NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Styles de soutien des superviseurs de recherche : relations avec les attitudes et le bien-être des étudiants gradués

The research supervisor’s support is key to the success in higher-level studies (Howells Stafford, Guijt, & Breadmore, 2017). The quality of the relationship between a student and his/her advisor is often claimed to foster student satisfaction and to encourage degree completion (Schlosser, Knox, Moskovitz, & Hill, 2003). However, support remains a construct that is operationalized in many different ways. It is thus difficult to prescribe specific behaviours supervisors should adopt to optimize support offered to students. This study examines how different supportive or unsupportive behaviours relate to graduate students’ wellbeing and attitudes towards research. 203 graduate students were recruited to complete an online survey measuring their perceptions of the support they received from their supervisor and their own wellbeing and attitudes towards their studies. Whereas the hypotheses predicted that different demonstrations of support (affective and instrumental) would be linked differentially to student outcomes (satisfaction, engagement, wellbeing, etc.), results show that instrumental support explains a larger part of the variance of the outcomes. However, it is micromanagement that best explains undesirable states such as negative affect and work related strains. Supportive behaviours (affective and instrumental) and micromanagement are statistically distinct, suggesting the latter may exert a harmful influence despite other demonstrations of support towards students. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Keyphrases: Satisfaction, Engagement, Supervisor support, Graduate students, Wellbeing
Les implications normatives de la conceptualisation de l'anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is defined as a mental illness per se, according to DSM-5, but this definition may involve late treatment of the eating disorder. Since anorexia nervosa is a mental illness with a high mortality rate, it is necessary to review the conceptualization of this mental disorder.  My hypothesis is that the concept of anorexia nervosa is normative and harmful for people with this disorder. To explore this hypothesis, we have to review the epistemological questions about the concept of species in  philosophy of psychiatry. It will be a question of defining whether anorexia nervosa is a natural species or a human specie, a concept as presented by Ian Hacking.   I will explore the idea that anorexia nervosa is not only a human species, but also a transient mental disorder. If this disorder is a transient mental disorder, then what can it relate to? With what we know of the general behaviors of anorexia nervosa, it is possible to establish ontological tracks for a redefinition of the disorder. I will question self-control and autonomy in the person with this disorder based on the theories of George Ainslie and Alfred Mele.  Since we can not consider people with anorexia nervosa to be autonomous, we must help them with psychological support. I will propose an expanded conceptualization of anorexia nervosa and discuss pragmatic and conceptual advantages in considering anorexia nervosa as an obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Keyphrases: Anorexia, Species, Self-control, Normativity, Philosophy of psychiatry
L’auteur authentique et son contraire chez Søren Kierkegaard

As a religious author, Søren Kierkegaard was greatly interested in the question of communication, since his subject of predilection is marked by paradox: it is impossible to directly share the certainty which lies at the heart of intimacy and yet, it was necessary for him to talk about it, in order to confront a superficial Christianity that no longer perceived the problem of "becoming Christian". Within this thought, oriented towards subjectivity, he questioned himself less about the communication of objective knowledge than about that of a power: to become a singular individual, whose interiority is accessible to God. He developed his communication dialectic through the criticism of contemporary authors; thus he indirectly put his own writing to the test. In order to situate Kierkegaard's literary criticism, it is important, first and foremost, to highlight the commentary he made on his time, in which the socio-cultural conditions undeniably influenced the authors, especially those whose personalities were not well enough established to emancipate from them. The phenomenon of levelling in the era of the masses generates an ephemeral literature that pushes authors to conform to the "demands of their time", issued by the abstract entity of the "public". Such a state of affairs sparks confusion, but did not prevent some writers from developing a completely personal life-view, acting as a "center of gravity" for authentic work.

Keyphrases: Individu, Philosophy, literature, dialectics, communication, education, ethics, Individual, author, God
L'équilibre du sens : vers un concept phénoménologique de norme chez Maurice Merleau-Ponty

Although philosophers may first find it odd to speak of norms in the context of perception, the argument for normativity finds support in the writings of some of the spearheads of the phenomenological tradition, amongst them Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. In what follows, I draw on Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s existential phenomenology to conduct research on the topic of normativity in perception. However, a phenomenological analysis of perception’s normative claim requires that we redefine our traditional conception of norms as authoritative standards or prescriptive moral guidelines: phenomenologists hold that prior to any theoretical or moral engagement with the world, certain sets of norms already play a role at an embodied, pre-reflexive level and account for our ability to orientate ourselves in the intersubjective world. To this end, I argue that a set of embodied norms open up horizons of experience through a normative structure of apprehension that shapes both the existential possibilities we conceive of and the nature of our engagement with the world. My research focuses primarily on Merleau-Ponty’s notion of spatial and existential norms, as this notion helps shed light on the extatic temporality of bodily commitments carried through in personal and subpersonal layers of experience. In view of these commitments, I examine the transformative promise of experiences of bodily disorientation and their relevance in bearing witness to the fundamental vulnerabilities of embodied existence. Lastly, I am interested in the agential and ethical consequences of aknowledging these vulnerabilities and in the existential transformations they can prompt.

