NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Medical Chaperones: individuals who are present as a third party during medical encounters such as physical examination by a healthcare professional of an individual of the opposite sex
Medical Countermeasures: regulated products (biologics, drugs, devices) that may be used in the event of a potential public health emergency stemming from a terrorist attack with a biological, chemical, or radiological/nuclear material, or a naturally occurring emerging disease
Medical Debt: debt related to, in whole or in part, transactions, accounts, or balances arising from the receipt of medical services, products, or devices
Medical Device Recalls: removal of a medical device from the market due to a problem occurring in the manufacture or distribution of the product
Medical Errors: errors or mistakes committed by health professionals which result in harm to the patient. they include errors in diagnosis (diagnostic errors), errors in the administration of drugs and other medications (medication errors), errors in the performance of surgical procedures, in the use of other types of therapy, in the use of equipment, and in the interpretation of laboratory findings. medical errors are differentiated from malpractice in that the former are regarded as honest mistakes or accidents while the latter is the result of negligence, reprehensible ignorance, or criminal intent
Medical Futility: the absence of a useful purpose or useful result in a diagnostic procedure or therapeutic intervention. the situation of a patient whose condition will not be improved by treatment or instances in which treatment preserves permanent unconsciousness or cannot end dependence on intensive medical care. (from ann intern med 1990 jun 15;112(12):949)
Medical Identity Theft: unauthorized access to personal information to obtain medical care or drugs, or to submit fraudulent billing for services. (from https://oig.hhs.gov/fraud/medical-id-theft/index.asp)
Medical Illustration: the field which deals with illustrative clarification of biomedical concepts, as in the use of diagrams and drawings. the illustration may be produced by hand, photography, computer, or other electronic or mechanical methods
Medical Indigency: the condition in which individuals are financially unable to access adequate medical care without depriving themselves and their dependents of food, clothing, shelter, and other essentials of living
Medical Informatics: the field of information science concerned with the analysis and dissemination of medical data through the application of computers to various aspects of health care and medicine
Medical Informatics Applications: automated systems applied to the patient care process including diagnosis, therapy, and systems of communicating medical data within the health care setting
Medical Informatics Computing: precise procedural mathematical and logical operations utilized in the study of medical information pertaining to health care
Medical Interpreting: the facilitation of verbal communication to assist in the healthcare process, by converting a message in one language to the same message in another language
Medical Laboratory Personnel: health care professionals, technicians, and assistants staffing laboratories in research or health care facilities
Medical Laboratory Science: the specialty related to the performance of techniques in clinical pathology such as those in hematology, microbiology, and other general clinical laboratory applications
Medical Marijuana: product of the cannabis plant, cannabinoids, or synthetic derivatives thereof, used in the treatment of a wide range of clinical symptoms
Medical Missions: travel by a group for the purpose of undertaking a health-care related project of short-term duration
Medical Neglect: failure to seek timely and appropriate care or allow such care for medical, dental or psychological needs by family members, legal guardian and other caregivers. negligence by professionals is professional negligence
Medical Oncology: a subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of neoplasms
Medical Order Entry Systems: information systems, usually computer-assisted, that enable providers to initiate medical procedures, prescribe medications, etc. these systems support medical decision-making and error-reduction during patient care
Medical Record Administrators: individuals professionally qualified in the management of patients' records. duties may include planning, designing, and managing systems for patient administrative and clinical data, as well as patient medical records. the concept includes medical record technicians
Medical Record Linkage: the creation and maintenance of medical and vital records in multiple institutions in a manner that will facilitate the combined use of the records of identified individuals
Medical Records Department, Hospital: hospital department responsible for the creating, care, storage and retrieval of medical records. it also provides statistical information for the medical and administrative staff
Medical Records Systems, Computerized: computer-based systems for input, storage, display, retrieval, and printing of information contained in a patient's medical record
Medical Records, Problem-Oriented: a system of record keeping in which a list of the patient's problems is made and all history, physical findings, laboratory data, etc. pertinent to each problem are placed under that heading
Medical Savings Accounts: tax-exempt trusts or custodial accounts established by individuals with financial institutions for saving money for future medical expenses
Medical Staff Privileges: those rights or activities which are specific to members of the institution's medical staff, including the right to admit private patients
