce pooperačních ran a také gluteální abscesy
Mycobacterium fortuitum: a rapid-growing, nonphotochromogenic species that is potentially pathogenic, producing lesions of lung, bone, or soft tissue following trauma. it has been found in soil and in injection sites of humans, cattle, and cold-blooded animals. (dorland, 28th ed)
Mycobacterium fortuitum: rychle rostoucí, nefotochromogenní mykobakterie, která je potenciálním patogenem. následně po poranění způsobuje léze plic, kostí nebo měkkých tkání. vyskytuje se v půdě a v místech vpichu injekčních stříkaček u lidí, skotu a studenokrevných živočichů
Mycobacterium haemophilum: a species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that causes granulomatous or ulcerating skin lesions in immunosuppressed persons. this organism owes its name to its requirement for growth of high levels of iron, conveniently supplied as blood, heme, or ferric ammonium citrate
Mycobacterium haemophilum: druh grampozitivní, aerobní bakterie způsobující granulomatózní nebo ulcerózní kožní léze u imunosuprimovaných pacientů. bakterie vyžadují pro růst vysokou koncentraci železa, obvykle dodaného v podobě krve, hemu nebo citrátu železito-amonného
Mycobacterium kansasii: a slow-growing, photochromogenic species that is the etiologic agent of a tuberculosis-like disease in humans and is frequently isolated from human pulmonary secretions or tubercles. the incidence of infection is sharply increased among immunocompromised individuals. (dorland, 28th ed)
Mycobacterium kansasii: pomalu rostoucí, fotochromogenní mykobakterie, která způsobuje tuberkulózní onemocnění u lidí a je často izolována ze sekrečního nebo sekčního materiálu dýchacího systému člověka. incidence infekce se prudce zvyšuje u imunokompromitovaných osob
Mycobacterium leprae: a species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that causes leprosy in man. its organisms are generally arranged in clumps, rounded masses, or in groups of bacilli side by side
Mycobacterium leprae: druh grampozitivní, aerobní bakterie způsobující lepru u lidí. tento organismus se obvykle vyskytuje ve shlucích, zaoblených masách nebo ve skupinách bakterií uspořádaných vedle sebe
Mycobacterium lepraemurium: etiologické agens lepry u krys
Mycobacterium lepraemurium: the etiologic agent of rat leprosy, also known as murine leprosy
Mycobacterium marinum: a moderate-growing, photochromogenic species found in aquariums, diseased fish, and swimming pools. it is the cause of cutaneous lesions and granulomas (swimming pool granuloma) in humans. (dorland, 28th ed)
Mycobacterium marinum: průměrně rostoucí, fotochromogenní mykobakterie, která se vyskytuje v akváriích, v nemocných rybách a plaveckých bazénech. způsobuje kožní léze a granulomy (granulomy plaveckých bazénů) u lidí
Mycobacterium phlei: a saprophytic bacterium widely distributed in soil and dust and on plants
Mycobacterium phlei: saprofytická bakterie široce rozšířená v půdě, prachu a na rostlinách
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum: a non-tuberculous mycobacterium causing cervical lymphadenitis in children. it very rarely causes pulmonary disease, and is believed to be non-pathogenic in animals
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum: netuberkulózní mykobakterie, která způsobuje krční lymfadenitidu u dětí. velmi vzácně způsobuje plicní onemocnění a pravděpodobně není patogenní pro zvířata
Mycobacterium smegmatis: a rapid-growing, nonphotochromogenic species of mycobacterium originally isolated from human smegma and found also in soil and water. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Mycobacterium smegmatis: rychle rostoucí, nefotochromogenní mykobakterie původně izolovaná z lidského smegmatu a nalézaná také v půdě a ve vodě
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces tuberculosis in humans, other primates, cattle; dogs; and some other animals which have contact with humans. growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: druh grampozitivní, aerobní bakterie způsobující tuberkulózu u lidí, ostatních primátů, skotu, psů a některých dalších zvířat, které mají kontakt s člověkem. je to středně dlouhá, někdy granulovaná, acidorezistentní tyčinka. (upraveno podle wikiskripta 2020 http://www.wikiskripta.eu/)
Mycobacterium ulcerans: a slow-growing mycobacterium that infects the skin and subcutaneous tissues, giving rise to indolent buruli ulcer
Mycobacterium ulcerans: pomalu rostoucí mykobakterie, která infikuje kůži a podkožní tkáně a způsobuje indolentní vřed buruli
Mycobacterium xenopi: a slow-growing, scotochromogenic species occurring usually harmlessly in human secretions but occasionally associated with chronic pulmonary disease. (dorland, 28th ed)
Mycobacterium xenopi: pomalu rostoucí, skotochromogenní mykobakterie, která žije zpravidla jako komenzál v lidských sekretech. občas je však původcem chronického onemocnění plic
