NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Factor XIIa: activated form of factor xii. in the initial event in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation, kallikrein (with cofactor high molecular weight kininogen) cleaves factor xii to xiia. factor xiia is then further cleaved by kallikrein, plasmin, and trypsin to yield smaller factor xii fragments (hageman-factor fragments). these fragments increase the activity of prekallikrein to kallikrein but decrease the procoagulant activity of factor xii
Factor XIa: activated form of factor xi. in the intrinsic pathway, factor xi is activated to xia by factor xiia in the presence of cofactor hmwk; (high molecular weight kininogen). factor xia then activates factor ix to factor ixa in the presence of calcium
Factor Xa: activated form of factor x that participates in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood coagulation. it catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in conjunction with other cofactors
Factor Xa Inhibitors: endogenous factors and drugs that inhibit or block the activity of factor xa
Faculty, Dental: the teaching staff and members of the administrative staff having academic rank in a dental school
Faculty, Nursing: the teaching staff and members of the administrative staff having academic rank in a nursing school
Fadrozole: a selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer
Faecalibacterium: a genus of gram-negative, non-spore forming, anaerobic, rod shaped bacteria in the ruminococcaceae family, order clostridiales that occur in the human gut
Faecalibacterium: rod grampozitivních, anaerobních, nesporulujících, tyčinkovitých bakterií čeledi ruminococcaceae, řádu clostridiales, které se vyskytují v lidském střevě
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii: a species of faecalibacterium, previously classified in the fusobacterium genus, that is a major constituent of the gut microbiota in healthy humans. it has anti-inflammatory activity and reduced numbers of this species occur in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases such as crohn disease
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii: druh bakterie rodu faecalibacterium, dříve zařazené do rodu fusobacterium. u zdravých lidí je hlavní součástí střevní mikrobioty. působí protizánětlivě. u pacientů s idiopatickými střevními záněty (např. crohnovou nemocí) dochází k úbytku těchto organismů
Fagaceae: a plant family of the order fagales subclass hamamelidae, class magnoliopsida
Fagaceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu fagales (bukotvaré). jsou to stromy nebo řidčeji keře se střídavými jednoduchými listy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Fagales: order of dicotyledonous flowering plants in the superorder rosanae, and class magnoliopsida. they include birch, beech, bayberry, and walnut species
Fagopyrum: a plant genus of the family polygonaceae that is used as an edible grain. although the seeds are used as cereal, the plant is not one of the cereal grasses (poaceae)
Fagopyrum: rod rostlin čeledi polygonaceae. plody (nažky) jsou součástí lidské stravy
Fahr's disease: a hereditary condition with autosomal dominant inheritance that is characterized by symmetric calcinosis in the basal ganglia and other brain regions. patients can either be asymptomatic or show a variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms that include parkinsonism; dystonia; tremor; ataxia; dementia; psychosis; seizures and chronic headache. serum levels of calcium; phosphate; alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone are normal. onset is typically between 30 and 50 years of age. a heterozygous mutation in the slc20a2 gene has been identified. omim: 213600
Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: a condition of persistent pain and discomfort in the back and the leg following lumbar surgery, often seen in patients enrolled in pain centers
Failure to Rescue, Health Care: inability to prevent a clinical deterioration resulting from a complication of an underlying medical condition or a complication of medical care. it implies that common risk factors for such a complication were not recognized in a timely manner or treated appropriately
Failure to Thrive: a condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function
Fairbank disease: a hereditary skeletal disorder that is generally charcterized by short stature and severe early-onset osteoarthritis that especially affects the hips. affected individuals may also have brachydactyly and hyperextendable fingers and toes due to delayed ossification of epiphyses. it is caused by mutations in the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (comp) gene. omim: 132400
Faith-Based Organizations: organizations such as (1) congregations; (2) national networks, which include national denominations, their social service arms (for example, catholic charities, lutheran social services), and networks of related organizations (such as ymca and ywca); and (3) freestanding religious organizations, which are incorporated separately from congregations and national networks. http://www.huduser.gov/portal/publications/faithbased.pdf
Falconiformes: an order of diurnal birds of prey, including eagles; hawks; buzzards; vultures; and falcons
Falkland Islands: a british colony in the atlantic islands, comprising two principal islands, east falkland and west falkland. its capital is stanley. discovered in 1592, it was not occupied until the french settled there briefly in 1764. later the english settled there but were expelled by the spanish in 1770. the falklands were claimed by argentina but were occupied in 1833 by the british who, after an april 1982 invasion by argentina, regained them in june. the islands were named by british captain john strong in 1690 for the fifth viscount falkland who financed strong's expedition. the spanish name for the islands, malvinas, is from the french malouins, inhabitants of st. malo who attempted to colonize the islands in 1764. (from webster's new geographical dictionary, 1988, p389 & room, brewer's dictionary of names, 1992, p182)
