NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Entre genre, race et nation : vers une nationalité hybridée : le cas des métis franco-vietnamiens «abandonnés» en Indochine française lors de l’entre-deux-guerres

The "Métis question" in French Indochina is a complex subject which several authors have studied, but which still constitutes a rich field of research and analysis for historians of colonization. This thesis attempts to explore the multiple dialogues and interactions between the French-speaking urban Indochinese public sphere and the metropolitan colonial powers with regard to the treatment of Franco-Vietnamese mixed-race children considered ‘abandoned’ in the inter-war period. This study brings to light the political usurpation of the Métis question by the French authorities to reinforce colonial legitimation to further perpetuate their system of domination. In this process, several journalistic reflections, testimonies and objects of propaganda were confronted by the official governmental discourse in order to draw up a holistic and synthetic picture of the multiple ambiguities inherent in the deployment of the French colonial strategy in Southeast Asia: the « mission civilisatrice ».

Keyphrases: Métis, Indochine, Genre, Race, Nation, Mission civilisatrice, History, Metis, Eurasian, Indochina, Gender
Cycle des nutriments dans les mares d’une tourbière ombrotrophe du sud du Québec

Open-water pools are common features in northern peatlands but their nutrient biogeochemistry has seldom been studied. The goal of this thesis is to understand the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) cycles in pools of an ombrotrophic peatland located in southern Québec and to determine the environmental factors controlling such cycles. The relationship between pool water chemistry and their physical and biological characteristics were studied. Pool characteristics significantly explained 28.2% of the variation in water chemistry. Of this, 81.9% and 14.8% were respectively explained by pool depth and the dominant vegetation type surrounding the pools. Shallow pools had higher C and N concentrations than deep pools. Organic C (OC) from pools where vegetation was dominated by coniferous trees was also more recalcitrant to decomposition than OC from pools where vegetation was mainly composed of mosses. The influence of depth on pool biogeochemistry was confirmed by a seasonal survey of pools of different sizes. Over the course of the 2016 growing season, nutrient biogeochemistry from shallow and deep pools significantly evolved differently. All summer long, P concentrations were low in all pools, indicating that ombrotrophic peatland pools are P-limited. My work has shown that water chemistry in a rain-fed peatland is not only determined by atmospheric inputs, but also by internal biogeochemical processes. This study highlights the complexity of these environments.

Keyphrases: Biogeochemistry, Open-water pools, Peatlands, Nutrients, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Carbon, Limnology
Les particularités stylistiques d'une langue non-métaphorique : Andromaque de Jean Racine

An inquiry on the particular status of metaphor in French poetry and theatre in the second half of the 17th Century, our study is organized around three goals. In our first chapter, we show that this rhetorical figure was the object of numerous discussions throughout the Grand siècle, and that a conscious effort to eliminate it or reduce it to a cliché had already begun to manifest itself at the beginning of the century, not only in the form of literary criticism, but also in the work of various authors. We dedicate our second chapter to the poetry of Racine, which we approach by analyzing three dominant rhetorical figures in the Andromache, his first great success, the powerful presence of which might be attributed to its way of compensating for the lack of original metaphors. In our third chapter, a comparative analysis between two hypotyposes in Racine and one in Victor Hugo will permit us to prove, with respect to the use of metaphor, one of the significant differences between classic and romantic aesthetics, which succeeds the former.

Keyphrases: Racine, oxymore, attelage, hypotypose, metaphor, classicism, Andromache, rhetoric, syllepsis, oxymoron, hypotyposis
Le vieillissement des groupes linguistiques au Québec

The demographic and linguistic landscape of Quebec has been constantly evolving for many decades. The aging and linguistic issues are two of the main concerns of the Government of Quebec. The atypical characteristic of this Canadian French-speaking province, surrounded by English-speaking territory, has been the subject of numerous studies. The objective of this research is to analyse the differences in demographic ageing of each language group but also the age effects on the linguistic mobility. Linguistic indicators such as the mother tongue, the language spoken at home, and the working language will be used, and age will be the key demographic variable of this analysis. The Canadian censuses of 1971 and 2006 will provide the data to calculate the different demographic ageing indicators such as the average age, the dependency ratio and the replacement index. This analysis shows that the French-speaking group is the oldest but also the one who ages the fastest. The mobility linguistic is also discussed. This leads us to conclude that language transfers are significant mainly during childhood. After the age of 40, they are very rare. Generally, linguistic mobility is low and its impact on the demographic ageing is negligible.

