Inflammation d’origine non-pathogénique durant la gestation, implication dans les complications de la grossesse et impact sur le développement cérébral

INTRODUCTION: Intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR), preeclampsia (PE) and preterm birth (PTB) are important pathologies of pregnancy strongly associated with poor placental function, a central organ for fetal development. About 5-12% of all pregnancies are pathological and this increases the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Inflammation is central to all pregnancy complications and the causal link has been demonstrated with several animal models of prenatal inflammation leading to brain damage in newborns. However, these models use infectious stimuli although pathogens are rarely detected clinically. Despite the absence of detectable infection, evidence of inflammation, such as elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and alarmins, is observed. Alarmins are endogenous mediators, another cause of inflammation increasingly associated with pathological pregnancies. Uric acid is one of the most studied alarmins, however its effect on pregnancy is mostly unknown. Thus, my hypothesis was that prenatal exposure particularly to uric acid is associated with pregnancy complications and is a cause of placental damage which subsequently impairs fetal neurodevelopment, leading to long-term brain damage in the child.  My general OBJECTIVE was to understand the link between non-pathogenic prenatal inflammation, pregnancy complications and its effect on the placenta and the developing brain. Specifically, I detected the presence of inflammation in major pregnancy complications and subsequently focused on PE and its immune activation. In parallel, I established the causal link between non-infectious inflammation, placental damage and IUGR. Finally, I evaluated brain development following in utero inflammation and investigated a therapeutic target in my preclinical model.  METHODS AND RESULTS: I analyzed the inflammatory profile of 200 women with or without pregnancy complications (Ctrl, IUGR, PE, PTB) and demonstrated that each complication has a distinct circulating inflammatory profile, particularly in women with PE. In addition, I further analyzed women with PE and observed a uric acid increase in the maternal circulation, related to an altered immune profile and structural changes in the placenta. To determine the direct effects of uric acid, we used cultures of primary trophoblasts, the main cell of the placenta, and human placental explants. We have shown that uric acid induces a pro-inflammatory profile, particularly increasing the secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 and induces apoptosis of trophoblasts. In parallel, I developed a new preclinical model of pregnant rats that were injected intraperitoneally with uric acid from gestation time 18 (G18) to G21. The injection of uric acid at the end of gestation in the rat caused increase cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6), the infiltration of immune cells in the placenta as well as an IUGR in the fetus that persisted into the postnatal period. Additionally, babies exposed to uric acid in utero have neurodevelopmental impairment characterized by microglial and astroglial activation in addition to decreased motor function. These effects of uric acid was dependent on IL-1β and was blocked by the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra).  CONCLUSIONS: Inflammation is associated with all pregnancy complications, however, with different profiles depending on the pathology studied. PE is associated with significant immune changes. Uric acid at the maternal-fetal interface induced inflammation and altered placental functions in an IL-1-dependent manner. Ultimately, exposure to uric acid in late rat pregnancy induced placental inflammation, IUGR, and impaired brain development. Prenatal anti-inflammatory treatment helped minimize inflammation and these negative effects on the brain.

Keyphrases: Inflammation, Placenta, Uric acid, preeclampsia, Fetal growth restriction, Brain development, Non-pathogenic inflammation, Alarmins, Behavior