Falklandy: zámořské území velké británie. leží na jižní polokouli v atlantském oceánu asi 500 km východně od pobřeží argentiny. roku 1833 ostrovy obsadili britové, kteří zde vládnou a žijí dosud. argentina, která britskou "okupaci" nikdy neuznala, po letech jednání (od 1966) ostrovy 2. dubna 1982 vojensky obsadila. po krátké argentinsko-britské válce o falklandy, probíhající od dubna do června roku 1982, vypudila britská vojska argentinské složky z ostrovů. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2022 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Fallopia: genus of flowering herbaceous perennial plants and vines in the family polygonaceae
Fallopia: rod vytrvalých rostlin čeledi polygonaceae. opletky jsou ovíjivé byliny i polodřevnaté liány s jednoduchými listy a drobnými bílými nebo růžovými květy. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Fallopia japonica: a plant species of the family polygonaceae. itadori tea is prepared from the root of this genus
Fallopia multiflora: a species of fallopia in the buckwheat family (polygonaceae). its roots are used in traditional chinese medicine
Fallopia multiflora: druh rostlin rodu fallopia, čeledi polygonaceae. kořeny rostlin se používají v tradiční čínské medicíně (přípravek shou wu pian)
Fallopian Tube Diseases: diseases involving the fallopian tubes including neoplasms (fallopian tube neoplasms); salpingitis; tubo-ovarian abscess; and blockage
Fallopian Tube Neoplasms: benign or malignant neoplasms of the fallopian tubes. they are uncommon. if they develop, they may be located in the wall or within the lumen as a growth attached to the wall by a stalk
Fallopian Tube Patency Tests: methods for assessing the patency of the fallopian tubes
Fallopian Tubes: a pair of highly specialized canals extending from the uterus to its corresponding ovary. they provide the means for ovum transport from the ovaries and they are the site of the ovum's final maturation and fertilization. the fallopian tube consists of an interstitium, an isthmus, an ampulla, an infundibulum, and fimbriae. its wall consists of three layers: serous, muscular, and an internal mucosal layer lined with both ciliated and secretory cells
Fallotova tetralogie: kombinovaná srdeční vrozená vada sestávající z pulmonální stenózy (popř. atrezie), defektu komorového septa, dextropozice aorty (nasedá na komorový defekt) a hypertrofie pravé komory. ve 20 % je aortální oblouk vpravo. hlavní pulmonální arterie jsou velmi často malé, bývá různý stupeň stenózy větví plicnice. hypoxie je podle stupně obstrukce výtokového traktu v důsledku pravolevého zkratu a sníženého prokrvení plic. mezi hlavními symptomy patří centrální cyanóza, polyglobulie, paličkovité prsty, námahová dušnost a sklon ke koagulopatii. hypoxické záchvaty (paroxysmální hypercyanotické ataky) mohou být zejm. u malých dětí (vystupňovaná cyanóza, výrazná dušnost, neklid). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Fallotova trilogie: kombinovaná vrozená srdeční vada sestávající ze stenózy plicnice s defektem síňového septa a hypertrofií pravé komory srdeční. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2018 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
False Negative Reactions: negative test results in subjects who possess the attribute for which the test is conducted. the labeling of diseased persons as healthy when screening in the detection of disease. (last, a dictionary of epidemiology, 2d ed)
False Positive Reactions: positive test results in subjects who do not possess the attribute for which the test is conducted. the labeling of healthy persons as diseased when screening in the detection of disease. (last, a dictionary of epidemiology, 2d ed)
Famciclovir: an aminopurine derivative and prodrug of penciclovir which is a competitive inhibitor of herpes simplex 2 dna polymerase. it is used to treat herpes simplex virus infection
Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathies: a group of inherited disorders characterized by incomplete development of the retinal vasculature. its severity can vary from complete blindness in infancy, to mild or no visual problems, where small areas of vascular defects are observable only by fluorescein angiography. exudative vitreoretinopathy 1 is associated with mutations in the fzd4 gene
Familial Glucocorticoid Deficiency 1: mutation in mc2r / acthr
Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets: a hereditary disorder characterized by hypophosphatemia; rickets; osteomalacia; renal defects in phosphate reabsorption and vitamin d metabolism; and growth retardation. autosomal and x-linked dominant and recessive variants have been reported
Familial Letterer-Siwe disease: a hereditary form of eosinophilic granuloma that affects the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. it is characterized by fever, distended abdomen, enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly); jaundice; dermatitis; anemia; neutropenia; and thrombocytopenia. onset is typically in the first year of life. omim: 246400
Familial Mediterranean Fever: a group of hereditary autoinflammation diseases, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, pleurisy; and arthritis. orchitis; benign meningitis; and amyloidosis may also occur. homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding pyrin result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene
Familial Multiple Lipomatosis: a rare autosomal disorder characterized by numerous encapsulated lipomas on the trunk and extremities. the lipomas are usually not painful but can cause pain when growing. in rare cases, one lipoma can become painful and progress to multiple painful lipomas; it is then referred to as dercum's disease type iii
