NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Hemoperfusion: removal of toxins or metabolites from the circulation by the passing of blood, within a suitable extracorporeal circuit, over semipermeable microcapsules containing adsorbents (e.g., activated charcoal) or enzymes, other enzyme preparations (e.g., gel-entrapped microsomes, membrane-free enzymes bound to artificial carriers), or other adsorbents (e.g., various resins, albumin-conjugated agarose)
Hemoperitoneum: accumulations of blood in the peritoneal cavity due to internal hemorrhage
Hemophilia A: the classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor viii. it is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage
Hemophilia B: a deficiency of blood coagulation factor ix inherited as an x-linked disorder. (also known as christmas disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (hemophilia a), but patients present with fewer symptoms. severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. treatment is similar to that for hemophilia a. (from cecil textbook of medicine, 19th ed, p1008)
Hemoptysis: expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the respiratory tract, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (pulmonary alveoli) and the bronchial arteries
Hemorheology: the deformation and flow behavior of blood and its elements i.e., plasma; erythrocytes; white blood cells; and blood platelets
Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic: a species of orbivirus causing a fatal disease in deer. it is transmitted by flies of the genus culicoides
Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit: a species in the genus lagovirus which causes hemorrhagic disease, including hemorrhagic septicemia, in rabbits
Hemorrhagic Disorders: spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (blood coagulation disorders) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (hemostatic disorders)
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo: a species of nairovirus of the family bunyaviridae. it is primarily transmitted by ticks and causes a severe, often fatal disease in humans
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: an acute febrile disease occurring predominately in asia. it is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. it is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus orthohantavirus. the most severe form is caused by hantaan virus whose natural host is the rodent apodemus agrarius. milder forms are caused by seoul virus and transmitted by the rodents rattus rattus and r. norvegicus, and the puumala virus with transmission by clethrionomys galreolus
Hemorrhagic Fever, American: diseases caused by american hemorrhagic fever viruses (arenaviruses, new world)
Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean: a severe, often fatal disease in humans caused by the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (hemorrhagic fever virus, crimean-congo)
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola: a highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by ebolavirus
Hemorrhagic Fever, Omsk: infection with the omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, a flavivirus
Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral: a group of viral diseases of diverse etiology but having many similar clinical characteristics; increased capillary permeability, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are common to all. hemorrhagic fevers are characterized by sudden onset, fever, headache, generalized myalgia, backache, conjunctivitis, and severe prostration, followed by various hemorrhagic symptoms. hemorrhagic fever with kidney involvement is hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
Hemorrhagic Septicemia: any of several bacterial diseases, usually caused by pasteurella multocida, marked by the presence of hemorrhagic areas in the subcutaneous tissues, serous membranes, muscles, lymph glands, and throughout the internal organs. the diseases primarily affect animals and rarely humans
Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Viral: a systemic infection of various salmonid and a few nonsalmonid fishes caused by viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (see novirhabdovirus),
Hemorrhagic Stroke: stroke due to rupture of a weakened blood vessel in the brain (e.g., cerebral hemispheres; cerebellum; subarachnoid space)
Hemorrhagic Syndrome, Bovine: clinically severe acute disease of cattle caused by noncytopathic forms of bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (diarrhea virus 2, bovine viral). outbreaks are characterized by high morbidity and high mortality
Hemorrhoids: swollen veins in the lower part of the rectum or anus. hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. people with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain
Hemosiderosis: conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the mononuclear phagocyte system, without demonstrable tissue damage. the name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin
Hemosiderosis, Pulmonary: iron deposition within the lung. primary pulmonary hemosiderosis is characterized by hemoptysis; iron-deficiency anemia, and diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage as seen as transient pulmonary infiltrates on radiography. even though large amounts of iron are laid down in the lung, with normal or increased total body iron, anemia occurs because of inability of the erythron to use iron sequestered in pulmonary macrophages
Hemospermia: blood in the semen, usually due to inflammation of the prostate, the seminal vesicles, or both
Hemostasis: the process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. it is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements (eg. erythrocyte aggregation), and the process of blood coagulation
Hemostasis, Endoscopic: control of bleeding performed through the channel of the endoscope. techniques include use of lasers, heater probes, bipolar electrocoagulation, and local injection. endoscopic hemostasis is commonly used to treat bleeding esophageal and gastrointestinal varices and ulcers
