NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Hamman-Rich Syndrome: acute idiopathic interstitial pneumonitis characterized by diffuse pulmonary alveoli damage with uniform edematous connective tissue proliferation. it is often associated with extensive fibroblastic distortion of the lung parenchyma and leads to adult respiratory distress syndrome in later stages
Hammanův-Richův syndrom: akutní idiopatická intersticiální pneumonitida charakterizovaná difuzním poškozením plicních sklípků s šířením edematózní pojivové tkáně. často dochází k rozsáhlému postižení plicního parenchymu a v pozdějších fázích ke vzniku plicního šoku (syndrom respirační tísně dospělých)
Hammer Toe Syndrome: a condition characterized by a series of interrelated digital symptoms and joint changes of the lesser digits and metatarsophalangeal joints of the foot. the syndrome can include some or all of the following conditions: hammer toe, claw toe, mallet toe, overlapping fifth toe, curly toe, exostosis; hyperostosis; interdigital heloma, or contracted toe
Hamstring Muscles: a group of muscles in the posterior thigh area that are involved in connecting the knee joint and the pelvis
Hamstring Tendons: a group of tendons that attach the hamstring muscles proximally to the pelvis and to the tibia and fibula at the knee joint
Hand: the distal part of the arm beyond the wrist in humans and primates, that includes the palm, fingers, and thumb
Hand Bones: the carpal bones; metacarpal bones; and finger phalanges. in each hand there are eight carpal bones, five metacarpal bones, and 14 phalanges
Hand Deformities: alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the hand
Hand Deformities, Acquired: deformities of the hand, or a part of the hand, acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease
Hand Deformities, Congenital: alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the hand occurring at or before birth
Hand Disinfection: the act of cleansing the hands with water or other liquid, with or without the inclusion of soap or other detergent, for the purpose of destroying infectious microorganisms
Hand Joints: the articulations extending from the wrist distally to the fingers. these include the wrist joint; carpal joints; metacarpophalangeal joint; and finger joint
Hand Sanitizers: preparations used as alternatives or supplements to hand washing with soap and water to destroy microorganisms and prevent transmission of pathogens. the active ingredient may be ethanol; 1-propanol; or povidone-iodine in a gel, foam, or liquid solution
Hand Transplantation: the transference of a complete hand, as a composite of many tissue types, from one individual to another
Hand and foot deformity with flat facies: familial syndrome of short stature, deformities of the hands and feet, and unusual facies
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease: a mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. it is caused by coxsackieviruses a
Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome: an occupational disorder resulting from prolonged exposure to vibration, affecting the fingers, hands, and forearms. it occurs in workers who regularly use vibrating tools such as jackhammers, power chain saws, riveters, etc. symptoms include episodic finger blanching, numbness, tingling, and loss of nerve sensitivity
Hand-Assisted Laparoscopy: placement of one of the surgeon's gloved hands into the abdominal cavity to perform manual manipulations that facilitate the laparoscopic procedures
Hand-Foot Syndrome: chemotherapy-induced dermal side effects that are associated with the use of various cytostatic agents. symptoms range from mild erythema and/or paresthesia to severe ulcerative dermatitis with debilitating pain involving typically palmoplantar and intertriginous areas. these cutaneous manifestations are sometimes accompanied by nail anomalies
Handbook: work consisting of concise reference works in which facts and information pertaining to a certain subject or field are arranged for ready reference and consultation rather than for continuous reading and study
Handling, Psychological: physical manipulation of animals and humans to induce a behavioral or other psychological reaction. in experimental psychology, the animal is handled to induce a stress situation or to study the effects of gentling or mothering
Hanseniaspora: a genus of the ascomycetous yeast in the family saccharomycodaceae, order saccharomycetales, that contributes to the spontaneous fermentation of cider. anamorphic forms are in the genus kloeckera
Hanseniaspora: rod vřeckovýtrusných kvasinek čeledi saccharomycetaceae, řádu saccharomycetales. podílejí se na spontánním kvašení moštu. anamorfní formy patří do rodu kloeckera
Hantaan virus: the type species of the genus orthohantavirus infecting the rodent apodemus agrarius and humans who come in contact with it. it causes syndromes of hemorrhagic fever associated with vascular and especially renal pathology
Hantavirus: rod virů čeledi bunyaviridae, které způsobují hantavirové infekce. poprvé byl identifikován během války v koreji. infekce se primárně vyskytuje u hlodavců a lidí. vektorem pravděpodobně nejsou členovci. typovým druhem je virus hantaan