Mycobiome: the full spectrum of fungi that exist within a particular biological niche such as an organism, soil, a body of water, etc
Mycolic Acids: long fatty acids found in the cell walls of some actinobacteria, including mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycology: the study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of fungi, and mycoses
Mycophenolic Acid: compound derived from penicillium stoloniferum and related species. it blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (imp dehydrogenase). mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of t-cells, lymphocytes, and the formation of antibodies from b-cells. it may also inhibit recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation
Mycoplasma: a genus of gram-negative, mostly facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the family mycoplasmataceae. the cells are bounded by a plasma membrane and lack a true cell wall. its organisms are pathogens found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds
Mycoplasma: rod gramnegativních, většinou fakultativně anaerobních bakterií čeledi mycoplasmataceae. buňky jsou ohraničeny cytoplasmatickou membránou, buněčná stěna chybí. některé druhy jsou patogeny lidí a zvířat
Mycoplasma agalactiae: a species of gram-negative bacteria causing contagious agalactia of sheep and goats
Mycoplasma agalactiae: druh gramnegativní bakterie způsobující agalakcii ovcí a koz
Mycoplasma arthritidis: a species of gram-negative bacteria causing purulent polyarthritis in rats
Mycoplasma arthritidis: druh gramnegativní bakterie způsobující hnisavou polyartritidu krys
Mycoplasma bovigenitalium: a species of gram-negative bacteria pathogenic to cattle
Mycoplasma bovigenitalium: druh gramnegativní bakterie patogenní pro skot
Mycoplasma bovis: a species of gram-negative bacteria causing mastitis; arthritis; and respiratory tract diseases in cattle
Mycoplasma bovis: druh gramnegativní bakterie způsobující mastitidu, artritidu a nemoci dýchacího ústrojí u skotu
Mycoplasma capricolum: a genus in the family entomoplasmataceae, order entomoplasmatales. it is pathogenic to goats, causing caprine pleuropneumonia (pleuropneumonia, contagious)
Mycoplasma capricolum: druh gramnegativní bakterie způsobující nakažlivou pleuropneumonii u koz
Mycoplasma conjunctivae: a species of gram-negative bacteria causing conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis in sheep and goats
Mycoplasma conjunctivae: druh gramnegativní bakterie způsobující konjunktivitidu a keratokonjunktivitidu u ovcí a koz
Mycoplasma dispar: a species of gram-negative bacteria causing pneumonia, mycoplasma in calves. mycoplasma dispar also possibly plays a synergistic role with other bacteria and viruses to cause other respiratory tract diseases in calves
Mycoplasma dispar: druh gramnegativní bakterie způsobující mykoplazmovou pneumonii u telat. mycoplasma dispar také pravděpodobně působí synergicky (s dalšími mikroorganismy) při vzniku respiračních nemocí u telat
Mycoplasma fermentans: a species of the genus mycoplasma, originally isolated infrequently from the lower genital tract of humans, and possessing uncertain pathogenicity. the incognitus strain of m. fermentans has been identified in necrotizing lesions of multiple organs from aids and non-aids patients dying of an acute influenza-like disease
Mycoplasma fermentans: druh bakterie rodu mycoplasma, původně vzácně izolované z dolního genitálního traktu člověka. patogenita je nejasná. kmen incognitus byl izolován z nekrotických lézí různých orgánů pacientů s aids i bez aids, kteří umírali na akutní chřipková onemocnění
Mycoplasma gallisepticum: a species of gram-negative bacteria causing chronic respiratory disease in poultry
Mycoplasma gallisepticum: druh gramnegativní bakterie způsobující chronické respirační onemocnění drůbeže
Mycoplasma genitalium: a species of gram-negative bacteria originally isolated from urethral specimens of patients with non-gonoccocal urethritis. in primates it exists in parasitic association with ciliated epithelial cells in the genital and respiratory tracts
Mycoplasma genitalium: druh gramnegativní bakterie původně izolované z uretrálních vzorků pacientů s negonokokovou uretritidou. u primátů parazituje na řasnatých epitelových buňkách sliznice genitálního a dýchacího ústrojí
Mycoplasma hominis: a common inhabitant of the vagina and cervix and a potential human pathogen, causing infections of the male and female reproductive tracts. it has also been associated with respiratory disease and pharyngitis. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Mycoplasma hominis: druh bakterie rodu mycoplasma, která se běžně vyskytuje ve vagíně a v děložním krčku. je potenciálním patogenem, který způsobuje infekce ženského i mužského reprodukčního systému. je také spojována s respiračním onemocněním a faryngitidou