Hemostatic Disorders: pathological processes involving the integrity of blood circulation. hemostasis depends on the integrity of blood vessels, blood fluidity, and blood coagulation. majority of the hemostatic disorders are caused by disruption of the normal interaction between the vascular endothelium, the plasma proteins (including blood coagulation factors), and platelets
Hemostatics: agents acting to arrest the flow of blood. absorbable hemostatics arrest bleeding either by the formation of an artificial clot or by providing a mechanical matrix that facilitates clotting when applied directly to the bleeding surface. these agents function more at the capillary level and are not effective at stemming arterial or venous bleeding under any significant intravascular pressure
Hendra Virus: a species of henipavirus first identified in australia in 1994 in horses and transmitted to humans. the natural host appears to be fruit bats (pteropus)
Henipavirus: a genus in the subfamily paramyxovirinae, family paramyxoviridae. it contains species that infect and cause potentially fatal disease in a number of host species, including humans
Henipavirus: rod virů podčeledi paramyxovirinae, čeledi paramyxoviridae. patří sem druhy, které způsobují potenciálně fatální onemocnění u řady hostitelských druhů včetně člověka
Henipavirus Infections: infections with viruses of the genus henipavirus, family paramyxoviridae
Henleova klička: úsek nefronu mezi proximálním a distálním tubulem. h. k. má vlásenkový tvar (tvar dlouhého "u"), její sestupné raménko probíhá z ledvinné kůry různě hluboko do dřeně, vzestupné raménko pak zpět do kůry. v h. k. se protiproudovým mechanismem (ionty transportované aktivně z moči ve vzestupném raménku do intersticia jsou sestupným opět strhávány zpět do dřeně) vytváří osmotický gradient nutný pro zahuštění moči v distálním tubulu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Hennekam lymphangiectasia lymphedema syndrome: a hereditary autosomal recessive disorder characterized by generalized lymphatic dysplasia affecting various organs, including the intestinal tract; pericardium; and limbs. additional features may include facial dysmorphism, cognitive impairment, and cryptorchidism in affected males. mutations in the ccbe1 gene have been identified. omim: 235510
Hep G2 Cells: a human liver tumor cell line used to study a variety of liver-specific metabolic functions
Hepacivirus: a genus of flaviviridae causing parenterally-transmitted hepatitis c which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. hepatitis c virus is the type species
Hepacivirus: rod virů čeledi flaviviridae. hepaciviry způsobují hepatitidu c, která je přenášena parenterálně, v souvislosti s transfúzemi a narkomanií. typovým druhem je virus hepatitidy c
Hepadnaviridae: a family of hepatotropic dna viruses which contains double-stranded dna genomes and causes hepatitis in humans and animals. there are two genera: avihepadnavirus and orthohepadnavirus. hepadnaviruses include hepatitis b virus, duck hepatitis b virus (hepatitis b virus, duck), heron hepatitis b virus, ground squirrel hepatitis virus, and woodchuck hepatitis b virus (hepatitis b virus, woodchuck)
Hepadnaviridae: čeleď hepatotropních dna virů s genomy tvořenými dvouřetězcovou dna. způsobují hepatitidu u lidí a zvířat. tato čeleď obsahuje rody avihepadnavirus a orthohepadnavirus. k hepadnavirům patří virus hepatitidy b, virus hepatitidy kachen, hhbv (heron hepatitis b virus), gshv (ground squirrel hepatitis virus) a virus hepatitidy b svišťů lesních
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans: ubiquitous macromolecules associated with the cell surface and extracellular matrix of a wide range of cells of vertebrate and invertebrate tissues. they are essential cofactors in cell-matrix adhesion processes, in cell-cell recognition systems, and in receptor-growth factor interactions. (from cancer metastasis rev 1996; 15(2): 177-86; hepatology 1996; 24(3): 524-32)
Heparin: a highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated d-glucosamine and d-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. the molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts
Heparin Antagonists: coagulant substances inhibiting the anticoagulant action of heparin
Heparin Cofactor II: a sulfated plasma protein with a mw of approximately 66kda that resembles antithrombin iii. the protein is an inhibitor of thrombin in plasma and is activated by dermatan sulfate or heparin. it is a member of the serpin superfamily
Heparin Lyase: an enzyme of the isomerase class that catalyzes the eliminative cleavage of polysaccharides containing 1,4-linked d-glucuronate or l-iduronate residues and 1,4-alpha-linked 2-sulfoamino-2-deoxy-6-sulfo-d-glucose residues to give oligosaccharides with terminal 4-deoxy-alpha-d-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 4.2.2.7
Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight: heparin fractions with a molecular weight usually between 4000 and 6000 kd. these low-molecular-weight fractions are effective antithrombotic agents. their administration reduces the risk of hemorrhage, they have a longer half-life, and their platelet interactions are reduced in comparison to unfractionated heparin. they also provide an effective prophylaxis against postoperative major pulmonary embolism
Heparin-binding EGF-like Growth Factor: an egf family member that is expressed in a variety of hematopoietic, endothelial, vascular smooth muscle, and epithelial cells. it is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which is cleaved by proteases to produce the secreted form of the protein which has specificity for the egf receptor and the erbb-4 receptor. the membrane-bound form of the protein has been identified as the receptor which binds to and allows diphtheria toxin to enter cells
Heparinoids: heparin derivatives. the term has also been used more loosely to include naturally occurring and synthetic highly-sulphated polysaccharides of similar structure. heparinoid preparations have been used for a wide range of applications including as anticoagulants and anti-inflammatories and they have been claimed to have hypolipidemic properties. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th, p232)
