NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Évaluation de l'acuité visuelle chez la personne âgée atteinte de troubles de la cognition

Purpose: The evaluation of visual acuity (VA) in cognitively impaired older individuals may be limited by a reduced ability to cooperate or communicate. To date, no study has been performed to guide the clinician as to which VA chart to use in older individuals with moderate to severe dementia. This is important knowing that dementia affects more than 30% of seniors above 85 yrs of age, many of whom will be affected by the most severe stages of the disease. The objective of this research was to assess VA in older institutionalized individuals with moderate to severe dementia, using various acuity charts, and to verify their ability to respond to each of these charts. Methods: Three groups of 30 subjects each were recruited. The first group consisted of young subjects (Avg ± SD: 24.9 ± 3.5 yrs) and the second one, older subjects (70.0 ± 4.5 yrs) with no history of cognitive or communication disorders. The third group (85.6 ± 6.9 yrs) included subjects with mild to severe dementia residing in long-term care units. The Mini Mental-State Examination (MMSE) was performed for each institutionalized subject to verify their cognitive level. The VA of each participant was measured using six validated VA charts (Snellen, Teller cards, ETDRS-letters, -numbers, -Patty Pics, -Tumbling E's) presented in random order. Non parametric tests were used to compare VA scores obtained between the various charts, after Bonferroni-Holm corrections for multiple comparisons Results: The average MMSE scores of subjects with dementia was 9.8 ± 7.5, while it was 17.8 ± 3.7 and 5.2 ± 4.6, for those with mild to moderate (MMSE ≥ 13; n=11) and severe (MMSE < 13; n= 19) dementia. All subjects in groups 1 and 2 responded to each of the charts. A large proportion of subjects with dementia responded to all charts (n= 19) while only one did not respond to any chart. In group 3, VA charts with the lowest scores were the Teller cards (20/65) and Patty Pics (20/62), regardless of the level of dementia, while the best VA scores were obtained with the Snellen (20/35) and ETDRS-letter (20/36) charts. More subjects with severe dementia responded to the Teller cards (n= 18) but the VA obtained was the lowest (20/73). Across all groups, the ETDRS-letter chart was the only one whose scores did not differ from those obtained with the standard Snellen chart. Time to read the letter charts was faster than for the other optotypes. Conclusions: Visual acuity can be measured, and should at least be attempted, in older cognitively impaired individuals having a reduced ability to communicate. Our results indicate that the most universal scales, using letters as optotypes, can be used with good results in people with more severe dementia. Testing requires, however, more time and encouragement in individuals with more severe cognitive deficits in order to obtain and maintain their collaboration.

Keyphrases: Communication disorder, Cognitive deficit, Dementia, Older institutionalized residents, Visual acuity
Rôles et régulation du PI(4,5)P2 dans le remodelage cortical et la morphogénèse cellulaire en mitose

Cell division must be accurately controlled in time and space to permit the formation of two daughter cells whose genetic content is identical to that of the mother cell. This process requires successive modifications of cell shape, induced by cortical remodelling. Molecular mechanisms controlling cortical reorganization during mitosis remain partially uncharacterized. Our work in Drosophila cells demonstrates that PI(4,5)P2, a phosophoinositide of the plasma membrane, is enriched at the equatorial region at the onset of anaphase. This PI(4,5)P2 is necessary for the cortical stability of mitotic cells, and requires dMoesin activation. The dMoesin, linking actin to the plasma membrane, plays a critical role in the cortical organization of mitotic cells and in the regulation of its mechanical properties. We show that the interaction PI(4,5)P2/dMoesin participates in cellular contraction at the beginning of mitosis, then in cell elongation characteristic of subsequent steps. At the end of mitosis, the Pp1-87B phosphatase inactivates the dMoesin. By a systematic functional screen, we characterize the key role of two pathways acting in synergy to locally produce PI(4,5)P2, Skittles- and Pten-dependent, and the role of a third pathway requiring dOcrl activity to control PI(4,5)P2 homeostasis. Altogether, these results allow us to better understand the mechanisms controlling cortical remodelling and modifications of cell shape that occur during mitosis.