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension: familial or idiopathic hypertension in the pulmonary circulation which is not secondary to other disease
Familial Testotoxicosis: hereditary, gonadotropin-independent, precocious puberty that occurs in boys before 4 years of age. it is associated with mutations in the lhcgr gene. omim: 176410
Familial anomalous origin of right pulmonary artery: right pulmonary artery, anomalous origin of, with ventricular septal defect, patent foramen ovale, and patent ductus arteriosus
Familial apoceruloplasmin deficiency: a hereditary autosomal recessive iron metabolism disorder, where iron gradually accumulates in the brain and other organs. it is characterized by neurologic symptoms that include dystonia and tics of the head, neck, face, and eyelids (blepharospasm), tremor; chorea, and ataxia. dementia may occur in middle aged patients. iron damage to pancreatic cells may cause diabetes mellitus and iron accumulation in the tissues and organs results in a deficiency of iron in the blood, leading to anemia; anemia and diabetes usually occur in young adulthood. excess iron may also affect the eye, causing retinal degeneration. mutations in the cp gene have been identified. omim: 604290
Familial cerebral cavernous malformation: hereditary autosomal dominant cavernous hemangiomas of the central nervous system that are distinct from intracranial arteriovenous malformations and are angiographically silent. the hemangiomas are benign, highly proliferative lesions involving aberrant localized growth of capillary endothelium and develop shortly after birth. mutations in the krit1 (ccm1) gene have been identified. omim: 116860
Familial cyclic vomiting syndrome: a disorder that usually occurs in children between 5 and 10 years of age and is characterized by frequent episodes of explosive vomiting at night or early in the morning with intervening symptom-free periods. other symptoms may include abdominal pain; fatigue; anorexia; pallor and migraine. matrilineal mutations in the mitochondrial transfer rna-leucine gene (mttl1) have been identified. omim: 500007
Familial cylindromatosis: familial cylindromatosis (omim: 132700), brooke-spiegler syndrome (brss) (omim: 605041), and multiple familial trichoepithelioma 1 (mft1) (omim: 601606) were originally described as distinct clinical entities. patients with brss develop multiple skin appendage neoplasms including cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, and spiradenomas. patients with familial cylindromatosis have only cylindromas, and those with mft1 have only trichoepitheliomas. however, because these disorders show overlapping phenotypic features, and because different manifestations of each have been described within a single family, many consider these disorders to represent a phenotypic spectrum of a single disease entity. all are caused by mutations in the cyld gene
Familial duodenal atresia: a congenital absence or complete closure of the lumen of the duodenum, resulting in polyhydramnios before birth and duodenal obstruction in the newborn. omim: 223400
Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma: a malignant tumor of the calcitonin - secreting parafollicular c cells of the thyroid that occurs sporadically or as a component of the multiple endocrine neoplasia (men) type 2 (omim: 171400)/familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (fmtc) syndromes. germline mutations in the ret and ntrk1 genes have been identified. omim: 155240
Familial multiple trichodiscomas: small benign fibrovascular tumor of the dermal part of the hair disk
Familial paroxysmal dystonia: a hereditary autosomal dominant neurologic condition that is the most common type of paroxysmal movement disorder and is often misdiagnosed as epilepsy. it characterized by recurrent and brief attacks of involuntary movement triggered by sudden voluntary movement. onset is usually during childhood or early adulthood and can involve dystonic postures, chorea, or athetosis. the condition improves with age and responds favorably to anticonvulsant agents such as carbamazepine or phenytoin. mutations in the prrt2 gene have been identified. omim: 128200
Familial primary gastric lymphoma: a rare familial gastric lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type (malt) that originates from b-lymphocytes. a germline mutation in the bcl10 gene has been identified. omim: 137245
Family Health: the health status of the family as a unit including the impact of the health of one member of the family on the family as a unit and on individual family members; also, the impact of family organization or disorganization on the health status of its members
Family Leave: the authorized absence from work of a family member to attend the illness or participate in the care of a parent, a sibling, or other family member. for the care of a parent for a child or for pre- or postnatal leave of a parent, parental leave is available
Family Nurse Practitioners: registered nurses with graduate degrees in nursing who provide care to patients of all age levels, and who focus their efforts on the health care needs of the entire family
Family Nursing: the provision of care involving the nursing process, to families and family members in health and illness situations. from lippincott manual of nursing practice. 6th ed
Family Planning Policy: a course or method of action selected, usually by a government, to guide and determine present and future decisions on population control by limiting the number of children or controlling fertility, notably through family planning and contraception within the nuclear family
Family Planning Services: health care programs or services designed to assist individuals in the planning of family size. various methods of contraception can be used to control the number and timing of childbirths
Family Practice: a medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family
