NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Plant Cone: any conical shaped aerial plant structure with scales or bracts arranged spirally around axis. it includes familiar seed cones of pine tree and other gymnosperms, pollen cones (e.g., microstrobilus), spore capsules in horsetail and clubmoss and mature female catkins or seed cones of alder and birch trees. cone morphology is important in gymnosperm classification
Plant Defense Against Herbivory: traits developed in plants that help them avoid being used as host plants or food sources; or to tolerate and recover from herbivory. traits may be mechanical or chemical such as those that affect accessibility (thorns, thick husks, etc.), attractiveness to herbivore (odor, color, texture, etc.), digestibility (toxins, lignins, etc.), and movement in response to touch
Plant Development: processes orchestrated or driven by a plethora of genes, plant hormones, and inherent biological timing mechanisms facilitated by secondary molecules, which result in the systematic transformation of plants and plant parts, from one stage of maturity to another
Plant Dispersal: the physical distribution of plants in various forms and stages of development through time and space
Plant Dormancy: the state of failure to initiate and complete the process of growth, reproduction, or gemination of otherwise normal plants or vegetative structures thereof
Plant Epidermis: a thin layer of cells forming the outer integument of seed plants and ferns. (random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Plant Extracts: concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard
Plant Growth Regulators: any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. there are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins
Plant Immunity: the inherent or induced capacity of plants to withstand or ward off biological attack by pathogens
Plant Infertility: the failure of plants to complete fertilization and obtain seed (seeds) as a result of defective pollen or ovules, or other aberrations. (dict. of plant genet. and mol. biol., 1998)
Plant Leaves: expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (american heritage dictionary, 2d ed)
Plant Lectins: protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. some carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (enzymes) from plants also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. many plant lectins change the physiology of the membrane of blood cells to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes. they may play a role in plant defense mechanisms
Plant Mucilage: a type of viscous polysaccharide that is secreted from plants. it has natural properties that are useful in the formulation of adhesives
Plant Necrosis and Chlorosis: plant diseases affecting mostly leaves where either plant cells or tissues are dead and/or collapsed (necrosis) or yellowed due to loss of chlorophyll (chlorosis)
Plant Nectar: sugar-rich liquid produced in plant glands called nectaries. it is either produced in flowers or other plant structures (extrafloral nectaries), providing a source of attraction for pollinating insects and animals, as well as being a nutrient source to animal mutualists which provide protection of plants against herbivores
Plant Poisoning: poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. the manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. in animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage
Plant Proteins: proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). the concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which plant proteins, dietary is available
Plant Proteins, Dietary: proteins which are present in or isolated from vegetables or vegetable products used as food. the concept is distinguished from plant proteins which refers to non-dietary proteins from plants
Plant Root Cap: a cone-shaped structure in plants made up of a mass of meristematic cells that covers and protects the tip of a growing root. it is the putative site of gravity sensing in plant roots
Plant Root Nodulation: the formation of a nitrogen-fixing cell mass on plant roots following symbiotic infection by nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as rhizobium or frankia
Plant Roots: the usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (from american heritage dictionary, 1982; concise dictionary of biology, 1990)
Plant Senescence: in plants, similarly as in animals, an age-dependent irreversible process of changes leading to the arrest of cell division and/or programmed cell death
Plant Shoots: new immature growth of a plant including stem, leaves, tips of branches, and seedlings
Plant Somatic Embryogenesis Techniques: the process of embryo initiation in culture from vegetative, non-gametic, sporophytic, or somatic plant cells
Plant Stems: parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (from concise dictionary of biology, 1990)
Plant Stomata: closable openings in the epidermis of plants on the underside of leaves. they allow the exchange of gases between the internal tissues of the plant and the outside atmosphere
Plant Systemic Acquired Resistance: a plant defense mechanism in which a plant pathogen-associated molecular pattern effector is detected through various receptors, e.g., pattern recognition receptors, which in turn induces fortified, primed defense in plant immune reaction. it confers long lasting and long distance plant immune defense against a broad spectrum of pathogens using various plant defense hormones or metabolites, e.g., salicylic acid and n-hydroxypipecolic acid, as signals to distant leaves for heightened immune state to counteract and limit subsequent infection
