NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Colorado tick fever virus: a species of coltivirus transmitted by the tick dermacentor andersonii and causing fever, chills, aching head and limbs, and often vomiting. it occurs in the northwestern united states, except the pacific coast
Colorectal Adenomatous Polyposis, Autosomal Recessive: mutation in mutyh
Colorectal Cancer, Hereditary Nonpolyposis, Type 4: prom
Colorectal Cancer, Hereditary Nonpolyposis, Type 5: prom mutation in msh6
Colorectal Neoplasms: tumors or cancer of the colon or the rectum or both. risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ulcerative colitis; familial polyposis coli; exposure to asbestos; and irradiation of the cervix uteri
Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis: a group of autosomal-dominant inherited diseases in which colon cancer arises in discrete adenomas. unlike familial polyposis coli with hundreds of polyps, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms occur much later, in the fourth and fifth decades. hnpcc has been associated with germline mutations in mismatch repair (mmr) genes. it has been subdivided into lynch syndrome i or site-specific colonic cancer, and lynch syndrome ii which includes extracolonic cancer
Colorectal Surgery: a surgical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and abnormalities of the colon; rectum; and anal canal
Colorimetry: any technique by which an unknown color is evaluated in terms of standard colors. the technique may be visual, photoelectric, or indirect by means of spectrophotometry. it is used in chemistry and physics. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 4th ed)
Coloring Agents: chemicals and substances that impart color including soluble dyes and insoluble pigments. they are used in inks; paints; and as indicators and reagents
Colorlogic Veneer Bonding System: uses colorlogic dentin-enamel bond and colorlogic cement
Colorlogic porcelain: a veneering porcelain for masking discolored teeth
Colostomy: the surgical construction of an opening between the colon and the surface of the body
Colostrum: the thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. it consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates
Colposcopes: instruments inserted into the vagina for examination of the tissues of the vagina and cervix by means of a magnifying lens
Colposcopy: the examination, therapy or surgery of the cervix and vagina by means of a specially designed endoscope introduced vaginally
Coltivirus: a genus of reoviridae infecting ixodidae ticks and transmitted by them to humans, deer, and small animals. the type species is colorado tick fever virus
Coltivirus: rod virů z čeledi reoviridae, původce coloradské klíšťové horečky [colorado tick fever]. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Colubridae: největší čeleď hadů. užovkovití jsou kromě antarktidy a několika ostrovů v oceánii zastoupeni po celém světě a všude jsou dominantní skupinou hadů. užovky jsou jak vejcorodé (oviparní), tak i vejcoživorodé (ovoviviparní) či živorodé (viviparní). většinou se jedná o nejedovaté hady. jejich potrava je velmi různorodá. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Colubridae: the largest family of snakes comprising five subfamilies: colubrinae, natricinae, homalopsinae, lycodontinae, and xenodontinae. they show a great diversity of eating habits, from eating almost anything to having a specialized diet. they can be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous. the majority of north american snakes are colubrines. among the colubrids are king snakes, water snakes, and garter snakes. some genera are poisonous. (goin, goin, and zug, introduction to herpetology, 3d ed, pp321-29)
Colubrina: a plant genus of the family rhamnaceae. members contain antifungal jujubogenin saponins
Colubrina: rod rostlin z čeledi řešetlákovité (rhamnaceae). zástupci obsahují antifungální jujobogeninové saponiny
Columbia SK virus: a strain of encephalomyocarditis virus, a species of cardiovirus, that infects rodents
Columbia SK virus: kmen viru encefalomyokarditidy z rodu cardiovirus, který infikuje hlodavce
Columbidae: family in the order columbiformes, comprised of pigeons or doves. they are birds with short legs, stout bodies, small heads, and slender bills. some sources call the smaller species doves and the larger pigeons, but the names are interchangeable
Columbidae: čeleď řádu columbiformes zahrnující holuby a hrdličky. skupina ptáků s krátkýma nohama, zavalitým tělem, malou hlavou a tenkým zobákem
Columbiformes: an order of birds comprised of pigeons; doves; and an extinct family that includes dodos
Coma: a profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem reticular formation
Coma, Post-Head Injury: prolonged unconsciousness from which the individual cannot be aroused, associated with traumatic injuries to the brain. this may be defined as unconsciousness persisting for 6 hours or longer. coma results from injury to both cerebral hemispheres or the reticular formation of the brain stem. contributing mechanisms include diffuse axonal injury and brain edema. (from j neurotrauma 1997 oct;14(10):699-713)
Comamonadaceae: a family of gram-negative aerobic bacteria in the order burkholderiales, encompassing the acidovorans rrna complex. some species are pathogenic to plants
Comamonadaceae: čeleď gramnegativních, aerobních bakterií řádu burkholderiales. některé druhy jsou patogenní pro rostliny
Comamonas: a genus of gram-negative, straight or slightly curved rods which are motile by polar flagella and which accumulate poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate within the cells
Comamonas: rod gramnegativních bakterií tvaru rovných nebo mírně zakřivených tyčinek. pohybují se pomocí polárního bičíku a v buňkách akumulují poly-beta-hydroxybutyrát