Family Relations: behavioral, psychological, and social relations among various members of the nuclear family and the extended family
Family Structure: structural nature of relationships among members of a household typically in reference to a minor residing in the same home. more broadly any organizational framework that determines family membership, and the functions and hierarchical position of family members (https://eric.ed.gov/?qt=family+structure&ti=family+structure)
Family Therapy: a form of group psychotherapy. it involves treatment of more than one member of the family simultaneously in the same session
Famine: the conditions when at least 20 per cent of households in an area face extreme food shortages with a limited ability to cope; acute malnutrition rates exceed 30 per cent; and the death rate exceeds two persons per day per 10,000 persons. (from news.un.org/en/story/2011/07/382342-when-food-security-crisis-becomes-famine)
Famotidine: a competitive histamine h2-receptor antagonist. its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion
Fanconi Anemia: congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in anemia; leukopenia; and thrombopenia, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. spontaneous chromosome breakage is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to leukemia. there are at least 7 complementation groups in fanconi anemia: fanca, fancb, fancc, fancd1, fancd2, fance, fancf, fancg, and fancl. (from online mendelian inheritance in man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, august 20, 2004)
Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group A Protein: a fanconi anemia complementation group protein that is the most commonly mutated protein in fanconi anemia. it undergoes phosphorylation by protein kinase b and forms a complex with fancc protein in the cell nucleus
Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group C Protein: a fanconi anemia complementation group protein that regulates the activities of cytochrome p450 reductase and glutathione s-transferase. it is found predominately in the cytoplasm, but moves to the cell nucleus in response to fance protein
Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group D2 Protein: a fanconi anemia complementation group protein that undergoes mono-ubiquitination by fancl protein in response to dna damage. also, in response to ionizing radiation it can undergo phosphorylation by ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein. modified fancd2 interacts with brca2 protein in a stable complex with chromatin, and it is involved in dna repair by homologous recombination
Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group E Protein: a fanconi anemia complementation group protein that interacts with fancc protein and fancd2 protein. it promotes the accumulation of fancc protein in the cell nucleus
Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group F Protein: a fanconi anemia complementation group protein. it is an essential component of a nuclear core complex that protects the genome against chromosomal instability. it interacts directly with fancg protein and helps stabilize a complex with fanca protein and fancc protein
Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group G Protein: a fanconi anemia complementation group protein that undergoes phosphorylation by cdc2 protein kinase during mitosis. it forms a complex with other fanconi anemia proteins and helps protect cells from dna damage by genotoxic agents
Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group L Protein: an e3 ubiquitin ligase that plays a key role in the dna damage response pathway of fanconi anemia proteins. it is associated with mono-ubiquitination of fancd2 protein and the redistribution of fancd2 to nuclear foci containing brca1 protein
Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group N Protein: a fanconi anemia complementation group protein that contains an n-terminal dna-binding region and seven, c-terminal, wd repeats. it is an essential factor in homologous recombination dna repair through its interactions with brca2 protein; rad51 recombinase; and brca1 protein. it functions as a molecular scaffold to localize and stabilize these proteins at homologous recombination sites. mutations in the palb2 gene are associated with fanconi anemia complementation group n; type 3 pancreatic neoplasms; and susceptibility to breast cancer
Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group Proteins: a diverse group of proteins whose genetic mutations have been associated with the chromosomal instability syndrome fanconi anemia. many of these proteins play important roles in protecting cells against oxidative stress
Fanconi Syndrome: a hereditary or acquired form of generalized dysfunction of the proximal kidney tubule without primary involvement of the kidney glomerulus. it is usually characterized by the tubular wasting of nutrients and salts (glucose; amino acids; phosphates; and bicarbonates) resulting in hypokalemia; acidosis; hypercalciuria; and proteinuria
Fanconi like syndrome: immunologic deficiency, pancytopenia, and cutaneous malignancies
Fanconiho anemie: vrozené onemocnění s útlumem kostní dřeně, dalšími abnormalitami a častějším výskytem některých solidních nádorů. postižení mívají poruchu růstu, kožní projevy (změny pigmentace), mikrocefalii, anomálie palců, hypogonadismus a sníženou fertilitu; nicméně jejich výskyt je variabilní. z nádorů bývají častější tumory hlavy a krku a nádory gynekologické. část případů je diagnostikována záhy po narození, existují však i případy s diagnózou hluboko v dospělosti. z hematologických komplikací bývá selhání kostní dřeně s pancytopenií, častější je výskyt leukemie a myelodysplastického syndromu. je přítomna chromozomální nestabilita; bylo objeveno již více než deset odpovědných genů. dědičnost je větš. autozomálně recesivní (byl popsán i gen na x chromozomu a celkově je výskyt f. a. mírně vyšší u mužského pohlaví). produkty těchto genů se podílejí na opravách dna po jejím poškození. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/)