Plant Transpiration: the loss of water vapor by plants to the atmosphere. it occurs mainly from the leaves through pores (stomata) whose primary function is gas exchange. the water is replaced by a continuous column of water moving upwards from the roots within the xylem vessels. (concise dictionary of biology, 1990)
Plant Tubers: an enlarged underground root or stem of some plants. it is usually rich in carbohydrates. some, such as potatoes, are important human food. they may reproduce vegetatively from buds
Plant Tumor-Inducing Plasmids: plasmids coding for proteins which induce plant tumors. the most notable example of a plant tumor inducing plasmid is the ti plasmid found associated with agrobacterium tumefaciens
Plant Tumors: a localized proliferation of plant tissue forming a swelling or outgrowth, commonly with a characteristic shape and unlike any organ of the normal plant. plant tumors or galls usually form in response to the action of a pathogen or a pest. (holliday, p., a dictionary of plant pathology, 1989, p330)
Plant Vascular Bundle: a strand of primary conductive plant tissue consisting essentially of xylem, phloem, and cambium
Plant Viral Movement Proteins: viral proteins that facilitate the movement of viruses between plant cells by means of plasmodesmata, channels that traverse the plant cell walls
Plant Weeds: a plant growing in a location where it is not wanted, often competing with cultivated plants
Plantaginaceae: a plant family of order lamiales. the plantago genus is best known. lesser known members include hippuris, littorella and callitriche
Plantago: a plant genus of the family plantaginaceae. the small plants usually have a dense tuft of basal leaves and long, leafless stalks bearing a terminal spike of small flowers. the seeds, known as psyllium, swell in water and are used as laxatives. the leaves have been used medicinally
Plantago: rod bylin patřící do čeledi plantaginaceae (jitrocelovitých). jitrocele jsou byliny nebo zřídka malé keře. jednoduché řapíkaté listy vyrůstají v přízemních růžicích. z růžice vyrůstá jeden nebo více bezlistých stvolů, na jehož vrcholu se vyvíjí květenství (klas) nebo ojediněle pouze jediný květ. některé druhy patří mezi léčivky, z jejich semen se získává vláknina (psyllium) používaná ve zdravotnictví i v potravinářství. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Plantar Plate: fibrocartilaginous ligament at the metatarsophalangeal and the interphalangeal joint of the toe
Plantibodies: recombinant antibodies produced in transgenic plants. the plants serve as bioreactors to produce the antibodies for medical use or industrial processes
Plants: multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom plantae. plants acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria. they are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. it is a non-taxonomical term most often referring to land plants. in broad sense it includes rhodophyta and glaucophyta along with viridiplantae
Plants, Edible: an organism of the vegetable kingdom suitable by nature for use as a food, especially by human beings. not all parts of any given plant are edible but all parts of edible plants have been known to figure as raw or cooked food: leaves, roots, tubers, stems, seeds, buds, fruits, and flowers. the most commonly edible parts of plants are fruit, usually sweet, fleshy, and succulent. most edible plants are commonly cultivated for their nutritional value and are referred to as vegetables
Plants, Genetically Modified: plants, or their progeny, whose genome has been altered by genetic engineering
Plants, Medicinal: plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent parts possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, curative or other pharmacologic attributes, when administered to man or animals
Plaque, Amyloid: accumulations of extracellularly deposited amyloid fibrils within tissues
Plaque, Atherosclerotic: lesions formed within the walls of arteries associated with deposits of fat and other substances that accumulate in the lining of the artery wall
Plasma: the residual portion of blood that is left after removal of blood cells by centrifugation without prior blood coagulation
Plasma Cell Granuloma, Pulmonary: a tumor-like inflammatory lesion of the lung that is composed of plasma cells and fibrous tissue. it is also known as an inflammatory pseudotumor, often with calcification and measuring between 2 and 5 cm in diameter
Plasma Cells: specialized forms of antibody-producing b-lymphocytes. they synthesize and secrete immunoglobulin. they are found only in lymphoid organs and at sites of immune responses and normally do not circulate in the blood or lymph. (rosen et al., dictionary of immunology, 1989, p169 & abbas et al., cellular and molecular immunology, 2d ed, p20)
Plasma Exchange: removal of plasma and replacement with various fluids, e.g., fresh frozen plasma, plasma protein fractions (ppf), albumin preparations, dextran solutions, saline. used in treatment of autoimmune diseases, immune complex diseases, diseases of excess plasma factors, and other conditions
Plasma Gases: ionized gases, consisting of free electrons and ionized atoms or molecules which collectively behave differently than gas, solid, or liquid. plasma gases are used in biomedical fields in surface modification; biological decontamination; dentistry (e.g., plasma arc dental curing lights); and in other treatments (e.g., argon plasma coagulation)
Plasma Kallikrein: a peptidohydrolytic enzyme that is formed from prekallikrein by factor xiia. it activates factor xii; factor vii; and plasminogen. it is selective for both arginine and to a lesser extent lysine bonds. ec 3.4.21.34
Plasma Membrane Calcium-Transporting ATPases: calcium-transporting atpases found on the plasma membrane that catalyze the active transport of calcium from the cytoplasm into the extracellular space. they play a role in maintaining a calcium gradient across plasma membrane
Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins: a family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that facilitate neurotransmitter reuptake into presynaptic terminals. they may play a role in regulating the intensity and duration of neurotransmission
Plasma Skin Regeneration: a cosmetic technique that uses plasma gases in therapeutic treatment to help achieve skin rejuvenation or regeneration and delay skin aging
Plasma Substitutes: any liquid used to replace blood plasma, usually a saline solution, often with serum albumins, dextrans or other preparations. these substances do not enhance the oxygen- carrying capacity of blood, but merely replace the volume. they are also used to treat dehydration
Plasmablastic Lymphoma: malignant lymphoma composed of large b lymphoid cells which have the immunophenotype of plasma cells and a predilection for the oral cavity
Plasmacytoma: any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic plasma cells either in bone marrow or various extramedullary sites
Plasmalogens: glycerophospholipids in which one of the two acyl chains is attached to glycerol with an ether alkenyl linkage instead of an ester as with the other glycerophospholipids
Plasmapheresis: procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use
Plasmids: extrachromosomal, usually circular dna molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. they are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. they are used in genetic engineering as cloning vectors
Plasminogen: precursor of plasmin (fibrinolysin). it is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. it is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1: a member of the serpin family of proteins. it inhibits both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2: member of the serpin family of proteins. it inhibits both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators
Plasminogen Activators: a heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to fibrinolysin. they are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation
Plasminogen Deficiency, Type I: a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by chronic muscosal pseudomembranous lesions consisting of subepithelial fibrin deposition and inflammation. the most common manifestation is ligneous ('wood-like') conjunctivitis, a redness and subsequent formation of pseudomembranes mostly on the conjunctiva of the eye that progress to white, yellow-white, or red thick masses with a wood-like consistency and replace the normal mucosa. the lesions may be triggered by local injury and/or infection and often recur after local excision. lesions of other mucous membranes often occur in the mouth, nasopharynx, trachea, and female genital tract. some affected children also have congenital occlusive hydrocephalus. a slightly increased female:male ratio has been observed (1.4:1 to 2:1). mutations in the plg gene have been identified. omim: 217090
Plasminogen Inactivators: important modulators of the activity of plasminogen activators. the inhibitors belong to the serpin family of proteins and inhibit both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators
Plasmodesmata: membrane-like channels of cytoplasm connecting adjacent plant cells. plasmodesmata connect through pores in the cell wall and associate with the cytoskeleton machinery. they are essential for intercellular transport and communication
Plasmodiophorida: a group of eukaryotes that are parasites of plants. life cycle stages include zoospores and plasmodia
Plasmodiophorida: jednobuněční protisti a nitrobuněční parazité rostlin. nádorovky se řadí do skupiny rhizaria, dříve byly řazeny mezi houby nebo hlenky. v životním cyklu se vyskytuje množství stádií, ale dominují různá paraplazmodia (nebo někdy prostě plazmodia) a bičíkatá stádia (zoospory). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Plasmodium: a genus of protozoa that comprise the malaria parasites of mammals. four species infect humans (although occasional infections with primate malarias may occur). these are plasmodium falciparum; plasmodium malariae; plasmodium ovale, and plasmodium vivax. species causing infection in vertebrates other than man include: plasmodium berghei; plasmodium chabaudi; p. vinckei, and plasmodium yoelii in rodents; p. brasilianum, plasmodium cynomolgi; and plasmodium knowlesi in monkeys; and plasmodium gallinaceum in chickens
Plasmodium: prvok, který je původcem malárie. patří do řádu kokcidií a podřádu haemosporina. prodělává poměrně složitý vývojový cyklus vázaný na mezihostitele (člověka, ale i řadu různých dalších živočichů) a samičku komára anopheles. v mezihostiteli probíhá asexuální, v těle komára sexuální fáze vývoje. do člověka vnikají sporozoity ze slin, pronikají do jater, kde během exoerytrocytární schizogonie vznikají merozoity napadající erytrocyty. v nich probíhá erytrocytární schizogonie se vznikem prsténčitých trofozoitů a schizontů, které se rozpadají na merozoity napadající další erytrocyty. rozpad erytrocytů je synchronizován obv. v určitém časovém cyklu, což odpovídá klinickému obrazu malarického záchvatu. část merozoitů se vyvíjí v gametocyty, které při ev. nasátí komárem vedou ke vzniku sexuálního cyklu zakončeného opět vznikem oocysty a sporozoitů (sporogonie). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Plasmodium berghei: a protozoan parasite of rodents transmitted by the mosquito anopheles dureni
Plasmodium berghei: výtrusovec infikující hlodavce, který je přenášený komárem anopheles dureni
Plasmodium chabaudi: a protozoan parasite of rodents transmitted by the mosquito anopheles stephensi
Plasmodium chabaudi: výtrusovec infikující hlodavce, který je přenášený komárem anopheles stephensi
Plasmodium cynomolgi: a protozoan parasite that occurs naturally in the macaque. it is similar to plasmodium vivax and produces a type of malaria similar to vivax malaria (malaria, vivax). this species has been found to give rise to both natural and experimental human infections
