NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Uvea: the pigmented vascular coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid; ciliary body; and iris, which are continuous with each other. (cline et al., dictionary of visual science, 4th ed)
Uveal Effusion Syndrome: rare disease characterized by suprachoroidal fluid accumulation between the choroid and the sclera, annular detachment of the choroid, often with secondary retinal detachment; optic disk edema, and minimal signs of uveitis and intraocular pressure changes
Uveal Melanoma: a rare, malignant melanoma arising from the melanocytes of the uvea
Uveitis: inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (dorland, 27th ed)
Uveitis, Anterior: inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced
Uveitis, Intermediate: inflammation of the pars plana, ciliary body, and adjacent structures
Uveitis, Posterior: inflammation of the choroid as well as the retina and vitreous body. some form of visual disturbance is usually present. the most important characteristics of posterior uveitis are vitreous opacities, choroiditis, and chorioretinitis
Uveitis, Suppurative: intraocular infection caused mainly by pus-producing bacteria and rarely by fungi. the infection may be caused by an injury or surgical wound (exogenous) or by endogenous septic emboli in such diseases as bacterial endocarditis or meningococcemia
Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome: a syndrome characterized by bilateral granulomatous uveitis with iritis and secondary glaucoma, premature alopecia, symmetrical vitiligo, poliosis circumscripta (a strand of depigmented hair), hearing disorders, and meningeal signs (neck stiffness and headache). examination of the cerebrospinal fluid reveals a pattern consistent with meningitis, aseptic. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p748; surv ophthalmol 1995 jan;39(4):265-292)
Uveoparotid Fever: a manifestation of sarcoidosis marked by chronic inflammation of the parotid gland and the uvea
Uvula: a fleshy extension at the back of the soft palate that hangs above the opening of the throat
Uzbekistan: a country in central asia, north of turkmenistan, south of kazakhstan. the capital is tashkent
Uzbekistán: země ve střední asii, severně od turkmenistánu, jižně od kazachstánu. hlavním městem je taškent
V(D)J Recombination: the process by which the v (variable), d (diversity), and j (joining) segments of immunoglobulin genes or t-cell receptor genes are assembled during the development of lymphoid cells using nonhomologous dna end-joining
V(D)J rekombinace: proces sestavování segmentů (v (variable), d (diversity) a j (joining)) genů pro imunoglobuliny nebo pro receptory t-buněk. probíhá během vývoje lymfoidních buněk s využitím opravy nhej
V-CAM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; do not confuse with vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 which is abbreviated vcam-1
V-Set Domain-Containing T-Cell Activation Inhibitor 1: a b7 antigen subtype that inhibits the costimulation of t-cell activation, proliferation, cytokine production and development of cytotoxicity. the over expression of this protein in a variety of tumor cell types suggests its role in tumor immune evasion
VA-OraLube: saliva substitute for treatment of xerostomia (dry mouth); provides protection to soft tissues & promotes enamel remineralization; contains k phosphates, k, na, mg & ca chlorides, naf, sorbitol, flavoring, dye, preservative, water with added carboxymethylcellulose; xero-lube reported to have same formulation; rn given refers to va-oralube with unknown mf
VAA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
VAAP regimen: chemotherapy protocol containing the above cpds; used in treatment of lymphoblastic leukemia & lymphoblastic lymphoma
VAB-6 regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of patients with germ cell tumors
VAB-IV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; vab-vi has a more condensed schedule then vab-iv; vab-5 is an intensified version of vab-4
VABA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of chemorefractory acute lymphocytic leukemia
VABE protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of elderly patients with advanced-stage diffuse large-cell lymphoma
VAC combination: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of vp-16, ara-c and carboplatin; do not confuse with vac protocol and vac regimen
VAC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in gynecologic neoplasms
VAC-M protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of bronchogenic carcinoma
VACAD protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in treatment of metastatic pediatric soft tissue sarcoma
VACIME protocol: chemotherapy protocol containing above cpds for the treatment of ewing's sarcoma & alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
VACO-B protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in therapy of primary b cell lymphoma
VACOP-B protocol: used in the therapy of diffuse large cell lymphomas; chemotherapy regimen consisting of above cpds (prednisolone sometimes used instead of prednisone)
VACTERL association: an association of congenital abnormalities: vertebral defects (v), anal atresia (a), cardiac malformations (c) tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia (te), radial or renal dysplasia (r), and limb anomalies (l). a heterozygous mutation in the hoxd13 gene has been identified. omim: 192350
VAD I protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; modified vad protocol contains the same cpds but is given at different concentrations or times
VAD protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma in children
VAD regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used for drug therapy of anll; do not confuse with other vad protocols
