NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Réduction du risque des invalidités liées à la consommation de l’alcool : l’effet à long terme de l’introduction de la loi zéro tolérance

From 1990 to 1998, all fifty-one US states implemented the Zero Tolerance Law in order to reduce both traffic accidents and youth drinking rates. By 1998, young American drivers aged between 16 and 21 are prohibited from driving if a minimal amount of alcohol exists in their blood, while the law concerning people aged over 22 remains unchanged. This paper examines the long-run effects of the law on one’s health. Using the difference-in-difference method, we find a reduction in ambulatory and visual or hearing disabilities at the age of 37 to 40 years. These results are robust to the inclusion of year of birth linear trend. Interestingly, we find that the effects are mainly concentrated on white men. There are virtually no effects for non-white men or even women of any race.

Keyphrases: Youth Alcohol Policies
The systematics and evolution of Cambrian graptolites from the Burgess Shale of Canada

Pterobranchs originated in the basal Cambrian (Fortunian) and are mostly known by their tubes preserved in the fossil record. The earliest forms represent bushy erect growing colonies that are not widely studied due to preservation quality and species misidentification. For this reason, basal phylogenetic relationships within the group are not clearly established. Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale graptolites were poorly known from the presence of Chaunograptus scandens, some debatable species of the genus Yuknessia, and other undetermined fragmented material. This study represents a complete description of C. scandens, a consensus for Yuknessia simplex and Y. stephenensis, and the new report of Protohalecium hallianum and Mastigograptus sp. from the locality, which have also been found in Burgess Shaletype localities in Utah and Australia. Phylogenetic analyses of 34 discrete morphological traits from these Burgess Shale genera and some known benthic and planktic taxa (n=22), place these Cambrian species as basal forms between the pseudocolonial pterobranch Cephalodiscus and the living graptolite Rhabdopleura.

Keyphrases: Hemichordata, Pterobranchia, graptolites, Burgess Shale, paleontology, Paleozoic, Cambrian, systematic
Différenciation biotique de la flore des tourbières ombrotrophes du sud du Québec : une étude historique de 1982 à 2017

This thesis aims at determining whether ombrotrophic peatlands from the St. Lawrence lowlands, which are isolated in a highly disturbed environmental matrix, have suffered a loss of floristic diversity in the last three decades. In order to achieve this objective, a historic floristic study was conducted, by comparing old and recent inventories. More precisely, 76 plots inside 16 bogs were surveyed in 1982, and resurveyed in 2017 using the same methodology. For this study, only the vascular flora was analyzed. More specifically, I compared species richness as well as species abundance and frequency, while considering their shade tolerance and preferential habitat (wetland, facultative or upland). Finally, beta diversity changes were analyzed, and a beta diversity decomposition was performed in order to identify the principal component of the changes. My results show a significant increase in alpha diversity and beta diversity in the last 35 years, indicating a taxonomic differentiation and a floristic community change. The increase in alpha diversity was associated with a change in abundance and frequency of shade tolerant species and facultative wetland species. Moreover, species replacement was the main factor linked to the beta diversity increase. At last, I observed an increase in shrub and tree species cover over the past 35 years. Although the exact causes of the observed changes were not studied, our results suggest a regional drying of the peatlands likely linked to agricultural drainage in the area, and potentially enhanced by climatic changes. Our results let me suppose that these changes will continue with time, which could lead to future loss of biodiversity in these ecosystems due to the replacement of bog species by facultative species.

Keyphrases: bog, Beta diversity, Biotic differentiation, Vascular flora, Species richness, Diversity
Complémentarité fonctionnelle en phytoremédiation dans un sol à contamination mixte

Mixed contaminated soils with both organic and inorganic compounds represent about 40% of all contaminated sites. Phytoremediation is a promising green technology to decontaminate and restore mixed contaminated sites. The objective of the study was to evaluation the phytoremediation potential of a co-planting system between a shrub and an herbaceous species compared to the species in monocultures. A pot experiment with a woody specie, Salix interior, and one herbaceous species, Achillea millefolium, Trifolium pratense or Festuca arundinacea, and an unplanted control was conducted in a mixed CCA- and PCP-contaminated soil and non-contaminated soil for 120 days. Native and naturalized species with distinct functional traits were chosen for their possibly different and complementary phytoremediation abilities. Plant aboveground and belowground dry weights in all pots, trace element concentrations in plant tissues, and soil trace element and PCP concentrations in contaminated soil were recorded at the end of the cultivation period. Soil contamination and co-planting did not affect species biomass production, except in the S. interior + F. arundinacea treatment (SF) where roots yield was higher in the contaminated soil. The polyculture SF led to increased Cr and Cu total uptake in the roots of F. arundinacea. Furthermore, species in polycultures all had equal or superior trace element concentrations in their tissues compared to their monocultures. Death of S. interior in co-cropping with F. arundinacea was observed with no distinction of soil contamination and lead to mitigated conclusions. Treatments effects on PCP dissipation are inconclusive given the low soil concentrations found at the beginning and at the end of the experiment and because of the variability between the pots. We can therefore suggest that the co-planting of a shrub species and a species with different traits seems to lead to higher phytoremediation potential, but further investigation is required.

