NLK-NML/MeSH-CZ-2025-notes huggingface dataset:
Classical Swine Fever: an acute, highly contagious disease affecting swine of all ages and caused by the classical swine fever virus. it has a sudden onset with high morbidity and mortality
Classical Swine Fever Virus: a species of the pestivirus genus causing exceedingly contagious and fatal hemorrhagic disease of swine
Classification: the systematic arrangement of entities in any field into categories classes based on common characteristics such as properties, morphology, subject matter, etc
Clathrin: the main structural coat protein of coated vesicles which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. each molecule of clathrin consists of three light chains (clathrin light chains) and three heavy chains (clathrin heavy chains) that form a structure called a triskelion. clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins
Clathrin-Coated Vesicles: vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits (coated pits, cell-membrane) invaginate and pinch off. the outer surface of these vesicles is covered with a lattice-like network of the protein clathrin. shortly after formation, however, the clathrin coat is removed and the vesicles are referred to as endosomes
Claudin-1: an integral membrane protein that is localized to tight junctions, where it plays a role in controlling the paracellular permeability of polarized cells. mutations in the gene for claudin-1 are associated with neonatal ichthyosis-sclerosing cholangitis (nisch) syndrome
Claudin-2: a claudin subtype that is associated with the formation of cation-selective channels and increased epithelial permeability. it is localized to the tight junctions of the proximal kidney tubule and intestinal epithelium
Claudin-3: a ubiquitously-expressed claudin subtype that acts as a general barrier-forming protein in tight junctions. elevated expression of claudin-3 is found in a variety of tumor cell types, suggesting its role as a therapeutic target for specific antineoplastic agents
Claudin-4: a claudin subtype that takes part in maintaining the barrier-forming property of tight junctions. claudin-4 is found associated with claudin-8 in the kidney collecting duct where it may play a role in paracellular chloride ion reabsorption
Claudin-5: a claudin subtype that is found localized to tight junctions in vascular endothelial cells. the protein was initially identified as one of several proteins which are deleted in velocardiofacial syndrome and may play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier
Claudins: a large family of transmembrane proteins found in tight junctions. they take part in the formation of paracellular barriers and pores that regulate paracellular permeability
Clausena: a plant genus of the family rutaceae. members contain anethole and carbazoles
Clausena: rod rostlin čeledi rutaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují anetol a karbazoly
Claustrophobia: persistent and irrational fear of enclosed places (e.g., elevators, closets, tunnels) or of being confined (e.g., in an airplane or the backseat of a car). situations where enclosure or confinement may be encountered are often avoided or else endured with intense anxiety or distress. the focus of fear is typically on panic symptoms triggered in these situations, such as feelings of being unable to breathe, choking, sweating, and fears of losing control. (from apa dictionary of psychology, accessed 11/8/2023)
Claustrum: a gray matter lamina located underneath the inner neocortex lateral to the putamen and medial to the insular cortex. it is considered to be a part of the basal ganglia. extensive claustral projections exist to most cortices and subcortical structures including the amygdala, the caudate nucleus, the hippocampus and the thalamus
Clavibacter: a genus of high gc content, gram-positive aerobic bacteria in the family microbacteriaceae and phylum actinobacteria. this genus contains some phytopathogenic coryneform (club-shaped) bacteria causing stunting diseases in plants
Clavibacter: rod grampozitivních, aerobních bakterií kmene actinobacteria, čeledi microbacteriaceae. genom má vysoký obsah gc bazí. tento rod obsahuje fytopatogenní, koryneformní (kyjovité) bakterie, které způsobují zakrslost rostlin
Claviceps: a genus of ascomycetous fungi, family clavicipitaceae, order hypocreales, parasitic on various grasses (poaceae). the sclerotia contain several toxic alkaloids. claviceps purpurea on rye causes ergotism
Claviceps: rod vřeckovýtrusných hub čeledi clavicipitaceae, řádu hypocreales. parazituje na různých travách (poaceae). sklerocia těchto hub obsahují řadu toxických alkaloidů. claviceps purpurea na žitu způsobuje ergotismus
Clavicle: a bone on the ventral side of the shoulder girdle, which in humans is commonly called the collar bone
Clavulanic Acid: a beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium streptomyces clavuligerus. it is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase
Clavulanic Acids: acids, salts, and derivatives of clavulanic acid (c8h9o5n). they consist of those beta-lactam compounds that differ from penicillin in having the sulfur of the thiazolidine ring replaced by an oxygen. they have limited antibacterial action, but block bacterial beta-lactamase irreversibly, so that similar antibiotics are not broken down by the bacterial enzymes and therefore can exert their antibacterial effects
Clay: a naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. it is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal oxides, and organic matter
Clear-cell metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a cancer of the kidney. "clear cell" refers to the appearance of the cancer cells when viewed with a microscope. it may be associated with somatic mutations in the ogg1 gene. omim: 601982