Hantavirus Infections: infections with viruses of the genus orthohantavirus. this is associated with at least four clinical syndromes: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by viruses of the hantaan group; a milder form of hfrs caused by seoul virus; nephropathia epidemica caused by puumala virus; and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome caused by sin nombre virus
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: acute respiratory illness in humans caused by the sin nombre virus whose primary rodent reservoir is the deer mouse peromyscus maniculatus. first identified in the southwestern united states, this syndrome is characterized most commonly by fever, myalgias, headache, cough, and rapid respiratory failure
HapMap Project: a coordinated international effort to identify and catalog patterns of linked variations (haplotypes) found in the human genome across the entire human population
Haploidy: the chromosomal constitution of cells, in which each type of chromosome is represented once. symbol: n
Haploinsufficiency: a copy number variation that results in reduced gene dosage due to any loss-of-function mutation. the loss of heterozygosity is associated with abnormal phenotypes or diseased states because the remaining gene is insufficient
Haplopappus: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. many of the member species have been reclassified to other genera such as machaeranthera, isocoma, ericameria, etc. ingestion of the plant has been associated with milk sickness
Haplopappus: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. některé druhy byly vyděleny jako samostatné rody, např. machaeranthera, isocoma, ericameria atd. toxiny těchto rostlin jsou příčinným agens nemoci z mléka
Haplorhini: a suborder of primates consisting of six families: cebidae (some new world monkeys), atelidae (some new world monkeys), cercopithecidae (old world monkeys), hylobatidae (gibbons and siamangs), callitrichinae (marmosets and tamarins), and hominidae (humans and great apes)
Haplorrhini: podřád primátů, kam patří např. tyto čeledi: cebidae (malpovití), atelidae (chápanovití), cercopithecidae (kočkodanovití), hylobatidae (gibonovití), callitrichinae (kosmani) a hominidae (hominidé)
Haplosporida: a phylum of eukaryotes in the rhizaria group. they are small endoparasites of marine invertebrates. spores are structurally complex but without polar filaments or tubes
Haplosporida: skupina endoparazitických jednobuněčných prvoků z říše rhizaria. haplosporidie jsou paraziti mořských i sladkovodních živočichů. společným znakem jsou jednobuněčné a jednojaderné spory, které mají víčko a uvnitř se formující buněčnou stěnu. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Haplotypes: the genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex
Hapnes Boman Skeie syndrome: anomalous insertion of extensor tendons of fingers
Haptens: small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response
Haptic Interfaces: computer peripherals that enable users to interact three dimensionally with objects in virtual environments, or with equipment being teleoperated, by receiving kinesthetic, tactile, and force feedback
Haptic Technology: the study of the use of touch and kinesthesis in order to produce haptic computer interfaces that will allow users to interact with digital objects by kinesthetic feedback, force feedback, and tactile feedback
Haptoglobins: plasma glycoproteins that form a stable complex with hemoglobin to aid the recycling of heme iron. they are encoded in man by a gene on the short arm of chromosome 16
Haptophyta: a group (or phylum) of unicellular eukaryota (or algae) possessing chloroplasts and flagella
Haptophyta: kmen jednobuněčných eukaryot (nebo řas) s chloroplasty a bičíky
Harassment, Non-Sexual: the act of systematic and/or continuous unwanted and irritating actions of a non-sexual nature, by a party or group against another. this behavior may include threats, bullying, taunts, blackmail, and demands
Harderian Gland: a sebaceous gland that, in some animals, acts as an accessory to the lacrimal gland. the harderian gland excretes fluid that facilitates movement of the third eyelid
Harderova žláza: mazová žláza, která u některých zvířat funguje jako přídatná slzná žláza. vylučuje tekutinu, která umožňuje pohyblivost tzv. třetího víčka (mžurky)
Hardness: the mechanical property of material that determines its resistance to force. hardness tests measure this property
Hardness Tests: a test to determine the relative hardness of a metal, mineral, or other material according to one of several scales, such as brinell, mohs, rockwell, vickers, or shore. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Hardware Removal: surgical removal of devices, including bone screws, pins, bone plates, and wires used in fracture fixation. hardwares in general refer to non-electrical devices, most often orthopedic, and are removed due to infection, malfunction and to allow proper growth
Hares: the genus lepus, in the family leporidae, order lagomorpha. hares are born above ground, fully furred, and with their eyes and ears open. in contrast with rabbits, hares have 24 chromosome pairs
Harlequin syndrome: a condition characterized by flushing and sweating restricted to one side of the chest, neck, or face in the absence of stimuli or in response to heat or exercise. it may be caused by injury of sympathetic neurons in the ciliary ganglion