Plasmodium cynomolgi: parazitický prvok, který se původně vyskytuje u makaků. je příbuzný druhu plasmodium vivax a způsobuje malárii podobnou malárii vivax. tento druh je původcem přirozených i experimentálních infekcí lidí
Plasmodium falciparum: a species of protozoa that is the causal agent of falciparum malaria (malaria, falciparum). it is most prevalent in the tropics and subtropics
Plasmodium falciparum: původce tropické malárie, má nevýraznou periodicitu schizogonie. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Plasmodium gallinaceum: a protozoan parasite that causes avian malaria (malaria, avian), primarily in chickens, and is transmitted by the aedes mosquito
Plasmodium gallinaceum: parazitický prvok, který způsobuje ptačí malárii, primárně u kura domácího. je přenášený komárem aedes
Plasmodium knowlesi: a protozoan parasite from southeast asia that causes monkey malaria. it is naturally acquired by man in malaysia and can also be transmitted experimentally to humans
Plasmodium knowlesi: parazitický prvok z jihovýchodní asie, který je původcem opičí malárie. přirozeně infikuje obyvatelstvo malajsie a na člověka může být přenesený i experimentálně
Plasmodium malariae: a protozoan parasite that occurs primarily in subtropical and temperate areas. it is the causal agent of quartan malaria. as the parasite grows it exhibits little ameboid activity
Plasmodium malariae: původce malárie - kvartány (tzv. čtvrtodenní malárie). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Plasmodium ovale: a species of protozoan parasite causing malaria. it is the rarest of the four species of plasmodium infecting humans, but is common in west african countries and neighboring areas
Plasmodium ovale: původce malárie podobné terciáně. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Plasmodium vivax: a protozoan parasite that causes vivax malaria (malaria, vivax). this species is found almost everywhere malaria is endemic and is the only one that has a range extending into the temperate regions
Plasmodium vivax: původce malárie - terciány. může mít poměrně dlouhou inkubační dobu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Plasmodium yoelii: a species of plasmodium causing malaria in rodents
Plasmodium yoelii: druh rodu plasmodium způsobující malárii hlodavců
Plastibase: used in patch tests for metal antigens; consists of 5% low molecular weight polyethylene & 95% mineral oil
Plastic Embedding: the infiltrating of histological specimens with plastics, including acrylic resins, epoxy resins and polyethylene glycol, for support of the tissues in preparation for sectioning with a microtome
Plastic Surgery Procedures: procedures used to reconstruct, restore, or improve defective, damaged, or missing structures
Plasticizers: materials incorporated mechanically in plastics (usually pvc) to increase flexibility, workability or distensibility; due to the non-chemical inclusion, plasticizers leach out from the plastic and are found in body fluids and the general environment
Plastics: polymeric materials (usually organic) of large molecular weight which can be shaped by flow. plastic usually refers to the final product with fillers, plasticizers, pigments, and stabilizers included (versus the resin, the homogeneous polymeric starting material). (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Plastids: self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. plastid genomes are used in phylogenetic studies
Plastination: preservation technique in which epoxy polymers are used to preserve tissue or an organ resulting in anatomically authentic dry specimens often used in teaching of anatomy
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges
Plastocyanin: a copper-containing plant protein that is a fundamental link in the electron transport chain of green plants during the photosynthetic conversion of light energy by photophosphorylation into the potential energy of chemical bonds
Plastoquinol-Plastocyanin Reductase: a component of the cytochrome b6f complex, this enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of plastoquinol-1 to plastoquinone
Plastoquinone: polyunsaturated side-chain quinone derivative which is an important link in the electron transport chain of green plants during the photosynthetic conversion of light energy by photophosphorylation into the potential energy of chemical bonds
Platelet Activating Factor: a phospholipid derivative formed by platelets; basophils; neutrophils; monocytes; and macrophages. it is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including hypotension; thrombocytopenia; neutropenia; and bronchoconstriction
Platelet Activation: a series of progressive, overlapping events, triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. these events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. when carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug
Platelet Adhesiveness: the process whereby platelets adhere to something other than platelets, e.g., collagen; basement membrane; microfibrils; or other foreign surfaces
Platelet Aggregation: the attachment of platelets to one another. this clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin; collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus
Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors: drugs or agents which antagonize or impair any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system
Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1: a cell adhesion molecule, composed of a series of ig-like domains, and expressed on virtually all monocytes; platelets; and granulocytes. pecam-1 is highly expressed on endothelial cells and concentrated at the junctions between them. it is essential for transendothelial migration of leukocytes and removal of apoptotic cells by phagocytes