Clearfil Flow FX: composed of bis-gma, tegdma, and udma
Clearfil Protect Bond: protect bond and clearfil protect bond are made by the same company and presumably the same
Clearfil SE Bond: composed of primer: mdp, hema silica microfiller & adhesive: mdp, hema & bisgma; do not confuse with sebond, a dental bonding agent
Cleavage And Polyadenylation Specificity Factor: an rna-binding protein that recognizes the aauaaa rna sequence at the 3' end of mrna. it contains four subunits of 30, 73, 100 and 160 kda molecular size and combines with cleavage stimulation factor to form a stable complex with mrna that directs the 3' cleavage and polyadenylation reaction
Cleavage Stage, Ovum: the earliest developmental stage of a fertilized ovum (zygote) during which there are several mitotic divisions within the zona pellucida. each cleavage or segmentation yields two blastomeres of about half size of the parent cell. this cleavage stage generally covers the period up to 16-cell morula
Cleavage Stimulation Factor: a rna-binding protein that stimulates the cleavage of the 3' end of mrna near the polyadenylation site. it is a heterotrimer of 55-, 64- and 77-kda subunits and combines with cleavage stimulation factor to form a stable complex with mrna that directs the 3' cleavage and polyadenylation reaction
Cleft Lip: congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. it is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region
Cleft Palate: congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion
Cleidocranial Dysplasia: autosomal dominant syndrome in which there is delayed closing of the cranial fontanelles; complete or partial absence of the collarbones (clavicles); wide pubic symphysis; short middle phalanges of the fifth fingers; and dental and vertebral anomalies
Cleidorhizomelic syndrome: brachydactyly, enlarged diaphysis, rhizomelic micromelia, short stature/dwarfism and clavicle absent/abnormal
Clemastine: a histamine h1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. it causes drowsiness
Clematis: a plant genus of the family ranunculaceae. members contain scopoletin and saponins
Clematis: rod rostlin čeledi ranunculaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují skopoletin a saponiny
Clenbuterol: a substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. it is used as a bronchodilator in asthma
Cleome: a plant genus of the family capparaceae that contains cleogynol and 15alpha-acetoxycleomblynol (dammaranes) and 1-epibrachyacarpone (a triterpene), and isothiocyanates
Cleome: rod rostlin čeledi cleomaceae, jehož zástupci obsahují kleogynol a 15alfa-acetoxykleomblynol (dammarany), 1-epibrachyakarpon (triterpen) a isothiokyanáty
Clerodendrum: a plant genus of the family lamiaceae. inerminosides (iridoid glycosides); colebroside a; steroids; sterols; terpenoid glucosides; and abietane diterpenes have been found in this genus
Clethraceae: a plant family of the order ericales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida
Clethraceae: čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin řádu ericales, třídy rosopsida
Click Chemistry: organic chemistry methodology that mimics the modular nature of various biosynthetic processes. it uses highly reliable and selective reactions designed to click i.e., rapidly join small modular units together in high yield, without offensive byproducts. in combination with combinatorial chemistry techniques, it is used for the synthesis of new compounds and combinatorial libraries
Climacteric: physiologic period, characterized by endocrine and somatic changes with the termination of ovarian function in the female. it may also accompany the diminution of sexual activity in the male
Climate: the longterm manifestations of weather. (mcgraw-hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, 6th ed)
Climate Change: any significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature, precipitation, or wind) lasting for an extended period (decades or longer). it may result from natural factors such as changes in the sun's intensity, natural processes within the climate system such as changes in ocean circulation, or human activities
Climate Models: computer representations that simulate or predict the behavior or activity of weather systems, processes, or phenomena
Climatic Processes: characteristic events occurring in the atmosphere during the interactions and transformation of various atmospheric components and conditions
Climatotherapy: relocating a patient to a climate more suitable for health or for management of a health condition
Clindamycin: an antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of lincomycin
Clinical Alarms: components of medical instrumentation used for physiological evaluation of patients, that signal when a threshold value is reached
Clinical Audit: a detailed review and evaluation of selected clinical records by qualified professional personnel to improve the quality of patient care and outcomes. the clinical audit was formally introduced in 1993 into the united kingdom's national health service
Clinical Chemistry Tests: laboratory tests demonstrating the presence of physiologically significant substances in the blood, urine, tissue, and body fluids with application to the diagnosis or therapy of disease
Clinical Clerkship: undergraduate education programs for second- , third- , and fourth-year students in health sciences in which the students receive clinical training and experience in teaching hospitals or affiliated health centers
Clinical Coding: process of substituting a symbol or code for a term such as a diagnosis or procedure. (from slee's health care terms, 3d ed.)