Comamonas testosteroni: a species of gram-negative, aerobic rods formerly called pseudomonas testosteroni. it is differentiated from other comamonas species by its ability to assimilate testosterone and to utilize phenylacetate or maleate as carbon sources
Comamonas testosteroni: druh gramnegativní, aerobní, tyčinkovité bakterie, dříve označované jako pseudomonas testosteroni. od ostatních druhů rodu comamonas se liší schopností asimilovat testosteron a využívat fenylacetát nebo maleát jako zdroj uhlíku
Comb and Wattles: fleshy and reddish outgrowth of skin tissue found on top of the head, attached to the sides of the head, and hanging from the mandible of birds such as turkeys and chickens
Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques: a technology, in which sets of reactions for solution or solid-phase synthesis, is used to create molecular libraries for analysis of compounds on a large scale
Combined Antibody Therapeutics: combinations of monoclonal antibodies used therapeutically to modulate the immune system
Combined Modality Therapy: the treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. chemoimmunotherapy, radioimmunotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and salvage therapy are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used
Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency: a hereditary autosomal recessive form of hypopituitarism that is characterized by growth retardation, hypothyroidism, reduced levels of cortisol, and absent or delayed puberty due to low levels of luteinizing hormone or follicle-stimulating hormone . rarely, intellectual disability, neck abnormalities, and optic nerve defects may also occur. mutations in the prop1 gene have been identified in some cases. omim: 262600
Combretaceae: a plant family of the order myrtales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida. they are mostly trees and shrubs growing in warm areas
Combretaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu myrtales, podtřídy rosidae, třídy magnoliopsida. převážně stromy a keře rostoucí v teplých oblastech
Combretum: a plant genus of the family combretaceae. triterpenes and combretastatin have been identified in members of this genus
Combretum: rod rostlin čeledi combretaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují triterpeny a kombretastatin
Comet Assay: a genotoxicological technique for measuring dna damage in an individual cell using single-cell gel electrophoresis. cell dna fragments assume a comet with tail formation on electrophoresis and are detected with an image analysis system. alkaline assay conditions facilitate sensitive detection of single-strand damage
Comfrey: perennial herb symphytum officinale, in the family boraginaceae, used topically for wound healing. it contains allantoin, carotene, essential oils (oils, volatile); glycosides; mucilage, resin, saponins; tannins; triterpenoids, vitamin b12, and zinc. comfrey also contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids and is hepatotoxic if ingested
Comic Book: narrative works that employ sequential art, and often prose, to tell a story. (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/genreforms)
Comic Books as Topic: works about narrative works that employ sequential art, and often prose, to tell a story. (lcsh, 2023)
Commelina: a plant genus of the family commelinaceae of perennial herbs with blue flowers
Commelina: rod bylin čeledi commelinaceae s modrými květy
Commelinaceae: a plant family of the order commelinales, subclass commelinidae, class liliopsida (monocotyledons) that are often somewhat succulent. the leaves are alternate, simple, parallel-veined, and usually with a closed sheathing base. the flowers are often in cymes and have 3 petals and 3 sepals
Commelinaceae: čeleď rostlin řádu commelinales, podtřídy commelinidae, třídy liliopsida (rostliny jednoděložné, monocotyledonae). jedná se o jednoleté nebo vytrvalé byliny. jsou to pozemní rostliny, ale někdy i epifyty, liány. křížatkovité jsou rozšířeny hlavně v tropech a subtropech s menším přesahem do teplejších částí mírného pásma. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Comment: work consisting of a critical or explanatory note written to discuss, support, or dispute an article or other presentation previously published. it may take the form of an article, letter, editorial, etc. it appears in publications under a variety of names: comment, commentary, editorial comment, viewpoint, etc
Commerce: the interchange of goods or commodities, especially on a large scale, between different countries or between populations within the same country. it includes trade (the buying, selling, or exchanging of commodities, whether wholesale or retail) and business (the purchase and sale of goods to make a profit). (from random house unabridged dictionary, 2d ed, p411, p2005 & p283)
Commiphora: a plant genus of the family burseraceae which is a source of gugulipid and guggulu extract. balm of gilead is a common name more often referring to populus and sometimes to abies
Commiphora: rod rostlin čeledi burseraceae, některé jeho druhy se využívají k produkci vonné pryskyřice - myrhy, jsou zdrojem gugulipidu a guggulového extraktu. myrha smíšená s kadidlem byla a stále je důležitou složkou náboženských obřadů. ve starověkém egyptě byla myrha nepostradatelnou součásti balzamování mumií. má také zdravotnické účinky, hlavně antiseptické při ošetřování otevřených ran. rozemletá kůra se používá proti malárii, zralé plody myrhovníků pomáhají proti břišnímu tyfu, bolestem břicha a zubů. extrahované oleje se používají v parfémech a různých kosmetických přípravcích. některé druhy rychle rostoucích myrhovníků se pěstují pro dřevo. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities: the non-profit, non-governmental organization which collects, processes, and distributes data on hospital use. two programs of the commission are the professional activity study and the medical audit program