VAD regimen 2: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treatment of wilms tumor
VAD1 regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of nonsecretory primary plasma cell leukemia
VADIC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used against soft tissue sarcoma
VAE protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of adults with acute myelogenous leukemia
VAM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of vincristine, adriamycin & mitomycin
VAMA protocol: chemotherapy protocol of above four compounds for treating aggressive malignant lymphomas; also used in tours-poitiers-limoges (tpl or tpl-84) protocol, a three-stage protocol where vama is used in stage two for consolidation therapy
VAMP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in therapy of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
VAMP-EEE protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 4 cpds; used in the therapy of gastrointestinal neoplasms
VAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; note that p=prednisolone in contrast to record for vap where p=procarbazine
VAP-cyclo protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of advanced breast cancer and non-hodgkin's lymphoma; do not confuse with chop protocol which contains prednisone instead of prednisolone
VAPE protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of advanced small cell lung cancer (sclc)
VAPEC-B protocol: for treatment of non-hodgkin lymphoma; chemotherapy regimen which consists of above cpds
VATA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of subleukemic acute monophagocytic leukemia
VATER association: an acronym for the nonrandom association of congenital abnormalities: vertebral defects (v), anal atresia (a), tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia (te), and radial or renal dysplasia. most cases are sporadic but evidence suggests that there may be a hereditary component in some cases. omim: 192350
VAU regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of renal-cell carcinoma
VBA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above three cpds; used in treatment of pure endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary
VBAD protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of melphalan- & prednisone-resistant multiple myeloma
VBAMDex protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used for treatment of multiple myeloma
VBAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used for multiple myeloma
VBCMF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of head and neck neoplasms
VBM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of advanced head & neck cancer
VBM protocol 2: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used for the treatment of hodgkin's disease
VBMF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of postcricoid carcinoma
VBVP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in the treatment of hodgkin's disease
VCAA protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of lymphoma
VCAD regimen: chemotherapy regimen consisting of above compounds; used in treatment of pancreaticoblastoma & multiple myeloma
VCAV protocol: consists of above compounds; used for treatment microcellular lung carcinoma
VCD protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of multiple myeloma
VCE protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds for treating nonmetastatic rhabdomyosarcoma
VCH protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of vindesine, cisplatin & hexamethylmelamine
VCMA protocol: chemotherapy protocol containing the above cpds; used in treatment of small cell carcinoma of the lung
VCP protocol 2: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in therapy of lymphoma
VCPC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of vindesine, ccnu, cisplatin, and cyclophosphamide; used in therapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
VCRP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in the treatment of multiple myeloma
VCSP protocol: used to treat multiple myeloma; chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds
VDA-P protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 2 cpds; has been used in therapy of lung cancer
VDBCP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of multiple myeloma
VDJ Exons: exons that are created in vivo during lymphocyte maturation from the v, d, and j gene segments of immunoglobulin superfamily genes (e.g., the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes, or the t-cell receptor beta genes or t-cell receptor gamma genes ) by the vdj recombinase system
VDJ Recombinases: recombinases involved in the rearrangement of immunity-related genes such as immunoglobulin genes and t-cell receptor genes
VDJ-rekombinasy: rekombinázy, které se podílejí na přeskupování genů souvisejících s imunitou, jako jsou geny pro imunoglobuliny a geny pro t-buněčné receptory
VDP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
VEBEP regimen: chemotherapy regimen consisting of etoposide, epirubicin, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide and prednisone; used in salvage treatment of stage ia-iia hodgkin's disease
VECABOP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of hodgkin's disease
VEEP regimen: chemotherapy regimen consisting of above cpds; used for treatment of hodgkin's disease in children
VEMFAH protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 6 cpds; used in treatment of advanced breast cancer
VEMP protocol 1: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of lymphoma
VEMP protocol 2: chemotherapy regimen consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of alkylator-refractory multiple myeloma
VEMP protocol 3: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of gastric lymphoma