Platelet Factor 3: a phospholipid from the platelet membrane that contributes to the blood clotting cascade by forming a phospholipid-protein complex (thromboplastin) which serves as a cofactor with factor viia to activate factor x in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation
Platelet Factor 4: a cxc chemokine that is found in the alpha granules of platelets. the protein has a molecular size of 7800 kda and can occur as a monomer, a dimer or a tetramer depending upon its concentration in solution. platelet factor 4 has a high affinity for heparin and is often found complexed with glycoproteins such as protein c
Platelet Function Tests: laboratory examination used to monitor and evaluate platelet function in a patient's blood
Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex: platelet membrane glycoprotein complex important for platelet adhesion and aggregation. it is an integrin complex containing integrin alphaiib and integrin beta3 which recognizes the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (rgd) sequence present on several adhesive proteins. as such, it is a receptor for fibrinogen; von willebrand factor; fibronectin; vitronectin; and thrombospondins. a deficiency of gpiib-iiia results in glanzmann thrombasthenia
Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex: platelet membrane glycoprotein complex essential for normal platelet adhesion and clot formation at sites of vascular injury. it is composed of three polypeptides, gpib alpha, gpib beta, and gpix. glycoprotein ib functions as a receptor for von willebrand factor and for thrombin. congenital deficiency of the gpib-ix complex results in bernard-soulier syndrome. the platelet glycoprotein gpv associates with gpib-ix and is also absent in bernard-soulier syndrome
Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein IIb: platelet membrane glycoprotein iib is an integrin alpha subunit that heterodimerizes with integrin beta3 to form platelet glycoprotein gpiib-iiia complex. it is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain which is then postranslationally cleaved and processed into two disulfide-linked subunits of approximately 18 and 110 kda in size
Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins: surface glycoproteins on platelets which have a key role in hemostasis and thrombosis such as platelet adhesion and aggregation. many of these are receptors
Platelet Storage Pool Deficiency: disorder characterized by a decrease or lack of platelet dense bodies in which the releasable pool of adenine nucleotides and 5ht are normally stored
Platelet Transfusion: the transfer of blood platelets from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor
Platelet granule deficiency disorder: marked decrease or absence of alpha-granules and of platelet-specific alpha-granule proteins
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor: mitogenic peptide growth hormone carried in the alpha-granules of platelets. it is released when platelets adhere to traumatized tissues. connective tissue cells near the traumatized region respond by initiating the process of replication
Platelet-Rich Fibrin: a fibrin matrix derived from platelet-rich plasma that contains high concentration of blood platelets; leukocytes; cytokines; and growth factors. it is used in a variety of clinical and tissue engineering applications
Platelet-Rich Plasma: a preparation consisting of platelets concentrated in a limited volume of plasma. this is used in various surgical tissue regeneration procedures where the growth factors in the platelets enhance wound healing and regeneration
Plateletpheresis: the preparation of platelet concentrates with the return of red cells and platelet-poor plasma to the donor
Platinum: a heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol pt. it is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. it occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in pliny's time as alutiae
Platinum Dentifrice: a tartar control dentifrice; contains 1.3% soluble pyrophosphate and 1.5% copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid
Platybasia: a developmental deformity of the occipital bone and upper end of the cervical spine, in which the latter appears to have pushed the floor of the occipital bone upward. (dorland, 27th ed)
Platycodon: a plant genus of the family campanulaceae that contains platycodin and other triterpenoid saponins. it is a constituent of kikyo-to (medicine, kampo)
Platycodon: rod rostlin čeledi campanulaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují platykodin a další triterpenoidní saponiny. extrakt kořene je součástí léku kikyo-to (lékařství kampo)
Platyhelminths: a phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. it includes three classes: cestoda, turbellaria, and trematoda
Platypnea Orthodeoxia Syndrome: orthostatic dyspnea and fall of oxygen blood saturation when standing up which regress by assuming lying position
Platypus: a small aquatic oviparous mammal of the order monotremata found in australia and tasmania
Platypus: malý savec endemický pro východní část austrálie a novou guineu, jeden z pěti žijících ptakořitných, jediných savců, kteří kladou vejce, místo aby rodili živá mláďata (zbylé čtyři druhy jsou z čeledi ježurovitých). ptakopysk je noční a obojživelný živočich, obývá malé vodní toky a řeky. je to jediný reprezentant čeledi ptakopyskovitých (ornithorhynchidae) a rodu ornithorhynchus. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Platyrrhini: an infraorder of new world monkeys, comprised of the families aotidae; atelidae; cebidae; and pitheciidae. they are found exclusively in the americas