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: a species of gram-negative bacteria that causes mycoplasma pneumonia of swine. the organism damages the cilia in the airways of the pig, and thus compromises one of the most effective mechanical barriers against invading pathogens. the resulting weakening of the immune system can encourage secondary infections, leading to porcine respiratory disease complex
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: druh gramnegativní bakterie způsobující mykoplazmovou pneumonii prasat. poškozuje cilie v dýchacích cestách prasat a tím snižuje účinnost této mechanické imunitní bariéry. oslabený imunitní systém se neubrání sekundárním infekcím vedoucím k respiračnímu onemocnění prasat
Mycoplasma hyorhinis: a species of gram-negative bacteria and a common inhabitant of the nasal cavity of both healthy and diseased pigs. it is a common secondary invader in mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine
Mycoplasma hyorhinis: druh gramnegativní bakterie, která se běžně vyskytuje v nosní dutině zdravých i nemocných prasat. častý sekundární patogen při mykoplazmové pneumonii prasat
Mycoplasma hyosynoviae: a species of gram-negative bacteria isolated from the synovial fluid; lymph nodes; and mucous membrane secretions in diseased swine. it causes nonsuppurative arthritis
Mycoplasma hyosynoviae: druh gramnegativní bakterie izolované ze synoviální tekutiny, z lymfatických uzlin a ze slizničních sekretů nemocných prasat. způsobuje nehnisavou artritidu
Mycoplasma iowae: a species of gram-negative bacteria causing lesions to air sacs and hock joints in turkeys
Mycoplasma iowae: druh gramnegativní bakterie způsobující léze vzdušných vaků a tarzálních kloubů krocanů
Mycoplasma meleagridis: a species of gram-negative bacteria producing air sacculitis and skeletal abnormalities in turkeys
Mycoplasma meleagridis: druh gramnegativní bakterie způsobující zánět vzdušných vaků a abnormality kostí u krocanů
Mycoplasma mycoides: etiologické agens nakažlivé pleuropneumonie u skotu a koz
Mycoplasma mycoides: the etiological agent of contagious pleuropneumonia (pleuropneumonia, contagious) of cattle and goats
Mycoplasma orale: a species of gram-negative bacteria that is a common inhabitant of the human oropharynx and also cell culture contaminant. it is usually non-pathogenic but it can cause infections in leukemic or immunosuppressed patients
Mycoplasma orale: druh gramnegativní bakterie, která se běžně vyskytuje v lidském nosohltanu a také jako kontaminace buněčných kultur. obvykle není patogenní, ale může způsobit infekce u leukemických nebo imunosuprimovaných pacientů
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae: a species of gram-negative bacteria originally isolated from the lungs; trachea; and nasal cavity of sheep. it causes chronic interstitial pneumonia (pneumonia, mycoplasma) in both sheep and goats
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae: druh gramnegativní bakterie, původně izolované z plic, trachey a nosní dutiny ovcí. způsobuje chronickou intersticiální pneumonii (mykoplazmovou pneumonii) ovcí a koz
Mycoplasma penetrans: a species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria. this organism shows remarkable pathobiologic properties: it adheres to cell surfaces, deeply penetrates into the cell, and strongly adsorbs human red blood cells and human cd4+ lymphocytes and monocytes. m. penetrans was first isolated from the urogenital tract of patients with aids and high frequencies of antibodies to it are seen in hiv-infected patients
Mycoplasma penetrans: druh gramnegativní, fakultativně anaerobní bakterie. tento organismus má významné patogenní rysy: přilnavost k buněčným povrchům, schopnost penetrovat do hloubky buňky, pevně se přichytit k lidským krvinkám a cd4+ lymfocytům a monocytům. druh m. penetrans byl poprvé izolován z urogenitálního traktu pacientů s aids a protilátky k němu se často vyskytují u pacientů s hiv infekcí
Mycoplasma pneumoniae: krátká vláknitá bakterie rodu mycoplasma, která se pevně váže k slizničním buňkám dýchacích cest. je jedním z původců primární atypické nevirové pneumonie u člověka
Mycoplasma pneumoniae: short filamentous organism of the genus mycoplasma, which binds firmly to the cells of the respiratory epithelium. it is one of the etiologic agents of non-viral primary atypical pneumonia in man
Mycoplasma pulmonis: a species of gram-negative bacteria highly pathogenic to rats and mice. it is the primary cause of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis
Mycoplasma pulmonis: druh gramnegativní bakterie, která je vysoce patogenní pro krysy a myši. je primárním původcem respirační mykoplazmózy u myší
Mycoplasma salivarium: a species of gram-negative bacteria strongly implicated in oral infection, periodontal diseases, eye and ear disorders, and septic arthritis
