NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Les origines évolutionnistes du rire et de l'humour

Laughter is a universal and ubiquitous human behavior. Widely investigated by psychology and neuroscience, it is still largely ignored by anthropology. While humor and laughter are well caracterised at proximate levels of explanation, the question of their evolutionary origins remains relatively unexplored. A number of recent hypotheses have yet attempted to shed light on the potential adaptive significance and phylogeny of these behaviors. This project consists of an analysis of five of these ultimate explanations, by confronting their predictions to empirical data from a large array of disciplines. In the end, I propose an evolutionary framework that synthesizes and reconciles these hypotheses.

Keyphrases: Laughter, Humor, Evolution, Anthropology
Facteurs associés à l’alliance thérapeutique en toxicomanie : 
effets modérateurs de la judiciarisation et des troubles sévères de santé mentale

Drug misuse has a major negative impact on individuals and on society as a whole (MSSS, 2007). The efficiency of drug treatments is however weakened by the difficulty retaining and engaging this clientele in treatment (Meier et al., 2006). In this context, and because the quality of the therapeutic alliance is associated with treatment outcome and treatment retention (Martin et al., 2000; Meier et al., 2005a), the alliance which develops between the client and therapist in the course of therapy appeared to be a promising solution to improve the efficiency of the treatments of drug addiction.  The present study focus on the factors associated to the therapeutic alliance developed by drug addicts recruited in a drug rehabilitation programme (n = 269). The study is also interested in the influence of problems associated with addiction (justice and mental health) on the existing relations between the alliance and independents variables (moderating effects). The links between the therapeutic alliance and a range of factors (mental health, drug use, satisfaction with services, motivation, social support, legal pressures) are examined.   The findings demonstrate that pretreatment drug use covarie with the therapeutic alliance. Cognitive disorders and satisfaction with services are two main variables assess during the group therapy which are associated with the alliance. The moderating effect of problems associated with addiction (justice, mental health) on therapeutic alliance is finally supported.

Keyphrases: therapeutic alliance, drug misuse, addiction, justice, justice, mental health
La entrevista sociolingüística y su valor como método de investigación

In this study we carried out the analysis of the main problems found at the time of using sociolinguistic interviews as a field method in search of authentic samples of linguistic performance. Such problematic arises from the very nature of the methodology used based on the observer's paradox (Labov 1972), and imposes the necessity to reflect on the advantages and inherent disadvantages on the used instrument of investigation.  With this intention, the primary goal pursued is to give answer to a question that underlies when speaking of the sociolinguistic interview: How to obtain samples of spontaneous style’s speech in the systematic observation of the interview? In order to try to give an answer to this problematic, a sample of twenty semi-structured interviews that integrates the Corpus of Spoken Rural Spanish (or Corpus Oral y Sonoro del Español Rural, COSER) was reviewed and analyzed (25 hours of recording).   The study of the sociolinguistic interviews as scientific method reveals as main result that among the strategies to reduce the effects of the observer's paradox the tactic to ask the informer to speak about an object of special affective value should be included, in order to generate a dismantling of the formal scheme of the interview and an emotional situation, in such a way that emotion neutralizes his linguistic consciousness and his speech. Thus, the attention of the speaker will concentrate in the same object and not in its formal speech, which leads to obtaining samples of more spontaneous and colloquial style.

Keyphrases: Sociolinguistic, Methodology, Interviews, Observer's paradox, Corpus of Spoken Rural Spanish, Corpus Oral y Sonoro del Español Rural
La souffrance et les vieux

The experience of suffering of elderly people lacking physical autonomy and who live in a CHSLD includes two dimensions: that of suffering and of being elderly. The two are closely linked. My hypothesis about the meaning of suffering takes into account the sense that the elderly give and have given to their lives. The meaning of suffering depends on the meaning of their life. Depending on whether one is an individualist, an agnostic humanist or a religious humanist, the meaning of suffering will take a particular form. This thesis addresses these two parts of the research problem and provides a portrait of the elderly in 2008, proposes a theoretical basis for the research project, and establishes a link between the meaning of suffering of the elderly and the meaning they give to their lives. The life of elderly people living in a CHSLD is discontinuous with their prior existence: their values and lifestyle are brought into question. Their presence in a substitute residence calls for reflection on the place of the elderly in contemporary individualistic society and the nature and provision of humane services. How should one reconcile individualism and humanism? How can one live with a loss of autonomy, general suffering, and a certain isolation? There are as many questions that challenge society with regards to the role of the family, and the care that the elderly justly deserve. The elderly need enlightened care givers and health policies that make residences places of real living and care; this must be a collective responsibility in the face of growing social exclusion.

