NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Influence d’un supplément alimentaire sur le développement des colonies d’abeilles domestiques (Apis mellifera, Linnaeus 1758) au Québec

The use of pollen supplement is a countermeasure to honey bee malnutrition which is identified as one of the factors causing high colonies losses over the past few years in Quebec. There is little documentation on the results of using pollen supplement during different periods. The effects of pollen availability and supplementation on the development of honey bee colonies were examined during 3 different periods: in spring, during cranberry pollination and in late summer. Each period was a distinct study using 40 different colonies. In each study, pollen supplemented and pollen restricted conditions were created for one month in 10 colonies per treatment group in a 2x2 factorial design experiment. Brood rearing and honey yield were monitored until the end of summer for the spring and the cranberry pollination studies and until the end of the following spring for the late summer study. In the spring study, pollen restricted colonies reared 18% less brood (p<0.05) during the restriction period and 11% less brood (p<0.05) by the end of summer while pollen supplement had no effect (p>0.05). Colonies supplemented during cranberry pollination study reared less brood (p<0.05) by the end of summer. In the late summer study, supplemented colonies had a greater (p<0.05) spring build-up (60% more brood) and pollen restriction negatively influence (p<0.05) brood rearing. Honey yield was decreased (p<0.05) by 15 kg in colonies exposed to a pollen restriction in spring. It was increased by 1.3 kg (p<0.05) in pollen supplemented colonies during the cranberry pollination study and was reduced by 4.2 kg (p<0.05) in pollen restricted colonies in the late summer study. In conclusion, pollen supplement improved colonies population when fed in late summer and not during spring or in cranberry pollination and was without impact on honey yield.

Keyphrases: Alimentation, Pollen, Apis mellifera, Honey bee, Pollen supplement, Cranberry pollination, Amino acid
Portrait du journalisme à la pige à l’heure de la convergence

This research explores the independent journalism in the contemporary context of socio-technological and media convergences. Here I question the existence of a connection between freelance and convergence practices in journalism, and its contribution to the development of the journalistic world. This is an exploratory and empirical study, focused on freelancers’ experiences and developed around the concepts of tactics, resistance, freedom and governance. I have thus formulated a theoretical framework, supported by Michel Foucault’s accounts related to power. I argue that freelancing and convergence are free movements, co-existing and forming a driving force for the institution of power represented by journalism in advanced democracies. In this current context of convergences, this freedom allows freelancers to challenge the limits of journalism, hence increasing the scope of applications within this greater realm of mass communication.

Keyphrases: Journalism, Freelancing, Media convergence, Freedom, Governance
Observations de pulsateurs compacts à l'aide de la caméra Mont4K CCD

Compact pulsators are stars with surface gravities larger than 100,000 cm/s² showing intrisinc luminosity variations. Six different classes of such objects are known, including two pulsating hot subdwarf (sdB), and four pulsating white dwarf classes. In order to observe their pulsations and further analyze their properties through asteroseismology, the Universit\'e de Montr\'eal, in collaboration with the University of Arizona Imaging Instrument Laboratory, developed the Mont4K (Montreal4K) CCD camera which is the primary science detector of the Kuiper 1.55 m telescope at Mt Bigelow since Spring 2007. With this setup, several compact pulsators were targeted. The first target was the hybrid pulsator HS 0702+6043, observed from November 1st 2007 to March 14th 2008, for which 28 pulsation modes were isolated. Moreover, it was possible to highlight important amplitude variations in some of these modes. Two Hot DQ white dwarf pulsators, SDSS J220029.08-074121.5 and SDSS J234843.30-094245.3, were also targeted. In the case of J220029.08-074121.5, it was possible to highlight the presence of a strong magnetic field at its surface through the presence of the first harmonic of the main pulsation mode of this object. Furthermore, the follow-up campaigns on J220029.08-074121.5 and J234843.30-094245.3 allowed to classify these two white dwarf as Hot DQ pulsators.