Clinical Conference: work that consists of a conference of physicians on their observations of a patient at the bedside, regarding the physical state, laboratory and other diagnostic findings, clinical manifestations, results of current therapy, etc. a clinical conference usually ends with a confirmation or correction of clinical findings by a pathological diagnosis performed by a pathologist. clinical conference is often referred to as a clinico-pathological conference
Clinical Decision Rules: scores or algorithms that correlate with clinically significant findings and that are used to predict an outcome, or suggest a diagnostic or therapeutic action
Clinical Decision-Making: process of formulating a diagnosis based on medical history and physical or mental examinations, and/or choosing an appropriate intervention
Clinical Deterioration: a critical disease progression, often measured by a set of clinical parameters, which activates hospital rapid response team
Clinical Enzyme Tests: analyses for a specific enzyme activity, or of the level of a specific enzyme that is used to assess health and disease risk, for early detection of disease or disease prediction, diagnosis, and change in disease status
Clinical Governance: a framework through which the united kingdom's national health service organizations are accountable for continually improving the quality of their services and safeguarding high standards of care by creating an environment in which excellence in clinical care will flourish. (scally and donaldson, bmj (4 july 1998): 61-65)
Clinical Laboratory Information Systems: information systems, usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling administrative and clinical activities associated with the provision and utilization of clinical laboratory services
Clinical Laboratory Services: organized services provided by medical laboratory personnel for the purpose of carrying out clinical laboratory techniques used for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease
Clinical Laboratory Techniques: techniques used to carry out clinical investigative procedures in the diagnosis and therapy of disease
Clinical Nursing Research: research carried out by nurses in the clinical setting and designed to provide information that will help improve patient care. other professional staff may also participate in the research
Clinical Observation Units: a hospital unit that serves as a dedicated observation area for emergency room patients when a decision to admit or not is unclear. also known as clinical decision units or short-stay observation units
Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems: information systems, usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling administrative activities associated with the provision and utilization of clinical pharmacy services
Clinical Protocols: precise and detailed plans for the study of a medical or biomedical problem and/or plans for a regimen of therapy
Clinical Reasoning: process by which clinicians collect signs and process information to understand the patient's medical situation or problem, and then plan and implement appropriate medical interventions
Clinical Relevance: criteria to determine whether a finding (e.g., clinical examination, lab test, imaging results) requires a medical intervention for meaningful improvement in outcome often to avoid overdiagnosis and/or overtreatment
Clinical Studies as Topic: works about research studies that evaluate interventions or exposures on biomedical or health-related outcomes. the two main types of clinical studies are interventional studies (clinical trials) and observational studies
Clinical Study: a work that reports on the results of a research study to evaluate interventions or exposures on biomedical or health-related outcomes. the two main types of clinical studies are interventional studies (clinical trials) and observational studies. while most clinical studies concern humans, this publication type may be used for clinical veterinary articles meeting the requisites for humans
Clinical Trial: a work that reports on the results of a clinical study in which participants are assigned to receive one or more interventions so that researchers can evaluate the interventions on biomedical or health-related outcomes. the assignments are determined by the study protocol. participants may receive diagnostic, therapeutic, or other types of interventions. for clinical trials on veterinary animals see clinical trial, veterinary. clinical trials was used for both humans and non-humans prior to 2019
Clinical Trial Protocol: the written description of a clinical study. it contains the study's objectives, design, and methods including subject target and/or enrollment criteria. it may also present relevant scientific background and statistical information
Clinical Trial Protocols as Topic: works about the written descriptions of a clinical study. it contains the study's objectives, design, and methods including subject target and/or enrollment criteria. it may also present relevant scientific background and statistical information
Clinical Trial, Phase I: work that is the report of a pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical study of the safety and efficacy of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques based on a small number of healthy persons and conducted over the period of about a year in either the united states or a foreign country
Clinical Trial, Phase II: work that is a report of a pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical study of the safety and efficacy of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques based on several hundred volunteers, including a limited number of patients, and conducted over a period of about two years in either the united states or a foreign country