Harm Reduction: the application of methods designed to reduce the risk of harm associated with certain behaviors without reduction in frequency of those behaviors. the risk-associated behaviors include ongoing and active addictive behaviors
Harmala Alkaloids: structurally related alkaloids derived from the seeds of peganum harmala and other plant sources. they are associated with various pharmacologic and therapeutic effects
Harmful Algal Bloom: an algal bloom where the algae produce powerful toxins that can kill fish, birds, and mammals, and ultimately cause illness in humans. the harmful bloom can also cause oxygen depletion in the water due to the death and decomposition of non-toxic algae species
Harmine: alkaloid isolated from seeds of peganum harmala; zygophyllaceae. it is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western amazon region from related plants. it has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic parkinson disease in the 1920's
Harpagophytum: a plant genus of the family pedaliaceae. members contain harpagoside
Harpagophytum: rod rostlin čeledi pedaliaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují harpagosid
Harpagophytum extract LI 174: used in patients with chronic non-radicular back pain
Harringtonines: tetracyclic spiro-benzazepines isolated from the seeds of cephalotaxus. they are esters of the alkaloid cephalotaxine and may be effective as antineoplastic agents
Hartmannella: a genus of free-living amoebae found in fresh water. the cysts usually pass harmlessly through the intestinal tract of man and may thus be found in feces. occasionally, these organisms cause respiratory tract infections or generalized fatal meningoencephalitis
Hartmannella: rod volně žijících sladkovodních améb. jejich cysty obvykle neporušeně projdou trávicím traktem člověka. někdy mohou tyto organismy způsobit infekce dýchacího traktu nebo fatální generalizovanou meningoencefalitidu
Hartmannův roztok: hartmannův roztok - infuzní roztok, podobně jako ringerův roztok je přibližně izotonický a obsahuje ionty sodíku, draslíku, vápníku a chloru. navíc obsahuje laktátový anion. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Hartnup Disease: an autosomal recessive disorder due to defective absorption of neutral amino acids by both the intestine and the proximal renal tubules. the abnormal urinary loss of tryptophan, a precursor of niacin, leads to a nicotinamide deficiency, pellagra-like light-sensitive rash, cerebellar ataxia, emotional instability, and aminoaciduria. mutations involve the neurotransmitter transporter gene slc6a19
Hartnupova nemoc: vrozená izolovaná porucha transportu neutrálních aminokyselin střevní sliznicí a renálními tubuly podmíněná defektem specifického transportního genu pro tyto aminokyseliny na 2. chromozomu. převážná část pacientů je bez příznaků, u ostatních se kolem 10. roku objevuje kožní fotosenzitivita pelargoidní rash, chronické ekzémy. u některých se rozvine intermitentní ataxie s iritabilitou, emocionální instabilitou, ev. kombinovaná se suicidálními sklony. aminoacidurie je výhradně z neutrálních aminokyselin, jejichž hladina v plasmě je v mezích normy. prognóza je dobrá. hartnup - jméno rodiny, u které lékaři londýnských nemocnic zjistili v období po r. 1951 dosud nepopsanou dědičnou metabolickou chorobu. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Harvey murine sarcoma virus: a replication-defective mouse sarcoma virus (sarcoma viruses, murine) first described by j.j. harvey in 1964
Hashimoto Disease: chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid autoantibodies; goiter; and hypothyroidism
Hashimoto's encephalitis: a condition associated with hashimoto disease thyroiditis (omim: 140300) and characterized by onset of confusion; altered level of consciousness; seizures; and jerking of muscles (myoclonus). psychosis may also occur
Hashimotova nemoc: chronická autoimunitní tyreoiditida, vyznačující se přítomností autoprotilátek proti štítné žláze, strumou a hypotyreózou
Hate: an enduring attitude or sentiment toward persons or objects manifested by anger, aversion and desire for the misfortune of others
Havajské ostrovy: stát spojených států amerických nacházející se na havajských ostrovech v tichém oceánu. rozkládá se jihozápadně od západního pobřeží kontinentálních spojených států, ve vzdálenosti přibližně 3200 km. havaj je nejjižnějším státem usa. hlavním a největším městem je honolulu. havaj se 21. srpna 1959 stala posledním, 50. státem usa. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Haversian System: a circular structural unit of bone tissue. it consists of a central hole, the haversian canal through which blood vessels run, surrounded by concentric rings, called lamellae