Keyphrases: stars, oscillations, oscillations, hot subdwarf, white dwarf, asteroseismology, photometry, HS 0702+6043, HS 0702+6043, J2200-0741, J2200-0741, J2348-0942, J2348-0942
Nanoparticules Chitosane-PEG-FA-ADN pour la thérapie génique non virale et application du gène de l’IL-1Ra dans un modèle expérimental d’arthrite rhumatoïde

Considered to be one of the medical challenges of the coming decade, the success of gene therapy depends on the ability to deliver therapeutic DNA to target cells. Non-viral polymers, such as chitosan (Ch), a cationic polymer, can be easily combined with DNA. Once a complex is formed, DNA is protected from degradation by nucleases.  The first objective of this study was to define the characteristics of the best-suited Ch nanoparticle for maximum selective transfection in human epidermoid carcinoma (KB) cells in vitro. Nanoparticles varied by the presence or absence of folic acid (FA) and Ch’s molecular weight (MW 5, 25 and 50 kDa). They were then selected and combined with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) gene, a natural blocker of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1β). The second objective was to inject these carriers by the hydrodynamic method in a rat model of adjuvant-induced arthritis and to evaluate the inhibitory effects of IL-1Ra against inflammation in vivo.   Ch-DNA nanoparticles with FA and Ch25 demonstrated selective transfection and significantly increased it in KB cells in vitro. The inhibitory effects of IL-1Ra gene therapy in vivo were evident from lower expression levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1 and prostaglandin E2) and decreased macroscopic limb inflammation. The results also revealed the presence of human recombinant IL-1Ra protein in rat sera. Non-viral gene therapy with Ch-PEG-FA-DNA nanoparticles containing the IL-1Ra gene appears to significantly decrease inflammation in this experimental model of arthritis.

Keyphrases: In vitro, In vivo, IL-1Ra, Non-viral gene therapy, Chitosan nanoparticles, folic acid, Molecular weight, Gene transfection, In-vivo, Rheumatoid arthritis, IL-1Ra, Pro-inflammatory factors
Les récepteurs intracellulaires de l'angiotensine II : nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour le remodelage cardiaque

Angiotensin-II (Ang-II) from extracardiac sources and intracardiac synthesis regulates cardiac homeostasis, with mitogenic and growth-promoting effects largely due to altered gene-expression. In this study, the possibility that angiotensin-1 (AT1R) or angiotensin-2 (AT2R) receptors are located on the nuclear envelope and mediate effects on cardiomyocyte gene expression was assessed. Western blot tests of nucleus-enriched rat heart fractions indicated the presence of AT1R and AT2R proteins that preferentially copurified with a nuclear membrane marker (Nup 62) but not markers of plasma (Calpactin I), Golgi apparatus (GRP 78) or endoplasmic reticulum (GM130) membranes. Confocal microscopy revealed the existence of AT1R and AT2R proteins on nuclear membranes. Microinjected Ang-II preferentially bound to nuclear sites of isolated cardiomyocytes. Ca2+i-recordings on nuclear preparations demonstrated an AT1R-mediated Ca2+ release. AT1R and AT2R ligands enhanced de novo RNA synthesis in isolated cardiomyocyte nuclei incubated with [α32P]UTP (e.g. 16.9 ± 0.5 cpm/ng for DNA control vs. 162.4 ± 29.7 cpm/ng for DNA Ang-II, 219.4 ± 8.2 cpm/ng for DNA L-162313 (AT1) and 126.5 ± 8.7 cpm/ng for DNA CGP42112A (AT2), P<0.001). Ang-II application to isolated cardiomyocyte nuclei enhanced NFκB mRNA-expression, a response that was suppressed by co-administration of valsartan or PD123177. Dose-response experiments with Ang-II applied to purified nuclei vs. to whole cardiomyocytes showed a greater increase in NFκB mRNA levels at saturating concentrations with ~3 fold greater affinity (EC50 values 9 vs. 28 pmol/L, respectively), suggesting preferential nuclear signaling. These results lead us to conclude that cardiac nuclear membranes possess angiotensin receptors that couple to nuclear signaling pathways and regulate transcription. Signaling within the nuclear envelope (e.g. from intracellularly synthesized Ang-II) may play a role in Ang-II-mediated changes in cardiac gene-expression, with potentially important mechanistic and therapeutic implications.