Keyphrases: co-plantation, Phytoremediation, Functional complementarity, Co-planting, Mixed contamination
La reconnaissance d’émotions faciales et musicales dans le processus de vieillissement normal

A growing number of studies report differences between older and younger adults in emotion recognition. However, there are still conflicting results regarding the extent of the changes and how they may vary depending on the expressed emotion and the medium used. The present study aims at supplementing our understanding of the global phenomenon by focusing on cognitively normal older adults’ capacity to recognize both facial and musical emotions. A group of 34 older adults, aged between 65 and 87, and a control group of 31 younger adults, aged between 18 and 50, completed two separate tasks evaluating emotion recognition of faces and music. The facial emotion categorization task includes faces expressing happiness, sadness, fear, anger and surprise. The musical emotion categorization task includes music excerpts expressing happiness, sadness and fear. Results indicate differences in emotion recognition between age groups. Indeed, older adults are less accurate than younger adults in the recognition of all five emotions as expressed by faces, but only of fear and sadness as expressed by musical excerpts. Both groups categorize happiness, as expressed by music, in a similar manner. Lastly, for both groups, fear is the less accurately recognized emotion, whether it is expressed by faces or music. In this regard, as normal aging involves many physiological and psychological changes that may be related to those observations, it has been proposed that the results may be partially explained by both the socioemotional and the neurological theories.

Keyphrases: Normal aging, Emotion recognition, Facial emotion, Musical emotion, Positivity effect
Détection de naines brunes et planètes géantes gazeuses à grande séparationutilisant des images d’archive

Decades of astronomical data collection provided by dedicated instruments have led to a large amount of images taken at different wavelengths, resolutions and depths of field that remain, for the most part, unexploited (eg 2MASS , WISE, SPITZER, SDSS). Developments of new data processing algorithms gives a new value to these images taken years earlier. This project aims at discovering new low-mass companions with large separations around young low-mass stars (M-type) using archive images. 2MASS J, H and Ks band images were used to identify the candidates. Seven candidates were identified using a combination of two algorithms that were applied on a judicious selection of 2 812 stars. The method combined a point spread function substraction algorithm based on a linear combination of reference stars and an algorithm inspired by differential imaging. Five of them had already been identified by other teams. One was probably an M9 star from the field and the other an L3—, potentially a member of the young association AB Doradus. This research confirms, like others before, the low occurence rate of planetary mass and brown dwarf companions at large separations (Á 100 AU) around young low mass stars. This conclusion led us to develop of an alternative detection method sensitive to companions on short orbits (< 40 AU). This second project, partially completed, aims to demonstrate that it is possible to detect objects with planetary masses orbiting young sun-like stars (G–F–A) regardless of their separation. This is possible thanks to the new generation of high dispersion infrared spectrographs. Spectral processing applied on synthetic observations has confirmed that one can detect objects with an object/star brightness ratio down to 10´5. Only 1h exposure time with an instrument like SPIROU is enough to detect companions with an atmosphere mainly composed of molecules. The spectral processing consists of cross-correlation and spectral subtraction algorithms inspired by methods used in differential imaging.

Keyphrases: Brown dwarfs, Exoplanets, Young stars, Archive images, Image processing, High-resolution IR spectroscopy
Sur la réappropriation hégélienne du scepticisme dans les oeuvres de Iéna (1801-1807) : le laboratoire de Hegel

This study is an attempt to reconstruct the conceptual genesis of the Hegelian conception of skepticism in his early Jena writings, between 1801 and 1807 when Hegel first started his academic career as a Privatdozent. In the Introduction of the Phenomenology of Spirit, Hegel puts forward a direct correlation between the phenomenological pathway and a certain kind of skepticism. However, the German thinker does not go any further in the description of this link between skepticism and his idealist philosophy, which at first glance does not seem to be self-obvious, especially considering the strong reputation of Hegel as a dogmatic thinker. To better understand the reasons that led Hegel to claim that his philosophy inherits, at least partially, from the skeptical tradition, we consider that the Hegelian use of skepticism must be recontextualized inside the theoretical debates of his first published texts where the term “skepticism” appears for the first time in his work. By examining the intellectual development of the young Hegel, we aim to show that the Hegelian appropriation of skepticism, even if it originates from polemical motivations, is the strongest expression of what the idealist thinker calls “the logic of understanding”. In that sense, skepticism is not only of crucial importance for the understanding of Hegel’s concept of “negativity”, but it also betrays on many regards the sprout of a genuine thought of anxiety or unrest (Unruhe).