Mycoplasma salivarium: druh gramnegativní bakterie, která je úzce spojena s orálními infekcemi, onemocněním parodontu, očí a uší a se septickou artritidou
Mycoplasma synoviae: a species of gram-negative bacteria pathogenic to chickens; turkeys, and guinea fowls. it causes disease in a wide variety of organs and tissues including joints, tendon sheaths and the respiratory tract
Mycoplasma synoviae: druh gramnegativní bakterie, která je patogenní pro kuřata, krocany a perličky. způsobuje nemoci řady orgánů a tkání, včetně kloubů, šlachových pochev a dýchacího systému
Mycoplasmataceae: a family of gram-negative, non-motile bacteria from human and animal sources. one saprophytic species is known
Mycoplasmataceae: čeleď gramnegativních nemotilních bakterií z lidských a živočišných zdrojů. je znám jeden saprofytický druh. baktérie z čeledi mycoplasmataceae jsou parazity živočichů a ke svému růstu in vitro vyžadují steroly. čeleď zahrnuje rody mycoplasma a ureaplasma, lišící se mezi sebou schopností hydrolyzovat ureu
Mycoplasmatales: an order of highly pleomorphic, gram-negative bacteria including both pathogenic and saprophytic species
Mycoplasmatales: řád vysoce pleomorfních gramnegativních bakterií včetně patogenních i saprofytických druhů
Mycorrhizae: symbiotic combination (dual organism) of the mycelium of fungi with the roots of plants (plant roots). the roots of almost all higher plants exhibit this mutually beneficial relationship, whereby the fungus supplies water and mineral salts to the plant, and the plant supplies carbohydrates to the fungus. there are two major types of mycorrhizae: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae
Mycosis Fungoides: a chronic, malignant t-cell lymphoma of the skin. in the late stages, the lymph nodes and viscera are affected
Mycosphaerella: a genus of fungi in the family mycosphaerellaceae, order dothideomycetes and phylum ascomycota. mycosphaerella are endophytic fungi and causative agents for plant fungal diseases such as leaf blight and root and leaf rots
Mycosphaerella: rod hub čeledi mycosphaerellaceae, řádu dothideomycetes a kmene ascomycota. jsou to endofytické houby a původci chorob rostlin (např. skvrnitost listů, hniloba kořenů a pat stébel)
Mycotoxicosis: poisoning caused by the ingestion of mycotoxins (toxins of fungal origin)
Mycro Mesh: tradename; a polytetrafluoroethylene patch; has a layered, microporous structure; used for repair of abdominal wall defects
Mydriasis: dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. this condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in adie syndrome
Mydriatics: agents that dilate the pupil. they may be either sympathomimetics or parasympatholytics
Myelencephalon: the most posterior portion of the hindbrain from which medulla oblongata is derived
Myelin Basic Protein: an abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: a disease in which serum antibodies are directed against myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. mogad is typically associated with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; neuromyelitis optica; or transverse myelitis
Myelin P0 Protein: a protein that accounts for more than half of the peripheral nervous system myelin protein. the extracellular domain of this protein is believed to engage in adhesive interactions and thus hold the myelin membrane compact. it can behave as a homophilic adhesion molecule through interactions with its extracellular domains. (from j cell biol 1994;126(4):1089-97)
Myelin P2 Protein: a positively charged protein found in peripheral nervous system myelin. sensitive immunological techniques have demonstrated that p2 is expressed in small amounts of central nervous system myelin sheaths of some species. it is an antigen for experimental allergic neuritis (neuritis, experimental allergic), the peripheral nervous system counterpart of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. (from siegel et al., basic neurochemistry, 5th ed, p133)
Myelin Proteins: myelin-specific proteins that play a structural or regulatory role in the genesis and maintenance of the lamellar myelin sheath structure
Myelin Proteolipid Protein: a myelin protein that is the major component of the organic solvent extractable lipoprotein complexes of whole brain. it has been the subject of much study because of its unusual physical properties. it remains soluble in chloroform even after essentially all of its bound lipids have been removed. (from siegel et al., basic neurochemistry, 4th ed, p122)
Myelin Sheath: the lipid-rich sheath surrounding axons in both the central nervous systems and peripheral nervous system. the myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. the sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (schwann cells in the peripheral and oligodendroglia in the central nervous system). deterioration of the sheath in demyelinating diseases is a serious clinical problem