VEP combination: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of teratoma of the testis; do not confuse with pev regimen which contains epirubicin instead of vinblastine
VEP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of vindesine, etoposide & prednisolone
VEP-THP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of pirarubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, & prednisolone; used in treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
VEPA-B protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds and pirarubicin for treatment of adult t-cell lymphoma
VEPA-L protocol: chemotherapy protocol containing the above cpds; used in the treatment of lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoblastic lymphoma
VEPA-M protocol: chemotherapy regimen consisting of above cpds; used in the therapy of patients with advanced non-hodgkin's lymphoma
VEPEMB protocol: consists of vinblastine, cyclophosphamide, procarbazine, prednisone, etoposide, mitoxantrone, and bleomycin; used in the treatment of elderly hodgkin's lymphoma patients
VETOPEC protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used for treatment of pediatric solid tumors
VEXAS syndrome: an adult-onset severe autoinflammatory disease associated with diffuse inflammation, predisposition to hematologic neoplasms and thrombosis. it is due to somatic mutations in the uba1 protein, human gene
VHCP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds;for treatment of mast cell tumours in dog
VIC-E protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of small cell lung cancer
VICED protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds and deflazacort; used for treatment of aggressive non-hodgkin's lymphomas
VICOP-B protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of diffuse large cell lymphoma
VIE protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used for the treatment of advanced breast cancer
VIF protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of vinorelbine, ifosfamide , fluorouracil & folinic acid; used in the treatment of advanced urothelial cancer
VIG protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of vinblastine, ifosfamide, and gallium nitrate; used in the treatment of metastatic urothelial carcinoma
VIM-Bleo protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of high-grade malignant non-hodgkins's lymphomas
VIM-D protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of hodgkin's disease
VIM3-ARA C regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used for treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
VIMB protocol: a chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
VIMP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds for the treatment of small-cell lung carcinoma
VINAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of patients with non-hodgkin's lymphomas
VIP protocol 1: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in chemotherapy of prostatic neoplasms
VIP protocol 2: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of germ cell & prostatic cancer
VIP protocol 3: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in treatment of non-small cell lung cancer
VIP regimen 2: chemotherapy protocol consisting of vincristine, ifosfamide and peplomycin for treatment of newly diagnosed stage d2 prostate cancer
VIP-B protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used for the treatment of metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumor
VIP-E protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of small cell lung cancer
VIP-VB protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in treatment of advanced germ-cell tumors
VIPP-BM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of patients with refractor lymphoma
VITA CAD-Temp: consists of a nonfibrous homogenous high mw acrylate polymer network with a microfiller/composite
VLCAD deficiency: three forms of this disorder occur: a severe early-onset form with cardiomyopathy and high mortality; an intermediate form with childhood onset and hypoketotic hypoglycemia and more favorable outcome; and an adult-onset form characterized by myopathy; rhabdomyolysis, and myoglobinuria after exercise or fasting. germline mutations in the acads gene have been identified. omim: 201470
VMBP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of mouth & oropharynx cancer
VMCP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of advanced forms of multiple myeloma
VMD protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of plasma cell leukemia and resistant/relapsed multiple myeloma
VMF regimen: chemotherapy protocol containis the above cpds; used in treatment of patients with breast cancer
VMM protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of methotrexate, teniposide & mitomycin
VMMc protocol: used in the therapy of metastatic breast cancer; do not confuse with vmm protocol
VMP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 3 cpds; used in treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus
VMP regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used for treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma; do not confuse with vmp or vmp-3 protocol
VMP-3 protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 3 cpds; used in treatment of myelomatosis
VMP-CIsCF protocol: chemotherapy protocol used in the treatment of prostate cancer; consists of vincristine, peplomycin, methotrexate, cisplatin, cytarabine, & fluorouracil
VNCOP-B protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above compounds; used in the treatment of high-grade non-hodgkin's lymphoma
VP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia
VP-BBML protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma
VP-P protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 2 cpds; has been used in therapy of lung cancer
VPC regimen: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treatment of primary intracranial mixed germ cell tumors
VPCBAE protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of the above cpds; used in treatment of small cell carcinoma of the ovary
VPCP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of vincristine, peplomycin & cisplatin; used in treatment of advanced hypopharyngeal cancer
VPD protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above 3 cpds; do not confuse with apo regimen; used in treatment of non-t cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
VPIV protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above cpds; used in treating small cell lung neoplasms
VPS Coriolus versicolor extract: a hot water extract of the coriolus versicolor mushroom that is used as a nutritional supplement by cancer patients
VQEP protocol: chemotherapy protocol consisting of above compounds; used in the treatment of gastric lymphoma
VTMFAP protocol: chemotherapy protocol containing the above cpds; used in the therapy of breast cancer
VTMFP protocol: chemotherapy protocol containing the above cpds; used in the therapy of breast cancer
Vaccaria: a plant genus of the family caryophyllaceae. the common name soapwort is also used with saponaria
Vaccaria: rod rostlin z čeledi caryophyllaceae - hvozdíkovité. jediný druh tohoto rodu je kravinec španělský (vaccaria hispanica)
Vaccination: administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. this includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis
Vaccine Development: the entire process of introducing a new vaccine for use in vaccination including pre-clinical development, testing in controlled clinical trial, manufacturing, approval/licensing and distribution
Vaccine Efficacy: a measurement of disease risk reduction among vaccinated compared to unvaccinated persons under ideal conditions such as in a clinical trial. such disease reduction measured under typical field conditions is vaccine effectiveness. in contrast vaccine potency is measured in an assay to ensure proper dosing and storage of vaccines whereas vaccine immunogenicity measures its ability to induce an immune response in a vaccinated individual in observational studies
Vaccine Excipients: media added to a vaccine for a specific purpose. these include: preservatives to prevent contamination, adjuvants to stimulate a stronger immune response, and stabilizers. (from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines pubs/pinkbook/downloads/appendices/b/excipient-table-2.pdf)
Vaccine Potency: the relationship between an elicited adaptive immune response and the dose of the vaccine administered. it is typically measured in an assay to ensure proper dosing and storage of vaccines whereas vaccine efficacy determines disease risk reduction attributable to vaccination under ideal conditions such as a clinical trial and vaccine immunogenicity measures vaccine's ability to induce an immune response in a vaccinated individual in observational studies setting
Vaccine-Preventable Diseases: diseases for which vaccines exist that can confer partial or complete protection. (world health organization vaccine-safety-training.org)
Vaccines: suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases
Vaccines, Acellular: vaccines that are produced by using only the antigenic part of the disease causing organism. they often require a booster every few years to maintain their effectiveness
Vaccines, Attenuated: live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity
Vaccines, Conjugate: semisynthetic vaccines consisting of polysaccharide antigens from microorganisms attached to protein carrier molecules. the carrier protein is recognized by macrophages and t-cells thus enhancing immunity. conjugate vaccines induce antibody formation in people not responsive to polysaccharide alone, induce higher levels of antibody, and show a booster response on repeated injection
Vaccines, DNA: recombinant dna vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. the host cells take up the dna, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. this induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. the vector is called naked dna because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers
Vaccines, Edible: vaccines or candidate vaccines derived from edible plants. transgenic plants (plants, transgenic) are used as recombinant protein production systems and the edible plant tissue functions as an oral vaccine
Vaccines, Inactivated: vaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or physical treatment (e.g., formalin, beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane proteins
Vaccines, Live, Unattenuated: live vaccines prepared from microorganisms without their virulence altered. examples include smallpox (vaccinia) and adenovirus vaccines
Vaccines, Marker: vaccines used in conjunction with diagnostic tests to differentiate vaccinated animals from carrier animals. marker vaccines can be either a subunit or a gene-deleted vaccine
Vaccines, Subunit: vaccines consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response. they are purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant dna techniques, or they can be chemically synthesized peptides
Vaccines, Synthetic: small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant dna techniques. the latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified
Vaccines, Virosome: vaccines using virosomes as the antigen delivery system that stimulates the desired immune response
Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle: vaccines using supra-molecular structures composed of multiple copies of recombinantly expressed viral structural proteins. they are often antigentically indistinguishable from the virus from which they were derived
Vaccinia: the cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine
Vaccinia virus: the type species of orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. it has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. it is also used as a vector for inserting foreign dna into animals. rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus
Vaccinium: rod rostlin z čeledi ericaceae (vřesovcovité), známý pro některé druhy s jedlými plody
Vaccinium macrocarpon: a plant species of the family vaccinium known for the sour fruit which is sometimes used for urinary tract infections
Vaccinium macrocarpon: rostlinný druh z čeledi vaccinium (brusnice) známý svými kyselými plody, které jsou někdy užívány proti infekcím močového ústrojí
Vaccinium myrtillus: rostlinný druh z čeledi vaccinium - brusnice
Vaccinium myrtillus extract: extract from vaccinium myrtillus containing 36% anthocyanosides (including 3-o-arabinosides, 3-o-glucosides, and 3-o-galactosides), as well as sugars, aliphatic acids, polyphenols, flavan-3-ols, and flavonol glycosides
Vaccinium stamineum fruit extract: extract of fruit of deerberry (vaccinium stamineum) with antioxidant and anticancer properties
Vaccinium vitis-idaea: rostlinný druh z čeledi vaccinium - brusnice
Vaccinology: branch of medicine concerned with the development of vaccines to control disease by identifying genetic and other mechanisms and pathways that determine immune responses, and thereby provide new candidate vaccine approaches
Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases: proton-translocating atpases that are involved in acidification of a variety of intracellular compartments
Vacuolar Sorting Protein VPS15: a 150 kda protein serine-threonine kinase that is found as a regulatory subunit of the class iii phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases. the protein is believed to play an important role in the regulation of vesicular trafficking with the cell
Vacuolar myopathy: a myopathy and lysosomal storage disease that is characterized by increased glycogen staining of cardiac and skeletal muscles but normal acid maltase and lamp2 protein staining. biopsy shows intracytoplasmic vacuoles that stain for sarcolemmal proteins and complement system proteins. affected individuals may also have increased serum creatine kinase and exhibit developmental delay, though many die in early infancy. may be isolated or autosomal recessive. omim: 609500
Vacuoles: any spaces or cavities within a cell. they may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion
Vacuum: a space in which the pressure is far below atmospheric pressure so that the remaining gases do not affect processes being carried on in the space
Vacuum Curettage: aspiration of the contents of the uterus with a vacuum curette
Vacuum Extraction, Obstetrical: removal of the fetus from the uterus or vagina at or near the end of pregnancy with a metal traction cup that is attached to the fetus' head. negative pressure is applied and traction is made on a chain passed through the suction tube. (from stedman, 26th ed & dorland, 28th ed)
Vagina: the genital canal in the female, extending from the uterus to the vulva. (stedman, 25th ed)
Vagina, absence of: failure of the vagina to develop during pregnancy. it affects about 1 in 5,000 to 7,000 female infants and usually occurs in cases of mullerian aplasia where the uterus, cervix, and kidney may be absent as well. many affected individuals have other kidney abnormalities, and some have skeletal abnormalities
Vaginal Absorption: the uptake of substances from the vagina via the vaginal epithelium/mucosa
Vaginal Birth after Cesarean: delivery of an infant through the vagina in a female who has had a prior cesarean section
Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies: medicated dosage forms for topical application in the vagina. a cream is a semisolid emulsion containing suspended or dissolved medication; a foam is a dispersion of a gas in a medicated liquid resulting in a light, frothy mass; a jelly is a colloidal semisolid mass of a water soluble medicated material, usually translucent
Vaginal Discharge: a common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract
Vaginal Douching: the washing of the vagina cavity or surface with a solution. agents or drugs can be added to the irrigation solution
Vaginal Fistula: an abnormal anatomical passage that connects the vagina to other organs, such as the bladder (vesicovaginal fistula) or the rectum (rectovaginal fistula)
Vaginal Smears: collection of pooled secretions of the posterior vaginal fornix for cytologic examination
Vaginismus: recurrent or persistent involuntary spasm of the outer muscles of the vagina, occurring during vaginal penetration
Vaginosis, Bacterial: polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. it remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli
Vagotomy: the interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes
Vagotomy, Proximal Gastric: vagal denervation of that part of the stomach lined with acid-secreting mucosa (gastric mucosa) containing the gastric parietal cells. since the procedure leaves the vagal branches to the antrum and pylorus intact, it circumvents gastric drainage required with truncal vagotomy techniques
Vagotomy, Truncal: bilateral dissection of the abdominal branches of the vagus nerve. it is used frequently in the surgical management of duodenal and gastric ulcers, as well as in physiologic studies of gastrointestinal secretion and motility
Vagus Nerve: the 10th cranial nerve. the vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx)