Heparitin Sulfate: a heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to heparin. it accumulates in individuals with mucopolysaccharidosis
Hepatectomy: excision of all or part of the liver. (dorland, 28th ed)
Hepatic Artery: a branch of the celiac artery that distributes to the stomach, pancreas, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, and greater omentum
Hepatic Duct, Common: predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct
Hepatic Encephalopathy: a syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with liver failure, including portal-systemic shunts. clinical features include lethargy and confusion (frequently progressing to coma); asterixis; nystagmus, pathologic; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; muscle spasticity; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see reflex, babinski). electroencephalography may demonstrate triphasic waves. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; plum & posner, diagnosis of stupor and coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)
Hepatic Fibrosis, Congenital: associated with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
Hepatic Infarction: formation of infarct resulting from obstruction of hepatic artery and/or portal vein most often after liver transplantation or hepatobiliary surgery
Hepatic Insufficiency: conditions in which the liver functions fall below the normal ranges. severe hepatic insufficiency may cause liver failure or death. treatment may include liver transplantation
Hepatic Stellate Cells: perisinusoidal cells of the liver, located in the space of disse between hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease: liver disease that is caused by injuries to the endothelial cells of the vessels and subendothelial edema, but not by thrombosis. extracellular matrix, rich in fibronectins, is usually deposited around the hepatic veins leading to venous outflow occlusion and sinusoidal obstruction
Hepatitis A: inflammation of the liver in humans caused by a member of the hepatovirus genus, human hepatitis a virus. it can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water
Hepatitis A Antibodies: antibodies to the hepatitis a antigens including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins
Hepatitis A Antigens: antigens produced by various strains of hepatitis a virus such as the human hepatitis a virus (hepatitis a virus, human)
Hepatitis A Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with hepatitis a virus (hepatovirus)
Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1: an ig domain-containing membrane receptor for hepatitis a virus; ebola virus; marburg virus; and dengue virus. it may also function to modulate asthma and hypersensitivity
Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2: an ig domain-containing membrane receptor that is expressed by th1 cells. it regulates the activation of macrophages and inhibits th1-mediated auto- and alloimmune responses to promote immune tolerance
Hepatitis A Virus, Human: a strain of hepatitis a virus which causes hepatitis in humans. the virus replicates in hepatocytes and is presumed to reach the intestine via the bile duct. transmission occurs by the fecal-oral route
Hepatitis A virus: a species in the genus hepatovirus containing one serotype and two strains: human hepatitis a virus and simian hepatitis a virus causing hepatitis in humans (hepatitis a) and primates, respectively
Hepatitis Antibodies: immunoglobulins raised by any form of viral hepatitis; some of these antibodies are used to diagnose the specific kind of hepatitis
Hepatitis Antigens: antigens from any of the hepatitis viruses including surface, core, and other associated antigens
Hepatitis B: inflammation of the liver in humans caused by a member of the orthohepadnavirus genus, hepatitis b virus. it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact
Hepatitis B Antibodies: antibodies to the hepatitis b antigens, including antibodies to the surface (australia) and core of the dane particle and those to the e antigens
Hepatitis B Antigens: antigens of the virion of the hepatitis b virus or the dane particle, its surface (hepatitis b surface antigens), core (hepatitis b core antigens), and other associated antigens, including the hepatitis b e antigens
Hepatitis B Core Antigens: the hepatitis b antigen within the core of the dane particle, the infectious hepatitis virion
Hepatitis B Surface Antigens: those hepatitis b antigens found on the surface of the dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. these were formerly called the australia antigen
Hepatitis B Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis b or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis b. some vaccines may be recombinantly produced
Hepatitis B Virus, Duck: a dna virus that closely resembles human hepatitis b virus. it has been recovered from naturally infected ducks
Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck: an orthohepadnavirus causing chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in woodchucks. it closely resembles the human hepatitis b virus
Hepatitis B e Antigens: a closely related group of antigens found in the plasma only during the infective phase of hepatitis b or in virulent chronic hepatitis b, probably indicating active virus replication; there are three subtypes which may exist in a complex with immunoglobulins g
Hepatitis B virus: the type species of the genus orthohepadnavirus which causes human hepatitis b and is also apparently a causal agent in human hepatocellular carcinoma. the dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum
Hepatitis B, Chronic: inflammation of the liver in humans caused by hepatitis b virus lasting six months or more. it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact
Hepatitis C: inflammation of the liver in humans caused by hepatitis c virus, a single-stranded rna virus. its incubation period is 30-90 days. hepatitis c is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. however, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis c infection is unknown
Hepatitis C Antibodies: antibodies to the hepatitis c antigens including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins
Hepatitis C Antigens: antigens of the virions of hepacivirus, their surface, core, or other associated antigens
Hepatitis C, Chronic: inflammation of the liver in humans that is caused by hepatitis c virus lasting six months or more. chronic hepatitis c can lead to liver cirrhosis
Hepatitis D: inflammation of the liver in humans caused by hepatitis delta virus, a defective rna virus that can only infect hepatitis b patients. for its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the hepatitis b surface antigens produced by these patients. hepatitis d can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis b infection. similar to hepatitis b, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact
Hepatitis D, Chronic: inflammation of the liver in humans caused by hepatitis delta virus in conjunction with hepatitis b virus and lasting six months or more
Hepatitis Delta Virus: a defective virus, containing particles of rna nucleoprotein in virion-like form, present in patients with acute hepatitis b and chronic hepatitis. it requires the presence of a hepadnavirus for full replication. this is the lone species in the genus deltavirus
Hepatitis E: acute inflammation of the liver in humans; caused by hepatitis e virus, a non-enveloped single-stranded rna virus. similar to hepatitis a, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission
Hepatitis E virus: a positive-stranded rna virus species, causing enterically-transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis (hepatitis e)
Hepatitis Virus, Duck: unassigned species, in the family picornaviridae, causing high mortality in ducklings 3 days to 3 weeks old
Hepatitis Viruses: any of the viruses that cause inflammation of the liver. they include both dna and rna viruses as well viruses from humans and animals
Hepatitis, Alcoholic: inflammation of the liver due to alcohol abuse. it is characterized by necrosis of hepatocytes, infiltration by neutrophils, and deposit of mallory bodies. depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to liver cirrhosis
Hepatitis, Autoimmune: a chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular inflammation of unknown cause, usually with hypergammaglobulinemia and serum autoantibodies
Hepatitis, Chronic: inflammation of the liver with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by necrosis of hepatocytes and inflammatory cell (leukocytes) infiltration. chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors
Hepatitis, Infectious Canine: a contagious disease caused by canine adenovirus (adenoviruses, canine) infecting the liver, the eye, the kidney, and other organs in dogs, other canids, and bears. symptoms include fever; edema; vomiting; and diarrhea
Hepatitis, Viral, Human: inflammation of the liver in humans due to infection by viruses. there are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (hepatitis a; hepatitis e) or blood transfusion (hepatitis b; hepatitis c; and hepatitis d)
Hepatobiliary Elimination: the removal of substances from the blood supply via the liver and biliary tract
Hepatoblastoma: a malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (stedman, 25th ed)
Hepatocyte Growth Factor: multifunctional growth factor which regulates both cell growth and cell motility. it exerts a strong mitogenic effect on hepatocytes and primary epithelial cells. its receptor is proto-oncogene proteins c-met
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1: a transcription factor and homeodomain protein that regulates the expression of a large set of hepatic proteins including serum albumin; beta-fibrinogen; and alpha 1-antitrypsin. it is composed of hetero- or homo-dimers of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha: hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha is a transcription factor found in the liver; pancreas; and kidney that regulates homeostasis of glucose
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta: a hepatocyte nuclear factor that is closely related to hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha but is only weakly expressed in the liver. mutations in hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta are associated with renal cysts and maturity-onset diabetes mellitus type 5
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-alpha: a forkhead transcription factor that is an essential activator of glucagon gene expression
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta: a forkhead transcription factor that regulates expression of metabolic genes and is involved in embryonic development. mutations in hnf-3beta have been associated with congenital hyperinsulinism
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-gamma: a winged-helix transcription factor that regulates gene expression in metabolic tissues. it plays a role in homeostasis of glucose and controls expression of glut2 protein
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4: a subfamily of nuclear receptors that regulate genetic transcription of a diverse group of genes involved in the synthesis of blood coagulation factors; and in glucose; cholesterol; and fatty acids metabolism
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 6: a onecut transcription factor that regulates expression of genes involved in embryonic development of the pancreas and liver
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factors: hepatocyte nuclear factors are a family of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that are preferentially expressed in hepatocytes. they play important roles in liver-specific transcription and are critical for cell differentiation and metabolism
Hepatocytes: the main structural component of the liver. they are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules
Hepatolenticular Degeneration: a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the brain; liver; cornea; and other organs. it is caused by defects in the atp7b gene encoding copper-transporting atpase 2 (ec 3.6.3.4), also known as the wilson disease protein. the overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as liver cirrhosis; tremor; ataxia and intellectual deterioration. hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years