Medical Subject Headings: controlled vocabulary thesaurus produced by the national library of medicine. it consists of sets of terms naming descriptors in a hierarchical structure that permits searching at various levels of specificity
Medical Waste: blood, mucus, tissue removed at surgery or autopsy, soiled surgical dressings, and other materials requiring special disposal procedures
Medical Waste Disposal: management, removal, and elimination of biologic, infectious, pathologic, and dental waste. the concept includes blood, mucus, tissue removed at surgery or autopsy, soiled surgical dressings, and other materials requiring special control and handling. disposal may take place where the waste is generated or elsewhere
Medical Writing: the practice of writing usually by a skilled or specialized writer focused on the reporting or dissemination of medical information for a target audience
Medical-Surgical Nursing: the area of nursing concerned with the needs and care of adult medical and surgical patients
Medicalization: the process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined as medical conditions, and so become the subject of medical study, diagnosis, prevention, or treatment. this may result in health, medical, economic, sociological, and ethical issues
Medically Underserved Area: a geographic location which has insufficient health resources (manpower and/or facilities) to meet the medical needs of the resident population
Medically Unexplained Symptoms: persistent health symptoms which remain unexplained after a complete medical evaluation. a cluster of symptoms that consistently appear together but without a known cause are referred to as a medically unexplained syndrome (mus)
Medically Uninsured: individuals or groups with no or inadequate health insurance coverage. those falling into this category usually comprise three primary groups: the medically indigent (medical indigency); those whose clinical condition makes them medically uninsurable; and the working uninsured
Medicare: federal program, created by public law 89-97, title xviii-health insurance for the aged, a 1965 amendment to the social security act, that provides health insurance benefits to persons over the age of 65 and others eligible for social security benefits. it consists of two separate but coordinated programs: hospital insurance (medicare part a) and supplementary medical insurance (medicare part b). (hospital administration terminology, aha, 2d ed and a discursive dictionary of health care, us house of representatives, 1976)
Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015: an act that amends title xviii of the social security act to repeal the medicare sustainable growth rate, that strengthens medicare access by improving physician payments, and that reauthorizes the children's health insurance program (chip)
Medicare Assignment: concept referring to the standardized fees for services rendered by health care providers, e.g., laboratories and physicians, and reimbursement for those services under medicare part b. it includes acceptance by the physician
Medicare Part A: the compulsory portion of medicare that is known as the hospital insurance program. all persons 65 years and older who are entitled to benefits under the old age, survivors, disability and health insurance program or railroad retirement, persons under the age of 65 who have been eligible for disability for more than two years, and insured workers (and their dependents) requiring renal dialysis or kidney transplantation are automatically enrolled in medicare part a
Medicare Part B: the voluntary portion of medicare, known as the supplementary medical insurance (smi) program, that includes physician's services, home health care, medical services, outpatient hospital services, and laboratory, pathology, and radiology services. all persons entitled to medicare part a may enroll in medicare part b on a monthly premium basis
Medicare Part C: the balanced budget act (bba) of 1997 establishes a medicare+choice program under part c of title xviii, section 4001, of the social security act. under this program, an eligible individual may elect to receive medicare benefits through enrollment in a medicare+choice plan. beneficiaries may choose to use private pay options, establish medical savings accounts, use managed care plans, or join provider-sponsored plans
Medicare Part D: a stand-alone drug plan offered by insurers and other private companies to beneficiaries that receive their medicare part a and/or b benefits through the original medicare plan. it includes medicare private fee-for-service plans that do not offer prescription drug coverage and medicare cost plans offering medicare prescription drug coverage. the plan was enacted as the medicare prescription drug, improvement and modernization act of 2003 with coverage beginning january 1, 2006
Medicare Payment Advisory Commission: the commission was created by the balanced budget act of 1997 under title xviii. it is specifically charged to review the effect of medicare+choice under medicare part c and to review payment policies under parts a and b. it is also generally charged to evaluate the effect of prospective payment policies and their impact on health care delivery in the us. the former prospective payment assessment commission (propac) and the physician payment review commission (pprc) were merged to form medpac
Medication Adherence: voluntary cooperation of the patient in taking drugs or medicine as prescribed. this includes timing, dosage, and frequency
Medication Errors: errors in prescribing, dispensing, or administering medication with the result that the patient fails to receive the correct drug or the indicated proper drug dosage