Keyphrases: Mitosis, Cell Morphogenesis, Cytoskeleton, PI(4,5)P2, Skittles, Pten, dOcrl
L’évaluation du risque comme facteur influençant les opinions et comportements en lien avec le tabac et le cannabis

In the context of a pan-Canadian study pertaining to the normalization of cannabis and the stigmatization regarding tobacco, the main objective of this research was to understand the importance given in the evaluation of the risks in the understanding of the perceptions and behaviors as they relate to the aforementioned substances. Based on a mixed method, qualitative and quantitative, the process undertaken was 1) to describe the perceptions and opinions of respondents regarding their own use of cannabis and/or tobacco as well as the use of the same substances by the general public. We then 2) described how the respondents evaluate the risks as they relate to each substance.  Finally, knowing that the perception of the risks are intimately related to the behavior of an individual, we 3) sought to determine how the evaluation of risks affects the behaviors and opinions of the 50 study participants, all of whom are socially well adjusted men and women between the ages of 20 to 49, regarding tobacco and cannabis.  The cannabis smokers insisted on the importance of making a distinction between the way they use the substance versus an abusive use.  They ascertained that there was a degree of control regarding the use of cannabis.   The use of tobacco was perceived negatively for opposite reasons as it created a dependency to the smoker, an incapacity to control its use and the creation of a compulsive urge to smoke.  Given these optics, the risks related to use of cannabis were perceived by most as controllable with the exception of judgment from others which remained uncertain and which would be impossible to control.  The reaction of certain people within their surroundings was either unpredictable or negative which lead them to smoke mainly in private.  Finally, formal social control would very little influence on the respondents given the strong feeling they had that this did not apply to them.

Keyphrases: Cannabis, Cannabis, Tobacco, Use, Normalization, Stigmatization, Risk, Harm reduction, Healthy lifestyle
Malformation Chiari-Like : l’investigation d’une maladie complexe par l’utilisation d’un modèle canin

Chiari I malformation (CMI) represents a common congenital abnormality of the craniocerebral junction with an estimated incidence of 1 in 1280. CMI is characterized by a descent of the cerebellar tonsils into the foramen magnum, often in association with syringomyelia. The developmental defect in CMI is thought to be the result of an underdeveloped occipital bone and small posterior fossa. The etiology of CMI is thought to be multifactorial involving genetic factors. CMI in humans is similar to a condition in the dog called Chiari-like malformation (CM) that is particularly common in the Griffon Bruxellois (GB) breeds. A genome wide association study on a 56 GB cohort followed by a fine mapping in a 217 GB cohort have identified a locus on chromosome 2 that was strongly associated with CM (22 SNPs, P value= 7 x 10-8). Haploview analysis of this locus identified a haplotype of 1.9 Mb that was more frequent in non-affected dogs. A second genome wide association study in a 113 GB cohort lead to the identification of another locus on chromosome 13 that was strongly associated with CM (25 SNPs , P value= 3 x 10-7). Analysis of this region identified a 4Mb haplotype that was more frequent in non-affected dogs. Our study constitutes the first essential step towards identification of the causative genes in CM. Our study provides an entry point for better understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of human CMI.

Keyphrases: Type 1 Chiari Malformation, Chiari-Like Malformation, Canine model, Genome wide association study, Human genetic, Genetic epidemiology
Perception de la douleur durant le traitement orthodontique avec boîtiers auto-ligaturants