Clinical Trial, Phase III: work that is a report of a pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical study of the safety and efficacy of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques after phase ii trials. a large enough group of patients is studied and closely monitored by physicians for adverse response to long-term exposure, over a period of about three years in either the united states or a foreign country
Clinical Trial, Phase IV: work that is a report of a planned post-marketing study of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques that have been approved for general sale after clinical trials, phases i, ii, and iii. these studies, conducted in the united states or a foreign country, often garner additional data about the safety and efficacy of a product
Clinical Trial, Veterinary: a work in which animal participants are assigned to receive one or more interventions so that researchers can evaluate the interventions on biomedical or health-related outcomes. the assignments are determined by the study protocol
Clinical Trials Data Monitoring Committees: committees established to review interim data and efficacy outcomes in clinical trials. the findings of these committees are used in deciding whether a trial should be continued as designed, changed, or terminated. government regulations regarding federally-funded research involving human subjects (the common rule) require (45 cfr 46.111) that research ethics committees reviewing large-scale clinical trials monitor the data collected using a mechanism such as a data monitoring committee. fda regulations (21 cfr 50.24) require that such committees be established to monitor studies conducted in emergency settings
Clinical Trials as Topic: works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. this concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the u.s. and in other countries
Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic: works about studies performed to evaluate the safety of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques in healthy subjects and to determine the safe dosage range (if appropriate). these tests also are used to determine pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties (toxicity, metabolism, absorption, elimination, and preferred route of administration). they involve a small number of persons and usually last about 1 year. this concept includes phase i studies conducted both in the u.s. and in other countries
Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic: works about studies that are usually controlled to assess the effectiveness and dosage (if appropriate) of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques. these studies are performed on several hundred volunteers, including a limited number of patients with the target disease or disorder, and last about two years. this concept includes phase ii studies conducted in both the u.s. and in other countries
Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic: works about comparative studies to verify the effectiveness of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques determined in phase ii studies. during these trials, patients are monitored closely by physicians to identify any adverse reactions from long-term use. these studies are performed on groups of patients large enough to identify clinically significant responses and usually last about three years. this concept includes phase iii studies conducted in both the u.s. and in other countries
Clinical Trials, Phase IV as Topic: works about planned post-marketing studies of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques that have been approved for general sale. these studies are often conducted to obtain additional data about the safety and efficacy of a product. this concept includes phase iv studies conducted in both the u.s. and in other countries
Clinical Trials, Veterinary as Topic: works about clinical studies in which animal participants are assigned to receive one or more interventions so that researchers can evaluate the interventions on biomedical or health-related outcomes. the assignments are determined by the study protocol. animal participants may receive diagnostic, therapeutic, or other types of interventions
Clinpro Sealant: a light-cured, resin-based, fluoride-releasing silica-filled material that changes color upon exposure to light
Clione: a genus of small, shell-less, marine mollusks in the family clione, superorder gastropoda. these pteropod (possessing a foot developed into wing-like organ for swimming) sea slugs feed exclusively on another pteropod mollusk, limacina
Clione: rod drobných mořských měkkýšů čeledi clione, třídy gastropoda. mořští plži bez ulity, s nohou přeměněnou na křídlovitý orgán zajišťující plavání. potravou jsou výhradně křídlonožci rodu limacina
Clioquinol: a potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. the oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide
Clitoria: a plant genus of the family fabaceae that contains ternatins (anthocyanins) and preternatins, antifungal proteins, stigmast-4-ene-3,6-dione, and clitoriacetal (rotenone)
Clitoria: rod rostlin z čeledi fabaceae (bobovité), který obsahuje ternatiny (antokyany) a preternatiny, antifungální proteiny, stigmast-4-en-3,6-dion a klitoriacetal (rotenon)
Clitoris: an erectile structure homologous with the penis, situated beneath the anterior labial commissure, partially hidden between the anterior ends of the labia minora
Cloaca: a dilated cavity extended caudally from the hindgut. in adult birds, reptiles, amphibians, and many fishes but few mammals, cloaca is a common chamber into which the digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts discharge their contents. in most mammals, cloaca gives rise to large intestine; urinary bladder; and genitalia