Medication Reconciliation: the formal process of obtaining a complete and accurate list of each patient's current home medications including name, dosage, frequency, and route of administration, and comparing admission, transfer, and/or discharge medication orders to that list. the reconciliation is done to avoid medication errors
Medication Review: a structured evaluation of a patient's medicines with the aim of optimizing medicines use and improving health outcomes, detecting drug related problems and recommending interventions
Medication Systems, Hospital: overall systems, traditional or automated, to provide medication to patients in hospitals. elements of the system are: handling the physician's order, transcription of the order by nurse and/or pharmacist, filling the medication order, transfer to the nursing unit, and administration to the patient
Medication Therapy Management: assistance in managing and monitoring drug therapy for patients receiving treatment for cancer or chronic conditions such as asthma and diabetes, consulting with patients and their families on the proper use of medication; conducting wellness and disease prevention programs to improve public health; overseeing medication use in a variety of settings
Medicine: the art and science of studying, performing research on, preventing, diagnosing, and treating disease, as well as the maintenance of health
Medicine Chests: boxes in which physicians kept their drugs and other medications, medical instruments and supplies, manuals, etc. as a carrying case or convenient storage receptacle, or a kind of portable pharmacy, the medicine chest was indispensable to the itinerant physician. the chest was usually larger and sturdier than a doctor's kit or bag
Medicine in Literature: written or other literary works whose subject matter is medical or about the profession of medicine and related areas
Medicine in the Arts: depiction of medical issues or themes via the arts including visual, oral, or written forms of expression
Medicine, African Traditional: a system of traditional medicine which is based on the beliefs and practices of the african peoples. it includes treatment by medicinal plants and other materia medica as well as by the ministrations of diviners, medicine men, witch doctors, and sorcerers
Medicine, Ayurvedic: the traditional medicine which is based on customs, beliefs, and practices in the subcontinent of india
Medicine, Chinese Traditional: a system of traditional medicine which is based on the beliefs and practices of the chinese culture
Medicine, East Asian Traditional: medical practice or discipline that is based on the knowledge, cultures, and beliefs of the people in east asia
Medicine, Kampo: system of herbal medicine practiced in japan by both herbalists and practitioners of modern medicine. kampo originated in china and is based on chinese herbal medicine (medicine, chinese traditional)
Medicine, Korean Traditional: medical practice or discipline that is based on the knowledge, cultures, and beliefs of the people of korea
Medicine, Mongolian Traditional: medical practice indigenous to the peoples of mongolia, developed over many years according to their culture, beliefs, and traditions
Medicine, Thai Traditional: a system of traditional medicine which is based on the beliefs and practices of the thai culture
Medicine, Tibetan Traditional: a system of traditional medicine which is based on the beliefs and practices of the tibetan culture
Medicine, Traditional: systems of medicine based on cultural beliefs and practices handed down from generation to generation. the concept includes mystical and magical rituals (spiritual therapies); phytotherapy; and other treatments which may not be explained by modern medicine
Medicine, Unani: a modified greco-arabic medical system. it reflects arabic medicine blending with greek philosophy, science, and medicine
Medigoxin: a semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of digoxin but more rapid onset of action. its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to digoxin in the liver. it has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (heart failure)
Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus: the largest of the medial nuclei of the thalamus. it makes extensive connections with most of the other thalamic nuclei
Meditation: a state of consciousness in which the individual eliminates environmental stimuli from awareness so that the mind can focus on a single thing, producing a state of relaxation and relief from stress. a wide variety of techniques are used to clear the mind of stressful outside interferences. it includes meditation therapy. (mosby's medical, nursing, and allied health dictionary, 4th ed)
Mediterranea: a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria in the phylum bacteroidetes and family bacteroidaceae. this genus includes the type species mediterranea massiliensis, which resides in the human colon
Mediterranea: rod gramnegativních, anaerobních bakterií kmene bacteroidetes, čeledi bacteroidaceae. typovým druhem je mediterranea massiliensis, který žije v lidském tlustém střevě
Mediterranean Islands: islands in the mediterranean sea. the chief islands are the balearic islands, corsica, crete, cyprus, the cyclades, dodecanese and ionian islands, malta, sardinia and sicily
Mediterranean Sea: an inland sea enclosed by europe on the west and north, by asia on the east, and africa on the south
Medium Spiny Neurons: medium sized, inhibitory gabaergic neurons in the corpus striatum with highly developed dendritic trees. they are divided into neurons expressing dopamine d1 receptors which project preferentially to the substantia nigra pars reticulata and neurons expressing dopamine d2 receptors which project preferentially to the lateral part of the globus pallidus. medium spiny neurons are preferentially lost in huntington disease
Medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: an inherited deficiency of medium-chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase that is characterized by intolerance to prolonged fasting, recurrent episodes of hypoglycemic coma; medium-chain dicarboxylic aciduria, impaired ketogenesis, and low plasma and tissue carnitine levels. the disorder may be severe, and even fatal, in young patients. germline mutations have been identified in the acadm gene. omim: 201450
MedlinePlus: national library of medicine service for health professionals and consumers. it links extensive information from the national institutes of health and other reviewed sources of information on specific diseases and conditions
Medrogestone: 6,17-dimethylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione. a synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone. it is used in the treatment of menstrual irregularities and has also been employed in the treatment of prostatic hypertrophy and endometrial carcinoma
Medroxyprogesterone: a synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate: a synthetic progestin that is derived from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. it is a long-acting contraceptive that is effective both orally or by intramuscular injection and has also been used to treat breast and endometrial neoplasms
Medulla Oblongata: the lower portion of the brain stem. it is inferior to the pons and anterior to the cerebellum. medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities
Medullary Sponge Kidney: a non-hereditary kidney disorder characterized by the abnormally dilated (ectasia) medullary and inner papillary portions of the collecting ducts. these collecting ducts usually contain cysts or diverticula filled with jelly-like material or small calculi (kidney stones) leading to infections or obstruction. it should be distinguished from congenital or hereditary polycystic kidney diseases
Medulloblastoma: a malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see neuroectodermal tumor, primitive). the tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (from devita et al., cancer: principles and practice of oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)
Meesmannova rohovková dystrofie juvenilní epiteliální: autozomálně dominantní forma rohovkové dystrofie vyvolaná defektem tvorby keratinu specifického pro rohovku. souvisí s mutacemi genů pro keratin 3 a keratin 12
Meeting Abstract: individual abstracts of presentations at meetings, congresses, conferences, symposia, colloquia, seminars, workshops, round tables, and other professional gatherings
Mefenamic Acid: a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. it is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase
Mefloquine: a phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (antimalarials). it is very effective against plasmodium falciparum with very few side effects
Mefruside: a benzene-sulfonamide-furan. it is used as a diuretic that affects the concentrating ability of the kidney, increases sodium chloride excretion, but may not spare potassium. it inhibits carbonic anhydrases and may increase the blood uric acid level
Megabond self-etching primer: contains mdp, hema, polyfunctional dimethacrylates
Megacins: bacteriocins elaborated by mutant strains of bacillus megaterium. they are protein or protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes lethal to other strains of the same species
Megacolon: dilatation of the colon, often to alarming dimensions. there are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in hirschsprung disease, idiopathic megacolon in constipation, and toxic megacolon
Megacolon, Toxic: an acute form of megacolon, severe pathological dilatation of the colon. it is associated with clinical conditions such as ulcerative colitis; crohn disease; amebic dysentery; or clostridium enterocolitis
Megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome: an rare inherited (autosomal dominant) intestinal pseudo-obstruction characterized by impaired function of enteric smooth muscle myocytes resulting in abnormal intestinal mobility, severe abdominal pain, malnutrition, and potentially death. the most severe cases exhibit prenatal bladder enlargement, intestinal malrotation, and neonatal functional gastrointestinal obstruction. mutations in the actg2 gene have been identifed. omim: 155310
Megakaryocyte Progenitor Cells: the parent cells that give rise to cells in the megakaryocyte lineage, and ultimately blood platelets
Megakaryocyte-Erythroid Progenitor Cells: the parent cells that give rise to both cells of the megakaryocyte and the erythrocyte lineages
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts: a heriditary autosomal recessive leukodystrophy characterized by early-onset megalencephaly and delayed-onset neurologic deterioration, including cerebellar ataxia; muscle spasticity; epilepsy, and mild dementia. mutations in the mlc1 gene have been identified. omim: 604004
Megalencephaly: a congenital abnormality in which the occipitofrontal circumference is greater than two standard deviations above the mean for a given age. it is associated with hydrocephalus; subdural effusion; arachnoid cysts; or is part of a genetic condition (e.g., alexander disease; sotos syndrome)
Megaloblasts: red blood cell precursors, corresponding to erythroblasts, that are larger than normal, usually resulting from a folic acid deficiency or vitamin b 12 deficiency