Platyrrhini: jedno ze dvou oddělení infrařádu opic (simiiformes). druhým je úzkonosí, opice úzkonosé, neboli opice starého světa. někdy je pro zařazení ploskonosých a úzkonosých používán taxon parvorder nebo falanx, zde je použito české pojmenování oddělení. ploskonosé opice obývají hlavně tropy a subtropy jižní a střední ameriky. patří sem čeledi cebidae (malpovití), aotidae (mirikinovití), atelidae (chápanovití), callitrichidae (kosmanovití) a pitheciidae (chvostanovití). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Play Therapy: a treatment technique utilizing play as a medium for expression and communication between patient and therapist
Play and Playthings: spontaneous or voluntary recreational activities pursued for enjoyment and accessories or equipment used in the activities; includes games, toys, etc
Pleasure-Pain Principle: the psychoanalytic concept that man instinctively seeks to avoid pain and discomfort and strives for gratification and pleasure
Pleckstrin Homology Domains: protein domains of approximately 120 amino acids that form two perpendicular anti-parallel beta sheets connected by a loop of variable length and a c-terminal amphipathic helix. ph domains occur in many intracellular signaling proteins and cytoskeletal proteins where they bind phosphatidylinositols within the cell membrane and intracellular membranes, as well as proteins that include the betagamma-subunits of heterotrimeric gtp-binding proteins, and protein kinase c. these interactions allow the targeting of proteins to different cellular compartments and signal transduction pathways
Plectin: a cytoskeletal linker protein with a molecular weight of greater than 500 kda. it binds intermediate filaments; microtubules; and actin cytoskeleton and plays a central role in the organization and stability of the cytoskeleton. plectin is phosphorylated by calmodulin kinase; protein kinase a; and protein kinase c
Plectonema: a form-genus of cyanobacteria in the order oscillatoriales. they are non-heterocystous but may carry out nitrogen fixation under microaerobic conditions. some smaller members have undergone transfer to the form-genus leptolyngbya
Plectonema: formální rod sinic řádu oscillatoriales. nevytváří heterocyty, ale za mikroaerobních podmínek mohou fixovat dusík. někteří zástupci byli převedeni do formálního rodu leptolyngbya
Plectranthus: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae that contains eudesmane sesquiterpenes and antimicrobial abietane diterpenoids
Plectranthus: rod rostlin z čeledi hluchavkovitých (lamiaceae), obsahuje eudesmanové seskviterpeny a antimikrobiální abietanové diterpenoidy
Plectrovirus: a genus of bacteriophages of the family inoviridae. organisms of this genus infect acholeplasma and spiroplasma
Plectrovirus: rod bakteriofágů čeledi inoviridae. tyto organismy infikují bakterie rodu acholeplasma a spiroplasma
Pleistophora: a genus of parasitic fungi in the family pleistophoridae that infects humans
Pleistophora: rod mikrosporidií čeledi pleistophoridae napadající člověka
Plesiomonas: a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in fish and other aquatic animals and in a variety of mammals, including man. its organisms probably do not belong to the normal intestinal flora of man and can cause diarrhea
Plesiomonas: rod gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií. žijí v rybách a jiných vodních živočiších a v řadě savců včetně člověka. tyto organismy pravděpodobně nejsou součástí normální střevní flóry člověka a mohou způsobit průjem
Plethysmography: recording of change in the size of a part as modified by the circulation in it
Plethysmography, Impedance: recording changes in electrical impedance between electrodes placed on opposite sides of a part of the body, as a measure of volume changes in the path of the current. (stedman, 25th ed)
Plethysmography, Whole Body: measurement of the volume of gas in the lungs, including that which is trapped in poorly communicating air spaces. it is of particular use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. (segen, dictionary of modern medicine, 1992)
Pleura: the thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs (lung) and lining the thoracic cavity. pleura consist of two layers, the inner visceral pleura lying next to the pulmonary parenchyma and the outer parietal pleura. between the two layers is the pleural cavity which contains a thin film of liquid
Pleural Cavity: paired but separate cavity within the thoracic cavity. it consists of the space between the parietal and visceral pleura and normally contains a capillary layer of serous fluid that lubricates the pleural surfaces
Pleural Effusion: presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. it is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself
Pleural Effusion, Malignant: presence of fluid in the pleural cavity as a complication of malignant disease. malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells
Pleural Neoplasms: neoplasms of the thin serous membrane that envelopes the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity. pleural neoplasms are exceedingly rare and are usually not diagnosed until they are advanced because in the early stages they produce no symptoms
Pleurisy: inflammation of pleura, the lining of the lung. when parietal pleura is involved, there is pleuritic chest pain
Pleurobranchaea: a genus of side-gilled sea slugs in the family pleurobranchidae, superorder gastropoda. they are opportunistic voracious feeders but prefer the sea anemone
Pleurobranchaea: rod zadožábrých mořských plžů z čeledi pleurobranchidae, infrařádu pleurobranchomorpha. hlavní potravou jsou mořské sasanky
Pleurodeles: a genus of aquatic newts belonging to the family salamandridae and sometimes referred to as spiny tritons. there are two species p. waltlii and p. poireti. p. waltlii is commonly used in the laboratory. since this genus adapts to aquarium living, it is easy to maintain in laboratories
