NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Phosphatidylglycerols: a nitrogen-free class of lipids present in animal and particularly plant tissues and composed of one mole of glycerol and 1 or 2 moles of phosphatidic acid. members of this group differ from one another in the nature of the fatty acids released on hydrolysis
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase: a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol into 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases: phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. many members of this enzyme class are involved in receptor mediated signal transduction and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate: a phosphoinositide present in all eukaryotic cells, particularly in the plasma membrane. it is the major substrate for receptor-stimulated phosphoinositidase c, with the consequent formation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglycerol, and probably also for receptor-stimulated inositol phospholipid 3-kinase. (kendrew, the encyclopedia of molecular biology, 1994)
Phosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-Lyase: a phosphorus-oxygen lyase found primarily in bacteria. the enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of a phosphoester linkage in 1-phosphatidyl-1d-myo-inositol to form 1d-myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate and diacylglycerol. the enzyme was formerly classified as a phosphoric diester hydrolase (ec 3.1.4.10) and is often referred to as a type c phospholipases. however it is now known that a cyclic phosphate is the final product of this enzyme and that water does not enter into the reaction
Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates: phosphatidylinositols in which one or more alcohol group of the inositol has been substituted with a phosphate group
Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-Trisphosphate 5-Phosphatases: phosphoinositide phosphatases that catalyze the dephosphorylation (hydrolysis) of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (ptdins(3,4,5)p(3)) to produce ptdins(3,4)p(2), which negatively regulates the pi3k ( 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinases) pathways. they contain an sh2 domain and sterile alpha motif and have important functions in regulating the immune response and other cellular processes in vertebrates
Phosphatidylinositol-4-Phosphate 3-Kinase: a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate into phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate
Phosphatidylinositols: derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to the hexahydroxy alcohol, myo-inositol. complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid, myo-inositol, and 2 moles of fatty acids
Phosphatidylserines: derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a serine moiety
Phosphenes: a subjective visual sensation with the eyes closed and in the absence of light. phosphenes can be spontaneous, or induced by chemical, electrical, or mechanical (pressure) stimuli which cause the visual field to light up without optical inputs
Phosphines: inorganic or organic compounds derived from phosphine (ph3) by the replacement of h atoms. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Phosphinic Acids: inorganic or organic derivatives of phosphinic acid, h2po(oh). they include phosphinates and phosphinic acid esters
Phosphites: inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)po3 radical. (from grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate: 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. it is formed from sulfate ion and atp in a two-step process. this compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms
Phosphoamino Acids: amino acids that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule
Phosphocreatine: an endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. it has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (reynolds jef(ed): martindale: the extra pharmacopoeia (electronic version). micromedex, inc, englewood, co, 1996)
Phosphodiesterase 3 Inhibitors: compounds that specifically inhibit phosphodiesterase 3
Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors: compounds that specifically inhibit phosphodiesterase 4
Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors: compounds that specifically inhibit phosphodiesterase 5
Phosphodiesterase I: a phosphoric diester hydrolase that removes 5'-nucleotides from the 3'-hydroxy termini of 3'-hydroxy-terminated oligonucleotides. it has low activity towards polynucleotides and the presence of 3'-phosphate terminus on the substrate may inhibit hydrolysis
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors: compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of phosphodiesterases
Phosphoenolpyruvate: a monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. it is a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis; gluconeogenesis; and other pathways
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP): an enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the conversion of atp and oxaloacetate to adp, phosphoenolpyruvate, and carbon dioxide. the enzyme is found in some bacteria, yeast, and trypanosoma, and is important for the photosynthetic assimilation of carbon dioxide in some plants. ec 4.1.1.49
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP): an enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the conversion of gtp and oxaloacetate to gdp, phosphoenolpyruvate, and carbon dioxide. this reaction is part of gluconeogenesis in the liver. the enzyme occurs in both the mitochondria and cytosol of mammalian liver. (from dorland, 27th ed) ec 4.1.1.32
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase: an enzyme with high affinity for carbon dioxide. it catalyzes irreversibly the formation of oxaloacetate from phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide. this fixation of carbon dioxide in several bacteria and some plants is the first step in the biosynthesis of glucose. ec 4.1.1.31