Commissural Interneurons: interneurons with projections to the contralateral side of the spinal cord. both excitatory and inhibitory interneurons are involved in coordinating alternative left-right activities during locomotion
Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders: legal process required for the institutionalization of a patient with severe psychiatric problems
Committee Membership: the composition of a committee; the state or status of being a member of a committee
Commodification: the social process by which something or someone comes to be regarded and treated as an article of trade or commerce
Common Bile Duct: the largest bile duct. it is formed by the junction of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct
Common Bile Duct Diseases: diseases of the common bile duct including the ampulla of vater and the sphincter of oddi
Common Bile Duct Neoplasms: tumor or cancer of the common bile duct including the ampulla of vater and the sphincter of oddi
Common Cold: a catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. it generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing
Common Dolphins: the genus delphinus, in the family delphinidae, consisting of two species of dolphins. they are multicolored, with a characteristic yellow-tan criss-cross hourglass pattern behind the eyes
Common Variable Immunodeficiency: heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable b-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections
Commonwealth of Independent States: an economic union of azerbaijan, armenia, belarus, georgia, kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, moldova, russia, tajikistan, turkmenistan, uzbekistan and ukraine
Commotio Cordis: a sudden cardiac arrhythmia (e.g., ventricular fibrillation) caused by a blunt, non-penetrating impact to the precordial region of chest wall. commotio cordis often results in sudden death without prompt cardiopulmonary defibrillation
Communicable Disease Control: programs of surveillance designed to prevent the transmission of disease by any means from person to person or from animal to man
Communicable Diseases: an illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host
Communicable Diseases, Emerging: infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode
Communicable Diseases, Imported: infectious diseases originating in one geographically delineated ecosystem that are carried (by travel or immigration) to another geographically delineated ecosystem by an infected individual, animal, or disease vector
Communication Barriers: those factors, such as language or sociocultural relationships, which interfere in the meaningful interpretation and transmission of ideas between individuals or groups
Communication Devices for People with Disabilities: equipment that provides mentally or physically disabled persons with a means of communication. the aids include display boards, typewriters, cathode ray tubes, computers, and speech synthesizers. the output of such aids includes written words, artificial speech, language signs, morse code, and pictures
Communication Disorders: disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive language disorders, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., mental retardation), psychiatric conditions, and hearing disorders
Communication Methods, Total: utilization of all available receptive and expressive modes for the purpose of achieving communication with the hearing impaired, such as gestures, postures, facial expression, types of voice, formal speech and non-speech systems, and simultaneous communication
Communications Media: the means of interchanging or transmitting and receiving information. historically the media were written: books, journals, newspapers, and other publications; in the modern age the media include, in addition, radio, television, computers, and information networks
Communism: a totalitarian system of government in which a single authoritarian party controls state-owned means of production with the professed aim of establishing a classless society
Community Dentistry: the practice of dentistry concerned with preventive as well as diagnostic and treatment programs in a circumscribed population
Community Health Centers: facilities which administer the delivery of health care services to people living in a community or neighborhood
Community Health Nursing: general and comprehensive nursing practice directed to individuals, families, or groups as it relates to and contributes to the health of a population or community. this is not an official program of a public health department
Community Health Planning: planning that has the goals of improving health, improving accessibility to health services, and promoting efficiency in the provision of services and resources on a comprehensive basis for a whole community. (from facts on file dictionary of health care management, 1988, p299)
Community Health Workers: persons trained to assist professional health personnel in communicating with residents in the community concerning needs and availability of health services
Community Integration: policies and programs which ensure that persons with disabilities and those with chronic illness receive the support and social services needed to live in their communities
Community Medicine: a branch of medicine concerned with the total health of the individual within the home environment and in the community, and with the application of comprehensive care to the prevention and treatment of illness in the entire community
Community Mental Health Centers: facilities which administer the delivery of psychologic and psychiatric services to people living in a neighborhood or community
Community Networks: organizations and individuals cooperating together toward a common goal at the local or grassroots level
