Title: Using secondary data to examine whether a programme of physical and social interventions in urban forests enhances community health and wellbeing
Funder: Economic and Social Research Council

Abstract: Our over-arching aim is to provide better evidence on the contribution urban forestry can make to human wellbeing. Our study responds to growing policy and practitioner demand for research evidence about the potential for green space, and urban woodlands in particular, to benefit population health and reduce inequalities. It addresses an urgent need to understand the value of forests for health and wellbeing in the context of sustainability goals for productive and multifunctional tree planting, in order that land agencies can target scarce resources most effectively. For the first time, we have an opportunity to link secondary census microdata, individual-level health and educational development data with secondary data describing interventions delivered by a national woodland intervention programme (Forestry Commission Scotland's Woods In and Around Towns - WIAT) at multiple sites over many years (2005-2015). Our research will use these data to address the following questions: 1. How can existing WIAT intervention data be used to operationalise theoretically informed longitudinal measures of urban forest exposure? 2. Are child development outcomes and trajectories of mental health outcomes likely to be better for people living close to WIAT investment areas than those that do not? 3. How long does any apparent impact of WIAT on mental health or child development take to become apparent, and is any benefit sustained? 4. Does any apparent impact of WIAT on mental health and child development vary by programme phase, intervention type or duration? 5. Does any apparent impact of WIAT on mental health and child development vary by sex, age, and socio-economic position? Our study will work with partners and stakeholders to ensure that findings are relevant to policy and practice, Outputs will be designed so that findings are accessible and targeted at research users, so as to contribute most effectively to changes that might benefit peoples' health, reduce health inequalities and enhance quality of life for those living in urban areas.

Lay abstract: This research addresses urgent questions faced by Scottish Forestry, alongside forestry agencies across the rest of the UK, Europe and internationally, who want to know how they can respond positively to global challenges for sustainability and human health while satisfying demands for more tree cover. In addition, public health policy-makers and planners, land managers, spatial planners and land development agencies and third sector organisations want to know how to invest scarce resources in ways that maximise benefits for people as well as planet. So our focus is on urban forestry and how to provide better evidence of the contributions it can make to human wellbeing, child development and health equity. Our increasingly urban population is experiencing rising levels of mental illness and non-communicable disease; in addition, there is concern about the long-term effects of urban living on the kinds of environments children experience. There is evidence that access to natural environments such as woodlands can offer health benefits, especially in relation to mental wellbeing, and support healthy child development. In addition, it appears that more socially disadvantaged people may gain most from improved opportunities to visit and enjoy urban forests and other natural environments. We plan to provide evidence on the effectiveness of practical ways in which forestry can be used to benefit such populations. Our study examines whether existing programmes for urban forestry, such as Scottish Forestry's (formerly known as Forestry Commission Scotland) Woods In and Around Towns (WIAT) programme, are effective in their aims of improving community wellbeing and quality of life by bringing neglected urban woodland near deprived urban communities into active management and working with local people to help them use their local woodland. We are taking advantage of new opportunities to link existing population, health and child development data for a large number of people, together with data on WIAT projects that have been undertaken near where these people live at any point in a ten year period (2005-2015). This will be done in a secure and ethically approved manner so that there is no risk of individuals or their personal data being identifiable. It is an exciting opportunity because of the high quality data available across a representative sample of Scotland's population; for the first time we can link information such as prescriptions data for anti-depressants, or child gross and fine motor skills development, with data on the location, cost, timing and extent of a national urban forestry programme. The results will indicate whether, for example, the extent of new footpaths and improved forest entrances, alongside activities to bring children and adults into the forest, makes a difference to health and child development outcomes for people living near the urban forest. We'll look at whether benefits from WIAT are experienced only by those living very close to the forest, how long it takes for any benefits to appear after a WIAT project is completed, whether benefits are sustained and whether there are differences in benefit according to people's age, gender, or socio-economic status. Our findings will be published not only in academic journals but also in ways that are most helpful for different stakeholders, from forest and land managers and environmental agencies to health and child development policymakers. We will be working closely with Scottish Forestry and other public agencies across the UK and Europe to find the best ways of doing this. We'll also make our findings accessible to local communities and the wider public. Ultimately, we hope that urban communities will benefit from better evidence as to how government departments and public and private agencies can support people's access to urban forests to support their, and their children's, wellbeing and quality of life.

Research activity codes: 1.2 PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC PROCESSES
Health categories: MENTAL HEALTH