Fanconiho syndrom: onemocnění proximálních tubulů ledvin (tubulopatie), při němž je porušeno zpětné vstřebávání některých důležitých látek. porucha reabsorpce se projevuje vylučováním řady látek do moči (je např. glykosurie, fosfaturie, aminoacidurie, renální tubulární acidóza proximálního typu). následně mohou být poruchy minerálního hospodářství či acidobazické rovnováhy. je vrozený nebo vzniká při jiných chorobách ledvin. nedostatek fosfátů se projevuje zejm. onemocněním kostí (osteomalacie, rachitida). (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Fangfeng: root extract preparation from saposhnikoviae that is used in traditional chinese medicine
Farber Lipogranulomatosis: a sphingolipidosis subtype that is characterized by the histological appearance of granulomatous deposits in tissues. it results from the accumulation of ceramides in various tissues due to an inherited deficiency of acid ceramidase
Farberova nemoc: onemocnění metabolismu lipidů s autozomálně recesivní dědičností spočívající v deficitu ceramidázy. ceramidy se akumulují téměř ve všech tkáních (ledviny, plíce, játra, lymfatické uzliny), nejvíce však v okolí kloubů v podobě bolestivých granulomů. onemocnění se manifestuje kolem 1. roku života bolestmi kloubů, neprospíváním, při progresi chrapotem a dýchacími obtížemi (granulomy na hlasivkách), rekurentními pneumoniemi. prognóza je nepříznivá, děti umírají po 10. roce života. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Farmer's Lung: a form of alveolitis or pneumonitis due to an acquired hypersensitivity to inhaled antigens associated with farm environment. antigens in the farm dust are commonly from bacteria actinomycetes (saccharopolyspora and thermoactinomyces), fungi, and animal proteins in the soil, straw, crops, pelts, serum, and excreta
Farnesol: a colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. it is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. it has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 5th ed)
Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase: the first committed enzyme of the biosynthesis pathway that leads to the production of sterols. it catalyzes the synthesis of squalene from farnesyl pyrophosphate via the intermediate presqualene pyrophosphate. this enzyme is also a critical branch point enzyme in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids that is thought to regulate the flux of isoprene intermediates through the sterol pathway
Farnesyltranstransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate from trans, trans-farnesyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate
Fas Ligand Protein: a transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that was originally discovered on cells of the lymphoid-myeloid lineage, including activated t-lymphocytes and natural killer cells. it plays an important role in immune homeostasis and cell-mediated toxicity by binding to the fas receptor and triggering apoptosis
Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein: a signal-transducing adaptor protein that associates with tnf receptor complexes. it contains a death effector domain that can interact with death effector domains found on initiator caspases such as caspase 8 and caspase 10. activation of caspases via interaction with this protein plays a role in the signaling cascade that leads to apoptosis
Fascia: layers of connective tissue of variable thickness. the superficial fascia is found immediately below the skin; the deep fascia invests muscles, nerves, and other organs
Fascia Lata: connective tissue of the anterior compartment of the thigh that has its origins on the anterior aspect of the iliac crest and anterior superior iliac spine, and its insertion point on the iliotibial tract. it plays a role in medial rotation of the thigh, steadying the trunk, and in knee extension
Fasciculation: involuntary contraction of the muscle fibers innervated by a motor unit. fasciculations may be visualized as a muscle twitch or dimpling under the skin, but usually do not generate sufficient force to move a limb. they may represent a benign condition or occur as a manifestation of motor neuron disease or peripheral nervous system diseases. (adams et al., principles of neurology, 6th ed, p1294)
Fasciitis: inflammation of the fascia. there are three major types: 1, eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orange-peel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2, necrotizing fasciitis (fasciitis, necrotizing), a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3, nodular/pseudosarcomatous /proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma
Fasciitis, Necrotizing: a fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and fascia. it can be caused by many different organisms, with streptococcus pyogenes being the most common
Fasciitis, Plantar: inflammation of the plantar fascia (aponeurosis) on the bottom of the foot causing heel pain. the etiology of plantar fasciitis remains controversial but is likely to involve a biomechanical imbalance. though often presenting along with heel spur, they do not appear to be causally related
Fasciola: a genus of trematode liver flukes of the family fasciolidae. two species of this genus are f. hepatica and f. gigantica. the parasites are found in the liver and gallbladder and associated ducts in mammals and occasionally man. f. gigantica occurs rarely in man
Fasciola: rod jaterních motolic čeledi fasciolidae. zahrnuje druhy f. hepatica a f. gigantica. parazitují v játrech a žlučovém ústrojí savců a příležitostně i člověka. f. gigantica infikuje člověka jen vzácně