Haversův systém: struktura v kostní tkáni - kompaktě. kostní hmota je uspořádána do longitudinálních lamel koncentricky utvářených okolo (haversových) kanálů, jimiž procházejí cévy a nervy. v lamelách jsou dutinky s osteocyty. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Hawaii: a group of islands in polynesia, in the north central pacific ocean, comprising eight major and 114 minor islands, largely volcanic and coral. its capital is honolulu. it was first reached by polynesians about 500 a.d. it was discovered and named the sandwich islands in 1778 by captain cook. the islands were united under the rule of king kamehameha 1795-1819 and requested annexation to the united states in 1893 when a provisional government was set up. hawaii was established as a territory in 1900 and admitted as a state in 1959. the name is from the polynesian owhyhii, place of the gods, with reference to the two volcanoes mauna kea and mauna loa, regarded as the abode of the gods. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p493 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p2330)
Hawks: common name for many members of the falconiformes order, family accipitridae, generally smaller than eagles, and containing short, rounded wings and a long tail
Hay-Wells syndrome: a rare hereditary autosomal dominant form of ectodermal dysplasia characterized by multiple morphologic abnormalities. the most common include skin erosiions on the scalp and extremities, abnormal skin pigmentation, fused eyelids (ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum), cleft lip and cleft palate, and syndactyly. mutations in the tp63 gene have been identified. omim: 106260
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points: a system of safety management (abbreviated haccp) applied mainly to the food industry. it involves the analysis and control of biological, chemical, and physical hazards, from raw material production, procurement and handling, to manufacturing, distribution and consumption of finished products
Hazardous Substances: elements, compounds, mixtures, or solutions that are considered severely harmful to human health and the environment. they include substances that are toxic, corrosive, flammable, or explosive
Hazardous Waste: waste products which threaten life, health, or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, disposed of, or otherwise managed
Hazardous Waste Sites: sites where hazardous substances are deposited. some have facilities for safely storing, processing, and recycling these waste products
HeLa Cells: the first continuously cultured human malignant cell line, derived from the cervical carcinoma of henrietta lacks. these cells are used for, among other things, virus cultivation and preclinical drug evaluation assays
HeLa buňky: první kontinuálně kultivovaná lidská maligní buněčná linie odvozená z karcinomu děložního čípku henrietty lacksové. používá se mimo jiné ke kultivaci virů a k preklinickému hodnocení léčiv
Head: the upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs
Head Impulse Test: identification of saccades during a rapid head rotation to assess vestibuloocular reflex
Head Injuries, Closed: traumatic injuries to the cranium where the integrity of the skull is not compromised and no bone fragments or other objects penetrate the skull and dura mater. this frequently results in mechanical injury being transmitted to intracranial structures which may produce traumatic brain injuries, hemorrhage, or cranial nerve injuries. (from rowland, merritt's textbook of neurology, 9th ed, p417)
Head Injuries, Penetrating: head injuries which feature compromise of the skull and dura mater. these may result from gunshot wounds (wounds, gunshot), stab wounds (wounds, stab), and other forms of trauma
Head Kidney: a primitive form of vertebrate kidney that is found in adults of some primitive fishes and in the embryos of more advanced fishes. in some species of fishes it contains phagocytic cells and is also a major site of hematopoiesis, analogous to the mammalian bone marrow
Head Movements: voluntary or involuntary motion of head that may be relative to or independent of body; includes animals and humans
Head Protective Devices: personal devices for protection of heads from impact, penetration from falling and flying objects, and from limited electric shock and burn
Head and Neck Neoplasms: soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the lip; oral cavity; pharynx; larynx; and cervical esophagus. other sites included are the nose and paranasal sinuses; salivary glands; thyroid gland and parathyroid glands; and melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from holland et al., cancer medicine, 4th ed, p1651)
Head-Down Tilt: posture while lying with the head lower than the rest of the body. extended time in this position is associated with temporary physiologic disturbances
Headache: the symptom of pain in the cranial region. it may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of headache disorders
Headache Disorders: various conditions with the symptom of headache. headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as primary headache disorders (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and secondary headache disorders (based on their etiologies). (international classification of headache disorders, 2nd ed. cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)
Headache Disorders, Primary: conditions in which the primary symptom is headache and the headache cannot be attributed to any known causes
Headache Disorders, Secondary: conditions with headache symptom that can be attributed to a variety of causes including brain vascular disorders; wounds and injuries; infection; drug use or its withdrawal