Phosphoenolpyruvate Sugar Phosphotransferase System: the bacterial sugar phosphotransferase system (pts) that catalyzes the transfer of the phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to its sugar substrates (the pts sugars) concomitant with the translocation of these sugars across the bacterial membrane. the phosphorylation of a given sugar requires four proteins, two general proteins, enzyme i and hpr and a pair of sugar-specific proteins designated as the enzyme ii complex. the pts has also been implicated in the induction of synthesis of some catabolic enzyme systems required for the utilization of sugars that are not substrates of the pts as well as the regulation of the activity of adenylyl cyclases. ec 2.7.1.-
Phosphofructokinase-1: an allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from atp to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. d-tagatose- 6-phosphate and sedoheptulose-7-phosphate also are acceptors. utp, ctp, and itp also are donors. in human phosphofructokinase-1, three types of subunits have been identified. they are phosphofructokinase-1, muscle type; phosphofructokinase-1, liver type; and phosphofructokinase-1, type c; found in platelets, brain, and other tissues
Phosphofructokinase-1, Liver Type: an allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from atp to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. in human liver, the 6-phosphofructose-1-kinase exists as the homotetramer of l subunits
Phosphofructokinase-1, Muscle Type: an allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from atp to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. in humans, phosphofructokinase-1 in muscle exists as the homotetramer of m subunits. defects in this muscle enzyme cause glycogen storage disease type vii, also known as tarui's disease
Phosphofructokinase-1, Type C: an allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from atp to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. in the humans, 6-phosphofructose-1-kinase isozyme c is found in platelets, brain, heart, kidney, colon and testis. this isozyme c can exist as the homotetramer of c subunits (p subunits), or heterotetramer of c type and l type subunits
Phosphofructokinase-2: an allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from atp to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, an allosteric effector for the other 6-phosphofructokinase, phosphofructokinase-1. phosphofructokinase-2 is bifunctional: the dephosphorylated form is a kinase and the phosphorylated form is a phosphatase that breaks down fructose-2,6-bisphosphate to yield fructose-6-phosphate
Phosphofructokinases: allosteric enzymes that regulate glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. these enzymes catalyze phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to either fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (phosphofructokinase-1 reaction), or to fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (phosphofructokinase-2 reaction)
Phosphoglucomutase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alpha d-glucose 1-phosphate to alpha d-glucose 6-phosphate. ec 5.4.2.2
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase: an enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction 6-phospho-d-gluconate and nadp+ to yield d-ribulose 5-phosphate, carbon dioxide, and nadph. the reaction is a step in the pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism. (from dorland, 27th ed) ec 1.1.1.43
Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase: an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 3-phosphoglycerate to 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate. it takes part in the l-serine biosynthesis pathway
Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase Deficiency: mutation in phgdh
Phosphoglycerate Kinase: an enzyme catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from 3-phospho-d-glycerate in the presence of atp to yield 3-phospho-d-glyceroyl phosphate and adp. ec 2.7.2.3
Phosphoglycerate Mutase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phospho-d-glycerate to 3-phospho-d-glycerate
Phosphoinositide Phosphatases: phosphatases that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate groups on phosphatidylinositols
Phosphoinositide Phospholipase C: a type c phospholipase with specificity towards phosphatidylinositols that contain inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. many of the enzymes listed under this classification are involved in intracellular signaling
Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors: agents that inhibit phosphoinositide-3 kinase activity
Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors: compounds that inhibit or block the activity of a phospholipase a2 enzyme
Phospholipase C beta: a phosphoinositide phospholipase c subtype that is primarily regulated by its association with heterotrimeric g-proteins. it is structurally related to phospholipase c delta with the addition of c-terminal extension of 400 residues
Phospholipase C delta: a phosphoinositide phospholipase c subtype that is structurally defined by the presence of an n-terminal pleckstrin-homology and ef-hand domains, a central catalytic domain, and a c-terminal calcium-dependent membrane-binding domain
Phospholipase C gamma: a phosphoinositide phospholipase c subtype that is primarily regulated by protein-tyrosine kinases. it is structurally related to phospholipase c delta with the addition of src homology domains and pleckstrin homology domains located between two halves of the catalytic domain
Phospholipase D: an enzyme found mostly in plant tissue. it hydrolyzes glycerophosphatidates with the formation of a phosphatidic acid and a nitrogenous base such as choline. this enzyme also catalyzes transphosphatidylation reactions. ec 3.1.4.4