Keyphrases: Age, Mother tongue, Language spoken at home, Working language, Age, Ageing, Language group, Linguistic behaviour, Linguistic mobility, Demolinguistics, Quebec
Considérer les écarts de conduite dans le processus de réadaptation : comment les intervenants adaptent-ils le cadre général de l’intervention à la résistance des jeunes délinquants à haut risque de récidive?

High-risk offenders often exhibit a low level of commitment and resistance to intervention during their rehabilitation process (Motiuk and Serin, 2001). In order to better adapt the general framework of the intervention to the specific resistance of the most problematic youths, field specialists use an experiential knowledge still largely unknown of the research’s field (Le Blanc and Trudeau-Le Blanc, 2014). Using a qualitative method design, this project examined 110 high risk youth offenders’ clinical records in a variety of settings over a 10-month period. The principal objective is to understand how the general intervention framework is adapted according to certain specific resistance patterns presented by youth offenders during the rehabilitation process. Based on the perspective of youth educators, this present paper proposes certain lines of thoughts concerning the framework of general intervention, the dynamics of resistance and the specific interventions in place. Results demonstrate how different context of rehabilitation and the characteristics of high-risk youth offenders trend towards more surveillance or autonomy granted to the youths, with consideration for their resistance. The disruptive behaviours are interpreted in accordance with three main forms of resistance: instrumental, oppositional and inertial. While low mobilization redirects intervention towards more surveillance measures, collaboration provides more attention towards autonomy during the rehabilitation process. Based on youth worker’s perspective, this paper proposes certain implications concerning the general intervention framework, the dynamics of resistance and the specific interventions.

Keyphrases: LSJPA, Rehabilitation, Youth Centre, youth offenders, YCJA, clinical files, intervention framework, disruptive behaviours, resistance, rationalizations, clinical judgement
Exploration des facteurs contraignants et facilitants, perçus par des professionnels de la santé, à l’implantation d’une unité collaborative d’apprentissage en milieu clinique

In Quebec, the teaching and learning models in clinical settings used for clinical training of nursing students are the preceptorship and group model (Ha and Pepin, 2008). Although these models have several advantages, they also have some limitations (Budgen and Gamroth, 2008). It is therefore pertinent to explore the possibility of implementing a complementary model to these current models. Consequently, the collaborative learning unit (CLU), developed and implemented in British Columbia, has some interesting characteristics (Lougheed and Galloway Ford, 2005). However, to date, no studies have been conducted in Quebec on this model. The purpose of this study was to explore the constraining and facilitating factors perceived by health professionals engaged directly or indirectly in the clinical training of nursing students when it comes to implementing a CLU in the clinical setting.       In this exploratory study, five health professionals each participated in an individual interview while nine health professionals participated in a focus group. A semi-structured interview guide was used. The terms of reference guiding this study was Love's Intermediate Level Theory in Nursing (2014) and the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2007) paper on changing practices in health.       In light of this study, it is possible to group the constraining factors for the implementation of a CLU recording to three different themes: non-adaptation of the UCA model to the Quebec context, organizational context unfavorable to the implementation of a UCA and concern about the level of autonomy and shared responsibility of the student in an UCA. Facilitating factors are presented in three themes: adaptation of the model of the UCA to implement it in the Quebec context, organizational context favorable to the establishment of a UCA and opportunities related to autonomy and the shared responsibility of the student in a UCA. The results of this study were used to formulate recommendations for the nursing practice, education and research.

Keyphrases: Nursing education, Nursing student, Collaborative learning unit, Facilitating factors, Constraining factors
Negotiating the frontier between computer-assisted composition and traditional writing : the utility of each and their effective cross-integration