Hepatopancreas: a primitive form of digestive gland found in marine arthropods, that contains cells similar to those found in the mammalian liver (hepatocytes), and the pancreas
Hepatophyta: a plant division. they are simple plants that lack vascular tissue and possess rudimentary rootlike organs (rhizoids). like mosses, liverworts have alternation of generations between haploid gamete-bearing forms (gametophytes) and diploid spore-bearing forms (sporophytes)
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome: a syndrome characterized by the clinical triad of advanced chronic liver disease, pulmonary vascular dilatations, and reduced arterial oxygenation (hypoxemia) in the absence of intrinsic cardiopulmonary disease. this syndrome is common in the patients with liver cirrhosis or portal hypertension (hypertension, portal)
Hepatorenal Syndrome: functional kidney failure in patients with liver disease, usually liver cirrhosis or portal hypertension (hypertension, portal), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. it is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, oliguria, and sodium retention
Hepatorenal form of glycogen storage disease: type i glycogen storage disease (omim: 232200) that is associated with mutations in the g6pc gene (omim: 613742.0001-omim: 613742.0014)
Hepatovirus: a genus of picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. it is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. hepatitis a virus is the type species
Hepatovirus: rod virů čeledi picornaviridae, který způsobuje infekční hepatitidu u člověka a experimentálně i u dalších primátů. přenáší se fekální kontaminací jídla nebo vody. typovým druhem je virus hepatitidy a
Hepcidins: forms of hepcidin, a cationic amphipathic peptide synthesized in the liver as a prepropeptide which is first processed into prohepcidin and then into the biologically active hepcidin forms, including in human the 20-, 22-, and 25-amino acid residue peptide forms. hepcidin acts as a homeostatic regulators of iron metabolism and also possesses antimicrobial activity
Hepevirus: an unassigned genus of rna viruses with a single officially described species, hepatitis e virus. a distantly related virus, avian hepatitis e virus, has been listed as a tentative species. strains have also been identified in swine
Hepevirus: historický název rod rna-virů (v současné době rod orthohepevirus) s jedním oficiálně popsaným druhem, virem hepatitidy e. vzdáleně příbuzný virus aviární hepatitidy e je zařazen jako prozatímní druh. kmeny tohoto viru byly také nalezeny u prasat
Heptachlor: a man-made compound previously used to control termites and other insects. even though production of heptachlor was phased out of use in the united states during the late 1980's it remains in soil and hazardous waste sites. it is clearly toxic to animals and humans but, the international agency for research on cancer (iarc) has determined that heptachlor is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (from atsdr public heath statement, april 1989)
Heptachlor Epoxide: an oxidation product of heptachlor formed by many plants and animals, including humans, after exposure to heptachlor. it has been shown to remain in soil treated with heptachlor for over fifteen years and is toxic to animals and humans. (from atsdr public heath statement, april 1989)
Heptaminol: an amino alcohol that has been used as a myocardial stimulant and vasodilator and to relieve bronchospasm. its most common therapeutic use is in orthostatic hypotension. the mechanism of heptaminol's therapeutic actions is not well understood although it has been suggested to affect catecholamine release or calcium metabolism
Heptanoates: salts and esters of the 7-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid heptanoic acid
Heptanoic Acids: 7-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids
Heptanol: a colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. it is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics
Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine: a pneumococcal vaccine which contains 7 pneumococcal serotypes (6b, 14, 19f, 23f, 18c, 4, 9v), each conjugated individually to the outer membrane protein complex of neisseria meningitidis
Herb-Drug Interactions: the adverse or beneficial effect of medicinal herbs on the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of pharmaceuticals
Herbal: work such as books on herbs or plants usually describing their medicinal value. (random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed)
Herbals as Topic: works about books, articles or other publications on herbs or plants describing their medicinal value
Herbaspirillum: a genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family oxalobacteraceae, which comprises vibrioid or sometimes helical cells. they are chemoorganotrophic nitrogen fixers and are found free-living in the soil or in association with the roots of members of the gramineae. (from bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th ed)
Herbaspirillum: rod gramnegativních bakterií čeledi oxalobacteraceae. buňky mají vibroidní nebo někdy helikální tvar. jsou to chemoorganotrofní fixátoři dusíku a vyskytují se volně v půdě nebo u kořenů travin (poaceae)
Herbicides: pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses (poaceae), and woody plants. some plants develop herbicide resistance
Hercofloc 1137: cationic acrylamide-based flocculant
Herculite Condensable: a blended composite resin with filler particles mostly in the micron to submicron range
Herculite XR: a barium glass-filled hydrid resin composite; xrv is a later version of herculite xr; rn given refers to cpd with unknown mf
Hereditary Angioedema Type III: a form of hereditary angioedema that occurs in women and is precipitated or worsened by high estrogen levels. it is associated with mutations in the gene for factor xii that result in its increased activity
Hereditary Angioedema Types I and II: forms of hereditary angioedema that occur due to mutations in the gene for complement c1 inhibitor protein. type i hereditary angioedema is associated with reduced serum levels of complement c1 inhibitor protein. type ii hereditary angioedema is associated with the production of a non-functional complement c1 inhibitor protein
