NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Modulation dopaminergique dans le système olfactif

A neural substrate underlying odor-evoked locomotion was revealed in lampreys (Derjean et al., 2010), involving a neural pathway extending from the medial part of the olfactory bulb to the posterior tuberculum. The signal is then relayed to the mesencephalic locomotor region and eventually reaches reticulospinal cells that activate the spinal locomotor networks. Recent research in the lab (Daghfous et al., 2013) shows that the medial olfactory bulb, is under a tonic GABAergic inhibition gating reticulospinal cell responses to olfactory nerve stimulation. Additional modulatory mechanisms might exist in the olfactory bulb of Petromyzon marinus as it also contains dopaminergic fibers.  In every vertebrate studied to date, dopamine plays an important role in olfactory processing. Anatomical (axonal tracers and immunofluorescence) and physiological (intracellular recordings) techniques were used to investigate the dopaminergic modulation of the olfacto-motor pathway. Dopamine immunofluorescence showed scarce innervation of the olfactory bulb that was most abundant in the medial part and in close vicinity to projection neurons and olfactory nerve fibers. Additionally, no dopamine-immunoreactive cell bodies were detected in the olfactory bulb. Synaptic responses of reticulospinal cells to olfactory nerve stimulation were recorded in the isolated brain. Local injection of dopamine in the medial olfactory bulb induces an almost two-fold decrease of the synaptic responses. When GABAA receptor antagonist GABAzine was also injected in the medial olfactory bulb, the effect of dopamine was much more evident and could suppress large bursts of action potentials. However, D1 (SCH 23390) and D2 (Eticlopride) receptor antagonists injection in the medial olfactory bulb failed to alter the amplitude of reticulospinal cell responses to olfactory nerve stimulation, indicating that this modulation is not tonic. To locate the neurons responsible for this modulation, tracer injections combined with dopamine immunofluorescence were performed. Dopaminergic cells projecting to the medial olfactory bulb were found in the dopaminergic nuclei of the posterior tuberculum and the periventricular hypothalamus. Altogether, our results show anatomically and physiologically the presence of a dopaminergic innervation within the medial olfactory bulb that mediates inhibitory effects on olfacto-motor signaling.

Keyphrases: Dopamine, Sensori-motor coupling, Olfactory bulb, Olfactory nerve, Projection neurons, Posterior tuberculum, Reticulospinal neurons, Neuroanatomy, Electrophysiology
PKB mediates Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1-induced phosphorylation and nuclear export of Histone Deacetylase 5 via NADPH Oxidase 4 activation in vascular smooth muscle cells

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a potent mitogenic and vasoactive factor, has been shown to play a role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. This occurs through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as through the hyperactivation of mitogenic and growth promoting signaling pathways and the subsequent alteration in gene expression. Histone deacetylases (HDACs), by their ability to modify the acetylation status of the lysine residues in histone and non-histone proteins, regulate gene transcription. Recent studies have demonstrated that a heightened activation of HDACs, notably HDAC5, is associated with vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis. However, a role of IGF-1 in HDAC phosphorylation and activation has not been investigated. Therefore, in the present studies, we examined the effect of IGF-1 on the phosphorylation of HDAC5 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and identified the signaling pathways involved in this process. Treatment of A10 VSMCs with IGF-1 enhanced the phosphorylation of HDAC5 at serine 498 in a time and dosedependent fashion. Pretreatment of cells with AG1024, a selective pharmacological inhibitor of IGF-1R, significantly inhibited IGF-1-induced HDAC5 phosphorylation in A10 VSMCs whereas AG1478, a selective inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), did not have an inhibitory effect on the levels of phospho-HDAC5. Pharmacological blockade of the MAPK pathway with PD98059, UO126, SP600125 and SB203580 had no effect on HDAC5 phosphorylation, whereas inhibitors of the PI3K/ PKB pathways, wortmannin and SC-66 respectively, almost completely attenuated IGF- 1-induced HDAC5 phosphorylation. These findings were confirmed by immunofluorescence localization of phospho-HDAC5 and by siRNA-induced silencing of PKB. In addition, pretreatment of A10 VSMCs with Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) and apocynin, two NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors, as well as the antioxidant N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC), resulted in an attenuation of IGF-1-induced HDAC5 and PKB phosphorylation. Furthermore, siRNA-induced silencing of Nox4, the main NADPH oxidase expressed in VSMC, inhibited IGF-1 induced HDAC5 phosphorylation. Moreover, IGF-1-induced phosphorylation of HDAC5 resulted in its nuclear export, which was reversed by blockade of PKB by SC-66 or NAD(P)H oxidase inhibition by DPI. In summary, these data demonstrate that IGF-1 induces the phosphorylation and nuclear export of HDAC5 in a Nox4-derived ROS- and PKB-dependent fashion in VSMCs.