Cloacal Exstrophy: a rare congenital malformation that affects the development of the urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems due to cloaca malformations. in this condition, the large intestine develops outside the abdominal cavity, with the bladder connected to it. due to this abnormal connection between the colon and the bladder, urine and stool can mix, and there is often no anus
Cloacin: a bacteriocin produced by a plasmid that can occur in several bacterial strains. it is a basic protein of molecular weight 56,000 and exists in a complex with its immunity protein which protects the host bacterium from its effects
Clobazam: a benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting gaba-a receptor agonist. it is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of seizures, including seizures associated with lennox-gastaut syndrome. it is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute anxiety
Clobetasol: a derivative of prednisolone with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. absorbed through the skin faster than fluocinonide, it is used topically in treatment of psoriasis but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression
Clodronic Acid: a diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. it inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification
Clofarabine: an adenine arabinonucleoside derivative that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. it is used in the treatment of acute lymphoid leukemia in pediatric patients who have relapsed
Clofazimine: a fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. it has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat mycobacterium avium infections in aids patients. clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (from ama drug evaluations annual, 1993, p1619)
Clofibrate: a fibric acid derivative used in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia type iii and severe hypertriglyceridemia. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p986)
Clofibric Acid: an antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of clofibrate
Clomiphene: a triphenyl ethylene stilbene derivative which is an estrogen agonist or antagonist depending on the target tissue. note that enclomiphene and zuclomiphene are the (e) and (z) isomers of clomiphene respectively
Clomipramine: a tricyclic antidepressant similar to imipramine that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. it is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine
Clonal Anergy: functional inactivation of t- or b-lymphocytes rendering them incapable of eliciting an immune response to antigen. this occurs through different mechanisms in the two kinds of lymphocytes and can contribute to self tolerance
Clonal Deletion: removal, via cell death, of immature lymphocytes that interact with antigens during maturation. for t-lymphocytes this occurs in the thymus and ensures that mature t-lymphocytes are self tolerant. b-lymphocytes may also undergo clonal deletion
Clonal Evolution: the process of accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes over time in individual cells and the effect of the changes on cell proliferation
Clonal Hematopoiesis: expansion of blood cells arising from mutant hematopoietic stem cells often related to aging. mutations on epigenetic regulator genes are common in clonal hematopoiesis and may be a risk factor for hematologic neoplasms and other cardiovascular diseases. when variant allele fraction is at least 2% and is present in the absence of severe cytopenias it is referred to as clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (chip)
Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated: lymphocyte activation by a specific antigen thus triggering clonal expansion of lymphocytes already capable of mounting an immune response to the antigen
Clonazepam: an anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. it is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. the mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor responses
Clone Cells: a group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. clone cells also include populations of recombinant dna molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (from king & stansfield, dictionary of genetics, 4th ed)
Clonidine: an imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates alpha-2 adrenergic receptors and central imidazoline receptors. it is commonly used in the management of hypertension
Cloning, Molecular: the insertion of recombinant dna molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells
Cloning, Organism: the formation of one or more genetically identical organisms derived by vegetative reproduction from a single cell. the source nuclear material can be embryo-derived, fetus-derived, or taken from an adult somatic cell
Clonorchiasis: infection of the biliary passages with clonorchis sinensis, also called opisthorchis sinensis. it may lead to inflammation of the biliary tract, proliferation of biliary epithelium, progressive portal fibrosis, and sometimes bile duct carcinoma. extension to the liver may lead to fatty changes and cirrhosis. (from dorland, 27th ed)
Clonorchis sinensis: a species of trematode flukes of the family opisthorchidae. many authorities consider this genus belonging to opisthorchis. it is common in china and other asiatic countries. snails and fish are the intermediate hosts
Clonorchis sinensis: trojhostitelská motolice parazitující v játrech člověka, prasete, šelem a potkanů. je endemická na dálném východě. onemocnění způsobené touto motolicí se nazývá klonorchióza. infekce má prokazatelný karcinogenní účinek na epitel žlučovodů a může vést ke vzniku nádorů žlučovodů (cholangiokarcinom). proto byl druh v roce 2009 přiřazen k seznamu karcinogenů biologické povahy první kategorie. mezihostiteli jsou plži a ryby. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2019 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Clopamide: a sulfamoylbenzamide piperidine. it is considered a thiazide-like diuretic