Community Psychiatry: branch of psychiatry concerned with the provision and delivery of a coordinated program of mental health care to a specified population. the foci included in this concept are: all social, psychological and physical factors related to etiology, prevention, and maintaining positive mental health in the community
Community Resources: the financial, material, and/or human assets of a community which have the potential to improve the quality of life in community
Community Support: community support systems that may be organized through extended family members, friends, neighbors, religious organizations, community programs, cultural and ethnic organizations, or other support groups or organizations. (https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/community-support-systems)
Community of Practice: core concept of learning and knowledge management, a repository where knowledge is developed, maintained and reproduced. it is an important platform for knowledge sharing within an organization or among peers in other settings
Community-Acquired Infections: any infection acquired in the community, that is, contrasted with those acquired in a health care facility (cross infection). an infection would be classified as community-acquired if the patient had not recently been in a health care facility or been in contact with someone who had been recently in a health care facility
Community-Acquired Pneumonia: infection of the lungs in a patient who is not hospitalized or who has not resided in a long-term care facility for 14 days prior to the onset of symptoms. it is associated with some signs and symptoms of acute infection and is accompanied by the presence of an acute infiltrate on chest radiograph.(us pharm. 2007;32(10):44-5 https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/community-acquired-pneumonia)
Community-Based Health Insurance: low-cost health insurance in which community, cooperative, mutual, and/or self-help resources are pooled to mitigate health risks and cover health care services in full or in part
Community-Institutional Relations: the interactions between members of a community and representatives of the institutions within that community
Comorbidity: the presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival
Comoros: a group of indian ocean islands, the islands of great comoro, anjouan, mayotte, and moheli, lying between northeast mozambique and northwest madagascar. the capital is moroni. in 1914 they became a colony attached to madagascar administratively and were made a french overseas territory in 1947. except for mayotte which remained french, comoros became an independent republic in 1975. comoros represents the arabic qamar, moon, said by some scholars to be linked with the mystical mountains of the moon said to be somewhere in equatorial africa. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p283 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p122)
Comovirus: a genus of plant viruses of the family comoviridae in which the bipartite genome is encapsidated in separate icosahedral particles. mosaic and mottle symptoms are characteristic, and transmission is exclusively by leaf-feeding beetles. cowpea mosaic virus is the type species
Comovirus: rod rostlinných virů čeledi comoviridae s dvojdílným genomem zabaleným v samostatných ikosahedrálních kapsidách. charakteristickými symptomy infekce jsou příznaky mozaiky a skvrnitosti. jsou přenášeny výhradně brouky živícími se listy rostlin. typovým druhem je virus mozaiky vigny
Compact Disks: computer disks storing data with a maximum reduction of space and bandwidth. the compact size reduces cost of transmission and storage
Comparative Effectiveness Research: conduct and synthesis of systematic research comparing interventions and strategies to prevent, diagnose, treat, and monitor health conditions. the purpose of this research is to inform patients, providers, and decision-makers, responding to their expressed needs, about which interventions are most effective for which patients under specific circumstances. (hhs.gov/recovery/programs/cer/draftdefinition.html accessed 6/12/2009)
Comparative Genomic Hybridization: a method for comparing two sets of chromosomal dna by analyzing differences in the copy number and location of specific sequences. it is used to look for large sequence changes such as deletions, duplications, amplifications, or translocations
Comparative Study: comparison of outcomes, results, responses, etc for different techniques, therapeutic approaches or other inputs
Compartment Syndromes: conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the blood circulation and function of tissue within that space. some of the causes of increased pressure are trauma, tight dressings, hemorrhage, and exercise. sequelae include nerve compression (nerve compression syndromes); paralysis; and ischemic contracture. fasciotomy is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes
Compassion Fatigue: emotional distress caused by repeated or prolonged expression of compassion or empathy. it may occur in individuals working in care giving professions
Compassionate Use Trials: providing an investigational therapy to a patient who is not eligible to receive that therapy in a clinical trial, but who has a serious or life-threatening illness for which other treatments are not available. compassionate use trials allow patients to receive promising but not yet fully studied or approved therapies when no other treatment option exists. also called expanded access trial
Compensation and Redress: payment, or other means of making amends, for a wrong or injury
Competency-Based Education: educational programs designed to ensure that students attain prespecified levels of competence in a given field or training activity. emphasis is on achievement or specified objectives
Competitive Bidding: pricing statements presented by more than one party for the purpose of securing a contract