While computers have had a major influence on music composition, both through electroacoustic music and computer-assisted composition (CAC), there can remain a divide between those pursuing more traditional writing techniques (intuitive composition done by hand) and those incorporating algorithmic elements in their music. The following is an exploration of some of the ways to produce smoother intersections between the worlds of intuitive writing and computer-assisted composition, through the use of a number of different computer-assisted composition software and practises. These range from situations where the computer provides little more than a gentle nudge or a pool of information from which to draw, to situations where, through the user’s input, the computer exerts a high degree of control on the final musical information. Works by Matthew Lane will demonstrate the use of some of these technologies, alongside detailed explanations of how they were incorporated. A first section will look at composition and programming techniques for low integration of CAC, reflecting a more intuitive approach. The works Mutations II, “Waves” and “Run” from Short Pieces on Falling, Never a Moment Lost, and (Let Me Hear) What Maria Hears, amongst others, will serve to demonstrate the efficiency of these techniques. A second section focuses on medium integration of CAC, as demonstrated by the author’s modular progression management system. This framework, developed in OpenMusic, helps in the generation of progression passages, and is adaptable and easily modified for different works. This framework will be examined primarily through the works Melodious Viscosity and Like a Square Peg. The third and final section looks at high CAC integration through gesture, using the author’s software ScoreScrub. Using this software, the user can effectively “scrub” across existing score samples to produce new musical passages. The primary works analysed will be Gift efter Carl Herman Erlandsson and the orchestral work Världen och jag.

Keyphrases: OpenMusic, Max, bach automated composer’s helper, Computer-assisted composition, CAC, algorithmic composition, gestural composition
Synthèse d’amidines et de composés trifluorométhylés par le biais de molécules hautement réactives

This work is separated in two distinct parts aiming to describe the recent advances concerning the use of highly reactive molecules such as trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (Tf2O) and trifluormethyldiazomethane in organic synthesis. In the first section, the amide activation strategy using triflic anhydride was applied in order to synthesize free secondary and tertiary amidines. Those molecules find numerous applications, particularly in natural product synthesis and medicinal chemistry. Although their purification on small scale is quite difficult, their synthesis and caracterization were successfully achieved. Next, investigations were conducted towards the trifluoromethylation of organic compounds. The idea was to trifluoromethylate highly electronegative activated amides in order to transform them into trifluoromethylketones. Unfortunately, this route appeared to be uneffective and was switched to another promising trifluoromethylating source : Trifluormethyldiazomethane. In the second section, the safe and efficient synthesis of trifluoromethyldiazomethane in continuous flow is described. That diazo compound was then used in the synthesis of trifluoromethylated pyrazolines. A reactivity trend was unveiled as those molecules spontaniously tautomerize (or not) depending on the nature of the substrate. Trifluoromethylated pyrazolines are interesting compounds on their own, especially for the pharmaceutical industry, but also serve as precursors to trifluoromethylated cyclopropanes. Finaly, some ideas and related future projects are discribed, in particular in what should be an efficient and possibly enantioselective synthesis of trifluoromethylated cyclopropanes in continuous flow.

Keyphrases: Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride, Amide activation, Free amidine synthesis, Trifluoromethyldiazomethane, Trifluoromethylated pyrazoline synthesis, Continuous flow chemistry
Lithic raw material usage in the archaic Northeast : debitage analysis of the Gaudreau Site, Weedon, Quebec

The Archaic period in the Far Northeast is characterised by hunter-gatherer mobility strategies adapted to a closed forest, which offered diverse and abundant resources. This period can be identified archaeologically by its diverse lithic assemblage, consisting of both flaked and ground stone tools. The Gaudreau site in Weedon, Quebec, is a multicomponent site that includes an Archaic occupation. Successive occupations throughout the prehistoric period have led to extensive vertical and horizontal mixing of artefacts at the site. An initial analysis of  those objects diagnostic of particular time periods revealed spatial patterns that allowed for a fifty square metre sample area to be defined for study of the Archaic lithic industry. Previous studies of the site’s Archaic artefacts guided the design of an analysis of debitage from this part of the site. For the three most abundant raw materials, a sample of five complete flakes was taken from each quadrant. For all other raw materials, the entire population of debitage was examined. Attributes were recorded from each individual piece of debitage examined and these data were aggregated along multiple axes to reveal patterns among different raw materials, flake types, and locations. This revealed key patterns in raw material and tool curation, the segmentation of the reduction sequence, and resource procurement strategies. The study revealed that site inhabitants used materials sourced from within their regional network in a more expedient manner than those imported from beyond its limits, and treated prismatic materials differently than those that fractured conchoidally. The Gaudreau site inhabitants considered toolstone quality and procurement cost in making tool production choices in the context of the regional economy and on-site segmentation of the reduction sequence.