Keyphrases: G. W. F. Hegel, Désunion (Entzweiung), Skepticism, Jena, History of german philosophy, Negativity, Understanding, Unrest (Unruhe), Dichotomy (Entzweiung), Subjectivity, Antinomy
Explications mécanistes et téléologiques de l'évolution de la forme

This dissertation of philosophy of biology deals with current evolutionary explanations in developmental evolutionary biology (Evo-Devo). We will seek to answer the following question: Can the evolutionary explanation be an exclusively mechanistic explanation or must it maintain teleological elements? In order to answer this question we will analyze current philosophical debates that attempt to solve the problem posed by the introduction of the study of development in the evolutionary explanation. We will adopt an epistemological approach. Then, we will expose the two sides of this problem, the mechanistic explanation and the teleological explanation. In the first chapter, we will identify the philosophical presuppositions of evolutionary biology and situate the current debate on the evolution of form in the continuity of philosophical debates raised by theories that have encountered similar obstacles like the theories of evolution of Ernst Haeckel and Kart Ernst von Baer. We will also briefly examine the debates between mechanistic conceptions and teleology in physiology in the 18th century and Kant's teleomechanist research program. The second chapter sets out the philosophical assumptions of the mechanistic explanation of the evolution of form as it is exposed by the contemporary biologist Sean B. Carroll. In the third chapter we will distinguish Platonic teleology and Aristotelian teleology, identify the peculiarity of organisms as an object of studies of biology and expose the teleological evolutionary explanation as it currently stands in the philosophy of biology.

Keyphrases: Evo-Devo, Philosophy, Biology, Mechanism, Teleology, Development, Explanation, Form, Organism
Déterminants dyadiques et évolution dans le temps de la douleur génito-pelvienne

Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is the most common form of genito-pelvic pain and is associated with negative psychosexual consequences for women and their partners. The objective of the thesis was to examine the role of perceived injustice, anxiety, and depression in the adjustment of couples coping with PVD. The first study examined the associations between perceived injustice and pain intensity, sexual satisfaction, sexual distress, and depression among 50 women with PVD and their partners via self-report questionnaires. Women’s higher level of perceived injustice was associated with their own greater sexual distress and depression. Partners’ higher level of perceived injustice was associated with their own greater sexual distress and depression and with their own lower sexual satisfaction. Perceived injustice was not associated with women’s pain intensity. Using a daily dyadic methodology over a period of two months, the second study focused on the associations between anxiety and depressive symptoms, and sexual function, sexual distress and pain among 127 couples coping with PVD. On days of sexual activity, when women reported feeling more anxious or depressed, they reported greater pain and lower sexual function. On days of sexual activity, when women reported feeling more depressed, they reported greater levels of sexual distress, and when partners reported feeling more anxious or depressed, women as well as partners reported greater levels of sexual distress. Using three separate measurement time points over a seven-year period, the third study aimed to identify pain trajectories and their predictors in women with PVD. Two pain trajectories were identified, one where pain persisted and one where pain decreased over time, both associated with different predictors. The clinical, theoretical and methodological implications of the thesis are discussed.

Keyphrases: Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder, Provoked vestibulodynia, Perceived injustice, Anxiety, Sexual distress, Sexual function, Sexual satisfaction, Pain trajectories, Daily experience methodology
Searching for dark matter with superheated liquid detectors

One of the most prominent questions in the fields of particle physics and cosmology is the nature of dark matter which comprises 85% of the total mass of the universe. The PICASSO and PICO experiments are both direct detection experiments situated at SNOLAB that use the superheated liquid or bubble chamber technique to search for dark matter. The PICASSO collaboration pioneered the use of this technique for dark matter searches, and moreover, discovered an important background suppression feature: the acoustic alpha-neutron discrimination. The last PICASSO result was published in 2017 and still holds to this day the best spin-dependent cross-section limit of 7 x 10-2 pb (90% C.L.) for weakly interacting dark matter candidates (WIMPs) with a mass of 4 GeV/c2 [1]. Since the merger of PICASSO and COUPP into PICO, PICO holds the world best limit on WIMP cross sections with the most stringent spin-dependent limit of 2.5 x 10-5 pb (90% C.L) at 25 GeV/c2 set by the recent PICO60 detector result [2]. The PICO collaboration is currently building a new detector called PICO40L with a significantly improved design which will allow to substantially decrease the neutron background by a factor of  50, and pave the way forward for the next stage, PICO500, which will contain approximately 500L of superheated liquid. The present work presents first the observational and theoretical framework of dark matter searches, i.e., its proof of existence (Chap. 2), the most probable particle candidates (Chap. 3), as well as its expected recoil spectra and count rates in typical dark matter detectors (Chap. 4). It will be followed by a description of the superheated liquid technique (Chap. 5), by the description of the PICASSO and PICO detectors (Chap. 6 & 7), of their calibrations and common backgrounds (Chap. 8). In Chap. 9 & 10, the final PICASSO result are presented together with the most recent PICO dark matter limits. A GEANT4 simulation of the PICO40L neutron background will then be described in detail (Chap. 11), along with a discussion of the physic reach of PICO within the context of the effective field theory description of dark matter (Chap. 12). Finally, this thesis concludes with the current and future research and development program of the PICO collaboration, such as the future PICO500 detector, and the exciting possibility of using C2H2F4 as an active target (Chap. 13).