Phospholipases: a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. ec 3.1.-
Phospholipases A: phospholipases that hydrolyze one of the acyl groups of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates
Phospholipases A1: a phospholipase that hydrolyzes the acyl group attached to the 1-position of phosphoglycerides
Phospholipases A2: phospholipases that hydrolyze the acyl group attached to the 2-position of phosphoglycerides
Phospholipases A2, Calcium-Independent: a subcategory of structurally-related phospholipases a2 that do not require calcium for activity
Phospholipases A2, Cytosolic: a subcategory of phospholipases a2 that occur in the cytosol
Phospholipases A2, Secretory: a subcategory of phospholipases a2 that are secreted from cells. they are 14 kda proteins containing multiple disulfide-bonds and access their substrate via an interfacial binding site that interacts with phospholipid membranes. in addition specific phospholipase a2 receptors can bind to and internalize the enzymes
Phospholipid Ethers: phospholipids which have an alcohol moiety in ethereal linkage with a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol. they are usually derivatives of phosphoglycerols or phosphatidates. the other two alcohol groups of the glycerol backbone are usually in ester linkage. these compounds are widely distributed in animal tissues
Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase: a selenoenzyme that converts glutathione plus fatty acid hydroperoxides to glutathione disulfide plus hydroxy fatty acids and water
Phospholipid Transfer Proteins: a ubiquitous family of proteins that transport phospholipids such as phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine between membranes. they play an important role in phospholipid metabolism during vesicular transport and signal transduction
Phospholipids: lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). they are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system
Phosphonoacetic Acid: a simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits dna polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent
Phosphoprotein Phosphatases: a group of enzymes removing the serine- or threonine-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes which have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase. (enzyme nomenclature, 1992)
Phosphopyruvate Hydratase: a hydro-lyase that catalyzes the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvate. several different isoforms of this enzyme exist, each with its own tissue specificity
Phosphoramide Mustards: a group of nitrogen mustard compounds which are substituted with a phosphoramide group or its derivatives. they are usually cytotoxic and used as antineoplastic agents
Phosphoramides: amide derivatives of phosphoric acid such as compounds that include the phosphoric triamide (p(=o)(n)(n)(n)) structure
Phosphoranes: inorganic or organic compounds that contain pentavalent phosphorus and the general formula r5p
Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: the key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide Formyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide to 5-formyl-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide in the purine de novo synthesis pathway. it requires the cofactor n(10)-formyltetrahydrofolate as the formyl donor
Phosphoribosylglycinamide Formyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a formyl group from n10-formyltetrahydrofolate to n1-(5-phospho-d-ribosyl)glycinamide to yield n2-formyl-n1-(5-phospho-d-ribosyl)glycinamide and tetrahydrofolate. it plays a role in the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway
Phosphoric Acids: inorganic derivatives of phosphoric acid (h3po4). note that organic derivatives of phosphoric acids are listed under organophosphates
Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases: a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the two ester bonds in a phosphodiester compound. ec 3.1.4
Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases: a group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate
Phosphoric Triester Hydrolases: a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the three ester bonds in a phosphotriester-containing compound
Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides: modified oligonucleotides in which one of the oxygens of the phosphate group is replaced with a sulfur atom
Phosphorous Acids: inorganic derivatives of phosphorus trihydroxide (p(oh)3) and its tautomeric form dihydroxyphosphine oxide (hp=o(oh)2). note that organic derivatives of phosphonic acids are listed under are organophosphonates
Phosphorus: a non-metal element that has the atomic symbol p, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. it is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions
Phosphorus Acids: inorganic acids that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule
Phosphorus Compounds: inorganic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule
Phosphorus Isotopes: stable phosphorus atoms that have the same atomic number as the element phosphorus, but differ in atomic weight. p-31 is a stable phosphorus isotope
Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders: disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. p atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes
Phosphorus, Dietary: phosphorus used in foods or obtained from food. this element is a major intracellular component which plays an important role in many biochemical pathways relating to normal physiological functions. high concentrations of dietary phosphorus can cause nephrocalcinosis which is associated with impaired kidney function. low concentrations of dietary phosphorus cause an increase in calcitriol in the blood and osteoporosis
Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases: enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a phosphorus-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. ec 4.6
Phosphorylase Kinase: an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of atp and phosphorylase b to adp and phosphorylase a
Phosphorylase Phosphatase: an enzyme that deactivates glycogen phosphorylase a by releasing inorganic phosphate and phosphorylase b, the inactive form. ec 3.1.3.17
Phosphorylase a: the active form of glycogen phosphorylase that is derived from the phosphorylation of phosphorylase b. phosphorylase a is deactivated via hydrolysis of phosphoserine by phosphorylase phosphatase to form phosphorylase b
Phosphorylase b: the inactive form of glycogen phosphorylase that is converted to the active form phosphorylase a via phosphorylation by phosphorylase kinase and atp
Phosphorylases: a class of glucosyltransferases that catalyzes the degradation of storage polysaccharides, such as glucose polymers, by phosphorolysis in animals (glycogen phosphorylase) and in plants (starch phosphorylase)
Phosphorylation: the introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety
Phosphorylcholine: calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction
Phosphothreonine: the phosphoric acid ester of threonine. used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes
Phosphotransferases: a rather large group of enzymes comprising not only those transferring phosphate but also diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and others. these have also been subdivided according to the acceptor group. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 2.7
Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor): a group of enzymes that transfers a phosphate group onto an alcohol group acceptor. ec 2.7.1
Phosphotransferases (Carboxyl Group Acceptor): a class of enzymes that transfers phosphate groups and has a carboxyl group as an acceptor. ec 2.7.2
Phosphotransferases (Nitrogenous Group Acceptor): a group of enzymes that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group onto a nitrogenous group acceptor. ec 2.7.3
Phosphotransferases (Paired Acceptors): a group of enzymes that transfers two phosphate groups from a donor such as atp to two different acceptors. (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 2.7.9
Phosphotransferases (Phosphate Group Acceptor): a group of enzymes that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group onto a phosphate group acceptor. ec 2.7.4
Phosphotransferases (Phosphomutases): a group of enzymes that catalyze an intramolecular transfer of a phosphate group. it has been shown in some cases that the enzyme has a functional phosphate group, which can act as the donor. these were previously listed under phosphotransferases (ec 2.7.-). (from enzyme nomenclature, 1992) ec 5.4.2
Phosphotungstic Acid: tungsten hydroxide oxide phosphate. a white or slightly yellowish-green, slightly efflorescent crystal or crystalline powder. it is used as a reagent for alkaloids and many other nitrogen bases, for phenols, albumin, peptone, amino acids, uric acid, urea, blood, and carbohydrates. (from merck index, 11th ed)
Phosphotyrosine: an amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis
Phosvitin: an egg yolk phosphoglycoprotein which contains about 90% of the yolk protein phosphorus. it is synthesized in the liver of the hen and transferred to the developing oocyte, where it is bound to lipoproteins within the yolk granules
Photac-Fil: an encapsulated, light-hardened glass ionomer/resin cement
Photic Stimulation: investigative technique commonly used during electroencephalography in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity
Photinia: a plant genus of the family rosaceae. the common names of chokeberry or chokecherry are also used for some species of prunus
Photoacoustic Techniques: investigative and diagnostic methods and procedures based on the photoacoustic effect, which is the generation of sound waves from the absorption of electromagnetic radiation
Photoaffinity Labels: biologically active molecules which are covalently bound to the enzymes or binding proteins normally acting on them. binding occurs due to activation of the label by ultraviolet light. these labels are used primarily to identify binding sites on proteins
Photobacterium: a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are common in the marine environment and on the surfaces and in the intestinal contents of marine animals. some species are bioluminescent and are found as symbionts in specialized luminous organs of fish
Photobacterium: rod gramnegativních, fakultativně anaerobních, tyčinkovitých bakterií, které se běžně vyskytují v mořském prostředí, na povrchu mořských živočichů a v jejich střevech. některé druhy světélkují a žijí jako symbionti ve specializovaných světelných orgánech ryb
Photobioreactors: devices for generating biological products that use light as the energy source. they are used for controlled biomass production such as growing cyanobacteria, mosses, or algae
Photobleaching: light-induced change in a chromophore, resulting in the loss of its absorption of light of a particular wave length. the photon energy causes a conformational change in the photoreceptor proteins affecting phototransduction. this occurs naturally in the retina (adaptation, ocular) on long exposure to bright light. photobleaching presents problems when occurring in photodynamic therapy, and in fluorescence microscopy. on the other hand, this phenomenon is exploited in the technique, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, allowing measurement of the movements of proteins and lipids in the cell membrane
Photobond: contains phosphoric acid gel, hema, water, polyalkenoic acid copolymer & bis-gma
Photochemistry: a branch of physical chemistry which studies chemical reactions, isomerization and physical behavior that may occur under the influence of visible and/or ultraviolet light