Keyphrases: Far Northeast, Archaic period, Late Archaic, lithic analysis, debitage analysis, flaked stone technology, ground stone technology, raw materials, reduction sequence
La légitimité des parties prenantes dans l'aménagement des villes : éthique de la conduite des projets urbains

Urban projects - also referred to as urban development projects - are largely dependent on the increased involvement of a multitude of stakeholders, whose assets for, and demands on, the project may be complementary and / or contradictory. In this context, how much priority should be given to different stakeholders? To answer this question, project leaders are called upon to assess the legitimacy of these stakeholders. To examine this concept, the study calls upon the crossing of texts from theoretical corpuses other than the classic corpus of urban planning and urban studies: those of stakeholder theory in the field of organizational management and business ethics; the model of the « cités », anchored in pragmatic sociology; and theories of justice. Then it confronts the lessons of these theories with the empirical analysis of a virtual practical case created for the purpose of this research. The round-trip between theory and concrete situations, often emphasizing tensions between competing legitimacies, makes it possible to refine the ethical principles underlying these legitimacies, through a method inspired by that of reflexive equilibrium. The analysis shows that the legitimacy of a stakeholder results from reasoning based on an efficiency standard or on an ethical standard, ideally compatible in the context of an ethics of responsibility. In the first approach (effectiveness) the proponent will be mainly attentive to the stakeholders' capacities for action on the project, including representativeness, legal capacities (titles, rights, contractual links), knowledge and know-how (expertise, skills), creativity, material and financial resources, and the ability to engage other stakeholders into the project. In the second (ethical) approach, the project proponent will be mainly attentive to the legitimate demands of stakeholders on the project: demands for global well-being, capability building (autonomy, freedoms, opportunities for individuals, socio-economic benefits), community ties (values ​​and traditions of large and small communities), well-being of others and environmental claims. The research then enables the emergence of six ethical principles for the assessment of legitimacies: global utility, respect for freedom, equity, solidarity (and tolerance), care and environmental responsibility. While the theories of planning and urban studies - one of the main objects of which is the critical analysis of the manufacturing processes of cities - have paid little attention to the normative principles underlying these processes, this research proposes a conceptual framework that is useful for researchers and professionals to make a judgment, especially in terms of ethics, on decisions concerning the consideration of stakeholders in urban projects. In doing so, it helps to lay the foundations for an ethic of the conduct of urban projects.

Keyphrases: Stakeholders, Urban planning, Town planning, Urban project, Urban development, Stakeholders, Legitimacy, Justice, Ethics, Urban ethics
Validation de la version française canadienne du
Perception of Prevalence of Aggression Scale auprès d’un
échantillon d’intervenants en protection de la jeunesse =

The objective of this study is to evaluate the construct validity of the French Canadian version of the Perception Of Prevalence of Aggression Scale (POPAS), a selfreport questionnaire measuring exposure to workplace violence committed by clients in the health and social services sector. Method. A sample of 310 youth protection workers is utilized to confirm the four-factor internal structure of the instrument. If this structure is not confirmed, an exploratory structural equation model is used. The selected factors undergo Cronbach alpha tests that assess their internal consistency. They are correlated with the French version of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Scale (PCLS) and the number of absentee days caused by violence in order to measure convergent validity. There are also correlated with the Felt Accountability (FA) scale to assess divergent validity. Comparison analyses according to work environments assess criterion validity. Results. The confirmatory factor analysis does not corroborate the four-factor structure of the POPAS. The exploratory structural equation model validates a three-factor structure: ‘‘verbal violence’’, ‘‘physical violence’’ and ‘‘violence against oneself’’. The first two possess good internal consistency. The positive correlations between these two factors and the PCLS, as well as between these two factors and the number of absentee days, support the convergent validity of POPAS. However, the absence of a significant correlation between the last factor and the PCLS, as well as between this factor and the number of absentee days, does not support convergence. The lack of correlation between the factors and the FA supports the divergent validity of the POPAS. The differences observed as they relate to work environments also attest to criterion validity. Discussion. The construct validity of the French Canadian version of the POPAS suggests that this instrument allows for an evaluation of the subjective frequency of different forms of workplace violence experienced by youth protection workers. It therefore represents an alternative to the use of official data (i.e. incident reports made to the employer), which poorly reflect the reality of these workers given the underreporting of violent incidents in this sector.

Keyphrases: POPAS, Type II workplace violence, Construct validity, Psychometric properties, Youth protection workers