Introduction  This research is a descriptive clinical study designed to assess pain during orthodontic treatment with self-ligating brackets. Materials and methods  This study was comprised of 39 patients (18 male, 21 female), mean age of 14 (range 11 to 19 yo). Two types of self-ligating brackets (SPEED n=20 and Damon n=19) were used. Pain was evaluated with a questionnaire developed by the research team. The study was divided into 4 phases. Pain was evaluated for 4 weeks following the insertion of the first 4 orthodontic wires for each patient (0.016 Supercable, 016 CuNiTi, 016X022 CuNiTi, 019X025 CuNiTi). The same questionnaire was used during each phase and included 6 different time-points following the insertion of each wire (T0: before insertion of orthodontic wire, T1: immediately after the insertion of the wire, T2: 5h after insertion, T3: 24h after insertion, T4: 3 days after insertion, T5: 1 week after insertion, T6: 4 weeks after insertion). The visual analogue scale (VAS) and the short version of Saint-Antoine’s questionnaire were used to evaluate the pain. VAS ratings between groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results and Discussion For the first two wires and for all the different time points, there was no statistical difference between both groups (SPEED and Damon).  However, at the insertion (T0) of the third wire (016X022 CuNiTi), among patients that reported pain (SPEED 47.1%, Damon 55.6%), Damon caused statistically significantly more pain than SPEED (p=0.018), (VAS mean SPEED=14.14±8.55, Damon=33.85±19.64). Three days after the insertion (T4) of the third wire, among the patients that reported pain (SPEED 23.5%, Damon 33.4%), the pain was statistically significantly higher with Damon than SPEED (p=0.008), (VAS mean SPEED=8.74±4.87, Damon=25.15±9.69). The most frequent use of pain medication occured with the first wire, at time-points T2 (5h) and T3 (24h). There was no statistical difference among the groups in terms of the number of patients taking medication. For the large majority of patients, the pain did not affect their life-style. The most frequently used sensorial words used by the patients to describe their pain were « pulling » (tiraillement), « cramping » (étau), « throbbing» (élancement). The most frequently used affective word was « annoying » (énervant). Conclusion The perception of pain for patients with Damon brackets was significantly higher than for those with the SPEED brackets at the insertion of the third wire and three days after placement of the third wire. More patients took pain médication with the first wire and the majority of patients did not report a change in their quality of life. « Pulling » (tiraillement), « cramping » (étau), « throbbing» (élancement) and « annoying » (énervant) were the words most frequently used by the patients to describe their pain.

Keyphrases: SPEED, Damon, Self-ligating, Brackets, Pain, Appliance, Orthodontics
Les affrontements idéologiques nationalistes et stratégiques au Proche-Orient vus à travers le prisme de la Société des Nations et de l'Organisation des Nations Unies

The collapse and dismantling of the Ottoman Empire following World War I, led the great European powers to engage in a territorial division of the Middle East, legitimized by the mandates system of the League of Nations. Without any precedents, that international administration marked the beginning of the internationalization of Palestine’s thorny issue. The international law would serve as the pillar for a new form of colonialism. The day after World War II, the United Nations continued the action taken by the League of Nations, as well as for the demand of the British. In November 1947, the UN decided to divide Palestine into two States. If the Zionists had accepted that split, their neighbors, Arab States and Palestinian Arabs, would have rejected it. The clashes opposing the Arab Nationalists and the Palestine Zionists gave space to the Arab-Israeli conflict after the independence of Israel, on May 14, 1948. At the beginning of the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union became aware of the geo-strategic interest in this region, gradually divested by France and Great Britain. In this study, we will see how the interstate scene and the international community, successively composed by the League of Nations and the United Nations, have partially sealed the fate of the Near and the Middle East. We will also devote a preliminary analysis related to the role played by the Arabs and Zionists nationalist ideologies, which are central in this conflict.