Clopenthixol: a thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. it is an antagonist at d1 and d2 dopamine receptors
Clopidogrel: a ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic p2y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated platelet aggregation. it is used to prevent thromboembolism in patients with arterial occlusive diseases; myocardial infarction; stroke; or atrial fibrillation
Cloprostenol: a synthetic prostaglandin f2alpha analog. the compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle
Clorazepate Dipotassium: a water-soluble benzodiazepine derivative effective in the treatment of anxiety. it has also muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant actions
Clorgyline: an antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to pargyline
Closed Fracture Reduction: a procedure in which normal alignment of a fractured bone is restored by orthopedic manipulation without incision
Closing Volume: the lung volume at which the dependent lung zones cease to ventilate presumably as a result of airway closure
Closterium: a genus of crescent-shaped algae in the family closteriaceae, order desmidiales
Closterium: rod řas čeledi closteriaceae, řádu desmidiales. mají vřetenovitý, více či méně zakřivený tvar těla
Closteroviridae: a family of plant viruses containing the largest single-stranded rna genomes. infections typically involve yellowing and necrosis, particularly affecting the phloem
Closteroviridae: čeleď rostlinných virů s největšími genomy tvořenými jednořetězcovou rna. k příznakům infekce patří žloutnutí a nekróza, zejména je poškozováno lýko
Closterovirus: a genus of plant viruses in the family closteroviridae containing highly flexuous filaments. some members are important pathogens of crop plants. natural vectors include aphids, whiteflies, and mealybugs. the type species is beet yellows virus
Closterovirus: rod rostlinných virů čeledi closteroviridae. jejich částice jsou vysoce flexibilní vlákna. někteří zástupci jsou významnými patogeny zemědělských plodin. k přirozeným vektorům patří mšice, molicovití a vlnatky. typovým druhem je virus žloutenky řepy
Clostridiaceae: a non-sulfate spore-forming anaerobic family of gram-positive bacteria, of the class clostridia
Clostridiaceae: čeleď grampozitivních, sporulujících bakterií třídy clostridia. tyto bakterie nemohou redukovat sulfáty na sulfity
Clostridiales: an order of anaerobic bacteria that are predominantly gram positive within the phylum firmicutes. it includes the clostridium and eubacterium genera
Clostridiales: řád anaerobních bakterií, které jsou převážně grampozitivní v rámci kmene firmicutes. zahrnuje rody clostridium a eubacterium
Clostridioides: a genus of an obligate anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming rod bacteria in the family peptostreptococcacea and the order clostridiales. known cause of inflammation of the colon and profuse diarrhea
Clostridioides: rod obligátně anaerobních, grampozitivních, sporulujících, tyčinkových bakterií čeledi peptostreptococcacea a řádu clostridiales. jsou známou příčinou zánětu tlustého střeva a původcem průjmů. nejběžnějším zástupcem je clostridioides difficile (dříve clostridium difficile)
Clostridioides difficile: a common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. the type species clostridioides difficile is formerly known as clostridium difficile. it is a causative agent for clostridioides infections and is associated with pseudomembranous enterocolitis in patients receiving antibiotic therapy
Clostridioides difficile: druh grampozitivní bakterie čeledi clostridiaceae. běžně se vyskytuje v tračníku dětí a někdy i dospělých. produkuje toxin, který u pacientů léčených antibiotiky může způsobit pseudomembranózní enterokolitidu
Clostridium: a genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family clostridiaceae. many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. they occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals
Clostridium: rod pohyblivých i nepohyblivých grampozitivních bakterií čeledi clostridiaceae. bylo identifikováno mnoho druhů, z nichž některé jsou patogenní. vyskytují se ve vodě, v půdě a ve střevním traktu člověka a nižších živočichů
Clostridium Infections: infections with bacteria of the genus clostridium and closely related clostridioides species
Clostridium acetobutylicum: a species of gram-positive bacteria in the family clostridiaceae, used for the industrial production of solvents
Clostridium acetobutylicum: druh grampozitivní bakterie čeledi clostridiaceae, která se využívá při průmyslové produkci rozpouštědel
Clostridium beijerinckii: a species of gram-positive bacteria in the family clostridiaceae, capable of solventogenesis, and isolated from soil, infected wounds, fermenting olives, and spoiled candy
Clostridium beijerinckii: druh grampozitivní bakterie čeledi clostridiaceae, která má schopnost solventogeneze. vyskytuje se v půdě, infikovaných ranách, ve fermentujících olivách a zkaženém cukroví
Clostridium bifermentans: a species of gram-positive bacteria in the family clostridiaceae that ferments both carbohydrates and amino acids
Clostridium bifermentans: druh grampozitivní bakterie čeledi clostridiaceae, která fermentuje sacharidy i aminokyseliny
Clostridium botulinum: a species of anaerobic, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria in the family clostridiaceae that produces proteins with characteristic neurotoxicity. it is the etiologic agent of botulism in humans, wild fowl, horses; and cattle. seven subtypes (sometimes called antigenic types, or strains) exist, each producing a different botulinum toxin (botulinum toxins). the organism and its spores are widely distributed in nature