Keyphrases: Dark matter, PICO, PICASSO, WIMPs, GEANT4, SNOLAB, Simulation
Étude Monte Carlo de l’impact de la tomodensitométrie multiénergie sur la précision du calcul de dose en protonthérapie

Proton therapy is a cancer treatment modality that has the potential to target tumours more accurately than conventional radiotherapy. However, current clinical practice intro- duces an uncertainty on proton beam ranges that impairs the benefits of proton therapy over traditional methods. Indeed, the lack of accuracy on the prediction of protons’ path inside patients forces the application of safety margins around target volumes, and this at the cost of a larger volume of healthy tissues being irradiated. The purpose of this work is to study the potential of multi-energy computed tomography (MECT) to reduce proton beam range uncertainties. First, a novel method to characterize human tissues with MECT is developed. The method, called eigentissue decomposition (ETD) aims to extract the el- emental composition and density of human tissues in order to accurately calculate proton beams transport with Monte Carlo simulations. The ETD method is further adapted to the context of noise in CT images using a Bayesian estimator. Then, a clustering approach based on the k-means algorithm is developed in order to allow the implementation of the ETD method in a Monte Carlo algorithm. Finally, these methods are used to evaluate the impact of MECT on proton range uncertainties in a ground truth humanoid geometry. Dose distributions are compared to quantify the performance of MECT over conventional meth- ods. Results indicate that MECT used with the ETD method allows to reduce proton range uncertainties from 1.51% to 0.86%. The study suggests that MECT has the potential to improve the accuracy of proton therapy and therefore its benefits over conventional radio- therapy. Indeed, improved accuracy in dose calculation is associated with an increase in treatments’ success rate, a decrease in secondary effects as well as a diminution of cancer recurrence.

Keyphrases: Méthode Monte Carlo, Tomodensitométrie multiénergie, Radiation oncology, Proton therapy, Monte Carlo simulations, Dose calculation, X-ray Computed tomography, Multi-energy computed tomography, Photon-counting CT
Un rendez-vous manqué. Journaux illustrés et films comiques dans la France d'avant 1915

The links between the cinema and the illustrated press were perceived very early by the observers. Now, if historians seem to agree on an "influence" of the illustrated press on the comic production of French cinema, humorous newspapers are not very interested in cinema in general and completely, or almost completely, ignore comic films. How to explain this phenomenon ? This thesis proposes to develop three lines of thought. First, we try to understand the way in which the illustrated press saw the emergence and growth of the film show at the turn of the 19th century until the mid-1910s. For most chroniclers the cinema appears as an intruder among the Parisian stage shows, deporting in a way the rivalry between theater and cinema in the illustrated press. Then, by looking at the proximity between films and newspapers, it appears that cinema borrows from newspapers as much as it recycles their comic stories, modernizes them. This leads us finally to consider the two media from the angle of their differences, both ideological and political, preventing a meeting that seemed at first sight inevitable.

Keyphrases: burlesque, caricature, Illustrated press, Comic films, Intermediality, Pre-cinema
Photographie d'art et culture visuelle contemporaines : vers des pratiques photographiques technologiques

This thesis explores the moving, mobile and fluid nature of contemporary photography by clarifying current uses and values of photographic practices in artistic and socio-cultural circles. We posit the interpenetration of artistic and amateur photography in a contemporary regime by way of the concept of technology (tekhnè) as deployed in the writings of German philosopher Martin Heidegger. This analysis builds on works by modern (Yves Klein, Shunk/Kender) and contemporary artists (Taryn Simon, Penelope Umbrico, Li Wei, Wendy McMurdo), as well as different types of professional and non-professional practices (photojournalism, official documentation, images taken on blogs or social media). A comparative study of these images will allow us to reflect on recent photography in continuity with imaging practices of the 19th and 20th centuries, defining an atopic relationship to space and a metamodern relationship to time.

Keyphrases: art contemporain, photography studies, contemporary art, visual culture, digital culture, philosophy of technology, atopia, metamodernism