Pleurodeles: rod vodních mloků čeledi salamandridae. zahrnuje dva druhy: p. waltlii a p. poireti. p. waltlii se dobře přizpůsobuje životu v akváriu, proto se běžně používá pro laboratorní účely
Pleurodesis: the production of adhesions between the parietal and visceral pleura. the procedure is used in the treatment of bronchopleural fistulas, malignant pleural effusions, and pneumothorax and often involves instillation of chemicals or other agents into the pleural space causing, in effect, a pleuritis that seals the air leak. (from fishman, pulmonary diseases, 2d ed, p2233 & dorland, 27th ed)
Pleurodynia, Epidemic: an acute, febrile, infectious disease generally occurring in epidemics. it is usually caused by coxsackieviruses b and sometimes by coxsackieviruses a; echoviruses; or other enteroviruses
Pleuromutilins: a tricyclic diterpene natural product isolated from pleurotus mutilus (now referred to as clitopilus scyphoides). possesses modest antibacterial activity against primarily gram-positive bacterial organisms
Pleuropneumonia: inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with pleurisy, inflammation of the pleura
Pleuropneumonia, Contagious: a pleuropneumonia of cattle and goats caused by species of mycoplasma
Pleuropulmonary blastoma: a rare pediatric pulmonary blastoma that arises during fetal lung development and is often part of an inherited cancer syndrome. tumors contain both epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells and arise from cysts in the lung airspace epithelium. in some patients, overgrowth of the mesenchymal cells produces a sarcoma, which is associated with a poorer prognosis. germline mutations in the dicer1 gene have been identified. omim: 601200
Pleurotus: a genus of basidiomycetous fungi, family pleurotaceae, order agaricales, that grows on logs or tree stumps in shelflike layers. the species p. ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, is a choice edible species and is the most frequently encountered member of the genus in eastern north america. (alexopoulos et al., introductory mycology, 4th ed, p531)
Pleurotus: rod stopkovýtrusých hub čeledi pleurotaceae, řádu agaricales. rostou saprofyticky na kmenech a pařezech stromů, ve vrstvách nad sebou. druh p. ostreatus (hlíva ústřičná) je oblíbená jedlá houba a nejčastější zástupce tohoto rodu na východě severní ameriky
Pliability: the quality or state of being able to be bent or creased repeatedly. (from webster, 3d ed)
Plicamycin: a tricyclic pentaglycosidic antibiotic from streptomyces strains that inhibits rna and protein synthesis by adhering to dna. it is used as a fluorescent dye and as an antineoplastic agent, especially in bone and testicular tumors. plicamycin is also used to reduce hypercalcemia, especially that due to malignancies
Plocamium: a genus of red algae, in the family plocamiaceae, found in temperate marine environments worldwide. polyhalogenated monoterpenes of potential medicinal use have been isolated from its species
Plocamium: rod červených řas (ruduch) čeledi plocamiaceae. vyskytuje se v mírných mořích celého světa. z jeho zástupců byly izolované polyhalogenované monoterpeny s možným využitím v medicíně
Plum Pox Virus: a species of the genus potyvirus that affects many species of prunus. it is transmitted by aphids and by infected rootstocks
Plumbaginaceae: a plant family of the order plumbaginales, subclass caryophyllidae, class magnoliopsida of shrubs and herbs. some members contain anthocyanins and naphthoquinones
Plumbaginaceae: čeleď bylin a dřevin řádu plumbaginales, podtřídy caryophyllidae, třídy magnoliopsida. někteří zástupci obsahují anthokyaniny a naftochinony
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome: a syndrome of dysphagia with iron-deficiency anemia that is due to congenital anomalies in the esophagus (such as cervical esophageal webs). it is known as patterson-kelly syndrome in the united kingdom
Plummerův-Vinsonův syndrom: syndrom objevující se při těžkém nedostatku železa (sideropenii). je charakterizován anemií, dysfagií, atrofií sliznice v oblasti horní části trávicího ústrojí, cheilitidou, glositidou, poruchami nehtů. syn. kellyho-patersonův, sideropenická dysfagie. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Pluripotent Stem Cells: cells that can give rise to cells of the three different germ layers
Pluronic PE9400: an aba block copolymer consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) (a blocks) and poly(propylene oxide) (b-block)
Pluto: největší a po eris druhá nejhmotnější známá trpasličí planeta sluneční soustavy. zároveň se jedná o deváté největší a desáté nejhmotnější známé těleso, které obíhá přímo okolo slunce. pluto má pět známých měsíců. největší je charon, další jsou nix, hydra, kerberos a styx. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Pluto: the ninth planet in order from the sun. it is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. its only natural satellite is charon
Plutonium: a naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. it has the atomic symbol pu, and atomic number 94. plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons
Plyometric Exercise: exercises in which muscles are repeatedly and rapidly stretched, followed by shortening, concentric muscle contraction (e.g. jumping and rebounding). they are designed to exert maximal force in minimal time by increasing stretch reflex
PmM protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of advanced low-grade non-hodgkin's lymphoma
Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis: a condition characterized by the presence of multiple gas-filled cysts in the intestinal wall, the submucosa and/or subserosa of the intestine. the majority of the cysts are found in the jejunum and the ileum