Health Behavior: combination of health knowledge, attitudes, practice which underlie actions taken by individuals regarding their health
Health Belief Model: a model which is based on certain predictors of a person's perception of threat severity, susceptibility, interventional benefits and self-efficacy about a health threat that can be used to promote and educate health behavior
Health Benefit Plans, Employee: health insurance plans for employees, and generally including their dependents, usually on a cost-sharing basis with the employer paying a percentage of the premium
Health Care Coalitions: voluntary groups of people representing diverse interests in the community such as hospitals, businesses, physicians, and insurers, with the principal objective to improve health care cost effectiveness
Health Care Costs: the actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. it is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost
Health Care Economics and Organizations: the economic aspects of health care, its planning, and delivery. it includes government agencies and organizations in the private sector
Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms: methods and techniques used in evaluating the quality of health care, its planning, and delivery
Health Care Facilities Workforce and Services: the services provided in the delivery of health care, associated facilities in health care, and attendant manpower required or available
Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation: the concept concerned with all aspects of the quality, accessibility, and appraisal of health care and health care delivery
Health Care Rationing: planning for the equitable allocation, apportionment, or distribution of available health resources
Health Care Reform: innovation and improvement of the health care system by reappraisal, amendment of services, and removal of faults and abuses in providing and distributing health services to patients. it includes a re-alignment of health services and health insurance to maximum demographic elements (the unemployed, indigent, uninsured, elderly, inner cities, rural areas) with reference to coverage, hospitalization, pricing and cost containment, insurers' and employers' costs, pre-existing medical conditions, prescribed drugs, equipment, and services
Health Care Sector: economic sector concerned with the provision, distribution, and consumption of health care services and related products
Health Care Surveys: statistical measures of utilization and other aspects of the provision of health care services including hospitalization and ambulatory care
Health Communication: the transfer of information from experts in the medical and public health fields to patients and the public. the study and use of communication strategies to inform and influence individual and community decisions that enhance health
Health Disparate Minority and Vulnerable Populations: groups of persons whose special circumstantial characteristics (e.g., social determinants of health) make them a minority, vulnerable, and frequently subjected to conditions with limited levels of access to health care and other opportunities
Health Education: education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis
Health Education, Dental: education which increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of dental health on a personal or community basis
Health Educators: professionals who plan, organize and direct health education programs for the individual, groups and the community
Health Equity: opportunity to attain full health potential and no one is disadvantaged from achieving this potential because of their social position or other socially determined circumstance
Health Expenditures: the amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. these amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers
Health Facility Administrators: managerial personnel responsible for implementing policy and directing the activities of health care facilities such as nursing homes
Health Facility Closure: the closing of any health facility, e.g., health centers, residential facilities, and hospitals
Health Facility Environment: physical surroundings or conditions of a hospital or other health facility and influence of these factors on patients and staff
Health Facility Moving: the relocation of health care institutions or units thereof. the concept includes equipment relocation
Health Facility Size: the physical space or dimensions of a facility. size may be indicated by bed capacity
Health Fairs: community health education events focused on prevention of disease and promotion of health through audiovisual exhibits
Health Impact Assessment: combination of procedures, methods, and tools by which a policy, program, or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of those effects within the population
Health Inequities: differences in health status and in the distribution of health resources between different population groups, arising from the social conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age (https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/health-inequities-and-their-causes#:~:text=health%20inequities%20are%20differences%20in,right%20mix%20of%20government%20policies.)