Keyphrases: Transcription, Remodelage, Angiotensin receptor subtypes, Nuclear envelope, Gene regulation, Transcription, Remodelling
L’allocation d’antiviraux dans un contexte de pandémie : vérification de critères auprès des professionnels de la santé pour le développement d’un cadre éthique

The goal of this study is to assess the use of criteria as a means of deciding who might be priority recipients of an antiviral stockpile, aimed specifically at prevention, during an influenza pandemic. It is understood that a public antiviral stockpile for prevention is not available at this time. Thus one of the objectives of this research is to provide guidance to decision-makers in terms of feedback from healthcare workers on the issue of whether it is necessary to acquire such a stockpile and, if so, for whom. The specific perspectives of two groups of front-line healthcare workers are considered. One group consists of healthcare workers from Toronto hospitals who have experienced the 2003 SARS outbreak. The other group consists of healthcare workers from hospitals in Montreal who did not experience the SARS outbreak. The two groups analyses are based on verbal comments and their responses to a questionnaire designed to evaluate how participants with different background experiences will view and rank the proposed criteria.

Keyphrases: analyse qualitative, Bioethics, focus group, influenza pandemic, qualitative analysis
Étude des facteurs influençant la susceptibilité à l'infection au VIH chez des femmes africaines

Initial exposure to HIV during heterosexual transmission occurs in the female genital tract. However, little is known about the local immunity, the factors influencing the susceptibility to HIV infection and the immune response in the female genital tract against HIV infection.  The aim of this study is to analyse some factors that could be implicated in the susceptibility to HIV infection and to analyse, in part, the immunity present in the female genital tract. We investigated the role of HLA-G and HLA-E in the susceptibility to HIV infection in a cohort of Zimbabwean women. We found that the presence of HLA-G*0105N allele in combination with the genotype HLA-EG/HLA-EG was associated with a decrease in the risk of HIV infection. We also measured the expression of soluble HLA-G in a study of commercial sex workers (CSW) in Benin. Levels of soluble HLA-G were lower in the HIV-1-infected CSWs compared to those observed in both the HIV-1-uninfected CSWs and the HIV-1-uninfected women from the general population at low risk of infection. We also analysed the chemokine and cytokine expression patterns in the serum and female genital tract of the three groups of women. HIV-1-infected CSWs had significantly higher blood and genital levels of the chemokines IP-10, MCP-3 and MIG compared with those in both the HIV-1-uninfected CSW and non-CSW groups. HIV-1-infected CSWs had significantly higher genital mucosal levels of the cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ compared with those in both the HIV-uninfected CSW and non-CSW groups. In contrast, the serum levels of the cytokines IL-2, IL-10 and TNF-α were lower in HIV-1-infected CSWs compared with those in the other groups. This suggests the presence of a constant immune cells recruitment and immune activation in the female genital tract in order to favour perpetuation and dissemination of the virus. Our results also demonstrate the important difference between the systemic and the mucosal immunity. We also observed a significant increase in the levels of IL-4, MIP-1α, MIP-1β and MCP-1 in the serum of the HIV-1-uninfected CSWs. It seems that these highly-exposed and yet uninfected women can have a better capacity to mount an early immune response against HIV. This study gives us new insights of the mucosal immunology of HIV infection.

Keyphrases: HIV, HLA-G, HLA-G, Immunologie, Mucosal immunology, Africa, Cytokines, Cytokines, Chemokines
Renverser la vapeur : la construction de la résilience : une approche autobiographique

The research object of this paper is resilience as seen through the prism of an autobiographical approach within a context of research training. The concept of resilience being possibly either over-or under-estimated by various researchers, the author through analysis of her life story, relates the experience of an “ordinary” though very real resilience, this in opposition to an “out of ordinary” one.   The author approaches the notion of resilience from various perspectives. However, she privileges the neurosciences approach that shows through brain imaging, the realignment of the brain during interactions. Yet, for many authors including Boris Cyrulnik and Allan N. Schore, resilience takes root following an attachment experience, as resilience cannot be built alone. The author’s therapeutic process of bioenergetic analysis is reflected in her autobiographical journey.

Keyphrases: Maltraitance, Neurosciences, Bioenergetic analysis, Mistreatment, Neurosciences, Resilience, Autobiography, Attachment biology, research training
Negative affect mediates the relationship between the Cortisol Awakening Response and Conduct Problems in boys

This thesis begins with two chapters which discuss conduct problems and stress regulation, with a focus on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Subsequently, the literature is reviewed and we see that with regards to the relationship between conduct problems and HPA axis activity, the findings are inconsistent. It is possible that methodological considerations underlie the inconsistency found in the literature and the following chapter is concerned with methodology. This is followed by the featured study presented in this thesis which examines the link between the cortisol awakening response (CAR), which is considered a good indicator of HPA axis functioning, and conduct problems in children. Further, negative affect has been linked to both conduct problems and the Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR). Thus it was hypothesized that negative affect acts as a mediator in the cortisol-conduct problems relationship. The featured study found that a reduced CAR was associated with both negative affect and conduct problems, however only in boys and not in girls. Further, the mediation hypothesis was supported in boys. The last chapter in this thesis discusses the implications of this mediation finding for theories of conduct problems as well as proposing some psychobiological mechanisms to explain the sex differences found.

Keyphrases: Cortisol Awakening Response, Conduct Problems, Negative Affect, Gender Differences, CAR, Stress Regulation, Emotion, Hormones and Behaviour, Sex Differences, Aggression
Dimensions des représentations du concept de Temps dans treize classes du préscolaire et du premier cycle du primaire au Québec

Since September 2002, elementary schools in Quebec have to use a new series of programs with a new content. In the first cycle, in social universe, the competence that is targeted is "Building its representation of space, time and society" (MEQ, 2001). But we know that to build a teaching with the aim to guide an individual in the construction of his/her representation, it is necessary to be aware of the initial representations of the object. But what are the representations of time for students in kindergarten and in the first cycle in elementary school in Quebec? That is the question we are asking in this thesis. To answer this question, we sought to express the time by proposing a theoretical reflection on its essence and analyzing the sense that it takes in the program. Our methodology identified the dimensions of these representations in the verbalization of 164 subjects in kindergarten and in first and second year of elementary school, spread over 13 classes in Montreal. Through this research, we would be able to provide researchers and educators with a new list of dimensions of time representations adapted to the current educational system in Quebec as well as to express the representations of time from the classes that we have visited. Finally, thanks to these results, we will be able to suggest a few remarks and principals on how to teach time in classrooms.

Keyphrases: time, concept, representation, social universe
Visions d’État : deux systèmes d'informations géographiques dans la « gouvernance »

During the 1990s, Canada’s federal government and the European Commission established two networks of geographic information systems (GIS):  the National Forest Information System in Canada and the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Union. These two systems permit social and environment facts to be studied geographically and to be mapped.   In this thesis, we emphasize the heuristic value of these two networks of geographic information systems: an analysis of them allows us to better understand the institutional configurations that existed during their development, that is to say, in our cases, what is called “governance”. As instruments that measure and represent phenomena, GIS belong to knowledge tools. As knowledge tools, they allow us to discuss two issues of “governance” theories: relationships between central and local administrations, and relationships between state and non-state organizations. This discussion leads us to show, on the one hand, that the reorganization of different levels of government does not signify, as is described elsewhere in the literature, the retreat of central administrations in favor of local administrations, but is rather a means for more forcefully controlling them. On the other hand, we show that the renegotiation of relationships between central and local administrations is not accompanied, in reality, by a negotiation of relationships with non-state organizations. In light of the fact that non-state organizations are not integrated in states’ GIS networks, we must revisit theories of “governance” that foresee governments as more open to civil society. This helps us to understand how knowledge tools can be used in order to exclude certain facts from State's sight.  In conclusion, this political analysis of two specific software – GIS – leads us to propose that some software can be considered as political institutions.