Keyphrases: perception, orientation, Edmund Husserl, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, phenomenology, normativity, norms, embodiment, temporality, identity
Rôle de la GTPase ARF6 dans la prolifération cellulaire

Although it is vital in normal physiological conditions, cell proliferation, when poorly controlled, could contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of serious diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer. In this study, we demonstrate that the GTPase ARF6, classically known for its role in endocytosis, plasma membrane-endosomal trafficking and actin remodeling, controls cell proliferation at two different levels of the cell cycle, G1 phase and mitosis. First, in a cardiovascular context, we show that ARF6 controls AngII-induced ROS production by positively regulating Rac1 activation and NOX1 expression. ROS act as mediators to promote the transactivation of EGFR and the activation of the three MAP Kinases ERK1/2, p38MAPK and JNK1/2 inducing the expression of genes required for G1/S transition and proliferation. Second, we show that ARF6 plays an important role in the last phase of the cell cycle, mitosis. Indeed, ARF6 is required for the stability of microtubules (K-fibres) and the proper positioning of chromosomes at the metaphase plate allowing SAC satisfaction, triggering of cyclin B ubiquitination, its degradation and chromosomal segregation (anaphase). Finally, by studying the mTOR pathway in ARF6 depleted cells, we characterized a new regulation of this pathway during mitosis. We demonstrate that the kinases p85S6K1 and S6K2 are activated in a CDK1-dependent manner to phosphorylate the ribosomal protein S6 during mitosis.

Keyphrases: ARF6, ROS, Microtubules, MTOR, CDK1, Proliferation, Mitosis, Metaphase, Kinetochores
Caractérisation immunogénétique des cellules dendritiques non-conventionelles dans un contexte auto-immun

Dendritic cells (DC) play a key role in the immune system by bridging the innate and adaptive immune system using their Antigen Presenting Cell (APC) function. They can be subdivided into several subsets with distinct features, which are involved in either tolerogenic or inflammatory processes. Variations in the in vivo number of those DC subsets have been associated with genetic susceptibility to certain diseases, such as autoimmune diabetes.  However, proving a causal connection from these correlations remains a challenge, as we have not identified the factors involved in the specific regulation of the DC subsets number, limiting our ability to modulate theses phenotypes independently. Thus, we aimed to identify genetic determinants responsible for the specific regulation of DC subset numbers using linkage analysis in mice, to then determine if autoimmune diabetes susceptibility varies following DC subset modulations.  We have shown an increase in pDC number in NOD mice, which is genetically susceptible to autoimmune diabetes. This phenotype is regulated by a dominant locus on proximal chromosome 7, but it not associated with diabetes incidence in congenic mice. In contrast, we also observe an increase in the number of a novel DC subset, termed mcDC, which is regulated by a distal chromosome 2 interval. This locus, termed Idd13, is also associated with diabetes genetic susceptibility, suggesting a vital role of mcDC in disease, possibly through their T cell anergy reversal function.    These results show that DC subsets are regulated by distinct determinants.. Despite the correlation between pDC/mcDC number and autoimmune diabetes susceptibility, our results demonstrate a divergent contribution of DC subsets to pathogenesis. We shall investigate further to refine genetic intervals and identify the candidates genes involved in the regulation of both pDC and mcDC in vivo number.

Keyphrases: immunologie, Dendritic cells, Auto-immunity, Genetics, Diabetes, Immuno-deficiency
Impact du stress oxydant et de l'inflammation sur le métabolisme intestinal des lipides et les fonctions mitochondriales dans la fibrose kystique