Photochemotherapy: therapy using oral or topical photosensitizing agents with subsequent exposure to light
Photoelectron Spectroscopy: the study of the energy of electrons ejected from matter by the photoelectric effect, i.e., as a direct result of absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation. as the energies of the electrons are characteristic of a specific element, the measurement of the energy of these electrons is a technique used to determine the chemical composition of surfaces
Photofluorography: the photography of images produced on a fluorescent screen by x-rays
Photograph: still image produced from radiation-sensitive materials (sensitive to light, electron beams, or nuclear radiation), generally by means of the chemical action of light on a sensitive film, paper, glass, or metal. photographs may be positive or negative, opaque or transparent
Photography, Dental: photographic techniques used in orthodontics; dental esthetics; and patient education
Photoinitiators, Dental: chemical compound used to initiate polymerization of dental resins by the use of dental curing lights. it absorbs uv light and undergoes decomposition into free radicals that initiate polymerization process of the resins in the mix. each photoinitiator has optimum emission spectrum and intensity for proper curing of dental materials
Photons: discrete concentrations of energy, apparently massless elementary particles, that move at the speed of light. they are the unit or quantum of electromagnetic radiation. photons are emitted when electrons move from one energy state to another. (from hawley's condensed chemical dictionary, 11th ed)
Photoperiod: the time period of daily exposure that an organism receives from daylight or artificial light. it is believed that photoperiodic responses may affect the control of energy balance and thermoregulation
Photopheresis: a process in which peripheral blood is exposed in an extracorporeal flow system to photoactivated 8-methoxypsoralen (methoxsalen) and ultraviolet light - a procedure known as puva therapy. photopheresis is at present a standard therapy for advanced cutaneous t-cell lymphoma; it shows promise in the treatment of autoimmune diseases
Photophobia: abnormal sensitivity to light. this may occur as a manifestation of eye diseases; migraine; subarachnoid hemorrhage; meningitis; and other disorders. photophobia may also occur in association with depression and other mental disorders
Photophosphorylation: the use of light to convert adp to atp without the concomitant reduction of dioxygen to water as occurs during oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria
Photoplethysmography: plethysmographic determination in which the intensity of light reflected from the skin surface and the red cells below is measured to determine the blood volume of the respective area. there are two types, transmission and reflectance
Photoreceptor Cells: specialized cells that detect and transduce light. they are classified into two types based on their light reception structure, the ciliary photoreceptors and the rhabdomeric photoreceptors with microvilli. ciliary photoreceptor cells use opsins that activate a phosphodiesterase phosphodiesterase cascade. rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells use opsins that activate a phospholipase c cascade
Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate: specialized cells in the invertebrates that detect and transduce light. they are predominantly rhabdomeric with an array of photosensitive microvilli. illumination depolarizes invertebrate photoreceptors by stimulating na+ influx across the plasma membrane
Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate: specialized phototransduction neurons in the vertebrates, such as the retinal rod cells and the retinal cone cells. non-visual photoreceptor neurons have been reported in the deep brain, the pineal gland and organs of the circadian system
Photoreceptor Connecting Cilium: the bridge between the inner and the outer segments of a retinal rod or a cone photoreceptor cell. through it, proteins synthesized in the inner segment are transported to the outer segment
Photoreceptors, Microbial: light absorbing proteins and protein prosthetic groups found in certain microorganisms. some microbial photoreceptors initiate specific chemical reactions which signal a change in the environment, while others generate energy by pumping specific ions across a cellular membrane
Photoreceptors, Plant: plant proteins that mediate light signal transduction. they are involved in phototropism and other light adaption responses during plant growth and development . they include the phototropins, phytochromes (phytochrome), and members of the ubiquitous cryptochrome family
Photorefractive Keratectomy: a type of refractive surgery of the cornea to correct myopia and astigmatism. an excimer laser is used directly on the surface of the eye to remove some of the corneal epithelium thus reshaping the anterior curvature of the cornea
Photorhabdus: a genus of gram-negative bacteria existing symbiotically with nematodes of the family heterorhabditidae (see rhabditoidea). these nematodes infect a variety of soil-dwelling insects. upon entering an insect host, the nematode releases photorhabdus from its intestinal tract and the bacterium establishes a lethal septicemia in the insect
Photorhabdus: rod gramnegativních bakterií žijících v symbiotickém vztahu s hlísticemi čeledi heterorhabditidae. tyto organismy jsou vysoce patogenní pro široké spektrum půdního hmyzu. hlístice po proniknutí do hmyzích tkání začnou ze svých střev vyvrhovat bakterie rodu photorhabdus, které pak způsobí letální septikemii napadeného hmyzu
