NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Suivi longitudinal de la charge externe de joueurs professionnels de hockey sur glace au cours d’une saison

For a typical team of the American Hockey League (AHL), the season has 76 matches spread over 28 weeks in which teams compete for a place in the playoffs. In addition to matches, players have to participate in on- and off-ice training sessions to maintain/build hockey-specific skills and fitness. The current thesis had the following purposes: (1) to draw a portrait of the physical demands place on the player and to better understand the evolution and changes that have occurred in modern ice hockey (2) to describe the impact of these changes as they relate to the position of the player (3) to detail the different methods of external load monitoring that are used in other sports such as soccer, rugby and Australian football and expose the challenges associated with employing them with a professional ice hockey team (4) to track the external load of a professional hockey team, through the use of accelerometers, to better understand its evolution during the season. Fifty players, who at one time or another were part of an American Hockey League team during the 2017-18 AHL season, participated in a study on external load monitoring. Using accelerometers, data from each training session and matches during the season were collected and analyzed. Results revealed that the intensity and the training load differed according to the position of the player during the matches and the trainings sessions preceding a match. These results raised the importance of carefully monitoring external load although the used of accelerometers seemed to present great potential for individualized monitoring of the player’s external load throughout a hockey season.

Keyphrases: Professional sport, External load, Accelerometry, On-ice load
Phosphoproteomic study on osmotic shock in Saccharomyces cerevisiae over sub-minute and half- hour timescales

Protein phosphorylation is an important cellular regulatory mechanism. Kinases and phosphatases (KP) are vital for the signalling transductions in cells. Signals received by the cell must be transmitted effectively to ensure an appropriate adaptive response is achieved. Monitoring the phosphorylation activity on proteins helps us gain a better understanding to how cells work. In our study we have exposed Saccharomyces cerevisiae to high osmolarity using 0.4M NaCl, and caused a hyper osmotic shock. Protein phosphorylation was measured using a mass spectrometry technique called Stable Isotope Labeling by/with Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC). This is a quantitative proteomic technique that allows the comparison between cells that are exposed to NaCl and a control group, where cells are not exposed to NaCl. This comparison between the two groups allows us to deduce dynamic regulation of proteins specific to the stimulus applied. We have used a sub-minute and a half-hour timescales to examine the effects of osmotic shock in S. cerevisiae. In this memoir, I have examined the MAPK-Hog1 pathway during the half-hour timescale and have compared it to the sub-minute timescale, which was previously published in Kanshin & Bergeron-Sandoval et al., 2015 [26]. Moreover, the entire data had 161 dynamic phosphopeptide from 100 unique proteins that were present on both timescales. Dynamic phosphopeptides were also compared to another phosphoproteomic study that had used cold/hot stress as a stimulus (Kanshin et al., 2015 [25]). There were remarkable overlaps between osmotic shock and in particular heat stress. This led us to examine the possibility that TORC1&2 involvement in the osmoadaptation process. Furthermore, cells temporarily stop cell cycling during the osmoadaptation process. Consistent with this observation, 68% of the proteins involved in the G1/S transition underwent changes in phosphorylation, perhaps reflecting their regulation, during the first 30 minutes of osmotic shock.  Kinases and phosphatases are known to heavily regulate themselves. A network of  interconnected active KPs revealed Hog1 to be the most connected kinase in the sub-  . This is indicative of how cells adapt to high osmolarity; Hog1 being responsible for the fast sensing and adaptation, and Cdc28 for stopping and regulating the cell cycle. In summary, I have argued that it is possible to extract dynamic phosphopeptides that are stimulus-specific within the half-hour timescale. I have compared dynamic phosphopeptides from the sub-minute timescale to the half-hour timescale and have examined biological processes that play a part in the osmoadaptive process.

Keyphrases: Kinase-phosphatase network, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Dynamic phosphorylation, Network hierarchical structure, Cell cycle, Osmoadaptation, Mammalian target of rapamycin, Mitogen-activated protein kinase
La nature, le rôle et l’impact du déni et de la minimisation chez les délinquants sexuels au sein des programmes d’intervention

Object: Literature seems to place too much emphasis on denial and minimization in intervention programs by seeking accountability. However, some writers will say that denial and minimization do not need to be worked on to achieve progression and benefits during the program. Denial and minimization being presented as factors of receptivity, the minimal recognition of the acts committed would be necessary, compared to taking of responsibility. The purpose of this work was to illustrate the role, nature and impact of denial and minimization on intervention programs by exploring the experience of adult sex offenders. The importance of intervening on denial and minimization in programs and interventions to be prioritized to increase participants' responsivity was examined.  Method: In order to reach the goal of this studies, case studies were conducted within the framework of an internship in the CETAS. Data collection was conducted through file documentation and semi-structured interviews with three men who were convicted for sexual abuse towards a child. Interpretation of the results: The participants considered denial and minimization of the gravity of the gestures as factors of receptivity. They have put a lot of emphasis on eliminating denial and minimization in intervention programs so that the individual can progress and change. Some argued, however, that the individual may want to change even if he is minimizing the offense.