Megalocornea: a hereditary x-linked eye disorder in which the corneal diameter is bilaterally enlarged (greater than 13 mm) without an increase in intraocular pressure. it is associated with mutations in the chrdl1 gene. omim: 309300
Megalodactyly: a congenital abnormality where affected individuals have one or two extremely enlarged fingers. may be associated with proteus syndrome (omim: 176920) and there is no evidence for familial inheritance. omim: 155500
Megarbane syndrome: short stature, abnormal face, joint laxity, hernias, delayed bone age, and severe psychomotor retardation
Megasphaera: a genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family acidaminococcaceae, found in the rumen of sheep and cattle, and also in humans
Megasphaera: rod gramnegativních bakterií čeledi acidaminococcaceae, které žijí v bachoru ovcí a skotu a také v tělních dutinách člověka
Megasphaera elsdenii: a species of megasphaera that occurs primarily in the rumen and is able to metabolize lactic acid
Megasphaera elsdenii: druh bakterie rodu megasphaera, která se primárně vyskytuje v bachoru zvířat a dokáže metabolizovat kyselinu mléčnou
Megestrol: a progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. as the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. it has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer
Megestrol Acetate: megestrol acetate is a progestogen with actions and uses similar to those of the progestogens in general. it also has anti-androgenic properties. it is given by mouth in the palliative treatment or as an adjunct to other therapy in endometrial carcinoma and in breast cancer. megestrol acetate has been approved to treat anorexia and cachexia. (from reynolds jef(ed): martindale: the extra pharmacopoeia (electronic version). micromedex, inc, englewood, co, 1995)
Meglumine: 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-d-glucitol. a derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium
Meglumine Antimoniate: antimony salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of leishmaniasis
Meglutol: an antilipemic agent which lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, serum beta-lipoproteins and phospholipids. it acts by interfering with the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of acetate to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme a as well as inhibiting the activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl coa reductases which is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol
Mehes syndrome: delayed speech development, facial asymmetry, strabismus, and transverse ear lobe creases
Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: a chronic dysfunction of meibomian glands characterized by altered tear film stability and function due to a decrease or alteration in lipid quality/content in meibum. it is often associated with evaporative-type dry eye syndrome
Meibomian Glands: the sebaceous glands situated on the inner surface of the eyelids between the tarsal plates and conjunctiva
Meier-Gorlin syndrome: a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, microcephaly, bilateral microtia, and aplasia or hypoplasia of the patellae. dwarfism is the most common feature and the others occur with less frequency; affected individuals usually have normal intellect. mutations in the orc1 gene have been identified. omim: 601902
Meige Syndrome: a syndrome characterized by orofacial dystonia; including blepharospasm; forceful jaw opening; lip retraction; platysma muscle spasm; and tongue protrusion. it primarily affects older adults, with an incidence peak in the seventh decade of life. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p108)
Meigeho syndrom: syndrom projevující se orofaciální dystonií, zahrnuje blefarospazmus, silné otevření čelistí, zatahování rtů, křeč platysmy a vysouvání jazyka. primárně postihuje starší dospělé, s výskytem vrcholu v sedmém desetiletí života
Meigs Syndrome: the triad of benign fibroma or other ovarian tumors with ascites, and hydrothorax due to large pleural effusions
Meigsův syndrom: benigní tumor ovaria (nejč. fibrom) provázený ascitem a hydrothoraxem, obv. pravostranným. po odstranění tumoru obv. vymizí i výpotky. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2016 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Meiosis: a type of cell nucleus division, occurring during maturation of the germ cells. two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (s phase) result in daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cells
Meiotic Prophase I: the prophase of the first division of meiosis (in which homologous chromosome segregation occurs). it is divided into five stages: leptonema, zygonema, pachynema, diplonema, and diakinesis
Mekong Valley: the geographic area of the mekong valley in general or when the specific country or countries are not indicated
Melaleuca: a plant genus of the family myrtaceae. m. alternifolia foliage is a source of tea tree oil. the common name of tea tree also refers to leptospermum or kunzea. m. vindifolia is a source of niaouli oil. m. cajuputi and m. leucadendra are sources of cajuput oil
Melaleuca: rod rostlin čeledi myrtaceae. melaleuca alternifolia poskytuje čajovníkový olej (tea tree oil). z listů a větviček m. vindifolia se získává niaouliový olej, z druhů m. cajuputi a m. leucadendra kajeputový olej
Melanesia: the collective name for the islands of the pacific ocean northeast of australia, including new caledonia; vanuatu; new hebrides, solomon islands, admiralty islands, bismarck archipelago and fiji (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p748)
Melanins: insoluble polymers of tyrosine derivatives found in and causing darkness in skin (skin pigmentation), hair, and feathers providing protection against sunburn induced by sunlight. carotenes contribute yellow and red coloration