Keyphrases: Suffering, elderly, life, sens, meaning, humanism, individualism, CHSLD, care
Influence du vieillissement sur la réorganisation cérébrale dans la compréhension du discours : apport de l’imagerie optique

During aging, changes in discourse comprehension have been reported, attributed in part by cognitive changes that occur during aging. Moreover, various studies suggest a cerebral reorganization with aging. This study aims to evaluate the influence of aging on cerebral reorganization during discourse comprehension using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The first hypothesis is that younger adults will have better accuracy on micropropositions and macropropositions, but will have equivalent performance for the situation model. The second hypothesis is that the neural networks used for discourse comprehension will be reorganized during aging. Thirty-two participants took part in this study: 16 young adults and 16 older adults. While undergoing NIRS recording on the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the participants read short stories each followed by a sentence deciding if it was in agreement or not with the previous story. Results didn’t show any differences for accuracy between the group, in opposition with the literature. The PFC was more activated by the older adults compared to the younger adults showing a cerebral reorganization.

Keyphrases: discours, neuroimagerie, aging, cerebral reorganization, comprehension, discourse, near-infrared spectroscopy, neuroimaging
L'universalité des droits humains dans le contexte du pluralisme axiologique inhérent aux relations internationales : le cas du confucianisme

Abstract The demonstration elaborated here is similar, to a certain extent, to the one developed by Amartya Kumar Sen in The 'Argumentative Indian'. In his work, Sen discusses India’s intellectual and political inheritance, and the way this tradition is essential for the success of the democracy and secular politics of the Indian State. For our part, our interest lies not with India, but with China, quite particularly with the intellectual, political and moral legacy of the early Confucian scholars, and the relevancy to revisit, nowadays, Classical Confucian teachings in order to conceive and establish human rights in China. More precisely, our reflection lies within the contemporary debate, which takes place on an international scale, surrounding the so-called Asian values and human rights. For the advocates of the Asian values thesis, Asian values would be associated with the so-called Asian development model, which would distinguish itself from the « Western » model by resisting for instance human rights. These rights, having a western origin and being, in many respects, in breach with Asian values, would be neither desirable in Asia (particularly in China) nor compatible with Asian values (specifically with Confucian values). In our thesis, we refute this point of view. By the intervention of an analysis of the 'Universal Declaration of Human Rights' of 1948 and an examination of four texts founders of the Classical Confucianism who are: the 'Analects' (Lunyu), the 'Mencius' (Mengzi), the 'Great Learning' (Daxue), and the 'Practice of the Mean' (Zhongyong), we demonstrate that this understanding of things is unjustified. Human rights are not incompatible with Confucian values and their adoption is desirable in Asia (including China), quite as it is in Western countries. Actually, the philosophy of human rights and the Classic Confucian thought have numerous conceptual, axiological and normative affinities. Far from being in opposition, these theoretical views converge, because they both care about the human being, his vital needs, and his self-fulfillment within the community. Our demonstration leans, for the most part, on the analysis of a key concept of the Confucian ethical and political thought that is the notion of humanity, or humaneness (ren) and the closely related notion of gentleman, or morally noble person (junzi).

Keyphrases: Asian values, Human rights, Classical confucian thought, Confucianism, Confucius, Mencius, Humanity, Benevolence, Humaneness, Ren, Junzi
Étude structurale de la fructoselysine 6-kinase d’Escherichia coli : reconnaissance de substrats et mécanisme enzymatique

Some enzymes have been found to deglycate the products of the Maillard reaction between sugars and primary amines: ketoamines. An operon is found in Escherichia coli that allows the growth on fructoselysine media. The deglycation process is done by a kinase and a “deglycase”. The fructoselysine 6-kinase, a member of the PfkB family, phosphorylates its substrate on the sixth carbon to initiate the metabolism of fructoselysine. Here are presented x-ray crystallography structures obtained for the fructoselysine 6-kinase in its native form and bound with ATP, ADP and AMP-PNP. The active site of the kinase has been determined, and modelisation of fructoselysine allowed identification of some residues that might be important for the specific binding of the substrate and the enzymatic mechanism. Kinetic results tend to suggest a SN2 mechanism for the phosphorylation catalyzed by the enzyme. Structural modifications of the FL6K could help to increase the size of the substrates recognized by the enzyme until it binds glycated proteins.