Keyphrases: Responsivity, Minimization, Denial, Risk factor, Function, Purpose, Treatment, Sex offender, Sexual offender
La perception du végétarisme chez les adolescents

Context. Vegetarianism is a behavior that is gaining popularity among adults in Canada but is poorly studied in adolescents. The consumption of vegetable proteins has shown several benefits on the environment and on multiple health factors. Objectives. The purpose of this study is to examine the perception that Quebec adolescents participating in Culinary Brigades workshops express with other young vegetarians and their general attitudes towards vegetarianism. On the other hand, a codification grid inspired by the literature and enhanced by the answers transmitted by the data corpus is also created. Methods. A qualitative and quantitative approach was selected using a self administered questionnaire which was distributed at two times in the 67 participating schools to the Culinary Brigades either pre- and post-workshop (beginning and end of the year). For the qualitative phase, in the pre-workshop, the young people had to answer the open question "For me, a vegetarian teenager is ...". For the post-workshop quantitative phase they were asked whether they agreed (yes) or disagreed (no) with a list of eleven statements on vegetarianism. The project received ethical approval from the Health Research Committee An inductive and deductive method was used to create the coding grid for analyzing qualitative data in the pre-workshop. Using the SPSS software, the quantitative data were analyzed and compared to observe the presence or absence of a statistical relationship. Results. In pre-workshop, the topic of food was the element of answer most mentioned by young people (62.3%, n = 810 elements of answers), followed, in order, motivations (27.9% , n = 363), social norms (21.1%, n = 274), health (17.4%, n = 226), and individual (1.9%, n = 25). The analysis of the response elements found that the perception of vegetarianism was generally good among young people using positive words to describe food, but was not mentioned by most young people (14%). In the post-workshop, young people generally had a positive view of vegetarianism by agreeing to several positive statements about this type of diet, for example, that vegetarian food is good for the environment, that it is not it's good for your health. Conclusion. The study suggests that the perception of vegetarianism among youth in this cohort is generally good. In addition, the answers show that the participants understand several factors related to vegetarianism, including motivations (ethical, environmental, religious ...), the nutritional aspect of this diet and taste.

Keyphrases: perceptions, adolescents, adolescence, vegetarianism, vegetarian, perceptions, teenagers, teens, young
Domination éternelle dans les graphes

In this thesis, we study the eternal domination problem in graphs. We consider three different models of the problem, namely the one-guard moves model, the all-guards move model and the fractional model. First of all, we study some fundamental questions related to the relation between the independence number, the eternal domination number and the clique cover number of a graph in the one-guard moves model. Second, we propose a strategy which gives an upper bound of mi/7 + O(m+n) on the eternal domination number of the strong grid Pm ⊠ Pn in the all-guards move model. In the end, inspired by the fundamental results in fractional graph theory, we introduce a fractional analogue of the eternal domination problem.

Keyphrases: Ensemble dominant, Graph theory, Graph protection, Dominating set, Fractional dominating set, Eternal domination
Estimation efficace en présence de non-réponse dans les enquêtes

The efficient use of auxiliary information for estimating descriptive parameters in a finite population in the presence of unit nonresponse has become quite common. This thesis deals with reweighting procedures that involve a change in respondent weight to address unit non-response. A known approach is the propensity score adjustment, which consists of multiplying the base weight by the inverse of the estimated response probability obtained using a response model. In order to improve the efficiency of the propensity score adjusted estimators, we propose a method based on model calibration. This method involves modeling the relationship between survey variables identified as key variables and a vector of auxiliary variables on incorporating the auxiliary information into predicted values obtained by the model, which leads to a single weighting system. The resulting estimator can improve efficiency by making more use of the available auxiliary information. A simulation study evaluates the properties of the estimators in terms of bias and mean square error.