Health Information Exchange: organizational framework for the dissemination of electronic healthcare information or clinical data, across health-related institutions and systems. its overall purpose is to enhance patient care
Health Information Management: management of the acquisition, organization, retrieval, and dissemination of health information
Health Information Systems: a system for the collection and/or processing of data from various sources, and using the information for policy making and management of health services. it could be paper-based or electronic. (from http://web.worldbank.org/wbsite/external/topics/exthealthnutritionandpopulation/exthsd/0,,contentmdk:22239824~menupk:376799~pagepk:148956~pipk:216618~thesitepk:376793,00.html. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/systems/en/)
Health Insurance Exchanges: state-provided health insurance marketplaces established under the patient protection and affordable care act
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act: public law 104-91 enacted in 1996, was designed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the healthcare system, protect health insurance coverage for workers and their families, and to protect individual personal health information
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice: knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as pathologic processes or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. this term refers to non-health workers and health workers (health personnel)
Health Level Seven: an american national standards institute-accredited organization working on specifications to support development and advancement of clinical and administrative standards for healthcare
Health Level Seven: organizace akreditovaná americkým národním normalizačním institutem, která pracuje na specifikacích na podporu vývoje a rozvoje klinických a administrativních norem pro zdravotní péči
Health Literacy: degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions
Health Maintenance Organizations: organized systems for providing comprehensive prepaid health care that have five basic attributes: (1) provide care in a defined geographic area; (2) provide or ensure delivery of an agreed-upon set of basic and supplemental health maintenance and treatment services; (3) provide care to a voluntarily enrolled group of persons; (4) require their enrollees to use the services of designated providers; and (5) receive reimbursement through a predetermined, fixed, periodic prepayment made by the enrollee without regard to the degree of services provided. (from facts on file dictionary of health care management, 1988)
Health Occupations: professions or other business activities directed to the cure and prevention of disease. for occupations of medical personnel who are not physicians but who are working in the fields of medical technology, physical therapy, etc., allied health occupations is available
Health Personnel: men and women working in the provision of health services, whether as individual practitioners or employees of health institutions and programs, whether or not professionally trained, and whether or not subject to public regulation. (from a discursive dictionary of health care, 1976)
Health Physics: the science concerned with problems of radiation protection relevant to reducing or preventing radiation exposure, and the effects of ionizing radiation on humans and their environment
Health Planning Guidelines: recommendations for directing health planning functions and policies. these may be mandated by pl93-641 and issued by the department of health and human services for use by state and local planning agencies
Health Planning Technical Assistance: the provision of expert assistance in developing health planning programs, plans as technical materials, etc., as requested by health systems agencies or other health planning organizations
Health Policy: decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system
Health Priorities: preferentially rated health-related activities or functions to be used in establishing health planning goals. this may refer specifically to pl93-641
Health Promotion: encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care
Health Records, Personal: longitudinal patient-maintained records of individual health history and tools that allow individual control of access
Health Resorts: destinations frequented as vacation or recreational retreats, equipped with specialized amenities, treatments and facilities, for the promotion of general well-being and health
Health Resources: available manpower, facilities, revenue, equipment, and supplies to produce requisite health care and services
Health Risk Behaviors: pattern of behavior which predisposes certain individuals to increased risk for contracting disease or sustaining personal injury. these behaviors may cluster into a risky lifestyle
Health Services Accessibility: the degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others
Health Services Needs and Demand: health services required by a population or community as well as the health services that the population or community is able and willing to pay for
Health Services Research: the integration of epidemiologic, sociological, economic, and other analytic sciences in the study of health services. health services research is usually concerned with relationships between need, demand, supply, use, and outcome of health services. the aim of the research is evaluation, particularly in terms of structure, process, output, and outcome. (from last, dictionary of epidemiology, 2d ed)
Health Services for Persons with Disabilities: health services and access for persons with disabilities. disabilities include impairments, activity limitations, or participation restrictions, and reflect the interaction between the individual with the disability and personal and environmental factors
Health Services for Prisoners: health services provided for prisoners. the services include the promotion of health and the delivery of health care
Health Services for Transgender Persons: access to specialized care for transgender populations. health systems organized to take account of the special healthcare needs of marginalized groups who may face barriers in accessing health services. (http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/linkages/guidance_package.pdf)
Health Services for the Aged: services for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in the aged and the maintenance of health in the elderly
Health Services, Indigenous: health care provided to specific cultural or tribal peoples which incorporates local customs, beliefs, and taboos