Photosensitivity Disorders: abnormal responses to sunlight or artificial light due to extreme reactivity of light-absorbing molecules in tissues. it refers almost exclusively to skin photosensitivity, including sunburn, reactions due to repeated prolonged exposure in the absence of photosensitizing factors, and reactions requiring photosensitizing factors such as photosensitizing agents and certain diseases. with restricted reference to skin tissue, it does not include photosensitivity of the eye to light, as in photophobia or photosensitive epilepsy
Photosensitizing Agents: drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. these compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various types of neoplasms
Photosynthesis: the synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. in higher plants; green algae; and cyanobacteria; nadph and atp formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology, 2001)
Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins: protein complexes that take part in the process of photosynthesis. they are located within the thylakoid membranes of plant chloroplasts and a variety of structures in more primitive organisms. there are two major complexes involved in the photosynthetic process called photosystem i and photosystem ii
Photosystem I Protein Complex: a large multisubunit protein complex that is found in the thylakoid membrane. it uses light energy derived from light-harvesting protein complexes to drive electron transfer reactions that result in either the reduction of nadp to nadph or the transport of protons across the membrane
Photosystem II Protein Complex: a large multisubunit protein complex found in the thylakoid membrane. it uses light energy derived from light-harvesting protein complexes to catalyze the splitting of water into dioxygen and of reducing equivalents of hydrogen
Phototaxis: a behavioral change that results in an organism moving or orienting toward or away from the light source
Phototherapy: treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths
Photothermal Therapy: application of local hyperthermia within a specific tissue using electromagnetic radiation to convert light/laser into heat often coupled with photosensitizer including nanoparticle
Phototrophic Processes: processes by which phototrophic organisms use sunlight as their primary energy source. contrasts with chemotrophic processes which do not depend on light and function in deriving energy from exogenous chemical sources. photoautotrophy (or photolithotrophy) is the ability to use sunlight as energy to fix inorganic nutrients to be used for other organic requirements. photoautotrophs include all green plants; green algae; cyanobacteria; and green and purple sulfur bacteria. photoheterotrophs or photoorganotrophs require a supply of organic nutrients for their organic requirements but use sunlight as their primary energy source; examples include certain purple nonsulfur bacteria. depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (autotrophy; heterotrophy; chemotrophy; or phototrophy) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements
Phototropins: blue-light receptors that regulate a range of physiological responses in plants. examples include: phototropism, light-induced stomatal opening, and chloroplast movements in response to changes in light intensity
Phototropism: the directional growth of organisms in response to light. in plants, aerial shoots usually grow towards light. the phototropic response is thought to be controlled by auxin (= auxins), a plant growth substance. (from concise dictionary of biology, 1990)
Phrases: work consisting of common terms, phrases, idioms, and typical conversations, e.g., between health professional and patients. these are often intended for use by non-native speakers of a language
Phrenic Nerve: the motor nerve of the diaphragm. the phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly c4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm
Phrenology: the study of the conformation of the skull as indicative of mental faculties and traits of character, especially according to the hypothesis of f. j. gall (1758-1828). (webster 3d ed)
Phthalazines: bicyclic heterocyclic compounds containing a benzene ring fused to pyridazine
Phthalic Acids: a group of compounds that include the structure or are derivatives of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid. they are commonly used in the production of plastics
Phthalic Anhydrides: phthalic acid anhydrides. can be substituted on any carbon atom. used extensively in industry and as a reagent in the acylation of amino- and hydroxyl groups
Phthiraptera: an order of small, wingless parasitic insects, commonly known as lice. the suborders include anoplura (sucking lice); amblycera; ischnocera; and rhynchophthirina (elephant and warthog lice)
Phthiraptera: řád hmyzu známého jako vši a všenky. zahrnuje podřády anoplura (vši), amblycera (luptouši), ischnocera (péřovky) a rhynchophthirina
Phthirus: lice of the genus phthirus, family pediculidae. phthirus pubis, the crab louse, is usually acquired by sexual contact or contact with infected objects. it is found most frequently in the pubic hair, but also on eyebrows, eyelashes, or on the axillary hairs
Phycobilins: open chain tetrapyrroles that function as light harvesting chromophores in phycobiliproteins
Phycobilisomes: light energy harvesting structures attached to the thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria and red algae. these multiprotein complexes contain pigments (phycobiliproteins) that transfer light energy to chlorophyll a
Phycocyanin: the metal-free blue phycobilin pigment in a conjugated chromoprotein of blue-green algae. it functions as light-absorbing substance together with chlorophylls
Phycodnaviridae: a family of dna plant viruses that infect eukaryotic algae
Phycodnaviridae: čeleď rostlinných dna virů, které infikují eukaryotické řasy
Phycoerythrin: the metal-free red phycobilin pigment in a conjugated chromoprotein of red algae. it functions as a light-absorbing substance together with chlorophylls
Phycomyces: a genus of zygomycetous fungi in the family mucoraceae, order mucorales, forming mycelia having a metallic sheen. it has been used for research on phototropism
