NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Le «recours en oppression» : quelles attentes raisonnables pour les créanciers ?

Creditors feature prominently in the corporate governance of Canadian business corporations and significantly contribute to their funding. Creditors perform in exchange for a promise to be paid later, so that they are in an agency conflict with other stakeholders of the corporation, especially managers. The main procedural route for litigation in corporate law, the oppression remedy helps curb some aspects of the agency conflict by granting courts broad powers to remedy oppressive conduct. This judicial intervention is expressed through the theory of reasonable expectations, which states that the court must not only protect the legal rights of the parties but also their reasonable expectations. The case law shows that creditors have reasonable expectations toward the information provided by the corporation, its assets and the decision-making process of managers and directors. It also suggests a reasonable expectation with respect to changes in the sharing of risks arising from an unforeseeable event.

Keyphrases: Governance, Agency cost, Creditors, Business corporation, Oppression remedy, Directors’ duties, Reasonable expectations, Legitimate expectations
L'Approximation diophantienne simultanée et l'optimisation discrète

Given a (lower or upper) bounded function $f:\mathbb{N}^k \To \Real$ by a mathematical expression. The problem to find the extremal points of $f$ on any bounded set $S \subset \mathbb{N}^k$ is well-defined from a classical point of view. Nevertheless, from a computability theory perspective,  it should be avoided the possibility of pathologies when this problem has infinite Kolmogorov complexity. The main constraint is that the order relationship between  computable reals is not effectively solvable. We solve this problem by means of a structure containing two algorithms. The first one allows to evaluate the cost function while the second one transforms each value of the cost function in a point in an infinite dimensional vector of a space. We develop three particular cases, one of them corresponding to the Rauzy approximation method. Finally, we make a comparison between the best simultaneous Diophantine approximations obtained by the Rauzy method (our optimization-oriented version of it) and our tetrahedral method, that is one of the main achievement of this work.

Keyphrases: Simultaneous Diophantine approximations, K-bonacci constant, Recursive real numbers
L'efficacité du cadre légal particulier de la négociation collective visant les pompiers municipaux québécois : le cas des pompiers de Montréal

The particular legal framework of collective bargaining for Quebec’s municipal firemen, despite the fact that it submits to some principles of the general collective bargaining system provided by the Labour Code, presents some particularities that could affect its efficacity and contribute in establishing difficult and conflicting labour relations. This thesis will mostly consider the difficulties associated with this particular legal framework which prohibits strikes, in all circumstances, to the firemen and provide, as an alternative, the resort to compulsory arbitration. The analysis of Montreal firemen’s labour relations can’t allow us to qualify this particular legal framework as an inefficient alternative to the general collective bargaining system. But still, this thesis may show the limits of a legal framework when some external factors, like the public character of the employer or the particular nature of the job, seem to play a major role in the conflicting labor relations implicating firemen.

Keyphrases: Collective, Interdiction, Alternative, Bargaining, Collective, Montreal, Firemen, Strike, Prohibition, Compulsory, Arbitration, Efficiency, Alternative
Los disfraces de la disidencia en la música cubana alternativa

My research aims to understand how the main economic issues (food and energetic deficiencies), social issues (inequalities and racism) and cultural issues (stagnation and censorship) which have been occurring in Cuba since 1990, are reflected in the music of a certain number of bands.  The goal of this study is to determine whether these artistic expressions are mirroring the society of this period, since they contemplate aspects of public interest that are concealed in the official discourse. This analysis will examine the discursive strategies of lyrics from certain musical productions, which represent a rich and complex range. In addition, this study aims to understand if music can be considered a space of civil society in a context that prevents the free formation of social actors.  This study focuses on the work of five artists who cultivate very different musical genres: trova (Frank Delgado and Carlos Varela), rap (Krudas Cubensi and Los Aldeanos) and punk (Porno Para Ricardo). The analysis will focus mostly on the lyrics, which are considered as literary texts. A significant corpus of songs will be selected and systematically and transversally analyzed, in an attempt to highlight the effects produced and their significations, both explicit and symbolic. I will also refer to their live performances and their aesthetics. This study intends to highlight the literary and musical productions of artists who are not well known or in Cuba. One of the goals is to show how, in a political context dominated by authoritarianism and censorship, forms of expressions that are capable of communicating subversive and dissident messages may still exist.