Health Smart Cards: hand-sized cards with built-in computer chips used for accessing, storing, and protecting patients' medical information
Health Status: the level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures
Health Status Disparities: variation in rates of disease occurrence and disabilities between population groups defined by various factors including socioeconomic characteristics (see socioeconomic disparities in health), age, ethnicity, economic resources, or gender and populations identified geographically or similar measures
Health Status Indicators: the measurement of the health status for a given population using a variety of indices, including morbidity, mortality, and available health resources
Health Surveys: a systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area
Health Systems Agencies: health planning and resources development agencies which function in each health service area of the united states (pl 93-641)
Health Systems Plans: statements of goals for the delivery of health services pertaining to the health systems agency service area, established under pl 93-641, and consistent with national guidelines for health planning
Health Transition: demographic and epidemiologic changes that have occurred in the last five decades in many developing countries and that are characterized by major growth in the number and proportion of middle-aged and elderly persons and in the frequency of the diseases that occur in these age groups. the health transition is the result of efforts to improve maternal and child health via primary care and outreach services and such efforts have been responsible for a decrease in the birth rate; reduced maternal mortality; improved preventive services; reduced infant mortality, and the increased life expectancy that defines the transition. (from ann intern med 1992 mar 15;116(6):499-504)
Health Workforce: the availability of health personnel. it includes the demand and recruitment of both professional and allied health personnel, their present and future supply and distribution, and their assignment and utilization
Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System: uniform method for health care providers and medical suppliers to report professional services, procedures, and supplies. it consists of alphanumeric codes and modifiers for the use of all public and private health insurers. it is developed by the centers for medicare and medicaid services
Healthcare Failure Mode and Effect Analysis: prospective risk assessment tool aimed at identifying potential risks and their impact in healthcare settings
Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia: infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation that is acquired through an interaction within a healthcare institution often through a therapeutic experience (e.g., use of catheters or ventilators)
Healthy Aging: the development and maintenance of optimal physical, mental, spiritual, and social well-being and function with advancing age
Healthy Life Expectancy: the expected number of remaining years of life spent in good health from a particular age, assuming current rates of mortality and morbidity
Healthy Lifestyle: a pattern of behavior involving life style choices which ensure optimum health. examples are eating right; maintaining physical, emotional, and spiritual wellness, and taking preemptive steps against communicable diseases
Healthy People Programs: healthy people programs are a set of health objectives to be used by governments, communities, professional organizations, and others to help develop programs to improve health. it builds on initiatives pursued over the past two decades beginning with the 1979 surgeon general's report, healthy people, healthy people 2000: national health promotion and disease prevention objectives, and healthy people 2010. these established national health objectives and served as the basis for the development of state and community plans. these are administered by the office of disease prevention and health promotion (odphp). similar programs are conducted by other national governments
Healthy Volunteers: persons with no known significant health problems who are recruited to participate in research to test a new drug, device, or intervention as controls for a patient group. (from http://clinicalcenter.nih.gov/recruit/volunteers.html, accessed 2/14/2013)
Healthy Worker Effect: phenomenon of workers' usually exhibiting overall death rates lower than those of the general population due to the fact that the severely ill and disabled are ordinarily excluded from employment
Hearing: the ability or act of sensing and transducing acoustic stimulation to the central nervous system. it is also called audition
Hearing Aids: wearable sound-amplifying devices that are intended to compensate for impaired hearing. these generic devices include air-conduction hearing aids and bone-conduction hearing aids. (umdns, 1999)
Hearing Disorders: conditions that impair the transmission of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways
Hearing Loss: a general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears
Hearing Loss, Central: hearing loss due to disease of the auditory pathways (in the central nervous system) which originate in the cochlear nuclei of the pons and then ascend bilaterally to the midbrain, the thalamus, and then the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe. bilateral lesions of the auditory pathways are usually required to cause central hearing loss. cortical deafness refers to loss of hearing due to bilateral auditory cortex lesions. unilateral brain stem lesions involving the cochlear nuclei may result in unilateral hearing loss
Hearing Loss, Conductive: hearing loss due to interference with the mechanical reception or amplification of sound to the cochlea. the interference is in the outer or middle ear involving the ear canal; tympanic membrane; or ear ossicles
Hearing Loss, Functional: hearing loss without a physical basis. often observed in patients with psychological or behavioral disorders
Hearing Loss, Hidden: hearing loss that is difficult to diagnose by standard hearing tests as it most often pertains to difficulties in hearing only in certain situations such as in noisy environments
Hearing Loss, Mixed Conductive-Sensorineural: hearing loss due to damage or impairment of both the conductive elements (hearing loss, conductive) and the sensorineural elements (hearing loss, sensorineural) of the ear
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced: hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 db. the hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural: hearing loss resulting from damage to the cochlea and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. these elements include the auditory nerve and its connections in the brainstem
