Mode de vie, habitudes alimentaires et cancer du sein: Étude cas-témoins chez les Canadiennes-françaises non porteuses de mutations des gènes BRCA

Breast cancer (BC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in most industrialised countries. Individuals who have breast cancer may not inherit cancer-causing mutations from their parents. Instead, certain cells undergo mutations that lead to cancer. In the case of hereditary cancer, tumor cells usually contain mutations not found elsewhere in the body, but also harbor a critical mutation shared by all cells. Autosomal dominant alterations in 2 genes, ‘Breast cancer 1’ (BRCA1) and ‘Breast cancer 2’ (BRCA2), are likely to account for familial cases of early-onset BC. It is estimated that 5-10% of breast cancers are due to a genetic predisposition. Most of these cancers are linked to an abnormality in the gene BRCA1 or BRCA2. Several studies have been conducted in women with sporadic BC but few studies have focused on those who carry BRCA mutations. Our research was undertaken to test the hypothesis of an association between the BC, lifestyle and eating habits among French-Canadian women who were non carriers of 6 frequently-occurring BRCA mutations.  We conducted a case-control study in a French-Canadian population. Some 280 women with breast cancer and who were non-gene carriers of mutated BRCA gene were recruited as cases. Control subjects were women from families with breast cancer (n=265), except for 15 (5.4%) who came from the same families as cases. Participants of all ages were recruited from an on-going cohort studied by researchers at Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montreal (CHUM) Hôtel-Dieu in Montreal. A validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was administered by a nutritionist on telephone to ascertain dietary intake covering the period prior to 2 years before the initial diagnosis of BC among cases and the period prior to 2 years before the telephone interview for the controls. A core questionnaire was administered by the research team’s nurse to gather information on socio-demographic and lifestyle risk factors. BC risk was increased among subjects who reached their maximum body mass index (BMI) at an older age (more than 50 years) (OR=2.83; 95% CI: 2.34-2.91). In addition, a direct and significant association was noted between weight gain of >34 lbs compared to weight gain of ≤15 lbs, since age 20 (OR=1.68; 95% CI: 1.10-2.58). Moreover, a weight gain of >24 lbs compared to ≤9 lbs, showed an increased risk of BC since age 30 (OR=1.96; 95% CI: 1.46-3.06) and an increased BC risk was also observed with a weight gain of >12 lbs compared to ≤1 lb, since age 40 (OR=1.91; 95% CI: 1.53-2.66). Women who smoked more than 9 pack-years of cigarettes had a higher risk (59%) of BC (OR=1.59; 95% CI: 1.57-2.87). Subjects who engaged in >24.8 metabolic equivalent (MET)-hours per week compared to ≤10.7 MET-hours per week, of moderate physical activity had a 52% decreased risk of BC (OR=0.48; 95% CI: 0.31-0.74). Moreover, total physical activity between 16.2 and 33.2 MET-hours per week showed a 43% lower risk of BC (OR=0.57 95% CI: 0.37-0.87). However, there was no association between vigorous physical activity and BC risk.  Energy intakes greater than 2,057 Kcal per day were significantly and positively related to BC risk (OR=2.54; 95%CI: 1.67-3.84). Women who consumed more than 8 cups of coffee per day had a 40% increased risk of BC: OR=1.40 (95%CI: 1.09-2.24). Subjects who consumed more than 9 g of alcohol (ethanol) per day had a heightened risk (55%) of BC: OR=1.55 (95%CI: 1.02-2.37). In addition, a positive and significant association was noted between the consumption of beer, wine and spirits and BC risk. The ORs were 1.34 (95%CI: 1.28-2.11) for >2 bottles of beer per week, OR=1.16 (95%CI: 1.08-2.58) for >10 oz of wine per week and OR=1.09 (95%CI: 1.02-2.08) for >6 oz of spirits per week, respectively.  In summary, we found that weight history did affect breast cancer risk. Moreover, smoking appeared to raise the risk, whereas moderate physical activity had a protective effect. Our findings also indicate that relatively high total energy intake and high coffee and alcohol consumption may increase the risk of breast cancer. This work has highlighted an as-yet-untested research focus addressing relationships between lifestyle and dietary habits and BC among non-carriers of BRCA mutations. The report provides advice and guidance on what can be done to influence and change the lifestyle choices as well as dietary habits to help people to reduce their risk of breast cancer.

Keyphrases: breast cancer, case-control study, BMI, weight gain, smoking, physical activity, energy intakes, coffee