Phycomyces: rod zygomycet čeledi mucoraceae, řádu mucorales. tvoří mycelia s kovovým leskem. používá se pro výzkum fototropismu
Phycon 6600: silicone gel in sustained release dosage form used to deliver antitumor drug
Phyllachorales: an order of fungi in the phylum ascomycota characterized by stromatic perithecial forms in most species. notable genera are magnaporthe and glomerella, the latter having the anamorph (mitosporic form) colletotrichum
Phyllachorales: řád vřeckovýtrusných hub charakterizovaný většinou přítomností stromatických peritheciálních forem. významnými rody jsou magnaporthe a glomerella. anamorfa rodu glomerella je colletotrichum
Phyllanthus: a plant genus of the family euphorbiaceae. bahupatra (medicine, ayurvedic) is prepared from this
Phyllanthus: rod rostlin čeledi phyllanthaceae. z rostlin se připravuje ájurvédský lék bahupatra
Phyllobacteriaceae: family of gram-negative bacteria that occur in leaf nodules and the rhizosphere of higher plants
Phyllobacteriaceae: čeleď gramnegativních bakterií, které se vyskytují v uzlinách na listech a ve rhizosféře (oblast okolí kořenů) vyšších rostlin. r
Phyllodes Tumor: a type of connective tissue neoplasm typically arising from intralobular stroma of the breast. it is characterized by the rapid enlargement of an asymmetric firm mobile mass. histologically, its leaf-like stromal clefts are lined by epithelial cells. rare phyllodes tumor of the prostate is also known
Phylogeography: a field of study concerned with the principles and processes governing the geographic distributions of genealogical lineages, especially those within and among closely related species. (avise, j.c., phylogeography: the history and formation of species. harvard university press, 2000)
Physalaemin: an oligopeptide isolated from the skin of physalaemus fuscumaculatus, a south american frog. it is a typical kinin, resembling substance p in structure and action and has been proposed as a sialagogue, antihypertensive, and vasodilator
Physalis: a plant genus of the family solanaceae. members contain physalin and withangulatin
Physalis: rod rostlin z čeledi solanaceae - lilkovité. zástupci obsahují physalin a withangulatin
Physarida: an order of protozoa characterized by a peridium and capillitium that are calcareous and a spore mass that is usually dark-colored
Physarida: řád hlenek, jejichž peridie, kapilicium a stopka bývají často inkrustované uhličitanem vápenatým a spory jsou tmavé barvy
Physarum: a genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. characteristics include the presence of violet to brown spores
Physarum: rod hlenek, v minulosti zařazovaný mezi houby (fungi). spory jsou tmavě fialové až tmavě hnědé
Physarum polycephalum: a protozoan, previously also considered a fungus. characteristics include sporangia that are stalked and multilobed. it is widely used in biomedical research
Physarum polycephalum: druh hlenek, dříve zařazovaný mezi houby (fungi). plodničky jsou stopkaté a mnoholaločnaté. má široké využití v biomedicínském výzkumu
Physiatrists: physicians specializing in treating physical disorders and injuries affecting the brain, spinal cord, nerves, bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, and tendons
Physical Chromosome Mapping: mapping of the linear order of genes on a chromosome with units indicating their distances by using methods other than genetic recombination. these methods include nucleotide sequencing, overlapping deletions in polytene chromosomes, and electron micrography of heteroduplex dna. (from king & stansfield, a dictionary of genetics, 5th ed)
Physical Conditioning, Animal: diet modification and physical exercise to improve the ability of animals to perform physical activities
Physical Conditioning, Human: diet modification and physical exercise to improve the ability to carry out daily tasks and perform physical activities
Physical Education and Training: instructional programs in the care and development of the body, often in schools. the concept does not include prescribed exercises, which is exercise therapy
Physical Endurance: the time span between the beginning of physical activity by an individual and the termination because of exhaustion
Physical Examination: systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality
Physical Exertion: expenditure of energy during physical activity. intensity of exertion may be measured by rate of oxygen consumption; heat produced, or heart rate. perceived exertion, a psychological measure of exertion, is included
Physical Fitness: the ability to carry out daily tasks and perform physical activities in a highly functional state, often as a result of physical conditioning
Physical Phenomena: the entities of matter and energy, and the processes, principles, properties, and relationships describing their nature and interactions
Physical Therapist Assistants: persons who, under the supervision of licensed physical therapists, provide patient treatment using various physical therapy techniques
Physical Therapists: persons trained in physical therapy specialty to make use of physical therapy modalities to prevent, correct, and alleviate movement dysfunction
Physical Therapy Department, Hospital: hospital department which is responsible for the administration and provision of diagnostic and medical rehabilitation services to restore or improve the functional capacity of the patient
Physical Therapy Modalities: therapeutic modalities frequently used in physical therapy specialty by physical therapists or physiotherapists to promote, maintain, or restore the physical and physiological well-being of an individual
Physical Therapy Specialty: the auxiliary health profession by which physical therapists make use of physical therapy modalities to prevent, correct, and alleviate movement dysfunction of anatomic or physiological origin
Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine: a medical specialty concerned with the use of physical agents, mechanical apparatus, and manipulation in rehabilitating physically diseased or injured patients
Physician Assistants: health professionals who practice medicine as members of a team with their supervising physicians. they deliver a broad range of medical and surgical services to diverse populations in rural and urban settings. duties may include physical exams, diagnosis and treatment of disease, interpretation of tests, assist in surgery, and prescribe medications. (from http://www.aapa.orglabout-pas accessed 2114/2011)
Physician Engagement: a strategy to create more positive, stable relationships between health care organizations and physicians. the goal is to increase efficiency and productivity, improve patient care and safety, create higher physician satisfaction and retention, and reduce operational costs
Physician Executives: physicians who serve in a medical and administrative capacity as head of an organized medical staff and who also may serve as liaison for the medical staff with the administration and governing board
Physician Impairment: the physician's inability to practice medicine with reasonable skill and safety to the patient due to the physician's disability. common causes include alcohol and drug abuse, mental illness, physical disability, and senility
Physician Incentive Plans: compensatory plans designed to motivate physicians in relation to patient referral, physician recruitment, and efficient use of the health facility
Physician Payment Review Commission: a commission created by the consolidated omnibus reconciliation act of 1985, enacted in 1986, and given the mandate to advise congress on medicare-physician payment. the commission members are appointed by the u.s. office of technology assessment
Physician Self-Referral: referral by physicians to testing or treatment facilities in which they have financial interest. the practice is regulated by the ethics in patient referrals act of 1989
Physicians' Offices: the room or rooms in which the physician and staff provide patient care. the offices include all rooms in the physician's office suite
Physicians, Family: those physicians who have completed the education requirements specified by the american academy of family physicians
Physicians, Primary Care: providers of initial care for patients. these physicians refer patients when appropriate for secondary or specialist care
Physics: the study of those aspects of energy and matter in terms of elementary principles and laws. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Physiological Effects of Drugs: activities which affect organs and systemic functions without regard to a particular disease
Physiological Phenomena: the functions and properties of living organisms, including both the physical and chemical factors and processes, supporting life in single- or multi-cell organisms from their origin through the progression of life
Physiology: the biological science concerned with the life-supporting properties, functions, and processes of living organisms or their parts
Physiology, Comparative: the biological science concerned with similarities or differences in the life-supporting functions and processes of different species
Physostigma: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that is a source of physostigmine
Physostigma: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae, jehož zástupci jsou zdrojem fysostigminu
Physostigmine: a cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. it can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. it also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity
Phytanic Acid: a 20-carbon branched chain fatty acid. in phytanic acid storage disease (refsum disease) this lipid may comprise as much as 30% of the total fatty acids of the plasma. this is due to a phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase deficiency
Phytic Acid: complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. it acts also as a hypocalcemic agent
Phytoalexins: secondary metabolites produced and accumulated by plants infected with microbial pathogen or otherwise under abiotic stress. phytoalexins are structurally diverse but in common play a role in triggering plant systemic acquired resistance
Phytochelatins: poly-glutathione peptides composed of (glu-cys)n-gly where n is two to seven. they are biosynthesized by glutathione gamma-glutamylcysteinyltransferase and are found in many plants; yeasts; and algae. they sequester heavy metals
Phytochemicals: a broad range of biologically active compounds which occur naturally in plants having important medicinal and nutritional properties
Phytochrome A: the primary plant photoreceptor responsible for perceiving and mediating responses to far-red light. it is a protein-serine-threonine kinase that is translocated to the cell nucleus in response to light signals
Phytochrome B: a plant photo regulatory protein that exists in two forms that are reversibly interconvertible by light. in response to light it moves to the cell nucleus and regulates transcription of target genes. phytochrome b plays an important role in shade avoidance and mediates plant de-etiolation in red light
Phytoestrogens: compounds derived from plants, primarily isoflavones that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to estrogen receptors
Phytohemagglutinins: mucoproteins isolated from the kidney bean (phaseolus vulgaris); some of them are mitogenic to lymphocytes, others agglutinate all or certain types of erythrocytes or lymphocytes. they are used mainly in the study of immune mechanisms and in cell culture
Phytol: acyclic diterpene used in making synthetic forms of vitamin e and vitamin k1
Phytolacca: a plant genus of the family phytolaccaceae, order caryophyllales
Phytolacca: rod rostlin z čeledi líčidlovité (phytolaccaceae), řádu hvozdíkotvaré (caryophyllales)