Vagus Nerve Diseases: diseases of the tenth cranial nerve, including brain stem lesions involving its nuclei (solitary, ambiguus, and dorsal motor), nerve fascicles, and intracranial and extracranial course. clinical manifestations may include dysphagia, vocal cord weakness, and alterations of parasympathetic tone in the thorax and abdomen
Vagus Nerve Injuries: traumatic injuries to the vagus nerve. because the vagus nerve innervates multiple organs, injuries in the nerve fibers may result in any gastrointestinal organ dysfunction downstream of the injury site
Vagus Nerve Stimulation: an adjunctive treatment for partial epilepsy and refractory depression that delivers electrical impulses to the brain via the vagus nerve. a battery implanted under the skin supplies the energy
Valacyclovir: a prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of herpes zoster and herpes simplex virus infection of the skin and mucous membranes, including genital herpes
Valerian: a plant genus of the family valerianaceae, order dipsacales, subclass asteridae, class magnoliopsida. it is best known for the sedative use and valepotriate content of the roots. it is sometimes called garden heliotrope but is unrelated to true heliotrope (heliotropium)
Valeriana extract: extracts made from valerian containing various alkaloids and terpenes including actinidine; valtrates (combination); gaba and valerenic acid
Valerianaceae: bývalá čeleď rostlin z řádu štětkotvarých. v současné taxonomii (systém apg iii) jsou všechny rody této čeledi součástí široce pojaté čeledi zimolezovité (caprifoliaceae). (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Valerianaceae: the valerian plant family of the order dipsacales, subclass asteridae, class magnoliopsida that is characterized by 3-5-lobed tubular flowers, often spurred at the base and clustered in tight heads
Valerianella: a plant genus of the family valerianaceae. it is sometimes called goosefoot cornsalad but should not be confused with true goosefoot (chenopodium)
Valganciclovir: a ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with aids, and for the prevention of cytomegalovirus infections in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a cmv-positive donor
Valiant PhD: composed of 52.5% silver, 29.5% tin, 17.5% copper, and 0.5% palladium
Validation Studies as Topic: works on research using processes by which the reliability and relevance of a procedure for a specific purpose are established
Validation Study: works consisting of research using processes by which the reliability and relevance of a procedure for a specific purpose are established
Valine: a branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. it promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. it is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway
Valine Dehydrogenase (NADP+): an amino acid oxidoreductase that catalyzes the oxidative hydroxylation of l-valine to 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate and ammonia in the presence of nadp
Valine-tRNA Ligase: an enzyme that activates valine with its specific transfer rna. ec 6.1.1.9
Valinomycin: a cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. it is composed of 3 moles each of l-valine, d-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, d-valine, and l-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (from merck index, 11th ed) valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies
Valosin Containing Protein: a highly-conserved aaa atpase that functions in the biogenesis of the transitional endoplasmic reticulum and fragmentation and reassembly of the golgi apparatus during mitosis. it also functions in a complex with ufd1l and nploc4 proteins to export misfolded ubiquitinated proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and outer mitochondrial membrane to the cytoplasm for degradation by the proteasome and also plays a role in autophagy of ubiquitinated proteins. it occurs in neuronal inclusion bodies from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and lewy bodies from parkinson disease patients
Valproic Acid: a fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. the mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. it may act by increasing gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage-gated sodium channels
Valsalva Maneuver: forced expiratory effort against a closed glottis
Valsalvův manévr: usilovný výdech při zavřené hlasové štěrbině. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Valsalvův sinus: rozšířený počáteční úsek vzestupné aorty za jednotlivými částmi aortální chlopně. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2019 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Valsartan: a tetrazole derivative and angiotensin ii type 1 receptor blocker that is used to treat hypertension
Valtrac: a biofragmentable anastomosis ring made of polyglyolic acid (87.5%) and bariium sulfate (12%)
Value of Life: the intrinsic moral worth ascribed to a living being. (bioethics thesaurus)
Value-Based Health Care: health system model designed to maximize value for patients. value based healthcare often emphasizes better patient outcomes for healthcare cost through best practices (e.g., preventive screening, quality incentives)
Value-Based Health Insurance: approach to improve the quality of care by selectively encouraging or discouraging the use of specific health care services, based on their potential benefit to patients' health, relative to their cost. one element is lowering beneficiary cost sharing or out-of-pocket spending to increase medication adherence
Value-Based Purchasing: purchasers are provided information on the quality of health care, including patient outcomes and health status, with data on the dollar outlays going towards health. the focus is on managing the use of the health care system to reduce inappropriate care and to identify and reward the best-performing providers. (from http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/meyerrpt.htm accessed 11/25/2011)
Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome: a familial form of acro-osteolysis associated with a mild mental retardation, skin atrophy, facial dysmorphism, and ocular defects
Van der Woude syndrome: an autosomal dominant hereditary developmental disorder characterized by pits and/or sinuses of the lower lip, and cleft lip and/or cleft palate (cl/p, cp). it is the most common cleft syndrome. mutations in the irf6 gene have been identified. omim: 119300
VanG protein, Enterococcus faecalis: involved in vancomycin resistance in enterococcus faecalis; amino acid
Vanadates: oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. they act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of na(+)-, k(+)-, and ca(+)-atpase transport systems. they also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects
Vanadium: a metallic element with the atomic symbol v, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. it is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs
Vanadium Compounds: inorganic compounds that contain vanadium as an integral part of the molecule
Vancomycin: antibacterial obtained from streptomyces orientalis. it is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear
Vancomycin Resistance: nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of vancomycin, an inhibitor of cell wall synthesis
Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci: strains of the genus enterococcus that are resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin. the enterococci become resistant by acquiring plasmids carrying genes for vancomycin resistance
Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: isolates of the staphylococcus aureus that are resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin. the s. aureus becomes resistant by acquiring plasmids carrying genes for vancomycin resistance. vancomycin-intermediate s. aureus has low-level vancomycin resistance requiring an intermediate concentration of vancomycin between sensitive and resistant isolates. these s. aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin and related glycopeptide antibiotics are often seen in healthcare associated infections
Vanilla: a plant genus of the family orchidaceae that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (flavoring agents)
Vanilla: rod rostlin čeledi orchidaceae. nejznámějším a hospodářsky nejvýznamnějším druhem je vanilovník plocholistý, pocházející z mexika a pěstovaný pro známé a ceněné koření, vanilku. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Vanillic Acid: a flavoring agent. it is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (j biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13)
Vanilmandelic Acid: a 3-o-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. it is an end-stage metabolite of catecholamines; epinephrine; and norepinephrine
Vantris: a polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer; a biocompatible, synthetic, non-biodegradable, easy-to-inject bulking substance
Vanuatu: a republic consisting of an island group in melanesia, in the southwest pacific ocean. its capital is port-vila. it was called new hebrides until 1980. it was discovered in 1606 by the portuguese, forgotten for 160 years, then visited by bougainville in 1768 and captain cook in 1774. it was under joint british and french administration from 1906 until it became independent in 1980 under the name of vanuatu. the name is native, meaning our land. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p833 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p570)
Vanuatu: melanéský ostrovní stát v oceánii. souostroví se nachází přibližně 2 350 km východně od austrálie, 500 km severovýchodně od nové kaledonie, západně od fidži a jižně od šalomounových ostrovů. největšími ostrovy jsou espiritu santo a malakula. během koloniálního období se nazývalo nové hebridy (1906-1980). souostroví tvoří zhruba 83 ostrovů a ostrůvků, z nichž 65 je obydlených. 14 ostrovů má větší rozlohu než 100 km². největšími ostrovy jsou espiritu santo a malakula. 30. července 1980 země vyhlásila nezávislost na francii a spojeném království. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Vaping: inhaling of vapors produced by electronic nicotine delivery systems such as e-cigarettes
Vapor Pressure: the contribution to barometric pressure of gaseous substance in equilibrium with its solid or liquid phase
Vardenafil Dihydrochloride: a piperazine derivative, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor and vasodilator agent that is used as a urological agent in the treatment of erectile dysfunction
Varenicline: a benzazepine derivative that functions as an alpha4-beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist. it is used for smoking cessation
VariGlass VLC: light-cured glass ionomer restorative material; contains light-cured monomers & a photoinitiator in addition to polyacrylic acid; crazing and staining was observed on the enamel adjacent to the variglass vlc restoration
Variant Surface Glycoproteins, Trypanosoma: glycoproteins attached to the surface coat of the trypanosome. many of these glycoproteins show amino acid sequence diversity expressed as antigenic variations. this continuous development of antigenically distinct variants in the course of infection ensures that some trypanosomes always survive the development of immune response to propagate the infection
Varicella Zoster Virus Infection: infection caused by human herpes virus 3 (e.g., chickenpox and herpes zoster)