Keyphrases: censorship, racism, emigration, generation, identity, Carlos Varela, Frank Delgado, Los Aldeanos, Krudas Cubensi, Porno Para Ricardo
Investigation de l'implication des neurones GABAergiques exprimant la parvalbumine dans les déficits cognitifs associés aux délétions du gène Cacna1a

Loss-of-function mutations in the CACNA1A gene, which encodes the α1 subunit of voltage-gated CaV2.1 channels, result in episodic ataxia (EA2) and epilepsy in humans. These conditions are rarely associated with overt cognitive deficits. We recently investigated 16 patients from 4 non-consanguinous families carrying different CACNA1A loss-of-function mutations and revealed that the majority of them had moderate to significant neurocognitive impairment. Targeted deletion of Cacna1a selective to forebrain GABAergic interneurons (INs) in mice leads to a selective synaptic impairment of parvalbumin-positive (PV) fast-spiking basket cells that is sufficient to induce generalised epilepsy. We therefore, propose that a selective impairment of perisomatic inhibition resulting from PV-INs synaptic dysfunction in neocortical orbitofrontal circuits might also contribute to the cognitive deficits associated with Cacna1a deletions. In this study, we examined the effects of CaV2.1 channel ablation in PV neurons that are thought to be critical for cognition. To this end, we generated mutant mice carrying a targeted heterozygous Cacna1a deletion restricted to PV neuronal populations (PVcre; Cacna1ac/+); this mutation occurs post-natally. Using an electrophysiologic approach combined with optogenetics, we demonstrated that this selective mutation significantly impairs perisomatic inhibition of pyramidal cells in the orbitofrontal cortex. We assessed the behavioral and cognitive abilities of these mutants with different behavioral tests and discovered that they present impulsivity and reduced cognitive flexibility.  In conclusion, our work suggests that loss-of-function mutations in Cacna1a are associated with cognitive impairments, which are partly attributable to disrupted perisomatic inhibition in orbitofrontal circuits.

Keyphrases: CACNA1A, EA2, Interneurons, Cav2.1, Cognition
Les impacts urbains des évènements sportifs internationaux : les cas du parc municipal Américo Renné Giannetti à Belo Horizonte (Brésil) et la Coupe du monde de 2014

Mega sporting events have become an important global phenomenon. Host countries and cities use these events to promote an image of global development. Such events often lead to major urban renewal projects. The nature of the impact of such development project on local populations remains unclear. In light of these processes, this study had the objective of  identifying and analyzing differing local perspectives on the revitalization of the Américo  Renné Giannetti Municipal Park in Belo Horizonte (Brazil), within the context of spatial  transformations of the city for the 2014 World Cup. We begin by situating this research within  the literature that examines urban redevelopment in relationship to mega events. This literature suggests that, through the practices of urban entrepreneurialism, certain urban areas, such as parks and historical districts are transformed into "products" to be consumed by a very specific audience. In order to understand whether a similar type of process is under way in Belo Horizonte, we conducted a study of the history and contemporary transformation of the Municipal Park. Based on field observations, interviews with people who frequent the park, as well as interviews with individuals involved in the park management, we examine the social role that the park plays in Belo Horizonte. The analysis of different visions of the project leads us to conclude that the revitalization of the park for the World Cup responds to the interests of the private sector, particularly tourism. In this context, the social impact for the local population is inevitable. While the redevelopment of the park responds to the need of certain citizens, the alteration of the space leads to exclusions and reaffirms segregation in urban areas.

Keyphrases: Exclusion, International events, World cup, Revitalization, Municipal Park Américo Renné Giannetti, Urban entrepreneurship, Exclusion, Segregation
Les considérations environnementales dans l'arbitrage d'investissement sous l'égide du CIRDI

International arbitration is one of the most frequently used methods to resolve disputes related to foreign investment. Several international investment agreements include provisions relating to arbitration under the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes established by the Washington Convention of 1966. Arbitral tribunals are called to resolve disputes concerning the conduct of host States vis-à-vis foreign investors. Their decisions have major consequences on the public interest, specifically when it comes to protecting the environment. The growing development of environmental law and its encroachment on investment protection has triggered a series of disputes that are no longer confined to questions of nationalization or breach of contracts as before, but often revolve around State public policy measures that involve sensitive issues such as, inter alia, hazardous waste management, access to clean water, urban sprawl, protection of biodiversity. The role of ICSID tribunals and their decisions is therefore critical in the development of investment law and the debate on investment protection and environmental regulation.  This study aims to analyze the role of environmental considerations in ICSID arbitral awards. Specifically, it seeks to display the main arguments retained by international tribunals and to identify the major trends in international investment arbitration vis-à-vis environmental measures.