Pneumocephalus: presence of air or gas within the intracranial cavity (e.g., epidural space, subdural space, intracerebral, etc.) which may result from traumatic injuries, fistulous tract formation, erosions of the skull from neoplasms or infection, neurosurgical procedures, and other conditions
Pneumococcal Infections: infections with bacteria of the species streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumococcal Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infections with streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumoconiosis: a diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. these inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (asbestosis; byssinosis; and others). similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population
Pneumocystis: a genus of ascomycetous fungi, family pneumocystidaceae, order pneumocystidales. it includes various host-specific species causing pneumocystis pneumonia in humans and other mammals
Pneumocystis: rod vřeckovýtrusných hub čeledi pneumocystidaceae, řádu pneumocystidales. patří sem různé hostitelsky specifické druhy, které způsobují pneumocystovou pneumonii u člověka a dalších savců
Pneumocystis Infections: infections with species in the genus pneumocystis, a fungus causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia (pneumonia, pneumocystis) and other infections in humans and other mammals. immunocompromised patients, especially those with aids, are particularly susceptible to these infections. extrapulmonary sites are rare but seen occasionally
Pneumocystis carinii: prototypový druh rodu pneumocystis, který napadá laboratorní potkany. dřívější označení je pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii. druhy, které infikují člověka a vyvolávají pneumocystovou pneumonii byly původně zařazeny jako pneumocystis jirovecii nebo pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis
Pneumocystis carinii: the prototype species of pneumocystis infecting the laboratory rat. it was formerly called pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii. strains that infect humans and cause pneumocystis pneumonia were originally classified as pneumocystis jirovecii or pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis
Pneumoencephalography: radiographic visualization of the cerebral ventricles by injection of air or other gas
Pneumomediastinum, Diagnostic: deliberate introduction of air or gas into the mediastinum as an aid to examination and diagnosis
Pneumonia of Calves, Enzootic: chronic endemic respiratory disease of dairy calves and an important component of bovine respiratory disease complex. it primarily affects calves up to six months of age and the etiology is multifactorial. stress plus a primary viral infection is followed by a secondary bacterial infection. the latter is most commonly associated with pasteurella multocida producing a purulent bronchopneumonia. sometimes present are mannheimia haemolytica; haemophilus somnus and mycoplasma species
Pneumonia of Swine, Mycoplasmal: a chronic, clinically mild, infectious pneumonia of pigs caused by mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. ninety percent of swine herds worldwide are infected with this economically costly disease that primarily affects animals aged two to six months old. the disease can be associated with porcine respiratory disease complex. pasteurella multocida is often found as a secondary infection
Pneumonia, Aspiration: a type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper respiratory tract
Pneumonia, Atypical Interstitial, of Cattle: a cattle disease of uncertain cause, probably an allergic reaction
Pneumonia, Bacterial: inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections
Pneumonia, Lipid: pneumonia due to aspiration or inhalation of various oily or fatty substances or otherwise accumulation of endogenous lipid substances in the pulmonary alveoli
Pneumonia, Mycoplasma: interstitial pneumonia caused by extensive infection of the lungs (lung) and bronchi, particularly the lower lobes of the lungs, by mycoplasma pneumoniae in humans. in sheep, it is caused by mycoplasma ovipneumoniae. in cattle, it may be caused by mycoplasma dispar
Pneumonia, Necrotizing: severe complication of pneumonia characterized by liquefaction of lung tissue
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal: a febrile disease caused by streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis: a pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by dyspnea, tachypnea, and hypoxemia. pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in aids. it is caused by the fungus pneumocystis jirovecii. the disease is also found in other mammals where it is caused by related species of pneumocystis
Pneumonia, Progressive Interstitial, of Sheep: chronic respiratory disease caused by the visna-maedi virus. it was formerly believed to be identical with jaagsiekte (pulmonary adenomatosis, ovine) but is now recognized as a separate entity
Pneumonia, Rickettsial: pneumonia caused by infection with bacteria of the family rickettsiaceae
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal: pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus staphylococcus, usually with staphylococcus aureus
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated: serious inflammation of the lung in patients who required the use of pulmonary ventilator. it is usually caused by bacterial cross infection in hospitals
Pneumonia, Viral: inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection
Pneumonolysis: division of the tissues attaching the lung to the wall of the chest cavity, to permit collapse of the lung. it was formerly used to treat tuberculosis. (dorland, 28th ed)
Pneumopericardium: presence of air or gas in the space between the heart and the pericardium. the degree of respiratory distress depends on the amount of trapped air and circulation blocked in the systemic and pulmonary veins