Hereditary Autoinflammatory Diseases: hereditary inflammation conditions, characterized by recurrent episodes of systemic inflammation. common symptoms include recurrent fever, rash, arthritis, fatigue, and secondary amyloidosis. hereditary autoinflammatory diseases are associated with mutations in genes involved in regulation of normal inflammatory process and are not caused by autoantibodies, or antigen specific t-lymphocytes
Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome: autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndrome in which a mutation most often in either brca1 or brca2 is associated with a significantly increased risk for breast and ovarian cancers
Hereditary Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases: inherited conditions characterized by a loss of myelin in the central nervous system
Hereditary Complement Deficiency Diseases: genetic disorders due to mutations in genes involved in complement system proteins. they are often classified into distinct pathway of complement activation where causative mutations are found (e.g., classical pathway, lectin pathway, alternative pathway, and terminal complement pathway)
Hereditary Diffuse Leukoencephalopathy with Spheroids: a hereditary, autosomal dominant, adult-onset, rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by variable behavioral, cognitive, and motor changes. patients often die of dementia within 6 years of onset. neuroimaging shows patchy abnormalities in the cerebral white matter, predominantly affecting the frontal lobe and parietal lobe. mutations in the csf1r gene have been identified. omim: 221820
Hereditary Motor And Sensory Neuropathy, Type IIC: mutation in trpv4
Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies: a group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of dorsal root and autonomic ganglion cells, and clinically by loss of sensation and autonomic dysfunction. there are five subtypes. type i features autosomal dominant inheritance and distal sensory involvement. type ii is characterized by autosomal inheritance and distal and proximal sensory loss. type iii is dysautonomia, familial. type iv features insensitivity to pain, heat intolerance, and mental deficiency. type v is characterized by a selective loss of pain with intact light touch and vibratory sensation. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1995, ch51, pp142-4)
Hereditary Sensory and Motor Neuropathy: a group of slowly progressive inherited disorders affecting motor and sensory peripheral nerves. subtypes include hmsns i-vii. hmsn i and ii both refer to charcot-marie-tooth disease. hmsn iii refers to hypertrophic neuropathy of infancy. hmsn iv refers to refsum disease. hmsn v refers to a condition marked by a hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy associated with spastic paraplegia (see spastic paraplegia, hereditary). hmsn vi refers to hmsn associated with an inherited optic atrophy (optic atrophies, hereditary), and hmsn vii refers to hmsn associated with retinitis pigmentosa. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1343)
Hereditary alpha-tryptasemia syndrome: syndrome = extra copies of gene tpsab1 with elevated alpha-tryptase and several symptoms of mast cell activation syndrome; trait = extra copies of gene with elevated levels of alpha-tryptase but few or no symptoms; https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/13193/hereditary-alpha-tryptasemia-syndrome
Hereditary bundle branch system defect: a form of heart block caused by dominant mutations in the scn5a gene and characterized by right bundle-branch block. omim: 113900
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer: a hereditary condition where patients present with cutaneous leiomyomas (female patients may also have uterine leiomyomas) and are at increased risk for developing kidney neoplasms. tumors initally appear during adulthood on the skin of the torso, arms, legs, and face and increase in size and number over time; 10% to 16% of patients develop renal cell carcinoma. a heterozygous germline mutation in the fh gene has been identified. omim: 150800
Hereditary pancreatitis: hereditary autosomal dominant forms of chronic pancreatitis that are associated with mutations in the ctrc, spink1, and prss1 genes. mutations in the cftr gene have been identified in cases of idiopathic pancreatitis. omim: 167800
Hereditary renal agenesis: a group of perinatally lethal renal diseases that include bilateral renal aplasia, unilateral renal agenesis with contralateral dysplasia (ura/rd), and severe obstructive uropathy. germline mutations in the itga8 and ret genes have been identified (omim: 191830). renal aplasia is the most severe congenital anomaly of the kidney and urinary tract and is caused by a heterozygous dstyk mutation (omim: 610805)
Heredodegenerative Disorders, Nervous System: inherited disorders characterized by progressive atrophy and dysfunction of anatomically or physiologically related neurologic systems
Hericium: a genus of fungi in the family hericiaceae, order russulales, and phylum basidiomycota. hericium fungi are basidiomycetes with distinctive white fruiting body that resembles icicles such as in lion's mane mushroom, hericium erinaceus
Hericium: rod stopkovýtrusných hub čeledi hericiaceae, řádu russulales. korálovec ježatý (hericium erinaceus) je vzácná ježatá houba rostoucí na podzim na dřevu listnáčů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2021 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Hermanski-Pudlak Syndrome: syndrome characterized by the triad of oculocutaneous albinism (albinism, oculocutaneous); platelet storage pool deficiency; and lysosomal accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin
Hermaphroditic Organisms: animals and plants which have, as their normal mode of reproduction, both male and female sex organs in the same individual
Hermeneutics: the art, theory, and philosophy of interpreting the meaning of an object (a text, work of art, social action, utterances of another speaker, etc.) (dictionary of qualitative inquiry, 2nd ed..)