Melanocortins: peptides derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (pomc) which can stimulate melanocytes or corticotrophs. melanocortins include acth; alpha-msh; and other peptides such as beta-msh and gamma-msh, derived from other fragments of pomc. these peptides act through a variety of melanocortin receptors to control different functions including steroidogenesis, energy homeostasis, feeding, and skin pigmentation
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones: peptides with the ability to stimulate pigmented cells melanocytes in mammals and melanophores in lower vertebrates. by stimulating the synthesis and distribution of melanin in these pigmented cells, they increase coloration of skin and other tissue. mshs, derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (pomc), are produced by melanotrophs in the intermediate lobe of pituitary; corticotrophs in the anterior lobe of pituitary, and the hypothalamic neurons in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus
Melanocytes: mammalian pigment cells that produce melanins, pigments found mainly in the epidermis, but also in the eyes and the hair, by a process called melanogenesis. coloration can be altered by the number of melanocytes or the amount of pigment produced and stored in the organelles called melanosomes. the large non-mammalian melanin-containing cells are called melanophores
Melanocytic nevus syndrome, congenital: pigmented nevi present from birth that usually include one or more giant lesions greater than 20 cm and up to over 60 cm in diameter that mar or may not be hairy; individuals with very large nevi are at higher risk for developing melanoma. numerous smaller nevi may also occur over most of the body. associated with mutations in the nras gene. omim: 137550
Melanogenesis: the biosynthesis of melanins in insects and higher animals. the key chemical step of melanogenesis is the initial conversion of tyrosine to dopaquinone by tyrosinase, distinguishing melanogenesis from pathways for melanin synthesis in plants. melanogenesis is complex process involving several stages from the formation of melanocytes during embryonic development to the synthesis of melanins in the melanosomes and their distribution via transport of the melanosomes to surrounding keratinocytes
Melanoma: a malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. it occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. the incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (stedman, 25th ed; from rook et al., textbook of dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)
Melanoma astrocytoma syndrome: familial proneness to melanoma and nervous system tumors
Melanoma, Amelanotic: an unpigmented malignant melanoma. it is an anaplastic melanoma consisting of cells derived from melanoblasts but not forming melanin. (dorland, 27th ed; stedman, 25th ed)
Melanoma, Cutaneous Malignant: a primary melanoma that originates from atypical skin melanocytes, especially from acquired and congenital melanocytic nevi, and dysplastic nevi
Melanoma, Experimental: experimentally induced tumor that produces melanin in animals to provide a model for studying human melanoma
Melanophores: chromatophores (large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates) which contain melanin. short term color changes are brought about by an active redistribution of the melanophores pigment containing organelles (melanosomes). mammals do not have melanophores; however they have retained smaller pigment cells known as melanocytes
Melanotrophs: neuroendocrine cells in the intermediate lobe of pituitary. they produce melanocyte stimulating hormones and other peptides from the post-translational processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (pomc)
Melanthiaceae: a family in the order liliales, of bulbous or rhizomatous woodland and alpine perennial herbs
Melanésie: část oceánie na jihozápadě tichého oceánu, severně a severovýchodně od austrálie. součástí melanésie jsou následující ostrovy a skupiny ostrovů: bismarckovo souostroví, fidži, nová kaledonie, nová guinea, moluky, šalomounovo souostroví, ostrovy torresova průlivu, vanuatu. za součást melanésie také bývají považovány: flores, nauru, sumba, timor, tonga. i další ostrovy na západ nové guiney, jako například halmahera, alor a pantar, se někdy považují za součást melanésie. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Melarsoprol: arsenical used in trypanosomiases. it may cause fatal encephalopathy and other undesirable side effects
Melastomataceae: a plant family of the order myrtales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida composed of tropical plants with parallel-nerved leaves
Melastomataceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu myrtales (myrtotvaré), podtřídy rosidae, třídy rosopsida. jsou to dřeviny i byliny s jednoduchými vstřícnými listy s charakteristickou žilnatinou. čeleď je rozšířena v tropech celého světa. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Melatonin: a biogenic amine that is found in animals and plants. in mammals, melatonin is produced by the pineal gland. its secretion increases in darkness and decreases during exposure to light. melatonin is implicated in the regulation of sleep, mood, and reproduction. melatonin is also an effective antioxidant
Melena: the black, tarry, foul-smelling feces that contain degraded blood
Melengestrol Acetate: a 6-methyl progesterone acetate with reported glucocorticoid activity and effect on estrus
Melia: a plant genus of the family meliaceae. members contain meliavolkinin, melianin c and limonoids
Melia: rod rostlin čeledi meliaceae (zederachovité), jehož zástupci obsahují meliavolkinin, melianin c a limonoidy