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal monogenic disease that predominantly affects Caucasians. It results from the mutation of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene. The deficiency in essential fatty acids (EFA) is classical and is associated with intestinal lipid and liposoluble vitamin malabsorption that is extremely difficult to control. Oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammation could participate in the occurrence of these lipid disorders by involving the mitochondria, a key organelle of redox homeostasis. The hypothesis of this work is that the deletion in the CFTR gene is associated with oxidative, inflammatory and mitochondrial perturbations, and alters intestinal lipid metabolism in CF. The specific objectives are to characterize the oxidative and inflammatory profile, to evaluate the functioning of mitochondria and to identify the modulation of lipid metabolism in the intestine. The CFTR gene deletion in Caco-2/15 intestinal epithelial cells was performed using the innovative Zinc Finger Nuclease transfection method, which allowed the generation of a CFTR (-/-) knockout cell line. Our results demonstrate the presence of an oxidative and inflammatory profile related to CFTR deficiency. Mitochondrial dysfunctions such as DNA oxidative damage, energy metabolism derangement and susceptibility to apoptosis are probably the result of the downregulation of PGC1α and NRF2 transcription factors, as they represent the dominant regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and transcription of antioxidant response elements. The lipid profile is in favor of exaggerated lipogenesis, increased lipid synthesis and lipoprotein overproduction. These results underline mitochondrial dysfunction arising solely from the CFTR gene defect but, on the other hand, they suggest that the typical lipid transport abnormalities of CF patients result from the entanglement of various factors such as mucus abnormalities, morphological aberrations in the intestinal epithelium, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and irregular liver bile acid metabolism.

Keyphrases: Inflammation, intestin, Oxidative Stress, Intestine, Mitochondria, Lipids, Cystic Fibrosis
Implication des inhibiteurs de PARP dans le cancer de l’ovaire

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynaecological cancer in North America. Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have been used to improve treatment; two of which including Olaparib are approved by the FDA. Olaparib demonstrates good efficacy (30% response) as a single agent for patients with ovarian cancer and even more so for those with a mutation in the BRCA1/2 (45%) genes. This result was explained as a consequence of synthetic lethality between the mutants BRCA1/2; which are the principal actors of the DNA repair system by homologous recombination (HR), and the inhibition of PARP, which is the main actor of DNA repair by base excision repair (BER). In patients with no BRCA1/2 mutation (25%), the observed response is also explained by an effect of synthetic lethality, but this time due to either a decline in BRCA1/2 gene expression or the inhibition of other proteins specific to HR (BRCAness effect). In contrast, 55% of BRCA1/2 mutated patients did not respond to treatment. The overall response is only 30%, while 50% of high-grade serous (HGS) EOC patients have an HR deficiency. To try to explain this contradiction, this thesis seeks to define and improve the response to Olaparib in the HGS EOCs. First, a model was developed to study the different responses to PARP inhibitors. To the 12 pre-existing EOC HGS cell lines in the laboratory, 6 new lines presenting with characteristics specific to PARP inhibitors response were characterized and added [TOV2978G, TOV3041G, TOV3291G, OV866 (2), OV4453 (recurrent BRCA2 nonsense mutation of germinal origin) and OV4485 (splice-site mutation BRCA1)]. From this cell model, a new predictive pattern of susceptibility to Olaparib was determined. The idea presented is that the responding patients have an HR deficiency (BRCAness) but that it must be combined with a NER or MMR deficiency. Despite efforts to target these patients and to produce new, more effective PARP inhibitors, the overall response is still around 30%; cases of acquired resistance are increasing and drastic maintenance treatment is still the only way to obtain a clinical response. All this has led us as a third objective to focus on the type of cellular fate induced by the PARP inhibitors allowing us to determine a combination therapy for an improved response. We demonstrate that Olaparib leads to a reversible senescent state in the HGS EOC cell lines despite their TP53 mutations. This condition can be targeted by senolytics (mainly a Bcl2 / Bcl-XL inhibitor) to create a synergistic response when combined with PARP inhibitors. The in vivo experiments confirm the efficacy of the therapeutic combination. This work has contributed to the better identification of patients who are able to respond to PARP inhibitors and to determine a new and particularly effective combination therapy.

Keyphrases: mutation BRCA, Olaparib, NER, MMR, high-grade serous, ovarian epithelial, cell line, BRCA mutation, PARP inhibitors, Olaparib, DNA repair, NER, MMR, senescence, cell cycle arrest, therapeutic combination
Évaluation de politiques de séquençage d'arrivées d'avions par Simulation Monte Carlo

With the air traffic increase, airport runway management is becoming a critical issue both at the operational and safety levels. Runways have limited capacity and a minimum separation distance must be maintained between two consecutive aircrafts during both takeoff and landing phases due to wake turbulences. The minimum separation between two aircrafts depends on their size, influencing their sensitivity to turbulence. As a result, the ordering of takeoffs and landings affects the minimum total waiting time for a sequence of takeoffs or landings, as well as the delays imposed on passengers. Various scheduling policies have been proposed to reduce the delays, usually based on heuristics as the sequencing problem is NP hard. In addition, little attention is usually paid to the random factors influencing take-off and landing times. We focus on landings as they are more critical than takeoffs and propose a discrete event simulation tool to evaluate different landing scheduling policies, taking account of the operational constraints on separation as well as the uncertainties on the arrival times in the airport area. We then compare several popular policies, based on various measures of performance. Contrary to the usual assumption of deterministic flight durations, we consider the noise between the expected arrival time and the realized arrival time and examine the impacts on the scheduling performance.