Keyphrases: IGF-1, HDAC5, PKB, MAPK, ROS, VSMC, ERO
Analyse de l’impact de la radiothérapie sur l’ultrastructure des capsules périprothétiques en reconstruction mammaire

With around 25,000 cases in 2015, breast cancer is the most common cancer among Canadian women. In term of mortality, breast cancer is second (13.8%), only behind lung cancer (26.5%). As part of the therapeutic approaches, around 70% and 30% of women with advanced and early breast cancer (respectively) will chose to have a total mastectomy. Following a mastectomy, few options of breast reconstruction are offered to the patients. More than 70% of breast reconstructions are implant-based. Among the complications following this surgery, capsular contracture (CC) is one of the most common. CC is defined as the abnormal, and sometimes painful, contraction of the fibrous capsule that normally grows aroung breast implants, resulting in a aesthetic failure and associated with a higher surgical revision rate. Many studies have demonstrated that the incidence of CC was higher among women who had undergone radiotherapy prior to their implant-based breast breast reconstruction procedure. Most of published studies focus on the influence of radiotherapy on capsular tissue at the immune-histological level but no study has described its influence on capsular architecture. As our team recently demonstrated that capsular ultrastructure is influenced by many factors (prosthetic texture, expansion timing). The main purpose was to describe the impact of radiotherapy on periprosthetic capsule ultrastructural features by comparing irradiated and non-irradiated capsules using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We observed a significant loss of tridimensional texture at the implant-capsule interface in irradiated capsular samples. This feature was also found to be associated with CC. Finally, our results tend to show that radiotherapy impaires the stability of capsules by preventing them to grow withing their surrounding implant texure. In conclusion, the present research project offers the first description of the capsular response following exposiong to radiations. Even though our results do not allow us to conlude to a clear relation between loss of capsular architecture and a higher risk of CC, we think that the impairement of capsular stability might be part of the answer

Keyphrases: Breast cancer, Breast implants, Implant-based breast reconstruction, Periprosthetic capsules, Capsular contracture, Radiotherapy, Radiation therapy, Capsular ultrastructure, Scanning electron microscopy
Effets cardiométaboliques de la restriction calorique seule ou en combinaison avec l’activité physique dans le diabète de type 2

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar that can lead to many complications with potential morbid outcomes. Alarmingly, the worldwide prevalence is increasing at a high rate mainly du to aging and harmful lifestyle habits. In fact, inactivity and poor food choices are at the heart of an obesity epidemic that plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of T2D. Lifestyle modifications thus play an important role in patient care. However, it remains uncertain which therapy between a caloric restriction (CR) alone or a combination of CR plus physical activity (PA) should be encouraged to achieve better reduction in fat mass and in epicardial fat thickness. The latter represents the visceral fat depot of the heart and is emerging as an important marker for predicting and stratifying cardiovascular risk. The objective of this Master’s thesis is to better characterize the independent effects of CR and PA on total fat mass, epicardial fat, and overall cardiometabolic profile of patients with T2D. To achieve this, a randomized controlled 16-week trial was performed, with 73 patients randomized to 1 of 3 groups (Control, CR, or CR+PA), while aiming for a similar caloric deficit in both intervention groups. Results showed that the combination of CR+PA allows a larger reduction of fat mass and epicardial fat thickness. However, these findings did not translate into significant differences in cardiometabolic improvements between groups. These results now need to be validated in larger cohorts with longer follow-ups.

Keyphrases: Composition corporelle, Type 2 diabetes, Caloric restriction, Physical activity, Total fat mass, Epicardial fat thickness, Body composition, Cardiometabolic profile
Utilisation de lymphocytes T en thérapie cellulaire pour le traitement de la néphropathie au polyomavirus BK chez les greffés rénaux

More than 75% of the population has been exposed to BK polyomavirus and carries latent virus in the uroepithelium without any complications. However, it can reactivates in kidney transplant recipients (KTR) and lead to a nephropathy affecting graft survival. Recipient anti-viral immunity is the cornerstone of BK-virus associated nephropathy prevention and treatment and thus, reduction of immunosuppression is the only well-accepted treatment. Adoptive immunotherapy is a promising solution to this problem, allowing a specific T cell mediated response against this virus without the alloreactive risk. It was demonstrated efficacious for other viral infections in immunocompromised hosts but it has not been used in this specific context. Our objective was to adapt and validate a clinical-compliant protocol to obtain BK-specific T cell lines from viremic KTR and to compare their expansion, differentiation and specificity to ones obtained from healthy donors. Although comparable specificity and differentiation status, cell expansions form KTR were not systematically sufficient for a therapeutic dose. The addition of a stimulation with dendritic cells improved cell expansion in addition to favors a central memory phenotype and refined BKspecificity. Despite polyclonality, T cell lines didn’t demonstrated alloreactivity in a chromium release assay and in vivo. Furthermore, T cell lines could persist and proliferates in vivo. This protocol is ready for a phase I/II clinical trial. This opens the possibility to solve the current conundrum and treat PVAN without increasing rejection risk.