Myelin and Lymphocyte-Associated Proteolipid Proteins: a family of marvel domain-containing proteolipid proteins involved in vesicular trafficking cycling between the golgi complex and the apical plasma membrane
Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein: a myelin protein found in the periaxonal membrane of both the central and peripheral nervous systems myelin sheaths. it binds to cells surface receptors found on axons and may regulate cellular interactions between myelin and axons
Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein: a transmembrane protein present in the myelin sheath of the central nervous system. it is one of the main autoantigens implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
Myelinolysis, Central Pontine: a demyelinating condition affecting the pons and characterized clinically by an acute progressive quadriplegia; dysarthria; dysphagia; and alterations of consciousness. pathologic features include prominent demyelination in the central pons with sparing of axons and neurons. this condition is usually associated with systemic disorders such as hyponatremia; chronic alcoholism; liver failure; severe burns; malignant neoplasms; hemorrhagic pancreatitis; hemodialysis; and sepsis. the rapid medical correction of hyponatremia has been cited as a cause of this condition. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp1125-6)
Myelitis: inflammation of the spinal cord. relatively common etiologies include infections; autoimmune diseases; spinal cord; and ischemia (see also spinal cord vascular diseases). clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction
Myelitis, Transverse: inflammation of a transverse portion of the spinal cord characterized by acute or subacute segmental demyelination or necrosis. the condition may occur sporadically, follow an infection or vaccination, or present as a paraneoplastic syndrome (see also encephalomyelitis, acute disseminated). clinical manifestations include motor weakness, sensory loss, and incontinence. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp1242-6)
Myeloablative Agonists: agents that destroy bone marrow activity. they are used to prepare patients for bone marrow transplantation or stem cell transplantation
Myeloblastin: a polymorphonuclear leukocyte-derived serine protease that degrades proteins such as elastin; fibronectin; laminin; vitronectin; and collagen. it is named for its ability to control myeloid cell growth and differentiation
Myelodysplastic Syndromes: clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. they predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into acute myeloid leukemia
Myelodysplastic-Myeloproliferative Diseases: clonal myeloid disorders that possess both dysplastic and proliferative features but are not properly classified as either myelodysplastic syndromes or myeloproliferative disorders
Myelography: x-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space
Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein: a member of the myeloid leukemia factor (mlf) protein family with multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms. in hematopoietic cells, it is located mainly in the nucleus, and in non-hematopoietic cells, primarily in the cytoplasm with a punctate nuclear localization. mlf1 plays a role in cell cycle differentiation
Myeloid Cells: the classes of bone marrow-derived blood cells in the monocytic series (monocytes and their precursors) and granulocytic series (granulocytes and their precursors)
Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88: an intracellular signaling adaptor protein that plays a role in toll-like receptor and interleukin 1 receptors signal transduction. it forms a signaling complex with the activated cell surface receptors and members of the irak kinases
Myeloid Ecotropic Viral Integration Site 1 Protein: a tale-type homeodomain protein and transcription factor that functions as a regulator of pax6 protein expression and as an activator of platelet factor 4 gene expression. it is essential for hematopoiesis, differentiation of megakaryocytes, and vascular patterning. it may also have a role in the induction of myeloid leukemias
Myeloid Progenitor Cells: stem cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells. derived from these myeloid progenitor cells are the megakaryocytes; erythroid cells; myeloid cells; and some dendritic cells
Myeloid splenomegaly: spleen enlargement due to the proliferation of myeloid cells and not attributable to another disorder
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: a heterogeneous, immature population of myeloid cells that can suppress the activity of t-cells and natural killer cells in the innate immune response and adaptive immune response. they play important roles in oncogenesis; inflammation; and infection
Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein: myeloid-lymphoid leukemia protein is a transcription factor that maintains high levels of homeotic gene expression during development. the gene for myeloid-lymphoid leukemia protein is commonly disrupted in leukemia and combines with over 40 partner genes to form fusion oncogene proteins
Myelolipoma: a rare benign tumor of the adrenal gland, several centimeters in diameter, composed in varying proportions of adipose tissue, lymphocytes, and primitive myeloid cells, probably a developmental abnormality. (dorland, 27th ed)
Myelopoiesis: formation of myeloid cells from the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow via myeloid stem cells. myelopoiesis generally refers to the production of leukocytes in blood, such as monocytes and granulocytes. this process also produces precursor cells for macrophage and dendritic cells found in the lymphoid tissue
Myeloproliferative Disorders: conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. they all involve dysregulation of multipotent myeloid progenitor cells, most often caused by a mutation in the jak2 protein tyrosine kinase
Myeloproliferative Syndrome, Transient: a leukemoid reaction that occurs in some newborns with down syndrome, and rarely in non-down syndrome infants. it may be caused by disomic homozygosity at 21q11.2 of chromosome 21. omim: 159595
Myenteric Plexus: one of two ganglionated neural networks which together form the enteric nervous system. the myenteric (auerbach's) plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gut. its neurons project to the circular muscle, to other myenteric ganglia, to submucosal ganglia, or directly to the epithelium, and play an important role in regulating and patterning gut motility. (from faseb j 1989;3:127-38)
Myo-Inositol-1-Phosphate Synthase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of myo-inositol-1-phosphate from glucose-6-phosphate in the presence of nad. ec 5.5.1.4
MyoD Protein: a myogenic regulatory factor that controls myogenesis. though it is not clear how its function differs from the other myogenic regulatory factors, myod appears to be related to fusion and terminal differentiation of the muscle cell
Myoblasts: embryonic (precursor) cells of the myogenic lineage that develop from the mesoderm. they undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes (myocytes, skeletal; myocytes, cardiac; myocytes, smooth muscle)
Myoblasts, Cardiac: precursor cells destined to differentiate into cardiac myocytes (myocytes, cardiac)
Myoblasts, Skeletal: precursor cells destined to differentiate into skeletal myocytes (myocytes, skeletal)
Myoblasts, Smooth Muscle: precursor cells destined to differentiate into smooth muscle myocytes (myocytes, smooth muscle)
Myocardial Bridging: a malformation that is characterized by a muscle bridge over a segment of the coronary arteries. systolic contractions of the muscle bridge can lead to narrowing of coronary artery; coronary compression; myocardial ischemia; myocardial infarction; and sudden cardiac death
Myocardial Contusions: bruise to the heart muscle due to blunt thoracic trauma
Myocardial Depressant Factor: a low molecular weight peptide of about 800-1000 having a negative inotropic effect. it is released into the circulation during experimental hemorrhagic pancreatitis, severe ischemia, and postoligemic shock
Myocardial Infarction: necrosis of the myocardium caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (coronary circulation)
Myocardial Ischemia: a disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. the decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary artery disease), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction)
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging: the creation and display of functional images showing where the blood is flowing into the myocardium by following over time the distribution of tracers injected into the blood stream
Myocardial Reperfusion: generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. the decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. however, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury
Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: damage to the myocardium resulting from myocardial reperfusion (restoration of blood flow to ischemic areas of the heart.) reperfusion takes place when there is spontaneous thrombolysis, thrombolytic therapy, collateral flow from other coronary vascular beds, or reversal of vasospasm
Myocardial Revascularization: the restoration of blood supply to the myocardium. (from dorland, 28th ed)
Myocardial Stunning: prolonged dysfunction of the myocardium after a brief episode of severe ischemia, with gradual return of contractile activity