Competitive Medical Plans: alternative health care delivery mechanisms, such as preferred provider organizations or other health insurance services or prepaid plans (other than health maintenance organizations), that meet medicare qualifications for a risk-sharing contract. (from facts on file dictionary of health care management, 1988)
Complement Activating Enzymes: enzymes that activate one or more complement proteins in the complement system leading to the formation of the complement membrane attack complex, an important response in host defense. they are enzymes in the various complement activation pathways
Complement Activation: the sequential activation of serum complement proteins to create the complement membrane attack complex. factors initiating complement activation include antigen-antibody complexes, microbial antigens, or cell surface polysaccharides
Complement C1: the first complement component to act in the activation of classical complement pathway. it is a calcium-dependent trimolecular complex made up of three subcomponents: complement c1q; complement c1r; and complement c1s at 1:2:2 ratios. when the intact c1 binds to at least two antibodies (involving c1q), c1r and c1s are sequentially activated, leading to subsequent steps in the cascade of complement activation
Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins: serum proteins that inhibit, antagonize, or inactivate complement c1 or its subunits
Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein: an endogenous 105-kda plasma glycoprotein produced primarily by the liver and monocytes. it inhibits a broad spectrum of proteases, including the complement c1r and the complement c1s proteases of the classical complement pathway, and the mannose-binding protein-associated serine proteases. c1-inh-deficient individuals suffer from hereditary angioedema types i and ii
Complement C1q: a subcomponent of complement c1, composed of six copies of three polypeptide chains (a, b, and c), each encoded by a separate gene (c1qa; c1qb; c1qc). this complex is arranged in nine subunits (six disulfide-linked dimers of a and b, and three disulfide-linked homodimers of c). c1q has binding sites for antibodies (the heavy chain of immunoglobulin g or immunoglobulin m). the interaction of c1q and immunoglobulin activates the two proenzymes complement c1r and complement c1s, thus initiating the cascade of complement activation via the classical complement pathway
Complement C1r: a 80-kda subcomponent of complement c1, existing as a serine protease proenzyme in the intact complement c1 complex. when complement c1q is bound to antibodies, the changed tertiary structure causes autolytic activation of complement c1r which is cleaved into two chains, a (heavy) and b (light, the serine protease), connected by disulfide bonds. the activated c1r serine protease, in turn, activates complement c1s proenzyme by cleaving the arg426-ile427 bond. no fragment is released when either c1r or c1s is cleaved
Complement C1s: a 77-kda subcomponent of complement c1, encoded by gene c1s, is a serine protease existing as a proenzyme (homodimer) in the intact complement c1 complex. upon the binding of complement c1q to antibodies, the activated complement c1r cleaves c1s into two chains, a (heavy) and b (light, the serine protease), linked by disulfide bonds yielding the active c1s. the activated c1s, in turn, cleaves complement c2 and complement c4 to form c4b2a (classical c3 convertase)
Complement C2: a component of the classical complement pathway. c2 is cleaved by activated complement c1s into complement c2b and complement c2a. c2a, the cooh-terminal fragment containing a serine protease, combines with complement c4b to form c4b2a (classical pathway c3 convertase) and subsequent c4b2a3b (classical pathway c5 convertase)
Complement C2a: the cooh-terminal fragment of complement 2, released by the action of activated complement c1s. it is a serine protease. c2a combines with complement c4b to form c4b2a (classical pathway c3 convertase) and subsequent c4b2a3b (classical pathway c5 convertase)
Complement C2b: the n-terminal fragment of complement 2, released by the action of activated complement c1s
Complement C3: a glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of complement activation. c3 can be cleaved into complement c3a and complement c3b, spontaneously at low level or by c3 convertase at high level. the smaller fragment c3a is an anaphylatoxin and mediator of local inflammatory process. the larger fragment c3b binds with c3 convertase to form c5 convertase
Complement C3 Convertase, Alternative Pathway: a serine protease that is the complex of complement c3b and complement factor bb. it cleaves multiple complement c3 into complement c3a (anaphylatoxin) and complement c3b in the alternative complement activation pathway
Complement C3 Convertase, Classical Pathway: a serine protease that cleaves multiple complement 3 into complement 3a (anaphylatoxin) and complement 3b in the classical complement activation pathway. it is a complex of complement 4b and complement 2a (c4b2a)
Complement C3 Nephritic Factor: an igg autoantibody against the alternative pathway c3 convertase, found in serum of patients with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis. the binding of this autoantibody to c3bbb stabilizes the enzyme thus reduces the actions of c3b inactivators (complement factor h; complement factor i). this abnormally stabilized enzyme induces a continuous complement activation and generation of c3b thereby promoting the assembly of membrane attack complex and cytolysis
Complement C3-C5 Convertases: serine proteases that cleave complement c3 into complement c3a and complement c3b, or cleave complement c5 into complement c5a and complement c5b. these include the different forms of c3/c5 convertases in the classical and the alternative pathways of complement activation. both cleavages take place at the c-terminal of an arginine residue
