NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Influence des structures commerciales de types lifestyle centers sur la centralité de leurs régions périphériques : le cas du Quartier DIX30 à Brossard

Over the time, trade has knew numerous changes in term of location and form, passing from prestigious department stores in the heart of cities in the early twentieth century to large shopping centers at the junction of highways in the years 2000. The lifestyle center is the most accomplished commercial form, the American concept exists since the years 1980 and it appeared for the first time in Quebec in 2006 in Brossard on the South Shore of Montreal. Its unusual features: a sales area of almost 2 000 000 square feet (making it a center of supra-regional scale), a mix of shops clustered around a pedestrian street and numerous other activities, breaks with the traditional agencement of the existing shopping malls. Thus, by becoming established in Brossard, the Quartier DIX30 modifies profoundly the commercial structure of the South Shore of Montréal. The Quartier DIX30 imposes itself as a major commercial pole against the domination of the Promenades Saint Bruno. The Quartier DIX30 will not only change the commercial structure of the South Shore, but more generally the urban centrality of the South Shore established itself as a major center pole. Due to the variety of activities and its concept of mix of shops clustered around a pedestrian street permitting social interaction, the Quartier DIX30 creates a commercial and office concentration. Thus, today develops around the Quartier DIX30 many building with offices. However, this new centrality created by the Quartier DIX30 raises interrogations in particular with respect to the privatization of a space imposing itself more and more like one of the principal poles of growth of the South Shore. Thus, a question legitimate is posed, does we aren't attending a privatization of a downtown area in becoming?

Keyphrases: Centre commercial, Lifestyle center, Brossard, Shop, Shopping center, Centrality, Lifestyle center, Suburbs, South shore, Brossard
La contamination de la nutrition parentérale par l’ascorbylperoxyde perturbe le métabolisme énergétique chez le cochon d'inde nouveau-né

The light exposure of parenteral nutritive solutions generates peroxides such as H2O2 and ascorbylperoxide. This absence of photo-protection is associated with higher plasma triacylglycerol concentration (TG) in premature infants and, in animals, with oxidative stress and a H2O2 independent hepatic steatosis. We hypothesized that ascorbylperoxide is the active agent leading to high TG. The aim was to investigate the role of ascorbylperoxide on glucose and lipid metabolism in an animal model of neonatal parenteral nutrition.

Keyphrases: Parenteral nutrition, Preterm, Ascorbylperoxide, Glycolysis
Parcours d'entrée en vie féconde des femmes au Burkina Faso : une analyse séquentielle

In West African societies, marriage has traditionally represented the first step of the sequence of demographic events regarding the formation of the family. Currently, this sequence has become more complex. Following the erosion of traditional patterns of entrance into adulthood, urban youth tend to delay marriage, to increasingly engage in premarital sex while premarital births among youth seem to rise. Our study considers demographic life courses of entry into reproductive life as individual sequences of states. The main purpose of this study is to explore, describe and explain changes in young women’s sequences of entry in reproductive life using individual sequences as the unit of analysis. Using data from the 2003 Demographic and Health Survey of Burkina Faso, we synthesize the timing of first sexual intercourse, first union and first birth into sequences. Using Sequence Analysis methods, we identify four main categories of entrance in reproductive life: marital, premarital sex, premarital childbearing and singles. These methods allow a finer classification and a visualization of complete sequences and their transition patterns. We then analyze the association between individual characteristics and the sequence that women follow. Our results confirm that non-traditional sequences rise among younger generations. We also show that while women’s years of instruction increase, the probability of starting a sequence by premarital sex rises and the probability of starting a sequence by a marriage falls dramatically. Finally the childhood place of residence seems to moderate these effects by increasing the probability to follow a non-traditional sequence for urban women.

Keyphrases: Entrance into reproductive life, Sequence analysis, Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso, First sexual intercourse, First birth, First union, West Africa, Episode, Classification, Classification, Sequence, Transition patterns
Les multiples trajectoires d’activité physique supervisée et non supervisée
chez les enfants du primaire au Québec : un modèle écologique

