Analyse phénoménologique interprétative de dyades d’adolescents transplantés rénaux et de leurs parents : un regard sur le développement identitaire, l’attachement et l’expérience parentale durant l’adolescence

The central objective of this thesis is to better understand the experience of adolescents with a kidney transplant and the experience of their donor and non-donor parents. Inspired by a developmental perspective, and using a qualitative design, the thesis evaluates the identity development and the relationships between adolescents and their parents. It is in fact during adolescence that identity development becomes significant and youth living with a chronic kidney disease have to take up challenges related to their condition and its treatment as well as those of normal development. In context of a kidney transplant, additional challenges like the relationship to the donor and the impacts on body image makes the adolescence a more complex period. Adolescence brings significant challenges for the parent-child relationship, like growing needs of becoming more autonomous and independent and the investment and necessity of the proximity with attachment figures. Adolescents with a kidney transplant express their impression of being overprotected from their parents, and parents also consider themselves overprotective. Unique to the field of organ transplants, parents can be the donor for their child, but it is unclear whether this ability to give life for a second time has an impact the adolescent’s development and the experience of parents. One of the central elements of this thesis is the evaluation of diagnosis resolution for parents of adolescents with a kidney transplant, a process that has been recognized as a precursor of accepting the disease and is associated with proactive parental attitudes in other populations of parents with sick children. It is necessary to understand how parents of adolescent kidney recipients resolved the diagnosis and their parental practices according to the type of resolution they portray. Parents who still deal with unresolved emotions may feel overwhelmed when their adolescent is not compliant with the medical regiment or when he engages in risky behaviours for the survival of the graft. A qualitative design was chosen, using semi-structured interviews with each member of the dyads. Participants were 10 adolescents and 9 parents. Analyses were conducted according to the interpretative phenomenological analysis method (IPA). For the article with parents, results show that early reactions to the diagnosis suggest parents experienced trauma. Donor status seems to help resolve the negative aspects of the experience but does not fully explain diagnostic resolution status. For all parents, concerns over adherence are central to their relationship with their youth. Results call for attention to the support needs of all parents and particularly those with an unresolved status. For the article on identity development, results suggest identity development is influenced by similar concerns for all adolescents whether they received from a donor parent or not: body image, social relationships and anxiety for the future. For those who received from a parent donor, feelings toward the parent can be a challenge when building a unique identity. The evaluation of attachment representations informed us on the high presence of insecure attachments types among this specific sample of adolescents and on the presence of traumatic symptoms in the attachment relationship for some.

Keyphrases: adolescence, don vivant parental, Renal transplant, Adolescence, Development, Parental practices, Parental living donation, Cadaveric donation, Resolution of diagnosis, Attachment, Interpretative phenomenological analysis