Complement C3-C5 Convertases, Alternative Pathway: important enzymes in the alternative complement activation pathway. they cleave complement c3 and complement c5
Complement C3-C5 Convertases, Classical Pathway: important enzymes in the classical complement activation pathway. they cleave complement c3 and complement c5
Complement C3a: the smaller fragment generated from the cleavage of complement c3 by c3 convertase. c3a, a 77-amino acid peptide, is a mediator of local inflammatory process. it induces smooth muscle contraction, and histamine release from mast cells and leukocytes. c3a is considered an anaphylatoxin along with complement c4a; complement c5a; and complement c5a, des-arginine
Complement C3b: the larger fragment generated from the cleavage of complement c3 by c3 convertase. it is a constituent of the alternative pathway c3 convertase (c3bbb), and complement c5 convertases in both the classical (c4b2a3b) and the alternative (c3bbb3b) pathway. c3b participates in immune adherence reaction and enhances phagocytosis. it can be inactivated (ic3b) or cleaved by various proteases to yield fragments such as complement c3c; complement c3d; c3e; c3f; and c3g
Complement C3b Inactivator Proteins: endogenous proteins that inhibit or inactivate complement c3b. they include complement factor h and complement factor i (c3b/c4b inactivator). they cleave or promote the cleavage of c3b into inactive fragments, and thus are important in the down-regulation of complement activation and its cytolytic sequence
Complement C3c: a 206-amino-acid fragment in the alpha chain (672-1663) of c3b. it is generated when c3b is inactivated (ic3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by complement factor i into c3c (749-954), and c3dg (955-1303) in the presence complement factor h
Complement C3d: a 302-amino-acid fragment in the alpha chain (672-1663) of c3b. it is generated when c3b is inactivated (ic3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by complement factor i into c3c, and c3dg (955-1303) in the presence complement factor h. serum proteases further degrade c3dg into c3d (1002-1303) and c3g (955-1001)
Complement C4: a glycoprotein that is important in the activation of classical complement pathway. c4 is cleaved by the activated complement c1s into complement c4a and complement c4b
Complement C4a: the smaller fragment formed when complement c4 is cleaved by complement c1s. it is an anaphylatoxin that causes symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity (hypersensitivity, immediate) but its activity is weaker than that of complement c3a or complement c5a
Complement C4b: the large fragment formed when complement c4 is cleaved by complement c1s. the membrane-bound c4b binds complement c2a, a serine protease, to form c4b2a (classical pathway c3 convertase) and subsequent c4b2a3b (classical pathway c5 convertase)
Complement C4b-Binding Protein: a serum protein that regulates the classical complement activation pathway. it binds as a cofactor to complement factor i which then hydrolyzes the complement c4b in the classical pathway c3 convertase (c4bc2a)
Complement C5: c5 plays a central role in both the classical and the alternative pathway of complement activation. c5 is cleaved by c5 convertase into complement c5a and complement c5b. the smaller fragment c5a is an anaphylatoxin and mediator of inflammatory process. the major fragment c5b binds to the membrane initiating the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components, c5-c9, into the membrane attack complex
Complement C5 Convertase, Alternative Pathway: a serine protease that cleaves multiple complement c5 into complement c5a (anaphylatoxin) and complement c5b in the alternative complement activation pathway. it is the complex of alternative pathway c3 convertase (c3bbb) with an additional complement c3b, or c3bbb3b
Complement C5 Convertase, Classical Pathway: a serine protease that cleaves multiple complement 5 into complement 5a (anaphylatoxin) and complement 5b in the classical complement activation pathway. it is a complex of classical pathway c3 convertase (c4b2a) with an additional complement c3b, or c4b2a3b
Complement C5a: the minor fragment formed when c5 convertase cleaves c5 into c5a and complement c5b. c5a is a 74-amino-acid glycopeptide with a carboxy-terminal arginine that is crucial for its spasmogenic activity. of all the complement-derived anaphylatoxins, c5a is the most potent in mediating immediate hypersensitivity (hypersensitivity, immediate), smooth muscle contraction; histamine release; and migration of leukocytes to site of inflammation
Complement C5a, des-Arginine: a derivative of complement c5a, generated when the carboxy-terminal arginine is removed by carboxypeptidase b present in normal human serum. c5a des-arg shows complete loss of spasmogenic activity though it retains some chemotactic ability (chemoattractants)
Complement C5b: the larger fragment generated from the cleavage of c5 by c5 convertase that yields complement c5a and c5b (beta chain + alpha' chain, the residual alpha chain, bound by disulfide bond). c5b remains bound to the membrane and initiates the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components to form c5b-8-poly-c9, the membrane attack complex
Complement C6: a 105-kda serum glycoprotein with significant homology to the other late complement components, c7-c9. it is a polypeptide chain cross-linked by 32 disulfide bonds. c6 is the next complement component to bind to the membrane-bound complement c5b in the assembly of membrane attack complex. it is encoded by gene c6
Complement C7: a 93-kda serum glycoprotein encoded by c7 gene. it is a polypeptide chain with 28 disulfide bridges. in the formation of membrane attack complex; c7 is the next component to bind the c5b-6 complex forming a trimolecular complex c5b-7 which is lipophilic, resembles an integral membrane protein, and serves as an anchor for the late complement components, c8 and c9