Keyphrases: Auxiliary information, Calibration, Model calibration, Non-response, Propensity score adjusted estimator, Re-weighting
Évaluer la réalisation d’une intention avec le Virtual Multitasking Test 3e édition : une étude de validité du construit

Background: Prospective memory (PM) is a complex cognitive process which involves remembering realizing an intention in the future (Ellis, 1996). PM is recognized for its implication on autonomy and safety of the person in everyday life. In several clinical contexts, detecting PM disorders could have a therapeutic utility. Yet, the traditional neuropsychological tests do not represent well enough the complexity of daily tasks. However, virtual reality represents an interesting alternative given its good ecological validity. Virtual Multitasking Test-3 (VMT-3), a three-dimensional apartment, helps to estimate PM thanks to several everyday life tasks. Objective: The objective of this research is to validate the VMT-3 on a theoretical plan by comparing it with two standardized neuropsychological tests that are recognized as being ecological (RBMT-3 and CAMPROMPT). Method: The final sample involves 102 healthy participants, among whom 48 women and 54 men with an average age of 41. We compared the subjects’ performance using traditional tests of PM and episodic memory (EM) as well as the VMT-3. Results: The correlations of this present study found significant links between index of the VMT-3 and index of ME and MP part of the RBMT-3. The CAMPROMPT was only correlated with event-based index of the VMT-3. Conclusion: The VMT-3 proposes valid indications of PM (event-based type). Future research is necessary to continue this validation study. The results’ interpretation suggests that the realization of the VMT-3 is possible thanks to some cognitive functions, among which the PM, the executive functions and the multitasking. We suggest that the VMT-3 should be compared with ecological neuropsychological tests which evaluate multitasking abilities.

Keyphrases: Prospective memory, Validity criteria, Psychometry, Neuropsychology, Ecological assessment, Virtual reality
Les chambres de leucoréduction sont une nouvelle source de cellules pour la génération de lignées de lymphocytes T en immunothérapie

Opportunistic reactivation of latent viruses are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. The transfer of ex vivo expanded pathogen T-cell lines is an attractive safe and effective strategy to treat virus related complications. The source of T cells can be either from peripheral blood or leukapheresis products of healthy donors. We evaluated the potential of PBMC from leukoreduction system chambers (LRSC) to generate therapeutic T cell products. Blood agencies usually discard LRSC that are used to leukodeplete plateletpheresis blood products which may be used as a source of T cells for manufacturing clinical scale T-cell products. The LRSCs reflect the composition of the peripheral blood except for a transient downregulation of CD62L expression in freshly extracted PBMCs from LRSCs. Non-specific stimulation revealed that LRSC or blood T cells were equivalent in terms of expansion, differentiation and function. Pathogen-specific T-cell lines from memory repertoires harvested from LRSCs and peripheral blood have equivalent proliferation, phenotype and reactivity. Moreover, PBMCs from LRSC can be used to prime and expand virus-specific T cells from seronegative donors. The large number of cells contained in LRSC and the possibility to use serial LRSC from regular platelet donors allows to create a T-cell bank ready to use.

Keyphrases: LRSC, Adoptive immunotherapy, Viral reactivation, Cell therapy, Naïve repertoire, Memory repertoire
Étude de la relation entre les oligomères amyloïde-bêta et la protéine d'adhésion synaptique Neuroligine-1

Synaptic loss and neurodegeneration, partly induced by amyloid-beta oligomers (Aßo), are the best predictors of memory deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). An actual priority in the field is to identify a novel biomarker affected early by Aßo. The post-synaptic protein Neuroligin-1 (NL-1) could be a good candidate due to its roles in synaptic plasticity and memory. The first hypothesis of this study is that the synaptic dysfunctions caused by Aβo could rapidly and gradually affect the level of NL1. NL-1 expression was measured in chronic hippocampal Aβo1-42 injections, in primary hippocampal neuronal cultures exposed to Aβo1-42, and in 3xTg mice. Using 5 sets of probes assessing Nl-1 transcripts, an increase in mRNA levels after 2 days of Aβo1-42 injections was detected for 2 sets of probes, and a decrease in 3 sets of probes expression were measured after 4 days of injections. However, no change in protein level was observed. In vitro, the level of NL-1 decreases after 72 hours of exposure to Aβo1-42, following the decrease in neuron viability. Finally, female 3xTg mice show a decrease in NL-1 at 4 months. In addition, the second hypothesis that the absence of NL-1 will lead to increased toxicity has been confirmed. Aβo1-42 injected NL-1 KO mice performed poorly in spatial object recognition and in the Morris water maze, and had greater neuronal loss than all the other groups tested. This study therefore confirms the close relationship between NL-1 and Aβo1-42, possibly providing a new therapeutic target or biomarker for the development of therapies in the early stages of AD.