Keyphrases: BK polyomavirus, Kidney transplant, Cellular therapy, Immunotherapy, Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy
Implantation du processus de soins en nutrition

Problem: In Quebec, the use of the Nutrition Care Process (NCP) is limited, organizations apprehend its implantation will be arduous but are motivated to proceed. Objective: To accompany two clinical nutrition services of health facilities in the greater Montreal area in the deployment of the NCP and document the barriers and facilitating factors. Methodology: The Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal and the CSSS Champlain–Charles-Le Moyne were recruited. Data collection was accomplished through accompanying sessions throughout the deployment of the NCP. An end of project meeting was held in each area, with nutritionists and heads of departments. The data collected is qualitative. The exchanges were recorded and a logbook was completed. The synthesis was written using a change management model. Results: A total of 18 accompanying sessions were held and five end of project meetings were held. The main obstacles to the implementation of the NCP are largely related to the commitment of nutritionists, training and time constraints. The main facilitating factors are the presentations of case studies with discussion and the manual of the International Dietetics and Nutrition Terminology (IDNT). Discussion: Our health system is increasingly subject to change and leaders will need to optimize resources. The International Confederation of Dietetic Associations suggested adopting the NCP as an international framework for the profession. Implementation strategies for organizational change management principles will facilitate the integration of these important changes. The experience of the two documented environments will be enlightening for other organizations wishing to implement the NCP.

Keyphrases: Implantation, Nutrition Care Process, Terminology of the Nutrition Care Process, Implementation, Change management model, Barrier and facilitating factor, Resource optimization, Professional practice
Fragmentation et stagnation : enjeux de mobilisation du mouvement LGBTIQ aux Philippines

This Master’s thesis investigates the development of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Intersex and Queer (LGBTIQ) movement in the Philippines from the fall of Ferdinand Marcos’ dictatorship in 1986 to the present moment. Since then, the LGBTIQ movement has developed rapidly. It was among the first in Southeast Asia to organise a Pride March and to constitute an LGBTIQ political party. However, despite this dynamism, LGBTIQ communities are still discriminated in the workspace, schools, and the healthcare system. Moreover, they are still the victims of homophobic crimes. To the present day, the movement has not been able to secure political protection for the rights and the safety of these communities. Although the current situation can be attributed to a certain extent to conservatism in the ruling class or the strong influence of Catholicism and homophobia, this thesis argues that the fragmentation and the lack of coherence of the movement iii has itself complicated the formulation and implementation of concrete policies. My analysis of the movement’s development throughout the last 30 years will highlight four fundamental conflicts resolving around 1. the definition of one collective identity, 2. the framing used to conceptualize these issues, 3. the different ideologies underlying the social activists’ actions, and 4. the divergence in organisational modes and strategies. As such, this thesis shifts attention from external factors to internal conflicts within the LGBTIQ movement of the Philippines. My arguments are based on 17 interviews with social activists, conducted between May and October 2015 in Manila. In the first two chapters of this thesis, I review current scholarship on social movements in general and about the Philippines and South East Asia in particular. This review will provide the theoretical foundation necessary to identify and understand the four identified social factors and their role on the fragmentation of the movement. In chapter four, I analyse the fragmentation of the movement based on the social activists’ scales of action, their targets of mobilization, and their mobilization trajectories. In chapter five, I analyze this fragmentation through the identified factors in the literature.

Keyphrases: LGBTIQ, Social movements, Framing, Collective identity, Ideology, Organisational modes, Strategies
L’influence de mitochondries exogènes : changements phénotypiques chez Chrosomus eos

The mito-nuclear interactions are at the center of the mitochondrial functions, such as energy production. Despite their importance, little is known about how the influence of the mitochondrial genome on the nuclear genes expressions. The cybrids (cytoplasmic hybrids) can present phenotype modification (adaptive or not) caused by the mito-nuclear interactions. In this study, different mitotype of Cybrids of the Chrosomus eos species were used as model to further study the interaction between a cell’s genomes. This complex of species has two types of cybrids, the mitochondria of which originates from two different glacial refugia : Atlantic and Mississippian. This set up of this study was a sympatric lake, to minimise the environmental factor. Allopatric population were also separately analysed to supplement past studies. To accomplish these goals, multiple methods were used, assessing also multiple levels of gene expression: Methylation, transcription, protein and enzymatic activity. Differences between mitotypes were observed, but of lesser magnitude then the environmental factor. Thus, this result suggest that the differences associated to the sympatric mitotypes drive a deference in environment colonization, which would create the inter-lake intra-mitotype similarity observed in past studies. To assess the transcription of mitotype, a transcriptomic reference was produced. This reference offers a lot of information and future applications.