Hermissenda: a genus of marine sea slugs in the family glaucidae, superorder gastropoda, found on the pacific coast of north america. they are used in behavioral and neurological laboratory studies
Hermissenda: rod mořských plžů z čeledi glaucidae, kteří se vyskytují u západního pobřeží severní ameriky. používají se pro behaviorální a neurologický výzkum
Hernandiaceae: a plant family of the order laurales, subclass magnoliidae, class magnoliopsida. members contain cytotoxic furofuran lignans and isoquinoline alkaloids
Hernandiaceae: čeleď nižších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu laurales (vavřínotvaré), podtřídy magnoliidae, třídy magnoliopsida. zástupci obsahují cytotoxické furofuranové lignany a isochinolinové alkaloidy
Hernia: protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. hernia may involve tissues such as the abdominal wall or the respiratory diaphragm. hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired
Hernia, Abdominal: a protrusion of abdominal structures through the retaining abdominal wall. it involves two parts: an opening in the abdominal wall, and a hernia sac consisting of peritoneum and abdominal contents. abdominal hernias include groin hernia (hernia, femoral; hernia, inguinal) and ventral hernia
Hernia, Diaphragmatic: protrusion of abdominal structures into the thorax as a result of congenital or traumatic defects in the respiratory diaphragm
Hernia, Diaphragmatic, Traumatic: the type of diaphragmatic hernia caused by trauma or injury, usually to the abdomen
Hernia, Femoral: a groin hernia occurring inferior to the inguinal ligament and medial to the femoral vein and femoral artery. the femoral hernia sac has a small neck but may enlarge considerably when it enters the subcutaneous tissue of the thigh. it is caused by defects in the abdominal wall
Hernia, Hiatal: stomach herniation located at or near the diaphragmatic opening for the esophagus, the esophageal hiatus
Hernia, Inguinal: an abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the groin region. it can be classified by the location of herniation. indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the abdominal wall (transversalis fascia) in hesselbach's triangle. the former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults
Hernia, Obturator: a pelvic hernia through the obturator foramen, a large aperture in the hip bone normally covered by a membrane. obturator hernia can lead to intestinal incarceration and intestinal obstruction
Hernia, Umbilical: a hernia due to an imperfect closure or weakness of the umbilical ring. it appears as a skin-covered protrusion at the umbilicus during crying, coughing, or straining. the hernia generally consists of omentum or small intestine. the vast majority of umbilical hernias are congenital but can be acquired due to severe abdominal distention
Hernia, Ventral: a hernia caused by weakness of the anterior abdominal wall due to midline defects, previous incisions, or increased intra-abdominal pressure. ventral hernias include umbilical hernia, incisional, epigastric, and spigelian hernias
Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital: protrusion of abdominal structures into the thorax as a result of embryologic defects in the diaphragm often present in the neonatal period. it can be isolated, syndromic, non-syndromic or be a part of chromosome abnormality. associated pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension can further complicate stabilization and surgical intervention
Herniorrhaphy: surgical procedures undertaken to repair abnormal openings through which tissue or parts of organs can protrude or are already protruding
Heroin: a narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. it is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the u.s. code of federal regulations, title 21 parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). sale is forbidden in the united states by federal statute. (merck index, 11th ed)
Heroin Dependence: strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon heroin
Herpangina: acute types of coxsackievirus infections or echovirus infections that usually affect children during the summer and are characterized by vesiculoulcerative lesions on the mucous membranes of the throat; dysphagia; vomiting, and fever
Herpes Genitalis: infection of the genitals (genitalia) with herpes simplex virus in either the males or the females
Herpes Labialis: herpes simplex, caused by type 1 virus, primarily spread by oral secretions and usually occurring as a concomitant of fever. it may also develop in the absence of fever or prior illness. it commonly involves the facial region, especially the lips and the nares. (dorland, 27th ed.)