Fasciola hepatica: a species of helminth commonly called the sheep liver fluke. it occurs in the biliary passages, liver, and gallbladder during various stages of development. snails and aquatic vegetation are the intermediate hosts. occasionally seen in man, it is most common in sheep and cattle
Fasciola hepatica: kosmopolitně rozšířený parazit ze třídy trematoda (motolice) parazitující v játrech, respektive jaterních žlučovodech ovcí, skotu a celé řady dalších savců, včetně člověka. vývojový cyklus probíhá přes mezihostitele, jimiž jsou vodní plži. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Fascioliasis: liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus fasciola, such as fasciola hepatica
Fasciolidae: a family of flukes of the class trematoda occurring primarily in the liver of animals and man. there are six genera: fasciola, fasciolopsis, fascioloides, tenuifasciola, parafasciolopsis, and protofasciola. the adult form of fasciolopsis occurs in the intestines of pigs and man
Fasciolidae: čeleď fasciolidae patří do třídy motolice, kmene platyhelminthes a představuje významnou skupinu parazitů člověka a zvířat. čeleď čítá celkem 6 rodů (fascioloides, fasciola, fasciolopsis, parafasciolopsis, protofasciola, tenuifasciola). parazitují v játrech, žlučovém měchýři nebo ve střevech. k vývoji potřebují jednoho mezihostitele - vodního plže. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Fascioloidiasis: infection of cattle and other herbivores with the giant liver fluke fascioloides magna. it is characterized by extensive destruction of the liver parenchyma
Fasciotomy: surgical incision on the fascia. it is used to decompress compartment pressure (e.g. in compartment syndromes; circumferential burns and extremity injuries) or to release contractures (e.g. in dupuytren's contracture)
Fascism: political movement which combines nationalism with demands for political and social renewal. characteristics include militaristic nationalism, belief in a natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, and the desire to create a "people's community", in which individual interests would be subordinated to the good of the nation. (from www.britannica.com/topic/fascism)
Fast Foods: prepared food that is ready to eat or partially prepared food that has a final preparation time of a few minutes or less
Fast Neutrons: neutrons, the energy of which exceeds some arbitrary level, usually around one million electron volts
Fastray: an autopolymerizing poly(methylmethacrylate) custom tray resin
Fat Emulsions, Intravenous: emulsions of fats or lipids used primarily in parenteral feeding
Fat Necrosis: a condition in which the death of adipose tissue results in neutral fats being split into fatty acids and glycerol
Fat Substitutes: compounds used in food or in food preparation to replace dietary fats. they may be carbohydrate-, protein-, or fat-based. fat substitutes are usually lower in calories but provide the same texture as fats
Fatal Outcome: death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. this should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept
Fatigue: the state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic: a syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. there is also considerable overlap between this condition and fibromyalgia. (from semin neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; ann intern med 1994 dec 15;121(12): 953-9)
Fats: the glyceryl esters of a fatty acid, or of a mixture of fatty acids. they are generally odorless, colorless, and tasteless if pure, but they may be flavored according to origin. fats are insoluble in water, soluble in most organic solvents. they occur in animal and vegetable tissue and are generally obtained by boiling or by extraction under pressure. they are important in the diet (dietary fats) as a source of energy. (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Fats, Unsaturated: fats containing one or more double bonds, as from oleic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid
Fatty Acid Binding Protein 3: a small cytosolic fatty-acid binding protein that forms a lipid-binding beta-barrel structure and is expressed by cardiomyocytes and at lower levels in brain tissue. it is released into plasma immediately following cardiac injury and may therefore serve as a useful biomarker for the early detection of myocardial infarction
Fatty Acid Desaturases: a family of enzymes that catalyze the stereoselective, regioselective, or chemoselective syn-dehydrogenation reactions. they function by a mechanism that is linked directly to reduction of molecular oxygen
Fatty Acid Elongases: enzymes conserved from yeast to mammals which mediate elongation of fatty acids into very-long-chain fatty acids
Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I: animal form of fatty acid synthase which is encoded by a single gene and consists of seven catalytic domains and is functional as a homodimer. it is overexpressed in some neoplasms and is a target in humans of some antineoplastic agents and some anti-obesity agents
Fatty Acid Synthase, Type II: the form of fatty acid synthase complex found in bacteria; fungi; and plants. catalytic steps are like the animal form but the protein structure is different with dissociated enzymes encoded by separate genes. it is a target of some anti-infective agents which result in disruption of the cell membrane and cell wall
Fatty Acid Synthases: enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-coa and malonyl-coa derivatives
Fatty Acid Synthesis Inhibitors: compounds that interfere with fatty acid synthase resulting in a reduction of fatty acids. this is a target mechanism in humans of some antineoplastic agents and anti-obesity agents and of some anti-infective agents which interfere with cell wall and cell membrane formation
Fatty Acid Transport Proteins: a broad category of membrane transport proteins that specifically transport free fatty acids across cellular membranes. they play an important role in lipid metabolism in cells that utilize free fatty acids as an energy source
Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 7: a fatty acid-binding protein expressed by astrocytes during central nervous system development, and by malignant glioma cells. it is also expressed by astrocytes in response to injury or ischemia, and may function in repair of the myelin sheath
Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins: intracellular proteins that reversibly bind hydrophobic ligands including: saturated and unsaturated fatty acids; eicosanoids; and retinoids. they are considered a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed family of proteins that may play a role in the metabolism of lipids
Fatty Acids: organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (fatty acids, unsaturated). (grant & hackh's chemical dictionary, 5th ed)
Fatty Acids, Essential: long chain organic acid molecules that must be obtained from the diet. examples are linoleic acids and linolenic acids
Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated: fatty acids which are unsaturated in only one position
Fatty Acids, Nonesterified: fatty acids found in the plasma that are complexed with serum albumin for transport. these fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form
Fatty Acids, Omega-3: a group of unsaturated fatty acids occurring mainly in fish oils, with three double bonds at particular positions in the hydrocarbon chain
Fatty Acids, Omega-6: fatty acids which have the first unsaturated bond in the sixth position from the omega carbon. a typical american diet tends to contain substantially more omega-6 than omega-3 fatty acids
Fatty Acids, Unsaturated: fatty acids in which the carbon chain contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds
Fatty Acids, Volatile: short-chain fatty acids of up to six carbon atoms in length. they are the major end products of microbial fermentation in the ruminant digestive tract and have also been implicated in the causation of neurological diseases in humans
Fatty Alcohols: usually high-molecular-weight, straight-chain primary alcohols, but can also range from as few as 4 carbons, derived from natural fats and oils, including lauryl, stearyl, oleyl, and linoleyl alcohols. they are used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, detergents, plastics, and lube oils and in textile manufacture. (from mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 5th ed)
Fatty Liver: lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. the abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of triglycerides, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of fatty acids
Fatty Liver, Alcoholic: lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells that is due to alcohol abuse. the fatty changes in the alcoholic fatty liver may be reversible, depending on the amounts of triglycerides accumulated
Favism: hemolytic anemia due to the ingestion of fava beans or after inhalation of pollen from the vicia fava plant by persons with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient erythrocytes
Faye-Petersen Ward Carey syndrome: osteochondrodysplasia with rhizomelia, platyspondyly, callosal agenesis, callosal agenesis
Fear: the affective response to an actual current external danger which subsides with the elimination of the threatening condition
Feasibility Studies: studies to determine the advantages or disadvantages, practicability, or capability of accomplishing a projected plan, study, or project
Feathers: flat keratinous structures found on the skin surface of birds. feathers are made partly of a hollow shaft fringed with barbs. they constitute the plumage
Febrile Neutropenia: fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of neutrophils
Febrile Ulceronecrotic Mucha-Habermann disease: a severe variant of pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (pleva)
Febuxostat: a thiazole derivative and inhibitor of xanthine oxidase that is used for the treatment of hyperuricemia in patients with chronic gout
Fecal Impaction: formation of a firm impassable mass of stool in the rectum or distal colon
Fecal Incontinence: failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: transfer of gastrointestinal microbiota from one individual to another by infusion of donor feces to the upper or lower gastrointestinal tract of the recipient
Feces: excrement from the intestines, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and bacteria of the digestive system
Federated Learning: a method of training machine learning models whereby multiple devices train their own copy of the artificial intelligence model using decentralized local data. these locally trained model results are then aggregated by a central server to update the global model without accessing local data
Fee-for-Service Plans: method of charging whereby a physician or other practitioner bills for each encounter or service rendered. in addition to physicians, other health care professionals are reimbursed via this mechanism. fee-for-service plans contrast with salary, per capita, and prepayment systems, where the payment does not change with the number of services actually used or if none are used. (from discursive dictionary of health care, 1976)
Feedback: a mechanism of communication within a system in that the input signal generates an output response which returns to influence the continued activity or productivity of that system
Feedback, Physiological: a mechanism of communication with a physiological system for homeostasis, adaptation, etc. physiological feedback is mediated through extensive feedback mechanisms that use physiological cues as feedback loop signals to control other systems
Feedback, Psychological: a mechanism of information stimulus and response that may control subsequent behavior, cognition, perception, or performance. (from apa thesaurus of psychological index terms, 8th ed.)
