La recherche de naines brunes et étoiles de faible masse dans les associations cinématiques jeunes du voisinage solaire

The main objective of this thesis is the identification of low-mass star and brown dwarf members of young moving groups in the solar neighborhood. These associations are typically younger than 200 million years and include stars formed at the same time and in the same environment. The majority of their members with masses approximately larger than 0.3 times that of the Sun have already been discovered, however the less massive, fainter members are still elusive. Their identification will allow us to address several fundamental questions in astrophysics. In particular, uncovering young objects that are still warm because of their recent formation will allow us to probe masses down to only a few times the mass of Jupiter, a mass regime which is still poorly understood. They will allow us to constrain the initial mass function and explore the connection between brown dwarfs and exoplanets, given that the least massive brown dwarfs have physical properties similar to those of gaseous giant exoplanets.  In order to carry through this project, we have adapted the BANYAN I statistical tool to make it applicable to very low-mass objects in addition to bringing several improvements to the tool. We have included the use of two near-infrared color-magnitude diagrams that allow differentiating young low-mass stars and brown dwarfs from older objects, we added the use of prior probabilities to make its results more realistic, we adapted spatial and kinematic models of moving groups using tridimensional gaussian ellipsoids with axes free to rotate, we performed a Monte Carlo analysis to characterize the rate of false-positive and false-negatives, and we revised the structure of its source code to make it more efficient.  As a first step, we have used this new algorithm, BANYAN II, to identify 25 new candidate members among a sample of 158 known young low-mass stars (with spectral types > M4) and brown dwarfs. We have then performed a cross-correlation of two all-sky near-infrared catalogs consisting of ~ 500 million celestial objects to identify approximately 100 000 brown dwarf and low-mass star candidates in the solar neighborhood. We have identified a few hundred promising young association members in this sample with the BANYAN II tool, and have performed a near-infrared spectroscopic survey to characterize them.  The work presented here has led to the identification of 79 candidate young brown dwarfs and 150 candidate young low-mass stars, and a spectroscopic follow-up allowed us to confirm the young age of 49 brown dwarfs and 62 low-mass stars. We have thus boosted the number of known young brown dwarfs by a factor ~ 2, opening the door to a statistical characterization of their population. These new young brown dwarfs represent an ideal laboratory to better understand the atmospheres of gaseous giant exoplanets. We have identified the first signs of a turn-up in the initial mass function of very low-mass brown dwarfs in the Tucana-Horologium association, which could indicate that exoplanet scattering plays a significant role in composing their population. Results from this spectroscopic follow-up has allowed us to construct an complete empirical sequence of spectral types M5-L5 for field dwarfs, low-gravity (β) and very low-gravity (γ) dwarfs. We have performed a comparison of these new data with evolution and atmosphere models, and constructed a set of empirical spectral type-magnitude and color-magnitude sequences for young brown dwarfs. Finally, we have discovered two new exoplanets from a direct-imaging follow-up of low-mass stars discovered as part of this project. The future GAIA mission and the complete spectroscopic follow-up of the candidates presented in this thesis will allow to confirm their membership and to constrain the initial mass function in the substellar regime.

Keyphrases: Brown dwarfs, Kinematics, Spectroscopy, Young associations