Context : Physical activity is a central component of a child physical, psychological and social development, most importantly in a society where sedentary behaviors and obesity become a more significant problematic. Few studies have investigated the developmental trajectories and predictors of physical activity over time. Furthermore, even fewer studies have investigated supervised and non-supervised physical activity separately. Objectives : The present study has for main goals (a) to identify developmental trajectories of supervised and non-supervised physical activity in elementary school children (b) to assess the link between these two types of physical activity (c) to identify neighborhood, family and individual predictors of these two types of physical activity. Participants: 1 814 children (51% boys) born in 1998 who participated in the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD). Data were mainly collected through mothers’ report. Measures : The frequency of physical activity was measured at four time points when children were aged between 5 and 8 years old. Predictors and control variables were assessed when children were 4 or 5 years old. Results : Three trajectories of supervised and non-supervised activities have been identified. Trajectories of supervised physical activity (10%, 55.3% et 34.7%) are relatively stable although they are slightly increasing over time. Trajectories of nonsupervised physical activity (14.1%, 28.1% et 57.8%) are relatively stable although one group (28.1%) is increasing considerably. Supervised and non-supervised physical activity trajectories are not related to each other. Mother’s education, neighborhood safety and child’s prosociality are related to high frequency of both physical activities. Sufficient revenue and mother’s involvement in sport is related to frequent supervised vi physical activity trajectories as intact family predict less frequent non-supervised physical activity trajectories. Conclusion : First, involvement in supervised and non-supervised physical activity is relatively stable between 5 and 8 years old. Second, supervised and non-supervised physical activity appear to be two different processes that have their own set of predictors. Third, an ecological and multidimensional approach is required to capture the complexity of these two processes.

Keyphrases: Supervised physical activity, Non-supervised physical activity, Non-parametric trajectories, Ecological approach
Ring-opening of cycloalkane epoxides and aziridines with aromatic amines : toward the total synthesis of pactamycin

Abstract Ring-opening reactions of epoxides and aziridines have been extensively studied. The influence of different protecting groups on the hydroxyl group in the ring-opening reactions of cis- and trans- 3-hydroxy-1,2-cycloalkane epoxides with aromatic amines was studied. It was shown that Yb(OTf)3 in toluene was a mild catalyst for regioselective ring-opening, to give -anilino cycloalkanols in good yields. Heating the reaction mixture accelerated the rate of the reaction, albeit at the expense of yield. The aniline moiety was regioselectively added at the carbon furthest from the hydroxyl or ether group to yield a single regioisomer. The same trend was also observed with 3-azidocyclohex-1-ene epoxides and the corresponding 3-carbamates. The reaction time became shorter when acetonitrile was used as solvent, possibly due to the homogeneous medium. Ytterbium(III) triflate has also been used as the catalyst for the regioselective ring-opening of unactivated aziridines in cyclohexanes having an azide or benzyl ether substituent. Azide ion or aniline forms the corresponding trans-products giving access to vicinal diamines in good yields. A racemic ω-alkoxy p-methoxy benzyl ether HDAC inhibitor has been prepared in 8 synthetic steps (26% overall yield) from 1-((tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy)hept-6-en-2-ol. This is an improvement over the published method (9 steps, 16% overall yield). The cross-metathesis method proved to be efficient and practical in this strategy, and alkylation using p-methoxybenzyl trichloroacetimidate in the presence of Sc(OTf)3 improved the overall yield of the synthesis.  An amino alcohol that contains all the core carbons, functional groups and the required stereochemistry present in pactamycin was obtained starting from L-threonine over 27 steps. The methodology described in this thesis allows for a synthesis of this key intermediate on a multigram scale.

Keyphrases: Epoxide, Aziridine, Yb(OTf)3, p-methoxybenzyl trichloroacetimidate, HDAC inhibitor, Pactamycin, L-threonine, aziridine, Yb(OTf)3
La responsabilité pénale des sociétés canadiennes pour les crimes contre l’environnement survenus à l’étranger

Due to trade liberalization, multinational enterprises (MNEs) are overwhelmingly engaged in developing countries’ industries. Unfortunately, many of those MNEs pay scant attention to environmental preservation. Yet, almost all developing countries lack effective rules designed to protect the environment from polluting activities operated by MNEs. In the absence of any incentive, it is impossible for MNEs to avoid environmentally harmful operations. As economic agents, MNEs are not willing to adopt environmental protection costs without any legislation compelling them to do so. The profit maximization rationale underlying corporate policy leaves little room for incurring environmental preservation costs and only voluntary measures are applied in the management of polluting operations. As a general principle, the regulation of MNEs’ conduct falls upon the State whose territory is directly harmed by polluting operations. However, the lack of resources of developing countries as well as the financial influence of MNEs has weakened environmental protection regulation in many states. The preservation of the environment from polluting activities of MNEs has also undermined by the lack of political will of developing countries which is increased by the corruption phenomenon. Despite the large number of international treaties and conventions designed to protect the environment from pollutant threats, those international instruments cannot directly apply to MNEs as they are non-state actors. Hence, developed countries, under whose law many MNEs are incorporated, are required to fill this gap in regulating their MNEs’ activities abroad. This dissertation suggests the examination of juridical mechanisms by which environmental crimes which take place in developing countries may trigger criminal prosecution in Canada. Given the absence of Canadian regulation dealing explicitly with extraterritorial criminal conduct of MNEs, this research seeks to provide a new approach to existing law in order to deal with transnational environmental crimes, bearing in mind that environmental protection has emerged as a fundamental value in Canadian society. Nowadays, the values represented by environmental protection entail the shift of the traditional territoriality principle since worldwide economic activities have brought transnational threats of global concern. Therefore, we hold that Canada would be entitled to extend its competence so as to assert jurisdiction over environmental crimes occurred abroad during operations conducted by Canadian citizens. The need to assert extraterritorial jurisdiction to environmental crimes committed within foreign sovereignty becomes more pressing if those crimes reach the same level of gravity as international crimes.

Keyphrases: Corporate Criminal Liability, Environmental Crimes, Extraterritorial Jurisdiction
Evaluation des effets analgésiques du meloxicam après des chirurgies orthopédiques chez le pigeon (Columba livia)

Pain assessment is especially difficult in avian species, since many birds behave as prey and do not show any external signs of distress. Choice of drugs and dosages used in clinical practice are most of the time based on extrapolation from other species and clinical experience. Few pharmacokinetic, efficacy or toxicity research studies are available in the literature. Most of these studies used noxious stimuli, such as electric or thermal stimuli, and results are therefore difficult to extrapolate to clinical pain. The objective of our project was to study the analgesic efficacy of two dosages of meloxicam in pigeons, using a femoral fracture pain model. Postoperative pain was assessed during the first four postoperative days by three different methods: weight bearing load on the fractured limb versus the controlateral limb, four different descriptive pain scales and ethogram realization based on video recordings. Administration of 0.5 mg/kg PO q12h of meloxicam did not show any reduction in the measured level of pain compared to the control group that received saline. However, pigeons that received 2 mg/kg PO q12h showed a significant decrease in their pain levels, with the three different pain assessment methods. Our results suggest that 2 mg/kg can provide a superior level of analgesia compared to the dosages recommended in the current literature, for pigeons that have undergone an orthopedic surgery.

Keyphrases: fracture, meloxicam, pigeon, analgesia, avian, birds, fracture, meloxicam, pain, pigeon, surgery
Étude des voies de signalisation en amont et en aval de la petite GTPase Rac1

The molecular events upstream and downstream of Rac leading to cell migration and still to date not fully understood allthough more than 20 effectors have been identified for this GTPase. The first part of our project is to use a non-biased proteomic approach to try to identify novel binding partners of Rac1. In order to do so, we developped a novel purification strategy that enabled us to purify Rac and its binding partners in a timely manner. The second part of our project is to understand the role of Dock5 phosphorylation downstream of the integrins. We identified phosphorylated residues in the PXXP region of the atypical RacGEF upon fibronectin stimulation and found 14 kinases able to phosphorylate this region. According to our results, Dock5 phosphorylation does not affect its GEF activity but diminishes its interaction with various SH3 domain-containing proteins. Thus, our data suggest that Dock5 phosphorylation would regulate complex formation and recruitment of this protein by adaptor proteins.

Keyphrases: Rac1, Dock5, Cell migration, Rac1, Dock5
Évaluation gastro-intestinale chez des chiens présentant un comportement de léchage excessif de surface

The objective of this study was to characterize excessive licking of surfaces (ELS) in dogs and demonstrate that it can be a sign of underlying gastrointestinal (GI) pathology rather than an obsessive-compulsive disorder. Twenty dogs presented with ELS (L group) were divided in 2 subgroups of 10 dogs each: L0 without and LD with concomitant digestive signs. Ten healthy dogs were assigned to a control group (C group). Behavioral, physical and neurological examinations were performed prior to a complete work-up of the GI system (CBC, serum chemistry panel, urinalysis, assessment of total serum bile acids and canine specific pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity, fecal flotation by zinc sulfate, fecal culture, abdominal ultrasonography and upper GI endoscopy with biopsies). Based on results, appropriate treatment was recommended. Dogs were monitored subsequently for 90 days during which the licking behavior was recorded. Gastrointestinal disorders were identified in14/20 L dogs. Underlying GI disorders included eosinophilic infiltration of the GI tract, lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the GI tract, delayed gastric emptying, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, gastric foreign body and giardiasis. Significant improvement (>50%) in frequency or duration of the basal ELS behavior was observed in the majority of dogs (56%). Resolution of ELS occurred in half of the L dogs. Except for ELS, there was no significant difference in the behavior (e.g. anxiety) of L dogs and C dogs. GI disorders should be considered in the differential diagnosis of ELS in dogs

Keyphrases: excessive licking of surface, dog, gastrointestinal, obsessive-compulsive disorder, behavior
Les sûretés sur les valeurs mobilières : 
le mouvement d'uniformisation d'origine américaine est-il transposable universellement ? : vers une approche québécoise à la question

New technologies changed financial markets.  Where securities were represented by certificates, now often, they are dematerialised and held indirectly in order to facilitate and expedite trades.  However, this situation caused new problems since the legislation was inadequate to regulate the indirect holding system.   The american Uniform Commercial Code enacted a new and unique legislation in order to respond to the legal uncertainty.  Following the Americans, an international effort rised in order to harmonise legislation pertaining to the transfers and security interests on securities and other investment properties, namely, the Hague Conference, UNIDROIT and the Uniform Law Conference of Canada, just to name a few.  Accordingly, Quebec adopted the Act respecting the transfer of securities and the establishment of security entitlements, in order to respond to the actual discrepancies.  However, does the Act integrate itself harmoniously within the civil law tradition?  May the private citizen grant a hypothec on securities? Where are situated uncertificated or indirectly held securities?   We will attempt to answer these questions in two parts; firstly, we will study the evolution and particulars of the transfers and security interests on securities and other investment properties.  Secondly, we will study the Quebec Act in respect with other legislations and with the civil law rules.

Keyphrases: Uniform Commercial Code, Security interest, Securities, Intermediary, Investment properties, Transfer, Security entitlement, Indirect holding system, Quebec law
Un formalisme pour la traçabilité des transformations

When developing software system in industry, system specifications are heavily used in communication among analysts and developers. However, system evolution, employee turn-over and shorter deadlines lead those documents either not to be up-to-date or not to be consistent with the actual system source code. Yet, having up-to-date documents would greatly help analysts and developers and reduce development and maintenance costs. Therefore, we need to keep those documents up-to-date and consistent.  We propose a novel mathematical formalism to describe and manipulate the evolution of these documents. The mathematical formalism is based on Hoare triple to represent the transformations and group theory and groups homomorphisms to manipulate these transformations and apply them on different representations.  We illustrate our formalism using two representation of a same system: PADL, that is an abstract design specification (similar to UML), and JCT, that is an Abstract Syntax Tree for Java. We also define transformations describing their evolutions, and transformations transposition from one representation to another. Finally, we provide an implementation of our illustration, a plugin for the Eclipse IDE detecting source code transformations made by a developer and a source code generator for integrating new representations in the implementation.

Keyphrases: traceability, model, source code, group theory, transpositions, transpositions
Les valeurs professionnelles de nouvelles enseignantes du primaire au regard de la modernité et de la postmodernité

The integration of new teachers in their working environment is more and more the focus of interest in the education research community. With the upcoming of reflexive practice methods, there is a large space for autonomy in nowadays teaching environments, which can be heavy to handle especially at the beginning of professional practice. Facing this freedom implies a reference  to certain values in order to handle well educational tasks. This master focuses on those values which are inspiring young teachers and help them deal with the beginning of their profession.  Furthermore this work provides an analysis, based on deep reflections of new teachers, which gives an intuitive sense of their values and relations concerning their workplace.  The interpretation of our data is done through the perspectives of modernity and postmodernity, which presently seem to have an important impact on young educators professional values.    The analysis of the survey underlying this work shows, in spite of the presence of common modern and postmodern values, a significant interesting tendency. The interrogated teachers seem to be foremost true to themselves, even if it leads to the abandonment of their profession, a fact which seems to be a reflection of the balance between their professional priorities and their personal values. It is obvious that these young teaching professionals aspire to work in the most possible authentic way. Even if some of them deal with difficulties in facing work flexibility and adaptation, the analysis confirms that these values are well integrated in their professional habitus.

Keyphrases: Adaptation, Teaching, Teaching profession, Values, New teachers, Adaptation, Flexibility, Authenticity, Modernity, Postmodernity
Favoriser le transfert de connaissances grammaticales en situation d'écriture : mise à l'essai d'une séquence didactique auprès d'élèves de troisième secondaire

This action research aims to determine by which means French teachers can contribute to help their secondary students in transferring their grammatical knowledge in writing situations.   We first noticed that, for secondary students in general, agreements are more likely to be successful in exercise context than in writing context.  Based on didactical propositions of researchers interested in grammatical spelling and/or transfer of knowledge, notably propositions consisting in an inductive approach, centered on student questioning and sentence analysis, we conceived and developed a didactical sequence about the agreement of past participle used with être or with an attributive verb.  Then, we implemented it in a third grade secondary student group, and we observed its effects by pretesting and posttesting, using questionnaires, exercises and written productions.     Results revealed by data analysis show the efficiency of the lessons built.  Students succeeded a lot more often in making agreement of past participle used with être or with an attributive verb after the implement of the didactical sequence than before.  The mean rate of successful agreement in exercises came from 53% to 75%, while agreement in written production is 48% successful before, against 82% after.  The questionnaires collected incline us to believe that this augmentation of successful agreement rate in written productions is related to the right progress of the transfer process due to work done during lessons on conditional knowledge.

Keyphrases: Transfer, Knowledge, Grammatical spelling, Secondary students, Writing situation, Agreement of past participle used with être or with an attributive verb, Action research, Didactics of French, Didactical propositions