Keyphrases: Fructoselysine 6-kinase, Fructoselysine, PfkB, Deglycation, Metabolism, Enzymatic mechanism
Analyse de la fertilité des vaches laitières Holstein «Repeat Breeder»

Two factors underlie the Repeat Breeder (RB) concerns in Quebec: its incidence and economic impact. Currently RB incidence in Quebec is of ± 25% (yearly Report, June 2008, www.dsahr.ca). Monetary losses related to the RB are the result of veterinary expenses and insemination, loss of productivity and the involuntary culling.  In order to have a better knowledge of this syndrome, one must understand the general risk factors involved and then explore the individual condition of these problem cows. The goal of the first part of the project was to assess the impact of the postpartum reproductive problems and the effect of the lactation number as risk factors of the Repeat Breeder cow. A computerized data bank listing 418 383 lactations was analyzed. The analysis established dystocia as being the condition with the most consequences on future fertility. Other risk factors namely the number of lactations influence the reproductive prognosis as well. The second part of the research was to explore the individual condition of the RB using clinical tools. A cohort study was conducted on Holstein cows at the end of the voluntary waiting period on day 7 of the oestrous cycle. The clinical tests studied were vaginoscopy, trans-rectal examination, ultrasonography of the reproductive system, presence of leukocyte esterase, bacteriology and biochemistry of uterine fluid, endometrial cytology and serum progesterone profile. The results of these clinical tests reveal that the bacteriological analysis of uterine fluid is indicative of future reproductive status.

Keyphrases: Repeat Breeder, Repeat Breeder, performances reproductrices, reproductive perfomance, post-partum problems, number of lactations, culling, examination of reproductive system, dairy cows
Traduire et interpréter : survol des constructions subjectives d'Ezra Pound et de Xi Chuan

This dissertation strives to be a reflection on the importance of interpretation in a translation of poetic language.  This reflection takes is point of departure from the example of Ezra Pound, translator of classic Chinese poems. It continues with an exploration of the interpretative possibilities included in language itself, concluding with a subjective experience of translation.  I chose to translate three poems by Xi Chuan, a Chinese poet belonging to the obscure poetry movement. Obscure poetry is a contemporary literary movement which still continues today under the name of post-obscure poetry. Xi Chuan’s writings are an example of the search for a new expressive form for contemporary Chinese poets or, in other words, for the emergence of a subjective voice that is directly related to taking a stand with regard to the traditional past while striving for the emancipation and autonomy of literary expression. The place occupied by the obscure poet between the new and the old allows the individual to interpret the present in a manner that is more personal. In the same way, the translator has to break away from the past (in other words, the original text) to allow for interpretation and the projection of the new text into the future (that is, the receiving language).

Keyphrases: Ezra Pound, Xi Chuan, Ezra Pound, Xi Chuan, Translation, Poetry, Interpretation, Construction
Sélection de modèle d'imputation à partir de modèles bayésiens hiérarchiques linéaires multivariés

Abstract  The technique known as multiple imputation seems to be the most suitable technique for solving the problem of non-response. The literature mentions methods that models the nature and structure of missing values. One of the most popular methods is the PAN algorithm of Schafer and Yucel (2002). The imputations yielded by this method are based on a multivariate linear mixed-effects model for the response variable. A Bayesian hierarchical clustered and more flexible extension of PAN is given by the BHLC model of Murua et al. (2005). The main goal of this work is to study the problem of model selection for multiple imputation in terms of efficiency and accuracy of missing-value predictions. We propose a measure of performance linked to the prediction of missing values. The measure is a mean squared error, and hence in addition to the variance associated to the multiple imputations, it includes a measure of bias in the prediction. We show that this measure is more objective than the most common variance measure of Rubin. Our measure is computed by incrementing by a small proportion the number of missing values in the data and supposing that those values are also missing. The performance of the imputation model is then assessed through the prediction error associated to these pseudo missing values. In order to study the problem objectively, we have devised several simulations. Data were generated according to different explicit models that assumed particular error structures. Several missing-value prior distributions as well as error-term distributions are then hypothesized. Our study investigates if the true error structure of the data has an effect on the performance of the different hypothesized choices for the imputation model. We concluded that the answer is yes. Moreover, the choice of missing-value prior distribution seems to be the most important factor for accuracy of predictions. In general, the most effective choices for good imputations are a t-Student distribution with different cluster variances for the error-term, and a missing-value Normal prior with data-driven mean and variance, or a missing-value regularizing Normal prior with large variance (a ridge-regression-like prior). Finally, we have applied our ideas to a real problem dealing with health outcome observations associated to a large number of countries around the world. Keywords:  Missing values, multiple imputation, Bayesian hierarchical linear model,      mixed effects model.

