Rôle de la modulation de la phosphatidylsérine dans l’activation des cellules T

T lymphocytes protect us against pathogens by orchestrating the adaptive immune response. T lymphocytes possess a specific surface receptor, the T cell receptor (TCR), which conveys the stimulation signal towards the cytoplasm for the initiation of the T cell activation cascade. The TCR is a multimeric complex composed of the TCRαβ, CDεγ, CD3εδ and CD3ζζ dimers. The TCRαβ chains recognize the pathogenic antigens while the CD3 chains initiate the T cells signaling cascade through the phosphorylation of their cytoplasmic tails. It is not yet understood how the TCR activating signal is transmitted through the membrane from the TCRαβ chains towards the cytoplasmic tails of the CD3 chains. In resting T cells, the CD3ε and CD3ζ chains are associated to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM). The cytoplasmic tails of CD3ε and CD3ζ are rich in basic amino acids, which allow electrostatic association with acidic phospholipids at the PM. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is the most abundant acidic phospholipid and is exclusively distributed towards the cytoplasmic PM leaflet. During T cell activation, the CD3ε and CD3ζ cytoplasmic tails have to dissociate from PS for their phosphorylation. The membrane dissociation of a large number of CD3 chains is essential for the amplification of T cell activation. A mechanism of CD3ε and CD3ζ chain dissociation that has been proposed in the literature is through intracellular calcium elevation. A robust calcium influx is generated following T cell stimulation. In addition to its essential role in regulating T cell activation, it has been proposed that calcium ions neutralize the PM acidic phospholipids for CD3 chain dissociation. Calcium is also an essential cofactor for the activity of many enzymes, such as the phospholipid scramblase TMEM16F. TMEM16F redistributes PS at the PM following intracellular calcium mobilization, resulting in a reduction of inner leaflet PS. We propose that calcium regulates CD3 chain dissociation through TMEM16F activity. Our study demonstrates that calcium-dependent PS redistribution by TMEM16F is required for CD3ε membrane dissociation in the Jurkat T cell line. Reduction of TMEM16F expression by shRNA targeting (shTMEM16F) prevents massive CD3ε chain dissociation following 8 T cell stimulation. The shTMEM16F cells show a reduction in the phosphorylation of TCR-proximal signaling molecules. In contrast, expression of a constitutively active mutant of TMEM16F increases PS redistribution, CD3ε chain dissociation and phosphorylation of TCR-proximal signaling molecules. Our study demonstrates that PS redistribution by the calcium-dependent TMEM16F scramblase regulates CD3 chain dissociation for the amplification of T cell activation. In addition, we have confirmed T cell activation defects in shTMEM16F murine primary T cells during an immune response. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the role of PS regulation by TMEM16F in T cell activation. We showed that we could modify the level of T cell activation by modulating the concentration of PS at the inner leaflet of the PM. Our results thus have important implications for the development and improvement of immune receptor-based cancer immunotherapies.

Keyphrases: Immunologie, TCR, Immunology, T cells, T cell receptor, Phosphatidylserine, Signaling, Immune response