Keyphrases: Foreign investment law, International environmental law, ICSID, International investment arbitration, Bilateral investment treaties
L'influence thérapeutique de la perception de justice informationnelle et interpersonnelle sur les symptômes de stress post-traumatique des victimes d'actes criminels

Following a crime, the need for information is fundamental for victims (Baril, 1984). Police officers play an important role in the transmission of information to victims given that they are the first actors encountered by victims in the legal system and usually the ones with which they have more interactions (Laxminarayan, 2013). Also, how victims perceive the contacts they had with the police can have a significant impact on their psychological recovery (Herman, 2003). This study aims to measure the therapeutic impact of victims’ interactions with police officers and the dissemination of information given to them on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Thus, the measuring instrument used was l’Échelle modifiée des symptômes du trouble de stress post-traumatique (Guay, Marchand, Iucci et Martin, 2002) which is a french adaptation of the Modified PTSD Symptom Scale-Self Report (MPSS-SR) elaborated by Falsetti, Resnick, Resick et Kilpatrick (1993). It was administered to participants (n=188) to evaluate the presence of PTSD in terms of frequency and severity of the symptoms. The study shows that information is an important aspect of fair treatment which in turn affects PTSD symptoms. Finally, the results will be discussed in a broader perspective on the theories in victimology about fairness perception, the issue of secondary victimization and on the implications for policies on victims' rights.

Keyphrases: Victims of crimes, Perception of justice, Post-traumatic stress disorder
Programme expérimental «Bouger à l’heure juste» pour améliorer le statut pondéral d’adultes en surpoids

While the prevalence of obesity is a global problem, the avenues to better use exercise (Ex) is of great interest. Ex can reduce appetite and energy intake, also called Ex-induced anorexia. Recent studies from our laboratory have shown the importance of the timing of Ex to decrease the energy intake. However, none certify that the timing of Ex maximizes body mass reduction in natural context. Therefore, the crossover design aimed to determine if there is an ideal Ex timing to optimize body weight and adiposity lost, in comparing the effect of two programs with a specific timing of Ex on the anthropometric profile of overweight adults. Eight volunteer adults from Montreal (18-45 years) overweight or obese participated and completed the study. In a random order, they performed two four-week Ex (2 x 15 min. Ex intervals daily) programs : 1) Ex before meals (ExMeal) vs 2) Ex at any time, except in the hour prior to the meals (MealEx). Weekly consultations at the University of Montreal included : anthropometric measurements, standardized questionnaires on physical activity and diet, and monitoring of trainings done in a natural setting. The Mann-Whitney U tests analysis focussed on changes that occured between ExMeal and MealEx programs (p = 0.05). Anthropometric changes, Ex practice within and outside of the program, and caloric intake (caloric content, and % of energy from carbohydrates, proteins and lipids) were similar between the ExMeal and MealEx programs (p > 0.05). However, the ExMeal program was associated with 2,8% more calories from proteins (p = 0.05). Furthermore, exploratory analysis showed that it is especially the sequence of events that was related to a reduction in anthropometric parameters, with a decrease in the percentage of fat and a greater compliance in the first month compared to the second month, regardless of the Ex program performed. While several prior studies validated the anorexigenic effect of acute Ex, the longer-term effect on the anthropometric profile was not confirmed with this pilot study. Factors such as the adiposity status, the structure of the program, the duration of the Ex sessions, and the fact that the program took place in a natural set up, made it more difficult to improve the anthropometric profile. Keywords : Exercise, timing, fat, weight loss, energy intake, adults, obesity.

Keyphrases: Exercise, Timing, Fat, Weight loss, Energy intake, Adults, Obesity
Les assassinats ciblés, facette méconnue de la guerre israélo-palestinienne

This goal of this thesis is to analyse the impact and effectiveness of the Israeli targeted killing policy within the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. To this end, three different approaches will be used; military, legal and political. Our hypothesis supports that the policy impedes the resolution to the conflict and is divided into three sections. First of all, Israeli targeted killings impede the conflict resolution because they, in turn, generate retaliations against Israel. Secondly it is a clear violation of international rights, including those of the Israelis. Finally, the policy is a serious obstacle to the settlement of the conflict due to the violent and distrustful atmosphere it arouses. In the conclusion, it is said that, although the policy does not prove to be an effective measure to fight terrorism, neither does it create an escalating cycle of violence. Secondly, the policy is a violation of the international legal system; however it can still be justified by some of the articles present in the same law texts. The Israeli Supreme Court has ruled that some of the operations could be legal. Thirdly, it is effectively detrimental to the resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict because the ambiance it creates exacerbates tensions. In conclusion, the myriad of impacts the policy has on the conflict make it ineffective.