Myocarditis: inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (myocardium) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (myocytes, cardiac). manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (death, sudden). myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory cardiomyopathy usually caused by infection, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. myocarditis is also a common cause of dilated cardiomyopathy and other cardiomyopathies
Myocardium: the muscle tissue of the heart. it is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (myocytes, cardiac) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow
Myoclonic Cerebellar Dyssynergia: a condition marked by progressive cerebellar ataxia combined with myoclonus usually presenting in the third decade of life or later. additional clinical features may include generalized and focal seizures, spasticity, and dyskinesias. autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant patterns of inheritance have been reported. pathologically, the dentate nucleus and brachium conjunctivum of the cerebellum are atrophic, with variable involvement of the spinal cord, cerebellar cortex, and basal ganglia. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1991, ch37, pp60-1)
Myoclonic Epilepsies, Progressive: a heterogeneous group of primarily familial epilepsy disorders characterized by myoclonic seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, ataxia, progressive intellectual deterioration, and neuronal degeneration. these include lafora disease; merrf syndrome; neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis; sialidosis (see mucolipidoses), and unverricht-lundborg syndrome
Myoclonic Epilepsy, Juvenile: a disorder characterized by the onset of myoclonus in adolescence, a marked increase in the incidence of absence seizures (see epilepsy, absence), and generalized major motor seizures (see epilepsy, tonic-clonic). the myoclonic episodes tend to occur shortly after awakening. seizures tend to be aggravated by sleep deprivation and alcohol consumption. hereditary and sporadic forms have been identified. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p323)
Myoclonic dystonia: a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by myoclonic jerks affecting mostly proximal muscles. dystonia, usually torticollis or writer's cramp, is observed in most patients, but occasionally can be the only symptom of the disorder. onset is usually in childhood or adolescence and symptoms often respond to alcohol drinking; patients can also have mental disorders. mutations in the sgce abd drd2 genes have been identified. omim: 159900
Myoclonus: involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude, followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. this condition may be a feature of some central nervous system diseases; (e.g., epilepsy, myoclonic). nocturnal myoclonus is the principal feature of the nocturnal myoclonus syndrome. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3)
Myocutaneous Flap: a mass of tissue, including skin and muscle, that has been cut away from surrounding areas for transplantation
Myocytes, Cardiac: striated muscle cells found in the heart. they are derived from cardiac myoblasts (myoblasts, cardiac)
Myocytes, Smooth Muscle: non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cells found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. they are derived from specialized myoblasts (myoblasts, smooth muscle)
Myoelectric Complex, Migrating: a pattern of gastrointestinal muscle contraction and depolarizing myoelectric activity that moves from the stomach to the ileocecal valve at regular frequency during the interdigestive period. the complex and its accompanying motor activity periodically cleanse the bowel of interdigestive secretion and debris in preparation for the next meal
Myoepithelioma: a usually benign tumor made up predominantly of myoepithelial cells
Myofascial Pain Syndromes: muscular pain in numerous body regions that can be reproduced by pressure on trigger points, localized hardenings in skeletal muscle tissue. pain is referred to a location distant from the trigger points. a prime example is the temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome
Myofascial Release Therapy: a massage therapy which focuses on releasing muscle tightness often used to relieve muscular pain from myofascial tissues (e.g., myofascial pain syndrome)
Myofibrillar Myopathy: a group of herditary myopathies that may be autosomal dominant or recessive. they are caused by mutations in different genes but are morphologically homogeneous. morphologic changes in skeletal muscle result from disintegration of the sarcomeric z disc and the myofibrils, followed by abnormal ectopic accumulation of multiple proteins involved in the structure of the z disc, including desmin; alpha-b-crystallin; dystrophin; and myotilin (omim: 604103). omim: 601419