Melia azedarach: a plant species of the genus melia, family meliaceae, which is toxic to insects. the name is very similar to melia azadirachta (azadirachta)
Melia azedarach: druh rostlin rodu melia, čeledi meliaceae (zederachovité), který obsahuje insekticidní a fungicidní sloučeniny
Meliaceae: the mahogany plant family of the order sapindales, subclass rosidae, class magnoliopsida
Meliaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu sapindales (mýdelníkotvaré), podtřídy rosidae, třídy rosopsida. převážně stálezelené, zřídka opadavé stromy, keře nebo dokonce byliny. mnohé stromy poskytují ceněné dřevo známé pod názvem mahagon. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Melibiose: a disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage
Melilotus: a plant genus of the family fabaceae. molded yellow sweet clover hay, in which the coumarin of sweet clover is converted to dicoumarol, is the causative agent of a hemorrhagic disorder in cattle - hemorrhagic sweet clover disease and featured in the history of anticoagulant drug development
Melilotus: rod rostlin čeledi fabaceae. v plesnivé, špatně skladované sušené píci se mění kumarin na toxický dikumarol, který může způsobit zvýšené krvácení u postižených zvířat. dikumarolové deriváty byly postupně zavedeny do lékařské praxe jako antikoagulancia
Melinis repens: druh trávy čeledi poaceae, dříve označovaný jako rhynchelytrum repens. vytrvalá bylina pocházející z jižní afriky. v lidovém lékařství se používá pro léčbu cukrovky. probíhá výzkum jejích hypoglykemických vlastností
Melinis repens: formerly known as rhynchelytrum repens, a member of the perennial grass family native to south africa, widely distributed and known by different common names. it is used as a diabetes cure in folk medicine and actively studied for its hypoglycemic properties
Meliodent: an autopolymerizing polymer based on methylmethacrylate
Melioidosis: a disease of humans and animals that resembles glanders. it is caused by burkholderia pseudomallei and may range from a dormant infection to a condition that causes multiple abscesses, pneumonia and bacteremia
Melissa: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae. the common names of beebalm or lemonbalm are also used for monarda
Melitten: basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (apis mellifera). it contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes
Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome: an idiopathic syndrome characterized by one or more of the following; recurrent orofacial swelling, relapsing facial paralysis, and fissured tongue (lingua plicata). the onset is usually in childhood and relapses are common. cheilitis granulomatosa is a monosymptomatic variant of this condition. (dermatol clin 1996 apr;14(2):371-9; magalini & magalini, dictionary of medical syndromes, 4th ed, p531)
Melkerssonův-Rosenthalův syndrom: syndrom zahrnující parézu lícního nervu, cheilitis granulomatosa a lingua plicata. nemusí být vždy plně vyjádřen, vzácněji mohou být postiženy i jiné hlavové nervy. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Melopsittacus: a genus, commonly called budgerigars, in the family psittacidae. in the united states they are considered one of the five species of parakeets
Melopsittacus: rod čeledi psittacidae (papouškovití), původem z austrálie
Melorheostosis: a form of osteosclerosis extending in a linear track mainly through one of the long bones of the upper and lower limbs
Meloxicam: a benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a nsaid and cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) inhibitor. it is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; osteoarthritis; and ankylosing spondylitis
Melphalan: an alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - melphalan, the racemic mixture - merphalan, and the dextro isomer - medphalan; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen
Memantine: amantadine derivative that has some dopaminergic effects. it has been proposed as an antiparkinson agent
Membrane Cofactor Protein: a ubiquitously expressed complement receptor that binds complement c3b and complement c4b and serves as a co-factor for their inactivation by complement factor i. it also interacts with a wide variety of pathogens and mediates the immune response
Membrane Fluidity: the motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholipids present, their fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains, the cholesterol concentration, and temperature
Membrane Fusion: the adherence and merging of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artificial membranes to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes
Membrane Lipids: lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. these lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation
Membrane Microdomains: detergent-insoluble cell membrane components. they are enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol and clustered with glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchored proteins
Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial: the voltage difference, normally maintained at approximately -180mv, across the inner mitochondrial membrane, by a net movement of positive charge across the membrane. it is a major component of the proton motive force in mitochondria used to drive the synthesis of atp
Membrane Potentials: the voltage differences across a membrane. for cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. they result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or organelles membranes. for excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization)