Keyphrases: Stochastic simulation, Scheduling, Discrete events, Air traffic contol, Aircraft landing
L'adaptation de l'image ﬁxe à l'image animée : une approche de recherche-création pour le cinéma d’animation d'auteur

HARVEY is a graphic novel that I illustrated in 2009. As I am adapting this illustrated book into an animated film, I want to question the transfer between these two media within the context of a research-creation study. Which elements of the original source will be kept, modified or excluded in this process? With the research part, my intention is to delineate the adaptation process from a first visual system (the graphic novel) towards a second visual system (the animated short), specifically in terms of aesthetic exchange between a still and an animated image, and in the light of adaptation theories. Besides supplying the creative elements from my process (moodboard, story-board, posing layout and animatic), the creation part also integrates an experimental component as a way of testing theories advocating the expansion of the creative gesture. Through this work, I demonstrate that graphic autoadaptation towards animation is a suitable practice for the exploration of a method of researchcreation, and that this approach always hinges on the navigation of tensions between the control of a message, the media specificities, and the inherent narrativity within the story that is adapted.

Keyphrases: Animated film, Graphic adaptation, Research-Creation, Graphic novel
Jouer le Gouverneur : analyse du rapport émotionnel au système dans le jeu vidéo de gestion

This master thesis focuses on the emotional connection with the system in management video games. First, an understanding of what is a management game within the multiple genres that constitute the video game industry is conducted. The historical creation of the genre will then be studied by highlighting the lack of research for that specific kind of games. The goal is to understand how immersion works to create an emotional connection with the system. The system is the center of our player’s experience and makes possible playing the role of the governor in the simulation. This role is the link between the system and the community that has to be managed. Finally, game examples with different emotional connections are studied to show that management stays central to the experience of the genre even if the player doesn’t have the same emotional connection with one game and the other.

Keyphrases: Cognition, Genre, Immersion, Préoccupation, Management, Concern, System, Governance, Emotion
Le cinéclub comme institution du public : propositions pour une nouvelle histoire

The public of movies, i.e., the historical and social interlocutor of cinema reception - excluding the abstract, epistemic figure of the spectator – is not often present in most of the historical or theoretical researches on cinema. Film societies, which we propose as an institution created by the public, even less; they are practically forgotten in academic texts. It is this institution and the public that creates it the object we want to study from three different cases: the process of formation of the public which occurs simultaneously with the development of proto-cineclubists and films societies forms – in a period that coincides with that of the so-called pre-cinema, till early cinema or cinematography of attractions. Then we examine the transition period, or institutionalization process which leads to the formation and subsequent institutionalization of film societies. Finally, in a completely different context, we try to show the role of film societies in a moment of civil resistance when they are an essential part of civil society empowerment and its influence in the fall of the Brazilian military dictatorship. This study is presented in five parts. The Introduction situates the problem and briefly shows how it has been treated. Chapter 2 examines the formation of the public and the forgone forms of film societies. The following chapter (3) shows the constitution of the first film societies, concurrent and within the institutionalization process of the cinema. Chapter 4, from a totally different context, searches the same characteristics of public organization in the resistance of Brazilian civil society to the military dictatorship (1964-1985). A fifth part presents some conclusions and thoughts about the possibilities that this work can offer to future researches

Keyphrases: Public, Nickelodeon, Spectator, Film society, Cineclubism, Film societies movement, Early cinema, Institutionalisation of cinema, Flm reception, Cinematographic institution, Hegemony, Cultural studies
Les représentations de la religion et du fait religieux dans le Journal de voyage de Michel de Montaigne (1580-1581) et les Essais (1580-1595)

This research seeks to demonstrate the impact of Michel de Montaigne’s journey through  Switzerland, Germany and Italy (1580-81) on the philosopher’s life and the writing of the final  versions of his famous Essais. To do so, this master’s thesis will analyze and compare  Montaigne’s representations of Christian and pagan architecture, religious agents and  ceremonies in the Journal de voyage and those exposed in the subsequent editions of the Essais.  The analysis of the evolution in Montaigne’s descriptions of different christian confessions and  ancient religions will allow us to determine the impact of his travel experience in time and space.  Our results reveal a conservative Montaigne in matters of religion, and an advocate for a more  interiorized religion and for the openness to others.

Keyphrases: Essais, Montaigne, Religion, Renaissance, Voyage, Egocument, Representations, Sacred, Travel