Complement C8: a 150-kda serum glycoprotein composed of three subunits with each encoded by a different gene (c8a; c8b; and c8g). this heterotrimer contains a disulfide-linked c8alpha-c8gamma heterodimer and a noncovalently associated c8beta chain. c8 is the next component to bind the c5-7 complex forming c5b-8 that binds complement c9 and acts as a catalyst in the polymerization of c9
Complement C9: a 63-kda serum glycoprotein encoded by gene c9. monomeric c9 (mc9) binds the c5b-8 complex to form c5b-9 which catalyzes the polymerization of c9 forming c5b-p9 (membrane attack complex) and transmembrane channels leading to lysis of the target cell. patients with c9 deficiency suffer from recurrent bacterial infections
Complement Factor B: a glycine-rich, heat-labile serum glycoprotein that contains a component of the c3 convertase alternate pathway (c3bbb). bb, a serine protease, is generated when factor b is cleaved by complement factor d into ba and bb
Complement Factor D: a serum protein which is important in the alternative complement activation pathway. this enzyme cleaves the complement c3b-bound complement factor b to form c3bbb which is alternative pathway c3 convertase
Complement Factor H: an important soluble regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation (complement activation pathway, alternative). it is a 139-kda glycoprotein expressed by the liver and secreted into the blood. it binds to complement c3b and makes ic3b (inactivated complement 3b) susceptible to cleavage by complement factor i. complement factor h also inhibits the association of c3b with complement factor b to form the c3bb proenzyme, and promotes the dissociation of bb from the c3bbb complex (complement c3 convertase, alternative pathway)
Complement Factor H Deficiency: deficiencies in cfh can result in different phenotypes. affected individuals may be asymptomatic, or be susceptible to recurrent bacterial infections, and kidney diseases including renal failure. laboratory results usually show decreased serum levels of factor h, complement c3, and a decrease in other alternative complement pathway components and activation. shows phenotypic overlap with complement factor i deficiency (omim: 610984). both dominant and recessive inheritance has been reported for cfh deficiency. may be associated with mutations in the hf1 gene. omim: 609814
Complement Factor I: a plasma serine proteinase that cleaves the alpha-chains of c3b and c4b in the presence of the cofactors complement factor h and c4-binding protein, respectively. it is a 66-kda glycoprotein that converts c3b to inactivated c3b (ic3b) followed by the release of two fragments, c3c (150-kda) and c3dg (41-kda). it was formerly called kaf, c3binf, or enzyme 3b inactivator
Complement Fixation Tests: serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. if red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1
Complement Hemolytic Activity Assay: a screening assay for circulating complement proteins. diluted serum samples are added to antibody-coated erythrocytes and the percentage of cell lysis is measured. the values are expressed by the so called ch50, in hemolytic complement units per milliliter, which is the dilution of serum required to lyse 50 percent of the erythrocytes in the assay
Complement Inactivating Agents: compounds that negatively regulate the cascade process of complement activation. uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host
Complement Inactivator Proteins: serum proteins that negatively regulate the cascade process of complement activation. uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host. the complement system is tightly regulated by inactivators that accelerate the decay of intermediates and certain cell surface receptors
Complement Membrane Attack Complex: a product of complement activation cascade, regardless of the pathways, that forms transmembrane channels causing disruption of the target cell membrane and cell lysis. it is formed by the sequential assembly of terminal complement components (complement c5b; complement c6; complement c7; complement c8; and complement c9) into the target membrane. the resultant c5b-8-poly-c9 is the membrane attack complex or mac
Complement Pathway, Alternative: complement activation initiated by the interaction of microbial antigens with complement c3b. when complement factor b binds to the membrane-bound c3b, complement factor d cleaves it to form alternative c3 convertase (c3bbb) which, stabilized by complement factor p, is able to cleave multiple complement c3 to form alternative c5 convertase (c3bbb3b) leading to cleavage of complement c5 and the assembly of complement membrane attack complex
Complement Pathway, Classical: complement activation initiated by the binding of complement c1 to antigen-antibody complexes at the complement c1q subunit. this leads to the sequential activation of complement c1r and complement c1s subunits. activated c1s cleaves complement c4 and complement c2 forming the membrane-bound classical c3 convertase (c4b2a) and the subsequent c5 convertase (c4b2a3b) leading to cleavage of complement c5 and the assembly of complement membrane attack complex
Complement Pathway, Mannose-Binding Lectin: complement activation triggered by the interaction of microbial polysaccharides with serum mannose-binding lectin resulting in the activation of mannose-binding protein-associated serine proteases. as in the classical pathway, masps cleave complement c4 and complement c2 to form c3 convertase (c4b2a) and the subsequent c5 convertase (c4b2a3b) leading to cleavage of complement c5 and assembly of complement membrane attack complex
Complement System Proteins: serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of complement activation that creates the complement membrane attack complex. included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (classical complement pathway; alternative complement pathway; and lectin complement pathway)