Membrane Proteins: proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. they consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. they include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors
Membrane Transport Modulators: agents that affect ion pumps; ion channels; abc transporters; and other membrane transport proteins
Membrane Transport Proteins: membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (biological transport, active), facilitated transport and ion channels
Membranes: thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures
Membranes, Artificial: artificially produced membranes, such as semipermeable membranes used in artificial kidney dialysis (renal dialysis), monomolecular and bimolecular membranes used as models to simulate biological cell membranes. these membranes are also used in the process of guided tissue regeneration
Memory: complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory
Memory B Cells: a subset of activated b cells generated in response to primary immune challenge or immunization which are capable of giving rise to antibody-secreting cells upon re-challenge (see immunologic memory). memory b cells feature many discrete properties indicative of differentiation through isotype switching and/or immunoglobulin somatic hypermutation for rapid and robust recall of specific antibody responses
Memory Disorders: disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. memory impairments are associated with dementia; craniocerebral trauma; encephalitis; alcoholism (see also alcohol amnestic disorder); schizophrenia; and other conditions
Memory T Cells: a subset of activated t cells generated in response to primary immune challenge or immunization upon re-challenge (see immunologic memory). memory t cells feature many discrete properties indicative of various differentiation such as expression pattern of ccr7 receptors and can be divided into central memory and effector memory t cells
Memory and Learning Tests: tests designed to evaluate general and specific areas of behaviors and abilities associated with memory and/or learning
Memory, Episodic: type of declarative memory, consisting of personal memory in contrast to general knowledge
Memosil CD: a silicone-based, addition-cured elastomer of medium viscosity ideal for transfer trays; transparent and sets rapidly in about three minutes
Mendelevium: a man-made radioactive element of the actinide family with atomic symbol md, and atomic number 101
Mendelian Randomization Analysis: the use of the genetic variation of known functions or phenotypes to correlate the causal effects of those functions or phenotypes with a disease outcome
Mengovirus: a strain of encephalomyocarditis virus, a species of cardiovirus, isolated from rodents and lagomorphs and occasionally causing febrile illness in man
Mengovirus: kmen viru encefalomyokarditidy z rodu cardiovirus, který byl izolován z hlodavců a zajíců a příležitostně způsobuje febrilní onemocnění u lidí
Meniere Disease: a disease of the inner ear (labyrinth) that is characterized by fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss; tinnitus; episodic vertigo; and aural fullness. it is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops
Menierova nemoc: onemocnění projevující se záchvaty závratě s nevolností (vertigo), sluchovými šelesty (tinitus) a později i trvalejší poruchou sluchu. záchvaty vznikají někdy bez příčiny, jindy jsou způsobeny náhlým pohybem hlavy, kouřením, alkoholem, přepracováním aj. příčina m. n. není zcela jasná. je hydrops labyrintu. jsou-li podobné příznaky způsobeny jinou známou nemocí (např. poruchami krční páteře, endokrinními poruchami aj.), hovoří se o ménièrově syndromu. konzervativní léčba spočívá v tlumení závratě (antiemetika, např. antihistaminika) a vazodilatační terapii. při nedostatečném efektu je léčba chirurgická (např. sakotomie). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Meningeal Carcinomatosis: primary or secondary neoplasm in the arachnoid or subarachnoid space. it appears as a diffuse fibrotic thickening of the meninges associated with variable degrees of inflammation
Meningeal Neoplasms: benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord
Meninges: the three membranes that cover the brain and the spinal cord. they are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater
Meningioma: a relatively common neoplasm of the central nervous system that arises from arachnoidal cells. the majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and spinal canal. (from devita et al., cancer: principles and practice of oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)
Meningism: a condition characterized by neck stiffness, headache, and other symptoms suggestive of meningeal irritation, but without actual inflammation of the meninges (meningitis). spinal fluid pressure may be elevated but spinal fluid is normal. (dejong, the neurologic examination, 4th ed, p673)
Meningitis: inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the pia mater; arachnoid; and dura mater. infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (hemorrhages, subarachnoid), chemical irritation (chemical meningitis), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (carcinomatous meningitis), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (from joynt, clinical neurology, 1994, ch24, p6)
Meningitis, Aseptic: a syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and csf lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although mycoplasma infections; rickettsia infections; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; neoplastic processes; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (from adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p745)
Meningitis, Bacterial: bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots