Impact du stress oxydant et de l’athérosclérose sur la fonction vasculaire cérébrale au cours du vieillissement

Reactive oxygen species can have different roles in neurons and cerebral vascular cells as low concentrations are beneficial while unlikable effects are observed at higher concentrations. Mice cerebral circulation is different from other vascular beds as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a major endogenous endothelium-derived relaxing factor. The objective of our first study was to characterize the physiological implication of H2O2 derived from eNOS activation in mice cerebral arteries. We tried to identify the mechanisms implicated in flow-mediated dilation (FMD), the most physiological reactive endothelial function. Our study suggested that H2O2, but not nitric oxide, derived from cerebral eNOS activity was the main factor implicated in the regulation of FMD. However, the evolution of this dilatory pathway through ageing associated or not with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases is poorly understood. Ageing is associated with increase oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, the later characterized by an imbalance in the release of endothelial constricting and relaxing factors. Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, such as hypercholesterolemia, can increase oxidative stress and could hasten endothelial dysfunction. However, the evolution of the endothelial factors through ageing, particularly H2O2 dilatory pathway, in the cerebral circulation is still not well described. In our second study, we hypothesise that alterations in endothelial factors might be responsible for (1) cerebral endothelial dysfunction observed during ageing and (2) the accelerated endothelial dysfunction associated with atherosclerosis. Our results suggested that increased in oxidative stress associated with ageing leads to the release of endogenous TXA2, which in turn, reduces eNOS activity and, consequently, reduces endothelial-dependent dilation. Furthermore, we found that oxidative stress increase associated with atherosclerosis hastens cerebral endothelial dysfunction in mice. The implication of oxidative stress was confirmed by the beneficial effect of the antioxidant catechin on atherosclerosis associated cerebral endothelial function. Finally, premature cerebral endothelial dysfunction observed during atherosclerosis could not only be associated with increase stroke incidence but also associated with a reduction in cerebral blood flow and, ultimately, a decrease in cognitive function. For our third study, we hypothesise that oxidative stress increase during atherosclerosis is associated with reduced cerebral blood flow and an accelerated cognitive function decline normally associated with ageing. We treated 3 month-old atherosclerotic mice with the antioxidant catechin and used untreated mice as controls. Our results suggested that catechin treatment can prevent the decrease in FMD, the decrease in cerebral blood flow and cognitive function decline observed during atherosclerosis. Taken together, our study allows to distinguish the effect of ageing and atherosclerosis on cerebrovascular function. Catechin treatment had beneficial effects on endothelial dilation, cerebral blood flow and cognitive function suggesting that the redox environment is a key player in the regulation of cerebral function.

Keyphrases: Cerebral circulation, hydrogen peroxide, endothelium, ageing, atherosclerosis, cerebral function