Clostridium botulinum: druh anaerobní, grampozitivní, tyčinkovité bakterie čeledi clostridiaceae, která produkuje neurotoxické proteiny. je etiologickým agens botulismu u člověka, divoce žijících vrubozobých, u koní a skotu. na základě antigenicity lze rozlišit sedm sérotypů produkujících odlišný typ botulotoxinu. bakterie a její spory jsou v přírodě široce rozšířené
Clostridium botulinum typ A: podtyp druhu clostridium botulinum. produkuje botulotoxin typu a, který je neurotoxický pro člověka a zvířata
Clostridium botulinum typ B: podtyp druhu clostridium botulinum. produkuje botulotoxin typu b, který je neurotoxický pro člověka a zvířata
Clostridium botulinum typ C: podtyp druhu clostridium botulinum. produkuje botulotoxin typu c, který je neurotoxický pro zvířata, zejména skot, ale není toxický pro člověka. způsobuje disociaci aktinových vláken
Clostridium botulinum typ D: podtyp druhu clostridium botulinum. produkuje botulotoxin typu d, který je neurotoxický pro zvířata, zejména pro skot, ale není toxický pro člověka
Clostridium botulinum typ E: podtyp druhu clostridium botulinum. produkuje botulotoxin typu e, který je neurotoxický pro člověka a zvířata
Clostridium botulinum typ F: podtyp druhu clostridium botulinum. produkuje botulotoxin typu f, který je neurotoxický pro člověka a zvířata
Clostridium botulinum typ G: podtyp druhu clostridium botulinum. produkuje botulotoxin typu g. ačkoli byl izolován z půdy, nebyla zjištěna žádná nákaza vyvolaná tímto podtypem
Clostridium botulinum type A: subtype of clostridium botulinum that produces botulinum toxins, type a which is neurotoxic to humans and animals
Clostridium botulinum type B: subtype of clostridium botulinum that produces botulinum toxin type b which is neurotoxic to humans and animals
Clostridium botulinum type C: subtype of clostridium botulinum that produces botulinum toxin type c which is neurotoxic to animals, especially cattle, but not humans. it causes dissociation of actin filaments
Clostridium botulinum type D: subtype of clostridium botulinum that produces botulinum toxin type d which is neurotoxic to animals, especially cattle, but not humans
Clostridium botulinum type E: subtype of clostridium botulinum that produces botulinum toxin type e which is neurotoxic to humans and animals
Clostridium botulinum type F: subtype of clostridium botulinum that produces botulinum toxin type f which is neurotoxic to humans and animals
Clostridium botulinum type G: subtype of clostridium botulinum that produces botulinum toxin type g. though it has been isolated from soil, no outbreaks involving this type have been recognized
Clostridium butyricum: type species of the genus clostridium, a gram-positive bacteria in the family clostridiaceae. it is used as a source of probiotics
Clostridium butyricum: typový druh rodu clostridium, grampozitivní bakterie z čeledi clostridiaceae. používá se jako zdroj probiotik
Clostridium cellulolyticum: a species of gram-positive bacteria in the family clostridiaceae. it is a cellulolytic, mesophilic species isolated from decayed grass
Clostridium cellulolyticum: druh grampozitivní bakterie čeledi clostridiaceae. je to celulolytická a mezofilní bakterie izolovaná z rozkládající se trávy
Clostridium cellulovorans: a species of gram-positive, cellulolytic bacteria in the family clostridiaceae. it produces cellulosomes which are involved in plant cell wall degradation
Clostridium cellulovorans: druh grampozitivní, celulolytické bakterie čeledi clostridiaceae. produkuje enzymové komplexy označované jako celulosomy, které se účastní degradace buněčné stěny rostlin
Clostridium chauvoei: a species of gram-positive bacteria in the family clostridiaceae isolated from infected cattle; sheep; and other animals. it causes blackleg in cattle and sheep and is transmitted through soil-borne spores
Clostridium chauvoei: druh grampozitivní bakterie čeledi clostridiaceae izolované z infikovaného skotu, ovcí a dalších zvířat. u skotu a ovcí způsobuje sněť šelestivou. vytváří odolné spory, které přetrvávají v půdě a hnoji
Clostridium histolyticum: a species of gram-positive, strongly proteolytic bacteria in the family clostridiaceae. it contains several forms of collagenase whose action can lead to gas gangrene in humans and horses
Clostridium histolyticum: druh grampozitivní, silně proteolytické bakterie čeledi clostridiaceae. obsahuje několik forem kolagenázy, která může vyvolat plynatou gangrénu u člověka a koní
Clostridium kluyveri: a species of gram-positive bacteria in the family clostridiaceae. it is distinctive for its ability to ferment ethanol to caproic acid
Clostridium kluyveri: druh grampozitivní bakterie čeledi clostridiaceae. je typická svojí schopností fermentovat etanol na kyselinu kaproovou
Clostridium perfringens: druh grampozitivní bakterie čeledi clostridiaceae. nejčastější etiologické agens plynaté gangrény. podle distribuce produkce dvanácti různých toxinů se rozlišuje několik typů c. perfringens
Clostridium perfringens: the most common etiologic agent of gas gangrene. it is differentiable into several distinct types based on the distribution of twelve different toxins
Clostridium septicum: a species of gram-positive bacteria in the family clostridiaceae. infections have a strong association with malignancies and also with gas gangrene
Clostridium septicum: druh grampozitivní bakterie čeledi clostridiaceae. infekce úzce souvisí s malignitami a také s plynatou gangrénou
Clostridium sordellii: a species of gram-positive bacteria in the family clostridiaceae, found in intestines and soil
Clostridium sordellii: druh grampozitivní bakterie čeledi clostridiaceae, která se vyskytuje ve střevech a v půdě
Clostridium sticklandii: a species of gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria in the family clostridiaceae frequently used for the study of enzymes
Clostridium sticklandii: druh grampozitivní, anaerobní bakterie čeledi clostridiaceae, která se často využívá pro výzkum enzymů