Keyphrases: Nationalist Clashes, International Law, League of Nations Mandate System, Arab-Israeli conflict, UN
Accroissement de la prévalence du TDA/H, de la consommation de psychostimulants et des symptômes dépressifs : l’importance du contexte social évaluée à partir des effets d’âge, de période et de cohorte

This doctoral dissertation aimed to validate findings from previous studies indicating an increase in the prevalence of mental health problems, and to evaluate the importance of contextual factors in explaining this increase in prevalence. Age, period and cohort effects were considered proxies for social context factors. These objectives were achieved through two empirical studies, each one focusing on a specific mental health problem.   The first study analyzed data from the Statistics Canada National longitudinal survey on children and youth (NLSCY) and found significant increase in the prevalence of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis and the prescription of ADHD medications for Canadian children between 1994 and 2007. However, this tendency was not constant, or linear, as some period and age effects were found: an increase in prevalence was found only during the 2000s, and only for school-age children. These  differences in prevalence rate by historical period and children’s age underline the importance of the social context in the diagnosing of ADHD diagnosis and prescription of ADHD medications.   The second study used the data from the Panel Study of Belgian Households (PSBH) and aimed to explain the increase of depressive symptoms observed recently among Belgian adults. A longitudinal multilevel analysis, allowing for the disentanglement of age and cohort effects, was conducted. Our findings demonstrate that, despite a variation in the intensity of depressive symptoms within individuals during the 1990s, self-reported symptoms are mostly associated with a reaction to life conditions rather than with personality. The increase over time results from an effect of cohort succession, where individuals from the most recent cohort always report more depressive symptoms than individuals from the oldest cohorts. Members from the same cohort share common experiences at a similar age, which has a durable impact on their behaviors and mental health.   In general, results from our two empirical studies confirmed, each in their own way, that mental health problems have increased in contemporary Western societies. Moreover, findings demonstrated that prevalence differs according to age, birth cohort and historical period, thus reinforcing the importance of social factors in the etiology of mental health problems. Although the true nature of these social factors could not be directly examined, many social explanations were proposed. For example, the changes in behavioral norms associated with age, social norms, the conceptualization of mental health problems, and to the school system, as well as innovations in pharmacological, medical and technological fields across this period are all potential factors explaining these age, period and cohort effects.

Keyphrases: PSBH, Prevalence, ADHD diagnosis, ADHD medications, Depressive symptoms, Age-Period-Cohort, NLSCY, PSBH
Étude de la fonction symbolique du paysage dans les tableaux dévotionnels de Giovanni Bellini

During the 1500's,the villa was as a safe alternative to the city, offering to men the possibility to establish a relationship with nature. The villa was for writers, architects, and doctors a safe haven equipped with curative as well as sacred virtues that contributed to the happiness of mankind. While villas where multiplying in the Venetians countryside, they also began to be integrated in landscape paintings. Giovanni Bellini used nature to create the religious character of his works and to give a sense of well-being to his public. The bucolique landscape in which the religious figures gravited were presented with many symbols of the Virgin Mary and Child. The images of the Madonna, widely collected in Flanders and in Italy, stimulated the devotion of worshippers.

Keyphrases: Giovanni Bellini, Giovanni Bellini, Venetian landscape, Villa, Villa, Devotional painting, Virgin and child
Les déterminants du succès subjectif de carrière : possibilités de mobilité externe et congruence personne-organisation

Career success has been the focus of much research. In the literature, two forms of success have been identified, subjective and objective career success. In our study, we are interested in subjective career success given its confirmed association with psychological well-being, quality of life at work (Nabi, 2003; Peluchette, 1993), intrinsic motivation, self confidence (Abele & Spurk, 2009b) and commitment to the organisation (Hennequin, 2009). In addition, according to various studies (Arthur, Khapova, & Wilderom, 2005; El Akremi, Guerrero, & Neveu, 2006), career success is more often examined on the basis of objective criteria (e.g., pay level, promotions) than in terms of the perception of the individual.   Furthermore, a meta-analysis of 140 studies published by Ng, Eby, Sorensen, and Feldman (2005) examined the predictors of objective and subjective career success in the light of the two theoretical perspectives advanced by Turner (1960), namely contest mobility and sponsored mobility. The authors of this synthesis concluded that «There is only a limited range of variables being examined as predictors of career success » (p. 396); hence the importance of examining other predictors of career success that relate to the theoretical perspectives developed by Turner (1960).  Our study is therefore situated in research that aims to analyze the predictors of career success. It examines the links between external marketability, person-organization fit and subjective career success. Based on the recommendations of Ng, Eby, Sorensen, and Feldman (2005), we associated external marketability to contest mobility and person-organization fit to sponsored mobility.   We used data collected from human resource professionals, all members of a professional association located in Quebec (Canada) (Saba & Dufour, 2005). The analysis tested the relationships that we hypothesized between the dependent variable (i.e., subjective career success) and the independent variables (i.e., person-organization fit and external marketability). Further analysis tested the mediating influence of organizational sponsorship in the association between person-organization fit and subjective career success. These analyses included age, gender, marital status, education, organisation tenure, and experience in the labour market as control variables.  Descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and multiple regressions were used to describe the sample and to test our hypotheses.  In general, our research hypotheses were supported. External marketability and person-organization fit are positively related to subjective career success. In addition, we have identified a partial mediation of organizational sponsorship in the relationship between person-organization fit and subjective career success.