Keyphrases: Chrosomus eos, RNA-seq, Transcriptomic, Cybrid, methylome, enzymatic activity
Les pratiques de conciliation travail-famille des employeurs de choix

For decades, studies on the work-family practices have been highlighted the difficulties experienced by employees to balance their professional duties with their family life. Progressive organizations with regards to their human resources management also known as "employers of choice" attach a great importance to the need of addressing the work-life balance. Our study falls under this framework. Indeed, work-family balance is a challenge of increasing importance in the human resource management strategies of Canadian companies. A review of contemporary research on work-family balance is revealing of the need to address the factors associated with the adoption and the consequences of work-family practices.   In a context in which recruitment and retention are prominent, many organizations are now developing new ways to address the needs of employees to avoid problems such as absteeism, poor performance and low employee motivation. However, despite noticeable efforts and operational strategies, balancing work and family remains a major problem in Canadian companies. Might some solutions be found in the policies and practices of employers of choice? Our study aims to describe the work-life balance practices adopted by employers of choice and propose an analysis of the antecedents and consequences of the implementation of the adoption of work-life balance practices among employers of choice. This study was conducted by analyzing secondary data from the competition among the top 100 Canadian employers in 2013 and 2014. The findings of this analysis show that the most adopted practices by the employers of choice are those relative to leave and work time arrangements. According to our results, the oldest employers of choice and those in the public sector are those that have adopted more work-life balance practices. Moreover, these organizations have a high percentage of part-time employees and relatively high average staff age. In addition, the introduction of work-life balance practices within these organizations allows them to be recognized as the best as far as work-family balance is concerned. This research further describes the work-family practices of employers of choice in Canada. The findings may help business managers better understand work-family practices of those “best” employers as well as their contingency factors and outcomes.  Keywords: work-family balance, work-family practices, employers of choice.

Keyphrases: Workfamily balance, Workfamily practices, Employers of choice
Socrate et la conciliation ergon-logos dans les Mémorables de Xénophon

This thesis offers a thematic commentary of Xenophon’s Memorabilia following the ergon-logos conciliation. Surveying, regrouping and analyzing the many and varied occurrences of this theme reveals the extent to which it is deeply rooted in Xenophon’s Socratic philosophy.  The first chapter considers the role Xenophon ascribes to this theme in the general intention that governs the Memorabilia – which focuses on Socrates’ usefulness as an apologetic device –, and reveals a greater philosophical question about the limits of logos, which in reality reinforces the philosophical interest and importance of the ergon-logos conciliation.  The second chapter examines just how significant the ergon-logos conciliation is in Xenophon’s Socratic morality, not only because Socrates himself is, in word and deed, the ideal incarnation of virtue, but also because Xenophon’s moral conception is both intellectualistic and ascetic, which advocates learning and knowledge, as well as self-control, exercise, mentorship, and the virtue of example. The third chapter investigates the role the ergon-logos conciliation plays as a condition to friendship, in turn as its ethical foundation and as a means to acquire friends.  Finally, the fourth and last chapter uses the notion of imposture to illustrate that Xenophon’s Socratic morality also stretches to the technical field.

Keyphrases: Socrate, Ergon-logos, Imposture, Socrates, Xenophon, Memorabilia, Ergon-logos, Word and deed, Socratic philosophy, Asceticism, Friendship, Technical competency, Imposture
Marx est-il individualiste?

Of the many possible readings of Marx's work, those of Michel Henry and Serge Cantin have the advantage, when compared side by side, to bring out certain tensions that exist between the communitarian and libertarian dimensions of Marx's thought. On the one hand, Michel Henry emphasizes the individualistic aspect of Marxian ontology. Cantin, on the other hand, shows how Marx tends to deny this individuality in favor of an objective process that underlies this individuality, namely, that of life itself. The purpose of this thesis is to present these two opposing views individually and then to have them interact with each other. The guiding question is whether, despite their apparent opposition, some form of reconciliation is possible. It turns out that, apart from a few common point that are brought to light, these two readings do not lend themselves to any significant rapprochement.

Keyphrases: Marx, Philosophy, Political philosophy, Philosophical modernity, Socialism, Marxism