Clostridium symbiosum: a species of gram-positive bacteria in the family clostridiaceae. its glutamate dehydrogenase is commonly used in research
Clostridium symbiosum: druh grampozitivní bakterie čeledi clostridiaceae. její enzym glutamátdehydrogenáza se běžně používá ve výzkumu
Clostridium tertium: a species of gram-positive bacteria in the family clostridiaceae, causing bacteremia in humans and animals
Clostridium tertium: druh grampozitivní bakterie čeledi clostridiaceae, která způsobuje bakteriemii u člověka a zvířat
Clostridium tetani: druh grampozitivní bakterie čeledi clostridiaceae, která je původce onemocnění tetanem. běžně se vyskytuje ve střevech lidí a koní a také v půdě. jakmile se rozvine infekce, c. tetani produkuje dva exotoxiny, tetanolysin a tetanospasmin. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Clostridium tetani: the cause of tetanus in humans and domestic animals. it is a common inhabitant of human and horse intestines as well as soil. two components make up its potent exotoxin activity, a neurotoxin and a hemolytic toxin
Clostridium tetanomorphum: a species of gram-positive bacteria in the family clostridiaceae. its glutamate mutase is commonly used in research
Clostridium tetanomorphum: druh grampozitivní bakterie čeledi clostridiaceae. její enzym glutamátmutáza se běžně používá ve výzkumu
Clostridium thermocellum: a species of gram-positive, thermophilic, cellulolytic bacteria in the family clostridaceae. it degrades and ferments cellobiose and cellulose to ethanol in the cellulosome
Clostridium thermocellum: druh grampozitivní, termofilní, celulolytické bakterie čeledi clostridiaceae. pomocí celulosomu rozkládá a fermentuje celobiózu a celulózu na etanol
Clostridium tyrobutyricum: a species of gram-positive bacteria in the family clostridiaceae responsible for spoilage of some cheese via fermentation of butyric acid
Clostridium tyrobutyricum: druh grampozitivní bakterie čeledi clostridiaceae. je příčinou pozdního duření sýrů díky produkci kyseliny máselné při fermentaci
Clot Retraction: retraction of a clot resulting from contraction of platelet pseudopods attached to fibrin strands. the retraction is dependent on the contractile protein thrombosthenin. clot retraction is used as a measure of platelet function
Clotrimazole: an imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. it inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal cell membranes. its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane
Clove Oil: an oil from flower buds of syzygium trees which contains large amounts of eugenol
Cloxacillin: a semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of oxacillin
Clozapine: a tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. it binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-ht 2a/2c receptor subtype. it also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine d2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent
Clubfoot: a deformed foot in which the foot is plantarflexed, inverted, and adducted
Clusia: rod rostlin z čeledi clusiaceae. zástupci obsahují benzofenony
Clusiaceae: the mangosteen plant family (sometimes classified as guttiferae; also known as hypericaceae) of the order theales, subclass dilleniidae, class magnoliopsida. it includes trees and shrubs with resinous, sticky sap, usually with broad-ended, oblong, leathery leaves with a strong, central vein, flowers with many stamens
Clusiaceae: čeleď dvouděložných rostlin z řádu malpígiotvaré (malpighiales). jsou to dřeviny s jednoduchými, většinou vstřícnými listy a pravidelnými květy. zahrnuje asi 600 druhů ve 14 rodech a je rozšířena v tropech celého světa. v minulosti byla čeleď kluziovité spojována s čeledí třezalkovité (hypericaceae). tato skupina byla také známa pod jménem guttiferae. (upraveno podle wikipedie 2020 http://www.cs.wikipedia.org/)
Cluster Analysis: a set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. in epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both
Cluster Headache: a primary headache disorder that is characterized by severe, strictly unilateral pain which is orbital, supraorbital, temporal or in any combination of these sites, lasting 15-180 min. occurring 1 to 8 times a day. the attacks are associated with one or more of the following, all of which are ipsilateral: conjunctival injection, lacrimation, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, facial sweating, eyelid edema, and miosis. (international classification of headache disorders, 2nd ed. cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)
Cluster admixed alloy: a precapsulated admixed alloy containing silver; composition unknown 6/92
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats: repetitive nucleic acid sequences that are principal components of the archaeal and bacterial crispr-cas systems, which function as adaptive antiviral defense systems
Clusterin: a highly conserved heterodimeric glycoprotein that is differentially expressed during many severe physiological disturbance states such as cancer; apoptosis; and various neurological disorders. clusterin is ubiquitously expressed and appears to function as a secreted molecular chaperone
Clustering Algorithms: algorithms designed to find groups of similar data points (called clusters) in the dataset. clustering is often used for feature engineering or pattern discovery in unsupervised machine learning
Clutch Size: the number of offspring produced at one birth by an oviparous or ovoviviparous animal
Cnicus: a plant genus of the family asteraceae. centaurea benedicta which is also known as cnicus benedictus contains cnicin
Cnicus: rod rostlin čeledi asteraceae. benedikt lékařský (centaurea benedicta, syn. cnicus benedictus) obsahuje hořčinu knicin
Cnidaria: a phylum of radially symmetrical invertebrates characterized by possession of stinging cells called nematocysts. it includes the classes anthozoa; cubozoa; hydrozoa, and scyphozoa. members carry cnidarian venoms