Keyphrases: Career success, Subjective career success, External marketability
Socio-demographic, visual and psychological factors associated with adjustment to vision loss in retinitis pigmentosa

While there is extensive research on retinitis pigmentosa (RP) focusing on biological and hereditary aspects of the disease, little research regarding psychological adjustment has been conducted. These few studies suggest that people with RP adapt differently to vision impairment. This study investigated whether those with RP adapt differently to vision loss/impairment than those with other vision disorders.    Telephone interviews of those with RP, diabetic retinopathy (DR), and albinism were conducted. Demographic information was gathered and psychological wellbeing was assessed using the Visual Function-14, Centre of Epidemiology Studies Depression-10 symptoms index, Impact of Vision Impairment Profile, Brief COPE, and Adaptation to Vision Loss Scale.  In Experiment I it was found that individuals with RP did not differ from those with other diagnoses on any of the measures of psychological wellbeing and adaptation. Rather, demographic factors, visual factors such as declining and fluctuating vision, and pattern of vision loss, were better correlates of adaptation to and psychological wellbeing associated with vision loss/impairment.   In Experiment II there was no difference found between those with RP and other diagnoses on any of the measures. Rather, factors such as perceived visual ability, self-identity, fear of social stigma and level of dependence were more closely related to adaptation to and psychological wellbeing associated with vision loss/impairment.   The results of this study suggest that individuals with RP do not differ from those with other vision disorders in their adaptation to and psychological wellbeing associated with vision loss/impairment, but that other demographic, visual and psychological factors are more important.

Keyphrases: Retinitis pigmentosa, Vision loss, Vision impairment, Adaptation, Psychological wellbeing, Adaptation
Postures et mutations du plan-séquence fixe, du cinéma des premiers temps à YouTube

Favouring an approach at once genealogical and intertextual, this study explores the practice of the "static sequence shot" (plan-séquence caméra fixe) in cinema. It offers an overview of its significant moments in film history. It tries to show how its use since the 70's can be seen as a reappraisal of early cinema technique, and can also find strong echos in the works of experimental filmmakers, in particular structural filmmaking. For Andy Warhol, the static sequence shot was both a rediscovery and an enchantment of early cinema. In Jeanne Dielman Chantal Akerman's static shots extended Bazinian Modernism into the New York Avant-garde. Since the 80's, with the advent of video surveillance, the static sequence shot becomes associated with a carceral apparatus, posing ethical and aesthetic issues (voyeurism, degree zero mechanisms, etc.). These issues are at the core of the documentary films News from Home and Délits flagrants. Today, we can witness that the static sequence shot has become increasingly important and almost dominant in certain branches of auteur cinema as well as in contemporary popular media culture (web films, T.V. series, etc.) This master's thesis thus claims it allows us to analyse current as well as early practices of cinema, from the Lumière' s factory to YouTube.

Keyphrases: Andy Warhol, Jeanne Dielman, Static sequence shot, Experimental cinema, Structural film, Film aesthetic, Early cinema, video surveillance