Keyphrases: Palestine, Attentat-suicide, Israel, Palestine, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Targeted killing, Terrorism, Suicide bombing, Counterterrorism
Insights from youth workers regarding young people's engagement in out-of-school-time youth development programs

The objective of this exploratory study was to better understand young people’s engagement in out-of-school-time youth development programs from the perspective of frontline youth workers. Qualitative interviews were carried out with six youth workers to this end. A number of obstacles to engagement were identified, the majority of which are external to youth. Positive dispositions towards youth by youth workers were found to be key in overcoming some of these obstacles, although program content and structure, as well as group climate also play an important role. The key dimensions of engagement the interviewees raised led to an elaboration of a current model of engagement found in the literature, making it more holistic. Implications for the training of youth workers and the structure of youth programs are discussed.

Keyphrases: Youth engagement, OST programs, Youth development, Youth workers
Trajectoires décisionnelles de parents d’un enfant ayant une condition médicale complexe

Medical advances made over the last decades allow many children to survive prematurity, illness or physical trauma. Some survive with chronic health problems that impair the functioning of several organs. Some must deal with minor, moderate or severe physical or intellectual disabilities and are technology-dependent. This has huge consequences for the actors (the child, his parents, his family, members of the healthcare team and professionals), the institutions and the whole society. By focusing on the decision-making trajectory of parents of children with a complex medical condition, we wanted to understand how parents make decisions about their child to improve support for parents decision-making. The complexity of Edgar Morin is the main theoretical basis of the research. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 25 parents (15 mothers and 10 fathers). Key results include the multiplicity of types and decisions objects and the multisystem influence decision-making patterns. The results also show how influences change accross decision-making trajectory for these parents. The results allow us to propose some benchmarks that could improve support for parents exposed to complex decisions about their seriously child.

Keyphrases: Parents, Decision, Child, Family, Decision-making, Children with medical complexity
Parodies satiriques et documentaires expressionnistes : la représentation critique de la célébrité dans l'œuvre cinématographique de William Klein

Satirical parodies and expressionist documentaries: The Critical Representation of the Celebrity in the Films of William Klein.    The films of William Klein are still little known. His filmography includes thirty titles which appear at first sight heterogeneous, while their sociological, political, economic, and cultural inconsistencies seem questionable. As such, and because the themes of his films, their targets, their production modes and their genres are constantly moving, Klein’s critical position seem ambiguous, inconsistent if not contradictory. Yet, we believe that the political commitment of William Klein is at the core of all of his films and dissipates all discrepancies.  Between 1965 and 1970, while liberalism as the official ideology of the capitalist system is fighting against communism to expand its power around the world, Klein is looking at celebrities as vectors of the political, the economical and the religious powers. While the Cold War, the Vietnam War and the anti-colonial armed struggles are shaking the world, he associates with the counter-culture and youth culture movements and questions the role models advertised in the mass media, and the ideologies they represent.  Portraying the modes of representation that shapes the American Dream and the American Way of Life, William Klein criticises the makes-believes found in the entertainment industry and the political field that aim at shaping our identities, our commercial behaviours and our political opinions. We propose to analyse two fiction films and two documentaries in the course of our argumentation in order to demonstrate how he condemns racism, social inequalities and abuses of power associated with Western imperialism. Qui êtes-vous, Polly Maggoo? (1966) and Mister Freedom (1968) are what we have called after Daniel Sangsue, satirical parodies. Accordingly, Polly Maggoo parodies fairy tales to satirize the fashion industry, while Mister Freedom parodies the superheroes of the comic books to satirize American foreign policies. Based on Jonathan Rosenbaum thesis, we consider Muhammad Ali, The Greatest (1964-1974) and Eldridge Cleaver Black Panther (1970) as expressionist documentaries. The reflexive strategies found in these films are symptomatic of an inter-subjectivity between the filmmaker and his subjects.

Keyphrases: William Klein, Parodie, Film, France, Parody, Celebrity, Politics, Expressionism, Reflexivity, Documentary, United States