Hearing Loss, Sudden: sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days. it varies in severity from mild to total deafness. sudden deafness can be due to head trauma, vascular diseases, infections, or can appear without obvious cause or warning
Heart Aneurysm: a localized bulging or dilatation in the muscle wall of a heart (myocardium), usually in the left ventricle. blood-filled aneurysms are dangerous because they may burst. fibrous aneurysms interfere with the heart function through the loss of contractility. true aneurysm is bound by the vessel wall or cardiac wall. false aneurysms are hematoma caused by myocardial rupture
Heart Arrest: cessation of heart beat or myocardial contraction. if it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation
Heart Arrest, Induced: a procedure to stop the contraction of myocardium during heart surgery. it is usually achieved with the use of chemicals (cardioplegic solutions) or cold temperature (such as chilled perfusate)
Heart Block: impaired conduction of cardiac impulse that can occur anywhere along the conduction pathway, such as between the sinoatrial node and the right atrium (sa block) or between atria and ventricles (av block). heart blocks can be classified by the duration, frequency, or completeness of conduction block. reversibility depends on the degree of structural or functional defects
Heart Bypass, Left: diversion of the flow of blood from the pulmonary veins directly to the aorta, avoiding the left atrium and the left ventricle (dorland, 27th ed). this is a temporary procedure usually performed to assist other surgical procedures
Heart Bypass, Right: diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance to the right atrium directly to the pulmonary arteries, avoiding the right atrium and right ventricle (dorland, 28th ed). this a permanent procedure often performed to bypass a congenitally deformed right atrium or right ventricle
Heart Conduction System: an impulse-conducting system composed of modified cardiac muscle, having the power of spontaneous rhythmicity and conduction more highly developed than the rest of the heart
Heart Defects, Congenital: developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. these defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life
Heart Disease Risk Factors: aspects of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, inherited conditions and characteristics, which are determined to be associated with heart diseases
Heart Failure: a heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (ventricular dysfunction), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as myocardial infarction
Heart Failure, Diastolic: heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial relaxation during diastole leading to defective cardiac filling
Heart Failure, Systolic: heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during systole leading to defective cardiac emptying
Heart Massage: rhythmic compression of the heart by pressure applied manually over the sternum (closed heart massage) or directly to the heart through an opening in the chest wall (open heart massage). it is done to reinstate and maintain circulation. (dorland, 28th ed)
Heart Murmurs: heart sounds caused by vibrations resulting from the flow of blood through the heart. heart murmurs can be examined by heart auscultation, and analyzed by their intensity (6 grades), duration, timing (systolic, diastolic, or continuous), location, transmission, and quality (musical, vibratory, blowing, etc)
Heart Neoplasms: tumors in any part of the heart. they include primary cardiac tumors and metastatic tumors to the heart. their interference with normal cardiac functions can cause a wide variety of symptoms including heart failure; cardiac arrhythmias; or embolism
Heart Rate: the number of times the heart ventricles contract per unit of time, usually per minute
Heart Rate, Fetal: the heart rate of the fetus. the normal range at term is between 120 and 160 beats per minute
Heart Rupture: disease-related laceration or tearing of tissues of the heart, including the free-wall myocardium; heart septum; papillary muscles; chordae tendineae; and any of the heart valves. pathological rupture usually results from myocardial infarction (heart rupture, post-infarction)
Heart Rupture, Post-Infarction: laceration or tearing of cardiac tissues appearing after myocardial infarction
Heart Septal Defects: abnormalities in any part of the heart septum resulting in abnormal communication between the left and the right chambers of the heart. the abnormal blood flow inside the heart may be caused by defects in the atrial septum, the ventricular septum, or both
Heart Septal Defects, Atrial: developmental abnormalities in any portion of the atrial septum resulting in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. classification of atrial septal defects is based on location of the communication and types of incomplete fusion of atrial septa with the endocardial cushions in the fetal heart. they include ostium primum, ostium secundum, sinus venosus, and coronary sinus defects
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular: developmental abnormalities in any portion of the ventricular septum resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect
Heart Septum: this structure includes the thin muscular atrial septum between the two heart atria, and the thick muscular ventricular septum between the two heart ventricles
Heart Sounds: the sounds heard over the cardiac region produced by the functioning of the heart. there are four distinct sounds: the first occurs at the beginning of systole and is heard as a lubb sound; the second is produced by the closing of the aortic valve and pulmonary valve and is heard as a dupp sound; the third is produced by vibrations of the ventricular walls when suddenly distended by the rush of blood from the heart atria; and the fourth is produced by atrial contraction and ventricular filling
Heart Valve Diseases: pathological conditions involving any of the various heart valves and the associated structures (papillary muscles and chordae tendineae)
Heart Valve Prolapse: downward displacement of any one of the heart valves from its normal position. this usually results in failed valve closure
Heart Valve Prosthesis: a device that substitutes for a heart valve. it may be composed of biological material (bioprosthesis) and/or synthetic material
Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation: surgical insertion of synthetic material to repair injured or diseased heart valves