Varicellovirus: a genus of the family herpesviridae, subfamily alphaherpesvirinae. its species include those causing chickenpox and herpes zoster in humans (herpesvirus 3, human), as well as several animal viruses
Varicellovirus: rod virů čeledi herpesviridae, podčeledi alphaherpesvirinae. zahrnuje druhy způsobující plané neštovice a pásový opar (herpes zoster) u lidí a také několik zvířecích virů
Varicocele: a condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the spermatic cord with a marked left-sided predominance. adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume
Varicose Ulcer: skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a varicose vein, usually in the leg
Variola virus: a species of orthopoxvirus causing infections in humans. no infections have been reported since 1977 and the virus is now believed to be virtually extinct
Varroidae: a family of mites in the subclass acari. it includes the single genus varroa
Varroidae: čeleď roztočů z podtřídy acari. zahrnuje jediný rod varroa
Vas Deferens: the excretory duct of the testes that carries spermatozoa. it rises from the scrotum and joins the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct
Vasa Previa: pregnancy complication where fetal blood vessels, normally inside the umbilical cord, are left unprotected and cross fetal membranes. it is associated with antepartum bleeding and fetal death and stillbirth due to exsanguination
Vasa Vasorum: nutrient blood vessels which supply the walls of large arteries or veins
Vascular Access Devices: devices to be inserted into veins or arteries for the purpose of carrying fluids into or from a peripheral or central vascular location. they may include component parts such as catheters, ports, reservoirs, and valves. they may be left in place temporarily for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes
Vascular Calcification: deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. excessive calcification of the vessels is associated with atherosclerotic plaques formation particularly after myocardial infarction (see monckeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase vascular stiffness
Vascular Capacitance: the measure of a blood vessel's ability to increase the volume of blood it holds without a large increase in blood pressure. the vascular capacitance is equal to the change in volume divided by the change in pressure
Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1: cytokine-induced cell adhesion molecule present on activated endothelial cells, tissue macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow fibroblasts, myoblasts, and myotubes. it is important for the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. (from pigott & power, the adhesion molecule factsbook, 1993, p154)
Vascular Closure Devices: products used to seal the openings in blood vessels from incisions or punctures made during endovascular procedures
Vascular Depression: late-life depression associated with clinical or mri defined cerebrovascular pathology
Vascular Diseases: pathological processes involving any of the blood vessels in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. they include diseases of arteries; veins; and rest of the vasculature system in the body
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A: the original member of the family of endothelial cell growth factors referred to as vascular endothelial growth factors. vascular endothelial growth factor-a was originally isolated from tumor cells and referred to as tumor angiogenesis factor and vascular permeability factor. although expressed at high levels in certain tumor-derived cells it is produced by a wide variety of cell types. in addition to stimulating vascular growth and vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating vasodilation via nitric oxide-dependent pathways. alternative splicing of the mrna for vascular endothelial growth factor a results in several isoforms of the protein being produced
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor B: a vascular endothelial growth factor expressed in a variety of tissues. it binds with high specificity to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 and neuropilin-1
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C: a vascular endothelial growth factor that specifically binds to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3. in addition to being an angiogenic factor it can act on lymphatic vessels to stimulate lymphangiogenesis. it is similar in structure to vascular endothelial growth factor d in that they both contain n- and c-terminal extensions that were not found in other vegf family members
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D: a vascular endothelial growth factor that specifically binds to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3. in addition to being an angiogenic factor it can act on lymphatic vessels to stimulate lymphangiogenesis. it is similar in structure to vascular endothelial growth factor c in that they both contain n- and c-terminal extensions that were not found in other vegf family members
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1: a 180-kda vegf receptor found primarily in endothelial cells that is essential for vasculogenesis and vascular maintenance. it is also known as flt-1 (fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor-1). a soluble, alternatively spliced isoform of the receptor may serve as a binding protein that regulates the availability of various ligands for vegf receptor binding and signal transduction
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2: a 200-230-kda tyrosine kinase receptor for vascular endothelial growth factors found primarily in endothelial and hematopoietic cells and their precursors. vegfr-2 is important for vascular and hematopoietic development, and mediates almost all endothelial cell responses to vegf