Keyphrases: Geographic information system, Knowledge tools, Computing, Neo-institutionalism, Governance, Governmentality, European Union, Canada, Canada, Forest, Environment
Sequential Machine learning Approaches for Portfolio Management

This thesis considers a number of approaches to make machine learning algorithms better suited to the sequential nature of financial portfolio management tasks.  We start by considering the problem of the general composition of learning algorithms that must handle temporal learning tasks, in particular that of creating and efficiently updating the training sets in a sequential simulation framework.  We enumerate the desiderata that composition primitives should satisfy, and underscore the difficulty of rigorously and efficiently reaching them.  We follow by introducing a set of algorithms that accomplish the desired objectives, presenting a case-study of a real-world complex learning system for financial decision-making that uses those techniques.  We then describe a general method to transform a non-Markovian sequential decision problem into a supervised learning problem using a K-best paths search algorithm.  We consider an application in financial portfolio management where we train a learning algorithm to directly optimize a Sharpe Ratio (or other risk-averse non-additive) utility function.  We illustrate the approach by demonstrating extensive experimental results using a neural network architecture specialized for portfolio management and compare against well-known alternatives.  Finally, we introduce a functional representation of time series which allows forecasts to be performed over an unspecified horizon with progressively-revealed information sets.  By virtue of using Gaussian processes, a complete covariance matrix between forecasts at several time-steps is available.  This information is put to use in an application to actively trade price spreads between commodity futures contracts.  The approach delivers impressive out-of-sample risk-adjusted returns after transaction costs on a portfolio of 30 spreads.

Keyphrases: Machine learning, Portfolio management, Artificial neural networks, Gaussian processes, Approximate dynamic programming, Non-additive utility optimization, Time-series forecasting, Commodity spreads
Ordered Conflict Resolution

Ordered conflict resolution: understanding her tenets cost Keynes his life and Arrow to live under extortionate threat. Now that the Supreme Court of the United States has conquered the Informal Capital Market Cartel’s stranglehold on academic freedom, the literature can now vindicate impossibility- resolved social choice theory in the venue of a marriage between ethics and economics; as Sen has pled need be the case. This paper introduces ordered conflict resolution and her two impossibility-resolving axioms in effecting (individual: societal) well-being transitivity.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Economics, Ethics, Social choice, Impossibility theorem
Les dynamiques de la résistance écologique : le cas d’une compagnie minière canadienne dans la vallée de Siria au Honduras

This research deals with a phenomenon growing in interest in Latin American studies: natural resources exploitation from foreign companies and the growth of local resistance movements against the implementation of these companies. Going away from the general emphasis put on the birth of these movements, transformations due to the impact of time are instead measured and analyzed. The specific case of Goldcorp Inc. a Canadian mining company exploiting gold in the Siria Valley, Honduras, illustrates perfectly many tactics used by a rural population in an extensive battle and who wishes to resist to a multinational company that have more social, economic and politic power. Therefore, the resistance movement’s dynamics illustrate the changes in its primary form after the arrival of new local and international actors. Identities, build with the beginning of the mining exploitation, are also in play within the groups that are clashing in the region. Moreover, the study of a movement close to the end of its life demonstrate the need to redefine the notion of resistance in order to move away from the purely active form of it and include as well the discursive and moral aspects in its definition.

Keyphrases: Honduras, Resistance, Social movement, Canadian mining company, Identity, Social dynamics, Honduras, Siria Valley