Contributions de la maternité à l'état de santé de femmes vivant avec le VIH

The reality of women living with HIV (WLHIV) and who desire to have a child raises a wide range of public health issues and health promotion. To date, studies have mainly focused on epidemiological and biomedical dimensions of motherhood in the context of HIV. Indeed, few studies have taken into consideration the experiences and needs from the perspective of WLHIV and, in particular, the importance and meanings they attach to motherhood. The project of maternity contributes to their meaning of life and to the transformation of their relationship to HIV infection and self-transcendence experiences. This perspective has not been sufficiently explored in the field of health promotion strategies. The general objective of this thesis, based on feminist theories of social construction of motherhood, representations of risk and adaptive coping strategies to HIV, is to analyze the experiences of motherhood in Montreal WLHIV. In terms of methodology, this thesis is based on a secondary analysis of qualitative interviews conducted with 42 French-Canadian, African and Haitian WLHIV who were recruited in one hospital and several community centers. These interviews focused on their daily experiences related to HIV, their social issues, their family and their interpersonal relationships. Data were analyzed and interpreted according to grounded theory principles with an interjudge reliability. A typological analysis was also performed to identify the maternity models present in the discourses, taking in to account two complementary types of analysis: the “relational method centred on the voice” and that of “the logic of action”.  Three scientific papers have been submitted presenting the results of the analysis. The first article describes the presence of three ideological models of motherhood according to some socioeconomical and ethnocultural characteristics (personal growth, social achievement, self-fulfillment and completeness) and their impact on HIV management (HIV treatment strategies, disclosure, children care). The second article examines how women, according to their ideological model of motherhood, appropriate information and advices originating from health professionals and construct the biological risk associated with maternity in the context of HIV infection. In addition, this article investigates the strategies used to achieve their reproductive project in compliance or not with the biomedical guidelines. The third article describes how the maternity project, according to the motherhood models, helped them to transform their perceptions of HIV infection, to find meaning to life in spite of the infection status and to experiment self-transcendence experiences (preserving a status, a role and a social image, transforming their relation to death, facilitating the acceptance of their infection status, giving new orientations to their life). In order to link the data presented in the three papers, an integrative theoretical model is proposed.  Impacts of this study on research and intervention in health promotion as well as knowledge translation propositions are outlined.

Keyphrases: HIV, Models of motherhood, Biological and social risks, Meanings of motherhood, Coping strategies, Self-transcendence, Health