Herpes Simplex: a group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. it occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (dorland, 27th ed.)
Herpes Simplex Virus Protein Vmw65: trans-acting protein that combines with host factors to induce immediate early gene transcription in herpes simplex virus
Herpes Simplex Virus Vaccines: vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with viruses from the genus simplexvirus. this includes vaccines for hsv-1 and hsv-2
Herpes Zoster: an acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (herpesvirus 3, human) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of chickenpox. it involves the sensory ganglia and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus: virus infection of the gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. this area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve
Herpes Zoster Oticus: a syndrome characterized by facial palsy in association with a herpetic eruption of the external auditory meatus. this may occasionally be associated with tinnitus, vertigo, deafness, severe otalgia, and inflammation of the pinna. the condition is caused by reactivation of a latent herpesvirus 3, human infection which causes inflammation of the facial and vestibular nerves, and may occasionally involve additional cranial nerves. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p757)
Herpes Zoster Vaccine: an attenuated vaccine used to prevent and/or treat herpes zoster, a disease caused by human herpesvirus 3
Herpestidae: promykovití (herpestidae) je čeleď drobných, velmi rychlých šelem, které žijí v tropických oblastech afriky, jižní asie a ve středomořské oblasti evropy. jsou příbuzné cibetkovitým a kočkovitým šelmám, ale i hyenám. jsou známé tím, že loví hady, a to i jedovaté druhy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 https://cs.wikipedia.org)
Herpestidae: the family of agile, keen-sighted mongooses of asia and africa that feed on rodents and snakes
Herpesviridae: a family of enveloped, linear, double-stranded dna viruses infecting a wide variety of animals. subfamilies, based on biological characteristics, include: alphaherpesvirinae; betaherpesvirinae; and gammaherpesvirinae
Herpesviridae: čeleď obalených dna virů s lineární dvouřetězcovou dna. infikují široké spektrum zvířat. tato čeleď obsahuje podčeledi alphaherpesvirinae, betaherpesvirinae a gammaherpesvirinae
Herpesvirus 1, Bovine: a species of varicellovirus that causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and other associated syndromes in cattle
Herpesvirus 1, Canid: a species of varicellovirus virus that causes a disease in newborn puppies
Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine: a species of simplexvirus that causes vesicular lesions of the mouth in monkeys. when the virus is transmitted to man it causes an acute encephalitis or encephalomyelitis, which is nearly always fatal
Herpesvirus 1, Equid: a species of varicellovirus causing abortion and respiratory disease in horses
Herpesvirus 1, Gallid: the type species of the genus iltovirus found on every continent and affecting mainly chickens and occasionally pheasants
Herpesvirus 1, Human: the type species of simplexvirus causing most forms of non-genital herpes simplex in humans. primary infection occurs mainly in infants and young children and then the virus becomes latent in the dorsal root ganglion. it then is periodically reactivated throughout life causing mostly benign conditions
Herpesvirus 1, Meleagrid: a species in the genus marek's disease-like viruses, in the family herpesviridae, infecting turkeys
Herpesvirus 1, Ranid: a species of the family herpesviridae, whose genus is so far unassigned. it is probably the causative agent of adenoma or adenocarcinoma in the kidneys of certain frogs
Herpesvirus 1, Suid: a species of varicellovirus producing a respiratory infection (pseudorabies) in swine, its natural host. it also produces an usually fatal encephalomyelitis in cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, foxes, and mink
Herpesvirus 2, Bovine: a species of simplexvirus causing mammillitis in cattle in great britain and south africa
Herpesvirus 2, Gallid: the type species of the genus mardivirus in the family herpesviridae. it is the etiologic agent of marek disease, infecting domestic fowl and wild birds
Herpesvirus 2, Human: a species of simplexvirus associated with genital infections (herpes genitalis). it is transmitted by sexual intercourse and close personal contact
Herpesvirus 2, Saimiriine: the type species of rhadinovirus, in the subfamily gammaherpesvirinae, isolated from squirrel monkeys. it produces malignant lymphomas (lymphoma, malignant) in inoculated marmosets or owl monkeys
Herpesvirus 3, Equid: a species of varicellovirus causing coital exanthema in horses
Herpesvirus 3, Gallid: a species in the genus marek's disease-like viruses, in the family herpesviridae, infecting chickens
Herpesvirus 3, Human: the type species of varicellovirus causing chickenpox (varicella) and herpes zoster (shingles) in humans
Herpesvirus 4, Bovine: a species in the genus rhadinovirus, subfamily gammaherpesvirinae, infecting cattle
Herpesvirus 4, Equid: a species of varicellovirus and the chief cause of rhinopneumonitis in horses