Feedback, Sensory: a mechanism of communicating one's own sensory system information about a task, movement or skill
Feeder Cells: cells used in coculture techniques which support the growth of the other cells in the culture. feeder cells provide auxillary substances including attachment substrates, nutrients, or other factors that are needed for growth in culture
Feedforward Neural Networks: a network where information is only passed in one direction. this is the opposite of a recurrent neural network, in which information is processed in a cycle
Feeding Behavior: behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals
Feeding and Eating Disorders: a group of disorders characterized by physiological and/or psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake
Feeding and Eating Disorders of Childhood: mental disorders related to feeding and eating usually diagnosed in infancy or early childhood
Fees, Pharmaceutical: amounts charged to the patient or third-party payer for medication. it includes the pharmacist's professional fee and cost of ingredients, containers, etc
Feigenbaum Bergeron Richardson syndrome: atherosclerosis, premature, with deafness, nephropathy, diabetes mellitus, photomyoclonus, and degenerative neurologic disease; premature atherosclerosis with photomyoclonic epilepsy, deafness, diabetes mellitus, nephropathy, and neurodegenerative disorder
Feijoa: a plant genus of the family myrtaceae that is cultivated for the edible fruit, which is different from the ordinary guava (psidium)
Felbamate: a pegylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of nmda receptors. it is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of seizures in severe refractory epilepsy
Felidae: kočkovití (felidae), hovorově nazývaní kočky, jsou čeledí řádu šelem. dělí se na dvě recentní podčeledi - velké kočky (pantheriane) a malé kočky (felinae). z celého řádu šelem se právě kočkovití nejvíce drží masožravého způsobu života. jejich tělesná stavba je plně přizpůsobená lovu jiných zvířat. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Felidae: the cat family in the order carnivora comprised of muscular, deep-chested terrestrial carnivores with a highly predatory lifestyle
Feliformia: a suborder of cat-like mammals in the order carnivora. examples include hyenas; mongooses; civets; and related species. they are distinguishable from dog-like carnivores
Feliformia: podřád šelem podobných kočkám. patří sem např. kočkovití, hyenovití, promykovití a cibetkovití. liší se od příslušníků podřádu psotvárných
Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and in some cats infected with feline leukemia virus (felv)
Feline Infectious Peritonitis: common coronavirus infection of cats caused by the feline infectious peritonitis virus (coronavirus, feline). the disease is characterized by a long incubation period, fever, depression, loss of appetite, wasting, and progressive abdominal enlargement. infection of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage appears to be essential in fip pathogenesis
Feline Panleukopenia: a highly contagious dna virus infection of the cat family, characterized by fever, enteritis and bone marrow changes. it is also called feline ataxia, feline agranulocytosis, feline infectious enteritis, cat fever, cat plague, and show fever. it is caused by feline panleukopenia virus or the closely related mink enteritis virus or canine parvovirus
Feline Panleukopenia Virus: a species of parvovirus infecting cats with a highly contagious enteric disease. host range variants include mink enteritis virus, canine parvovirus (parvovirus, canine), and raccoon parvovirus. after infecting their new hosts, many of these viruses have further evolved and are now considered distinct species
Felis: felis (kočka) je rod kočkovitých šelem. obsahuje 4 druhy a jeden domestikovaný druh, kočku domácí, která vznikla z kočky divoké. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Felis: genus in the family felidae comprised of small felines including the domestic cat, felis catus (cats) and its ancestor the wild cat, felis silvestris
Fellowships and Scholarships: stipends or grants-in-aid granted by foundations or institutions to individuals for study
Felodipine: a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels
Felty Syndrome: a rare complication of rheumatoid arthritis with autoimmune neutropenia; and splenomegaly
Feltyho syndrom: revmatické onemocnění považované za variantu těžší revmatoidní artritidy se splenomegalií, granulocytopenií, anemií (hypersplenismus). v důsledku granulocytopenie mohou být častější bakteriální infekce; dále bývají častěji mimokloubní komplikace (pleuritida, perikarditida). kromě vysokých titrů revmatoidního faktoru jsou časté i antinukleární protilátky. postihuje dospělé jedince. (cit. velký lékařský slovník online, 2017 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz)
Felypressin: a synthetic analog of lypressin with a phenylalanine substitution at residue 2. felypressin is a vasoconstrictor with reduced antidiuretic activity
Female Athlete Triad Syndrome: a condition of competitive female athletes in which there are interrelated problems of feeding and eating disorders; amenorrhea; and osteoporosis
Female Urogenital Diseases: pathological processes of the female urinary tract and the reproductive system (genitalia, female)
Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications: pathological processes of the female urinary tract, the reproductive system (genitalia, female), and disorders related to pregnancy
Feminism: the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes and organized activity on behalf of women's rights and interests. (webster new collegiate dictionary, 1981)
Feminization: development of female secondary sex characteristics in the male. it is due to the effects of estrogenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as adrenal glands or therapeutic drugs