Keyphrases: Alzheimer’s disease, Neuroligin-1, Amyloid-beta, Memory, Hippocampus
Étude d’un modèle murin transgénique spontané d’encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale : investigation de l’état de la barrière hémo-encéphalique et des différences liées au sexe

The TCR1640 transgenic mice carry a T cell receptor specific for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 92-106 and develop spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The disease is more prevalent in female mice and most of them develop an EAE with a relapsing-remitting (RR) disease course whereas the majority of the males present a primary progressive (PP)-EAE. This model perfectly reflects disease-related sex differences, heterogeneous disease courses, pathology and immune cell involvement seen in multiple sclerosis. The aim of this project is to study how the pathological burden evolves in spontaneous EAE developed by TCR1640 mice, and to unravel mechanisms behind sex-related difference.  The blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and integrity of central nervous tissues from TCR1640 mice was investigated at different phases in the disease, using immunohistochemistry. BBB alterations were found in active phases of the disease, accompanied by CD4+ and FOXP3+ T cell infiltration and endothelium activation. The integrity of the BBB seems to be re-established following remission phase. To investigate disease-related sex differences observed in these mice, an adoptive transfer experiment was performed. Immune cells from TCR1640 were injected in WT mice in different combinations of males or females donor and recipient. We found that recipients injected with male cells developed PP-EAE, whereas recipients injected with females cells developed RR-EAE, regardless of the sex of the recipient animal. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis revealed that gene expression differs in immune cells for males versus females TCR1640 suggesting that RR versus PP disease course is dictated by sex-dependent genes encoded by the immune compartment.

Keyphrases: Multiple sclerosis, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Sex-differences, Blood brain barrier
Statut d’immigrant et tabagisme dans l’étude des inégalités sociales de santé chez les jeunes adultes à Montréal

It is well-established that disadvantaged individuals have poorer health (Marmot, 2005). Smoking behaviors are a major contributor to poor health and eradication of smoking is a cornerstone of strategies to combat inequalities (Marmot 2010). As in other age groups, young adults are subject to social inequalities which can vary according to a variety of characteristics including immigrant status. However, little is known about socioeconomic variation in smoking among young adults and whether or how this varies across subgroups such as immigrants. In this current analysis, we aimed to better understand if level of education interacts with immigrant status to influence smoking behaviors in young adults. We used baseline data from the Interdisciplinary Study of Inequalities in Smoking (ISIS), a transversal investigation of young adults that aimed to study social inequalities in smoking. The sample size for the current analysis was 2,093 young adults (age 21,47 (2,28) years; 56,5% female; 18,80% immigrants). In logistic regression models, we estimated the associations: (i) between immigrant status and smoking status; and (ii) between level of education and smoking status. We then determined whether an interaction term between immigrant status and level of education was statistically significant in the model. The analyses revealed that the interaction term was statistically significant and we therefore undertook a stratified analysis to estimate the association of interest in immigrants and nonimmigrants separately. In non-immigrants, we observed a “dose-response” association such that the prevalence of smoking increased as the level of education decreased. In immigrants, the risk of smoking was similar across education levels. Hence the importance for public health authorities of taking into account the concepts of socio-economic status and immigrant status in defining strategies for tobacco control.

Keyphrases: immigrant status, socioeconomic status, smoking, young adults
Systemic sclerosis immunoglobulin induces growth and a pro-fibrotic state in vascular smooth muscle cells through the epidermal growth factor receptor

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of autoantibodies, fibrosis and vasculopathy. It has been suggested that autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis may induce the differentiation of cultured fibroblasts into myofibroblasts through platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) activation. The present study aims to characterize the effects of SSc IgG on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and to determine if stimulatory autoantibodies directed to the PDGFR can be detected, and whether they induce a profibrotic response in primary cultured VSMCs. Cultured VSMCs were exposed to IgG fractions purified from SSc-patient or control sera. VSMC responses were then analyzed for ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation, cellular proliferation, protein synthesis, and pro-fibrotic changes in mRNA expression. The capacity of the IgG fractions to immunoprecipitate the PDGFR from VSMC lysates was also tested. Stimulatory activity in IgG fractions was more prevalent and intense in the SSc samples than in the controls (p<0.05), and SSc IgG immunoprecipitated the PDGFR with greater avidity than control IgG. Interestingly, activation of downstream signaling events (Akt, ERK1/2) was independent of PDGFR activity, but required functional epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We also detected increased protein synthesis (p<0.001) and pro-fibrotic changes in gene expression (Tgfb1 +200%; Tgfb2 -23%; p<0.001) in VSMCs treated with SSc IgG. When compared to control IgG, SSc IgG has a higher stimulation index in VSMCs. Although SSc IgG interact with the PDGFR, the observed remodeling signaling events occur through the EGFR in VSMC. Our data thus favour a model of transactivation of the EGFR by SSc-derived PDGFR autoantibodies and suggest the use of EGFR inhibitors in future target identification studies in the field of SSc.

Keyphrases: Systemic sclerosis, Scleroderma, Vascular smooth muscle cells, Autoantibodies, Protein kinase inhibitors, Receptor transactivation, Platelet-derived growth factor receptor, Epidermal growth factor receptor, PDGFR, EGFR