Complement component 5 deficiency: dysfunction of complement 5 due to homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the c5 gene and characterized by seborrheic dermatitis, intractable diarrhea, gram-negative bacterial infections, and severe wasting. omim: 609536
Complementarity Determining Regions: three regions (cdr1; cdr2 and cdr3) of amino acid sequence in the immunoglobulin variable region that are highly divergent. together the cdrs from the light and heavy immunoglobulin chains form a surface that is complementary to the antigen. these regions are also present in other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, for example, t-cell receptors (receptors, antigen, t-cell)
Complementary Therapies: therapeutic practices which are not currently considered an integral part of conventional allopathic medical practice. they may lack biomedical explanations but as they become better researched some (physical therapy modalities; diet; acupuncture) become widely accepted whereas others (humors, radium therapy) quietly fade away, yet are important historical footnotes. therapies are termed as complementary when used in addition to conventional treatments and as alternative when used instead of conventional treatment
Complete atrioventricular septal defect: a large hole in center of the heart, where all four chambers would normally be divided
Complex Mixtures: mixtures of many components in inexact proportions, usually natural, such as plant extracts; venoms; and manure. these are distinguished from drug combinations which have only a few components in definite proportions
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes: conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, hyperesthesia, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. the pain is usually associated with erythema; skin temperature changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. the degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. two subtypes of this condition have been described: type i; (reflex sympathetic dystrophy) and type ii; (causalgia). (from pain 1995 oct;63(1):127-33)
Compliance: distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure
Complicity: association with or participation in an act that is, or is perceived to be, criminal or immoral. one is complicitous when one promotes or unduly benefits from practices or institutions that are morally or legally suspect
Compomers: composite materials composed of an ion-leachable glass embedded in a polymeric matrix. they differ from glass ionomer cements in that partially silanized glass particles are used to provide a direct bond to the resin matrix and the matrix is primarily formed by a light-activated, radical polymerization reaction
Composite Dental Resin: urethane-dimethacrylate resin system; use specific scr's for specific proprietary formulations
Composite Lymphoma: two or more distinct types of malignant lymphoid tumors occurring within a single organ or tissue at the same time. it may contain different types of non-hodgkin lymphoma cells or both hodgkin and non-hodgkin lymphoma cells
Composite Resins: synthetic resins, containing an inert filler, that are widely used in dentistry
Composite Tissue Allografts: a graft consisting of multiple tissues, such as muscle, bone, nerve, vasculature, and skin, comprising a functional unit for reconstructive purposes
Composting: a process of waste disposal involving the conversion of green waste (i.e. leaves, organic matter, food waste, manure) into soil-enhancing matter
Compound Eye, Arthropod: light sensory organ in arthropods consisting of a large number of ommatidia, each functioning as an independent photoreceptor unit
Comprehension: the act or fact of grasping the meaning, nature, or importance of; understanding. (american heritage dictionary, 4th ed) includes understanding by a patient or research subject of information disclosed orally or in writing
Comprehensive Dental Care: providing for the full range of dental health services for diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, and rehabilitation of patients
Comprehensive Health Care: providing for the full range of personal health services for diagnosis, treatment, follow-up and rehabilitation of patients
Comprehensive Metabolic Panel: a series of blood tests on one panel that measure the body's chemical balance and metabolism
Compression Algorithms: a class of algorithms which both reduces and restores the size of files to increase their portability. compression algorithms can be lossy or lossless
Compression Bandages: strips of elastic material used to apply pressure to body parts to control edema and aid circulation
Compressive Strength: the maximum compression a material can withstand without failure. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 5th ed, p427)
Compulsive Behavior: the behavior of performing an act persistently and repetitively without it leading to reward or pleasure. the act is usually a small, circumscribed behavior, almost ritualistic, yet not pathologically disturbing. examples of compulsive behavior include twirling of hair, checking something constantly, not wanting pennies in change, straightening tilted pictures, etc
Compulsive Exercise: obsessive, excessive unhealthy levels of activity performed on a regular basis that overrides social activities and basic responsibilities and leads to anxiety when circumstances prevent exercise
Compulsive Personality Disorder: disorder characterized by an emotionally constricted manner that is unduly conventional, serious, formal, and stingy, by preoccupation with trivial details, rules, order, organization, schedules, and lists, by stubborn insistence on having things one's own way without regard for the effects on others, by poor interpersonal relationships, and by indecisiveness due to fear of making mistakes