Keyphrases: Missing values, multiple imputation, Bayesian hierarchical linear model, mixed effects model
Évolution de la qualité de l'emploi des femmes et des hommes au Québec entre 1997 et 2007 : l'ascenseur de la scolarisation et le fardeau des responsabilités familiales

This dissertation examines the evolution of job quality for women and men in Quebec between 1997 and 2007. Using an original typology, we study changes in job quality for women and men, and changes in the gender gap. The novel aspect of this research is that it uses a multidimensional perspective on job quality by considering simultaneously four dimensions: wage level, employment stability, qualification and length of the work week. We first present our research topic, professional inequalities between genders in the labour market, and we review the literature concerning the main theories on gender inequality and job quality. We then present the conceptual framework of our research and our research questions; the relevance of our typology of job quality is then examined, and our approach to data analysis is justified. The analysis parameters chapter is dedicated to the creation of new typology of job quality and to data analysis framework. Finally, we present our results concerning the evolution of the job quality differences between male and female workers, taking into account the family situation, the education level of these individuals and some labor market characteristics. Our study reveals an appreciable decrease of the gender gap in job quality (an overall drop of more than 30 %). Our research shows that changes occur especially for those who have a relatively high level of education, those who live in a couple, and those whose family responsibilities are not too heavy. Most of the changes depend on a notable improvement of job quality for women, and not so much on the deterioration among male workers. Those results show that family situation and level of education, considering together, are significant determinants of the observed changes.

Keyphrases: job quality, gender inequalities, wage, stability, qualifications, qualifications, hours of work
Developmental trajectories of body mass index in early childhood : an 8-year longitudinal study

Developmental Trajectories of Body Mass Index in Early Childhood: An 8-Year Longitudinal Study. Introduction: Childhood obesity has become one of the greatest Public Health challenges this century, affecting not only developed nations, but increasingly low- and middle-income countries as well. Estimating developmental trajectories of Body Mass Index (BMI) during early childhood represents an innovative approach towards a better understanding of the development of this health problem. Objective: To identify groups of children with distinct developmental trajectories of Body Mass Index (BMI) between the ages of five months and eight years, and to identify early-life risk factors that distinguish children in an atypically elevated BMI trajectory group. Methods: Group-based developmental trajectories of BMI were estimated from annual maternal assessments (5 months to 8 years) in a large population sample (n=1957). Measures of height and weight, as well as family and child characteristics were obtained yearly from mothers. Multivariate logistic regression was used to distinguish children with elevated BMI from other children, using pre and early post-natal risk factors. Results: Three trajectories of BMI were identified: low-stable BMI (54.5%), moderate BMI (41.0%) and high-rising BMI (4.5%). The high-rising group included children whose BMI, at eight years of age, exceeded the cut-off value for obesity. Multinomial logit regression analyses revealed that two maternal risk factors were significantly associated with the high-rising BMI trajectory group as compared to both the low and moderate groups: smoking during pregnancy and maternal overweight. Conclusions: Antecedents of childhood obesity can be identified during pregnancy. Intervention studies are needed in order to test the possibility that targeting maternal smoking and maternal obesity during pregnancy would reduce the risk of childhood obesity in the offspring. Keywords: Body Mass Index (BMI), child obesity, Group-based developmental trajectories, early life predictors, population-based study, maternal smoking, maternal obesity.

Keyphrases: Body Mass Index (BMI), Child obesity, Group-based developmental trajectories, Early life predictors, Population-based study, Maternal smoking, Maternal obesity
Effets de l'atmosphère terrestre sur les spectres de naines brunes

Brown dwarfs are celestial bodies unable to sustain nuclear reactions. For this reason their luminosity declines until complete extinction. Their flux, particularly in the band between 0,8 and 2,35 μm, is absorbed by the water vapor in the terrestrial atmosphere. The goal of this research is to find a way to correct this part of their spectra affected by this effect. First, general notions needed to understand the project are exposed. The second chapter concerns the data reduction. The calibration, the problem of the position repeatability of the slit of the spectrometer SIMON and his cause are exposed. It discusses techniques to even up the pixels’ response and the substraction of the sky from the spectra. The method used to study the atmosphere effect on brown dwarf spectra is presented. The third chapter analyses the results that use the A0 reference star to correct the brown dwarf spectrum. We cannot conclude that the A0 spectrum is affected in the same way as the brown dwarf spectrum by the terrestrial atmosphere. The data from a single night do not allow a good analysis of this effect as a function of air mass and humidity level. Others missions are needed.

Keyphrases: Near infrared spectroscopy, Low mass star